the right side of this Fish A Thornback A Thornback hath no Bladder of Urine hath its Kidneys beginning †T. 44. F. 2. a. in small Dimensions and afterward grow larger they are compounded of many broad Lobules set edgewise all along the Spine which is very rare in the Kidneys of Fish and are much larger toward their Terminations †b. and end in short Ureters which are implanted into the Intestinum Rectum which serveth in stead of the Bladder of Urine A Crocodile A Crocodile is destitute of the Bladder of of Urine saith Learned Borichius hath oblong red Glandulous Kidneys which have Ureters inserted into the Intestinum Rectum His words are these Renes oblongi Glandulosi rubicundi ex quibus utrinque Ductus patutus amplus membranaceusque descendere progrediebatur ad ultima usque Intestini Recti ut Liquorem Excrementitium Urinosumque eo amandaret cum Vesicae nullum usquam vestigium repertum fuerit CHAP. XXXII Of the Pathologie of the Bladder of Vrine THe Bladder of Urine is obnoxious to divers Diseases Inflammations The Diseases of the Bladder Apostumes Ulcers Gangraens Scirrhus Cancers Obstructions overmuch Distention and Straightness and to the Stone the most afflictive Disease of all An Inflammation hath for its Diagnostick Tension Hardness An Inflammation of the Bladder great heat and pain in the region of the Bladder about the Share-Bone to which may be added a weakness of Excretion of Urine accompanied with a Tenesmus by consent of parts a Symptomatick Fever Thirst and a Chilness of the outward parts This dangerous Disease is derived sometimes from External Causes The causes of its Inflammation as violent Riding a Fall Stroke c. whereby the Hypogastrick Capillary Arteries being often broken do pour out a quantity of Blood into the substance of the Bladder where it is stagnant as not being admitted into the Roots of the Hypogastrick Veins whereupon the Blood having lost its motion doth lose its bounty too which is preserved by Circulation and acquireth a corruptive Indisposition by turning the Serous part and Indigested Chyle associating it into a putrid Matter the cause of an Aposteme which being of a sharp corrosive nature maketh its way through the Parenchyma of the Bladder to the outward Coat which it perforates and determines into an Ulcer An Inflammation and Ulcer of the Bladder Ulcers of the Bladder is also generated by Stones lodged in its Cavity and grating upon the tender inward Coat and bring a quantity of Blood into it and sometimes by opening the termination of the Vessels do produce a bloody Water An Inflammation of the Bladder The indication of an Inflammation doth indicate in the first place the opening of a Vein after or before which a Clyster may be Administred and Emulsions made of the Cooling Seeds and temperate Diet-Drinks of China Sarsa-parilla and Medicines contemperating the Blood and Urine composed of Barley-water Seeds of Poppy Syrup of Water-Lillies Poppies c. Outwardly may be applied Fomentations of Emollient Herbs without Discutients which do highten the Inflammation divers kinds of Injections are profitable as Milk and Water Barley-water mixed with Honey of Roses streined or Syrup of Red Roses or a Decoction of Barley-water to which may be added the white Trochisces of Rasis a Semicupium prepared with Milk and Water of themselves or Water boiled with Emollient Herbs to which Milk may be added after the boiling Ulcers of the Bladder in reference to gross and serous Recrements do indicate Drying and Detergent Medicines as Diet Drinks of China Sarsaparilla mixed with Sassafrass and Vulnerary Roots and Herbs and gentle Purgatives of Cassia Tamarindes Senna Syrup of Peach Flowers Roses Solutive c. may be added to the Diet Drinks the Injection before mentioned may be mixed with Mouse-Ear the great Fluellin Prunella Cumphrey c. Ratione solutae unitatis which is the last indication in Ulcers Astringent and Drying Powders may be taken made of dried Cumphrey Roots Gum Arabick Red Saunders c. mixed with Sugar Candy A Scirrhus of the Bladder may proceed from a quantity of Pituitous Humours stagnated in the Interstices of the Vessels whose moister parts being evaporated the more gross are Concreted and thereby do indurate the substance of the Bladder A Noble Man having had many signs of a Stone lodged in his Bladder was highly afflicted for many Years with the Strangury And his Body being opened after Death no Stone was found but a hard Swelling which was of so great Dimensions that it almost filled up the Cavity of the Bladder leaving little or no space for the reception of Urine The straightness of the Neck of the Bladder often proceedeth from Obstruction and sometimes from Compression As to the first It is often generated by sabulous Matter Stones Grumous Blood Pus Mucous and clammy Matter Caruncles and Warts stopping the Urinary passage and intercepting the free current of Urine The straightness of the Neck of the Bladder may also be derived from the swelling of the neighbouring parts compressing it as also from the repletion of the Intestinum Rectum with hard Excrements and from the Inflammation of the Penis and Neck of the Bladder straightning the Urinary Channel CHAP. XXXIII Of Vrine THe watry Liquors being the more moist and fluid part of Meat and Drink in its first Rudiment is afterward Concocted with the Oily and Salt parts of Aliments in the Stomach and other Viscera and then associates with the Blood in various Tubes of Arteries and Veins to give it a thin consistence and render it fluid in order to Motion and to put the Vital Liquor into a capacity to insinuate it self into the most straight Capillaries and to pass when extravasated in the narrow Interstices of Vessels from the terminations of Arteries into the Origens of the Veins to prevent the stagnancy of Blood and Inflammations of Fleshy and Membranous parts So that this Potulent Matter being a Vehicle of Blood doth in its converse and motion with it embody with Saline and Sulphureous parts not serviceable to Nature and dischargeth them as mixed with it by Salival Liquor Sweat and Urine Urine borroweth its first Origen from thin Potulent Liquor The origen of Urine as its Materia Substrata and is compounded of Vinous Spirituous Sulphureous Saline Watry and Earthy Particles which may be made clear in Destillation The discovery of the parts of Urine by Destillation First arise the vinous spirit then watry mixed with most saline and some sulphureous Particles The first that rise are some few Vinous Spirits impraegnating Phlegm Next follow the Watry parts in a greater source embodied with most Saline and some Sulphureous parts Thirdly Doth rise the Spirit of Urine impraegnated with Salt of a fixed quality which is rendred Volatil by great degrees of heat exalting its sharp and pungent disposition whereupon divers preparations of Salt and Spirit of Urine are made by Art
A preternatural Flatus is very troublesome as it consisteth of Elastic Particles productive of many Diseases having little or no mixture with benigne vapours issuing from a well Concocted Chyle but from crude and indigested Aliment in the Ventricle and afterward Steams being advanced into a more thin and volatil nature by the unkindly heat of the Stomach and Blood obtaineth an Elastick temper and not willing to be restrained as being ambitious to expand it self doth violently distend those fine sensible parts which give it Controul whence ensue great Inflations and Pains most evident in Stomacic Iliac Colic and Hypocondriacal Distempers So that this troublesome Inmate A Flatus is derived from ill Fermentation of Blood vitiating the Ferment of the Stomach highly perverting the Oeconomy of Nature is chiefly deduced from an ill Fermentation of the Vital Liquor consisting of Heterogeneous Elements which are of so contrary a disposition that they cannot be reduced to a Similar temper whence proceedeth an Effervescence of the Blood which having a recourse to the Stomach depraveth the Ferment of it And by reason of this irregular heat and Serous and Nervous Liquor the Compage of the Meat and Drink is not duly opened whence arise troublesome Vapours which being sublimed by the extravagant heat of the Stomach are turned into a Flatus raising Tumults in all parts in which it is encloistred Thus the Material and Efficient Causes and differences of Wind being premised as Ambulatory to a Tympanitis now I will make the best Inferences I can in order to it The Flatus being generated in the Ventricle The progress of Wind from part to part by a distempered heat and ill Ferments the Efficient Causes working upon Chyle as a remote Cause and by Vapours as the more immediate Materia Substrata which passeth first out of the Stomach into the Intestines as associated with an indigested Chyle and is thence conveyed through the Thoracic Ducts and the Subclavian Veins and Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart and afterward through the Lungs by the Pulmonary Vessels into the left Cistern and into the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and from thence the Flatus accompanying the watry Particles of the Blood insinuateth it self through the Terminations of the Mesenteric and Caeliac Arteries into the Cavity of the Abdomen whereupon its Membranous parts are blown up and enlarged by great quantities of watry Humours and Wind the most received continent causes of a Tympanitis This Disease is not attended with any extraordinary Pain but with an Uneasiness proceeding from a Flatus taking its rise from watry Vapours mixing with it which being of a soft Emollient temper do distend the Membranous parts without any great disturbance If a Tympanitis did receive its production from a high and consummated Flatus arising out of Volatil Saline and Sulphureous Atomes it would cause great Storms and violent Tensions flowing from Elastic restless Particles which have a bustling refractory disposition highly resisting and afflicting its soft Membranous Boundaries very conspicuous in flatulent disorders of the Stomach Intestines and Hypocondres but these torminous Pains are not felt in a Tympanitis A Tympanitis is generated by an imperfect Wind partly Vaporous and partly Flatulent produced by an imperfect Wind of a mixed nature partly vaporous and partly Flatulent and participate much of its origen of mild Steams which are of a gentle ingeny not highly irritating their soft inclosures lodged in the inward Recesses of the Belly Learned Doctor Willis Dr. Willis his opinion that a Tympanitis ariseth from the Animal Spirits moving in great disorder my dear Friend and Colegue is of an opinion that a Tympanitis is not produced by a Flatus confined either within or without the Intestines which this great Author saith is rather an Effect then a Cause that Windy Matter is detained within those parts And farther affirmeth That this Disease springeth from the Animal Spirits residing in the Nervous and Membranous parts of the lowest Apartiment which being hurried in great disorder do raise a Storm in the Nervous Fibres caused by a high Inflation whence ariseth a Tumour of the Peritonaeum hence the Mesentery Intestines and their empty Spaces are stuffed up and enlarged and Humours inwardly confined in them being first rarefied into Vapours are afterward turned into a Flatus This worthy Author A Ligature made upon the Par Vagum on each side of the Neck produces an Inflation of the Stomach backeth his Hypothesis with an Anatomical Observation in the Dissection of a living Animal in which the Neck was opened and a Ligature made upon the eight pair of Nerves descending on each side of the Neck whence immediately followed a Swelling of the whole Stomach as blown up with Wind which proceeded from Animal Spirits residing in the Fibres of the Ventricle and being parted from their origen did move in great Confusion puffing up the Nervous Filaments of the Stomach Whereupon to confirm his Assertion he reciteth a History out of Smetius A strange History out of Smetius of a young Man labouring with a Tympanitis in these words Qui cum conflictu sub axilla dextra vulnus punctim factum in pectoris Cavitatem penetrans accepisset postridie toto corpore post unam noctem mane turgidus apparebat non solum pectore sed dorso ventre lumbis immo scroto quoque praeterea Brachiis humeris collo vultuque ut ne palpebras quidem deducere possit quinetiam in vertice ipso Cute ubique distenta tumefacta Tumor ubique erat tensus cum dolore non pauco Learned Smetius calleth this Disaffection of several parts a Universal Tympanitis And Doctor Willis giveth a Reason of this strange Disease most suitable to his Hypothesis That in the Breast near the Axillaries are seated great plexes of Nerves with which being wounded the whole Nerves of the Body do sympathize viz. The Trunk of the Eight pair with the Intercostal Nerves and both with the Spinal Marrow the Elongation of the Brain from which Branches are propagated into most parts of the Body Whereupon this great Nervous Plex being wounded by the point of a Sword first the Spirits dwelling in that part grew unquiet and being hurried here and there into divers Branches of Nerves and the Spirits their Inmates take the Alarum and further the Tumult which afterward is raised in all parts of the Body by the propagation of numerous Nervous Fibres blowing up the whole Body And after this ingenious Author hath Explained and confirmed his Opinion of a Tympanitis he summeth up all in a pithy Discription of it Quod sit Tumor Abdominis fixus constans aequabilis durus renitens a pulsatione sâ—nitum edens a partium Viscerum Membranaceorum inflatione 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ortus propter Spiritus Animales in fibras istas nimia copia adductos ibidemque succi Nervei obstruentis vitio a recessu impeditos
is not only exalted by gentle intestine Motion but more and more hightened by local too which is first of all performed in the seminal Liquor and as being a fluid Body cannot govern it self so that it is put under anothers dispose the covers of Membranes every way encircling it to confirm and secure it from extraneous Matter about these Membranes The Blood beginneth its first stage of Motion caused by the ambient heat of the neighbouring parts which colliquates the more spirituous portion of the seminal Liquor which becoming vital near the confines of it is afterward propagated in a gentle stream by channels cut through the viscide Matter uniting themselves in the Punctum Saliens as in a small Cistern so that the original of the Motion belonging to the vital Liquor is caused by extraneous heat without any impulse made from the Circumference to the Center from the outward part of the seminal Liquor adjoyning to the Amnion and Chorion passing through minute Ducts the first rudiments of Veins ending in the Vesicula Pulsans where by its tremulous Motion beginneth the first impulse of the Blood making Rivulets through different Channels of Arteries growing smaller and smaller toward the ambient parts of the seminal Matter whereupon this may be called the retrograde Motion of the Blood impelled by the Punctum Saliens from the Center to the Circumference But the first Motion springeth from the ambient parts of the colliquated Seed where the first rudiment of the Blood is discernible before the rough draught of the veins is made And when the Veins Heart Arteries Lungs of the Faetus are perfectly formed a greater current of Blood is transmitted out of the Vena Cava by the Foramen ovale in arteriam venosam and so conveyed into the Left Chamber of the Heart and thence impelled into the Trunk of the Aorta And after the Foetus is born it is receptive of greater proportion of Aliment which being concocted in the Stomach is afterward imparted to the mass of Blood which being highly increased inlargeth its territories and quitteth the Anastomosis with which the Vena Cava correspondeth with the venous Artery so that the Foramen Ovale being shut up after the Foetus is born the Blood hath a free access to the right Chamber of the Heart before uninhabited which being straightened by the contraction of fleshy Fibres throweth the stream of Blood into the pulmonary Artery which is thence conveyed by the Veins into the Left Ventricle and afterward by the mediation of the Ascendent and Descendent Trunks of the great Artery and their fruitful branches to all parts of the Body giving them Life and Heat which is primarily excited in the vital Liquor from the heat of the Vterus which reviving its faint innate Heat colliquates and more and more expandeth one part of the Infant Blood after another by raising its gentle flame by soft Motion The heat of the Blood is exalted by Motion toward the Vesicula Pulsans by whose repeated Motions the heat of the Blood groweth more and more exalted as the Heart becometh more perfect and abler to make more strong vibrations the chief instruments of vital heat to which I conceive the intestine Motion of the Blood may somewhat contribute as the sulphureous Particles have an inbred heat and constant volatil inclinations to their flight were they not inclosed within the confines of Channels and detained by groser parts of other Elements which are enobled by the warmth and subtilty of the Sulphureous spirits ever acting upon the passive Elements subduing and raising them to some greater degree of assimilation by intestine Motion which in some manner is productive of innate heat in the Blood which is hightened or depressed according to the greater or lesser intestine agitations of the volatil sulphureous Particles which would soon grow faint and extinguished were they not supported and advanced by the repeated Motions of the Heart Blood as well as other Liquors is constituted of sulphureous and saline Particles The various principles of the Blood as its integral parts whence it may be reasonably inferred that the Blood compounded of them must consist of several unequal parts some subtle others gross some volatil others fixed Whereupon the vital Liquor is more or less disposed to Fusion and Attenuation as the more Intense or Remiss heat acteth upon the various Elements of the Mass of Blood and colliquates and attenuates the more subtle and less fixed parts rendring them more and more spirituous by divers periods and progressions so that these highly attenuated and exalted Particles are Entituled Spirits by reason of their great subtilty and agility not as they were Bodies existing of themselves separate from the purer and volatil saline and sulphureous Particles with which the vital Spirits have great affinity and concur as integrals of the Blood as being its more noble subtle and active parts sustained and exalted by Motion and Heat which being deficient these spirituous parts of the Blood lose their vigor and activity as being condensed and coagulated with the other more gross and fixed parts which is most conspicuous in extravasated Blood as being soon destitute of Heat as well as Motion Having in some sort described the Motion of the Blood and Heat as an effect and consquent of it I conceive it proper now to render you some account of the composition of it as it may be diversly considered according to the several Liquors some being constituent or Elementary others Vehicles or Recrements of the Blood as to the first the Red Crassament is fraught with hot oily Particles and the albuminous Liquor is impregnated with more mild volatil Salt The disagreeing Airy Earthy Oily and Saline Principles are founded in the different Christalline and Purple Liquors which are associated with Lymphatick and Potulent Matter the divers Vehicles of the Blood and as they concur in fusion making up the mass of vital Liquor cannot incorporate with each other without Solution and Liquation and more particularly no Oily Matter can embody with a Saline except they receive a most exact comminution A Comminution is made of the various Elements of Blood by a brisk Motion against the sides of the Ventricles breaking them into small Particles in some liquid substance as a Menstruum or Vehicle which is very well accomplished in the Ventricles of the Heart by a brisk Motion of dashing the Blood against its walls caused by many impetuous vibrations made by the repeated Contractions of the strong Fibres of the Heart so that all the different Elements of the Blood when they are reduced to minute Particles consisting of divers Figures and sizes do meet with Pores in the different Liquor answering them in proportion and the Magnitudes and Figures of the Elementary Atomes and Pores of the Blood are so exactly modelled in a fit likeness so that the configured Particles are embodied with each other in a most strict and near union of mixtion And Lastly
with various Divarications all parts of the Body as so many Conduit-pipes to bedew them for their Refinement and Perfection to give them Heat Life and Nutrition The Nerves are so many Systemes of Filaments The Nerves are Systemes of many Filaments making a rare Compage containing nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits the great Ministers of the Soul in the Brain the Presence-Chamber of this Noble Emperess where she hath her great Rule consisting in her governing Faculties and the exercise of their Noble and meaner Operations whose Commands are given by Nerves sprouting out of the ambient parts of the Brain transmitted to the Muscles as Engines of Motion obeying the Dictates of the Understanding and Will The Nerves being animated with animal Liquor and Spirits The Nerves are invigorated by Animal Liquor are rendred Tense by their elastick Particles invigorating the carnous Fibres of Muscles by whose various Contractions the different motions of the Trunk and Limbs are celebrated The use of the motions of the Body in order to the acquisition of Aliment to support our Nature or in reference to converse to Treat our selves with the amicable Society and pleasant Discourses of our Friends or in point of other concerns tending to the preservation of our Fortunes and happiness of our Life The Lymphaeducts being the finest Contextures of all the Vessels relating to the whole body composed of most minute Fibrils finely spun and so closely interwoven The Lymphaeducts are the finest contextures of all the vessels that they seem to be one entire uniform transparent substance These most curious Aquaeducts sport themselves in numerous branches enameling and shading the Blood-vessels carrying a Lympha or thin transparent Liquor The use of the Lymphaeducts the recrement of the Blood and nervous Juyce secerned in the lowest Apartiment in the Glands of the Spleen Liver and other Glands of the said Venter into the common receptacle The use of the Lympha is to dilate the Chyle where it espouseth a union with the Chyle and dilutes it clammy Nature and promotes its motion through the Thoracick Ducts into the subclavian Vessels And many other Lymphaeducts of the Lungs and other parts lodged in the higher Apartiments do transmit a thin Liquor from numerous minute Glands of the Viscera and Muscles into the subclavian Vessels where it associates with the vital Liquor and attenuates its more gross clammy Matter and helps its progress through the Heart the rare engine of motion and the most numerous Sanguiducts branched throughout all parts of the body Having discoursed the solid similar parts I will now Treat of the fluide the principal giving Life Sense Motion and Nourishment to the more solid similars which are various Liquors of which some are Alimentary The various Liquors of the Body and others Recrements secerned from the more noble Juyces in the Viscera The first is Chyle or Chyme the Materia substrata of the vital Liquor out of whose more soft albuminous part the nervous juyce is constituted Chyle is a white milky Liquor extracted out of Aliment The Chyle is the Materia substrata of the Blood first broken into small Particles and impregnated with salival Liquor and the Nitro-sulphureous Particles of Air in the Mouth and afterward transmitted to the Stomach where it receiveth a farther elaboration by virtue of heat and serous Ferments endued with volatil saline Particles coming from the vital and nervous Liquor which being insinuated into the body of the Aliment do open its Compage and dissolve the bond of mixtion and colliquate the Aliment wherein the more spirituous saline and sulphureous Particles are severed from the more gross and do embody with a liquid substance The motion of the Chyle making this milky extract commonly called Chyle which is transmitted through the Intestines and milky vessels into the common receptacle from whence it is carried through the thoracick Ducts into subclavian vessels and afterwards through the Vena Cava into the right ventricle of the Heart where the Chyme being broken into small Particles as highly dashed against the walls of the Heart is impelled by the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it mixeth with the Nitro-sulphureous Particles of Air much advantaging the nature of Blood which is composed of a hot red crassament and of a more mild cristalline Liquor The Purple Juyce is furnished with numerous white Filaments The parts of Blood which are not discernible as swallowed up in an opaque Red Liquor except when a Vein being opened the Blood is received into warm water The composition of the Red Crassament which washing the Red Crassament from the serous Liquor causeth the round white Filaments to discover themselves by swimming on the surface of the water by virtue of these Fibres the Red Crassament being extravasated coagulates into a more solid body and acquires a Scarlet or Purple hue in the Vessels as endued with subacide and sulphureous Particles often circulated and dissolved by the continued heat of the Blood which may be made evident in Chymistry whereby the saline and chiefly the acide Particles being mixed with sulphureous do give a Red tincture as in the distillation of the salt of Nitre which aboundeth with sulphureous Particles And by the affusion of a few drops of oil of Vitriol or Sulphure upon Liquors or Conserves that have only a blush of Red immediately ariseth a deep tincture of Red. The Christalline Liquor of the Blood and its nature The Cristalline Liquor is of a different nature from the Red Crassament as being of a soft albuminous transparent Ingeny and will not evaporate like serous potulent Liquor but resembleth the white of an Egg which being held over the fire in a Spoon will coagulate into a white substance This mild nutricious part of the Blood being associated with the red Crassament is transmitted by the carotide Arteries into the substance of the cortical Glands wherein it is secerned from the more hot and Purple Liquor and then encountreth with Air conveyed by the Nostrils into the Ventricles and from thence through the Pores of the Corpus callosum into the Cortex of the Brain The Origen of the Animal Liquor which highly exalteth the albuminous Liquor with nitrous and also aethereal Particles derived from planetary influxes This Animal Liquor is very much improved by volatil saline Particles adhering to the sides of the vessels relating to the cortical Glands which render it brisk and active The Animal Liquor is impregnated with volatil saline Particles in the Cortex The other Liquors are Recrements of the Blood whereupon it being enobled with spirits becomes a fit Minister of the operations of the Soul The other Liquors being the Recrements of the Blood and nervous Juyce I will Treat of with the Viscera as being colatories of the more noble Liquors seated in the several Stories of the Body Having given you a History of the similar parts as the first integrals of the Body taken asunder and handled apart I will now set them
obligation upon Man to obey him his great intendment in the Creation of Man who had the highest obligation imaginable to pay a Duty and Obedience to him which was in effect the first law of Nature afterward reinforced by a positive Command given to the head of Mankind So that these bonds of Nature did therefore pass into Laws because the breach of them was Criminal inferring a Penalty proportionable to the transgression testified in guilt a necessary consequent of Man's prevarication darting a Sting into his Conscience which is the practical part of the Soul striking a terror into Man and is as a Judge trying and sentencing him to some great Temporal or Eternal punishment And there is a great content in doing our duty to God to our Neighbour and to our selves The doing our Duty to God giveth a great satisfaction which is a grateful repose of Bodies in their proper center So the prevarication of the prime Laws of Nature The breach of God's Law speaks an horror and amazement to the offender is like a Limb out of joynt a Palate out of taste and giveth an uneasiness of spirit horror and amazement even in our great privacies and retirements So that the guilt of our inordinate desires assasinates us striking us in the face with frequent blushes and horrid aspects our disloyalty to our Maker woundeth our very hearts and striketh a Dart in our Souls and terrifieth our Spirit hauting us like a cruel Ghost that is ever ready to inflict a severe revenge upon us This secret punishment is attended with a Divine Hand lifted up high and hanging over our heads ready to destroy us The breach of the natural Law hath a peculiar Penalty He that abuseth his Neighbour must look for the same equality of treatment beside the great anguish of a troubled Conscience The Man that offereth a Violence to his Neighbor must look to find severe rencounters from him seeing there is an equality of Right and Power according to the Law of Nature every Man having an equal priviledge in Nature to defend his Peace and Property by the disturbance of another Man and when he hath been first aggrieved by oppression of another every man is apt to vindicate himself by the same method of Justice He that offers a Violation to another Man's Interest must expect to have the order of his own happy life perverted The law of Retaliation is a Sanction founded in Nature The breach of the Law of Retaliation in a high Crime is punished with death whereupon if I unreasonably prosecute another Man by undue methods I become the instrument of my own unhappiness and so by several steps and periods of Injustice I arrive at last at the hight of infelicity the loss of Life For it is reasonable that one Insolency should be punished by another of the same kind and if I cut off another Man's Head I must look in proportion to lose my own and if I seize my Neighbors Estate I must expect by the same natural justice to be deprived of my own For every man is as obnoxious to as great mischief as he offers and the offended Person is not naturally guilty of Injustice when he is his own Carver in inflicting the punishment heretofore when no provision was made by positive Laws He that debaucheth himself to a high degree of Intemperance is punished with folly and madness for a time The punishment of Intemperance and afterward when he cometh to himself may seriously reflect upon his Error in the glass of his punishment which at once giveth him a sight of the Law and the Sin And when the first Law in Nature was prevaricated in our disloyalty to our Maker Death the punishment of the first prevarication in Adam in speaking the violation of his Honor and when the greatest of natural evils was offered to our Neighbour the Oeconomy of Nature was wholly perverted and Death became the instance of the highest punishment the loss of the offenders being upon earth And thus Death stepped into the World The penalty holdeth Analogy with the prevarication of the Law as inflicted by a Divine hand upon account of a great prevarication when the head of Mankind broke the first positive Law and then render himself liable to the loss of the greatest natural good to the deprivation of Life it self which was not brought in upon a small prevarication of the Law but in such a high instance as the evil of the action held an Analogy with the evil of the Penalty else every case of Injustice every circumstance of Intemperance would betray us to the greatest of natural Evils Some things are rendred evil by the breach of a positive command and they are morally so others are naturally evil by a deficiency from the rule of Nature in case of an irregular Appetite in point of Intemperance The first ushered in Death by violating the Signature of the prime superinduced Law God may justly claim our obedience to any positive Law The second stepped in by many unnatural and inordinate acts which by degrees cut off the thread of our lives for God in that first prohibition of eating such a particular Fruit did justly claim our obedience to his commands in speaking his Honor in whose breach we violated that bond which linked us to our Maker the supernatural and supreme Good and for our disobedience we were justly rendered liable to the greatest natural evil the separation of Body and Soul which did occur to us not by a multiplicity of acts but by one single act of high disloyalty flowing from the prevarication of the first superinduced Sanction in Paradise which giveth us just fear and shame in the darker shades of Guilt and thereupon God speaketh his justice in making us obnoxious to Death the highest of natural punishments because we have been so unworthy as to break the Commands of the Lord of Life to which death we pass step by step by committing unreasonable acts of Intemperance and Injustice but we cannot arrive Death by several steps of disloyalty to God because every single act of disobedience to him merits the highest punishment but the other violations of the Law of Nature did produce heretofore no greater ill consequences then the Analogy of their own obliquity in breaking the Law of Nature till God by positive Commands hath made them become acts of disloyalty to him as well as obliquity in Nature The first being morally evil the second naturally And therefore the Great Law-giver The revealed light inforceth the Law of Nature engraveâ— in our Hearts as the most Gracious and Wise disposer of all things did not only engrave with lively Characters his most reasonable Sanctions in the Heart of Man as the instruments and measures of their happiness but also made a more bright revealed light to arise to guide our steps in his Divine paths adopting some parts of natural Sanctions into Religion Thus the positive Command against shedding Mans Blood became an instance of
that Christianity being a system of most wise and holy Maxims perfective of Humane Nature might render it most happy in its highest capacity by making the dictates of a clear Understanding directive of a most compliant Will whose commands might be observed by regular Appetites as some Faculties being commanding and others obeying Powers might all in their proper Sphaeres contribute to Man's happiness by advancing our prime inbred principles as now modelled by Christian Philosophy which having adopted the Law of Nature into Religion might make its intendments more elevated and perfect For the prime Law founded in Nature The prime Law was adequate to the design of making Man happy was so excellent a constitution that the principles of it were adequate to that design of making Man happy and the nature of that Law was Eternal in its substance and so admitteth no variation in time and being the same for ever in its essential parts of which it is constituted So that it cannot be conceived reasonable that Vertue should assume a new nature or new constituent parts but only new improvements in reference to accidental perfection and the nature of Morality as Justice Temperance and Religion cannot be essentially altered but may be newly moulded and advanced by more exact rules of Christian Philosophy The rules of Christian Philosophy do not constitute a new but only improve an old Law more highly to promote the first intendment of Nature instituted in our Creation to put us into a great capacity of Felicity for the Laws of Nature were originally in the first Creation engraven by a Divine hand on the Tables of our Hearts in fair Characters which being defaced are refreshed and as it were re-ingraven in the New Creature by the Finger of God's Spirit the great Engraver and the Scribe of the New Covenant as the Author to the Hebrews hath it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Here God merely out of his great goodness The Covenant of Grace repaired the defaced Image of God in Man being as it were in love with Man the work of his hands made a new and more excellent Covenant with him being that of Grace wherein he repaired his defaced Image in us and restored the corrupt principles of Nature depraved by ill habits and customes in some degree to their native purity and instituted holy methods of Grace to reduce the perverted Oeconomy of Nature to perfection and to Sign us a Pardon of our enormous Crimes by the intercession and mediation of his own Law and to consign us to as great if not greater Felicity then was intended us in our first Creation and that the happy establishment of the Gospel enacted by the Holy JESVS might be preserved God provided in mercy that all his holy Ordinances Precepts Promises and Examples set forth in Holy Writ as so many Sacred Rolls should be recommended from Age to Age to the utmost period of the World Now the Laws of Nature referring to Religion The primitive Law of Piety Justice and Sobriety are not cancelled but reinforced by the Evangelical precepts Justice and Sobriety are not at all cancelled or repealed but reinforced and refined by the more excellent Sanctions of the Gospel and our prefession of Piety to God groweth more spiritual by Evangelical Precepts which is styled by our Saviour Worshipping God in Spirit and Truth in which we ought to pay of Devotion to our Maker in all knowledge and sincerity in opposition to Ceremonial Rites and Hypocrisie and all fond representations of God a most pure Spirit in ridiculous material Forms which run counter to all Reason and Religion and are inconsistent with the perfection of his Essence and the most Glorious Majesty of his Person The Holy Jesus In Prayer we praise God and recommend our needs to his Divine Majesty the great Law-giver hath given us his Commands to lift up our hands without fear and doubting that we may speak excellent things of his great and glorious Name for his Wonderful works of Creation Preservation Redemption and the daily supernatural aids of his Spirit and all Temporal blessings for which we must for ever pay him our duty of Eucharist Adoration and Obedience always resigning our selves by Faith and Patience into the gracious conduct of his Providence humbly prostrating our selves at his feet to be wholly guided and governed by his holy Will And these are many explicatory Instances of the natural Law relating to Religion Evangelical Rules are Suppletories of the primitive Law of Nature advancing it to greater degrees of spirituality as new modelled by more exact Evangelical Rules as so many Suppletories making good the defects of the Law of Nature whose instruments being insufficient to estate us into that Happiness designed us by our Maker in our first Creation God gave us supernatural principles advanced above the ordinary sphaere of Nature and are the object of our Faith which is thus defined by the great Author to the Hebrews 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Faith is a substance of things hoped for and an evidence of things not seen Faith is no shadow no meer notion whose essence is not meerly objective in our Conception And because we may vainly apprehend the object of Faith to consist of Entities never to be produced as they are set forth under divers terms relating to things Therefore Faith is styled by this Great Apostle The definition of Faith a substance of things to come which though now only in possibility and in their Causes yet in due time will be as truly reduced into Act as if they did now according to God's determination subsist in the nature of things And upon this account Faith is named an Evidence of things unseen because it hath a greater evidence then that of Sense which is obnoxious to Error but this of Faith cannot err as it is founded upon a better evidence then that of outward Objects because they being apprehended by sensitive faculties are liable to deception Quatenus nititur authoritate revelantis who is faithful and cannot deceive and infallible and cannot be deceived Faith is a supernatural Grace infused into us by God's Spirit giving a certain and clear apprehension of Divine things Faith giveth a full assent to the Word of God and therefore styled an Evidence of things unseen by the Eye of Sense and Reason too unless enlightned by Supernatural Rays and so Faith giveth a full assent and consent to the Word of God as being of Divine Revelation And although those high Credenda the great Mysteries of the Incarnation of our Saviour and the unity of Essence in the Trinity of Persons and the Resurrection from the Dead are incredible to natural reason which being elevated by supernatural Principles may upon good grounds give a firm assent to any proposition set forth by God who is all Power and Veracity for Faith is a submission of our Understanding to such Dictates as God which is Truth it self hath thought fit to reveal to us and is an Omnipotent
twentieth part of the Dimensions making up the body of the Hony-Comb and a Spunge cannot be squeesed by the greatest violence into the twentieth part of its Expansion And then I pray consider what proportion the twentieth part holdeth to that of two thousand Again to obviate this difficulty Air cannot be conceived a mass of thin Bubbles filled with empty Spaces Air may be thought to be a huge Mass of thin Bubbles filled with empty Spaces and not with Air and then I conceive this phancy is like it self nothing but a Bubble for who can apprehend these Bubbles which are nothing but void Spaces can impart any Extension or Repletion And who can understand Bubbles made up of emptiness capable of Distension And if these Bubbles be any thing they be expansions of thin bodies and this Hypothesis of a Vacuum falleth upon a supposition these Bubbles big with a Vacuum to be subtle bodies Light cannot be freely disfused through the bubbling compage of Air which being various in Rarity and Density would make unkindly refractions and pervert the order of Vision they will run counter to all the other Phaenomena of Air. For through this bubbling cloudy Mass the Rays of Light cannot be freely diffused and will give a check to the more free motion of bodies which will be more nimbly celebrated in the more thin and pliable substance of Air and moreover this bubbling Compage being various in Rarity and Density will make many different unkindly Refractions and so pervert the order of Vision of which one Instance may be given in froth which is nothing but an innumerable company of Bubbles made of Air encircled with many fine watry investitures which being of different substance cast a shadow and obscure the resemblance of visible Objects which speaketh the unreasonableness of the supposition of a Vacuum as framed of Bubbles swimming up and down the Air and therefore to make good the continuity of it blended with so many empty Spaces it may be thought somewhat probable by them to contrive a Network posture of parts not to be formed according to a plain only but every way according to a retiform contexture A Vacuum in Air would spoil its elastick quality a Vacuum having no power when condensed to reduce it self to to an Expansion which is found in Air. and that the compage of Air should be composed of Minute Filaments in whose interstices two thousand parts of void Spaces to one of Matter must be included with this supposition that the Filaments of Air may be invigorated with an elastick quality It being most certainly true that if Air be overmuch confined by some ambient body behind the sphear of its proper rarity it will when set at liberty nimbly recoil with a kind of spring to its natural Expansion and so this Resistance cannot be attributed to a Vacuum which cannot be capable of any vertue or power seeing it is nothing but to the small Filaments of Air as to its arms by which it reduceth it self to its proper Extension At last it may be discoursed whether Air may be conceived to be made up of innumerable Particles playing up and down in a Vacuum as Atomes or Sun-beams frisk up and down in Air but it will be difficult to sustain this phancy because the Air being transparent doth not hold analogy with a body divided into innumerable parts for a deform position of manifold parts residing in the Air maketh different refractions in the Rays of Light as is very conspicuous in the Air intermingled with Smoak and Clouds which cast a shadow so that this Hypothesis of innumerable Particles flying up and down would intercept the free course of the Sun-beams in the Air and take away the clear Sun-shine And lastly A Vacuum is repugnant to the aeconomy of Nature in which heavy Bodies move upwards and light downwards to secure the order of the parts of the Universe from interruption or vacuity and above all a Vacuum as apprehended to be a space free from all bodies is repugnant to the wise Aeconomy of Nature whose parts are so well disposed by an essential wisdom in so excellent a frame and manner that upon all occasions they use their utmost endeavours for a mutual preservation whereupon private bodies move contrary to their peculiar inclinations heavy things moving upward and light pressing downward to preserve as fellow members the great Body of the Universe in securing its continued or contiguous order from all interruption and vacuity And now I most humbly beg pardon for giving so largely learned Doctor Glyssons and my own Sentiments relating to a Vacuum which I have taken all the freedom to offer because some of this late Age being given to Novelties are beyond reason fond of this opinion a mere Chymaera Wherefore I humbly conceive I have good reason to believe that rare Bodies are not interspersed with void Interstices because their substance is highly extended as having large Dimensions comprised in a small portion of Matter which is so far expanded that it is every way commensurate to the place in which it is reposed and that very rare Bodies having great Expansions are beset with numerous Interstices which are not empty Spaces but Pores and Cavities fraught with subtle Bodies as frothy Blood contained in the Interstices and Cavities of the Pulmonary Vessels is very much expanded because its numerous Pores are very much interspersed with the elastick particles of Air and Vital Spirits when the Lungs are very much extended in inspiration in which the Cavities and Pores of the Bronchia and Vesicles grow big after they have received free draughts of Air. But on the other side Bodies are termed dense when small dimensions are lodged in a great quantity of matter as heavy and having small Cavities or Pores Bodies are termed dense when they are compact as having a more solid Consistence and as heavy Bodies have small Dimensions lodged in a great quantity of Matter and thereupon have a more close Compage as the bones of a Humane Body which have minute Pores And corporeal Substances are rendred Dense when their Pores and Cavities are streightned by Compression in which subtle expansive Bodies are turned out of their Receptacles as in Expiration the Lungs may be said to be made more Dense when the elastick parts of Air are excluded and the Bronchia and Vesicles are lessened in their Pores and Cavities and so the body of the Lungs grow more dense and compact as reduced into a smaller circumference whereupon the Blood and the Lungs are modelled into several Figures obtaining divers situations produced by various motions of Rarefaction and Condensation in which no loco-motive motion is celebrated implying the motion of the whole from place to place but only a mutation of the position of the parts in reference to each other as they have a greater distance is more disunited and so grow more porous which is filled up by volatil bodies in
conceive that the motions of Condensation and Rarefaction The motion of Condensation and Rarefaction may be made without penetration of Bodies which supposeth two or more Bodies in the same place because Rare Bodies may easily give way to the more Dense may be celebrated without a true penetration of Bodies which supposeth two Bodies to be seated in one proper place because the more rare Body may easily give way by contracting its extension and rendring its compage more Condensed which lesseneth all its former expansion and quantity An instance may be given in Air which is readily compressed upon the motion of a more solid Body by moving the Air inward or by making a greater or less retirement of its ambient parts into more inward recesses according to the greater or less Dimensions of a larger or smaller compact Body which giveth us an Instance of magnifying God's great Attributes of Wisdom and Power in composing the curious Fabrick of the World of Solid and Fluid of Dense and Rare parts wherein we may see and admire the wise Aeconomy of Nature so well disposed for Motion that Volatil and Fluid Bodies should submit themselves to the Commands and readily give way to the more Dense and Solid so that aethereal and airy Vapours and Watry and other rare Bodies do observe the motion of the more solid and heavy by confining themselves within more narrow Circumferences and by plucking in their Wings and by making one part more nearly retreat to another have a more near converse with each other And because solid Bodies have several gesses and various progresses and by quiting one place do obtain another in motion and so the compressed and confined Volatil and Fluid Bodies do gain their liberty and reimbrace each other and when their parted quarters haing quitted their former Guests do reunite and espouse each other But perhaps some may be so curious as to make an inspection into the Aeconomy of Nature in reference to Condensation and Rarefaction of Bodies Condensation and Rarefaction governed sometimes by External and sometimes by Internal Principles and by what conducts they are managed unto which it may be thus replied that these motions are sometimes governed by External sometimes by Internal Principles and sometimes partly by External and partly by Internal Principles and an Instance may be had of Natures conduct in Condensation and Rarefaction by External An instance of Condensation and Rarefaction by External Principles when the Blood moving from the centre to the Circumference is condensed by ambient Cold in Winter and rarefied in Summer by ambient heat when Blood the most generous Liquor as the fountain of Life addresseth it self by greater and less Arterial Channels from the Center to the Circumference from the inward to the outward Regions where its greater fervour receiveth manifest allays by the ambient cold and groweth more gross and heavy the plain effects of Condensation and the Vital Liquor is also affected with this quality when by too great a quantity it lodgeth it self into the substance of the Body as in Inflammations and Aedematous Tumours wherein the Blood is extravasated in the interstices of the Vessels which destroyeth its tone and Spirits by undue Stagnation whereupon it groweth gross and condensed And these Tumours are Cured often by Blood-letting and hot Fomentations and the making good the motion of the Blood giveth it tone and thinness of parts whence ariseth Rarefaction rendring it fit for local motion But the Vital Liquor is governed by Inward Principles Rarefaction governed by an Inward Principle in a due fermentation of the Blood caused by Volatil Saline and Sulphureous Particles when by a due Fermentation consisting of Volatil Saline and Sulphureous Particles exalted and rarefied as it is inspired with thin spirituous substances giving Life and Motion But the intestine motion of the Blood groweth degenerate by inward Principles when it is managed by fixed saline and gross Sulphureous Particles whereupon the Blood is depressed turning thick and condensed Condensation of the Blood by an ill fermentation made by fixed Saline and Sulphureous parts wherein the briskness of our Spirits and Life is much lessened and so we are rendred obnoxious to numerous Diseases much taking off the enjoyments of our selves and our pleasant Converse with others The various intestine motions proceeding from Inward Principles whereby Bodies contract or dilate themselves by gaining less or greater dimension in Condensation and Rarefaction are so many methods of Nature to speak greater Advancement and Perfection which is very visible in Production Vegetation Nutrition and augmentation of Plants and in the maturation of their Fruits and the like And in the generation of Animals by the colliquation of Seminal Liquor and their support in order to Life and Sensation in the concoction of aliment in the Stomach Intestines and by concocting it into Blood by assimilation in the Heart and Vessels and in the production of Animal Liquor and Spirits in the Cortex of the Brain Generation produced by Rarefaction and Condensation when the Seminal Liquor first expands it self by Colliquation and then groweth more and more condensed into divers parts by various Accretions In these spontaneous motions instituted by the great Architect Nature celebrates its various operations of Condensation and Rarefaction the Seminal Liquor growing at first colliquated and rarefied in its Expansion and afterward by divers steps of Condensation acquireth greater and greater Solidity and the parts of the Body as so many accretions made up of Saline Sulphureous and Earthy Particles do assume several kinds of Magnitude Figure and Consistence and from a Transparent Liquor are turned into the more condensed parts of Veins Arteries Nerves Fibres Membranes Cartilages and Bones and above all a thin limpid Liquor at first Colliquated is afterward as it were Coagulated into the white pulpy and fibrous substance of the Brain And all these several Accretions of different parts are so many degrees of Generation and the results of manifold Condensation Farthermore The Alimentary Vital and Nervous Liquors are exalted by divers intestine motions of Rarefaction to impart Nourishment Life Sense and Motion the Alimentary Vital and Animal Liquors have their first rise and greater improvement by the intestine motion of Rarefaction whereby they are exalted in growing more volatil and Spirituous to celebrate the Vegetable Vital Sensible and Intellectual Operations And by the great variety of these inward Motions the noble Fabrick and beautiful Order of the World is preserved in various methods of Condensation and Rarefaction speaking the great prudence and contrivance of that most Divine and Omnipotent Mind And to put a period to these Discourses of Condensation and Rarefaction I will add the famous Experiment of Thermometer wherein the confined Air is more or less displayed in greater or less Dimensions as the season of the Weather presents us with variety of Heat and Cold produced as some would have it by the contest of
other and the lower approach the upper in progressive motion These thin Muscles are adorned with a blush of Red interspersed with a whitish or Ashcoloured hue and are of a kind of roundish Figure and being viewed with a curious Eye appear to be Systems of many Minute Fibrils not running in parallel but spiral Lines as Learned Malpighius hath observed much resembling some Tendons in great Animals And I conceive it is a matter of great difficulty to discern the fine frames situations rows and progresses of these Muscular Contextures occasioned by their great smalness and fineness and the agility of these Minute Animals being always in motion producing various Contractions which obscure the Origens and Insertions of these small Fibrils curiously conjoyned to and sometimes interwoven with each other and do terminate into the Interstices of the Circular Membranes And these are constituted one under another So that it may be questioned whether these be the same or different Fibres one succeeding another in the same order The right Fibres do not run in parallel Lines but irregularly The right Fibres do not run aequidistant one from another but in a confused manner and meeting on the one side with Oblique Filaments are not discernible where they are mixed with them not far from the Ringlike Membranes and chiefly about the middle of the Back where the Oblique Line is extended from Head to Tail towards which Line the Fibres do incline So that in each Circular Coat the Fibres do Terminate making a kind of Pyramis whose side is placed in subordinate Inclinations downward toward the middle of the Back and the Arch afterward appeareth in the utmost extreamities of the Fibrils The second rank of Fibres The second raâ—k are lodged under the right Fibres lodged under the right are minute thin Muscles which bending somewhat outward are inserted almost into the same Confines adjoyning to the Circular Membranes The third row of Fibres are also Oblique The third row of Fibres have an opposite progress to the former and seated under the middle rank of crooked Filaments This last Systeme of Muscular Fibres take an opposite course to the former whose greater part is enlarged toward the middle of the Back and its lesser doth arrive both at the upper and lower region of the middle Coats This is another lesser order A less order of Fibres creeping under the third of Oblique Fibres creeping under the third and are more deeply inserted under these also pass Oblique Ascendent Fibres which do Terminate into the second fold of Annular Coats And below these are found many other Fibres Many other Fibres run counter to the lesser called Oblique Descendents running counter to the other and may be stiled Oblique Descendent and do end at the Margent of the first fold relating to the Circular Coats And under these Descendent Filaments Under the Descendent pass ascendent Filaments are placed other Oblique Ascendent Filaments which being carried to the middle of the Rings encircling the Body are implanted into a thin broad Muscle And now I beg the freedom to speak my Sense more freely and fully in giving you a more perfect Account as I humbly conceive of the Structure Origination Insertion Course of the Fibres and Use of the various Muscles of Silk-worms The Muscles of Silk-worms are small Filaments interwoven with each other passing in different postures whose select Contexture is made up of a collection of small Threads rarely interwoven and conjoyned to each other by the interposition of some narrow Membranes and are so many thin Vails or Leaves one enwrapped within another beset with numerous Fibres some passing in right Lines and others intersecting them in oblique Angles some ascending others descending and others going in transverse postures The right which immediately interline the Skin are many short External and Internal Muscles and every pair of Rings hath one of each seated between them in opposite manner some beginning and others ending in the upper and lower sides of the Circular Membranes which resemble the Ribs in greater Animals and these fine Muscles the external and internal Intercostals There are also curious ranks of Muscles lying under these right ones which are many Oblique Ascendents and Descendents so stiled from their various course of Fibres some bending themselves upward some downward and others crossways thereby interlining the sides and belly of these Minute Creatures In some sort These thin Muscles of Silk-worms are like the fine fleshy Expansions of the Belly these Muscles in their various postures of Fibres are so many Laminae folded within each other and are Integuments of the lower Belly preserving the Viscera and have a kind of semblance with the Muscles of the Belly relating to more perfect and greater Animals which are so many fine Machines encircling one another and garnished with variety of Ascending Descending and Transverse Fibres imparting different Motions and keeping the Intestines tight do secure them and the other Bowels from outward assaults and ill accidents As to the use of these Muscles These Muscles of the of Silk-worms are made as well for progressive motion as the preservation of the Viscera they are instituted by Nature for Progressive Motion as well as preservation of the Viscera In motion there are many Requisites First The principle of it which is the Brain or Spinal Marrow acting it with some choice Liquor impraegnated with delicate and Volatil Spirits and are the Causae motrices the Efficient Causes And the Instruments are the Fibres And there are others Immoveable to which as to the Center of Motion the moveable terms do tend because all Motion is founded somewhat immoveable The efficient causes of motion are the Animal Spirits and the Instruments are Fibres acted by these spirits which in Silk-worms is composed of many Rings and are the Hypomoclia consisting of two parts the upper and Principal obtain more solidity and thereupon endued with greater strength and the lower region is more soft and weak being full of Wrinkles and Asperities into which the origen of the Muscles are implanted as into some base of Motion The many Muscles are seated between the Annular Membranes These Muscles lodged between the annular Membranes are the Organs of progressive motion and being the more solid parts of the Body are somewhat akin in situation to the Intercostals in perfect Animals and are in those Creatures the engins of Progressive Motion and each of them being fastned in both Extreamities above and below to every pair of Rings do begin to play first in the Extreamity near the Anus of Silk-worms and the celebration of going in them beginneth in the last Ring from which the hindermost of Annular Muscles being Contracted the Space interceding the pair of lower Rings is shortned so that by pulling the lowest Rings more nearly to the upper The motion of Silk-worms beginneth in the posterior parts the hinder parts of this small Animal
which action requiring great strength and solidity cannot principally be given to fleshy as loose and flabby parts Auxiliaries only to the Tendinous Fibres and are their soft Repositories and being accretions of Blood adhering to the outward surfaces of the Vessels tinging them Red do fill up their Interstices whereby they preserve them from interfering one against another in Motion Which that it may be daily celebrated According to Aristotle all motion is founded in somewhat immoveable as a center of it it is a requisite condition to have a Hypomoclion or Center upon which as an immoveable Base the moveable part must rest else no motion can be performed according to Aristotles Position in his Book De Animalium Incessu 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Si nullum omnino motis praebeat Firmamentum nihil super ipsum movere possit For whatsoever is moved is founded in somewhat immoveable as a Center of its Motion which if Muscular whether it be a Bone or Cartilage to which one Extreamity of the Muscle is fastned it must be quiescent else if it should give way the one Extreamity of the Muscle could not be Contracted toward the other unless fixed to somewhat immoveable as a Center of Motion which is plainly visible in all Muscular Motion relating to the Limbs These natural Organs of Motion Muscular motion somewhat resembleth the artificial motion by Levers hold some Analogie with Artificial Machines and seem to resemble Levers by whose contrivance we more easily lift up heavy Bodies and after this manner the Muscles do seem to celebrate their actions as may be instanced in the Deltoeides the flexor of the Arm. The Biceps of the Cubit and the Psoas of the Thigh The various Centers of motion upon which the Arm is lifted up and the several Origens of the Deltoeides the middle of the Clavicle the Acromion and the Spiniform process of the Scapula are so many Hypomoclia or Centers of Motion upon which the Arm is raised The Biceps hath a double Origination derived from the Acetabulum The Hypomoclia upon which the Cubit is elevated or Sinus of the Scapula and the Coracoeidal process the two Fulciments upon which the Cubit is lifted up And the Psoas hath a double Origination from the two lower Vertebres of the Back and the three upper of the Loins the immoveable terms of Motion upon which the Thigh is lifted up To speak more clearly A motion of a Pulley is somewhat like the motion of a Muscle no Artificial Instrument more suiteth the natural mechanick motion of a Muscle then a Pulley in which the Diameter of a little Circle supplying the place of a Lever resteth upon a Hypomoclion and the weight is tied to a Tendon as to a Cord placed to the tail of a Muscle It is thus effected so that while the termination of the Muscle giveth way to the Contraction made by the Tendinous Fibres called Carnous as they are hued with Red the weight appendant to the tail of the Muscle is consequently moved according to the Dimensions as it were of different Levers and of new Diameters continually succeeding one another and as a greater and greater Contraction is made of the Muscular Fibres the weight of our Limbs is more and more lifted up CHAP. XVI Of the manner of Muscular Motion HAving Discoursed of the Structure of Muscles and their Motion it may not be altogether improper to Treat of the Manner of it and give a farther Illustration of its nature whether a Muscle hath greater or less Dimensions during the time of its Contraction Learned Steno is of an Opinion Steno conceiveth the Muscle to acquire greater Dimensions in motion that a Muscle acquireth a greater bulk in its Contraction which he affirmeth in the Thirty Seventh Page of his Book entituled Elementorum Myologiae Specimen in this Proposition In omni Musculo dum contrahitur tumor contingit A Swelling happeneth in the Muscle when it is Contracted Which the worthy Author secondeth with this farther Explication Cum Tumor nihil sit nisi aucta una vel plures in corpore Dimensiones idem est crassitiem Musculi augeri ac Tumorem in Musculo contingere When a Tumour is nothing but one or more Dimensions encreased in a Body it is the same thing for the thickness of the Muscle to be enlarged as the Tumour of the Muscle to arise And further This curious Author doth assert that the Hight and Latitude of a Muscle Contracted is equal to a Muscle not Contracted Altitudo Musculi contracti est aequalis altitudini Musculi non contracti And his Reason he giveth is this Because the Paralelograms resting upon the same Bases of the Muscle are of the same hight Which I cannot apprehend which may be ascribed to my meaner Conception and not to the Nature of the thing in reference to the Paralelograms or Squares of unequal sides relating to Muscular Bodies which are not purely Mathematical but Physical and must according to this great Authors Hypothesis acquire a greater thickness in Contracted Muscles in which he doth confess a Tumour ariseth and therefore a Contracted Muscle according to his Opinion must have larger Dimensions in height then a not Contracted Muscle But I humbly crave Pardon of this Master of Anatomy Muscles do lessen themselves in contraction by reason the Coat of the Muscle is plain before motion and somewhat wrinkled afterward in contraction in point of my Dissent from him because I humbly conceive that Muscles do lessen themselves both in depth and length by Contraction and the rows of Carnous Fibres seated one within another carried most commonly obliquely and sometimes in right and other times in transverse and spiral Lines do not Swell when they are contracted in their several Phisical Planes which make the body of a Muscle by making the many Paralelograms grow thinner in their Dimensions in the Motion of Muscles because the Carnous Fibres when Contracted do force themselves inward and by rendring themselves Tense and Rigid do shrink the body of the Muscle And this plainly appeareth in the Coat of the Muscle which before Contraction was tight as being fitted close to the surface of the Muscle and after in the Motion of it the Coat groweth flaccid and limber and as it were wrinkled Muscles being instruments of Voluntary Motion do play in several Positions according to the pleasure of the Will and are acted partly by Animal Spirits the constant residents in the Nervous Filaments conjoyned with the Ligamentary the great Constituents of the Carnous Fibres These common Guests are attended with new supplies of Neighbouring Emissaries fresh Animal Spirits insinuated into the Musculous Fibres the more subtle and spirituous Particles of the Nervous Liquor which do invigorate the Nervous Fibres Muscles grow less in motion by reason the Fibres move inward by giving them more then ordinary Tenseness and by drawing them inward in a more close application of one Fibre
Will Secondly The Nerves having no Caviâ—ies are not capable of Valves This new ingenious Contrivance is founded upon Valves of the Nerves which ought to have manifest Cavities as in Lymphaeducts and Veins else they are no ways capable of them but the Nerves cannot be truly stiled Tubes as having no manifest Cavities being only divisible into Fibres consisting of long Filaments as it appeareth in the Nerves being dissected longways or not cut through in the Curing of the wounded Filaments about the breadth of a Hand do separate themselves with great pain from those that are uncut and the Cure being performed the Nerve celebrateth its Office as before And if in a raw or boiled Nerve Incision being made into the inmost Recesses of the Nerve no such Valves can be discerned by a most diligent Inspection and no Cavities can be perceived but only the substance of the Nerve to be made up of many Filaments one couched within another Learned Gassendus Gassendus his opinion that the Soul is of a fiery nature laboureth to solve the Phaenomena of Muscular Motion in respect of its active Principles and great Quickness by asserting the Soul the principal cause from whence it floweth to be of a fiery nature hurrying up and down the Muscular parts with great agitation of Spirits resembling the violent motion of a Bullet propelled out of the Bore of a Gun by fierd Gun-powder as it is in his Works Physicae Sectione Tertia Libro undecimo capite primo vis illa seu robur quo non modo brachium aut crus sed tota etiam animalis Machina movetur regitur attollitur transfertur sed ad haec quoque primum facit eadem natura animae ignea quae tametsi sit Flammula pertenuis sui tamen mobilitate idem proporti ne praestare intra Corpus valeat quod flammula ex Pulvere pyrio intra tormentum bellicum dum non modo Globum tanto propellit impetu sed tanta etiam vi depellit totam Machinam idem proportione intelligi potest de ea vi quae ex crebra multiplicataque agitatione Spirituum concipi intra Corpus possit This opinion for which I beg this great Author's pardon is hardly reconcileable to sound Reason that there should be such disagreeing Principles as learned Doctor Willis would have too as Niter and Sulphur Muscular motion performed by Explosion is very improbable such troublesome Guests forcibly working in the tender Nerves making such horrid Tumults and violent agitations in Genere Nervoso in their natural Actions as to resemble fired Gun-powder I humbly conceive the quick motion of Animal Spirits It is more reasonable to apprehend the motion of a Muscle to be made by the invigoration of Animal Spirits are better and more kindly shaddowed by Irradiations and diffusion of the beams of Light the fitter and softer Dartings and more subtle insinuations of Spirituous Particles into the secret Recesses of the Nerves and Carnous and Tendinous Fibres producing the visible contraction of the Muscles Lastly The most probable opinion as I suppose is that which is most suitable to the Artichecture of the Muscles as it holdeth an entercourse with the most eminent seat of the Soul where the nobler Operations of it are celebrated in the Brain and its continuation the Medulla Spinalis which give their commands by the quick insinuations of subtle Particles by the mediation of Nerves into the Muscles of the whole Body which are disposed with inbred Inclinations proceeding from their natural Ingeny most readily to receive such impressions as shall be communicated from the Will Every Muscle naturally contracteth himself from an innate Principle Every Muscle naturally contracteth himself if left to his own dispose which is most conspicuous in these Instances If you part the Head of the Muscle from the Bone to which it is affixed it retracteth it self immediately toward its Termination And if you cut the Tail of the Muscle it shrinketh it self up toward the Head and if you cut the Muscle in both Extreamities and part them from the Bones to which they adhere the Head and Tail will tend both toward the middle of the Muscle Whereupon every Muscle naturally endeavoureth to contract it self to the utmost The motion of every Muscle is balanced by the Antagonist Muscle whence proceedeth the tonick motion of Muscles which it would more vigorously accomplish to a greater degree did it not receive opposition from an Antagonist Muscle which acting in a contrary motion do reduce each other to a kind of Aequilibrium and by equally balancing each others contraction do bring themselves to a Tonick Motion wherein both are kept upon an equal strech as it appeareth in the Flexors and Tensors of the Limbs and the Pronators and Supinators of the Radius the external and internal Intercostals the Dilators and Constrictors of the Thorax in order to Inspiration and Expiration The Antagonist Muscles being so many Champions of the Body contending with each other in opposite Motions The opposite motion of the Muscle being equal keep the Limbs in a middle position as being neither extended nor contracted to the utmost and being naturally equal in strength neither of them prove Victors but sit down Quasi partita Victoria So that the Antagonist Muscles several ways contracting themselves do neither much bend or extend the Limbs but contain them in a middle Posture called a kind of Rest in a moderate tenseness of the Muscles proceeding from the influx of the Animal Spirits equally distributed into the Nerves and Carnous Fibres from the Brain and Spinal Marrow and thence distributed into the Tendinous Fibres of special Muscles which being afterward more highly Invigorated do overpower the Antagonists as being Relaxed The Antagonist Muscles are prevalent in motion as they are acted with greater appulses of the Animal Spirits and the others gain the liberty to contract themselves to the utmost as acted by a greater proportion of Animal Spirits darted into them As for instance The Flexors relaxing the Tensors do bend that part of the Limbs to which they are appendant And contrariwise the Extensors receiving a greater appulse of the Animal Spirits cause the Flexors to give way The general notion of the understanding causeth an indifferency but the practical judgment determine us to the choice of good and refusal of evil and by Extension do straighten the Limb Man being ambitious of Happiness is consigned to it by the Wise disposal of an Omnipotent Agent by whom he is endowed with a Perceptive Power to know Good in a general notion which leaveth him indifferent to Act or not to Act and a Practical Judgment which directeth his Appetite and determineth it to the choice of Good and refusal of Evil. And to that end How every Muscle is moved by the commands of the Will is very difficult to be understood the Supream Power hath given him a Locomotive faculty acted by the
was affected with a Tumour in the Abdominal Muscles accompanied with a great heat and was Cured by Blood-letting Emollients and Discutients and above all with Suppurating Medicines helping the natural heat to Concoct and separate the Serous and Nervous Liquors from the red Crassament whereupon the Suppurated Tumour was opened by Art and the Concocted Matter discharged and the Ulcer cured by Digestive Cleansing Drying and Consolidating Medicines A Sea-Captain's Wife was severely treated by the hands of an unskilful Midwife by making a great Contusion in the Muscles of the Belly between the Navil and the Share-bone whence arose a large Tumour accompanied with Redness Heat and a beating pain associated with a Symptomatick Fever the true Diagnosticks of an Inflammation which proceeded from a Laceration of the Capillary Arteries impelling a quantity of Blood into the empty spaces of the Vessels whereupon she was let Blood which could not be done largely by reason of her Weakness in her Child-bed whereby the Tumour got the greater head And in order to its Alleviation Emollient and Discutient Medicines were applied which were not prevalent enough to discuss the Tumour by Sweat and insensible Transpiration and therefore we advised Suppurating Topicks which brought the Tumour to a Head which was opened by a Skilful Chyrurgeon who applied Ointments to help Suppuration and Cure the Ulcer which was effected with great difficulty by reason the Patient had an illness of Blood which fed the Ulcer with ill Humours Corroding the parts affected Cleansing and Drying Medicines are to be injected into hollow Ulcers and rendring them hollow Whereupon a Tincture was advised prepared of Alloes Saffron and Mirrhe in Spirit of Wine which was Injected into the deep hollow Ulcer and this and other Detergent Exsiccatory and Consolidating Medicines perfectly restored the Patient to her former Health with the Blessing of the Great Physician to his eternal Glory A Fistula a consequent of an ill cured Aposteme is a Callous Ulcer having many oblique Cavities whose Lips are white hard and indolent which being seated in the Muscular parts hath a more white large and equal Pus then that which floweth from Nerves Tendons and Membranes which is of an Oily Consistence and less in quantity and that Matter flowing from Bones in Fistula's is of a blackish Colour and faetide smell and little in proportion A Fistula is a Daughter of an ill treated Abscess or an inveterate Ulcer encircled with a Callous substance proceeding from the grosser parts of a purulent Matter full of Saline and Earthy parts concreted into a hard substance adhering to the circumference of a hollow Ulcer As to the Cure of a Fistula a Probe or Wax-Candle may be immitted into the Cavity of it to find out its length and to that end an Injection may be made into one Orifice and afterward an Observation may be taken whether the injected Matter come out of one or more Holes and how deep the Cavity may be And in order to the Cure the Callous Matter must be taken away by some Instrument A Fistula is to be made a green Wound before it will admit a Cure or Caustick Injection of Aqua Medicamentosa and the like or by an Actual Cautery that the Ulcer may be made a Green Wound else the Lips will never close and the Ulcer heal If the Fistula reach to the Bones made Carious by sharp Saline Particles the Ulcer may be laid open and Drying Medicines applied to scale the Bones but if the Fistula penetrate into Nervous parts great Caution must be had lest the Incision of the Callous Matter be attended with Convulsions and after the Circumference of the Fistula is freed from the indurated substance proper Cleansing and Drying Medicines used in inveterate Ulcers may be injected into the sinus of the Fistula A young Gentleman of Sussex being of a good Constitution of Body was afflicted with a Fistula the consequent of ill ordered Abscess and an Ulcer seated in the Muscles of the Abdomen which was Cured by Vulnerary Drinks and by Detersive and Drying Injections which corroded the Callous substance and cleansed and dried up the purulent Matter and closed up and consolidated the Concave parts of the Fistula Another Tumour called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latines Bilious Blood the cause of an Erysipelas Rosa a colore Roseo ignis Sacer vulgarly called St. Anthonie's Fire is derived from a Bilious Blood as the Ancients will have it and is a hot thin Blood often raising Blisters in the Skin which proceedeth from sharp Serous Particles secerned from the Blood in the Cutaneous Glands transmitted by Excretory Ducts into the Skin Sometimes this thin and hot Blood which is called Bilious from its Temper and not from any mixture of true Bile swelleth the Muscular parts being Extravasated in the empty Spaces of the Vessels and is near akin to an Inflammation in Colour but differeth in Consistence which is more thick in an Inflammation and more apt to Suppurate and doth not happen in a true Erysipelas proceeding from a thin Serous Blood impraegnated with many Saline Particles which hinder the putrefaction of the Purple Liquor As to the Cure of an Erysipelas it is primarily directed to the Fever and indicateth cold and moist Medicines in reference to the hot and dry Distemper and in relation to the quantity of Blood the Apertion of a Vein is to be Celebrated and most gentle Diaphoreticks are to be taken to expel the hot and Serous Liquor mixed with the Blood into the Confines of the Body where it is often discharged by Blistering Plaisters If occasion serve by reason the Tumour doth not abate Blood-letting may be repeated Purging Medicines improper in an Erysipelas as very proper in this Disease in which Purging sometimes proveth fatal in the height of an Erysipelas in recalling the Serous Humours from the Ambient parts to the inward Recesses from the Circumference to the Center which succeeded very ill in a Gentleman a Friend of mine who had an Erysipelas in his Neck and Face which so highly disguised his Countenance that I could scarcely know him his Eyes being shut up with the high Swelling Whereupon an Empyrick of his Acquaintaince ordered him a Purge in stead of Bleeding which worked freely with him and drew in the Humours settled in his Face and Neck which abated the Swellings of a suddain which the Night after the Purge had a recourse into his Brain and made him Apoplectical Whereupon I was called out of my Bed to come to him I thereupon ordered him to be let Blood both in the Neck and Arm in the space of a few Hours but all in vain the Patient notwithstanding all my attempts by all ways imaginable to preserve him died Apoplectical And according to my desire the Skull being taken off the Dura Mater appeared highly Tumefied and the Brain being opened we discerned a great quantity of Extravasated Blood lodged in the
being Cut presently appeared a number of large Glands besmeared with a fatty stinking corrupt Matter A fifth swelling of the Abdomen A fifth Swelling of the Peritonaeum deduced from a pituitous Humour is a Steatome derived from a pituitous Humour or indigested Chyme resembling Fat in consistence when Concreted impelled out of the Misenteric and Caeliac Arteries into the Cavity of the Belly where it acquireth a greater Consistence as being long Extravasated and is afterward enwrapped in a Coat produced out of the most clammy part of the pituitous Matter A Wife of an ordinary Tradesman was long afflicted with a swelled Belly which robbed all parts of the Body of its due Nourishment and at last was freed from the burden of her great Belly by Death the Exit of all Sickness and Trouble And then her Belly being opened a large Tumour was discerned enclosed in a soft Membrane which being pierced an Unctuous Matter presented it self not unlike Fat whence it may be judged a Steatome lodged between the Peritonoeum and Intestines All these Tumours flowing from different Liquors and Recrements The several seats of a Dropsie distending the Belly obtain the appellative of a Dropsie commonly called Ascitis which most properly denoteth a quantity of Watry Tumours enlarging the Belly sometimes lodged within the Peritonoeum and Muscles of the Abdomen and other times between the Coats of the Peritonoeum A young Woman had her Belly much Swelled proceeding from a quantity of Watry Recrements or rather Serous Liquor A Dropsie causing an Atrophy which more encreasing made an Atrophy of the whole Body and at last cut off the Thread of her Life and the Muscular parts of the Belly being opened a great Tumour offered it self which being Cut a source of Serous Liquor did issue out which was placed between the Muscles of the Abdomen and the Peritonoeum and oftentimes in the Duplicature of it The antecedent cause of an Ascitis The antecedent cause of an Ascitis is a large quantity of Watry or Serous Humours associated with the Blood and was impelled out of the left Cistern of the Heart into the Common and then into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Artery into the Glands of the Kidneys wherein the watry Recrements being not secerned from the Blood and discharged by the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis the petulent Matter accompanying the Purple Liquor returneth again by the Emulgent Vein and Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart and by the Pulmonary Vessels into the left Chamber of it and from thence into the Trunk of the Aorta and afterward by the Extreamities of the Caeliac and Mesenteric Arteries into empty spaces of the Abdomen Which groweth Tumefied by great proportions of Watry and sometimes Serous Liquor secerned in the Glands of the Caul and Peritonoeum and thence conveyed through the Pores of the Coats relating to the adjoyning parts into the Spaces interceding the Peritonaeum and Abdominal Muscles and between the Rim of the Belly Omentum and Intestines and into the Spaces between the Membranes of the Caul The Extravasation of the Blood depressed with too great a proportion of Watry Liquor is the cause of an Ascitis because the Veins are not able to entertain it Whereupon the Watry Particles are separated from the red Crassament in the Colatories Dr. Lower's Experiment to prove an Ascitis in a wounded Dog belonging to the Membranes adjoyning to the Cavity of the Belly Which Learned and Ingenious Doctor Lower my worthy Friend and Collegue hath Demonstrated by an Experiment made in the Thorax of a Dog wounded between the seventh and eighth Rib and the Cava being tied with a straight Ligature the Serous or Watry parts of the Blood were discovered in a large quantity in the opened Abdomen which I conceive proceeded from the Arteries inserted into the Glands of the Peritonoeum and Caul wherein the watry Particles are secerned from the Purple Liquor and conveyed through the Pores commensurate to the watry Atomes into the empty spaces of the Belly while the parts of the red Crassament being disproportioned in Figure and Size to the Pores of the Membranes are either contained in the Arteries or received into the Extreamities of the Veins Whereupon we may well judge the Continent cause of an Ascitis The continent cause of an Ascitis to be the watry Recrements distilled out of the Terminations of the Arteries and lodged in the Cavity of the Belly from whence it is very difficult for the watry Humours to make a retreat into the Veins when they are Extravasated in the Vacuities running between the Rim of the Belly and Muscles of the Abdomen or between the Peritonaeum Caul and Intestines The antecedent cause of Diseases belonging to the Rim The antecedent cause of a Dropsie and Cavity of the Belly is fetched from the Matter at a distance from the spaces of the Abdomen while the Watry Humours do circulate in the Vessels as being in a perpetual Motion but when the watry Recrements do quit their confinement of the Arteries and Veins and settle themselves in the Cavity of the Belly as a fixed Allodgment they are a Conjunct Cause of a Dropsie The Procatartic causes of an Ascitis The procatarctick cause of an Ascitis are principally the too free eating of great variety of Meats making a crude watry Chyle caused also by depraved Ferments of the Stomach and above all the taking frequent draughts of strong Liquors of divers sorts of Wine and Spirits which confound the heat of the Stomach and Blood and produce a quantity of watry Humours which being associated with the Blood do render it full of serous Recrements and deprave its disposition and by relaxing its Compage doth make the watry parts fit for a separation from the Purple Liquor in the terminations of the Arteries so that the Circulation of the red Crassament being intercepted the Serous Particles are severed by the bond of Mixtion being in some manner dissolved and then most easily transmitted through the Extreamities of the Capillary Arteries into the empty spaces of the Belly The cause of an Ascitis from the suppressed Haemorrhoids Sometimes an Ascitis taketh its Origen from a suppression of the Hemorrhoids by which the Faeces of the Blood being deteined in the Body do vitiate its Constitution and hinder the Elaboration of Chyle and Assimilation of it into Blood and there by filling it full of Serous Particles do render it Crude and Watry whence the Vital Liquor having its union violated tendeth to a Dissolution and then the Watry parts grow fit to part with the Purple and distil through the Terminations of the Capillary Vessels into the Interstices being between the Rim of the Belly the Caul and the Guts A Noble Lady about Five and Forty years of Age made use of Excellent Medicines prescribed in a good Method which were not Crowned with a happy Event
Ascitis to advise such Diureticks as will repair the Depauperated Particles of the Blood by exalting the crude Sulphureous Atomes and by rendring its fixed parts more Volatil whereupon the Compage of the Blood being opened that the Serous parts may be separated from the Purple Liquor it is not convenient to give Diureticks consisting of Acids and Lixivial but rather of Volatil Salts And I humbly conceive that Salts of Tartar and Broom are not always so beneficial as the Juices of Scurvy-Grass Watercresses Brooklime and Millepedes Alive infused in White-wine which being highly impraegnated with Volatil Salts and Spirit of Wine and Salt dulcified do speak great Cures of this Disease And as to the Vital Indication by reason this Dropsie doth take its rise A laesa Sanguificatione Chalybeats very proper in Dropsies by reason they refine and sweeten the Blood from an ill Constitution of Blood Chalybeats may be advised to rectifie its Elements and to exalt its Saline and Sulphureous Particles and to make good the Ferments of the Stomach in reference to Concoction and to advance the Succus Nutricius in order to Assimilation with the solid parts of the Body Diaphoreticks speak a greater advantage in an Anasarca Diaphoreticks are improper in an Ascitis seated in the Muscular parts then in an Ascitis lodged in the Spaces of the Belly so that the Humours Extravasated having no communion with the Vessels of Muscles and Cutaneous Glands cannot be discharged by Sweat and insensible Transpiration but produce a great Ebullition of the Serous Humours settled in the Belly and rather make precipitation of the watry Recrements and force them as being rendred more thin and fluid by warm Medicines through the terminations of the Arteries into their wonted Receptacles of the Belly And Fomentations also are of an ill consequence in this Disease Fomentations are hurtful in an Ascitis by reason their great heat putteth the Blood into a Fermentation and thereby raiseth a kind of Feverish Distemper accompanied with the pain of the Head Vertigo and sometimes fainting Fits produced by great expense of Spirits in an over-free Transpiration causing a Relaxation of the Compage of the Blood whereupon the watry Particles do quit the fellowship of the Purple Liquor and have recourse by troden Paths into the repositories of Serous Liquor Clysters may be applied in this Disease with a better effect by reason their sharp Particles sollicite the Mesentery and Intestines whose Vessels are full of watry Faeces to discharge the Recrements of the Blood by the Mesenterick Arteries into the Guts and from thence into the wide World Plaisters are also of great use in an Ascitis as having some Astringency in them to Comfort and Corroborate the Bowels and do keep them by shutting up the Extreamities of the Vessels from throwing their watry Contents into the Capacity of the Abdomen upon which account Paracelsus his Plaister and De Minio and Diasapomi are applied and approved by Dr. Willis as very good in this case A Waterman having frequently treated himself with free Cups of strong Drink and having often exposed himself to the cold Air in violent Sweats An Ascitis in a Waterman proceeding from high Drinking and from Cold on a suddain shutting up the pores of the Body occasioned by hard Rowing with which his great negligence of himself and his high Intemperance so far depraved his Mass of Blood that he fell into a great Swelling of his Belly the result of watry Humours upon his Debauchery settled in the Cavity of the Abdomen having a recourse by the Processes of the Peritonoeum into the Scrotum which was highly Tumefied growing Black and tending to a Gangreen had it not been prevented by warm Fomentations And afterward when the Patient was in a deplorable condition I advised a Method of Physick consisting of gentle Purgatives Antiscorbuticks Diureticks and a proper Plaister to be applied to his whole Belly whereupon to the Glory of the Almighty Physician he was restored to his Health Many Artists do advise a Paracentesis A Paracontesis only relieveth where the Viscera are found an opening of the Navil in an Ascitis which is to be done with great Caution and to be prescribed when the Tumour riseth to a great hight in a small space of time and when other Medicines have been used and when the Patients is of a Vivid Colour and no way Exhausted by a long Sickness and hath no Ulcer of the Lungs no long Diarrhaea no Scirrhus of the Liver or Spleen else the Life and Serous Liquor will be let out at once which most frequently happeneth in an Apertion of the Navil in this fatal Disease CHAP. XXIX Of a Tympanitis TYmpanitis one kind of a Dropsie in a common acception seemeth by reason of order to claim our notice in the next place whose outward face is obvious to Sense if considered as a hard Tumour of the Belly highly resisting the pressure of our Fingers upon a stroke and giving a noise somewhat resembling a Drum but it s more inward recesses deduced from its Morbifick Causes and manner of Production will entertain us with a deeper Inspection and greater Consideration how in a short space the Belly should obtain so great an Increment in its Dimensions and it is a matter of as great difficulty as moment to discover how a Flatus the matter of the Disease should be produced in so large a proportion And by what ways it may be transmitted into the Cavity of the Belly as to generate so hard and so great a Swelling in so little a time as hath been often seen in a multitude of Patients Many Physicians of great Name and worthy of our Esteem A Bastard Tympanitis when the Belly is distended upon a Flatus lodged in the Stomach and Guts do assert in their Works that they have Dissected many Bodies that have been conceived to die of a Tympanitis wherein no Flatus hath hissed out of the Belly upon its Apertion and the Intestines only were discovered to be highly distended with great store of Flatulent Matter The great Current of Physicians runneth this way That a Tympanitis doth proceed from a gross quantity of Wind not lodged in the Stomach and Intestines only but between them the Caul and the Rim of the Belly arising out of a distention of them upon a Flatus which being of a thin fluid nature is apt to move especially when forced by the contraction of the Fibrous parts of the Intestines finding themselves aggrieved upon over much Tension Purgations also and Fomentations would discharge the Flatus if it were contained within the Stomach and Intestines out of which there are large Ducts fit for Evacuation But it is found by sad Experience that notwithstanding all proper Medicines have been Administred yet the Flatus is not discharged and the Disease remaineth fixed and sometimes past Cure Another difficulty seemeth to perplex this Opinion that the Membranes of the Abdomen
cui affectioni consequatur Flatuum in loci vacui aggestio velut complementum accidit The Tympanitis is a fixed Swelling of the Belly and being constant equal hard giveth a noise upon a stroak arising from a tensive inflation of the Membranous Viscera and parts by reason the Animal Spirits insinuate themselves in too great a quantity into the Nervous Fibres which are obstructed by the fault of the Animal Liquor hindred in its Motion whence ensueth as a Complement of all an accumulation of Wind in the empty spaces of the Belly This Disease is extraordinary but the more ordinary Cases are those which refer to the high Tumour of the Belly either following the immoderate tension of the Stomach and Intestines A true Tympanitis caused by a meer Flatus lodged in the Cavity of the Belly is rare which is a spurious Tympanitis caused by a great quantity of Wind lodged in the Ventricle and Guts producing Stomacic Iliac and Colic pains Or when the Abdomen is swelled by a meer Flatus settled in the Cavity of the Belly between the Peritonaeum and the Intestines which is rare or that more common The more common Tympanitis is derived from Wind mixed with watry Humours issuing from a large quantity of watry Recrements mingled with a Flatulent Matter enlarging the Peritonaeum Abdominal Muscles and the Skin encircling the Belly As to the first Case of a Bastard Tympanitis An instance of a spurious Tympanitis this Instance may be given of a Maid by name Ursula living a Sedentary Life and eating all manner of Cooling Diet fell into a great Swelling of the Belly which being opened after Death a great quantity of yellow Water flowed out of her Stomach and her Intestines were strangely puffed up with a large proportion of Wind. A second Instance may be propounded of a true Tympanitis An instance of a true Tympanitis a Tumour proceeding from simple Wind seated in the Abdomen of a Maid afflicted with a Fever giving her a fatal stroak And afterward an Incision being made into her swelled Belly nothing of watry Recrements appeared but only a hissing proceeding from a great quantity of wind The third Case of a Tympanitis An instance of a Tympanitis which is commonly derived from Wind accompanied with watry Recrements which is more ordinary is produced by Wind accompanied with watry Humours lodged in the lower Venter of which an Example may be offered of a young Lady the Wife of an Artist about Twenty Years of Age who never had her Menstrua and having been long afflicted with an Intermittent Fever often complained of a pain in her Side being oppressed with frequent Vomitings and Beltchings which ended in a swelled Belly speaking a Prologue to the sad Scenes of her troublesome Life And after Death an Apertion being made into the Belly a great quanty of Wind and Faetide Humours were discerned to be lodged between the â—im of the Belly and the Intestines The Cure of this Disease is performed by satisfying three Indications The Curative Preservative and Vital The first relating to the taking away the Continent Cause immediately productive of the Disease doth denote brisk Purgatives mixed with opening Medicines frequent Carminative Clysters prepared with Venice Turpentine dissolved with the Yolk of an Egg and other Clysters prepared with the infusion of Stone-Horse Dung or Urine mingled with Emollient Discutient and gentle Catharticks I conceive Blee ing not proper in a Tympanitis Bleeding is not so proper in a Tympanitis because the Patient seldom laboureth with a Plethora which truly indicateth a Vein to be opened but with a Cachexy which indicates Purging Alterative and Diuretick Medicines very proper as mixed with Antiscorbuticks as Bay-berries Juniper-berries the Chips of Orenges Limons and Citrons the tops of Pine and Fir Garden Scorby-Grass Watercresses Brooklime distilled in Mumm or Whey and White-wine to which Millepedes may be added as very powerful in this Disease which may be also given bruised and infused in White-wine Topicks are often applied with good success Topicks may be applied after Universals have been premised after Universals have been Administred as Plaisters of Soap and Red Lead and Emollient and Discutient Fomentations prepared with Lixivial Salts Sulphur c. And after the Fomentation hath been celebrated Cow-dung may be applied as a Cataplasm The second Indication being Preservative hath a reference to the Antecedent and more remote causes of a Tympanitis which denoteth bitter Decoctions Purging away the gross Humours of the Stomach and Intestines which vitiate the Concoction of the Aliment And proper Alteratives may be used as Bitter and Discutient Medicines which expel Wind and rectifie the Ferments of the Stomach and correct its Tone by taking Medicines both inwardly and outwardly that strengthen the Fibres of the Ventricle and also Chalybeats may be properly advised in this case which refine the Mass of Blood and Succus Nutricius and make laudable Ferments in order to open the Compage of the Meat and Drink and hinder the production of a Flatus in the Stomach and Intestines As to the Vital Indication in this Disease Testaceous Powders of Crabs Eyes and Claws Coral Egg-shells and Shells of Fish powdered may be taken in a large Cordial draught of Centaury water Carduus Compound Gentian Doctor Stephens his VVater and the like CHAP. XXX Of the Omentum or Caul THe Caul lodged between the Rim of the Belly and the Intestines investeth the latter as with a Garment in which many Considerables offer themselves the Situation Connexion Surfaces Magnitude Figure Substance and Structure of it As to is Situation and Connexion its Membranes being two in number The Situation and Connexion of the Caul are seated in each side one between which the Vessels and Fat have their Allodgments And the Membranes being taken in other Habitudes may receive various Denominations of Superiour Inferiour Anterior Posterior Exterior Interior That which is Superior in Men is called Inferior in Bruits as being lodged under the upper Membrane and the Superior in a Humane Body is so named improperly because it doth not transcend the other in hight But we will sit down with the Ancient and Modern Anatomists not disputing their Terms which Custome hath rendred Authentick and easie for Distinction Use being the great Master and Arbitrator of Language The Omentum is composed of divers Membranes as so many Leaves or Wings enwrapped within each other as they are phrased by Aquapendente Spigellius and others The upper Leaf of the Caul is extended from the right Hypoconder The upper Leaf of the Caul to that part of it in which somewhat of the Liver is lodged from hence bending toward the first Intestine the right Orifice and bottom of the Ventricle and Suture of the Splene to which it is most firmly affixed and again it passeth from the Splene toward the Back where it altereth its Appellative and is named the Inferior or Posterior Leaf
swelled and the Integuments being taken off after her Departure and her Caul opened a number of Vesicles full of watry Particles presented themselves in the inward surface of the Membranes constituting the Duplicature of the Caul The manner of the production of the Hydatides flowing from a quantity of watry Recrements separated from the Blood in the Glands and distending the Coats of the Lymphaeducts placed in the Caul And I humbly conceive that all Membranes as the Peritonaeum Membrana Adiposa and the like as well as the Caul are liable to Vesicles rising from the distended Lymphaeducts attendants of all Membranes as they are furnished with numerous Glands the colatories of the Blood and Nervous Liquor whereupon the Lympha being separated from them and received in great quantity into the Lymphaeducts do sometimes overcharge and enlarge them beyond the due confines of their Vessels producing Swellings like Vesicles full of Liquor But if the Lymphaeducts be obstructed as overburdened by too large a proportion or by the grossness or corroded by the sharpness of the Lympha or purulent Matter the tender Membranes of the Lymphaeducts are broken and the Limphalic Juice is emptied into the Cavity of the Belly producing an Ascitis which is the most common cause of it And the Caul is not only incident to an Ascitis flowing wholly from watry Recrements but also to a Tympanitis derived from Wind A Tympanitis flowing from Wind mingled with watry Humours filling the Cavity interceding the Coats of the Caul which is seldom pure but most frequently accompanied with Potulent Matter which renders it a Bastard Tympanitis proceeding from great store of watry Faces mixed with Vapours and Wind impelled through the Fruitful Caeliac and Mesenteric Arterial Branches implanted into the insides of the Membranes belonging to the Caul out of whose Extreamities the watry Drops and Vapours confaederated with Wind do fill the Cavity lodged between the Membranes of the Caul whence sometimes a Tumour ariseth wonderfully distending the tender Fabrick of the Caul to such a greatness that it Lacerates the fine Walls immuring it whereby it acquireth more freedom to Expatiate in the larger Territories interceding the Peritonaeum and Intestines As to the Cure of Diseases relating to the Caul Inflammations in the Caul do indicate Vulnerary Potions and cleansing and drying Diet Drinks if they be Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers Vulnerary Potions and cleansing and drying Diet Drinks may be safely Advised And as to the Cures of an Ascitis and Tympanitis of the Caul proceeding from Humors Vapours and Wind extravasated in the Interstices or empty Spaces of the Belly it is very difficult to perform because the Matter stagnated without the Vessels is not easily recalled into their Extreamities But the utmost is to be attempted And in a Tympanitis Purging Antiscorbuticks and Chalybeat Medicines may be advised to refine the Blood and discharge the Flatus which is hard to effect rather then leave the Patient as in a case Desperate and Deplorable without Medicines Because Nature by great Contrivance of the most Heavenly Mind preserveth it self by secret ways and passages beyond our apprehension Therefore I conceive it very prudent to advise proper Medicines as Purging Antiscorbuticks and Diuretick Medicines and Chalybeats that refine the Blood and assist the Ferments of the Stomach in order to the good Concoction of it the Defects of it being a remote cause of an Ascitis and Tympanitis But I forbear to give further Advice in reference to the Cures of these Diseases which have been more fully set down in the Method of Physick relating to the disaffections of the Peritonaeum and Cavity of the Belly to which I refer the Courteous Reader Now I will give a Close to the First Part of the First Book Treating of the outward and inward Skin the Fatty and common Membrane investing the Muscles as so many spacious Walls encircling the whole Fabrick of Mans Body and the Muscles and Rim of the Belly the more narrow Allodgments of the lowest Apartiment constituted for the Preservation of the more inward Parts O Most Glorious Maker who hath beautified our Bodies with an Elegant Figure and araied us with Whiteness of the outward Skin as with a bright Robe and with the inward as with warmer Apparel and with the curious Expansions of the Interior Membranes as with variety of fine Garments wonderfully enwrapping each other to cover the Nobler Parts for their Preservation O most Gracious Lord hide us under the shadow of thy Wings as in a safe Covert till the Tyranny of Sin be over-past and encompass us on every side with the gracious Dispensations of thy Providence for our Protection And Clothe us we beseech Thee not only with the White Robe of our Saviour's Righteousness but grant us also out of thine Infinite Mercy that we may put on the Lord Jesus Christ as adorned with His Sacred Image in denying our selves and taking up our Cross and following Him in His holy Precepts and Example Thou that coverest Thy Self with Light as with a Garment grant that we being Sons of the Morning may be clothed in White with the serene Graces of Thy holy Spirit Thou that art decked with Glory and Majesty grant when our Mortal shall put on Immortality that we in seeing Thee may be encircled with bright reflections of Thy great Glories Amen To the Right Honourable MY LORD VVILLIAM CAVENDISH Earl of Devonshire My LORD THE Nobless being as great in Mind as Birth have in all Ages espoused Virtue and Learning as the supporters of their Families and out of generous inclinations to acts of Honour and Justice have always encouraged the Republick of Learning in rewarding the Professors of Arts and Sciences with their Favour and Fortune This Sheet to be placed before Folio 197. Whereupon I have taken the boldness to address my Self to your Lordship as a Person of high Honour and Ingenuity that you would be pleased to entertain these Anatomical Essays with all Candor and grant them a favourable Pardon as well as an honourable Patronage I cannot be so much wanting to my self as to be fondly conceited that my mean Sentiments can add any thing to your more mature Knowledge And now my Lord although the Products of my Studious Endeavours do freely run toward you as to a Sanctuary and make no apology for their application to your Lordship as having the confidence that your Good and Generous Inclinations are pleased with any Emanation of great Duty and Affection I Present your Lordship with a Bel-visto of the parts of a Humane Body consisting of many Membranes being curious contextures of nervous Filaments us so many fine Walls encircling the inward and noble parts being rare Compages of various kinds of vessels as so many Colatories of the Blood subservient to the most active flame of Life In this fine prospect of the exterior and interior parts of Man's Body illustrated with many beautiful Schemes you may view after a
à processu jugali and descending obliquely through the Cheeks doth end in the Confines of both Cheeks and are Adductors of the upper Lip drawing it obliquely upward The fourth pair hath a broad fleshy Origination The fourth pair of Muscles derived from the inferior region of the lower Mandible and is inserted into the middle of the lower Lip and in its Contraction doth move it outward and downward The fifth pair also is endued with a flat Carnous beginning The fifth pair of Muscles which it borroweth from the sides from the lower Mandible and is extended sometimes to the middle of the Chin and climbing upward is lessened by degrees is inserted obliquely into the lower Lip near its Termination and in their Contractions draw the lower Lip obliquely downward and outward The orbicular Muscle is single The Orbicular Muscle is placed in the center of the five pair of Muscles seated in the middle of the five pair of proper Muscles relating to the Lips called Constrictor labiorum which being common to both Lips consisteth of a soft spungy substance adorned with many Fibres running round its whole Circumference whence it is truly stiled Orbicular as encompassing the Margent of the Mouth and closing the Lips in nature of Sphincter Round about the Skirt of the upper and lower Mandible in a Holybut is seated a Nervous Membrane very thick representing the Segment of a Circle every way above and below encircling the entrance of the Mouth and being furnished with variety of fleshy Fibres shutteth up the Mouth of a Holybut not unlike the Orbicular Muscle in Humane Lips and under this narrow thick Membrane is placed a thin Glandulous substance every way enclosing the entrance of the Mouth The Orbicular Muscle in a Humane Body lodged in the Center of the Muscles belonging to the upper and lower Lips is an universal Antagonist to all the Muscles keeping them tight and by giving them an equal ballance putteth them into a Tonick Posture by checking their utmost Contractions to which they have natural inclinations unless the Elevators and Depressors of the Lips are invigorated with additional supplies of Animal Spirits which making greater appulses upon the Nerves do render them more tense and rigid and by putting them upon Action do open the Doors of the Mouth by overpowering and relaxing the Fibres both of the upper and lower region of the Orbicular Muscle appertaining to the Lips This Muscle hath its Vessels interlined with many small Glands The Orbicular Muscle is interlined with many Glands seated near the inside of the Lips not unlike little Grapes growing about the Confines of the Mouth These Glands are associated with many Arteries Veins and Nerves and have proper Excretory Ducts terminating into the inner Skin of the Lips by which they discharge their Salival Juice into the Cavity of the Mouth and principally when they are compressed by the motion of the Lips and Teeth in time of Mastication The use assigned to the Lips The use of the Lips when they are opened by the assistance of the Muscles is to give reception to the Aliment at the time of treating our selves with Meat and Drink or when we entertain each other with useful or pleasant Discourse and sometimes when we close our Lips to speak a greater grace to our Mouth and Lineaments of our Face The Muscles named Quadrati from their Figure are more truly stiled Common as being subservient to divers parts into which they terminate and take their rise from the upper part of the Sternon Clavicle Neck and Scapula and are inserted with oblique Fibres into the Chin Lips and Nose These are Antagonist Muscles to the Temporal which elevate the lower Madible and close the Lips and the Quadrati assisting the Diagastrici do in their joynt Contractions depress the lower Mandible and open the Mouth by parting the nether from the upper Lip and the lower from the upper Mandible These Muscles being Contextures of many carnous oblique Fibres a great care must be taken in Incisions lest they should be wounded in a cross Section whence the Spasmus Cynicus doth partly arise but principally from an involuntary Contraction of the Muscles of the upper Lip The Cheeks do make the sides of the Face and are composed of the outward and inward Skin and the Muscles called Buccinatores which are vulgarly assigned a pair of Common Muscles assigned to the Lips and other parts and do borrow their origen from the top of the Gooms belonging to the upper Mandible and are terminated into those of the lower so that I cannot imagine upon what reason they are accounted the Common Muscles of the Lips when they have their rise and termination in the upper and lower Gooms and therefore cannot as I conceive be guilty of the Spasmus Cynicus which is a Distortion of the Mouth The use of these Muscles The use of the Buccinatores is to thrust the Aliment inward in chawing is by moving the Cheeks inward in Mastication to thrust the solid Aliment upon the Teeth for the better Comminution of it And a farther use may be attributed to these Muscles when a large proportion of expired Air is enclosed within the Confines of the Mouth whereupon the Cheeks are blown up and afterward Contracted by the stronger and gentler motion of the Muscles that the confined Breath may be expelled with greater or less force into several sorts of Wind Instruments of Musick An Excretory Vessel passeth from the Parotides into the Mouth as in Cornets Sackbuts Flagellets Trumpets Horns and the like and through the middle of the Muscles of the Cheeks and Buccinatores and Excretory Vessel passeth derived from the Parotide Glands by which the Salival Liquor is transmitted into the Mouth Bruits have the inside of the Cheeks all beset with Glands †Tab. 3. Pruits have their Cheeks all furnished with Glands and in some Animals they seem to make one entire continued Body running all in length and leaning all along upon the lower Mandible but in truth they are many Conglomerated Glands united to each other by Membranes seeming to be one large continued Body full of many Excretory Vessels which speak them many Glands of which every one claimeth a peculiar Duct by which Salival Juice is conveyed into the Mouth And Bullocks have the interior part of the Cheek fraught with an innumerable company of small Protuberances which I conceive to be so many Minute Glands †Tab. 3. plainly distinguishable from each other somewhat resembling Barley Corns in figure but not in bulk being much greater and terminate in Cones As to the Pathology of the Muscles of the Lips they are obnoxious to Convulsions and Palsie And Convulsions I conceive proceed chiefly from the sharp or acid Recrements of the Nervous Liquor vellicating the Filaments of the Nerves the tender instruments of Sense and Motion And if one side only of the upper Lip be affected it is rendred tense and rigid and
when they are impelled out of the terminations of the Arteries and are in some part accreted to the sides of the Vessels while they pass through the habit of the Body into the Extreamities of the Veins and in the interim the concreted and affixed parts of the red Crassament of the Blood to the Coats of the Vessels is commonly called the Parenchyma filling up some part of their empty Spaces which cannot be a proper Sensory of the Tongue as being void of all Sense Worthy Doctor Wharton was so much in love with the Glands that he consigned the Glands of the Tongue seated about the Root of it to an Office they are not capable of to be the Sensory of Tasting which is somewhat improbable as I conceive by reason these Glands do not invest the upper Area about the tip of the Tongue wherein our Taste is principally if not wholly seated But craving Pardon of this Learned Anatomist The Membrane of the Tongue beseâ— with Nervous Fibrils is the subject of Tasting I humbly conceive the Organ of Tasting to be founded in Gustatory Nerves sprouting of the fourth and seventh pair of Nerves perforating the inward and outward Coat of the Tongue into whose Blade all about the tip it transmitteth numerous Fibrils the immediate subject of Sensation of Tasting produced by the appulses of sapid Objects made upon the Extreamities of Nervous Fibrils implanted in the upper Coat not far from the tip of the Tongue Learned Malpighius The numerous Papillae are not the subject of Sensation by reason they do â—oâ— perforate the thick â—oat of the Tongue doth constitute numerous Papillae to be the Organ of Taste which do plainly appear in the red Expansion seated under the thick Coat of the Tongue of a Beast when some part of the upper Coat is parted by the Knife and the other torn off by violence and are inserted only into the inward surface of the Exterior Coat of the Tongue and do not perforate it by reason they appear short and very minute in their Extreamities which would be much longer if they did penetrate the outward Coat of the Tongue Whereupon I most humbly conceive those Papillary Protuberancies not to be the instruments of Taste as not receptive of sapid impressions which cannot well be imparted through the hard Exterior Membrane of the Tongue not perforated by the Papillary Prominencies Whereupon it may be farther replied by most ingenious Malpighius in his Favour that the numerous small pointed Prominencies springing out the red Expansion are elevated above it and do emit out of their Extreamities Nervous Fibrils which saith this Learned Author are insinuated into the Sinus appertaining to the Roots of the crooked Cartilaginous Processes which perforating the Exterior Coat of the Tongue are seated above it To which I make bold with the permission of this worthy and great Anatomist to return this Answer That if the Papillary Prominencies do creep into the Cavities of the Roots of the Horny Protuberancies yet they arrive not the utmost Extreamities of them above so that the Nervous Fibrils seated below are not in a readiness to entertain sapid impressions as being at a distance from the Masticated Aliment which therefore cannot affect the Nerves through the Cavities of the Horny Prominencies prepossessed with Salival Liquor flowing into the Mouth to impraegnate the chewed Nutriment in order to Concoction And furthermore The Roots of the Cartilaginous Processes in Coats of the Tongue are 〈…〉 〈◊〉 the Glanâ—â—ous Coat â—â—dged under 〈◊〉 of the Papillae I humbly conceive that this Hypothesis of most Learned Malpighius to be somewhat improbable who affirmeth the Extreamities of the Papillae to be inserted into the Roots of the Cartilaginous Processes which are implanted into the Glandulous Coat of the Tongue of Bruits lodged under the red Expansion the seat of the Papillae and according to the Supposition that their tops should enter the roots of the Horny Protuberancies their terminations of the Cartilaginous Processes should be planted toward the interior part of the upper Membrane of the Tongue Which seemeth to oppose Autopsy because I have often seen if my sight doth not deceive me the Papillae to be seated in the Red Coat where the Exterior Membrane is stripped of both in a Boiled and Raw Tongue wherein I have also viewed the Horny Prominencies pulled up by the Root out of the Glandulous Coat and have seen the Papillae seated between their Cavities the receptacles of the Horny Processes upon the Area of the red Expansion Whereupon begging the excuse of the truly Renowned and most Accomplished Malpighius I deem it more reasonable not to found the Organs of Tasting in the Papillae lodged under the Exterior Membrane which I conceive to be Minute Glands in the second Coat of the Tongue but in numerous Nervous Fibrils inserted into the surface of the upper Membrane which can readily perceive Appulses made by sapid objects upon the surface of the Exterior Coat of the Tongue That I may give you a clearer notion of the Tasting Faculty The faculties of the Soul are defined and determined to such parts of the Body disposed for their proper Operations and Determined by peculiar objects and its Objects they are most highly to be considered as Relatives And by Faculty I do not mean an empty Notion void of Reason as some will have it but thus far Significant as being the sole Definitively existent in such a part duly qualified to accomplish a peculiar Operation which is reduced into Act as being specified and determined by a proper Object which moveth upon the Organ of Sensation by gentle or brisk Appulses whence Tastes are rendred more or less Pleasant according to soft or strong Contacts upon the Sensory The Sapid Liquors or more solid Substances Objects of the Taste internally or externally considered as the various Objects of the Taste may be noticed either as they are Internally constituted of divers Elementary Principles or Externally framed of different Solematisms made up of several Figures and Magnitudes The various objects of Sapid Objects as they relate to Elementary Bodies are composed of different Saline and Sulphureous Particles Bitterness is made of bitter oily parts Internal Elementary principles are Saline and Sulphureous Particles the cause of bitter Tastes which is frequently demonstrated in the destillation of bitter Vegetables by a Serpentine whence it is easie to extract a very bitter Chymical Oyl which being drawn out the Magma of those Plants which before were highly bitter remaineth as it were insipid and void of all bitterness Which is a clear Argument to prove that Bitterness in Plants proceedeth from Oily Spirits which do not grow sweet by Digestion but thereby acquire greater and greater degrees of Bitterness by reason Oily Bodies have such a Consistence that it so confineth the Volatil Spirituous Particles that they cannot easily breath out Sweetness borroweth its birth from sweet Oily parts getting the dominion over
with the Blood which often have recourse by the External Carotides into the minute Conglomerated Glands appertaining to the Mouth and its adjacent parts they are then rendred rough and dry which often happens in Dropsies Scorbutick Distempers and the like wherein the Membranes of the Mouth are put out of Tune and dry and must be reduced to their proper Harmony by Liquors agreeing with the Palate and Membranes the seat of Thirst which are sometimes disaffected with bitter Recrements transmitted from the Stomach through the Gulet into the Cavity of the Mouth in intermittent Fevers and other Distempers and are also mixed with the Blood and impelled into the substance of the Salival Glands spuing out Bilious Humours mixed with Salival Juice into the Mouth CHAP. XXIII The pathologie of the Appetitive Faculty relating to the Stomach THe great Design of Nature in contriving the curious frame of the Stomach and all its Dispositions and Faculties is in order to be Efficients or instruments in the production of Chyle the end and perfection of all the Powers and Operations of the Stomach which are either principal as the Concoctive or instrumental as the Appetitive Retentive and Expulsive which are all Ministerial to the Concoctive Faculty The one to sollicite us to Eat and Drink and the other to retain the Aliment and the third to discharge the Excrements as troublesome Guests after the Concoction is Celebrated These Faculties are receptive of many Violations First As the Ministerial the Appetitive Retentive and Expulsive are not able to pay their duty to their Superior the Concoctive Power The first Minister in order is the Appetite which is its Monitrix and Remembrancer to court Nature to its advantage of Eating and Drinking And this Handmaid of the Concoctive Faculty is often defective in its Office either when the Appetite is wholly lost or when it is only remiss in paying its obligation to Nature and when it is over-active and diligent in giving a great trouble to the Concoctive Power The first is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latines The lost Appetite proceedeth from the ill temper of the Stomach Appetitus Dejectus when the Stomach is despoiled of its appetite of Hunger either when the natural temper of the Ventricle is highly disordered as sometimes by immoderate heat by violent Exercises Fevers or excessive Good Fellowship or when the Tone of the Stomach is spoiled by reason its Fibres have lost their acute Sense either when the Animal Spirits and Succus Nutricius are wholly defective the Brain being obstructed in Apoplexies or exhausted in Diarrhaea's Dysenteries and in Chronick Diseases when little or no Nourishment is received And other times The Appetite is lessened when the Fibres of the Stomach are weakned in cold and moist Distempers and sometimes from the heat of the Air and from viscid Aliment which dulleth the quickoess of the Fibres relating to the Coat of the Stomach the Appetite groweth faint in performance of its Obligation to the Concoctive Power when the Fibres of the Stomach are weak as loosing their vigour in cold and moist Distempers when the Blood transmitted into the substance of the Stomach is oppressed with too large a quantity of potulent watry Particles and the Appetite is rendred faint by a hot and moist indisposition of the Stomach derived from hot and Rainy Weather or else by overmuch indulging our selves in Fat and clammy Meats abounding with Oily and Emplastick Dispofitions wherein the Fibres of the Stomach grow dull in performing their duty of Sensation or when we Caress our selves in overmuch Sleep or Ease which make an overslow motion of the Animal Liquor and Spirits into the Fibres of the Stomach or when the Nervous Liquor withdraweth it self from the Fibrous parts of the Ventricle The Appetite groweth faint in too great intensions of the mind in too great intentions of the Mind employing the Animal Spirits in the Brain by reason of great and frequent meditations of the Mind and sometimes sollicitous Thoughts flowing from deep Study and Anxious Cares the Mystresses of disturbed and sometimes distracted Phancies The worst of Distempers that relate to the Stomach The depraved Appetite dependeth upon unnatural Objects as the most unnatural and troublesome are the Appetitus Depravatus Auctus The first is when we long for unkindly Objects incident to Women in the time of Breeding which can give no Aliment but rather a Hurt and disturbance to the Stomach as Chalk Coals Ashes and the like Sennertus in his Third Book and Fifth Chapter De Pica saith He received a Letter from a Renowned Physitian Doctor Nester relating a pleasant History of a great Case in Physick of one Claudius of the Province of Lorrain a Patient of his who pleased himself in unnatural treats of Faetide and nasty Objects of gross Excrements of Animals and Urine mixed with Wine and Ale Bones Hares Feet clothed with Skin and Flix and chewed with his Teeth Pewter Platters Leaden Bullets and other Metals and afterward swallowed them down his Gulet and Eat a whole Calf raw with the Skin and Hair in the space of few Days and two Tallow Candles burning and devoured Fish alive leaping up and down a little before the Eating of them and swallowed down whole two live Mice which frisked up and down his Stomach often biting it for a quarter of an Hour This History is not worthy to be received with Credence but Laughter seeming only to be a great Romance had not its Confirmation been authorized by worthy Doctor Nester and many other Credible Witnesses who were Spectators of his most unnatural entertainments of himself in strange and uncouth kinds of Meat which hold no proportion with most Mens Appetites It is difficult to find out the Cause of this greedy and unkindly Appetite in the Dissection of Dead Bodies Columbus seemeth to give an account of it That ravenous Men have no Gustatory Nerves inserted into their Tongues and Palate which if Granted could only render the cause of a lost Taste and no way give a satisfactory Reason why the Stomach cold admit and Concoct such prodigious sorts of Meat which we might reject as Incredible had not the History been hallowed by the authority of a Learned and honest Doctor The cause of a greedy Appetite may come from a peculiar temper of the Stomach putting its Fibres upon over frequent Contractions and many other authentick Witnesses And the cause of this Voracious Temper proceedeth from a peculiar Constitution of the Stomach giving it a power to Contract its Fibres in order to the assumption of most odd Aliment And sometimes this ravenous Appetite may take its rise from depraved Humours detained in the Body in the suppression of the Menstrua in Women and from ill Habits of Body in Men which having recourse by the Caeliack Artery into the inward Tunicle do wonderfully indispose the Stomach Or this prodigious Appetite may be derived from a
Balneo Mariae enclosed in its anterior Region with the Liver and its bottom is seated in a cavity of the Spleen both which Viscera are enobled with a soft Heat flowing into them with the Blood by reason a vital influence doth arise from a dispensation of the Blood into all parts of the Body Whereupon the Stomach entertaining Blood primarily impraegnated with Life doth grow warm and vigorous giving a due tone and Tenseness to the various Fibres of the Stomach by which the ventricle applieth it self close to the Aliment and by warming it doth reduce its less powerful qualities into Act and exalteth the various dispositions of the Ferments Various Animals have different degrees of Heat in their Stomachs Moreover it may be worth our notice that divers Animals according to the several constitutions of their Stomach do claim various degrees of Heat as Dogs Wolves Hawkes and Birds of prey have intense and Fish more remiss and truly a moderate Heat being not culinary but vital is most agreeable to the Ventricles of Animals as giving them strength and vigor and thereupon is more conducive to the production of Chyle by reason immoderate Heat rather torrefieth and forceth out the Earthy and Excrementitious parts whereupon the colliquation and extraction of the Alimentary Liquor is best managed by a soft Heat upon which account we may well resemble the preparation of Aliment to the stewing of Meat in some liquid Substance by a slow Fire and so we Cook Gruels made with Oatmeal or Barley as also Jelly which do somewhat aemulate the coction of Chyle and by virtue of agentle Heat we extract divers kinds of Tinctures and the concoction of Meat is likewise performed by the assistance of a kindly Heat resident in the Stomach intenerating colliquating and dissolving solid substances in liquid Bodies as it happens in the concoction of Alimentary Liquor in the Ventricle So that the Still of the Stomach is well seated by Nature The Alimentary Liquor is extracted in the Stomach by Colliquation in a most advantageous place every way surrounded with warm parts above with the vital flame of the Heart on the Right side with the Liver on the Left with the Spleen and on the hinder Region with the great Vessels of the Aorta and Vena cava in its Anterior part with the Caul Whereupon all these parts being Systems of numerous Vessels filled with warm Vital Liquor do advance the cold membranous constitution of the Stomach with their ambient heat thereby exalting the Ferments ordained to Concoct the Aliment enclosed within the fine Walls of the Stomach And seeing the warmth of the Ventricle is derivative from the heat and motion of the Blood it may seem pertinent briefly to discourse the Vital Liquor constituted of Principles affected with Saline and Sulphureous Particles which are active Elements imparting Intestine Motion to the Blood very much hightned by Local Motion in its Flux and Reflux to and from the Heart the most noble Muscle and hath for its Antagonists all the Muscles of the Body the original of the Motion and chief heat of the Blood impelled into the substance of the Stomach by the Caeliack Arterie The Blood being received into the right Ventricle of the Heart The Blood consisteth of saline and sulphureous Particles the Elements of Intestine Motion and is impraegnated in the Lungs with Air inspired with Nitrosulphureous Atomes and is also exalted with volatil and saline parts of Liquor dropping out of the extreamities of the Neâ—ves into the Chambers of the Heart is impelled by its strong Contraction into the Pulmonary Artery and substance of the Lungs where it meeteth Air impelled by the numerous Branches of the Bronchia and embodieth with its Nitrosulphureous Particles as some Principles producing the Intestine Motion of the Blood which is received into the Pulmonary Veins and thence into the left Chamber of the Heart wherein it being briskly dashed against its Walls the Intestine Motion and heat of the Vital Liquor is much intended and farther exalted by a Liquor impraegnated with Volatil Saline Particles dropping out of the Extreamities of the Nerves inserted into both Ventricles of the Heart into and out of which the Blood is every moment Imported and Exported by Venous and Arterial Tubes as the proper Channels of Vital Liquor whose Intestine Motion and heat is much improved by its impulse from and retrograde Local Motion to the Heart wherein it is Expanded and Rarefied and being thence moved in greater and less Cylinders it acquireth a new Fermentation when its fixed parts are rendred more and more Volatized and exalted to a due Maturity wherein the Compage is opened and the Spirituous and Sulphureous parts are so far set at liberty as to communicate a soft heat to the Stomach in order to the Concoction of Aliment And furthermore the Blood consisting of divers Heterogeneous principles of Spirit The Blood acteth as made of Heterogeneous principles Salt and Sulphur diluted with Watry and Earthy Particles as it is also associated with Chyme a different Liquor the Materia Substrata of Vital Liquor whereupon the Blood gaineth an Effervescence derived from the different actions of these contrary Agents which enter into the List one with another and have various Conflicts caused by Acids and Alkalys composed of different Salts and Sulphurs which after divers contrary Operations receive such due allays as are agreeable to the nature of Blood by which it acquireth a due temper of heat and Fermentation which being dispensed to the Stomach are great Instruments of Chylification produced by the regular Intestine Motion of Meat and Drink the great supports of our Nature CHAP. XXVII The Pathologie of the Heat relating to the Stomach HAving Discoursed the heat of the Ventricle The heat of the Stomach is rendred faint by too great a quantity of watry and ill Diet. as it dependeth upon the natural temper of the Blood I will now Treat somewhat of the heat of the Stomach derived from its unkindly Ebullition which sometime runneth too low proceeding from ill Diet and watry Aliment assumed in too great a quantity producing an undue Concoction of it in the Stomach whence the Blood is endued with a cold and watry Indisposition whence floweth a low Fermentation and heat in the Chambers of the Heart and the various Vessels carrying Rivulets of Blood to and from the Heart in which the faint Intestine Motion proceeding from an undue preparation of the Alimentary Liquor in the Stomach produceth a cold temper in the whole Body a troublesome Breathing in the Lungs and a languid Pulsation of the Heart and Arteries as in ill habits of the Body in Chronick Diseases and in Dying Persons But on the contrary the Blood is overacted with too high an Ebullition The heat of the Stomach is rendred too high from hoe Liquors inflaming the Blood proceeding from the overmuch Indulgence of our selves in high Meats and hot Liquors vitiating the
into Acidity as separated from the sweet Alimentary Juyce the end of Concoction which is quickly transmitted out of the Stomach into the intestines while the more useless parts staying in the Ventricle do contract an Acidity Farthermore when the Stomach laboureth with some great indisposition Soure belchings the effect of an ill Concoction or when oppressed with too great a quantity or affected with an ill qualified Aliment the Stomach throweth up four Belchings the effects of an ill Concoction proceeding from fixed saline parts as too much exalted and brought to a fusion the cause of Acidity which is promoted to a great height as the Saline Particles obtain a more eminent Degree of volatility as crude vitriol in its prime Constitution hath some degrees of Acidity but when it is driven through a retort with a fierce Fire it is affected with such an Intenseness of Acidity that the Palate is impatient of it unless it be diluted with some insipid or soft Liquor and upon this account the reliques of the former Concoction do sometimes arrive to so great an Acidity that the Teeth are set on edge upon vomiting this troublesome Acide Matter And this is the third Cause how the Stomach produceth an Acidity in Digestion when the Aliment newly received The Chyle is often embodied in the Stomach with acide Recrements the reliques of a former Concoction is embodied with the Recrements of the former Concoction with an acide Phlegme destitute of Sweetness whereupon the Chyle cannot be conceived to be improved with this acide Mixture but groweth more impure and degenerate and the lacteal Vessels receive only the purer parts of the concocted Liquor as Secerned from all acide Atomes wherefore we may conceive that the Acidity in the Stomach to be no constituent part or ingredient of Chyle but an Instrument as some will have it by which the more solid parts of Aliment are Dissolved Acidity is a fusion of saline Eliments as in the fermentation of Vegetables The Fourth Cause of Acidity is found in Vegetables wherein a Fusion is made of Saline Elements which is not produced in Flesh which being exalted doth not degenerate into an Acidity after the rate of Vegetables because animal Salts being elaborated and reduced to Fusion do not contract a sourness but rather rankness and cannot arrogate to themselves the nature of a due Ferment in Concoction and Aliment composed of Vegetables have divers steps of Elaboration and first of all groweth Acide then acquireth another degree of Saltness and last of all arriveth at a greater perfection of Concoction and endeth in a pleasant Sweetness most evident in the production of Chyle But that we may speak more clearly to the Serous Ferment distilling out of the Extremities of the Arteries into the Cavity of the Stomach this Question may be fitly propounded Whether this Serous Ferment hath its Operation in the Production of Chyle as endued with Acide or with Saline Particles to which a Reply may be made with this distinction either of the sweetness of Chyle proceeding from Vegetable Aliment as Sugar Honey and the like and then the nourishing Liquor first groweth Acide and then Sweet but if the Sweetness of the Alimentary Juyce proceedeth from Concocted Flesh it is first brought by Fusion to a Saline and then to a sweet disposition which is derived from the disposition of a Serous Ferment in a good constitution of Body which is Saline and not Acide as may be plainly proved from the nature of this Crystaline Liquor which is highly impregnated with a great quantity of Volatil Salt which may be extracted by Chymical Operations a very active Instrument in Chylification by which the body of the Aliment is opened and the Alimentary Liquor extracted and exalted And to give a farther confirmation The serous Liquor conveyed to the cavity of the Stomach is not acted with Acide but Saline parts that the Serous Liquor distilling into the capacity of the Stomach is not acted with Acide but Saline parts I will endeavour divers experimental Instances in the production of Chyle in the Stomachs of divers Animals An acute Author giveth out that the Concoction in the Ventricles of Birds is managed by Acide Ferments which may be clearly determined by tasting Chyle in their Stomachs and to this effect I have opened the Crop of a Pullet and the extended Gulet of a Curlue which supplieth the place of a Crop in both which and many other Birds I have found a Liquor of a Whitish colour in good proportion affected not with an Acide but Saltish Taste and if the Aliment be Lodged too great a time in the Ventricle it rather resembleth a stinking than sourish Smell not unlike that of the grosser Excrements belonging to the Intestines Learned Moebius giveth an Account of a young Dormouse about a fortnight old whose Stomach he opened and found it empty of all Ingests except a white Milky Humour of which he receiving a little into his Mouth did affect his Tongue not with any Sourness but with a sharp Saline pungent Taste not unlike that of Crowfoot or Cuckooe-pintle which gave a disgust to his Palate for some time though he frequently gargarized it with Water I have frequently tasted of a Cineritious Liquor which I conceive to be Chyle in the Stomachs of Skaits The Stomachs of Fish in point of Concoction are endued not with Acide but Saline Particles Thornbacks Pikes and other Fish and have found it of a high Saline or Armoniack Taste without the least relish of sourness and in the Stomachs of Crabs Lobsters being opened you may plainly discern the inward Coats of their Ventricles to be highly tinged with a nitrous Saltness And in the Stomachs of Lambs newly killed being cut open plainly may be discovered a Saline and no sour Liquor adhaering to the inward Coat of the true Ventricle In a Dog opened alive Maebius maketh mention of Chyle contained in the Ventricle emitting a strong smell like that of the Intestines and having taken it into his Mouth did savour of a Saline Taste And I have made trial in the Stomachs of Brutes and Men The Stomach in Scorbutick and Hypocondriacal Distempers is affected with four Humors and have discovered the inward Coats of their Stomachs affected with a succulent Matter impregnated with Salt Particles and not with Sour except in Scorbutick and Hypocondriacal and other unhealthy persons The serous Ferment being severed from the Blood in the glandulous Coat of the Stomach participates of its nature and is impregnated with Saline Particles as may easily be discovered by Chymical Operations made upon Blood out of which by Art may be extracted a Spirit highly exalted with volatil Saline Atomes and also out of variety of Alimentary Liquor it self in divers sorts of Milk may be extracted by Chymistry great quantities of volatil Salt whereupon it may be easily evinced both by the Alimentary Liquor it self in divers sorts of Milk
hightned by these choice Dispositions it is transmitted from the Mouth through the Gulet into the Stomach where it is improved by various Ferments flowing out of the Terminations of the Nerves and Arteries into the Cavity of the Stomach which raise a Fermentation in the Meat and Drink by exciting their contrary Elements to Intestine Motion The Liquor dropping out of the Extreamities of the Nerves into the bosome of the Stomach is inspired with fine Animal Spirits and exalted with Volatil Saline Particles which being of a subtle Constitution enobled with Spirituous parts are easily received by secret passages into the body of the Aliment lodged in the Kitchin of the Stomach affected with Intestine Motion by stirring up the contrary principles of the Nourishment And the Nervous Juice is also made up of many Minute parts adorned with various Figures and Magnitudes different from the solid and fluid atomes of Meat and Drink which being endued with contrary Elements do enter into fight with each other and by opposite Manners and processes of Operation do bring their disagreeing Tempers by a middle allay to an amicable Reconciliation consistent with each others subdued Nature And the Nervous Liquor doth also associate with the Serous Juice flowing gently out of the Extreamities of the Arteries separated from the Red Crassament of the Blood in the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach and this Serous Liquor The Alimentary Liquor is extracted by Ferments and afterward the Faeces are separated by a kind of precipitation being acted with various saline and oily Principles received from the Blood is conveyed into the Ventricle wherein divers Ferments compounded of different Minute Heterogeneous parts of various shapes and sizes do reduce into act the several Elements of Meat and Drink whose parts are opened by Volatil Saline and elastick Atomes of divers Ferments whereupon the gross and fixed Saline and sulphureous parts of the Aliment are put into Fusion and being further attenuated and exalted are brought to maturity as being rendred more subtle and spirituous and the more solid Atomes of the Meat being diluted with the watry parts of a potulent Matter are prepared and colliquated by a moist Heat derived from warm Blood extracting a White creamy Liquor which is severed by a kind of precipitation from the more faeculent parts as disserviceable to the Body in order to give a due Repair to the decayed mass of Blood exhausted by a free and constant transpiration through the finest passages of the Skin CHAP. XXXII The Pathology of the Concoctive Faculty of the Stomach HAving Treated of the appetitive Faculty consisting of Hunger and Thirst and of the retentive Faculty and of their Objects Dispositions Causes parts Affected and Pathology as Handmaids to the Concoctive Faculty and of its different Ferments Matter and Manner of the production of Chyle my intendment at this time is to entertain the Courreous Reader with the Pathology of the Concoctive Faculty Pathology concerneth the disaffections as the misdemeanors of Nature and therefore I conceive it not unreasonable to shew her state of Health in integrity as a Rule before I Treat of her failings as deflections from that Rule relating to the digestive power of the alimentary Liquor which I conceive is produced after this mode and accomplished by divers steps and periods The Aliment being broken into small parts by mastication The method of Nature in the production of Chyle impraegnated with salival Liquor and nitrous particles of Air exalted with the more athereal influxes of the Planets receiveth its first rudiment of Concoction in the Mouth and is thence transmitted down the Gulet into the Stomach where it is farther advanced with serous Particles distilling out of the terminations of the Arteries and with a more choice Liquor dropping out of the extreamities of the Nerves implanted into the inward Coat of the Ventricle wherein it is inspired with Air filling the empty Cavity of it before it is accommodated with Meat and Drink Whereupon the Ventricle being endued with Heat and many different Ferments opening the body of Aliment doth extract a Milky Tincture out of it by colliquation and afterward by a kind of precipitation doth defaecate the alimentary Liquor from the grosser Faeces The great Health and preservation of our excellent frame of Body Health is maintained by the good Constitution of Ferment or order to the production of Chyle Blood and Animal Liquor is chiefly supported by the laudable Constitution of different Ferments as each of them contribute to the production of Chyle the Materia substrata of Blood Animal Liquor and Spirits which do give Life Sense Motion and Nourishment to the whole Body These Fermentative Ingredients are the main efficients of the production of the alimentary Juyce in the Ventricle which hath its first conception in the Mouth as actuated with salival Liquor derived from the parotides maxillary and oral Glands exalted with Air enobled with Caelestial influxes and afterward the Aliment being protruded down the Aesophagus into the Ventricle is brought to greater maturity by the new access of Air Confaederated with Nervous and Serous Liquors so that these various Ferments as endued with a good Disposition are instituted by Nature to conserve our Health by propagating a laudable Chyle extracted out of wholsom Meat and Drink If these fermenting Elements The salival Liquor is disaffected with fixed saline or over-acide parts and vitiated with ill Air. the Grounds and Causes of intestine Motion in Diet the support of vital Liquor do recede from their native Principles and Constitution the wheels of nature grow in disorder being hurried with irregular Motion The salival Liquor is vitiated with fixed Saline or over-Acid Particles sometimes associated with Air debased with noisome Exhalations streaming out of the Earth or thickned with gross and putride Vapors ascending out of stagnant waters which do act the first parts in this Tragick Scene of Concoction and give the prime ill Tincture to the Aliment broken into small pieces And afterward the Meat and Drink being conveyed from the Mouth The Ferments of the Stomach are vitiated with saline and acide Recrements of the Blood and animal Juyce making a crude Chyle the Caused of many diseases through the Gulet into the Stomach are there assaulted with more troublesome saline and acide Recrements of Serous and Nervous Liquor lodged in the small Vessels obstructed in the Viscera and Glands wherein they being stagnant do lose their good Qualities and Spirits and grow first Saline and then by a longer abode do degenerate into an acide Ferment and at last give so great a trouble to the Noble parts that they force these indisposed Humors to quit their Confinement by squeezing them out of the greater Branches into the extremities of the Caeliack Capillary Arteries and Stomacick Fibrils into the Cavity of the Ventricle where they first accost and then enter into Converse with the broken Aliment whereby the purity of the alimentary Liquor is
quality of salival Liquor flowing from fluid or fixed Salts denoteth sweet Medicines which dulcifie and volatil Salts which impregnate the salival Liquor not only as defective in quantity but also as ill and gross in quality it being in its own nature a clean thin Liquor or when it is affected with a fluid or fixed Salt which is destructive to its laudable Fermentative Disposition consisting in Volatil Saline parts As to Salts brought to a Fluor vitiating the purity of salival Juyce it denoteth sweet Spirits which take off its Acidity by dulcifying the Serous parts of the Blood the Materia Substrata of Salival Liquor percolated in the oral Glands and impraegnated with nervous Juyce As to the fixed Salt rendring the salival Liquor gross it is countermanded by Medicines prepared with testaceous Powders highly impraegnated with Animal and Volatil Salt And when the Salival Liquor being crude and Viscide is corrected by attenuating and inciding Decoctions The Serous Liquor which ought to assist the Stomach in order to Chylification is also rendred unactive and in a kind disserviceable The gross and acide Particles of the serous Ferment of the Stomach and by Spirit of Harts-Horn Salt Armoniack c. when it is debased with gross and Acide Particles doth denote in point of its grossness and fixation the volatil Spirit of Harts-Horne Spirit of Salt Armoniack taken in small quantity in gentle Vehicles And the Acide parts of the Serous Ferment of the Stomach is allayed by dulcifying Spirit of Salt and Powder of Pearl Crabs Eyes Coral and the like And the nervous Liquor which in its due temper is serviceable for Concoction is deficient in quantity when its motion is suppressed by extravasated Blood lodged in the ambient parts of the Brain compressing the extreamities of the nervous Fibrils whereupon the animal Liquor is checked in its motion into the Par Vagum implanted into the Stomach or when the animal Liquor is so gross that it cannot pass truly into the Stomacick Nerves and by their Extremities distil into the Cavity of the Ventricle to farther the extraction of Aliment in the Stomach The quantity of Blood lodged in the Brain and compressing its Fibrous parts doth indicate Blood-letting As to the great quantity of Blood Stagnant in the Brain and stopping the animal Liquor first into the Origen of the Fibres and afterwards into the Stomacick Nerves it indicates often Bleeding in large proportion to promote the circulation of Blood in the Cortex in order to its reception into the jugular Veins to free the nervous Fibres from compression and to give a freedom to the Animal Liquor to be admitted into the Origen of most minute nervous Fibres seated in the exterior parts of the Brain commonly called the Cortex And as to the grossness of the nervous Liquor The grossness of the nervous Ferments of the Stomach doth denote cephalick Medicines and Purgatives that refine the animal Juyce hindring its motion into extreamities of the Fibres placed in the Brain and afterwards into the eight pair of Nerves inserted into the Stomach it indicates cephalick purgative and alterative Medicines that refine and attenuate the grossness of the animal Liquor and open the Extreamities and Interstices of Stomacick Nerves to transmit nervous Juyce into the Cavity of the Stomack to open the Compage of the Meat in order to its Dissolution and the Extraction of Chyle But if the motion of the animal Liquor be not deficient either by reason of the stagnation of Blood inducing a compression of Fibres or by its grossness whereby it cannot be freely admitted into them Yet another indisposition may happen to the animal Liquor which maketh it an unfit Ferment in order to Concoction when it is dispirited caused by nercotick Steams in soporiferous Diseases Narcotick Steams of Medicines indisposing the Brain are countermanded by volatil Spirits of Salt Armoniack succinated c. whereupon cephalick brisk Medicines are to be given mixed with Spirit of Harts-Horn Salt Armoniack succinated to impraegnate the depauperated and incrassated nervous Liquor with the access of new Volatil Saline Particles the great ingredients constituting the animal Liquor and Spirits And the Stomach is often burdened by a quantity of bilious Humours and ill pancreatick Juyce transmitted from the Pancreas into the Intestines and from thence into the Stomach The pancreatick and bilious Recrements transmitted from the Guts into the Stomach are cured by Vomiting Purging and corroborating Medicines in which are also generated pitutious Humors and acide Reliques of the Concoction which corrupt the Ferments of Concoction the Serous and Nervous Liquors and the Aliment it self and by embodying with it do pervert the Aeconomy of the Stomach in order to accomplish a due Fermentation of Meat and Drink Whereupon the vitiated bilious Recrements and pancreatick Juyce and acide pituitious Humours do indicate purging and gentle vomiting Medicines which discharge the offensive Excrements without any violence offered to the Tone of the Stomach in overstreining its Fibres produced in extravagant motion of the Ventricle upon strong Vomitings which being performed and the Stomach cleared of ill Humours corroborating Medicines are to be prescribed Elixir proprietatis in Hocumer Wine and other specifick bitter preparations of Gentian Wormwood Chamomel Centaury the less Carduus Benedictus which do strengthen the Fibres and rectifie the ill Ferments of the Stomach The Concoction of the Stomach is lost by an external Error which is cured by temperance and care The Concoction of the Stomach is not only disturbed by reason of a lost or weakened Tone of the Ventricle and ill Ferments but also by the Aliment it self offending in quantity and quality As to the First We do indulge our fond Appetites in eating too freely of variety of Dishes or of Meats not easily Concocted as fat Beef and Pork Meats dried in the Smoak and long kept in Salt whence they grow hard and tough as being despoiled of their succulent parts which render them tender and easie to be Digested and our various Courses of Meat are attended with numerous Bottles of generous Liquors which make the Meat swim in our Stomach when it is over-charged with too much Drink confounding the natural Heat and Ferments of the Stomach spoiling it in order to the extraction of a proper alimentary Tincture Wherefore my humble Advice is that we would consult our Reason Treats are not made in order to eat of every Dish but one or two are most agreeable to us and not our Sense in gratifying our brutish Appetites in too great indulgence of our selves in pompous Treats in which we kill our Friends with kindness and not to eat too freely of variety of Dishes which are set before us to make an Election of One or Two as most agreeable to our Taste and Health which is supported by Temperance and not by Luxury in which we feed Death and Worms and in a fond compliance with our
Mesentery Great Mesenterick Paroxismes as I humbly conceive are stiled Hysterick Fits though very improperly because they have no relation to the Womb but are derived originally from the Brain and transmitted to the Plexes of the Mesentery by reason these Distempers take their rise from the Head acted with great Passion of Mind produced by the loss of Friends and Relations and severe accidents of our Lives whereupon the Brain being highly discomposed doth thereby influence the animal Spirits and render them very unquiet which being conveyed through the Tenth pair of Nerves into the fruitful Rowls The elastick particles of the animal spirits may produce an inflation of the Mesentery and great agitation of it resembling convulsive motions belonging to the Mesentery doth cause great agitations and swellings made by Inflation arising out of the aggrieved Elastick Particles of the Animal Spirits which being hurried through the Mesenterick Nerves into the Guts bottom of the Stomach and Bladder of Gaul and Choledoch Duct do by a kind of Convulsive Motions force the bilious Humours into the Duodenum which being impatient of its sharp Particles doth throw up these troublesome Recrements by an inverted peristaltick Motion into the Ventricle which draw its Fibres into consent and by violent contraction do disgorge the Contents of the Stomach into the Gulet and Mouth And I have a great Author Dr. Willis to back this Hypothesis Ait ille itaque affectus Colici seminio sive minera humoris Nervei Recrementa quaedam a cerebro per nervos decidua inque Mesenterium aliosque Abdominis plexus delapsa ibidem augeri supponimus quae si crassiora magis viscosa fuerint quam ut per Lymphaedâ—ctus excipi amandari aut per vasorum propagines exiles in Cavitates intestinorum exudare possint in partibus illis stagnantia sensim coacervata tandem in plenitudinem irritativam assurgent dein materies ista stagnatione degener Macie infesta evadens occasionaliter aut sponte turgescens vel forsan cum humore salino fixo e sangnine illuc effuso effervescens nervorum propagines fibrasque nerveas quibus innumeris Mesenterium scatet corrugationibus valde molestis dolorificis torquebit ejusmodi illorum affectio haud plane cessat donec materia effervescens aut discussa aut in cavitates intestinorum expressa aut demum subacta fuerit Great pains of the Back commonly reputed the Colick Passion Great pains of the Back are not the disaffection of the Colon onely but of the Mesentery too do not proceed from the discomposure of the Colon or other Guts but from the Mesentery by reason many confiderable Nerves derived from the Vertebrals of the Loins do enter into the great Mesenterick Plexe which resembleth some great Planet as diffusive of its numerous Fibres as so many bright Rays into the neighbouring parts hence the pains of the Back are not derived only by consent as being conveyed from one part to another by communion of Vessels but it may seem agreeable to Reason that the Recrements and Heterogenious Particles of the Nervous Liquor may be transmitted by the Nerves of the Back and Loins into the great Mesenterick Plexe and upon this account persons of ill habits of Body in the Scorby are very liable to violent pains and fluxes of the Belly And I humbly conceive that the violent pains of the Abdomen Mesenterick disaffections are often derived from serous saline and acide parts of the Blood highly irritating the Fibres of the Mesentery not seated in the Intestines as most imagine but in the Mesentery do not proceed onely as Dr. Willis will have it from the Recrements of Animal Juyce propagated from the Fibrous Compage of the Brain into the Par Vagum and thence into the Mesenterick Plexes but from the serous faeculencys of the Blood acted with acid and saline Particles impelled out of the terminations of the capillary Arteries into the substance of the Mesentery furnished with fruitful Nervous Fibres which are often highly irritated and drawn into violent corrugations by the Fermentative and Heterogeneous Particles of the Blood whence arise great tempests of Pain in the lowest apartiment of the Body often improperly called Fits of the Mother The Mesentery may be affected also with great Tortures The Mesentery is also highly discomposed by flatulent Matter distending the nervous Fibres of the Mesentery flowing from a flatulent Matter arising out of Vapours rarified by the heat of the Blood confaederated with the Elastick Particles of Air received by inspiration and carried by the Trunk of the Aorta into the Mesenterick Arteries out of whose extreamies it is transmitted into the Interstices of the Vessels lodged in the substance of the Mesentery which is blown up by the expansive volatil Particles of Wind accompanied with those of Air which distend the Nervous Fibres of the Mesentery and by severing one from another do put them into Convulsive Motions attended with Pains and Swellings A cure in this case may be attempted by emollient and discutient Clysters and by Purgatives and by Fermentations arising from great Tensions of Fibrous parts of the Mesentery The cure of pains lodged in the Mesentery proceeding from its vitiated nervous Liquor transmitted into the Mesenterick Plexes doth indicate first divers sorts of discutient and emollient Clysters beginning with those that be gentle and afterward proceeding to more strong mixed with Purgatives and Turpentine gentle Purgatives may be also advised mixed with Cephalick and afterward emollient and discutient Fomentations may be applied with great safety Mesenterick pains proceeding from Blood may indicate Bleeding and purging Medicines and apperient and antiscorbutick Decoctions given with Chalybeates The Lymphaeducts are often obstructed by the grossness â—f the Lympha or narrowed by the tumors of the Mesentery The Lymphaeducts are corroded by the sharpness of Recrements In case of Mesenterick pains derived from Acide and Saline parts of the Blood afflicting the nervous Plexes Blood-letting is very proper and gentle Purgatives and Chalibeate Medicines are to be administred in the form of Tinctures or Syrups in aperient antiscorbutick Apozemes which do dissolve the Tartar of the Blood and sweeten it and to this end Tunbridge Waters are very proper which do open the obstructions of the Mesentery and dischage the flatulent Matter and the Serous and Salt parts of the Blood by Urine whereupon inveterate and violent pains of the Belly are very much alleviated and oftentimes quite taken away The Lymphaeducts of the Mesentery are often obstructed by the grossness of the Lympha or the course of it is very much hindred or stopped by the Tumors of the Mesentery compressing the Lymphaeducts and narrowing the passage so that the current of the Lympha is intercepted through the Mesentery and the Chyle being not diluted for want of this thin Liquor wants a due Ferment and is rendred very much unfit for motion up the Thoracick Ducts Another Disease attendeth the
Cepimus an non ex duorum aut trium illorum humorum sibi invicem permixtorum unione Atra Bilis illa emergeret De qua re ut certiores evaderemus Bili è vesicula sua educta Spiritum Vitrioli effudimus atque simul juncta in solis aestu collocavimus unde talis fere ex atro virescens Liquor excitatus est quem primo in tenui Intestino inveneramus Hinc conclusimus praedictum humorem Atram Bilem appellatum non ex hac aut illa parte promanasse sed in duodeno Intestino genitum fuisse Quatenus scilicet Bilis Color naturalis ab acidioris Succi Pancreatici concursu in atrum ad viridem flectentem immutatus fuit As to the Curative part of Diseases of the Pancreas The Cures of Diseases relating to the Pancreas in point of Inflammations Abscesses and Ulcers I refer the Courteous Reader to the former Chapters of the Mesentery and Guts where I have Treated of their Cures As to the defect of Pancreatick Liquor The penury of Pancreatick Juice is repaired by Restoratives proceeding from want of the Serous part of the Blood and Succus Nutricius it doth indicate a quantity of thin Nourishment easie of Digestion as good Broths made with China and other good Suppings of Water-gruel made of Oat-meal or Barley Barley Cream Milk of it self or mixed with proper Milk-water prepared with Snails c. which do repair the decaied Mass of Blood and Succus Nutricius But if the penury of Pancreatick Liquor The want of this Liquor proceeding from the obstruction of the Excretory Duct by clammy Matter denoteth Aperient Inciding and Detergent Medicines be derived from the obstruction of the Excretory Ducts relating to the Pancreas produced by gross Chyle or some other Viscid Matter it doth denote gentle Purgatives and Aperient Inciding and Detergent Medicines which do open the Excretory Vessels of the Pancreas and incide and cleanse the gross clammy Matter stopping the Channel of the Pancreas leading into the Guts And the too large Current of the Liquor belonging to the Pancreas doth indicate a spare Diet which will lessen the serous Recrements of the Blood and Nervous Liquor in the Pancreas The acidity of the Pancreatick Liquor is allaied by lixivial fixed and volatil Salts The acidity of the Pancreatick Liquor is countermanded by Lixivial Salts both fixed and volatil and is allaied by the Powders of Coral Crabs-Eyes and Claws prepared Pearl and by Chalybeate and Antiscorbutick Medicines to which may be added in a small quantity drops of Spirit of Harts-Horn Salt Armoniack succinated Urine c. which do mortifie the acidity of the Blood Nervous Liquor and Pancreatick Juice In this case Vomits and Purging Medicines mixed with Antiscorbuticks may be of great efficacy in discharging the acid Particles of the Blood and Nervous Liquor by Stool to which may be added Purgative and Diuretick Mineral Waters which do sweeten and evacuate the acid and saline Pancreatick Recrements The End of the Second Part in the First Book To the HONOURABLE Sir JOHN CUTLER BARONET Honoured SIR LOVE being the great instrument of paying our Duty to God in obedience to his Holy Laws and Sanctions and of our Loyalty to the King in the observance of his Sacred Commands and of Charity to our Neighbour in doing him all the good Offices of Friendship Benevolence and Beneficence of which you have given many great instances to our Society Man in his Primitive Estate and Perfection did love the First Infinite and Omnipotent Being as the Supream Good and all other Beings as so many Emanations derived from Him which are more or less to be beloved as they participate greater or less degrees of that Essential Goodness The King resembling God as being a Particle of the Divine Nature and as being his Vicegerent in the Sacred Office of Government is to be treated with most reverential Esteems and most sincere Affection and Obedience We ought to entertain our Neighbour with kind Respects in reference to his Humane Nature as created by God after his Image and with greater love as a Christian redeemed with the Merits of our Blessed Saviour and with our most affectionate Esteems as a Person sanctified by the Holy Spirit and adorned with Heavenly Graces In these several capacities of a Man and a good Christian we are bound to caress you with all degrees of Love and most affectionate Kindness as you are highly our entire Friend Benefactor and Preserver and have loved our Nation and built us a Synagogue And having read many Lectures upon the Body of Man and other Animals Dissected in a stately Theater built at your great charges I Dedicate this part of Anatomy as the Fruits of your Munificence to YOV the worthy Patron and supporter of our Society Your elegant Structure may be styled the Seat of Pallas as it is a kind of Academy of Arts and Sciences wherein our Anatomical Lectures are celebrated by which experimental Phylosophy and the Faculty of Physick and Chyrurgery is advanced by prying into the secrets of Nature manifested by laying open the several apartiments of Bodies relating to various kinds of Animals and more particularly to that of Man whose parts are understood by diligent inspection and illustrated by the parts of other Animals designed and engraven in large Copper-Plates as curious Monuments of the Body of Man and other Creatures and as so many Hieroglyphicks of Nature explained by Notes and Letters which are very conducive to the knowledge of the parts affected and Cures of Diseases tending to the preservation of Health and Life In your Magnificent Fabrick our anniversary Orations are celebrated in which the grateful Commemoration of your Munificent Favours and the great Benefactions of other Royal and Noble Persons is solemnized by speaking in a more peculiar manner our most Humble Duty and Thanks for the high Obligations laid upon us by You our generous Patron and Benefactor Farthermore in your most elegant Edifice you have given us the opportunity of frequent Dissections which may be highly imporved in the discovery of unknown parts Vessels Liquors and their motion of the Body of Man and other Animals Vesalius and Fallopius discover'd the carnous Fibres of the Stomach and Guts as their proper Organs of motion Dr. Harvey the Circulation of the Blood from the Center to the circumference by the Arteries and from the ambient parts of the Body to the Heart by the Veins Dr. Jollife the Lymphaeducts and the motion of the Lympha to the common Receptacle Dr. Glysson and Dr. Wharton found out the motion of the Chyle through two kinds of mesenterick Glands into the common Cystern and Dr. Wharton the true use of the Glands and Malpighius the Glands and fibrous Compage of the Brain as also the Glands of the Liver Spleen and Kidneys and the Lobules and Vesicles of Air in the Lungs and Bartholomeus Eustachius the Vrinary Ducts of the Kidneys and De Graaf the seminal Vessels
as having the same frame they may be traced from the upper to the lower inward Tunicle investing the Spleen Some Nervous Fibres do terminate into Glands of the Spleen so that they may import some select Juice into them and some of them into the Caul and others only into the Capsula or the common Integument of the Vessels and into the substance of the Glands relating to the Spleen whereupon it may be thought reasonable that some choice Liquor impraegnated with Animal Spirits and propagated from the Nerves may be transmitted between the Filaments of these Fibres into the Parenchyma of the Glands where as I most humbly conceive it may confederate with the Blood and enoble it with its Volatil Saline Particles The Spleen is not only furnished with great variety of Arteries The Lymphaeducts of the Spleen Veins and Nerves but Lymphaeducts too which Assertion is backed with the Authority of many Learned Authors Malpighius Diemerbroeck Fran. Sylvius Ruischius who hath given us a way how they may be discovered by the Ligature of all the Vessels The origen of the Lymphaeducts and the Amputation of the Spleen These fine Vessels having been seen by divers of the Colledg of Physicians do arise out of the numerous Conglobated Glands and pass not only between the Coats but through the substance of the Spleen and do accompany its Vessels and are beset in their inside with many Valves and do convey a reddish or yellowish Liquor according to Malpighius and according to others a thin Chrystalline Juice through the Spleen and Caul into the common Receptacle The Viscera being so many Masterpieces of Natures elegant Architecture The substance of the Spleen well contrived in the several Apartiments of the Body do speak the wondrous Wisdom and Power of the All-Glorious Creator and the admirable Workmanship of Nature set forth in the curious Frame of many Minute well-wrought Particles finely put together with great Artifice hued with the red affusion of Blood which passing between the Vessels and small Oval Glands of the Spleen do cover the excellent Mysteries of Nature as with a dark Veil Some make its substance to be an affusion of concreted Blood as they conceive in the other Viscera Whereupon divers Disputes have been broached about the Substance of the Spleen which as yet have not been Determined Many Learned Anatomists have thought it to be near akin to that of the Liver and be different only in its more soft and loose Compage and it hath been generally approved heretofore by many great Professors of our Faculty that the substance of the Spleen is a Body of Concreted Blood as a Foundation to support a multitude of tender Vessels which according to them hath much affinity with the other Viscera the Heart Liver and Kidneys Excellent Malpighius Malpighius hath discovered many Membranous Cells in the Spleen to whom the Learned Commonwealth is much indebted for many great discoveries of Natures secrets having made a great search into the inward Recesses of the Spleen hath found the Body of it to be a Systeme of many Membranes formed into divers Cells as so many Minute Apartiments And although the Dissected Spleen seemeth to be framed of Concreted Blood and may be in some part brought into a Fluor by Attrition yet in truth it is a fine aggregate Body of Membranes Vessels and Glands which are very much obscured with the covering of acreted Particles of Blood adhering to many fine parts An Experiment to find out the substance of the Spleen constituting the substance of the Spleen which may be made more evident by the injection of Air the Artery being tied into the Splenick Branch whereupon the body of the Spleen groweth very much Tumefied and somewhat Diaphanous so that the Sinus and small Membranous enclosures may be in some sort discerned as Learned Malpighius hath affirmed it And farther This Learned Author saith The Sinus of the Spleen resemble the Holes of Honey Combs That if the blown up Spleen be dried and an Incision be made into it you may discover its substance for the most part to be integrated of Membranous Sinus and Cells resembling the Holes of Honey Combs in Figure which are very hard to be discovered because while the outside of the Tumefied Spleen is dried the more inward parts do Putrefie and the Ambient grow so condensed that only some footsteps of the Membranous Cavities remain And the Air being forcibly injected by a Blow-pipe first into the Splenick Branch and afterward into the more inward Recesses of the Spleen whereupon the thin Tunicles as so many tender Walls of the Cells are broken and the Spaces become more enlarged So that the structure of a dried Spleen is somewhat obscure and seemeth to be formed after this manner The Venous Duct being large and oblong is enwrapped within a Capsula as a common Covering and runneth in length emitting many small Branches some of them passing crossways and making many Ramulets do seem somewhat to represent in likeness the Fibres besetting the Leaf of a Brake This Splenick Sinus is attended with fruitful Branches of Vessels divers of them determining into the Membranes immuring the ambient parts of the Spleen But the Spaces interceeding the Divarications of Vessels are filled up with Membranous Cells which are tied to Fibres running Transversely and to the Ramifications of Vessels whereby the Angular Walls of the Cells are very much secured from Laceration These Membranous Cavities are not endued with any Regular Figure The Membranous Cells of the Spleen differ in Magnitude and Figure but much differ in shape and size according to the spaces of the Vessels in which they are lodged and these Cells have a communion with each other in one open Orifice which perforate not only the Ramulets but the Trunk too of the Venous Trunk These Membranous Cavities of the Spleen The Holes of the Spleen resemble the Lungs of a Sea Tortoise seem much to resemble the Lungs of a Sea-Tortoise which are a Systeme of many Membranous Cells which appear very plain in the Spleen of a Lion which being despoiled of its Membranes the fragments of the Cavities do accoastion view adorned with various Angles The numerous Membranes of the Spleen are beset with Ramulets of Arteries implanted into them and sometimes make a Reticular work which I have seen in the Lungs of a Sea-Tortoise blown up and Mercury being injected into the Trunk of the Caeliack Artery the Ramulets sporting themselves through the Membranes of the Cells have a fair appearance And now I apprehend it may be worth our inquiry From what parts these Membranous Walls borrow their Origination which in probability is the inward Membrane enwrapping the Spleen by reason the Cells have a firm union with it and its numerous Fibres So that these Membranous Cavities seated in the spaces of the Divaricated Vessels may be well reputed the Propagation of them and do hold great
Descendent Trunk of the Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart The truth of this Assertion An Experiment proving Concretion to be derived from Acid Liquors may be farther evinced by this experiment of putting Verjuice the Juice of unripe Grapes Juice of Limons destilled Vinegar Spirit of Vitriol Spirit of Sulphur Spirit of Salt Spirit of Nitre into a Porringer and then let the Blood stream out of a healthy Mans Arm or any other part into it and the Blood becometh black and of a greater Consistence by reason its fluid parts are presently incrassated somewhat resembling melted Pitch or the Lees of deep Red Wine and as Blood is let out upon more mild or strong Acid Liquors in greater or less proportion you may observe various degrees of Blackness and Consistence In strong Acid Spirits of Vitriol and Nitre the Blood is wholly Coagulated both in its Purple and Serous parts Acids work the same effect in Arterious Blood which is let out of the Temporal Artery a branch of the External Carotides upon Inflammations of the Eyes and great pains in the Head c. which I have often ordered with good Success A farther Experiment may be offered Acid Liquors producing divers sorts of Concretion in the Blood in besprinkling one Porringer with drops of Juice squeesed out of unripe Grapes and another with Vinegar into which Blood being immitted out of a sound young Man by opening a Vein in the first Porringer the Blood was clothed with black and full of dregs like Lees of Wine in the second the Blood was found much blacker and thicker and altogether Grumous wholly Coagulated without any serous parts swimming upon the top of the Red Crassament And that a more clear account may be given of the various incrassating vertues of divers kinds of Acid Liquors the Axillary Arteries of both Trunks may be opened in a Sheep and the hasty streams of Blood may be received into divers Vessels bedewed with different Acids giving variety of Coagulations to the Blood which treat our Eyes with pleasure and delight whereupon we may be induced to believe upon good grounds that the Blood impelled by the Splenick Arteries into the Membranous Cells and Glands of the Spleen may receive greater and greater Blackness and Coagulation as confederated with divers kinds of Acids which sometimes Incrassate and render the Blood black and grumous like melted Pitch and Lees of Red Wine and other times wholly Concrete it without any separation of the Serous from the Purple Liquor whence proceed great indurations of the Spleen and Scirrhous Tumours produced by divers sorts of Acid Recrements endued with higher and higher Incrassating and Coagulating qualities So that we may make this Inference That Indurations and Scirrhous Tumours of the Spleen take their rise from gross Blood associated with Acid Recrements and stagnated in the Membranous Cells and Glands whereby the Extravasated Blood by its longer and longer stay receiveth higher degrees of Acidity inducing greater Induration and Scirrhous Tumours which are often accompanied with an Atrophy and Ascitis proceeding from a vitiated gross Mass of Blood whose watry Particles are not separated in the Glands of the Kidneys and thence conveyed through the Roots of the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis A Noble Person being very much Emaciated and having a dark yellowish Countenance was afflicted with a great Swelling in his â—eft Hypocondre and his lean Thighs and Legs did swell a little before his Death and the fore parts of his Legs were vexed with angry Blistered Tumours the attendants of an Erysipelus and fore-runners of his Departure Afterward his Belly being opened streams of clear Water gushed out in which no Omentum was found which is commonly putrid in Dropsies and then the Muscles of the Abdomen being cut in manner of a Cross an indurated Scirrhous Spleen appeared tied to the Left Hypoconder by great variety of Fibres and its substance within was Black and Putrid and the Spleen resembled a Turbat in Figure as being somewhat Quadrangular and equal in length and breadth CHAP. VII Of the Liver HAving Treated of the Spleen and all its variety of parts set together in excellent order speaking the Wisdom of the Grand Architect as an assistant of the Liver in making a Ferment and disposing the Blood in order to a secretion of the Bilious parts of the Liver The description of the Liver I will now handle this noble Intral as it is a Collective Body of several parts Membranes Vessels Glands and Parenchyma which are so many Integrals making one entire body of the Liver which is seated in the upper Region of the lower Apartiment relating to the fine Fabrick of a Humane Body about a Fingers distance from the Midriff in the right Hypocondre which is much filled up by its Bulk and is extended toward the Left Side a little beyond the Ensiform Cartilage to whom it is fastened by one of its Ligaments It is adorned with a Superior and Inferior Surface The convex surface of the Liver the upper being Convex is contiguous by the interposition of the Rim of the Belly to the Bastard Ribs and to a great part of the Diaphragme and to the hinder Region of the right Hypocondre about the right part of the Spine to which it taketh its progress Crossways and giveth way to the Vena Cava perforating the Midriff and doth guard it in its descent between its hinder part and the Spine The Concave part of the Liver The concave surface of the Liver doth cover the Pylorus and the upper and fore Region of the Stomach and some part of the Caul The right part of the Concave Surface of the Liver reacheth to the right Kidney and investeth some part of the Colon seated in that side and covereth the whole Duodenum and some part of Jejunum and Caul The lower Margent of the Liver and its lowest Confines in a sound Body do descend below the Ribs into the Cavity of the Belly and come near the Navil and in unhealthy Persons go beyond it The Liver is seated in the right Hypocondre The Liver is seated in the right Hypocondre by the great Prudence of the Heavenly Agent to be near the Vena Cava from which it borroweth many considerable Branches and hath only a small Artery called the Caeliack sprouting out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta seated in the left Side as deriving its Origen from the left Auricle of the Heart And upon this account the Livers of other Animals as well as Man have their greatest part lodged in the right Hypocondre and their Spleens in the left as having great Communion The Liver hath a double Surface The reason of the convex surface of the Liver the one Gibbous the other Concave The first is made Convex that it might be the more conveniently received into the bosome of the hollow Region of the Diaphragme in its relaxation or else there would
these Vegetable Medicines being bitter are not only Aperitive but do also strengthen the Tone of the Liver and in this case Vomitories are often prescribed with good success by reason the inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Guts doth open the termination of the Choledoch Duct and force the Liver to discharge her Bilious Faeculencies into the Guts An Infusion of Horse Dung and other Aperitive Medicines which are Diuretick made in an equal quantity of Water and White Wine are very advantageous in this Disease Jaundies being a Disease of the Liver A Jaundies caused by thin acrimonious Choler entring into the roots of the Vena Cava of the Liver is not only derived from the smallness of the Extreamities belonging to the Choledoch Duct and Bladder of Gall and from their Obstruction caused by gross Choler mixed with a Pituitous Matter and from Stones lodged in their Cavities intercepting the passage of Bilious Recrements into the Guts but also from the thinness of Choler and sharpness associated with Blood penetrating the Roots of the Vena Cava and thereby returning toward the Heart Bile appertaining to the Liver is endued with Lixivial Salt much exalted and brought to a Fluor by Acid Liquor transmitted with the Blood by the Porta into the glands of this Bowel wherein these different Elements as opposite Agents do make great disputes with each other by which a high Effervescence doth arise rendring the substance of Choler more thin fluid and sharp whereby it opens the Extreamities of the Capillaries relating to the Cava and doth very much pervert the Crasis of the Blood as infecting it with acid saline Particles giving it a high tincture of Yellow The Acrimony of Choler in the Liver when it unnaturally Fermenteth The sharpness of Choler is tempered by Oily Particles mixed with Lixivial Salts receiveth an allay from some oily Particles mixed with Lixivial Salt which is also sweetned by the Liquor destilling out of the terminations of Nerves implanted into the substance of the Glands So that the oily parts of the Bile associated with Nervous Liquor do attemper its sharpness and give it a kindly Effervessence exerted by Intestine Motion in the glands of the Liver wherein the Blood is depurated by a regular Secretion of its Bilious Recrements But on the other side an extravagant ebullition of Bile is made when the Oily Particles of Choler being too few are over-acted with Lixivial Salt brought to a Fluor by Acid Liquor transmitted from the Spleen so that the Bilious parts grow thin sharp and fluid and do not enter into the Excretory Ducts but disorderly pierce the Roots of the Cava The fermentative temper of the Blood is vitiated in the Liver by saline and acid Particles and disturb the kindly Fermentative disposition of the Blood overcharged with saline parts of Choler by which sometimes it is made aeruginous and other times Black as it participates of less or greater degrees of Exaltation produced by less or more acidity of Serous Liquor imparted with Blood from the Spleen whereupon Choler acquireth a thin subtle and piercing nature rendring it apt to unlock the minute Orifices of Vessels This Hypothesis may seem to be made good in the Jaundies proceeding from the biting of a Viper by striking his Teeth into the Flesh whereby the Vesicles lying under his Teeth are broken and the Poison contained in them destilleth into the Wound so that the Blood is immediately infected which returning by the Veins to the Heart maketh great Lypothymies and Tremulous Motions is thence conveyed by the Aorta Caeliack and Mefenterick Arteries and Vena Porta into the glands of the Liver whereupon the Bilious Particles of the Blood are acted with a high Effervescence by the subtle parts of Poyson making the Bile very thin and fluid A Jaundies proceeding from Poyson rendring the Bilious parts of the Blood so fluid that they open the roots of the Cava piercing the Roots of the Cava whence the Choler highly Fermenting doth tinge the whole Mass of Blood with Yellow which being transmitted by the Cava to the Heart is thence impelled into the inward and ambient parts of the Body clothing them with a Yellow Coat a true Badg of the Jaundies This assertion may be farther evidenced in good Fellows Jaundies derived from drinking of strong Liquors who fall into the Jaundies upon drinking great quantities of generous Liquors as strong Wine Brandies c. which abounding with Spirituous parts and much volatil Salt do put the Purple Juice upon a high Effervescence and impraegnate the Bile mixed with Blood with Fermentative dispositions rendring it subtle and fluid in the glands of the Liver whereby it insinuateth it self into the small Extreamities of the Vena Cava and from thence is carried to the Heart and so hueth the whole Mass of Blood and surface of the Body with a Yellow Tincture a plain Symptome of the Jaundies Learned Sylvius hath given a good Instance of this Case Praxeos Medicae Cap. 46. Sect. 7. Observavi autem in Dissectione Ictericorum non sâ—mper Obstructum esse ductum aut Intestinalem aut Cysticum And this Learned Author further saith in the same Chapter Sect. 61. In cujusdam icterici mortui sectione memini me aliquando observare Sanguinem solito acidiorem The Cure of the Jaundies The Cure of a Jaundies produced by an ebulition of Choler issuing from the too high Effervescence of Choler derived from Acids too much exalting the Lixivial Salt and Choler doth denote Oily and Fat Medicines which do depress the Fermentative quality of sour Particles and Testaceous Powders Crabs Eyes Pearl Crabs Claws Coral c. do give an allay to over-acid Ferments And cooling Emulsions and Julaps do contemperate the Ebullition of too much exalted Choler and also in this case gentle Purgatives of Tamarinds Cassia Syrupe of Peach Flowers and Purgative and Diuretick Mineral Waters may be advised to dulcifie the Acid Humors and carry them off by Stool and Urine as very advantageous in this kind as well as other Jaundies proceeding from great Obstructions of the Excretory Vessels relating to the Liver As to the Jaundies borrowing its rise from the Poyson of a Viper or any other Animal it may be Cured by Sweating Bezoartick Medicines full of volatil Salt Treacle made of the dried Flesh of Vipers Salt of Vipers and Harts Horn Spirit of Salt Armoniack Diaphoretick Antimony and Bezoartick Mineral c. The Jaundies also take their rise from an Inflammation of the Liver A Jaundies caused by the inflammation of the Liver sometimes accompanied with a Gangraen flowing from a great proportion of Blood stagnant in the glands of the Liver compressing the Origens of the Excretory Vessels and intercepting the passage of the Bile into them An ordinary Person a Servant was long Tortured with a pain in the Right Side and being opened after Death his Face and Body were coated with Yellow the Surface and inward Recesses
near the Extreamity of the Guts and are two Lobules endued with a Conick Figure †e e. The Kidneys of an Eel The Kidneys of an Ecl. have their beginning †T. 41. F. 2. f f f f. near the Gills and take their progress as in other Fish on each side of the Spine †iii. and are of great length according to the make of the Fish and have their lower Extreamity endued with a point near their Termination into the Intestinum Rectum as having no Bladder of Urine The Emulgent Blood Vessels †g g g g. descend all along the right side of the Spine and do impart many Branches to the Glands of the Kidneys This Fish as well as many others doth discharge Urine gross Excrements Eggs and Seminal Liquor through the Intestinum Rectum and Anus †k. as the Termination of it The Originations †T. 43. F. 1. a. of the Kidneys in a Carp are very small The Kidneys of a Carp and take their first rife as it were in obtuse Cones Their progress †b b. is larger and furnished with numerous Glands some Oval or Round others are Oblong and of a Conick Figure and after two or three Inches they go transversely to each side as having Processes in form of a Cross †c c. and have afterward smaller Processes †e e e e. derived from the Cruciform Process taking their progress on each side of the Spine †h h. The Origen †T. 44. h. of the Kidney in a Flounder is larger in Dimensions then the other parts and maketh its progress in a Semicircular manner and after Pyramidal Figure †iii. its Base being seated in its beginning and its Cone †k. in the Termination near the Bladder of Urine A Tench hath small-Origens Cruciform Processes The Kidneys of a Tench and Pyramidal Progresses below the Cross of the Kidneys ending in an acute Cone in all which this Fish perfectly resembleth that of a Carp A Thornback hath Kidneys much different from other Fish in the manner of the Globules which are placed edgwise and are Systems composed of many Glands of several Figures and Magnitudes The beginning †T. 44. F. 4. a a. of these Kidneys are much smaller then their Terminations †b. CHAP. XXVI The Pathologie of the Kidneys and its Cures THe Kidneys have as many Diseases as parts viz. an Iskury a total Suppression of Urine a sparing or too profuse Excretion of it Inflammations Apostemes Ulcers Gangraens Scirrhus Worms Stones as the most troublesome of all Disaffections attended with violent pains as so many Deaths An Iskury sometimes proceeds from the indisposition of Blood An Iskury derived from an ill mass of Blood for want of a due Fermentation in the Kidneys by reason the Heterogeneous Elements are so united that the Compage of the Blood is not capable to be opened by the Ferments of the Kidneys which sometimes are not well qualified or wholly deficient so that the watry saline Recrements cannot be secerned in the Glands from the more noble parts of the Vital Liquor in order to its refinement and conveyed into the Urinary Ducts Pelvis Ureters and Bladder upon which account no Urine can be ejected upon the application of the Catheter An Iskury may also be derived from an Inflammation of the Glands lodged in the Kidneys shutting up the Roots of the Excretory Vessels by compression which often proves fatal to the Patient An Iskury derived from an Inflammation of the Glands of the Kidneys A sparing excretion of Urine is sometimes borrowed either from the grossness of Urine mixed with purulent or fabulous Matter A sparing excretion of Urine and sometimes it is caused by the smalness of the Orifices belonging to the Urinary Ducts As to an Iskury flowing from an Indispotion of the Blood The Cure of an Iskury or from an Inflammation of the Kidneys it denoteth Blood-letting to lessen its Mass and to render its watry parts more fit for Secretion to which may be added gentle Diureticks mixed with Emollients as Apozemes and Emulsions made of the Cooling Seeds of Melons Pumpions White Poppy as also Leaves of Mallows Marsh-Mallows Pellitory of the Wall c. And in case the Iskury proceed not from an Inflammation of the Kidney but from a too close Compage of the Blood Diureticks mixed with Chio Turpentine and Hollands Powder may be given as also Millepedes Spirit of Turpentine Powder of Bees may be administred in proper Vehicles with great Care Strong Diureticks are dangerous in Iskuries after Universals have been premised lest these strong Diureticks should bring a source of gross Matter accompanying the Blood into the substance of the Glands stopping up the Roots of the Excretory Vessels whereby the Current of the Urine may be wholly intercepted and the Disease rendred more difficult to be Cured Fomentations and Baths are very proper in Diseases of the Kidneys and particularly in the late mentioned to open and relax the Compage of the Blood and enlarge the Origens of the Excretory Vessels that they may become more fit to give reception to the watry Particles severed from the Blood On the other side The too great excretion of Urine or Diabetes The Kidneys are disaffected with too large an Evacuation of Serous Matter much exceeding the quantity of Ingested Liquor This Disease is very rare and requireth care to give a good Judgment that we be not deceived in our Diagnosticks of it And therefore in large Excretions of Urine we must consider whether it doth not come from some External Cause from good Fellowship and the like which will afford a large ejectment of Urine Which if it be the work of Nature in Sickness the Patient receiveth a manifest benefit in the Alleviation or Solution of the Disease But if the profuse evacuation of Serous Liquor be Preternatural it riseth greater and greater more and more exceeding the proportion of received Liquor wherein the Urine is pale thin watry crude as wanting its due Consistence and Hypostasis This Disease is accompanied with a great Drought of the Mouth and Thirst proceeding from the unkindly heat of the Blood wanting a due allay of Potulent Matter thrown off in too great a quantity by the Kidneys Ureters and Bladder As to the Cause of this Disease The cause of a Diabetes it may be worthy our enquiry by reason it is great and rare which is assigned by some Physicians to the hot Distemper of the Kidneys highly attracting Serous Liquor out of the Veins which opposeth the Circulation of the Blood made good by the contraction of the Heart impelling Blood by Arteries into all parts of the Body And I humbly conceive that the cause of this unusual Distemper to be the Potulent parts of the Blood running only confused with it as not perfectly embodied which not having recourse to the ambient parts of
the gentle parts of the Blood in the substance of the Testicles acted with volatil saline and fine spirituous elastick Atoms opening the Compage of the Serous and Chymous parts of the Blood preparing it for Seminal Liquor consisting of differing Liquors made up of fermentative Principles broken into small Particles in the Body of the Testicular Glands So that it may be inferred upon good reason The Seed is composed of Spirituous Watry and Earthy parts That the Seminal Juice is integrated of two parts the one subtil and spirituous as consisting of the more thin and active Atoms of the fine Particles of the Blood and nervous Juice impregnated with Animal Elastick Spirits enobling the Seed as made up of active fermentative Elements chiefly conducive to the Generation of Animals which are stiled Germinis Nomine consisting in the more refined active parts of the Seed The other parts of the Semen are more gross frothy watry and Earthy which constitute the greatest and most bulky Portion of it and as being less active do enclose the spirituous and volatil Atoms within its more thick and gross Confines not permitting them to evaporate These different Elements of Seed The formative Principle resideth in the Seed being incorporated do make a Mass containing a double an efficient and material Principle the first delineateth Prima Stamina the very Rudiments of the Foetus in which the Architeconick power resideth The second is the Alimentary Portion of the Seminal Matter giving Support and encrease to the formed Parts These two Seminal Principles being confoederated The gross parts of the Seed do depress it are rendred inefficacious by reason the Material is so gross that it so depresseth the more Spirituous Particles that they cannot exalt themselves into Act in a well disposed Uterus whereupon if the material Principle be too much debased by fixed and Saline Earthy Elements the Uterine Heat and Ferment cannot exert themselves and exalt the Spirituous and Volatil and colliquate the gross genital Matter in order to Generation of the Foetus Aristotle assigneth a Coelestial disposition to the Seed Great Aristotle attributeth a Coelestial temper to the spirituous part of the Seed holding some Analogy with the nature of the Stars in reference to its great Excellency Lib. 2. de Generat Animal Cap. 3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Inest enim in Semine omnium quod facit ut foecunda sint Semina videlicet quod Calor vocatur idque non ignis non talis Facultas aliqua est sed Spiritus qui in Semine spumosoque Corpore continetur Natura quae in eo Spiritu est proportione respondens Elemento Stellarum The Spirituous parts of the Seminal Liquor are produced out of its thin and delicate substance assisted by the natural and ambient heat relaxing the Compage of the grosser parts and are nothing else but a most subtle fluid Matter rendred volatil by heat whereupon it would quit its station and embody with Air as near a-kin to it was it not confined within the Walls of more fixed matter In the Seed of all Animals and Plants is seated an inbred Spirit endued with an efficient Plastick Faculty consisting in the most subtl volatile saline The Volatil Saline Sulphureous parts of the Seed are exalted by the heat of the Womb. and sulphureous Particles exalted by the natural heat of the Womb in Animals and ambient Air in Vegetables whereupon these thin restless Parts of the Seed would soon evaporate were they not detained within the enclosure of more gross Matter So that the Spirituous and Gross parts of the Seed do act the parts of Friends in doing kind Offices to each other The Spirituous parts do exalte the more Fixed and the more Gross do conserve within their Embraces the more Fine and Volatil The most excellent Liquor constituting the Spirutuous parts of the Seed is transmitted through the terminations of the Nerves The Nervous Liquor associates with the serous parts of the Blood inserted into the Glands of the Testicles wherein it associateth with the Serous and Chymous parts of the Blood full of many Saline and some few Sulphureous parts which the Nervous Liquor doth render thin and volatile by exalting its more gross parts as Colliquated by heat of the Testicles which are thence transmitted into the Parastats to receive a farther Concoction and so to pass through the deferent Vessels into the Seminal Vesicles and Prostats as receptacles of Seed where it is reserved till the time of Coition The prime Elements of Seed are Saline The chief parts of the Seed are Saline in which the calstick Vertue doth very much consist which are endued with a Balsamick quality and render it fruitful and much exceed those of Sulphur and upon this account the Poets have feigned Venus to take her Birth from the Sea and give Lascivious Animals the appellative of Salacious and I humbly conceive that the several parts of the Body being more or less solid do owe their formation to greater or less Concretions made by different Seminal Salt mixed with some Earthy and Sulphureous Particles which being associated with a larger proportion of Saline do impart a greater or less consistence to the various parts of the Body of which I will give a fuller account hereafter in the Treatise of Generation CHAP. VII Of the Parts of Generation in the Males of Beasts THe Testicles of a Lyon The Testicles of a Lyon which I saw Dissected were covered with four Coats and seated near the Penis and adorned with an Oval Figure much resembling those of Man The Penis of a Lyon hath long and small Dimensions The Penis of a Lyon and hath its Glans seated near the Anus as in a Cat Hare Cunney c. and hath a straight Vrethra passing from the Bladder of Urine to the extremity of the Penis which hath its body composed chiefly of two Ligaments or rather Nervous Bodies and is for some space distant from the Prostats seated under the Neck of the Bladder and is not stretched out above three Thumbs breadth without the cavity near the Anus in the time of Coition which is celebrated backward The Testicles of a Castor The Testicles of a Castor according to learned Webster are not fastened to the Spine but to the inward Region of the Os Pubis or Share Bone where a superficial Cavity is Engraven confining on the Process of the Peritonaeum and on each side may be seen half the Testicle with the Parastat lodged in the said Sinus of the Share-Bone The Testicles of this Animal if a regard be had to the size of his Body are very small about the bigness of a Pidgeons Egg They are white and smooth in their outward Surface and endued with a flattish oval Figure having their Body cloathed with a thick Nervous Coat Their Glandulous Substance is white within beset with many Fibrils and have not the Oleagenous Substance nor Foetide Smell
primitive nature is Concreted by the Architectonick Spirit into soft and hard parts of a more or less solid substance making up the Viscera Trunk and Limbs of the Body The third kind of Plastick Vertue belonging to Seminal Liquor The third kind of Plastick Vertue is an Assimilating Power may be named an Assimilating Power whereby the Foetus becometh like its Parents in the outward form of different parts of which Great Hypocrates giveth an account in his Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as deriving the cause of it from the diverse quality and quantity of Seminal Liquor of both Sexes commixt the greater quantity and nobler quality of Masculine Seed maketh it resemble the Father and the same proportion and qualification of Faeminine Liquor causeth the Embryo to be adorned with the likeness of the Mother but I humbly conceive The Plastick Power is seated in the more Spirituous parts of the Seed as the prime efficient cause in the Formation of the Foetus with the leave of this Great Master of our Faculty this may proceed from other more probable reasons as the first and chief cause may be deduced from the Plastick Power seated in the more spirituous particles of the Seminal Liquor which is the first natural Agent and Principle of the Formation of the Foetus working upon the less active Particles of the mingled Seed in which the innate Spirit taking its rise and origen from their more thin and Volatil Saline and Sulphureous Particles elaborated by the ambient heat of the Womb is detained within the confines of more gross Particles exalted by the more Spirituous which are the primary efficient cause in the delineation of the parts as giving them their first Rudiments and External form both in the Formation of the Foetus in Man and other Animals This Architectonick Spirit containeth in a small quantity the Idaeas of all parts relating to the whole Body in order to their Formation So that these Spirituous Plastick Seminal Atomes assisted by the Uterine heat do influence the gross and more dull mass of Seed and thereby give it Fermentative dispositions flowing from Elastick Particles of Air and Animal Spirits impregnating the Seminal Matter whence it receiveth Intestine Motion productive of the likeness of external Forms and Distinction of parts in the Foetus resembling those of the Father and Mother The reason of this Plastick Assimilating Power The Seed containeth the Ideas of all parts of the Body resident in the Seminal Matter taketh its rise from the external forms and dispositions of all parts of the Body as it is a select Extract of them made of the Vital and Animal Liquor as its first principles The Blood taketh its Perambulation through the Membranes Ligaments The manner how the likeness of all parts of the Body is conveyed to the Seed Cartilages Bones c. and all other similar parts as also the Viscera Trunk and Limbs to give them Life Heat and Nourishment as the Albugineous Particles of the Blood are received into the innumerable Pores of the Similar and Dissimilar parts Compounded of them into which they are assimilated and become the same with them by Accretion The Serous parts not Assimilated having conversed with the parts of the whole Body in order to Nutrition do borrow their peculiar Disposition and Images Portraictures of the whole Body both in reference to the Face Head Trunk Viscera and Limbs so that these Nutricious parts not Assimilated having penetrated the inward Compage of the whole Body do receive the Signature of their External Form and are reconveyed back to the Heart and from thence impelled through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Hypogastrick and preparing Arteries into the substance of the Testicles where the Albugineous Particles of the Blood having received the Ideal impressions of all parts are severed from the red Crassament and become one principle of the Seminal Matter And the other is the finer part of the Nervous Liquor generated in the ambient parts of the Brain made up of Cortical and Medullary Processes and thence transmitted through all regions by the Fibres of it and afterward some part of the Succus Nutricius is conveyed by the Par Vagum and its Branches and other Animal Liquor is carried through the Fibrous parts of the Medulla Spinalis into the Vertebral Nerves implanted into the Testicles wherein the Nervous Liquor signed with the Images of the Brain Spinal Marrow and Nerves doth embody with the Albuminous Matter of the Blood signed with the Ideas of other parts through which it passes constitutes the Seminal Liquors of both Sexes which do mutually contribute to the formation and likeness of the Foetus The Seminal Ideas as I humbly conceive are Spirits modelled and configured by those parts from whence they derive their Emanation The Images of the Seed are modelled by the parts through which they pass after the manner of infinite subtile visible Rays expressing the Colours and Images of those Bodies from whence they are reflected In like manner some fine Atoms as so many Effluxes coming out of the small particles of the Body do affect the Spirituous part of the Vital and Nervous Liquor the principles of Seminal Juice by giving them the propriety and figures of the parts through which they pass These Ideal dispositions of Parts seated in the seed of Man and other Animals The Seminal Ideas do not exist Separate do not exist as separate but are coincident to every part of the Semen and again expand themselves in the formation of an Embryo not unlike many visible Rays of Light are coincident into one Looking-glass which are so unfolded afterward that the Eye can distinctly discern the figures and colours of several visibles Objects And from hence it is that every Particle of this Architectonick Spirit in the Seed hath a faculty of forming an Animal by reason the Images of all parts are imprinted upon every particle of the Seminal Liquor which is very conspicuous in Birds by reason the seed of the Cock which is very small in quantity but great in vertue being injected in Coition doth ascend into the Ovary and impregnates every Egg come to maturity with a few Spirituous Particles which being acted with Heat are the efficient cause Delineating every part of the Chicken Here a great doubt may arise how out of the Seed those parts can be formed of which the Parents are destitute before the generation of Foetus by reason no Architectonick Spirit can be derived from them as having no existence in the nature of things To which Learned Diemerbroeck giveth this answer That the imagination of the Parent Compensates the defect of parts by reason Women who have lost some Limb do by a strong imagination make such impressions of Figures upon the Spirituous parts of the Seed and thereupon have well formed Children in reference to all their parts as well Modelled as if the Seed had been imprinted with the Images of
you as in a Glass consisting of many outward Coverings enclosing each other as fine Walls guarding the more inward and Noble parts supported by a fine Column of the Chine composed of many joynts of the Vertebers of the Back curiously carved into variety of Processes This elegant Pile of a Humane Body is made up of three Stories the lowest is outwardly convered with the common Integuments and Muscles of the Belly and more inwardly beautified with the fine Hangings of the Rim of the Belly and Caul encircling the noble Furniture of the Viscera The Stomack is like a Retort in which a milky Humour is extracted and the Guts are its recipients the Spleen Liver and Kidneys are so many Colatories to refine the Vital Liquor and the Ureters are Aquaeducts to convey the strained watry parts of the Blood into the Bladder as into a Cistern The middle Story of the Body is divided from the lowest by the interposition of the Midriff as by a Floor arched in its repose and brought toward a Plane in motion this A partiment is seeled above by the Clavicles and fortified before by the Stermon as with a Breast-plate and behind with the carved Spondyles of the Back and on each side with many bony Arches of the Ribs and more inwardly is adorned with the choice hangings of the Pleura and Mediastine encircling the Heart as an Engine to move the Blood and the Lungs a Systeme of Pipes to fan and exalt the Blood by the elastick Particles of Air. The third Apartiment is embelished with a beautiful Frontispiece of the Face dressed with variety of Colours composed of many lights and shades and of a fine symmetry of different parts answering each other in due proportions The Brain being the noble Housholdstuff of this highest Story is guarded with the Ivory Tables of the Skull as with a Helmet and clothed more inwardly with the coverings of the Dura and Pia Meninx as with thin Vails This delicate Compage of the Brain is made up of various Processes beset with numerous streaks which are so many Filaments entertaining the Animal Liquor and Spirits the immediate Emissaries the great Ministers of the Soul by which it acts its more noble operations of Sense and Reason Thus I have shewed You the pleasant prospect of the several Apartiments and their rich Furniture relating to the magnificent Fabrick of Man that your Grace may make a reflection upon your own Elegant Composition and admire and adore the great Goodness Wisdom and Power of the Omnipotent Architect disposing all things to your own Person in due weight number and measure and give this great heavenly Maker all Eucharist and Obedience by reason he hath imparted to you out of his infinite Mercy such salutary methods of Vertue expressed in Sobriety to preserve your excellent frame of Nature So that your Grace hath served the ends of Nature and Creation as you have demeaned your self in that decorum which is most orderly in sensual Enjoyments proportionate to the Law of Nature and perfective of a happy Life Your well composed and serene Temper is seated in a Haven of Ease and Repose as secured against the Storms and Tempests of Passions making your Grace capable to inspect the Secrets of Nature and Mysteries of Religion and contemplate the more Divine Attributes of the Eternal Being and your regular Appetites hold conformity with the more sober Dictates of Reason as having inclinations to obey the Commands of the Understanding whereby you become a Master of Prudence and Conduct as being first a Governor of your Self and so are rendred fit to Govern others as being Constituted by His Sacred Majesty a Great Minister of State in Civil and Military Affairs wherein your Grace hath wisely deported your Self with Justice and Equity to the Love and Admiration of others Your Amicable and generous Disposition your great Courage and Gallantry of Mind your profound Judgment and quick Apprehension your life of Temperance Charity and Humility have made you an Ornament of Mankind and me perfectly your just Admirer and Votary as all the Intellectual and Moral Perfections of your many Noble Ancestors are met in your Grace as a Center of Vertue and Learning to whom this Book is humbly Dedicated as an Oblation from My LORD Your Graces most Obedient and Obliged Servant SAMUEL COLLINS BOOK II. CHAP. I. Of the common Receptacle and Chyliferous Thoracick Ducts IN the former Book I have endeavoured to entertain you with the pleasant sight of Utensils relating to the lowest Apartiment outwardly immured in its Exterior Region and Sides with the four common Integuments and the Abdominal Muscles and behind with the Musculi latissimi longissimi dorsi Sacrolumbares quadrati sacri and supported with Vertebres of the Loins as with a Column finely Carved with variety of Processes And this lowest Story is more inwardly enclosed with the rim of the Belly and Caul as curious Hangings made up of many minute Filaments rarely interwoven and embroidered with variety of Vessels encircling the Pancreas Spleen Liver Kidneys attended with the bladder of Gall and Urine as Cisterns of bilious and serous Recrements of the Blood I have also Treated of the various parts manner and principles of Generation in Man and Woman as well as in other Animals espousing each other to impart a kind of Immortality to Humane Nature and other Entities too by innumerable repeated acts of Propagation And in order to preserve every particular Animal by a proper Nourishment as well as the Species by Generation I have given an account how Concoction is begun in some manner in the Mouth by the Comminution of Aliment impregnated with Salival liquor ousing out of the Excretory Ducts of the Glands belonging to the Pallat Tongue and adjacent parts mixed with the Elastick particles of Air opening the Compage of Meat afterward transmitted through the entry of the Gulet into the Kitchin of the Stomach where the Concoction of the Aliment is farther Elaborated as mixed with various Ferments of the mild parts of the Blood and Nervous Liquor destilling out of the extremities of Arteries and Nerves confederated in the glandulous Coat of the Stomach and conveyed into its Cavity by secret Pores whereby the body of the Aliment is opened and a white Tincture extracted My design in this Book is to shew you the Noble Furniture of the middle Apartiment of the Body and its structure actions and uses and in this Chapter how the Milky humor is transmitted through the Guts and Lacteae of the Mesentry into the common receptacle and afterward how it is conveyed through the Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins Heart and Lungs wherein it is exalted by Local and Intestine motion and then impelled with the Blood by the contraction of the Heart and circular Fibres of the Arterial Channels into all the apartiments of the Body in reference to Filtration in the Interstices of the Vessels and glandulous parts belonging to the fine Contextures of the
being opened to inspect the cause of her death the Brain was found to be free from any disaffection and the Vena Cava to be filled with concreted Blood which rendred the right Ventricle empty of it which proved satal to this young Virgin Another cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope often attended with a fatal stroke may arise out of so great a torrent of Blood A second cause of a Lypothymy carried into the Ventricles that the Heart is not able to discharge it out of the right into the Pulmonary Artery nor out of the left into the Aorta whereupon a suddain Suffocation the Heart immediately ensueth and the motion of the Blood wholly taken away Sir Robert Fen a worthy Gentleman An instance of this cause and Servant of King Charles the First of most blessed Memory being subject to great Passion was so highly surprized with Fear upon the occasion of a conceived imminent loss that he fell down dead in a moment which was as I humbly conceive caused by a great sourch of Blood suddainly impelled into the right Ventricle and Suffocated the Heart A third cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope A third cause of a Lipothymy may be deduced from a grosness or concretion of Blood proceeding from an over-fibrous disposition that is from numerous Films and Vesicles containing gross Atoms of Blood full of fixed Saline Particles Coagulating the Blood in the Ventricles often producing a Polypus inducing these ill accidents of the Heart These symptoms may also be caused by some fleshy Excrescence filling up either of the Ventricles So that they are not receptive of Vital Liquor These symptoms may proceed from an Excrescence filling up either Ventricle of the Heart whereupon the Heart loseth its use and motion as being designed by Nature to transmit Blood into all parts of the Body A Woman of great Honour and Birth was frequently tortured with a pain of the Heart and great Fainting Fits which could not be taken away by the power of Art and at last the pain and Lipothymies growing more and more afflictive Death became the best remedy And afterward her Body being opened and her Heart inspected a black Flesh substance somewhat resembling a Medlie in figure was discovered in the left Sinus of the Heart Another cause of these ill symptoms of the Heart A Syncope and Lipothymy may come from Purulent Matter or Ulcer of the Heart may be taken from a Purulent Matter flowing from an Ulcer of the Heart tainting and distoning the mass of Blood passing through the Ventricles whereupon the Fibres of the Heart grow faint and at last lose their Contractions proceeding from a vitiated dispirited corrupted Blood received into their inward Compage whence follow Lipothymies Syncopes and Death it self A Citizen long afflicted with a high Hypocondriacal passion and an acute Fever accompanied with Lipothymies and Syncopes determining in a happy departure as the period of pain and misery his Body being Dissected the Cavity of the Thorax was found full of a thin red faetide humor which was also lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart flown from an Ulcer These severe accidents of the Heart do often arise out of the Ulcers of the neighbouring parts as the Lungs Pleura Mediastine Midriff Liver These symptoms may arise out of Ulcers of the adjacent parts Spleen Pancreas which being oppressed by Ulcerous Matter do transmit it by smaller branches of Veins peculiar to the said Viscera into the ascendent Trunk of the Cava and from thence into the right Ventricle of the Heart whereby its Fibres are highly discomposed by Pus imbibed into them with the Blood These most troublesom accidents of the Heart perverting the Oeconomy of its Motion A Syncope and Lipothymy coming from Malignant steams of the Blood in Pestilential Fevers are often produced in Malignant Fevers by Venenate Steams corrupting the native disposition and distoning and destroying the Spirituous parts of the Blood whereupon it groweth Concreted in the great Vessels and Ventricles of the Heart So that the poysonous steams being received with the Blood into the substance of the fleshy Fibres do weaken if not take away their Contractions whence ensue Lipothymies and Syncopes the forerunners of Death Another cause of these dreadful Symptoms may be derived from the indisposition of the Brain The symptoms may come from the indisposition of the Brain either not generating a sufficient quantity of Nervous Liquor to invigorate the Nerves of the Heart or else if it be generated cannot be transmitted to the Cardiack Nerves caused by some obstruction of them whereupon the Fibres are not able to play their parts in the scene of repeated Motions as not impregnated with Animal Spirits which may be one cause of Lipothymies and Syncopes speaking a conclusion to Life And the motion of the Heart is not only lessened in Lipothymies The Palpitation of the Heart and abolished in Syncopes but depraved also in Palpitations which are sometimes so great that the Cone striketh the left side near the Pap with so great a violence that it may be plainly seen felt and heard too at some distance The Mechanick cause of an erection of the Heart whereby it striketh the Breast The cause of the Heart striking the lest side proceedeth very much from the oblique situation of the Heart and disposition of the Fibres which are obliquely and spirally wreathed and brought round from the right toward the left side of the Heart and this posture of the Fibres is very much assisted by the conformation of the Heart as the left Wall is more short and less Carnous and crooked in the left Ventricle of the Heart than in the right which is encompassed with two Walls as Learned Borellus hath observed Unde ait ille in Systole erigi debet Cordis mucro versus sinistram partem pectoris eamque percutere potest pro gradu violentiae qua erigitur Hoc salvari quoque potest vel adjuvari ab erectione Cordis oblique jacentis vel à situatione dispositione Fibrarum quae oblique spiraliter circumducuntur à parte dextra basis Cordis versus sinistram partem Verticis unde in inflatione Fibrarum anterius versus sinistram partem sic percussio fieri potest The erection of the Heart perverting the Oeconomy of Nature wherein the Mucro of the Heart maketh violent strokes upon the left side is called Palpitation The Palpitation proceeding from too great a quantity of Blood which may be derived from many Causes one may arise from too great a quantity of Blood which the Heart being unable wholly to discharge in every Systole is so oppressed as to make strong and frequent Contractions of its Fibres wherein the Cone of the Heart being elevated maketh strong Appulses upon the left side to discharge the exuberant Blood by most brisk Vibrations A second cause of the Palpitation of the Heart The second cause of the Palpitation may
the Heart A fourth cause of the inordinate motion of the Heart may be deduced from the Nerves A fourth cause of Convulsive motions in the Heart animating the Carnous Fibres of the Arteries which do interrupt the equal and natural course of the Blood by reason the Cavities of the Arteries are very much narrowed by the Convulsion of the Nerves inserted into the Carnous Fibres whereupon the impulse of Blood is stopped as in the disorder of the Nerves in great passions of Anger Fear Sorrow and the like which cause great consternation and confusion So that it is probable that the Trunk of the Aorta being very much lessened by the Convulsion of the Nervous Fibril drawing the Carnous seated in the Coat of the great Artery adjoyning to the left Chamber of the Heart much hinder the motion of the Blood out of the Heart into the Aorta whereupon the Ventricle of the Heart being highly distended by overmuch Blood will cause many violent Pulsations or Convulsive Contractions to discharge the exuberant quantity of Blood into the Orifice of the great Artery Persons subject to immoderate passion of Anger Grief Joy and those that are much afflicted with Hypocondriacal and Scorbutical Diseases are very obnoxious upon every light occasion and sometimes without any provocation to passions and convulsive motions of the Heart called vulgarly the Palpitations of it as having the Cardiack Nerves affected with a gross Succus Nutricius proceeding from ill humors in a Cachectick body oppressed with Acide Ferments of the Blood acted also with gross saline Particles Palpitations of the Heart also proceed from a great quantity of Blood ready to suffocate the Heart and put the Fibres of the Heart into inordinate Motions as well as the Nerves highly irritated by an exuberance of Blood compressing of the Heart and thereby hindring the passage of the Nervous Liquor in the Interstices of the Filaments often productive of Convulsive motions afflicting the Heart These irregular motions are also generated in the origen of the Nerves when they are disordered with some Acrimonious Matter vellicating the Fibres seated in the ambient parts of the Brain As to the Cure of these Convulsive Motions producing a great exuberance of Stagnant Vital Liquor in the Heart it denoteth frequent opening of a Vein to sollicite the motion of Stagnant Blood to abase its quantity And in reference to the cause of Convulsions seated in the Nerves producing the palpitation of the Heart Cephalick Apozemes Electuaries Spirit of Hearts Horn Spirit of Amber Succinated c. may be of great use CHAP. XX. Of the Motion of the Blood HAving given my Sentiments of the Structure and Motion of the Heart I will now Treat of the Motion of the Blood as the End and Complement of the other by reason the Heart is designed by Nature to be a rare Engine of Motion to make good the circulation of the Vital Liquor The All Wise and Omnipotent Agent created Man as the Soveraign of this lower Orb after his own Image and inspired him with the Spirit of life conserved by Motion of the Blood and to this end the Grand Architect hath framed a fit Apparatus of Organs the Heart as a noble Blood-work furnished with numerous appendages of Channels as so many Sanguiducts the Veins and Arteries to import and export streams of Blood to and from the Heart as a choice Engine to promote the Motion of the Blood the great preservative of Life In order to the better understanding of the Motion of the Blood these Considerables may seem to offer themselves to our notice First The manner how this Motion is accomplished Secondly What quantity of Blood passeth through the chambers of the Heart in a short space of time Thirdly The Cisterns and Ducts through which this noble Liquor floweth out of the Heart first into the Lungs and after runs into all parts of the Body And Lastly the end to which the Motion of the Blood is consigned The manner of the motion of the vital Liquor The Motion of the vital Liquor is performed by the Diastole and Systole of the Heart the First is rather a Laxament than a Motion wherein its Fibres are relaxed by streams of Blood expanding the cavities of the Heart which being received through numerous Pores into the inward Compage of the fleshy fibres do enlarge their Dimensions and put them upon greater and greater Contractions as they more and more approach the center whereby the Concave surface of the Ventricles grow less and less as they approach nearer and nearer to each other In the Diastole of the distended fibres The Ventricles of the Heart are distended with Blood in the Diastole and emptied by a Systole the Ventricles are dilated with a quantity of Blood filling up their Cavities and in the Systole their concave Perimeter is taken up with fleshy fibres having imbibed innumerable drops of Blood whereupon the inward swelled walls of the Heart being drawn close to each other do squeeze the drops contained in the pores of the Fibres and the greater streams of Blood lately received into the empty spaces of the Ventricles into the neighbouring Arteries to make good the Motion of the Blood As to the manner how the motion of the vital Juyce is managed out of the Cistern of the Heart into the adjacent Sanguiducts The manner how the Motion of the Blood is made in the Blood-Vessels some conceive it to be acted mechanically by a spiral wreathing of the Fibres after the same manner as water is squeezed out of wet Cloaths by a greater and greater winding them round whereby the drops of liquor lodged in the many interstices of the Filaments do quit their Allodgments but it may be proved by Reason and ocular Demonstration that there can be no such straining the Blood by the constriction of the Ventricles of the Heart by the same Organs and the same mechanical action by reason the filaments of the Cloth were laxe before their Contorsion as having many interstices obtaining a repletion by many drops of Water but afterward when the Cloth was variously modelled into divers wreaths the filaments were forced to make many Circumvolutions about the body of the Cloth whereupon the threads were not only lengthened into oblong Gyres but were also lessened in bulk and rendred more tense but the repletion of the Cavities of the Heart with Blood was made in a different manner from that of the Interstices of the Filaments of the Cloth filled with Water in which the Threads require greater Dimensions in length but the Fibres of the Heart are rather contracted according to the nature of all Muscular Fibres and the Cavities of the Heart grow greater in breadth as being expanded by the repletion of Blood and above all the Pores of the Fibres and Cavities of the Ventricles are not emptied by any Contortion as it is made inward in the Filaments of Cloth when the Water is squeezed out of their Interstices
Body through the Veins of the lower Limbs and Muscles and Viscera of the lowest Venter and through the ascendent Trunk of the Cava into the larger Cistern of the Right Ventricle of the Heart Perhaps some may object against this Hypothesis by reason the Valves are seated in the inside of the Veins to aid the progress of the Blood tending to the Heart lest it should make a retrograde Motion toward the Origens of the Veins To which I take the freedom to make this Reply that the Valves are not sufficient to make good the Ascent of the Blood The Valves of the Veins are not sufficient to make good the Ascent of the Blood toward the Heart through the ascending Branches and Trunk of the Cava and through the Branches of the Jugulars and descendent Trunk of the Cava when the impulse of the Blood caused by the Systole of the Heart and Arteries groweth faint in the Termination of the Carotide Arteries and Interstices of the Vessels of the Membranes and substance of the Brain so that when the Blood is received into the Veins at a great distance from the Heart it is necessary that that the slow Motion of the Blood toward the Heart should be hightened by the Cantractions of the circular Fibres encompassing the Veins seeing the Valves of the Veins do only hinder the Motion of the Blood toward the extremities of the Veins and are not able to promote it all along their less and greater Cavities ending in the Right Ventricle of the Heart In fine I cannot but admire and adore the infinite Wisdom of the Omnipotent Agent who hath mechanically contrived the Motion of the Blood by the great Apparatus of Organs in giving a constrictive power to the great Blood-work of the Heart and in several appendant Tubes of Arteries and Veins acted by various fleshy Fibres as so many Machines lessening the greater and smaller Cavities of the Heart and different Sanguiducts whereby the resistance of the Blood is countermanded by a strong Compression and its Flux and Reflux are maintained to and from the Heart to impart Life Heat and Nourishment to all parts of the Body The Motion of the Blood being a great instrument of the preservation of Humane Nature is consigned to many ends The production of Blood the generation of nervous Liquor and animal Spirits the depuration of the Blood in various parts of the Body and the formation of seminal Liquor in the Testicles The First and main end of the Motion of the Blood The main end of the Motion of Blood is Sanguification The manner of production of Blood is Sanguification which is produced by Chyle assimilated into Blood as more and more mixed with it in the Heart Lungs Arteries and Veins The manner how the Blood may be produced is this The Chyle being associated with Lympha in the common Receptacle is carried through the Thoracick Ducts into the subclavian Veins where it confederates with the Blood and is transmitted with it through the Cava into the Right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart wherein it is dashed impetuously against its Walls by the strong Contractions of fleshy Fibres highly compressing the Chyle confused with the Blood and breaking it into small Particles and then the Chyle somewhat mingled with the Blood is carried through the greater Trunk and smaller and smaller Branches and capillary Arteries where the Chyle receiveth a greater Comminution which is made by a great Compression by reason in inspiration free draughts of Air are received into the Bronchia and Appendant Vesicles whereby they being much dilated do Compress the Sanguiducts and break the Chyle confederated with the Blood into smaller Particles then in the Right Chamber of the Heart and in expiration the Diaphragme being brought from a Plain to an Arch and the Ribs from Rigâ—t to more obtuse Angles do press down the Lungs whereby the cavities of the greater and smaller pulmonary Vessels are narrowed and the Chyle being in conjunction with the Blood is squeezed into small Particles as protruded first through the small Terminations of the capillary Arteries and straight Interstices of the Vessels and through the more minute Origens of the pulmonary capillary Veins Branches and greater Trunk into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart wherein the Chyle being more embodied with the Blood is farther beaten as by a Pestle into many minute Atomes against the sides of the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence the Chyle mingled with the Blood is carried through the numerous Divarications and minute extremities of Arteries and Veins wherein by their innumerable circular Fibres the Chyle receiveth greater and greater comminution till it is perfectly assimilated into Blood as making many circuits in an hour through the Heart Lungs Arteries Veins in which the Chyle in its progress with the Blood is more and more exalted by the elastick Atomes of Air in the Lungs and with spirituous and volatil saline Particles in its Converse with the vital Liquor till the Chyme receiveth its ultimate Disposition and Form The Second end of the Motion of the Blood The second end of the Motion of the Blood is in order to the generation of nervous Liquor and animal Spirits in the Cortex of the Brain The nobler part of the vital Liquor is impelled out of the common Trunk of the Aorta into its ascendent Trunk and from thence carried through the internal greater and less Carotide Arteries passing through the Membranes and inserted into the Cortical Glands of the Brain wherein the more delicate the albuminous part of the Blood is separated from the Red crassament and turned into animal Liquor inspired with exalted Spirits as it s more choice and refined Particles The Third end of the Motion of the Blood is its refinement from its Recrements in its passage through the Interstices of the Vessels or Glands The Third end of the Motion of the Blood lodged in the Muscles Viscera and Cutis The mass of Blood consisteth of two Essential parts the Red Crassament The constituent parts of Blood and albuminous Juyce associated with Lymphatick Bilious and potulent Liquor which are secerned from it by its motion through many different Glands as so many Colatories seated in different parts of the Body The Blood being impelled by many branches of Arteries into the substance of the Lungs and the minute Glands of the Muscles Spleen Liver wherein the Blood and Motion hath its Lympha secerned from its nobler Liquor and conveyed into the Lymhaeducts of the parts seated below the Diaphragma into the common Receptacle and into the Lymphaeducts of those above into the subclavian Veins The vital Liquor is transmitted out of the Left Ventricles of the Heart through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thence through the Caeliack Artery into the Stomack and Spleen and through the upper and lower Mesenterick Arteries into the Intestines afterward the Blood is re-conveyed from the Stomack Spleen
rather a relaxation of its motion when the Fibres formerly made tense by Contraction are relaxed and the cavity of the Thorax rendred narrow when the Diaphragm in its state of restitution is brought unto an Arch having its upper surface looking toward the Heart Convex and Concave toward the Stomach and Intestines whereby the Lungs are compressed and the Stomach and Guts are set at liberty as ascending upward into the cavity of the Thorax toward the concave surface of the Midriff In the Systole which is the true motion of the Diaphragm The Systole is the true motion of the Diaphragm wherein it is brought to a Plain it is pressed downward and quitteth its arched position and is brought very much toward a Plain and the Viscera of the lowest Apartiment lodged within its Cancave walls are beaten downward and outward whereupon the Cavity of the Thorax becometh much enlarged as acquiring greater dimensions of length to entertain the dilated Compage of the Lungs when rendred big with Air. The most proper and principal Organ of Respiration are the Lungs as a Machine in which the Air sporteth it self in and out in various motions productive of Inspiration and Expiration In the first the stream of Air is received either through the Nostrils or immediately through the Mouth into the greater Channel of the Wind-pipe and afterward into the Branches of the Bronchia as so many smaller Pipes and from thence into the numerous Membranous Sinus as so many Out-lets of the Bronchia interspersing the Lobules with white Interstices whereupon this fine spungy Compage made up of different Cylinders and membranous Orbs groweth highly expanded with thin spirituous and Elastick Particles of Air. In Expiration the Air maketh its retrograde motion out of the Lungs as the receptacles of Air are compressed by the Ribs Diaphragm and weight of the Lungs whereupon the numerous small Tubes of Air and their appendant Sinus grow lank as being lessened also by straight and circular Fibres contracting the Cavities of the fruitful Cylinders and Orbs of Air so that in Expiration it is squeesed out of the smaller Pipes into a greater Tube and so into the larger Portal of the Mouth and afterward confederates with the outward Air as coming from it and being near akin to it in its fluid temper And let us admire and adore with Joy and Eucharist the wondrous contrivance of the Great Architect who hath framed in infinite Power and unspeakable Wisdom the excellent Oeconomy of Nature as made up of variety of Noble parts disposed in excellent order The Body of Man the rule and standard from which all the Bodies of other Animals take their measures may be called an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a kind of Watch or Clock consisting of numerous Wheels moved by variety of Springs as those Wheels of the Gulet Stomach Intestines Arteries and Muscles the greater and stronger engines of Motion are all contracted by Fleshy Fibers acted by the Elastick Particles of Animal Spirits the more refined Atomes of Nervous Liquor And the Oeconomy of the Vital parts the Heart and Lungs seated in the middle Story of Mans Body hath a kind of peculiar Oeconomy somewhat different from that of the other parts of the Body as the Lungs a great machine of Motion are chiefly managed by an external principle by the spring of Air distending its curious Frame consisting of many Cylinders and Orbicular Tunicles as so many Channels and Cisterns of Air. And having taken the little Clock composed of many Respiring Organs in pieces and treated singly of every Wheel of the Intercostal Muscles and Semicircles of Ribs how they are affixed to the column of the Spine and Sternon and of the Circular Diaphragm and of the Lungs as the great Wheel of Life to whose motion all other lesser Wheels are assistant I will now set all these Wheels together and endeavour to shew you the reason and manner of Respiration which is a thing of as great Difficulty as Importance In the order of Nature the motion of the Lungs is first designed as its chief Machine The several parts concerned in the motion of the Lungs made up of various Receptacles of Air but in point of Time this great and other lesser Wheels do celebrate their motions together At the same instant the Intercostal Muscles The Intercostal Muscles Arched Ribs Sternon Diaphragm are engaged in various motions contributing to the main motion of the Lungs The two ranks of Semi-Elliptick Arches of the Ribs seated in both sides have two Extremities the hinder are obliquely fastned in a double movable Articulation with strong Ligaments to the Spine curiously Carved with variety of acute oblique and transvers Processes as to a firm immovable Column The anterior grisly Terminations of many of the Bony Arches are conjoyned in oblique lax Positions to the Sternon as to a Breast-plate So that these extremities of the Ribs may be dilated with the Sternon annexed to them These are called Parallel Bony Semicircles because they observe an equal distance from each other as interspersed with the Intercostal Muscles being thin oblong quadrangular Bodies consisting of a kind of Parallelogramms in Figure The Intercostal Muscles seated between and affixed to the Ribs in oblique Positions consist of two Ranks the one External the other Internal which are furnished with numerous equidistant Fibres intersecting each other The double row of Fibres besetting the Intercostal Muscles The double row of Fibres besetting the Intercostal Muscles was wisely instituted by Nature upon this account to assist each other at sometime in a concurrent motion by reason two ranks of oblique Fibres would else distort the Ribs in the motion of the Breast For instance Suppose the Ribs being parallel with each other in point of Concave Surface it may seem evident when the oblique Fibres are shortned it will disorder the equidistant posture of the Ribs if the different oblique Fibres of several Muscles should move the Ribs in various inward and outward Positions at the same time Therefore it is prudently contrived by Nature that all the Fibres decussating each other and affixed to the Margents of the Ribs should jointly produce the same operation of moving them upward and outward at the same time To give a more clear sight of the manner of Breathing The manner of Respiration I will improve my utmost endeavours to shew you all the Instruments of Respiration moving together as serving each other in a great order and decorum sometimes enlarging the Perimeter of the Thorax â—o give the distended Lungs a free play upon the reception of Air and another time to contract the circumference of the Breast to exclude its effaete reliques in Expiration When the free streams of Air run through the larger Channel of the Aspera Arteria The enlarged dimensions of the Thorax in Inspiration into the lesser Pipes of the Bronchia and its appendant round Tunicles the spungy substanc of the Lungs groweth
Garment doth detain the Effluvia of the Blood and disorder its temper and cause an Effervescence especially if the vital Liquor be vitiated with sharp Saline Particles and surcharged with a quantity of ill Recrements which having a recourse to the Lungs do offend their fine Compage and often provoke a Cough ushering in a Consumption Thus having given some account of a Consumption in point of its Causes an ill mass of Blood as associated with a depraved nervous Liquor and Lympha I will now make bold to speak somewhat in relation to the subject of this Disease the Lungs as they are disposed to the reception of this tabide Malady A Tabide Disease may proceed First A Conception may proceed from an ill conformation of the Breast from the ill conformation of the Breast Secondly from the innate weakness of the Lungs and from a Hereditary indisposition propagated from Consumptive Parents or Thirdly from Antecedent Diseases of the inflammation of the Lungs or Pleura or from frequent Coughing up Blood or from an Empyema To which may be added a gross Air as clogged with noisom Smells and Foggs or envenomed with mineral Exhalations coming out of the Earth which do make ill impressions on the Blood and nervous Liquor rendring it gross and apt to stagnate and putrify inductive of a Tabide Disease destroying the curious soft frame of the Lungs The Conformation of the Breast is very advantageous to the reception of Air into the inward recesses of the Lungs in Inspiration and to the exclusion of Effaete Air mingled with the hot steams of the Blood in Expiration the First is highly promoted by the strong Fibres of the intercostal Muscles and the motion of a well framed Diaphragme and on the other side if these machines of motion be ill framed or affected with some Disease the Thorax cannot be dilated in order to give a free reception to the expanded Lungs in Inspiration hence in deformed persons that have gibbous Backs and narrow Breasts the cavity of the Lungs is so contracted that it intercepts the free play of the Lungs making a difficulty of Breathing and rendreth them obnoxious to a Pthisis proceeding from a gross dispirited and stagnant putrifying mass of Blood caused by the defect of the nitrous elastick Particles of Air not freely received into the Vessels of the Lungs in order to the refinement and exaltation of the Blood The innate weakness of the Lungs The innate weakness of the Lungs disposeth to a Consumption doth very much contribute to their Tabide Affection which consists in a laxe Compage of the Bronchia and Sinus easily permitting the sharp Recrements of the Blood to pass into their Cavities and by reason the carnous Fibres of the Wind-pipe and its Branches are not strong they cannot briskly contract to expel the Blood and its superfluities extravasated in the Cavities of the Bronchia and their appendant Sinus whereupon the stagnant Blood putrifies and corrupts the fine vessels of the Lungs Having entertained you with the procatarctick and conjunct Causes of a Consumption I will take the liberty now to give you a taste of fresh Air Good Air very advantageous to the Lungs in which the Lungs highly please themselves to take their fill as most grateful to Nature to preserve the soft flame of Life consisting in the motion of the Blood which Air promotes by her nitrous elastick Particles whereupon when it is moist and gross as in Fenny Grounds it loseth much of its purity and bounty and discomposeth persons troubled with Coughing and then a serene Air fanned with gentle wind and influenced with a mild heat proves amicable to the Lungs afflicted with some kind of Coughs proceeding from thick Blood abounding with gross sulphureous Particles so that thin Air of the Mountains free from all smoak and gross vapours is very acceptable to persons affected with Coughs that have firm Pipes and Sinus of the Lungs to which the more nitrous sharp elastick Particles of Air are acceptable as being conducive to attenuate and incide the gross chymous Particles of the Blood lodged in the Bronchia and their appendant Cells But on the other side the Persons endued with tender laxe Vessels An over thin Air aggravates the defluxion of humors into the Lungs which are highly opened by thin sharp Recrements distilling out of the extremities of the Bronchial and Pulmonary Arteries into the Cavities of the Bronchia a thin piercing Air big with pure nitrous Particles highly increaseth the Cough and by attenuating the over thin and sharp Recrements of the Blood and by opening the porous and tender frame of the Receptacles of Air doth cause a greater defluxion of acide humours more enraging the Cough in this kind of Consumptive Persons who are less afflicted in the gross smoke and sulphureous Air of Cities that burn Turf and Cole which gratifies Coughs derived from thin acrimonious humors often cured with Sulphureous Balsamick Medicines which are very proper in Ulcers of the Lungs upon this account Sulphur may be called the Balsome of the Lungs when they are oppressed with Coughs flowing from saline Particles brought to a Fluor affecting the Blood which being extravasated in the empty spaces of the Lungs do highly irritate their membranous frame endued with acute sense by violent Coughing which the thick sulphureous parts of Air as giving some allay to the nitrous Particles do much appease and in some degree take off the Acidities of the Blood Lympha and nervous Liquor and make way for the cure of Consumptive Coughs produced by sharp acrimonious Humors As to the Prognosticks of a Cough The Prognosticks of a Cough they are not dangerous in strong healthy Bodies who have a firm Compage of Lungs not affected with gross or sharp saline Recrements and free from an acute Fever But in sickly Persons Divers kinds of humors expectorated by Coughing inclining to a Consumption that are tortured with violent Coughing proceeding from thick clammy Humors sometimes Yellow and other times Greenish there is imminent danger especially if the great Cough be accompanied with high dejection of Spirit and decay of the fleshy parts difficulty of Breathing and a constant slow Fever derived from the Effervescence of the Blood and when the Disease groweth more prevalent wherein the Spittle becometh highly discoloured as gross and putrid flowing from an Ulcer of the Lungs attended with a Hectick Fever coming from the Ulcerous Matter infecting the Blood in its passage through the Lungs and with frequent cold Sweats arguing the great decay of the vital heat and strength and then the Disease hath little of hope as being accompanied with fatal symptomes In order to the cure of this Disease The First Indication of a Cough Three Indications are offered The First is To take a way the unkindly heat of the Blood productive of Defluction of serous Recrements destilling into the Bronchia and appendant Sinus of the Lungs The Second
Linseed-Oil and Sugar and oxymel of Squills mixed with simple oxymel Syrup of Maiden Strong Purgatives are dangerous in a Peripneumonia Liquorice and strong Purgatives are not proper in this disease lest they should enrage the boiling Blood and carry it more freely into the offended noble parts In this case Opiates may not be advised in great watchfulness Opiates are disadvantageous in this case by reason they incrassate the Blood and increase the difficulty of breathing in hindring Expectoration and render the stagnated Blood more impacted in the small Air-pipes and their appendant Sinus in the Lungs Testaceous Powders of Crabs Eies Pearl Sugar of Pearl Salt of Prunel Diaphoreticks and Diureticks are safe and mild Diureticks are very beneficial in this Disease And some drops of tincture of Saffron or Spirit of Saffron Spirit of Tartar Spirit of Niter often rectified with Spirit of Wine may be given in a draught of the Pectoral Decoction often in a day to which may be added in the preparing of it some Flowers of Red or Field Poppy If the pain of the Breast be urgent Topicks may be applied to the Breast in this disease and in reference to help Expectoration Ointments made with Oil of Mace Ointment of Marshmallows Oil of Linseed mixed with Orange-flower Butter may be applied to the Breast with Lawn Paper Some Cases may be given of this Disease As First a Person of Quality An instance of a Peripneumonia a Knight of the Bath was highly afflicted with a violent pain in his Foot whereupon a Pultice was imprudently applyed without the advice of a Physician which repelled the Goutish humor was afterward transmitted into the small Arterial Branches of the Bronchia and their appendant Cells wherein the gross clammy Blood setling in the Vessels or their empty spaces caused an Inflammation of the Lungs accompanied with a great Fever and Thirst and pricking pain and much spitting of Blood and a most difficult Breathing even almost to Suffocation In order to the Cure I advised Blood-letting with a large Orifice of the pierced Vein and a free Hand whereupon he found some alleviation I also advised proper pectoral Apozemes made up of inciding and attenuating Ingredients and various Lambitives in great difficulty of breathing I gave him Elixir Proprietatis and Spirit of Harts-horn and Spirit of Saffron are good either given of themselves or best in a draught of Pectoral Decoction whereupon he expectorated a great quantity of gross clammy Matter mixed with Blood I also prescribed often Blood-letting to the Patient as having a very strong Pulse and a very large mass of Blood which succeeded very well it being accompanied with variety of Pectoral Medicines whereupon the Patient was perfectly recovered to his former health to the Glory of God and the great joy of his Physician and Friends A worthy Knights Lady was highly afflicted with a Fever Another instance of an Inflammatiof the Lungs great difficulty of Breathing and a large quantity of Blood expectorated with thin spittle plainly shewing this distemper to be an Inflammation of the Lungs and to appease it I often advised a Vein to be freely opened in the beginning of the Disease but she was inexorable after great sollicitations and being struck with a great dread upon the motion of Bleeding would not submit to the Lancet so that the generous remedy of Bleeding being not administred she paid dear for its neglect even to the loss of her Life which could not be purchased by the application of many excellent pectoral Medicines CHAP. LV. Of the Abscess of the Lungs IN an Inflammation of the Lungs The cause of an Abscess of the Lungs the substance of the Bronchia and Sinus are distended with a quantity of gross Blood either setled in the small Ramulets of the bronchial and pulmonary Arteries or extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels so that the Blood cannot be received into the Origens of the Veins and carried into the Left Ventricle of the Heart which chiefly happens when Blood-letting is omitted which if celebrated would have lessened the quantity of Blood and diverted its current from the Lungs and sollicited the stagnated Blood in order to motion into the extremities of the capillary pulmonary Veins which Nature being not able to make good the stagnated Blood loseth its tone and groweth corrupted and its Albuminous part is separated from the Purple Liquor and turned into a Pus whence ensueth an Aposteme which is a collection of purulent Matter in the substance of the Bronchia and membranous Cells annexed to them which became putride by the sharp indisposition of the Pus received into their Cavities which being very sensible of their burden as composed of nervous and carnous Fibres contracting themselves to expel the corrupt matter of the Abscess through the greater and less Air-pipes of the Lungs into the Mouth An Aposteme of them An Aposteme called Vomica Pulmonum called Vomica Pulmonum is much akin to that produced in a Peripneumonia only it is mere Pus generated without a Fever Inflammation Cough and spitting secretly and of a suddain and worketh so inwardly without the notice of any symptome that it cutteth off the Patient in a moment by suffocation before the Disease can be discovered Learned Tulpius giveth an account of this disaffection lib. 2. cap. 10. Vitium hoc Pulmonis Vomicam innuens latet inter initia ita clanculum ut vix ulla sui proferat indicia praeter Tussiculam primo siccam mox humidam qui aliquandiu continuante trahitur difficulter spiritus deficit anima emarcescit paulatim corpus licet interim nec Pus nec Sanguinem prae se ferunt sputa sed si rumpatur inopinato vomica occiditur dictum ac factum homo But I humbly conceive that this kind of Abscess is not always mortal A Vomica Pulmonum not always deadly and no way proceedeth from a Peripneumonia or Pthisis but a weak disposition of the Lungs inclining them to putrefaction and doth not always come of a suddain but insensibly and by degrees whereby the Pus having its first Origen from some depraved humor groweth more and more matured and by its caustick quality corrodeth the Bronchia and Sinus appendant to them and streameth in the Cavities of the Wind-pipe and is at last ejected the confines of the Body This Disease if its nature be inspected according to its continent cause may be styled a true Abscess produced in the Lungs from some impure Recrements or Heterogeneous parts of the Blood apt to be turned into Pus which being secerned from the more refined are lodged in some or many Cells appendant to the Bronchia and are there confined within some proper Membrane These impure parts of the Blood are not endued with any great Acrimony productive of a Cough neither have any great Effervescence proper to a Fever which is very small if any in a Vomica Pulmonum these vitious humors
fore-part and Pupil of the Eye The Cristalline Humor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or ill colour of the Cristalline Humor as losing its native constitution is liable to diverse Diseases amongst which the First may be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when the Cristalline Liquor quitteth its innate disposition and groweth somewhat Opace in being turned Greyish or Blewish whereupon it is not duely receptive of the visible Images of things The cause of this Disease is The cause of a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when the Cristalline Humor is somewhat dryed and condensed in old age which is incurable this Disease may be discerned by reason a kind of Whiteness appeareth deep in the Eye through which the Objects are represented to the Retina as through a Cloud or Smoak A cause of another Disease relating to the Cristalline Humor may be the ill situation of it when the anterior Region somewhat resembling the Figure of a large Lentil is not seated directly opposite to the Pupil but is too much elevated or depressed but if one Eye hath the Cristalline Humor duly seated and the other unduly all Objects appear double but if both the Eyes have one kind of ill situation they only dull the Sight without any gemination of the Object The ill placing of the Cristalline Humor may proceed from some violent motion of a stroke or fall or from the Birth by an ill Conformation of the part If the Cristalline Humor be divided by some ill accident the Objects are represented double in some sort resembling a Looking-Glass broken into diverse parts which give many Reflections of the same Object according to the various pieces of Glass The vitreous Humor of the Eye may recede from its due transparency The grossness of the vitreous Humor as well as the Cristalline when it loseth its Purity as fouled by some gross Recrements Whereupon the visible species cannot be conveyed through it with cleareness to make due Appulses upon the Retina so that the Sight is more or less darkned as the vitreous Humor groweth more or less opace The undue situation of the vitreous Humor very much incommodes the Sight when it is not directly placed against the Pupil CHAP. XVI Of the Diseases of the Optick Nerves and the Retina and their Cures THe chief Diseases afflicting the Eye by reason of the Optick Nerves is called by the Latines Gutta Serena by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Gutta Serena when the Sight is abolished without any manifest disaffection infesting the Eye which is produced by many Causes The First cause of a Gutta Serena The First may be an Obstruction flowing from a gross Nervous Liquor not received into the Origen of the Nerves seated in the Cortex of the Brain whereupon the animal Spirits are intercepted in their passage into the Retina so that the Appulses of visible Objects cannot be discerned The Second Cause of a Gutta Serena may be derived from Compression The Second cause of it wherein stagnated Blood or gross chymous Humors or Pus in an Aposteme may compress the Extremities of the Nervous Fibres placed in the Cortex of the Brain whence the current of the Animal Liquor and Spirits are stopped in their progress through the Optick Nerves into the seat of Vision A Third Cause of the Gutta Serena may be fetched from the laceration of the carotide Arteries inserted into the Cortex The Third cause which is overcharged with Blood compressing the beginning of the Nerves seated in the ambient parts of the Brain A Fourth Cause may proceed from the Convulsive motions of the Origen of the nervous Fibrils hindring the influx of the animal Liquor and Spirits into the Retina the subject of Vision And the disaffection of the Nerves The optick Nerves may be a Fourth cause is not only the cause of a Gutta Serena but the animal Spirits too which ought to be Serene and not mixed with gross and dark Vapours which spoil the clearness of the animal Liquor and do destroy or at least lessen the Sight Another Cause of the Gutta Serena may be derived from the inordinate motion of the animal Spirits A Fifth cause of a Gutta Serena is an irregular motion of the Animal Spirits not being capable to be received into the Origens of the Nerves seated in the Cortex of the Brain whereby the Sight is either lessened or abolished as it is very conspicuous in vertiginous dispositions of the Brain Sometimes a Gutta Serena hath happened upon the taking of a violent Vomitory or Purge highly agitating the nervous Liquor and Blood affected with gross Chyme whereupon the Origens of the Nerves are sometimes compressed and other times obstructed hindring the progress of the animal Liquor and Spirits into the Nerves The Cure of this Disease is performed by Purging Medicines The cure of a Gutta Serena discharging the gross Humors setled about the beginning of the Nervous Fibrils afterward in Plethorick Bodies Bleeding may be prescribed which proveth often very effectual in the removal of a Gutta Serena Apozemes also made of the Flowers of Betony Rosemary Sage Lavender Lime Lilly of the Valley mixed with the Leaves of Eye-bright Salendine the great Mountain-Sage and after the Decoction is made Millepedes may be infused which do open the obstruction of the optick Nerves and clear up the animal Spirits and refine the gross nervous Liquor Also Friction of the outward parts may be beneficial to thin the Blood and make good its circulation to hinder its stagnancy in the Cortex about the Origens of the Nerves and to this end Cupping-Glasses may be applyed to the Back Shoulders and Neck Blistering Plaisters may be used between the Shoulders and to the hinder part and sides of the Neck to draw off the Humors from setling in the ambient parts of the Brain where the extremities of the nervous Fibrils are seated Cauticks applied to the hinder part of the Neck do often divert the offensive Matter of the Gutta Serena from the Head or in their place a Setaceum may be administred which is of great use in this Disease Diet-drinks made of Sarza-parilla Guaicum Sassafras mixed with specificks for the Eyes often prove very advantageous as they provoke Sweat and discharge ill Humors offensiveto the Nerves animal Spirits and Liquor Electuaries made of Conserve of Roses Flowers of Betony Lime Lilly of the Valley Condite Mirabolans Powder of Eyebright Salendine the great Vervain and that of Millepedes mixed and made up with Syrup of Lime-Flowers or Lillys of the Valley may be taken three times a day drinking after it a draught of a cephalick Apozeme To corroborate the Brain and Eyes after other Medicines have been premised Cephalick Powders may be sprinkled upon the Hair as also Fumes of the same nature may be received into the Nostrils and Caps made of Cophalicks and Spices may be very useful in a Gutta Serena The Retina or Retiform Tunicle
is not to be parted from them but to be reduced to its proper situation whereupon it will be agglutinated to the Skull by the apposition of a clammy or callous Matter uniting them to each other as Learned Celsus an antient Chyrurgeon hath well observed which Paraeus hath confirmed by his experience Cap. 9. De partium vulneribus Pag. 274. Hujus rei veritatem certa experientia in capitaneo Hydron non ita pridem comprobavi Illi Ossis Coronalis portio media tres digitos longa lataque ense valido sic excisa erat ut jam viciniae osseae non cohaereret sed vix pericranio cuti musculosae adhaerens in faciem inversa procumberet ac crassam meningem oculis subjiceret itaque ipsam a sua cute revulsam parabam adjicere in Hipocratici illius praecepti in mentem venisset quo cautum est cerebrum operculo suo exarmare nudum relinquere Quare sanguinem qui in crassam meningem cujus motum oculis erat percipere exciderat primo quoque tempore abstersi ossis provolutam portionem suo loco reddidi ex superna parte Sutura tribus punctibus adacta acu stabilivi atque quò reliqua saniei pateret effluxus interjectas vulneris rimas linamentis complevi Hac arte factum est ut etsi eodem illo tempore multis aliis ingentibus vulneribus Corpus confossum haberet per Dei tamen misericordiam convaluerit exemplo certissimo nihil neque Cranii neque Pericranii ac ne Musculosae quidem Cutis quidquam nisi poscente necessitate abjiciendum multo vero minus ut cerebrum suis operculis nudum maneat committendum The Fifth kind of the wound of the Skull is called by the Latines The Fifth kind of a Sedes called Contrafissura Contrafissura when it is made in some opposite place to the stroke or fall and is described by Hipocrates in his Book De Capitis Vulneribus after this manner 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Os sub vulnere frangitur alia capitis parte quam quae ulcus est Os nudatum est Quintus hic modus est Huicque calamitati nullis remediis subvenias Neque enim ubi istud contingit quanam ratione istud homo patiatur aut quanam Capitis parte ex ejus percunctatione deprehendas The Great Master of our Art calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Infortunium and denoteth those surprised with this Disease to be unfortunate as being ignorant of the seat of their malady whereupon the Physician is left in the dark till the Disease having got too great a head becomes incurable Learned Sennertus giveth this account of it Accidit autem contrafissura ex resultu ictus in partem a plaga distantem ad resistendum minus aptum Dum enim aer in diploe vocata hoc est in Meditullio Cranii seu inter utramque laminam conclusus vehementer ex ictu alterius loci agitatur impellitur undique fit ut loco alter Calvae solidae allisus ipsam perfringat This Disease admitteth diverse kinds The diverse kinds of a Contrafissure The First The First may be when the Bone struck and wounded being seated in different places in a Contrafissure happens to be both in the same Bone The Second kind is when the outward Table being struck The Second remaineth sound and the inward is wounded The Third is The Third kind when the struck Bone is parted from the wounded by some Suture The Fourth kind of a Contrafissure may be The Fourth kind of a Contrafissure when a blow being inflicted upon some part of the Head and the Blood-vessels of the Dura or Pia Mater are wounded in a place distant from the blow which being given against the hinder part of the Skull hath broken the vessels seated in the anterior part of the Dura or Pia Menynx causing a Flux of Blood to be discharged through the Nostrils Having given a description of several kinds of Diseases relating to the Skull The Prognosticks relating to the wounds of the Skull it may seem not improper to shew their Prognosticks which may be of great use to arm our selves with a true Prognostick when we cannot make a Cure which speaketh our Skill and giveth satisfaction that we are not mistaken in the knowledge of the Disease The wounds of the Skull as being an Integument of the most noble part of the whole Body do threaten great danger as often affecting the Membranes and substance of the Brain The danger is less when one Table is wounded A small Fissure of the Skull is very dangerous and greater when both are divided and when the Fissure is small it hath most of danger and less in a Sedes when the wound is broad and not deep without any Contusion or Fissure The wound of both Tables is often fatal which when made through both the Laminae is attended with a Flux of Blood coming from the lacerated vessels falling down upon the Dura Mater often productive of an Apoplexy from compressing the Origens of the Nerves and intercepting the Influx of animal Liquor The fracture of the inward Table is sometimes accompanied with shivers of the Skull which do prick the Coats of the Brain and produce dreadful symptomes which prove very fatal especially if the fragments of the broken Skull do penetrate the substance of the Brain In hidden Fractures and Contusions the Meditullium is often wounded and its vessels broken whereupon it is filled with extravasated Blood which putrifies and corrupts the Skull Wounds are dangerous in the Sutures in reference to the weakness of the Skull and by reason some part of the Dura Mater is fastned by Fibrils to the Interstices of the Sutures Depressions of the Skull are not safe Divers dangerous Diseases follow the depression of the Skull because there is but a little space between the Skull and the Brain whereupon it being compressed is often engaged in ill accidents which are of Two kinds which follow the affections of the substance of the Brain and its neighbouring parts as a Convulsion Palsy Sopor Stupor Delirium and a Fever A Second kind of Symptomes is less terrible and follows the commotion of the animal Liquor and Spirits whence Patients are deprived of their Speech Hearing and Sight which often return without any great prejudice The ill symptoms of the wounds of the Skull Accidents coming in the beginning of wounds of the Head as pain of the Head and bleeding of the Nose or the disturbance of the animal Spirits are not deadly and ill symptomes arising about the state of the Disease are worse by reason they denote a collection of Pus or sanious Matter c. And if a Fever doth appear about the Fourth or Seventh day it proceedeth from the generation of Pus and if the Fever happens after that time it may have a more sad consequence as denoting the corruption of the coats or substance of the
of the capillary internal Jugulars are not capable to receive it whence arise greater or less tumors of the Membranes by the undue detention of more or less Blood stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels And furthermore the several Sinus of the Brain are then overcharged with so great quantities of Vital Liquor when the more minute Chanels of the Jugulars below are not sufficient to admit the great plenty of Blood transmitted to them Of which be pleased to take this instance A Gentleman of Quality of a Plethorick constitution in the flower of his age An instance of an Inflammation of the Coats of the Brain taking too great a freedom in the larger draughts of ill Wine fell into a dangerous continued Fever accompanied with a fierce Erysipelas signified in prodigious Tumors full of Blisters and Pimples in the Neck and Face and the Eye-lids so tumified that he was wholly blind and in this extremity he sent for a Chymist as I conceive a better Operator then Physician more skilled in the preparing then due administration of Medicines who giveth him a Purgative in the hight of his Disease A strong Purgative not good in an Inflammation of the Head which worked freely with him and strangly discomposing him brought him a great Stupor upon which he was deprived of Sense and Speech a small time after the working of the Purgative Nature labouring under a double violence of a Medicine and a Disease whereupon his Friends sent to me to visit the Patient desperately sick and finding by their observation that the swelling of his Face and Neck suddenly fell with the loss of his Sense and Speech upon the plentiful operation of the Medicine I had reason to believe that the Blood before stagnant in the Face and Neck moving from the Circumference to the Center had a speedy recourse from the ambient parts by the external Jugulars into the descendent Trunk of the Cava and was thence transmitted through the right Ventricle and Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence imported by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and internal Carotide Arteries into the Membranes and substance of the Brain in so great a quantity that it intercepted by compressing the Fibres of the Brain the influx of the Animal Spirits into the Nerves the instruments of Sense Motion and Language proceeding from the stagnation of Blood whence also arose a great redness and tumor of the Membranes of the Brain whereupon I immediately ordered the Neck being swelled a Vein to be opened in the Arm a large Orifice to be made for the freer emission of gross Blood to quicken its motion from the Head towards the Heart and some hours after I repeated the Blood-letting and ordered Cupping-Glasses to be applied with deep scarifyings but all in vain as being not able relieve the Patient with Bleeding and the best Cephalick Medicines both inwardly taken and outwardly applied the Patient being a worthy Person I hope through God's mercy he most happily exchanged his lower station for a better above And in a decent time after his departure I ordered an expert Chyrurgeon to take off his Scalpe and Skull where I found underneath all things answer our expectation and out of the third Sinus immediately gushed out a Rivulet of Blood and all the Capillary Arteries which are so small naturally that they can be hardly discerned were here very large and conspicuous in the Dura and Pia Mater which were most prodigiously swelled and inflamed to the admiration of the Beholders the Blood being setled in the Spaces between the Vessels in so great a plenty that the Veins were not able to discharge it And the Sinus were surcharged with so much Blood that the Jugulars below were not in a capacity to employ them Whence is derived an Inflammation of the Coats of the Brain above the course of the Blood being intercepted in the Veins below they being not sufficient to reconvey it out of the substance of the Membranes whence the Blood stagnating doth lose its Tone and its Compage growing loose the Cristalline part doth separate from the Red Crassament and turning corrupt doth degenerate into a Purulent Matter the immediate subject of an Abscess which being affected with a kind of Caustick quality corrodeth sometimes the Dura and other times the Pia Mater which being Perforated determineth in Ulcers affecting the Cortex and substance of the Brain accompanied with a Stupor and Sopor the fore-runners of a fatal Apoplex And farther It may be conceived and not altogether without reason that the Coats of the Brain are the subject of the Epilepsy as they are the Organs of Sense and Motion and as they are endued with a great number of Nervous Fibres with which the most part of the substance of the Membranes of the Brain is composed and are dispersed all over it And these Coats do not only invest the Brain but insinuate themselves into the inward Recesses and Fissures of it and the Cerebellum whereupon the Animal Liquor being infected with Nitro-Sulphureous and other malignant Particles passing into the numerous Fibres of the Membranes of the Brain do highly irritate those tender Sensitive Filaments putting themselves upon various inordinate and convulsive motions in order to discharge the noisome Epileptick Matter that so greatly offendeth them and the Membranes not only investing the Cortex but also the Medullary Processes being highly contracted do compress the Brain and hinder the entercourse of the Animal Liquor and Spirits disturbing the sensitive and nobler Intellectual Operations and do also being hurried with violent concussions draw the appendant Nerves into consent affecting them and the Muscular parts with most fierce and Convulsive Motions most terrible to behold The Cephalalgia or Pain of the Head is seated principally The description of the Pain of the Head if not wholly in the Dura and Pia Menynx and may be as I conceive defined a troublesome sensation of the numerous minute Fibres integrating the Membranes of the Brain flowing from the solution of the Continuity And according to the greater or less extent is called Universal or Particular Universal when all parts of the Membranes are affected and Particular called Hemicrania when one side of the Head or the Sinciput or Occiput are molested And in the Cephalalgia I shall give you a short History of the parts affected the Essence Causes and Differences As to the subject of it it is chiefly found in the Nervous Fibres of the Membranes of the Brain which being endued with acute sense do easily suffer pain proceeding from some disproportioned object wherein the Fibres are over-much extended with Matter is so highly contracted and as it were convulsed with acid Saline Particles causing a violation of the continuity of the Nervous Filaments composing the Coats of the Brain So that wheresoever pain doth arise in the Nervous parts the Ratio formalis of it consisteth in this That the Animal Spirits being
Blood being impelled through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where as I humbly conceive it receiveth the Tincture of a Liquor distilling out of the nervous Fibres implanted into the Bronchia Vesicles and Coats of the Arteries of the Lungs and afterward the Blood being meliotated with nervous Liquor is received into the extremities of the pulmonary Veins and transmitted into the Left Ventricle of the Heart wherein it is farther hightened by a Juyce coming out of the Fibres ending into the inward Coat of the Left Sinus from whence it is thrown first into the common and then into the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta whose outward Coat is encircled with many divarications of Nerves inserted into the inward Recesses of this great Artery so that the Blood passing through it and the carotide Arteries is embodied with a choice Liquor dropping out of the terminations of nervous Fibrils and afterward imported into the Cortex of the Brain as a Systeme of many small Glands in which is made a percolation of the vital Liquor by severing the more mild part from the Red Crassament This gentle Liquor is exalted by the volatil Salt of the Brain and is mixed with nitrous elastick Particles of Air First imparted to the Blood in the Lungs and afterward conveyed with it through the Heart and the ascendent Trunk and carotide Arteries into the Cortex into which also the Air received by the Nostrils is carried through the Os spongiosum into the Ventricles of the Brain and through the porous parts of various Processes into the ambient parts of the Brain where the Air embodieth with the serous parts of the Blood secerned from the Purple Liquor in the substance of the Cortical Glands and highly improveth it with its active nitrous elastick Particles very much enobled with aethereal minute Bodies derived from the Caelestial Influxes of the Sun and other Planets so that this exalted spirituous Liquor is first generated in the Cortex of the Brain from whence it is transmitted into the Origens of numerous Fibrils taking their rise in the Cortical Glands and afterward propagated by many minute Fibres through the various Processes of the Brain to the Trunks of the Nerves First appearing about the Medulla oblongata and then the Animal Liquor is carried between the Filaments of greater and less branches of Nerves into all parts of the Body to give them Sense Motion and Nourishment of which I intend now to give a brief account The Parenâ—hyma of the Viscera and Muscular Parts chiefly made up of greater and smaller Vessels consisting of Trunks and many Branches Ramulets and Capillaries of Blood-vessels and Plexes and Fibres of Nerves Lymphaeducts and also Membranes which are fine Contextures composed for the most part of numerous Fibrils curiously interwoven interspersed with many Branches of various Sanguiducts The Blood is impelled out of the terminations of the Arteries The manner how Nutrition is performed into the spaces running between the Vessels wherein its more mild and cristalline part embodies with a fine Liquor distilling out of the extremities of the Nerves so that the greatest part of the Blood being mixed with the nervous Juyce in the Interstices of the Vessels insinuates it self through the minute Pores of the Coats relating to the Vessels and Fibres of Membranes so that the Atomes of the Succus nutricius agreeing in shape and size with the Pores of the Coats of the Vessels and other Membranes is carried into their most inward Recesses where it groweth more solid and by a kind of accretion uniteth it self to the body of the Vessels and Membranes and becometh one entire substance with them which is called Assimilation chiefly acted by nervous Liquor inspiring the serous parts of the Blood with Animal Spirits giving a power to the Succus nutricius fitly to accresce and configure it self to the unequal inward surfaces of the lank solid parts by replenishing their spaces rendred empty by the heat of the Blood opening the Pores of the Body and breathing out constant Effluvia CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Animal Spirits HAving Treated of the Animal Liquor I deem it methodical to give you an account of the Animal Spirits the more refined Particles of the nervous Juyce generated in the Cortex And indeed nothing I think conduceth more to the knowledge of the admirable Fabrick and use of the Cortex and all other Processes of the Brain then in some sort to be master of the subtle notion of the Animal Spirits These great Ministers of State by which the Souls Glorious Empress of this Microcosme giveth her Commands to the rational Function as the more noble and to the Sensitive as her meaner Subjects That we may more methodically proceed in the curious scrutiny of the intricate Nature of the Animal Spirits The parts of this Discourse relating to the Animal Spirits I make bold to propound these Five Remarkables to you The place of the Brain wherein they are conceived The Matter of which they are generated The manner how they are propagated The Subject in which they reside and act and the uses of them As to the place in which they have their first Conception The seat of the Animal Spirits there is a great controversy among the Masters of our Art some placing it in the Plexus Choroeides others in the Ventricles a Third in the Glandula Pinealis A Fourth in the external Arteries And a Fifth in the substance of the Brain Galenus sanguinem e corde prolatum The seat of the production of Animal Spirits is the Rete Mirabile according to Galen in reti mirabili fieri animalem asserit e quo effundatur in Ventriculos This minute Plexe of the Rete mirabile cannot furnish Blood enough it being composed of small Carotides to supply the Brain with so large a proportion of Animal Spirits as are requisite to irradiate the great Orb of the Brain and the numerous Nerves springing out of it Other eminent Physitians place it in the Plexus Choroeides Others place it in the Plexus Choroiedes conceiving the Animal Spirits to be elaborated in it which if true doth suppose a separation of the serous parts of the Blood producing the Animal Spirits from the Red Crassament but the contrary is very evident to Sense and Incision being made into the Plexus Choroeides Blood immediately gusheth out tinged with a perfect Red no way inclining to an Albuminous Colour the true hue of the nervous Liquor plainly discernible in the substance of the Brain of Fishes and Birds whose Brains upon Incision are bedewed freely with Animal Juyces distilling out of the wounded Fibrils of the Brain Regius Others place their Generation in the Ventricles of the Brain Mercatus Laurentius Riolanus and many Arabian Physitians place the generation of the Animal Spirits in the Ventricles those meaner chambers of the Brain Laurentius speaking of the Animal Spirits Fit itaque in plexibus tantum praeparatio in ventriculis
autem coctio elaboratioque alioqui frustra esse ut conditi sinus quatuor quos partes esse cerebri nobilissimas omnes admittant quum ex eorum compressione vulnere praecipitem mortem quotidie observamus If these Animal Spirits consisting of volatil parts should be formed in these Sinus of the Brain they would be so unconfined in these larger rooms where embodying with Air they would soon exhale through the Os Spongiosum and the freer Cavities of the Nostrils Learned Diemerbroeck giveth this account of a Student in Law dead of a wound made in the Right Ventricle Saith he Aperto prius Cranio gladium ingressum fuisse orbitam unius oculi in oculo nempe majori ipsi oculo tamen illaeso per superiorem dextrum Ventriculum penetrasse hic tamen juvenis nullis actionibus animalibus privatus fuit quod certum indicium erat Spiritus e Ventriculo per latum vulnus effluxisse mente sanus bene videns audiens gustans omnesque partes bene movens ac cum sociis convenienter bono cum judicio quacunque de re disserens vixit per decem dies atque tum supervenienti febre vehementiore bidui spacio extinctus est Ingenious Descartes his Opinion is near akin to this saying in his First Book De Homine circa finem Spiritus Animales per arteriolarum plexus Choroeidis angustias e sanguine arterioso separari in glandula pineali atque ex ea infundi in Ventriculos nec alio modo differre a spiritibus vitalibus The Animal Spirits are not generated in the Glandula Pinealis quam sint tenuissimae partes aliis separatae alio duntaxat nomine donatae If it were granted which is very improbable That the Animal Spirits creeping through the small channels of the Plexus Choroeides should be separated in the Glandula Pinealis yet the acute Author would meet with a greater difficulty how this very minute Gland furnished only with a small Carotide branch could propagate such a large store of Animal Spirits to accommodate the large territory of the Brain and the greater outlets of the Nerves derived from it with which the Glandula Pinealis holdeth little or no correspondence having only two small Nerves peculiar to this Gland which do no where perforate the Skull as subservient to any other part And last of all The Animal Spirits do not differ from the Vital according to Descartes the Authors words do assert the Animal Spirits not to differ from the vital being only thin Particles separated from them and only called by another name which Opinion I humbly conceive doth labour under great difficulties because the Animal Spirits are of a different ingeny and disposition from the vital these being of a more hot and sulphureous Nature and the other consist of a more delicate gentle heat and mild temper founded in an Albuminous Matter composed of temperate qualities and soft saline Particles seated in the more refined parts of the Animal Liquor which is as much distinguishable from Blood as the Red Crassament is from the serous Juyce which is separated from the vital Liquor not in the Glandula Pinealis but in the Cortex of the Brain And the Animal Spirits are not to be considered in an abstracted notion as denuded from a Subject but to be taken concretely as they involve a matter with which they coexist The Animal Spirits are the most refined Particles of the nervous Liquor because the Animal Spirits are nothing but the most spirituous and active parts of the nervous Liquor to which they are most intimately united giving it vigor and perfection After the same manner as the Spirit giveth life and briskness to Wine without which it groweth faint and pawl losing its gust and usefulness and name being called no more truly Vinum but Vappa and as Blood being long extravasated is bereaved of its nimble spirituous Particles and degenerates into an earthy substance at once losing its nature and name and cannot be well called Sanguis but Cruor in like manner the Compage of the nervous Liquor being loosened and the bond of mixtion untied the tone of the Animal Liquor is wholly lost when its noble and generous vigorous parts the Animal Spirits quit their subject so that the nervous Juice is turned into a Recrement at the approaches of death at once giving a period to Sense and Motion the sad effects of a Spiritless Animal Liquor when it is not improved with store of milder volatil salt superabundant in the ambient parts of the Brain Again these serene lucid Particles cannot formally reside in the dense opaque parts of the Blood but in the more Transparent Cristalline body of the nervous Liquor highly exalted with most clear Particles of the Animal Spirits do illustrate the Two Hemisphaeres of the Brain and the Nerves streaming out of them with their brighter Rays Last of all Sylvius his Opinion that the Animal Spirits are generated in the Cortical Vessels of the Brain Sylvius in his Fourth Disputation and the 25th Thesis affirmeth the Animal Spirits to be elaborated in the vessels branched through the ambient parts of the Brain according to his own subsequent words Suspicamur sanguinem a corde per Arterias Carotides cervicales sursum appellentem partim transire in ipsam cerebri cerebellique substantiam Medullarem ad eorundem vivificationem nutritionem partim secundum ipsorum superficiem deduci per ramos ipsarum Capillares ad Spirituum Animalium elaborationem which he farther explaineth in the 29th Thesis Suspicamur praeterea per Capillarium Arteriolarum poros penetrare sanguinis partem spirituosam in Cerebri cerebellique corticem cinerum hinc in mediam substantiam albicantem atque in hoc transitu liberari parte sui aquea penitissime ipsi adhaerente non absimili modo illi quo per spongiam Oleo imbutam cerebri Medullae sub pingui hactenus Consimilem secernitur separatur uti loqui solent Chymici rectificatur a suo phlegmate Spiritus vini purissimus Spiritui Animali natura sua proxime accedens And here I cannot but admire Sylvius his excellent simile wherein he endeavoureth to illustrate the rare work of Nature in the production of Animal Spirits by the ingenious Art of Chymistry in drawing off the Spirit of Wine but in this the witty Author seemeth to fail in asserting the elaboration of the Animal Spirits to be performed when the most spirituous part of the Blood insinuateth it self through the Pores of the capillary Arteries into the Cortex and thence into the Medulla of the Brain where he saith it is separated from its watry parts by the unctuous substance of the Brain and after the manner of the spirituous Particles of Wine drawn off from its Phlegme in distillation by a Spunge besprinkled with Oil and may saith he nearly approach the nature of Animal Spirits which are not as I conceive with this Learned Authors leave the most
spirituous sulphureous parts of the Blood The Animal Spirits are the more mild parts of the nervous Liquor transmitted out of the capillary Arteries into the substance of the Cortex but the more mild and delicate Particles of the serous Liquor drawn off from the more fierce sulphureous Red fibrous parts of the Blood which are returned in circulation by the Jugulars and the more gentle spirituous parts are left behind being separated in the Interstices of the vessels of the cortical Glands and thence transmitted into the extremities of the tender Fibrils implanted into the Cortex The manner how the Animal Spirits are generated And this Discourse fairly bringeth me from the place wherein the Animal Spirits take their first rise to the manner how they are propagated by secretion and to the Matoria substrata out of which they are generated which is not the Purple Liquor as it is highly concocted by great heat and repeated circulations whence it groweth exalted with quantities of hot oily qualities or on the other side for want of regular motion and due heat is depressed with Crudities growing gross with Recrements or rendred acrimonious with fixed saline Parts or depauperated by serous Faeculencies Wherefore the vital Liquor impelled out of the greater Cisterns of the Heart into the lesser Chanels of the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and thereby the more minute Rivulets of the carotide Arteries are not only implanted into the Coats investing the Brain but also into the substance of the cortical Glands as so many Compages made up of many distinct vessels of Arteries Veins and minute nervous Fibrils interspersed with very many small spaces interceding the Vessels into which the Blood being transmitted the more gentle Cristalline parts of the Succus nutricius impregnated with mild volatil saline Atomes are secerned from the more fiery sulphureous and fixed Salt of the Red Crassament in the cortical Glands which are so many Colatories of the Animal Liquor so that the more refined parts of this choice Succus are separated from the grosser and more adust parts of the Blood which is performed in the ambient parts of the Brain where this soft nervous Liquor meeteth with Air first transmitted through the Os Ethmoeides into the Ventricles and thence through the Pores of the Medulla into the secret passages of the Cortical Glands in which the pure and subtle Particles of Air do incorporate with the depurated Succus Nutricius and highly attenuate it rendring it more fluid and volatil till at last the Succus Nutricius is more and more inspired with new spirituous aethereal Particles of Air exalted with solar and other planetary influences and is more and more impregnated with mild volatil Salt imparted from the Cortical Glands so that the more subtle active Particles of this refined Succus are called the Animal Spirits But some may enquire in what Subject these Animal Spirits are lodged The subject of Animal Spirits is the nervous Liquor To which it may be replied in the Nervous Liquor which I conceive is not a subject of Inhaefion because the Animal Spirits do not exist in the nervous Liquor Tanquam accidens in subjecto sed tanquam substantiale in substantiali tanquam anima in corpore the Animal Spirits being the Form and the Nervous Liquor the Matter which receiveth its vigor and activity from them The Animal Spirits do not subsist of themselves Learned Diemerbroeck denieth the very existence of the Nervous Liquor and maketh the Animal Spirits to subsist of themselves separate from it And according to this notion of the Animal Spirits abstractly taken from any subject he giveth this definition of them Sunt autem Spiritus Animales halitus invisibiles tenuissimi ac volatiles potissimum ex salsis sanguinis particulis paucissimisque sulphureis maxime volatilibus in cerebro confecti Whereupon according to this Learned Author the Animal Spirits being most thin invisible and volatil steams and having no subject to confine their high volatility their spirituous subtle airy Particles will easily insinuate themselves through the Interstices of the Vessels seated in the Cortical Glands and thence pass through the Os Ethmoeides into the Nostrils wherefore to solve this and many other Phaenomena which may arise and peplex this improbable Opinion I humbly conceive with the Authors pardon that it is more reasonable to apprehend the Animal Spirits to be seated in the nervous Liquor as their proper subject in which they are confined when they move from part to part within the Interstices of the Filaments constituting the Nerves CHAP. XXXIX Of the Corpus Callosum HAving discoursed the Cortex of the Brain and the Animal Liquor and Spirits generated in it the next in order to be treated of is the Corpus Callosum The Corpus Callosum may be divided from the Cortex the more white and compact part which according to Bauhinus may be easily divided from the Cortex in a Brain newly dissected after death In the upper Surface of the Brain under the Sagittal Suture is formed a great Fissure in which is lodged the great Process of the Dura Mater made of its Duplicature and like a middle Wall it rendreth an equal partition of the right from the left side of the Brain The two Hemisphaeres of the Brain are united in the Corpus Callosum dividing it into two Hemisphaeres which unite themselves in the Corpus Callosum and giveth a reception to every distinct Particle of the several Anfractus of the Brain serving as it were for a Covering and Seeling for the Fornix the Medulla oblongata and its various Processes This large Medullary Process is thick and deep in the fore part of the Brain The Connexion of the Corpus Callosum The rise of this Process where it is affixed with two small Processes to the two Apices of the Medulla oblongata called the Lentiform Processes from which it is conceived to take its first rise and extending it self toward the hinder part of the Brain groweth thinner and thinner at last closing with the Caudex of the Medulla oblongata by the interposition of thin Membranes and Vessels The Figure of the Corpus Callosum The Figure of the Corpus callosum according to Learned Vesalius is long and narrow and hath in the upper part a very smooth Convex Surface somewhat resembling the prominence of the top or sides of the Brain but the lower Surface cannot be discovered except the left and right Ventricles be opened and then the lower Surface hath a flexure all the length of the Corpus Callosum and is not one and simple as the upper was because to the length two Surfaces are drawn hollowed like the fourth part of a Circle and in the middle of these two Surfaces appeareth a Tuberculum extended in the manner of a straight line having a Convex Surface downward by reason of its Prominence and more and more contracting it self into a less compass is called
Tripes standing upon the substance of the Brain with three Legs two of them bending downward toward the Base of the Brain and the Third being united to the Septum lucidum interposeth between the lower region of the anterior Ventricles and extendeth it self forward toward the Nostrils so that some and not without some shew of Reason have derived the Origen of the Fornix from them This admirable Process from its different Surfaces and arched Figure was called Fornix by the Antients whose gibbous region above is overspread with numerous Fibres which running overthwart in various Flexures do make the Arch of the Fornix CHAP. XLIII Of the Corpora Striata THe Corpora Striata upon the Dissection of the Brain The Corpord Striata are the Origens of the Medulla oblongata seem to be lodged within the Ventricles but upon a true inspection are found to be seated without them and I humbly conceive that they are the Origens of the Medulla oblongaâ—a whose Heads so incline one towards another The Connexion the Corpora Striata that they are almost conjoyned And from the Angles by which they approach each other the Fornix is derived with a double Origen The Figure of the Corpora Striata And the Corpora Striata seem to be united by a transverse Medullary Process but their Terminations or lesser parts of these Lentiform Processes are more acute being turned backward and do after a manner form two sides of a Triangle to whose anterior Surface the Corpus Callosum is conjoyned for a good space When the Brain is Dissected and so brought to a Plain that the Lentiform Processes being the tops of the Medulla oblongata are laid bare The Corpora Striata are endued with variety of streaks if you cut them in the middle where they are fastned to the Corpus Callosum you may plainly discover great variety of Streaks making their progress several ways upward and downward forward and backward in parallel lines Dr. Willis giveth a good description of the Corpora Striata in these words Ne quis dubitet quin istae striae velut ductus sive canales factae à natura fuerint pro Spirituum Animalium è corpore Calloso in Medullam oblongatam The use of the Corpora Stridta contra itu redituque These Streaks of the Corpora Striata are formed by Nature as so many Chanels for the free egress and regress of the Animal Spirits out of the Corpus callosum into the Medulla oblongata The Structure of the Corpora Striata And I conceive the Corpora Striata to be a texture of Vessels and their Streaks to be so many Filaments out of which it may seem probable that the first rudiments and productions of the Olfactory and Ocular Nerves are formed and afterward propagated to the Medulla oblongata seated near the Corpora Striata The Corpora Striata are the Origen of the Medulld Spâ—nalis And it is farther conceived by Learned Dr. Walter Needham that the Corpora Striata are the first Origens of the Medulla spinalis a system of numerous nervous Filaments the rudiments of the Vertebral and other Nerves which receive their first rise and original from the Medulla spinalis The Corpora Striata though they are outwardly invested with a white Membrane as with a fine Vail yet they are rendred more beauteous within with a variegated substance composed of White streaked with Black which give a mutual foil as so many contrary Colours sporting themselves as different Rays illustrating each other The Black is made up of a number of Filaments and the White of a pulpy substance interlining the vacuities of these oblong Fibres which take their progress all along the length of the Corpora Striata The Progress of the Animal Spirits according to Dr. Willis And according to Learned Dr. Willis do run up and down to and from the Medulla oblongata as so many Chanels wherein the Animal Spirits are transmitted from the Corpus callosum to the Corpora Striata and Medulla oblongata and as the Renowned Author will have it from it to the Corpus callosum This Hypothesis is grounded upon a conceived circulation of the Succus Nutricius in the Brain but I most humbly conceive with deference to the Excellent Author that the Filaments do wholly descend from the Corpus callosum to the Corpora Striata Medulla oblongata and Spinalis So that according to the Structure and Position of the Fibres The outmost Spirits have no retrograde motion in the Brain The Nervous Liquor in which the Animal Spirits reside streameth from the Cortex through the various Medullary Processes to the Base of the Brain and from thence hath no retrograde motion by reason as I conceive the great design of Nature is to supply the Nerves springing from the Medulla oblongata and Spinalis with Animal Spirits and Liquor So that all the numerous Nerves do receive their fruitful streams of Succus Nutricius from the Brain Cerebellum and Medulla spinalis as so many Fountains transmitting several Rivulets into the whole Body giving Sense Motion and Nourishment in some degree to all parts which do expend so large a proportion of Nervous Juice that no superfluity is left in the Base of the Brain and its adjacent parts to supply a Retrograde motion which if granted would hinder the descending current of the Animal Liquor and Spirits toward the lower Region of the Brain And the contrary descending and ascending streams of the Succus Nervosus and its Spirits would much impede if not wholly obstruct each others opposite motions And farthermore it is not needful that any return of the Nervous Liquor impregnated with Animal Spirits should be made from the Base of the Brain to the more inward Recesses and Cortex when there is a production of Animal Liquor continually made out of the albuminous part of the Blood in the ambient parts of the Brain and thence propagated downward to the several Medullary Processes to invigorate and nourish them as they pass to the lower Region of the Brain Medulla spinalis and Cerebellum to act the fruitful Nerves springing from them with Spirits and Vigor CHAP. XLIV Of the Medulla Oblongata and its appendant Processes HAving treated of the Cortex Corpus callosum Fornix the Ventricles Plexus Choroides and Corpora Striata it follows in course that I should speak somewhat of the Medulla seated in the Base of the Brain and its appendant Processes To this eminent Process the Corpus callosum is conjoyned by the interposition of the Corpora Striata The Connexion of the Medulla oblongata and to its Caudex †T. 48. immediately And also to it are appendant many smaller Processes the Thalami Nervorum Opticorum the Natiform to the Processes and their Protuberancies called Testes and the Pons Varolii or Processus annularis which encircles the Medulla oblongata And to the hinder part of it is appended the Cerebellum and to its Anterior Region the
Brachia of the Fornix embrace its Crura †T. 48. k k. The Medulla oblongata is of very great use by reason of the Olfactory and Ocular Nerves the Animastick Motory and Pathetick as also the Par Vagum take their rise immediately from it And the fifth sixth and seventh pair of Nerves from the Annular Process affixed to the Medulla oblongata which is derived from the Corpora Striata as its first Origen after which the Crura of this Medulla proceeding apart a little space do afterward coalesce into one Trunk composed of two Branches which being conjoyned do make the Caudex of the Medulla oblongata whose whole progress both before and after the union of its Crura is adorned with divers Appendages and Protuberancies and insertions of Vessels which come out of all Regions the top and bottom and sides of this noble Process Thalami Neivorum Opticorum whereupon its Surface is rendred uneven with variety of Processes and productions of Vessels Near the Corpora Striata are seated the Thalami nervorum Opticorum †T. 49. ae ae †T. 49. F. F. The rise of the Optick Nerves and are appendant to the Medulla oblongata where its Crura do make unequal Prominencies out of whose little Mounts do arise the Optick Nerves and from thence bending forward in their circumference and being carried somewhat downward are conjoyned about the lower Region of the Medulla oblongata and afterward parting again do make their progress toward the Orbite of the Eye as Dr. Willis hath well observed And hereabouts the Medulla oblongata hath its Crura divided in Man between which a kind of space or Fissure may be found which hath an Aperture bending downward toward the Infundibulum From the same Protuberancies from whence the Optick Nerves do derive their Origens certain Medullary Processes do arise and being carried on each side upon the brim of the second Hole do unite about the Root of the Glandula Pinealis these Processes Renowned Dr. Cartes conceived to be Nerves relating to the said Gland but it is more probable that by these productions the Optick Nerves hold a mutual correspondence near their Originations The Natiform †T. 49. d d. and Testiform Protuberancies †49. e e. are endued with a kind of Orbicular or Oval Figure and are so styled because they seem though in a lesser Model to resemble the shape of the Nates and Testes of a Man Some Anatomists make these continued parts of the Brain but I conceive them more truly Processes severed from the Brain by proper Membranes and appended to the Medulla oblongata The Natiform Processes do somewhat exceed the other in dimensions The Natiform are larger then the Testiform Processes but the difference is more conspicuous in other Animals then in Man because they appear larger in Hogs Sheep Calves c. And are not at all to be found in Birds and Fish These four Orbicular Prominencies are encircled with peculiar Membranes The coverings of the Natiform and Testiform Processes propagated from the Pia Mater by which they are divided from the other Processes of the Brain and are seated between the anterior region of the Cerebellum and the posterior part of the third Ventricle and do accresce to the upper region of the Caudex of the Medulla oblongata which these Processes do cover about an inch and are not contiguous to the Surface of it in the middle because there passeth a Cavity under them during their whole progress they have with the Medulla oblongata The substance of these Processes in a Man The Colours of the inward Protuberancies Dogs and Catts seem to be beautified with a whitish Colour like the Medulla oblongata but according to Vesalius it inclineth to Yellow But these Protuberancies in Calves Sheep and Horses are somewhat different from other parts of the Brain as affected with a kind of Flesh Colour which I conceive proceedeth from their thin Membranes overspred with numerous branches of Blood-vessels But if you divest these Prominencies of their fine Membranes their more inward substance seemeth to be hued with a Yellowish Colour much different from that of the Medulla oblongata Some Anatomists are of an opinion Some Physitians conceive the Natiform and Testiform Processes to be the Origens of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum that those round Protuberancies are the Origens of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum which being conjoyned to them as so many Crura to which on each side they are appended And these Processes leaning to and being afterward united they conceive they constitute the Medulla oblongata But this Conjecture as I humbly conceive hath more of Fancy then Truth by reason the Brain is conjoyned to the Medulla oblongata in other places before and without these round Processes by whose mediation the Brain and Cerebellum hold no great intercourse as being severed from each other by distinct Coats So that if we seriously consider their situation and position in reference to the neighbouring parts we may plainly perceive these minute Orbs do challenge to themselves peculiar Territories distinct from the Cerebrum Cerebellum and Medulla oblongata and these Processes are confined within proper Membranes as so many distinct boundaries and are parted from the Trunk of the Medulla oblongata by a Cavity running under the Natiform and Testiform Processes As to the use of these Prominencies The use of the Natiform and Testiform Processes Learned Bauhinus saith That they are designed as so many Pillars to support the loose Compage of the Brain lest the passages leading out of the third into the fourth Ventricle should be compressed and the motion of the Animal Spirits intercepted But with deference to this Learned Author I humbly conceive this opinion is grounded upon a double improbability First these small Processes are a more solid substance then the other parts of the Brain which may be easily refuted by Sense And the second improbability supposing the Animal Spirits to be generated in the Ventricles which cannot be granted in reason because the Animal Spirits being of a thin and volatil Ingeny if they had so large Chambers as the Ventricles to converse in would soon take their flight out of their Territories and associate with the ambient Air. Dr. Willis assigneth another use to these round Protuberancies The second use of the Natiform and Testiform Processes That the Animal Spirits by the mediation of divers Medullary Processes might have an entercourse with the Brain and Cerebellum And the Animal Spirits are associated and as it were embodied in this double pair of Processes before they are imparted to and converse with the neighbouring parts According to the Learned Author Ait ille via propria sive processus unus è Medulla oblongata in has prominentias ducere atque alias ab iisdem abducere illac in Cerebellum deferri videtur hinc suspicari licet quod Prominenciae illae presertim
involuntary Functions he apprehended to be accomplished by Nerves acted by Animal Spirits springing from the Cerebellum by the intercession of the Processus annularis Nervi quidam saith he immediate a protuberantia annulari aliique in vicinia oriundi qui functioni involuntariae designati a Cerebello Spirituum Animalium influentias suscipiunt This Opinion is in volved as I humbly conceive with great difficulties if not improbabilities which I shall endeavour to discover not out of any opposition to this Learned Author whose memory I highly honour but out of a love of Truth by proving First that the Cerebellum hath not altogether a Province distinct from that of the Brain in that the Cerebellum is an Author of voluntary motion as well as the Brain And Secondly the Brain and not the Cerebellum is the greater fountain of involuntary actions Diverse pair of Nerves in the Cerebellum may be called the Organs of voluntary Motion As to the First it may be probably evinced that the Cerebellum is the principle of voluntary Actions in some degree as well as the Brain For the Fifth Sixth and Seventh pair of Nerves called by the former Anatomists the Third Fourth and Fifth pair do proceed from the sides and Base of the Processus annularis a part appendant to the Cerebellum The Fifth pair perforating the Dura Mater is divided into two eminent Trunks the First of which passing in a straight course furnisheth the small Muscles of the Face with many considerable Fibres which being variously contracted and relaxed do cause those pathetick configurations produced by the soft undulating motions of the Elevators Adductors Abductors of the Lips and other minute Muscles of the Face The motions of these Muscles invigorated by Animal Spirits conveyed by Nerves springing from the Processus annularis the offsping of the Cerebellum do wholly comply with the dictates of the understanding and commands of the Will it being in our power by the assistance of these pathetick Nerves according to the impression of our phantasy to change our Features into Smiles or Frowns the pleasant or serene expresses of Love and Anger From the Fifth and Seventh pair of Nerves are also imparted diverse Branches to the temporal Muscles Lips and Tongue which being rendred Tense with Animal Spirits emitted from the Cerebellum can be diversly contracted at our pleasure in free acts of Mastication and Speaking Thus having given an account of my first Hypothesis The involuntary motion of the Heart proceedeth from Nerves of the Brain that the Cerebellum hath not altogether a Province distinct from that of the Brain in that the Cerebellum is an Author of voluntary Motion though in a less degree then that of the Brain Now it may not be unfit to speak somewhat of the Second Hypothesis that the Brain and not the Cerebellum alone is the principle of involuntary actions which I shall endeavour to make good by shewing how the Pulsation of the Heart Respiration and the like involuntary actions do proceed from the Brain And First as to the pulsation of the Heart it is meerly an involuntary Motion and the most noble and necessary of all upon which our Life doth immediately depend and therefore it is most wisely ordered by our Maker That the Pulsation of the Heart should not be controuled by our Will lest when we meet with severe accidents we should at once put a period to them and our Lives and therefore the pulsation of the Heart is put out of our power and derived from a set and constant influx of the Animal Spirits conveyed for the most part if not wholly from the Brain by the Par vagum into the Fibres seated in the Right and Left Chambers of the Heart But this assertion meeteth with great opposition from Dr. Willis who referreth all unvoluntary Motion not to the Brain but Cerebellum alone as he most plainly affirmeth in his Fifteenth Chapter De Cerebri Anatome Imprimis adverti nervorum paria quae functionibus naturae instinctu aut passionum impetu potius quam arbitrii nutu obiri solitis inserviunt it a immediate a Cerebello dependere ut solummodo hinc in illarum origines Spirituum Animalium influxus derivari posse videatur I conceive this Hypothesis is involved with great difficulties because the motion of the Heart is not arbitrary being celebrated by an instinct of Nature and yet doth not depend upon the Cerebellum as the only Origen but upon the Brain as the greater source of the Animal Spirits because the Systole in both chambers of the Heart is produced principally by the Animal Spirits communicated through a multiplicity of Fibres springing from the Par vagum and inserted into the greatest part of the Heart wherefore if the Systole should be caused by the Animal Spirits flowing from the Cerebellum it should then be derived to the Heart by the Fifth Sixth or Seventh pair of Nerves which take their Origen from the Protuberantia annularis a Process of the Cerebellum and not from the Eighth pair of Nerves vid. The Par vagum which ariseth out of the sides of the Medulla oblangata a process of the Brain as Dr. Willis confesseth in his Twenty third Chapter De Cerebri Anatome Octava nervorum conjugatio ab antiquis pro sexta habita Par vagum appellatur itaque infra nervos auditorios octava nervorum conjugatioe lateribus Medullae oblongatae radice ejus Fibris numerosis constante exoritur And farther addeth That a great Plex is seated in the Trunk of the Par vagum from which many Branches and Fibres are transmitted into the Heart E regione Primae aut Secundae Costae plexus alius insignis in trunco paris vagi consistit quo plures surculi aut Fibrae versus Cor appendicem ejus demittuntur And as to Respiration Respiration is a natural action derived from the Nerves of the Medulla oblongata and Spinalis I conceive it for the most part a natural action seldom receiving a stop from the Will which if done at any time is quickly remitted and is celebrated by the motion of the Lungs acted by the contractions of the intercostal Muscles and the Diaphragme The intercostal Muscles are influenced by Animal Spirits imparted by Nerves not derived from the Cerebellum but Medulla Spinalis being a continuation of the Medulla oblongata of the Brain communicating Nerves to the intercostal Muscles and the motion of the Diaphragme is not produced by the influx of Animal Spirits propagated from the Cerebellum but conveyed from the brachial Nerves taking their pedigree from the lower Vertebers springing out of the Medulla Spinalis the Medulla cerebri elongata But it may be replied in favour of this great Author That the Par vagum springing from the Brain is not the great fountain of these involuntary actions of Pulsation of the Heart and Respiration because the intercostal Nerve hath a great share with the Par vagum in the production of
these natural Motions To which I take the freedom to speak this Reply That the intercostal Nerve as some say is a branch of the Par vagum but the Author asserteth as I conceive more truly that it deriveth its Origen from the Fifth and Sixth pair of Nerves out of the Processus annularis made up of a small middle Process of the Pedunculus of the Cerebellum To which I argue with this proviso That the Fifth pair proceeding from thence is principally dispensed into the Eyes Nostrils and Muscles of the Face and a small branch descendeth only which inosculateth below with the Caudex to the Par vagum to which also the Sixth pair imparteth another small Branch so that the First Origen of the Intercostal Nerve arising out of the Cerebellum is very small and the Trunk of it inosculating with the Par vagum confisteth principally of the intercostal Nerves derived from the Spine and the first rise of the intercostal Nerve resembleth the head of a River whose original Springs are very small and the body of it swelleth growing greater with the accession of new Rivulets below The head Stream of the Animal Spirits distilling out of the Cerebellum are conveyed by the smaller pipes of the Fifth and Sixth pair of Nerves while the greater torrent of Animal Spirits doth hasten its course by the larger Channels of the intercostal Nerves coming from the Spine the long process of the Brain to the Caudex of the Par vagum and from thence into the greater Cisterns of the Heart making frequent pulsations by the assistance of fleshy Fibres So that this Hypothesis remaineth firm The Fountain of involuntary Motion is not derived solely from the Cerebellum but chiefly from the Brain that the great Fountain of involuntary actions is not derived from the Cerebellum alone but chiefly from the Brain and the Medulla Spinalis its appendix emitting great store of Animal Spirits by the Par vagum consisting of Twelve Fibres and the intercostal Nerves principally proceeding from Fibres arise out of the Spine and are thence communicated to the Heart intercostal Muscles Diaphragme Stomach and Intestines whence are produced the involuntary actions of Pulsation Respiration Concoction and the protrusion of the Chyle and the peristaltick motion of the Intestines CHAP. L. The Cerebellum of a Man and of other Animals HAving set forth a more full History of the Cerebellum of Man I will now shew you a more short prospect as a Compendium of it and of the Cerebella of other Animals consisting of diverse Apartiments and various Processes as so many fine Landscips in which you may see the great difference of that more excellent Cerebellum of Man from those of other Animals The Cerebellum of a Calf having this Situation T. 50. F. 2. The Cerebellum of a Calf is composed of Three Provinces one in the middle and Two lateral The middle Province consisteth of Eight ranks of Processes †a a a a a a a a running cross-ways which are endued with various kinds of irregular Figures The lateral Provinces †b b b b. are furnished with numerous Processes observing no order nor determinate Figure and begin in a kind of points and end in larger dimensions with rounded Heads The beginning †c c. as well as the rest of the Medulla Spinalis is divided into Two equal parts The Cerebellum of a Lamb having this position is made up of a middle and Two lateral Provinces T. 50 F. 3. The Cerebellum of a Lamb. The middle Province consisteth of Four ranks of Provinces The Two uppermost rows go crosways †a a. and are oblong and crooked The Two lower ones †b. b. are much shorter and seem to tend right downward and have Figures much different from the former The lateral ranks †c c c c c c c. have many rowes of Processes endued with different irregular Figures Part of the Medulla Spinalis †d d. divided into Two equal portions by a kind of Fissure near the Cerebellum may be seen the Glandula pinealis †e and below this Gland may be discerned the Natiform Processes †f f. which are very large in this Animal The Testiform Processes †g g. are appendant to the Natiform and seem to encircle their lower regions as with a double Arch. The Cerebellum of a Pigg is composed of Three Provinces T. 50. F. 4. The Cerebellum of a Pigg a middle and Two lateral ones The middle apartiment †a a. begins and ends in smaller Dimensions in a kind of obtuse Cones and is made up of many Processes running cross-ways resembling a sort of Parallelograms in Figure The lateral Provinces †b b b b b b. consist on each side of Three or Four rowes of Processes dressed with different shapes Not far from the Cerebellum may be seen the Natiform Processes †c c. endued with a kind of orbicular Figure Above them may be discovered some other medullary Processes †d d d d. of the Brain of different Magnitudes and Figures The Cerebellum of a Bitch is framed of many Provinces T. 50. F. 5. The Cerebellum of a Spaniel Bitch Two lateral ones and one seated in the middle between them The middle Province †a a. hath a more large Origen and ends in more narrow dimensions and is endued with many oblong Processes going crossways and somewhat like Parallelograms in shape The lateral Provinces consist of diverse ranks of Processes †b b b b b b b b. which seem to be Five on one side and Three on the other near the Origen of the Cerebellum may be discerned the Testiform Prominencies encompassing the lower Region of the Processes In this Animal the Natiform Processes †c c. do adjoyn to the terminations of the Thalami nervorum opticorum †d d. parted from each other by a Fâ—â— sure †e. The Cerebellum of a Doe is composed of One middle and Two or Three lateral Apartiments T. 50. F. 6. The Cerebellum of a Doc. The middle Province †a a. is much larger then the other and is made up of many oblong transverse Processes The lateral Apartiments †b b b b b b. are Three on each side of which the largest encircles the middle Province CHAP. LI. Of Nerves arising from the Brain within the Skull HAving discoursed the various Processes and Coats encircling the Brain The Nerves now offer themselves as so many Sprouts springing out of it and as I humbly conceive are divers united Fibres The Fibrils coming from the Cortex are united in the Medulla oblongata taking their Origens from the Cortex and passing through the several Processes of the Brain are conjoyned in the Medulla oblongata about the Base of it because Nerves being the continuation of Fibrous Particles emitted out of the Cortex passing through the substance
quality of Air doth open and loose the Compage of the Blood whereupon the more delicate Particles of the Succus nutricius are separated from the Blood in the substance of the Cortical Glands and agreeing in Figure and Magnitude with the Orifices of the nervous Fibrils seated in the Glands is thereupon transmitted into the Interstices of them and the Red parts of the Blood being proportioned to the shape and size of the venal extremities are conveyed into them And the Animal Liquor being received into the Origens of the Fibrils its progress is more and more advanced by the motion of the Dura and Pia Menynx and the surface of the Brain caused by the vibration of the Arteries compressing the outward parts of the Brain and protruding the nervous Liquor which receiveth more and more recruits by a constant generation in the substance of the Cortex wherein one part of the Animal Juyce still presseth another forward making its motion good through whose Filaments it is successively conveyed into the Fornix and from thence into the Fibres of the Medulla oblangata and Trunks of Nerves issuing out of it to export nervous Liquor to impart Sense Motion and the more excellent kind of nourishment to all parts So that this most delicate Liquor of the whole Body is made up of most thin volatil Particles as acted with Animal Spirits and so insinuateth it self between the Filaments of the nervous Fibres softly swelleth their tender Particles producing a gentle Tension partly caused by the fine elastick parts of Air so well embodied with the Animal Liquor that it may be well judged as I conceive a constituent part of it Whereupon the Interstices of the tender Fibrils being plumped up and somewhat stiffened as inspired with Particles of Air consociated with Animal Liquor are rendred more or less Tense and so are receptive of greater or less Contractions as they are acted more remissly or briskly from within by the dictates of the Will or Appetite or from without by the milder or strong Appulses made upon the outward Organs by sensible objects And these tender Fibrils are capable of different postures in the Brain as they receive any the least change in their natural situation and so in some sort they may be termed to be extended and relaxed as the Interstices of nervous Filaments are receptive of more or less nervous Liquor impregnated with refined Spirits and so become contracted or remitted in some greater or less degree Whereupon I humbly conceive that the nervous Tendrils are never so absolutely relaxed but they partake of some kind of Tension or other unless where the vital flame is totally extinct else it is impossible to apprehend but some influx of the Animal Spirits may be communicated to these nervous Fibrils The most common relaxation of them is made in sleep and then the outward sensible Organs cease from their Operations And the Muscles are despoiled in a great degree of their tonick Motion consisting in a moderate Contraction equally imparted to the Antagonist Muscles which countermand each other in giving a balance to their unequal and utmost contraction so that this tonick motion when we are awake is a moderate tension of all the Fibrils arising from a more free influence of the Animal Liquor flowing into the Interstices of their Filaments putting the Brain and outward Organs into a disposition to exert their Functions which much cease in our repose wherein the nervous Fibrils grow flaccide and unable to celebrate the Sensitive and locomotive Operations produced from the free access of Animal Liquor denied to the Origens of the nervous Fibrils seated in the Cortex of the Brain to which when we are awake is communicated a more liberal Influxe of nervous Juyce running between the numerous Filaments softly and after a manner puffing them up with airy elastick Particles making somewhat of stiffness in the tender frames of the nervous Fibrils giving them a promptitude to be tuned for the admirable operation of Sensation which is made up of great variety of sensitive powers as in some sort the principal Agents attended with a great Apparatus of diverse Sensories and Objects as to the percipient Power it is a branch of the sensitive Soul residing in the more inward Recesses of the Brain styled the Common Sense apprehending and judging the various motions made by sensible Objects upon the outward Organs and thence conveyed to the inward Sensory Thus having given you a general notion of Sensation I shall now present you with a more particular account of it and its Motion by laying down the method how it is instructed and directed by the superior Faculties and the manner of Sensitive perception how it is made by the different Appulses of sensible Objects upon the outward Organs and thence derived by Nerves and Fibrils to the common Sense The understanding or counselling Power of the Soul propounding an object under the notion of good or evil the Will refuseth one as destructive and electeth the other as perfective and thereupon giveth its Commands by its emissaries the Animal Spirits the more refined Particles of the Animal Liquor to invigorate first the Fibrils of the Brain and then the Nerves issuing out of them and afterward dispensed into the Muscles to give by their various Contractions the different motions of the Limbs to prosecute that Good First propounded by the dictates of the understanding and after ordered by the imperate acts of the Will thereby giving her Commands to the inferior Powers the irascible concupiscible and locomotive Faculties And this method of operation of the rational Powers upon the sensitive Appetite is moved from within outward by First impregnating with spirituous Liquor the Fibrils of the Brain and then the Trunks of Nerves are embodied with Fibrils sprouting out of the Brain and after propagated into the Muscles of the Body But the method of Sensation derived from the outward Senses hath a retrograde motion here the Scene is far different and the Machines play first from without and are afterward carried to the inward Recesses of the Brain First the motion is celebrated in the outward Senses wherein their Objects making their first attempts and impressions upon the Fibres of their Sensories are thence conveyed to the common Sensory by continued Nerves and Fibres at last inserted into the Corpus callosum as I conceive the seat of the common sense which judgeth the strokes of sensible Objects given upon the Membranes of outward Organs Whereupon the Sense abstractly conceived either under the notion of outward or inward Sense formeth but an imperfect conception of Sensation the one assisting and the other compleating the other so that Sense concretely considered as involving the outward and inward Sense must go hand in hand to accomplish Sensation as they both hold a near entercourse in their Sensories as being united one to the other by the mediation of Fibrils and Nerves The outward Sensory gives the first reception to the Appulses of sensible
visible objects imprinted upon it till it arrive the Organs of Sight and being received into its Pupilla and passing through several Membranes and Humors maketh divers refractions so that at last the gentle motion of these early Rays landing at the Retina give but a soft touch upon the Fibres of it causing gentle Contractions but the brighter Rays as so many numerous minute Bodies more briskly breaking out of that glorious Luminary do cloth the Air with a more splendid garment of Light putting it into a nimbler motion which hurrying the visible Semblances engraven on it to the Sensory of Sight make greater appulses upon the Fibres giving them stronger Contractions The progress of the Animal Liquor The Spirituous Particles of the Animal Liquor streaming out of the Cortex diffuse themselves as in an Orb through the substance of the Brain till they descend to the lower Region where they are received into the Fibres of the Medulla oblongata and thence conveyed through the body of the Nerves to the Fibres inserted into the Muscles These lucid subtle Bodies of Animal Liquor somewhat representing the Morning Rays in their milder constant stream destilling into the Muscular Fibres act them with a gentle motion consisting in a moderate tension of the Nerves and Fibres of the whole Body but the Effluvia flowing from outward sensible Objects make impressions upon the Fibres of the outward Sensory and thence are ushered along the Nerves to the Brain the Seat of the inward Sense and Understanding by whose dictates they are recommended to the Will under the notion of Good or Evil as to be desired or refused whereupon the rational Appetite immediately giveth her commands to the Brain solliciting its bright Spirituous Particles like the Rays which as being more numerous move with greater quickness into the fibrous parts of the Medulla dulla giving them stronger appulses and contractions which being communicated to the Caudex of the Nerves terminating in Fibres into the substance of the Muscles produce their brisk contractions and motions But the more gentle Emanations of Animal Liquor The stiffness of the Muscles cometh from the Spirituous Particles of Animal Liquor fraught with many nimble Bodies streaming into the Fibres affect them with a gentle stiffness rendring a firmness in the Muscles plainly discernible to the touch As their plumpness giveth a sensible mild resistance to it produced by a remiss tension of the Fibres commonly styled Tonick Motion which I humbly conceive to be performed after this manner We being awake the motion of the Blood is more quick carried by a stronger impulse of the Carotide Arteries out of the Coats of the Brain by the Capillaries into the Cortex whereupon a greater separation of the Cristalline Humor is made and more free streams of it are conveyed into the fibrous part of the Brain making a universal gentle rigidness of them and draw the body of the Nerves and Fibres into Consent and make a universal easie stiffness of all the Fibres of the Body giving the Muscles an innate disposition to Contraction which would be acted to a greater degree had not all Muscles Antagonists making perpetual endeavours to contrary motions but the contractions of the Fibres being of a like vigor do equally resist and balance each others motions in their different tensions and bring the several parts of the Body to easie postures in a pleasant acquiescence but the more deep impressions of sensible Objects carried inward by the Nerves to the Fancy and rational Appetite under the notion of an Eligible Object addeth Wings to the Animal Spirits and quicken their motion into Fibres and Nerves implanted into particular Muscles Of this I take the freedom to make an Instance in divers Musicians playing in Consort the Musical Sounds making grateful appulses upon the Timpanum of the Ear and are thence presented by the auditory Nerves to the inward Sense and Appetite who giveth her commands to the Fifth Sixth and Seventh pair of Nerves derived from the Vertebres of the Neck and inserted into the Flexors and Tensors of the Wrist and Fingers which do make different strokes caused by the Bow upon the Musical strings of a Viol by the subalternate contrary motions of Flexions and Tensions of the right Wrist and do produce the different Musical Notes and Graces and modelled Vibrations by divers stops and shakes upon the Strings made by the different tremblings of the Fingers arising from the various quick successive motions of the Tensors and Flexors of the left Fingers But it may be some may expect an account of the causes and manner of these different motions of the Muscles which I humbly conceive to be thus effected The Will intending to move the Flexors making a quick recourse of the Animal Liquor acted with Agile Spirits giving speedy Appulses invigorating the Nerves inserted into the Flexors whose Fibres are so strongly contracted that they over-power the antagonist Muscles and relaxe the Tensors who after the same manner when they are subalternately moved receive supplies of greater proportion of Spirits making strokes upon the origen of the Nerves conveyed by their bodies to the Fibres implanted into the Flexors which being more vigorously contracted remit the more faint motion of the antagonist Muscles as their former extraordinary supplies of Spirits are much exhausted CHAP. LXI The Brain of Beasts HAving in some sort given a description of the various Coats and Processes of Man's Brain I intend at this time to discourse somewhat of Anatomia Comparata that we may admire and adore the great attributes of the most Glorious and Omnipotent Agent set forth in the wonderful production of the various frame of Brains in diverse Animals of Beasts Birds and Fish that we may see what agreement and disagreement they have with the more excellent Fabrick of Humane Brain and thereby may render it more illustrious Man the Master-piece of the Creation in reference to his more noble composition and rare union of integral parts is most eminently illustrious in the choice Coats and Processes of the Brain in which he may be most truly styled The Bodies of Animals are more or less perfect as they are like that of Mans. an Exquisite Standard giving Rules and Measures to other Animals which are Masters of greater or less perfection as the parts of their Body and processes of their Brain hold more or less proportion with those of Man wherein the Brain of Brute-Animals as Lionss Wolves Bears Leopards Horses Red and Fallow Deer Bullocks Sheep Goats Hogs and the like do most excell as running in some sort more parallel in similitude with Humane Brain and do much comply with it in their Coats and Processes The description of the Coats of the Brain of Animals For the upper Apartiment of more perfect Animals as well as Man is embellished within with the fine hangings of the Dura and Pia Menynx every way encircling that more bright Orb and are rare contextures neatly embroidered
and Sinus in the Medulla of the Brain and by tearing in pieces the tender Fibrils do interrupt the due progress of the Nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits closing in a doleful Catastrophe of an Apoplectick Fit Renowned Webster giveth an instance of this case An instance of an Apoplexy happening in an old Woman of Seventy years which being quickly taken away by an acute Apoplexy and her Skull being taken off he discovered a large Cavity in the stance of the Brain reaching forward toward the Forehead and upward to the Processus Falciformis and much backward toward the Occiput and downward beyond the middle of the Brain The longitude of this unnatural Sinus was Four Inches in breadth Two and half in depth and Eight in length containing near a pound of extravasated Blood that had issued out of the lacerated carotide Arteries which did not proceed from any outward accident as this profound Author saith there having been no contusion or fracture discoverable in the Skull but I conceive from the greater source of Blood protruded out of the larger Carotides into the smaller Capillaries branched into the Medulla which had been more and more dilated by the Rivulets of Blood till the coats of the Arteries were over-much distended and thence growing thinner and thinner at last cracked in pieces and the streams of confined vital Liquor were forced through the breaches of the Arterial Coats into the substance of the Brain and made great Furroughs and Channels in it and by tearing up the Medullary Filaments did divert the natural course of the Animal Liquor and Spirits from the Nerves A Daughter of Mr. Lewis one of the Navy-Office Another case of an Apoplexus a Person of a Plethorick Constitution was highly afflicted with a great Head-ach which afterward degenerated into a Sopor and was much alleviated upon Blood-letting and then she fell into a Rheumatisme placed in the Muscular part of the Limbs And in order to ease her I designed to open a Vein a second time but was prevented by the importunate dislike of her Friends giving an advantage to her distemper to re-assault her Brain with a fresh pain of her Head accompanied afterward with a great Sopor whereupon I made a Prognostick That the distemper would determine as I apprehended in an Apoplectic Fit unless she was relieved by an immediate opening a Vein which I conceived the proper means to preserve her but her Friends highly interposed and hindred my intention of Bleeding her whereupon in a few days the Sopor grew more violent attended with a Stertor and then the Patient falling into a violent Apoplectick Fit died in Twelve hours And after a competent time her Head being opened the Coats of the Brain were swelled and a large quantity of serous Matter was found in the substance of the Brain As to the cause and progress of the Disease The cause and progress of this Disease I conceive it to be after this manner Free Rivulets of Blood overcharged with serous Particles being impelled out of the Carotides into the Membranes and substance of the Brain produced the Head-ach and Sopor which were much mitigated upon Bleeding whereupon the Blood freely retired from the Brain by the Jugulars into the Cava and Chambers of the Heart and thence was carried upward again by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and subclavian and axillary Branches into the Limbs causing great pains in the Shoulders and Arms and at the same time another portion of Blood was conveyed downward by the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Iliack Arteries into the Thighs and Legs which being reconveyed by the Iliack Veins and ascendent Trunk of the Cava into the Ventricles of the Heart and from above by the axillary Veins and descendent Trunk of the Cava into the Sinus of the Heart and from thence again a quantity of Serous Blood was impelled by the Aorta and Carotides into the Coats and substance of the Brain highly compressing the Filaments and thereupon wholly suppressing the descent of the Animal Liquor into the roots and bodies of the Nerves Another cause may be assigned of an Apoplexy The immoderate use of Opiates may produce an Apoplexy seated in the Cortex of the Brain the immoderate use of Opiates as Learned Webster would have it by too great a dilatation of the pores of the Brain exposing it to a violent incursion of ill humors brought along with the Blood and giving a disturbance to the regular motion of the Animal Liquor But I humbly conceive with the leave of this Learned Author that Opiates do rather obstruct and shut up the Pores of the Brain then immoderately open them and make ill impressions upon the Animal Liquor and by incrassation and fixation of the Spirits in taking away their volatil airy elastick Particles do unbrace the natural Tenseness of the fibrous parts of the Cortex and by consequence do take away the vigor of the Nerves of the whole Body whence the motion of the Heart groweth weak from its distorted Fibres attended with a great difficulty of Breathing flowing from the flabby Fibres of the intercostal Muscles proceeding from the nervous Liquor dispirited by Narcoticks Mrs. Jane Reynolds a young Gentlewoman being passionately in love and not succeeding well in her Amours as she conceived took Twelve pills of Opium in so many Cherries An instance of an Apoplexy produced by Opium every Pill as I apprehend contained about Ten grains of Opium an hour after she had taken the Pills she began to be dozed and giddy and although an hour after she swallowed the Pills she took great quantities of Oil and Medicines to provoke Vomiting yet without success she being hard to vomit in time of her health and upon this sad occasion the Fibres of her Stomach were so stupified and relaxed by the Opium that they could not contract themselves to expel the Vomit Two hours and less after she had taken the Opium a great Stupor seized her Brain Opium stupified and relaxed the Nerves and rendred the Muscles of the Gula so Laxe that she wholly lost the use of it being not able to swallow and immediately after was afflicted with a great difficulty of breathing which grew higher and higher so that the Muscles of the Scapula were drawn in to the assistance of the intercostals and Diaphragme which being not able of themselves to perform their duty in respiration were attended with a high Stertor which was more and more aggravated from Twelve at Night till Five in the Morning about which time Nature being too much over-born quitted all farther contests Two hours after the Head being opened and the Brain being divested of its coverings the carotide Arteries did much exceed their natural Dimensions and their spaces of the Vessels swelled with undue proportions of Blood though a good quanty of it was discharged by the venous Ducts into the Third Sinus full of Blood which the Head lying low was
sometimes determining in an Apoplexy I saw a Brewers Man upon a great blow of his Head oppressed with a great Lethargy and Fever An Observation upon this case which ended in an Apoplexy after some few hours and the Scalpe being taken off a great Fracture appeared having pierced both Tables of the Skull which being taken off a quantity of Blood was discerned to be lodged upon the Dura mater which compressed the Blood-vessels and hindred the motion of the Blood into the Cortex and produced the Lethargy ending in an Apoplexy A Gentleman receiving a wound in his Eye by a Tobacco-pipe which forthwith entred into the substance of the Brain producing a great Sopor ending in death Afterward the Brain being opened a wound was discovered in it near the Eye oppressing it with extravasated Blood which sometimes suppurates and corrupts the substance of the Brain generating first a Lethargy and then an Apoplexy Having given a short History of the Nature The Sleepy Diseases being akin in their causes are much alike in Cures too and causes of Sleepy Diseases it may be now pertinent to speak somewhat of their Cures which are very much alike as they hold great affinity one with another And I will begin with an Apoplexy as the highest of sleepy affections in reference to the preservatory indication or to its Fit which often proceedeth from a quantity of Blood and its intercepted motion caused either by the grossness of Blood or Compression produced by the Tumor of the adjacent parts which do all Indicate a free mission of Blood out of the jugular Veins or out of the Arm which may be again and again repeated in a plethorick Body And Clysters may be administred prepared with Emollients and Discutients to which may be added the leaves of Rue Species Hierae the lenitive Electuary c. Vomits may be given Vomitories Cupping-Glasseâ— Vesicatoâ—ies prepared with Salt of Vitriol in compound Walnut-water Oxymel of Squills or infusion of Crocus metallorum taking often free draughts of Posset-drink between the vomiting Cupping-glasses may be applied to the Shoulders and Neck and to the top of the Head according to Fracastorius As also blistering Plaisters made large and strong may be used and affixed between the Shoulders and to the Neck and the inside of the Arms near the Axillaries Strong Purgatives may be given in this Disease Strong Purgatives are also very proper in this Disease prepared with Amber Cochiae minores Extract Rud. Faetid M. quickened with some grains of Trochisc of Alhandal or Diagridium Julapes may be given made up of Distilled Water of Lilly of the Valley Julapes Lime Flowers Rue compound Paeony Compound Briony Spirit of Lavender to which may be added some drops of Spirit of Hartshorn Spirit of Smoke Castor Salt Armoniack succinated c. As also gross Powders prepared with Amber Castor Galbanum Asa faetida Suffum gations c. may be thrown upon Embers and the Fumes received into the Nostrils and the Temples and Nostrils may be anointed with Oil of Amber Ointments Spirit of Castor apoplectick Balsome to which may be added some drops of Salt Armoniack succinated The top of the Head being shaved may be annointed about the Coronal and Sagittal Suture with Oil of Amber Spirit of Lavender c. and a hot Frying-pan may be held near the Head to warm it and the Oil and Spirits that they may have the greater influence upon the Brain And in desperate Apoplectick Fits a Red hot Iron may be held near the Coronal Suture and Occiput that its heat and pain may reduce the Patient to Sense Or a strong Blistering Plaister applied to the coronal Suture which is more safe and less troublesome And the Body being universally purged by proper Medicines given with Cephalicks particular Evacuations may be advised Whereupon the excretory vessels of the Tongue and Palate Gargarismes or Apophelmatismes may be opened by Gargarismes that the Oral Glands may discharge the Recrements of the Blood and sollicite its motion by opening the terminations of the Carotide Arteries inserted into the substance of the Oral Glands To this end roots of Pellitory boiled in simple Oxymel to which some Castor may be added and Mustard-seed powdered and mixed with Honey or else boiled in strong White-wine may be applied to the Palate Sternutatory Powders may prove very beneficial in this Disease Sternutatories made of Majoram Seeds of Nigella Pepper Castor to which may be added some grains of White Ellebore and Pellitory Fumes also may be received into the Nostrils coming from Vinegar prepared with the Seed of Nigella Rue and Castor thrown upon a Red hot Iron As also shavings of Hartshorn and the Clawe of an Elke or Feathers or Hair of a Goat cast upon Embers and held under the Nostrils have great efficacy to remove a deep Sleep and comfort the Brain which is the nature of all Faetids Frictions of the soles of the Feet with Vinegar and Salt Frictions with Hands anointed with Oil of Rue Spirit of Castor c. speak great advantage in Fits of an Apoplexy The Head may be bathed with Vinegar Fomentations in which the Berries of Bays and Juniper the Roots of Angelica Imperatoria and the leaves of Betony Rue Sage Rosemary Majoram Winter-Savory the Flowers of Lavender Sage Betony Rosemary Paeony c. After the Fomentation a Sacculus may be applied to the Head A Sacculus made of the Spices of Nutmegs Cloves Mace Cubebs and the Flowers of Betony Sage Majoram Rosemary c. A preservatory method of Physick may be advised to persons that have escaped one or Two Apoplectick Fits as subject to them In this case purging Medicines may be advised of Senna Agarick Rubarb Flowers of Paeony Sage Rosemary c. infused in Distilled Waters of Flower of Lime Paeony mixed with a little White-wine to which being strained may be added Syrup of Buckthorn Peach-flowers and Syrup of Roses solutive Bleeding proper in this course Afterward Bleeding may be freely celebrated which by lessening of the quantity of Blood and by making good its circulation doth prevent Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers of the Brain proceeding from the stagnation of Blood Vomitories may be given after Purgatives Fontanels the great cause of an Apoplexy When a Purgative hath been celebrated Vomitories may be administred made with some proper Emetick Afterward Two large Fontanels may be made between the Shoulders to divert and discharge some ill Humors Electuaries having recourse to the Head to prevent the Apoplectick Fit in order to it an Electuary may be advised prepared with Conserves of Lime-Flowers Lilly of the Valley Paeony the Powders of Amber Castor Pearl Coral and Humane Skull the Seeds of Paeony Apozemes and Goats-Rue made up with the Syrup of Lime-Flowers After which a draught of an Apozeme may be taken prepared with the Flowers of Betony Sage Rosemary Lavender and with Viscus Quercinum or
Viscus Pomorum to which may be added Stercus Pavonis and when it hath been well boiled in Spring-water and strained it may be sweetened with Syrup of Lime-Flowers Powders Paeony or Lilly of the Valley Powders also may be advised made of Paeony-root and of Species Diambrae Castor Angelica Zedoary Contragerva and of the chips of Oranges and Lemons drinking after every Dose a draught of a proper Julape or Apozeme A Carus Coma and Lethargy being all Sleepy Diseases have great alliance with an Apoplexy and do admit the like method of Physick and Medicines prescribed in an Apoplexy the highest of all Sleepy Diseases CHAP. LXV Of the Vertigo or Meagrum A Vertigo or Meagrum is here Treated of A Vertigo is often a forerunner of Sleepy Diseases as a fore-runner to the Apoplexy and the other Sleepy Diseases and is seated in the ambient parts and more inward Recesses of the Brain the allodgments of the Animal Spirits in which their first rise and motion is produced the ministers of the inward Senses as well as the intellectual Functions These active emissaries of the Soul the more refined Particles of the Animal Liquor sometimes exalt the Processes of the Brain in great companies and other times in smaller numbers and are carried in irregular motions highly discomposing the fibrous Compage of the Brain wherein the lucide Particles suffer a total Eclipse as in an Apoplexy or a lesser in a Carus Coma and Lethargy in which some glimmerings of the more noble and sensitive operations of the Brain appear My Province at this time is to discourse a vertiginous disposition A Vertigo proceedeth sometimes from a disordred and other times from an intercepted motion of the Animal Spirits The description of a Vertigo sometimes a Herald of greater Maladies the Sleepy Diseases of the Brain wherein the Animal Spirits have their motion sometimes disordered and other times stopped so that they cannot be duely ministerial to the production of the Animal Operations A Vertigo is a disaffection of the Brain wherein the objects of sight seem to wheel round with a great swimming in the Head so that the Animal Spirits are highly discomposed as suffering a great confusion produced by an irregular Motion whereupon they have not a due influence first into the Fibrils of the Brain and afterward into the Optick Nerves productive of a lost or diminished sight and progressive motion In the Paroxysme of this Disease the inward Senses admit a deception The Paroxysm of a Vertigo while reeling Objects seem to be hurried in motion and the rational Conception is not much disturbed while we apprehend the discomposure of our inward and outward Senses As to the cause of this Malady its worth our inquiry how it is made The causes of this Disease in Diseases or by a violent motion of the Body in a circular manner or by a prospect from a high place of some low distant Objects seated immediately or directly under us or by going over narrow open Bridges placed over great and deep waters running in hasty torrents or in a Ship under sail carried with an impetuous motion in a strong Tempest Whereupon the Animal Spirits run so confused that they cause a vertiginous disposition which may seem worth our consideration to understand the reason of this discomposure as conducive to the better understanding the intrinsick causes of a Meagrum When we have long hurried our Bodies in a circular motion A Vertigo coming from a disorderly motion of ouâ— Body all outward objects seem to dance round about us and though we repose our selves yet this phancy continues and sometimes we tumble down upon the ground or floor and have an apprehension of a circular motion in our Brain And the reason may be not that the disaffection is lodged in the outward Sense or there continued but from the agile temper of the Animal Spirits as Learned Dr. Willis hath well observed Cap. 7. De Vertigine Pa. 250. Quippe ait ille affectus iste a corporis circulatione producitur sive oculis intuemur sive nictamus At vero hujus apparitionis causa omnino dependet a fluxili spirituum animalium substantia quippe spiritus intra Cerebrum scatentes non secus habent ac aqua aut densa vaporum congeries phialae inclusa quae una cum vase continente circumagitur facta semel vortice etiam vase quiescente motum istum aliquandiu continuare persistit pari etiam modo quando hominis corpus circumgyratur spiritus cerebri incolae ab ista capitis tanquam vasis continentis circumductione in motus tornatiles ac veluti spirales aguntur cumque propterea solito influxu directo jubare nervos irradiare nequeant hinc una cum visibilium rotatione saepe Scotomia pedum vacillatio inducuntur Hemisphaerium visibile rotare videtur quia spiritus speciem excipientes circulariter moventur quare siquidem sensibilis impressio recipitur per modum recipientis prout spiritus ita objecta in orbem moveri videbuntur And the prospect of disagreeable Objects or a dangerous situation or motion of the Body giveth a suddain surprisal and striketh a dread into the phancy and rendreth the motion of the Animal Spirits irregular and confused And in persons debauched with great proportions of Wine The Animal Liquor is highly discomposed by immoderate drinking or strong Liquors the Blood is disordered with fierce and turbulent steams which being carried into the Brain do give a high disturbance to the Animal Liquor and Spirits generated of the serous part of the vital juyce by offering a violence to them by rendring their motion inordinate and confused In these external or evident causes of a preternatural disposition of the Brain producing a Meagrum the Animal Spirits are disturbed in their natural Emanations by a confused progress and various agitations hither and thither within the Interstices of numerous nervous Fibrils in the ambient parts or more inward Recesses of the Brain so that the natural motion of the Animal Spirits being checked and rendred confused they do not flow regularly into the Nerves of the Eyes whereupon the visible Objects seem to admit a Circumrotation which is not truly in them but a deception of the Sight proceeding inwardly from the fluctuation of the Animal Spirits which are as I humbly conceive carried forward and backward in various disordred motions Having discoursed the evident causes The inward causes of a Vertigo generating a vertiginous affection of the Brain I shall endeavour now to give some account of the more inward and preternatural causes of it So that a Vertigo is sometime a symptome as a consequent of another Malady And other times it is not an accident but a Disease as produced within the Processes of the Brain A vertiginous symptome is first of all produced by the motion of the Blood checked in the Heart or Lungs whereupon followeth a Syncope or Lypothimy a difficulty of Breathing
White Amber Castor roots of Paeony and Millepedes powdered made up with Syrup of Lime-Flowers or Lilly drinking after every Dose a good draught of a Cephalick Apozeme to which may be added Ten or Twelve drops of Spirit of Castor Pearl Julapes Julapes made of the Distilled waters of Cephalicks and compound Paeony to which may be added the Spirit of Lavender and sweetned with refined Sugar Powders also may be advised prepared with White Amber roots of Paeony Tincture of Steel or Powder of it prepared and given in proper Apozemes Purgations must be now and then advised in a Steel course Coral prepared Pearl c. and may be given in a Decoction of Cephalick Flowers of Rosemary Betony Sage Tey c. A Tincture or Syrup of Steel or its Powder prepared with Sulphur may be advised to be taken with Cephalick Apozemes made with the Flowers of Rosemary Lavender Paeony c. Every Fourth or Fifth day a gentle purgative draught may be prescribed mixed with Cephalick Medicines during the course of Steel CHAP. LXVI Of the Delirium and Phrenitis BEfore I Treat of a Phrenitis The description of a Delirium I will discourse briefly of a Delirium as preliminary to it which doth not truly apprehend the Images of things First presented to the outward Senses and afterward imparted to the common Sense and Phancy by reason the Animal Spirits are much clouded by an ill nervous Liquor and as its due temper and motion is more or less perverted it is productive of greater or less disaffections of the Brain wherein the species presented from the outward to the inward Senses are ill perceived or unduely compounded or divided whereupon the Understanding being presented with distracted and confused Phantasmes exerteth irregular operations and giveth an ill conduct to the Will in various misguided and unreasonable acts Phrenitis is a kind of Delirium which are all styled under a common Name of Delirium which being in a less degree and shorter in time is vulgarly called a Delirium and when it continueth longer and more severe as accompanied with a Fever and other more troublesome accidents is named Phrenitis attended sometimes with Raving and other times degenerates into a Mania Melancholia Stupiditas of which I will discourse in order and First of a Delirium and Phrenitis A Delirium is rather a Symptome then a Disease as being a shadow A Delirium is rather a Symptome then Disease following other Disaffections My Province at this time is to make an inspection into the nature and causes of the Malady called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Greeks and Delirium by the Latines and is a perverted operation of the Brain flowing from malignant Fevers Hysterick Paroxysmes the eruption of the Small Pox c. This Symptome seemeth to be seated in the more inward Recesses of the Brain where the common Sense Phansy The seat of a Delirium and Memory do perform their operations which are acted by the Animal Spirits the Ministers of the Mind which being hurried in irregular motions do confound the representations of outward sensible Objects when their Appulses are conveyed by nervous Fibrils to the more inward sensitive Faculties which being disturbed in their due apprehensions do make disorderly Phantasmes recommended to the Understanding whereupon this more noble Function cannot make a right judgment of the Objects presented to it from the inward Senses so that the Will following the irregular Dictates of the Understanding doth make ill Elections as mis-governed by an erroneous guide In a Brain well-disposed The regular motion of the Animal Spirits the Animal Spirits make regular motions from the Origen of the Nerves through the Interstices of their Filaments making their progress through the several Processes of the Brain in due manner and order as instituted by nature whence the outward and inward Senses and the more intellectual Faculties do exercise regular Operations in the true perception of outward and inward Objects But if the nervous Liquor and its more agile and more refined Particles The irregular motion of the Animal Spirits do make violent and tumultuary excursions through the various Filaments relating to the fibrous Compage of the Brain the thoughts of the Mind are rendred disturbed and the outward and inward perceptions of Sense and Reason confused and irregular as not able to make right apprehensions of things If any one shall make an inquiry into the causes of these depraved operations of Sense and Reason it may seem to proceed upon a double account First The First cause of a Delirium is in the Blood by reason of a fierce mass of Blood having access to the Brain by the inward Carotide Arteries whereupon the Animal Spirits grow discomposed The Second reason of a Delirium is from a depraved nervous Liquor producing unquiet Animal Spirits The Blood is in fault by reason of an undue effervescence The Second antecedent cause of a Delirium caused by heterogeneous fermentative Particles having an influence upon the Brain or when the boiling Blood in the Paroxysmes of intermittent or acute Fevers is carried in a great quantity into the Membranes of the Brain distending them and compressing its fibrous Compage Whereupon the Animal Spirits are acted with violent motions between the spaces of the nervous Filaments And the enraged Particles the Red Crassament of Blood do highly discompose the serous parts of it The Third cause of a Delirium may be in the serous part of the Blood out of which the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits are generated so that they grow very restless and impetuous in their motions hither and thither disquieting the Oeconomy of the Brain and the Animal Functions of the common Sense Phancy Memory Understanding producing a Delirium which is a depraved exercise of the operations of the said Faculties The Blood is also poisoned with malignant qualities as in the Plague Fevers Small Pox which act the Animal Spirits with enormous operations disordering the rational and sensitive Faculties This distemper being of a short continuance doth not denote any particular cure as being a Symptome of acute Diseases which being determined a Delirium immediately disappears and by reason the Animal Spirits are receptive of a great trouble and confusion in this disaffection The Cure and Medicines in order to cure a Delirium Cephalick Medicines may be advised in the form of Apozemes Powders Pills Electuaries to appease the fierce Particles of the Animal Liquor apt to be hurried with violent and irregular motions as also to strengthen the laxe Compage of the Fibrils of the Brain distended with the over-much elastick Particles of the Animal Liquor As to a Delirium Another course of Physick must be prescribed in order to cure a Delirium the consequent of a malignant Fever the consequent of an acute and malignant Fever another method of Physick may be advised as opening a Vein in a Plethorick Constitution As
also testaceous Powders taken with Cephalick Julapes which promote Sweat and give an allay to the inordinate motion of the Animal Spirits and the great effervescence of the Blood To this end Topicks may be applied as Epispastick Plaisters between the Shoulders insides of the Arms Thighs Legs As also Plaisters and Cataplasmes to the Feet Having discoursed a Delirium A Phrenitis is a high degree of a Delirium which is a more gentle kind of desipience it may not be amiss to speak of a Phrenitis as a more exalted degree of a Delirium and a Disease more radicated in the Membranes and Substance of the Brain proceeding from a fluctuation and not from a more remiss undulation of the Animal Liquor and Spirits A Phrensy may be described a continued and lasting Delirium The description of a Phrenitis with a depravation of the rational and sensitive Faculties accompanied with a continued Fever derived from the inflammation of the Dura and Pia mater and from the great and inordinate motion of the nervous Liquor very much expanding the Fibrils of the Brain And from a hot distemper of the Brain coming from bilious Matter as Sennertus will have it The Essence of this Disease is found in an irregular motion of the Animal Spirits The Essence of this Diseaâ—e the great Ministers of the more noble and inferior Functions of the Brain and differeth in degree from a Delirium as the Animal Liquor is more vitiated and the Disease more rooted as coming from more active causes producing a rapid motion of the Animal Spirits in the Interstices of the Filaments belonging to the fibrous Compage of the Brain whereupon they grow more puffed up and disordered by the expansive part of the nervous Liquor dicomposing the fine Systemes of nervous Filaments constituting the admirable frame of the Brain so that the Images of things making appulses upon the Organs of the outward Senses are imparted by a continuation of Nerves to the common Sense Phancy and Memory and are indistinctly apprehended and after the same manner represented to the Understanding whose confused Notions are offered to the Will which is perverted in the elicite acts by the ill conduct of the superior Faculty whence flow incongruous Speeches and ridiculous actions and postures of the Body much repugnant to Reason and Sense This Disease doth very much consist in a great ebullition of Blood A Phrenitis consists in a high Effervescence of the Blood out of whose Albuminous Particles the Animal Liquor is generated in the Cortical Glands whence the Animal Spirits the more active Atomes of the nervous Juyce are acted with a Phlogosis enraging the substance of the Brain and its more noble parts the Animal Spirits rendring them fierce and restless whereupon the outward and inward Senses and more excellent Faculties are highly disordered Dr. Willis is of an Opinion that a Phrenitis doth proceed from an inflammation of the Animal Spirits and not from the coats of the Brain as he hath it in the Tenth Chapter De Delirio Phrenitide P. 314 315. Enim vero proba bile est sanguinem febriliter ardescentem particulas interdum sulphureas una cum spirituosis cerebro offundere quae semi accensae quodam modo efflagrantes si una cum alteris penetrarint exinde mox omnes ductus Medullares nervos subeuntes spiritibus ubique adherent adeoque omnes inflammatos summe efferos implacabiles reddunt Certe verisimilius est Phrenitida hoc ritu a spirituum Phlogosi potius quam a meningum aut cerebri inflammatione quae Cephaleam aut Lethargum certius quam furorem prout ex cerebri anatomiis compertum habui inferrent excitari But I humbly conceive with the leave of this Learned Physician That the Phrensie is not only deducible from an effervescence of the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits A Phrenitis may proceed not only from an Effervescence of the Animal Liquor and Spirits but from an Inflammation of the Coats and Brain it self The cause of the Inflammatory disposition of the Animal Spirits but from an inflammation of the Membranes of the Brain proceeding from an extravasated Blood lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels seated in the substance belonging to the Membranes encircling the ambient parts of the Brain by reason the putrid indisposition of the Blood affecting the integuments of the Brain First indisposeth the Cortical Glands in which the nervous Liquor is generated as also the more inward penetrals of the Brain whereupon the Animal Spirits are endued with an inflammatory disposition highly disquieting their due motion as rendring them turbulent and irregular so that the lower and higher Faculties of the Brain cannot make due apprehensions of their objects presented unto them An Instance of this Hypothesis may be given The Pia mater may be inflamed without a Tumor of the Brain in which the Pia mater is often inflamed without the tumor of the substance of the Brain as it hath been seen in Dissections of the Heads of Persons dying of Phrensies A young Man of a lean and dry habit of Body was afflicted with a continued Tertian attended with ill Symptomes as a great pain of the Head proceeding from a hot and sharp mass of Blood carried by the internal Carotide Artery into the substance relating to the Coats of the Brain and was also tortured with most importunate watchings and afterward in a small space of time the Patient was highly disordered with a Phrenitis accompanied with horrid accidents which could not be appeased with a proper course of Physick and afterward died raging with Red squallide Eyes to the great disquiet of his Friends and standers by After death his Skull being taken off the Brain was bespecked with Red spots derived from extravasated Blood And the Membranes and especially the Pia mater was tumefied being distended with blackish Blood and the Branches transmitted through the substance of the Brain did seem to be swelled and inflamed which were imparted from the Pia mater Sometimes the Dura mater is ulcered A Phrenitis proceeding from an Ulcer of the Dura mater accompanied with a fulness of Blood-vessels in the Pia mater and an Abscess in the Cerebellum Of this Petrus Pauvius giveth an account Observat Octava Anatomica Quidam per biennium conquestus fuerat de dolore in occipite tandem hic Phrenitide ac convulsivis motibus correptus subito interiit Huic crassa cerebri membrana aliquot locit exesa erat variis foraminibus idque potissimum in bregmate sub sagittali sutura ubi ea cum coronali jungitur Ex iis foraminibus effluebat per membranam dictam effusus erat sanguis fermè concretus ater adustus admodum faetens Tali quoque sanguine distenta erant vasa per exteriorem crassae meningis superficiem discurrentia quin ea quae numerosa per tenuem disseminata sunt Huic intra cerebellum abscessus humore non naturali
scatens repertus fuit erat hic humor colore ex citrino ad pallidum vergens pallida nimirum bilis Ipsa cerebelli substantia flaccida omnino molliorque multo quam cerebri substantia A Phrensy also may come from an inflammatory disposition of the Brain A Phrenitis coming from an inflammation of the substance of the Brain flowing from a quantity of bilious Blood stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels whereupon the Animal Spirits are rendred obnoxious to a very hot affection making them tumultuary in their motion in their confused progress between the Filaments of the nervous Fibrils constituting the compage of the Brain hence ariseth a Phrenitis from the Animal Spirits enraged with hot steams of the extravasated Blood which often degenerates into an Abscess and Ulcer of the Brain As Nicholaus Fontanus hath observed Analectorum cap. 1. and mentioned by Learned Bonnetus Anatom Pract. lib. 1. Sect. 7. De Phrenit c. Obs 7. Pa. 163. Ad invisendum ait ille puerum duodecennem accersitus arteriam in carpo contemplor duram cum pulsu frequenti exiguo aegrum imaginatione laborare deprehendo Continuo delirantem floccos carpentem inâ—omnem immorigerum Cui lingua exusta fuliginosa nigra excrementa sicca dura pilularum instar Hunc Phrenitide confirmata laborare eaque exitiali mihi persuasi Nam triduo post nullis auxiliis aptis proficientibus migravit e vivis Secto capite contemplatoque cerebro in ejus Medullari substantia repertus est tumor nucis juglandis magnitudine rubidus venis turgentibus sanguine repletus quae hujus noxae fuit causa certissima rupto abscessu emanavit faetidus ichor coclearis quantitate venae jam ante tumidae subsederunt A Phrensy may also take its rise from a quantity of watry Recrements A Phrensy may be derived from an inflamed Plexus Choroides mixed with the mass of Blood in the Plexus Choroides and Ventricles and also from thick Filaments of gross Blood concreted in the Sinus of the Dura mater somewhat resembling Worms A Woman oppressed with great sadness An instance of this case upon an account of some great loss fell into a burning Fever accompanied with a great pain of the Head which degenerated into a Phrensy expressed in extravagant Singing Laughing and odd postures of the Body After death her Skull being taken off a thin pale Blood flowed out of the Pia mater and the Ventricles of the Brain being opened the Blood-vessels of the Plexus Choroides and Chambers in which they are lodged appeared full of a watry Blood and in the Sinus of the Dura mater many gross Filaments were discovered mad up of a gross Blood mixed with crude unassimilated Chyle of a Polypose nature A Phrensy doth not only come from extravasated Blood A Phrensy proceeding from serous Recrements vitiating the nervous Liquor but from serous Recrements too secerned from the vital Liquor in the Cortical Glands which pass through the Cortex into the more inward Processes of the Brain These serous Recrements being hot and sharp as compared with saline and hot steams of the Blood do highly discompose the nervous Liquor and its refined Particles which being aggrieved with an over-elastick temper do make turbulent and confused motions very much puffing up the Filaments of the nervous Fibrils productive of a Phrensy Of this Learned Webster giveth an example Exercitat De Apoplex Historia 4 ta J. An observation relating to the said Case Reutinger aliquot septimanis ante obitum crudelissime cephalalgia afflictus fuit prae dolore quandoque amens erat ut quicquid vel diceret vel faceret non raro nesciret Mortui cranio aperto saucia dura meninge profluxit serum cum impetu maxima ex parte collectum in spacio quod inter duram piam matrem est Imo ipsa substantia cerebri cerebelli plurimum serum imbiberat nam summopere utrumque erat flaccidum molle Having spoke after my manner of the Essence and various conjunct causes of a Phrensy illustrated with the History of diverse Diseases of the Brain I will give you very short evident causes of this raging distemper The evident causes of a Phrensy which raise a Feverish distemper giving a fiery disposition to the Animal Spirits caused by more freely indulging our selves in the large and frequent draughts of great bodied Wines and other strong Liquors as also immoderate passions of the Mind and violent motion of the Body and a suppression of the wonted evacuations of Blood by the Menses or Haemorrhoids bleeding through the Nostrils c. which render the mass of Blood very hot especially in cholerick Constitutions which having a recourse by the internal Carotide Arteries to the Membranes and substance of the Brain do make fiery impressions upon the Animal Liquor and Spirits rendring them over-active and impetuous in motion and over expansive whereby the Filaments of the numurous Fibrils besetting the Compage of the Brain are disordred so that the Organs of Reason and Sense being highly disaffected the Superior and Inferior Faculties cannot perform their duty in regular apprehensions of things and due elections of proper means in order to the preservation of Life and Happiness The Diagnosticks of this Disease are troublesome watchings The Diagnosticks accompanied sometimes with interrupted Sleep and terrible Dreams after which Phrenetick persons make lamentable out-cries biting their Tongues and Lips and tearing their Cloaths and breaking Glass-windows and also do make frequent attempts to destroy themselves by cutting their Throats Drowning Hanging and casting themselves down Precipices and in their fit of Raging their Eyes and Faces are overspread with Redness proceeding from a great quantity of enraged Blood setled in the ambient parts of the Body The Prognosticks of a Phrensy as being an inflammation of the Membranes The Prognosticks or substance of the Brain enraging the Animal Spirits coming from the fiery parts of the Blood or from an Abscess or Ulcer of the Brain doth threaten great danger often ending in death If this Disease afflict a good constitution of Body abounding with a great quantity of Blood or if it have often and long intervals in a young person the hopes of recovery are much greater then in old age But if after moderate sleep the raging Fits do more and more increase it is an argument the Disease groweth more strong and more dangerous in reference to a new access of Morbifick Matter oppressing the Brain and vitiating the nervous Liquor and Spirits If a Fever have a laudable Crisis by a free evacuation of Sweat oftentimes the Phrensy is fairly determined A Phrenitis following an ill Crisis of a Fever but if the Fever have an ill Crisis the Matter of the Disease is transmitted from the lower apartiment of the Body by the Carotide Artery into the Coats and fibrous Compage of the Brain making a Phrenitis which often appears in a pale water
and if the Pulse groweth low and quick attended with a difficulty of Breathing Vomitings Convulsions and frequent drops of Blood distilling out of the Nostrils they are the symptomes or forerunners of death And if in a long continued Phrensy A Pleuresy degenerating in a Lethargy the ambient parts of the Membranes Cortex and the Corpus callosum be oppressed with a quantity of serous Recrements or stagnant Blood productive of an inflammatory disposition it often degenerates into a Lethargy Mania Melancholia or Morosis which are hardly curable A Paraphrenitis is a Disease proceeding from an inflammation of the Midriff accompanied with a Fever which being endued with a multitude of nervous Fibrils A Paraphrenitis proceedeth from a inflammation of the Midriff highly affecteth the Brain as Galen and the Antients will have it But the modern Physicians making a greater inspection into the nature of Diseases gained by the dissection of dead Bodies have found that the Inflammation Abscess and Ulcer of the Midriff have proved very fatal to Patients without the least shew of a Phrensy But I humbly conceive that a Paraphrenitis doth not come from an Inflammation A Paraphrenitis coming from an Abscess of the Midriff or Abscess of the Midriff but is a gentle or bastard Phrensy being near a kin to a Delirium proceeding from slighter causes then a Phrensy from a mass of Blood not enraged with such high sulphureous Particles or with serous Liquor so much oppressing the Cortex or more inward Recesses of the Brain whereupon the Animal Spirits are less disordered and the rational and sensitive Powers are not so much perverted in the performance of their operations as in a Phrensy As to the cure of the Phrensy Bleeding proper in the cure of a Phrenitis and Paraphrenitis in reference to hot stagnated Blood in the Membranes and substance of the Brain it denotes Bleeding to lessen the mass of Blood and to make good its circulation Letting of Blood is most proper in the beginning of the Disease while Nature is strong and before the Disease is too much radicated in the state of it when the Malady hath got a great head attended with Syncopes Lipothymies and a quick weak Pulse wherein it is more rational to forbear Bleeding and apply Blistering plaisters between the Shoulders to the inside of the Arms Thighs Legs and Cephalick plaisters and proper Cataplasmes to the Feet In reference to the Fever accompanying the Phrensy Emulsions made with cooling Seeds may be proper to allay the unnatural heat of the Blood which is often to be taken away out of the jugular Veins or the Cephalick Median or Basilick of the Arm as also a Vein may be opened in the Foot when the Menstrua are suppressed or Leeches may be applyed to the Haemorrhoidal Veins which revel the Blood from the Head both in Men and Women Cupping-glasses may be applyed to the Shoulders and Neck Cupping-glasses are proper in this Disease which very much relieve the Head in a Phrensy The temporal Artery may be safely opened in this Disease as immediately discharging the fierce Blood out of the Carotide Artery and proveth often very advantageous in this case Clysters also are very successful to empty the Bowels of Excrements and Wind and Vomitings and Catharcticks are very dangerous A Clyster may be very useful in a Phrensy except they be gentle by reason they give great disturbance to the sharp and hot Humors of the Body and much intend the Fever which associates the Phrensy Cephalick Julapes made of the Flowers of Lilly of the Vally Limetree Cowslips and Red Poppy made up with Pearl and Sugar are very beneficial to attemper the enraged Animal Spirits which being fixed are brought to a due order in motion whereby the more excellent and meaner Faculties have a due perception of their various outward and inward Objects Apozemes may be safely given prepared with roots of Dogs-grass Apozemes wild Asparagus Bruscas and with the leaves of Vervain Betony fragrant Apples sliced Corrants the Seeds of Melons Pumpions White Poppy and the Colature after they have been boiled in water may be dulcified with Syrup of Water-Lillies An Electuary of Conserv of Water-Lillies of which a draught may be drunk after every Dose of an Electuary prepared with the Conserve of Water-Lillies Lime-Flowers and Lillies of the Valley Powder of the Four cooling Seeds c. made up with the Syrup of Water-Lillies CHAP. LXVII Of Melancholly THis melancholick indisposition of the Brain The Melancholy hath somewhat of likeness with a Phrenitis hath much affinity with a Phrenitis as they are both delirous affections of the Head flowing from vitiated Animal Spirits disordering the upper and lower Faculties of Reason and Sense So that this Disease may admit this description The descrion of Melancholy as being a Delirium composed of a depravation of Reason and Imagination accompanied with Fear and Sadness which sheweth Melancholy to be a Malady complicated with the indisposition of the Brain and Heart by reason it is a Delirium proceeding from the Fault of the Brain and Animal Spirits conjoyned with Passions arising from the Heart This Disease differeth from a Phrenitis Melancholy differeth from other Cephalick Diseases Mania Morosis as it is a Delirium associated with a high passionate discomposure of Fear and Grief the sad concomitants of this Malady of which the Patient can give a rational account as not proceeding from any outward severe accident producing these troublesome passions but from an ill mass of Blood and other ill inward causes disturbing the Heart Brain and Animal Spirits And melancholick persons The various Fancies of melanchoâ—iâ—k Persons are not only affected with clouds of Fear and Grief but sport themselves in Laughter and immoderate Joy by pleasing their fancies with the vain apprehensions of great Honour and State as being Kings and Princes having a great affluence as they conceive of all Pleasures and Riches The ridiculous imaginations of this Disease have metamorphosed Men into Wolves which they have endeavoured to imitate in Barking and Howling Others have fancied themselves dead and have intimated their desires to be buried and have conceived their Bodies to be composed of Glass fearing lest any person nearly approaching them should rub upon them and break them inpieces it would be endless and infinite to recount the numbers of foolish imaginations and nonsensical whimsies accompanying Melancholy which in reference to more or less symptomes This Disease is styled Universal or Particular as it hath more or less Symptomes may be called Universal or Particular The First hath more numerous delirous apprehensions then the other as treating themselves in sad deep Thoughts so that their fancy is restless and sometimes entertaineth it self with variety of Objects and othertimes with one or a few things of small importance always running in the fancy which they betray in speaking of it to the great trouble of the Auditors And
also melancholick persons have objects represented to their fancy under deformed and uncouth large Images which strike greater fear and terror into the Minds of this kind of delirous persons These ill configured Phantasmes being offered to the Understanding confound its operations and render the discourses of melancholick persons insignificant and not agreeable to sound Reason And now it may be worth our inquiry how the natural disposition of the Animal Spirits is perverted which Learned Dr. Willis conceiveth to proceed from the fault of their peculiar Ingeny as he hath it in the Eleventh Chapter De Melancholia Pa. 323. Hic autem primo inquirendum occurrit de Spirituum Animalium diathesi seu constitutione praeternaturali Nam in quantum isti irregulari modo habentes in anomaliis suis aliquandiu aut semper persistunt cumque huic illorum affectioni non Paralysis Apoplexia vertigo aut convulsio adjunguntur quae Cerebri obstructiones arguunt inferre licebit quod Spiritus Animales neque ab alieno impetum faciente in tales inordinationes adiguntur neque potissimum ob Cerebri poros meatus obstructos 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 suas concipiunt sed potius in hoc casu propriae indolis vitio praedicta symptomata aegrotis accersunt The Opinion of the Antients concerning the disaffection of the Animal Spirits The Antients have conceived this disaffection of Animal Spirits to proceed from a Melancholick Humor derived from adust Blood or Choler rendring the refined and lucid Particles of the nervous Liquor cloudy whereupon the Images of things have a dark representation as if they were vailed with shades and the Animal Spirits taking their rise from inflamed Blood do somewhat resemble the Rays of Light coming from a Flame as Dr. Willis hath illustrated the different affections of Animal Spirits According to Dr. Willis the different affections of Animal Spirits may be illustrated by the various disposition of Light by the various disposition of Light in the Chapter De Melancholia Pa. 324. At qui satis constat lucem se diversimode se habere illustrare juxta quod ab incendio corporum vario ritu efflagrantium scilicet spiritus vini olei sevi sulphuris mineralis nitri aliorumque procedit pariter Spiritus Animales in quantum a sanguine crasim modo hanc modo illam aliamve nacto aut subtiles aut clari aut hebetes crassi quasi fuliginosi extillantur functionum animalium organa varie trajiciunt irradiant earumque proinde actus diversimode pervertunt And the Animal Spirits are not so free and loose in their Compage as the Rays of Light which are an innumerable company of lucid Atomes moving with great quickness and agility but the Animal Spirits are more confined as engaged in the nervous Juyce their proper vehicle and may be compared to some chymical Liquors drawn out of natural Bodies by distillation which may illustrate delirous disaffections Delirous dispositions may be illustrated by Chymical Liquor extracted by Distillation as holding great Analogy with them Liquors Spagyrically extracted are active Elements which after various manners in them are endued with a diverse Ingeny and the most excellent Liquor as it is agreed by a common consent is a Spirit espoused to Salt which is volatised by it and the Spirit again is fixed by Salt which opposite principles speak a mutual advantage Liquors impregnated with volatil Salt as being ministerial to each others improvements and the Spirits of Hartshorn Soot and Blood are impregnated with volatil Salts which are very subtile volatil and penetrating and yet are not inflammable and the Animal Spirits being regular in motion as endued with a laudable constitution somewhat resemble a Spirituous Liquor exalted with volatil Salt extracted out of Blood by distillation except the great Acrimony and Empyreuma of Spirituous distilled Liquor coming from the Fire The Animal Spirits have a different mild disposition as extracted out of the albuminous parts of the Blood by a more mild heat But other chymical Liquors Liquors endued with oily and spirituous Particles being endued with a sulphureous nature as Spirit of Wine and Turpentine consisting of oily and spirituous parts united are easily inflammable they are parted from each other by Fire of this disposition as Dr. Willis conceiveth are the Animal Spirits producing a Phrensy But other different Liquors Chymically extracted in which fixed Salt brought to a fluor is predominant and distilled by a gentle Fire out of Vinegar heavy Wood and some kind of Minerals have very restless Spirits whose Effluvia cannot extend themselves far And if they be distilled in B. M. nothing but Phlegme can be extracted The continent cause of a melancholick affection The antecedent cause of this Disease cometh from the serous parts of the Blood turning Acide And the Animal Spirits being tainted with an acide Affection proceeding from fixed Salt brought to a Fluor hath a great share in the production of Melancholick affections so that I humbly conceive that the antecedent and causes of this Disease do come from the serous parts of the Blood carried by the Carotide Arteries of the Cortical Glands and other Processes of the Brain degenerating from a mild into an acide and corroding disposition somewhat akin to Vinegar Alome Vitriol c. which doth vitiate the nervous Liquor and its more exalted Particles vulgarly called the Animal Spirits and disturb their regular motion rendring them restless and confused Whereupon followeth a depravation of the Superior and Inferior faculties of the Brain causing a Delirium attending Melancholy And it may be farther observed that steams flowing from acide Liquor are always in motion by reason the Spirit of Vinegar Vitriol Sea-Salt do perpetually evaporate as the Particles of fluid Salt have no coherence with heterogeneous Particles and are always restless in their nature and in perpetual motion Whereupon we may suppose with great probability The Acide Spirits of Vegetables do resemble the Acide serous parts of the Blood debasing the Animal Liquor and Spirits that the acide Spirits of Vegetables and Minerals put into a Glass Hermetically sealed have their steams carried about the sides of the Glass in a circular motion and do very much resemble the serous parts of the Blood depressed with fixed Salt and Vitriolick Atomes debasing the nervous Liquor the Vehicle and subject of Animal Spirits which are rendred unquiet in their passage by the sides of the Filaments constituting the Fibrils of the Brain Hence flow constant and troublesome Thoughts that discompose the Fancy and the rational and sensitive Faculties as the Animal Spirits are composed of acide unquiet Particles which do not duly actuate and irradiate the nervous Compage of the Brain Out of the acide Spirit Chymically prepared the Effluvia do not highly ascend beyond the surface of the Liquors and only accoast the adjacent Bodies and make no approach to those that are seated at a distance so
that the Spirit of Vitriol Salt or Vinegar cannot ascend out of the Still to the top of the Alembick unless it be forced up by an intense heat After this manner the phantasmes of Melancholick persons afflicted with adust Choler proceeding from Animal Spirits The cause and manner how Melancholy operates degenerating into an acide disposition do influence the whole Compage of the Brain and act in the Meditullium and are carried into the spaces of the neighbouring Filaments where the Animal Spirits exert their motions in a confused manner whence Thoughts perpetually arise which are much versed about one or but a few objects And when a great number of Spirits are confined within a narrow compass of the fibrous Compage of the Brain the phantasmes are very much enlarged beyond the true dimensions and small things rendred great and after the like manner when the visible images of things are represented by a Microscope they appeart much greater then they are in their own nature as the many Rays are united and concentred in a Convexe Glass so also the intentional species are configured in the Fibrous Compage of the Brain by the conflux of many Animal Spirits confined within a small circumference Of this we may have an Experiment in our Selves when we are fed with gross melancholly Diet or being clouded with the passion of sadness we become Thoughtful by reason the Animal Spirits do want a free Emanation we are made sollicitous of every small concern as if our whole happiness depended upon it Whereupon we are discomposed with great Fear and Anxiety conceiving our selves utterly lost in our vain apprehension when we are overcome with Melancholy And this melancholick Affection doth not only take its rise from an acide disposition spoiling the Crasis of the Animal Spirits Melancholy coming from an atrabilarian Humor but from an atrabilarian Humor carried with the Blood by the internal carotide Arteries into the substance of the Cortical Glands whereupon their nature is much debased and as losing their sweet temper and volatil saline disposition their Compage is rendred more gross and opaque so that it cannot be duly enlightened by the lucid Particles of the Animal Spirits And Melancholy is not only contracted by the fault of the Brain Melancholy flowing from the Praecordia and Blood and Animal Spirits but from the Praecordia and from the Blood endued with heterogeneous Particles highly fermenting in the noble parts of the middle Apartiment and thence transmitted by arterial Channels into the Brain where it maketh a great alteration in the nervous Compage as it is affected with gross atrabilarian Particles perverting the Crasis of the Brain and clouding the bright Ingeny of the Animal Spirits The Humors proceeding from adust Choler do much lessen the purity of the flame of Life in taking off much of its Activity and Spirit whereupon it moveth more slowly in its various Channels and contracteth gross Recrements associated with the Blood out of whose more mild parts debased by atrabilarian Humors producing grief and fear ill companions the purity of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is very much sullied often generating a sad Delirium The ill temper of the vital Liquor causing this timerous Disease The temper of the Blood producing a timerous disposition doth partly proceed from undue fermentation of the Blood in the Heart whereupon it groweth less oily and bountiful in its spirituous parts proceeding from too much exalted saline Atomes rendring the Blood gross and unactive whereupon the Blood transmitted out of the right Chamber of the Heart into the pulmonary Artery and substance of the Lungs as being too much burdened with fixed Salt cannot be duly attenuated and inspired with the elastick particles of Air so that we grow faint and sorrowful as our Blood wanteth a due intestine motion in the Heart and Lungs whereupon it groweth depressed in this Malady as overcharged with gross saline and sulphureous Particles whereupon arise variety of passions in the Heart as Fear Sorrow Faintness and panting in the most noble machine of motion which doth not only suffer by the ill crasis of the Blood clogged with ill effaete adust Choler and saline parts but the vital Liquor also is very much retarded as growing degenerate for want of a due circulation through all the apartiments of the body which is produced in this Disease by a slow and weak motion of the Heart coming from its disabled contractions of muscular Fibres caused by the defect of Animal Spirits not sufficiently acting the Nerves so that the Blood and Animal Spirits do disaffect and prejudice each other the atrabilarian Blood as affected with saline parts produceth gross Animal Liquor and Spirits and again the Animal Spirits being endued with an ill disposition do not duly influence the Cardiack Nerves whereupon the Blood and Animal Spirits do pervert each others Crasis in reference to purity vigor and activity The inordinate passions of the Mind as vehement love sadness Vehement Love discomposeth the fine temper of the Brain panick fear envy malice do very much disturb the oeconomy of the Brain and spoil the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits in forcing them to run excentrick in reference to their common Sphaeres of the Interstices of nervous Filaments by making them depart into the Pores and Meatus of the substance of the Brain whence proceedeth the depravation of the various Faculties Trust and Reason residing in it Again The indisposition of the Blood proceeding from crude Chyme not well assimilated the Blood acquiring an undue Crasis as being mixed with a Chyme not broken into small Particles by the faint motion of the Heart as in Fear Sadness c. doth render the vital Liquor crude and full of fixed saline Particles as not well attenuated by the motion of Blood coming from the weak contractions of the fleshy Fibres of the Heart whereupon the ill-affected Blood doth make or spoil the production of laudable Animal Liquor and Spirits in the cortical Glands of the Brain The Blood also contracteth an ill temper by immoderate Exercise The Blood is distempered by violent exercise gross Diet of Salt Meats especially if they be dried in Smoke and the suppression of accustomed evacuations of Blood by the Haemorrhoids and Menstrua bleeding at Nose and of purging the serous Recrements by Vomiting and Stool all which do infect the Blood and render it Atrabilarian which afterward indisposeth the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits The Antients did conceive the first rise of Melancholy to be seated in the Brain and other times in the Uterus and Spleen as to the Brain it may be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when the Brain hath its substance habitually vitiated by an ill nervous Liquor primarily flowing from the ill serous Liquor of the Blood out of which it is formed Others do imagine the seat of Melancholy to be in the Womb Some conceive the seat of Melancholy to be in the
Disease to advise gentle Purgatives prepared with proper alteratives at once purging of the Atrabilarian Humors Cooling and moist Medicines are useful in a Melancholick distemper and giving alay to the other by cooling and moist Medicines which do countermand the hot and dry disposition and sweeten the acide and saline parts of the Blood As the root of Polypode of the Oak Epithymum Caruway seed boiled in water with a little Wine Senna Rubarb Agarick Tamarinds adding at last a purging Syrupe of Apples or Syrupe of Peach-Flowers c. Pilulae Tartareae Bontii Purging Pills Quercetani de succino quickned with a little Resine of Jalape or Scammony or Extract of Rudius Tartar vitriolated and in strong constitutions of Body Extract of black Hellebore Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Cinnamon-water Resine of Scammony Jalape c. may be advised Purgative Powders Purgative Powders given in Posset-drink as Diasenna Diaturbeth as also Rubarb Agarick Senna Lapis-lazuli powdered and given in Posset-drink prepared with Small Beer and White-wine in which you may add Syrupe of Apples Syrupe of Roses-solutive of Peach-Flowers of Buckthorn c. Purgatives may be advised frequently once in Five or Six days Benigne Purgatives are most laudable in this Disease and let them be prepared with benigne Medicines which do not offer a violence to Nature by reason strong Medicines have a malignant temper which do irritate the ill Humors of the Blood and vitiate it and the nervous Liquor and give an irregular motion to the Animal Spirits and aggravate the Disease If the Body be bound a Clyster may be injected of a common decoction prepared with some gentle purging Electuary or rather with purging Syrupes and common Sugar Testaceous Powders Testaceous Powders given in some proper Apozemes or in clarified Whey made of Crabs claws Egg shels c. and of Pearl Coral Crabs Eyes and the like may be given in Posset-drink or Whey or some alterative Apozeme prepared with some of the Five opening Roots of the Leaves of Borage Betony the Flowers of Cowslips Water-Lilies Ivory shavings Pippins Raisins of the Sun c. and sweetned with Syrupe of Cowslips or Water-Lilies to which may be added some compound Briony or Paeony water Decoctions of China Sarza in which may be infused the tops of Pine and Firr the Flowers of Cowslips Water-Lilies Borage Bugloss and being strained may be sweetned with the alterative Syrupe of Apples Water-Lilies Cowslips Wood-Sorrel and the like which do contemperate and moisten the hot and dry temper of melancholick Persons and dulcify the saline parts of the Blood which are a main ingredient in this disconsolate phanciful Disease The Third Indication The vital Indication denotes Medicines coroborating the Brain A Cephalick Electuary being vital doth consist in the conservation of the affected parts and doth denote corroborating Medicines which do strengthen the Brain and repair the decays of Nature In this case Electuaries may be proper made of the Conserves of Lime-Flowers Lily of the Valley Water-Lilies Cowslips Gilly-Flowers the Powders of Pearl Crabs Eyes Crabs Claws Coral Candid Rine of Citron or Mirabolans to which Syrupe of Water-Lilies may be added to make it into the consistence of an Electuary After which may be drank a draught of Cephalick Julape A Cephalick Julape made with the distilled Waters of Lime-Flowers Lillie of the Valley Black Cherries compound Paeony sweetned with Syrupe of Cowslips Water-Lilies In this case a Magistral distilled Water may be very advantageous A Cephalick distilled Water Take of the Leaves of Betony Borage Bugloss Water-cresses Brooklime Balm of the Flowers of Cowslips Water-Lilies Lily of the Valley of the chips of Citrons Auranges Limons Nutmegs distilled in Whey made with fragrant Apples to which may be added a little White-wine Apozemes also are useful in Melancholy An Apozeme prepared with the Roots and Leaves of Polypode of the Oak Hartshorn Ceterack Epithymum Water-Germander Water-Cresses and Millepedes bruised of which some may be boiled in a close Pipkin and being strained may be sweetened with double or treble refined Sugar After a Chalybeate course the Waters of Epsam Barnet Northal The purging Mineral Waters or Dulige may be drank as preparatory to the Waters of Tunbridge Rotherfield as good as any of the Acidulae or the Spaw-waters of York-shire The diuretick Waters which are to be taken with a proper method of Physick else they may prove very prejudicial Whey also may be very beneficial prepared with the tops of Pine and Firr or with Brooklime Water-Cresses the Flowers of Cow-slips Lime Lily of the Valley Water-Lilies c. Broths also may be given made with a Chicken or Pullet A Medicinal Broth. and with the Leaves of Polypode of the Oak Wood-Sorrel or with Borage Bugloss Pearl Barley to which may be added the Shavings of Hartshorn and Ivory CHAP. LXVIII Of a Mania or Madness THE Mania Madness is near akin to Melancholy or Madness hath much affinity with Melancholy and degenerates into Madness as the Atribilarian Humor groweth more exalted and mixed with acide Recrements it is turned into a Maniack disposition and the Vital Spirits being highly enflamed do enrage the Animal productive of Madness which attendeth Melancholy as the flame is ushered in by Smoak This Disease may be defined The definition of Madness a Delirium or depravation of the Imagination and Reason without Fear and Sadness the attendants of Melancholy with fury boldness and great clamors and rantings derived from saline sulphureous Particles arising first out of the Blood and afterward imparted to the Animal Liquor and Spirits Some Physicians suppose Madness to be an elevated Melancholy Madness supposed to be an elevated Melancholy as the saline sulphureous Particles of the Atrabilarian Humor are only more exalted producing more symptomes of Rage boldness horrid out-crys c. But I humbly conceive this Disease doth not differ gradually but specifically as coming from various causes and accompanied with higher symptomes by reason Melancholy is accompanied with Fear and Sorrow and Madness with Fury and Boldness flowing from nitro-sulphureous parts of the vital Liquor making a hot Fermentative disposition of the nervous Juyce enraging the Animal Spirits The subject of this Disease is the fibrous Compage of the Brain The subject of Madness composed of numerous Fibrils containing the nervous Liquor generated of albuminous parts of the Blood the subject and vehicle of the Animal Spirits which move between the Filaments of minute Nerves in a great hurry and most irregular manner The turbulent symptomes of this furious malady The symptomes of Madness is a depravation of the phancy and intellect importuned with storms of impetuous Thoughts expressed in furious Language and ranting Gestures of tearing Cloaths biting the Tongue and offering violent hands to themselves These horrid Signs Symptomes of this Disease are illustrated by Mineral Waters arising out of the ill tone of the Animal Spirits Dr.
sulphureous and acide corrosive nature may be conceived to destroy the finer parts of the Animal Spirits the Ministers of the Faculties of Reason and Sense and beget a Maniack disposition of the Brain perverting the Oeconomy of the Brain in reference to its different operations attended with raging passions screeches and out-cries and unseemly gestures and motions of the Limbs This Disease taketh its rise The rise of Madness either immediately from the Animal Liquor and Spirits the chief instruments of the Soul in producing its nobler and meaner acts of Reason and Sense or more remotely from the Blood as the Materia substrata of the Succus nervosus A Madness arising out of the Animal Spirits either proceedeth from an evident cause Evident causes of Madness as some extravagant passion or from an ill affection of the Brain caused by a Phrensy or Melancholy whereupon a Madness often succeedeth A violent passion doth highly influence the Brain Violent passions may be the cause of Madness and enrage the nervous Juyce and Animal Spirits as it s more refined and spirituous particles by rendring the nervous Liquor and its Spirits highly fermentative restless and disorderly in wandring motions confounding the regular operations of the Brain accompanied with a Raging a Delirium and other horrid Symptomes occasioned by immoderate Anger great Disgrace or Shame or high passion of Love breach of Vows or scruples of Conscience which highly discomposing the peace of the Soul do generate a Maniack distemper of the Brain wherein the Spirituous parts of the nervous Liquor being debased the saline parts are exalted and brought to a Fluor and being espoused to sulphureous Particles derived from the Blood do weaken the Compage of the Brain and render the Animal Spirits fierce and unquiet making new Meatus and passages by over-much expanding the Interstices of the nervous Filaments and causing inordinate motions do produce delirous Phantasmes which being offered to the understanding do form unreasonable conceptions Sometimes the Animal Spirits are too much exalted Pride the cause of Madness by great apprehensions of our own perfections and the too low esteems of others or when Men unreasonably court Honours or when they are Masters of them are highly puffed up to the great unquiet and disturbance of their Minds whereupon the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits are put into a great agitation and ferment and at last acted with a Maniack affection Othertimes this Disease succeedeth Melancholy and the Phrensy A Madness succeeding Melancholy or Phrensy which have before indisposed the Brain and rendred it liable to Madness in the First being very high the Succus nervosus and its most spirituous Particles degenerate into an acide disposition which entring into fellowship with sulphureous Recrements coming from the Blood do produce so fierce a temper in the Animal Spirits that they generate a Mania A Phrensy is more akin to this Disease then Melancholy as it is accompanied with boldness and fury so that a Phrenitis is easily turned into a Mania The manner how Madness is generated as the Brain is clogged with a fiery temper arising out of nitrous and sulphureous Particles affecting the Succus nervosus and its more active Particles which being hurried in the fibrous Compage of the Brain do expand the Intetstices of the nervous Filaments and make new and wandring passages in them whereupon the Animal Spirits ranting in various progresses through the territories of the Brain make a Maniack Delirium and confound the acts of Reason and Imagination commonly called Madness This Disease most commonly borroweth its first rise from an ill mass of Blood in a great part vitiated with gross sulphureous Recrements Madness floweth chiefly from an ill mass of Blood sometimes caused by the ill tone of the Hepatick Glands not secerning the bilious from the more laudable parts of Blood produced sometimes by its grossness and by the straightness of the excretory Ducts of the Liver and othertimes by the obstruction or narrowness of the Meatus Cysticus and Choledochus whereby the Bile cannot be discharged into the Intestines so that it is forced to regurgitate into the Extremities of the Vena Cava and is thence carried with the Blood through the Right Ventricle of the Heart Lungs and Left Chamber of the Heart and afterward through the common ascendent Trunk and Carotide Arteries into the Cortex of the Brain wherein the Albuminous parts of the Blood being infected with sulphureous and nitrous Particles do spoil the nervous Liquor and Spirits producing a furious mad temper in the Brain And the acide Particles discomposing the Succus nervosus Madness coming from an ill-affected Pancreas and its more active parts in the production of Madness may claim in some part their Origen from an ill affected Pancreas whose numerous minute Glands having lost their due constitution cannot make a separation of the Recrements of the Blood from its pure substance or when the Origens of the excretory Vessels of the Glands or the common Pancreatick Duct are obstructed by the grossness or quantity of the pancreatick Juyce whereupon it being not transmitted into the Intestines is lodged sometimes in the Interstices of the Vessels where it being composed of Heterogenous Particles doth ferment and acquire greater degrees of acidity as being sometimes brought to a Fluor and afterward a stay being made in the spaces of the Vessels relating to the Glands the pancreatick Juyce is mixed with the Blood and carried by lesser Veins into the greater channel of the Cava and by other Veins and Arteries into the ambient parts of the Brain wherein the Christalline parts of the Blood as the Materia substrata of nervous Liquor being debased by acide saline and sulphureous Particles doth spoil the goodness and aeconomy of the Animal Spirits by giving them a high agitation and tumultuary motion in the fibrous frame of the Brain causing a furious disposition attended with great fierceness boldness clamor c. The Disease is hereditary in diverse Families Madness is sometimes hereditary who enjoy a regular use of their Reason and Imagination for many years and afterward are afflicted with the dreadful Malady of Madness which proceedeth at such a time from the due crasis of the Blood perverted and degenerating into a nitro-sulphureous disposition enraging the Animal Spirits and putting them into a high disorder in reference to a violent and unnatural motion And the reason of this hereditary Madness propagated from Parents to Children by way of Generation taketh its rise from the seminal Principle The cause of an hereditary Madness tainted with a Maniack affection which oftentimes exerteth it self after many years when the seeds of this Disease bear Fruit and come to maturity as fomented by ill Diet violent Passion Envy Pride Ambition or by some other severe accidents or disappointments in a troublesome course of life This hereditary Madness is not always continued but hath many lucid intervals and
frequently returneth again at the change of the Moon which is vulgarly called a Lunacy Sometimes Madness proceeds from an ill Diet Madness may come from an ill Diet. or from the suppression of accustomed evacuations by the Haemorrhoides Nostrils or Uterus in Women whereupon the Blood depressed by saline and sulphureous Particles being transmitted to the fibrous frame of the Brain doth enrage the Animal Liquor and Spirits and produce a Mania The Blood also being infected with a Venenate disposition This Disease may be propagated from the Venenate nature of Blood as in a Licanthropia Hydrophobia upon the biting of a Mad Dog doth cause Madness as the poisonous Miasmes are conveyed to the Blood and raise a high Fermentation in it and afterward in the nervous Liquor and its choice Spirits which giveth them a turbulent motion through the Interstices of the nervous Filaments confounding the true use of Reason and Imagination This Venenate affection lieth long in the Blood before it exerteth it self This Disease liâ—th long in a poisoned mass of Blood Before it exerteth it self as I have seen in one Dyer a Barber of Willington in Sussex who being bit by a Mad-Dog was well Three Months and then fell sick of a violent Fever attended with a raging Delirium and a foaming Mouth endeavouring to bite all that came near him and afterward died about the Fourteenth day of his sickness This venome infecting the Blood caused by the biting of a Mad Dog is mixed with the salival Liquor The manner how the poison flowing from the biting of a Mad Dog is conveyed to the Heart and first carried into the Veins of the ambient parts of the Body and then by greater and greater Channels is communicated to the Heart and Lungs and afterward by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the Cortical Glands of the Brain where it infected the nervous Liquor and Spirits lodged in the fibrous parts of the Brain whereupon the Animal Faculties lost their due Oeconomy and a raging Delirium ensued destructive of Reason Sense and Life Having given an account of the Essence and continent cause of this Disease it may not seem altogether amiss to speak somewhat of its symptomes following it as so many attendants So that this Disease is not accompanied with the sneaking guards of Fear and Sorrow as in Melancholy but with Boldness and Courage The symptomes of Madness The aetiology of the symptomes of this Disease attempting any assault though never so desperate which proceedeth from the enraged Vital and Animal Spirits acted with nitro-sulphureous Particles which render the Blood highly fermentative and spirited and put the Animal Spirits into irregular motion whereupon the Soul is so highly disordered as if it would violently leap out of the confines of the Body in which it seemeth to be imprisoned The active and fierce particles of the Blood put it into an extraordinary motion and great effervescence which highly acting the carnous Fibres of the Muscles do render them vigorous and strong able to encounter the great opposition of others that endeavour to master Mad men and bring them to obedience when they are guilty of extravagant actions offering violent hands to themselves and others and give great disturbance to the Families where they live and converse It is also very remarkable that Mad Men endure Labour and Travail Mad Men are highly patient of Labour and great conflicts without any manifest weariness which is occasioned as I humbly conceive from the nature of Vital and Animal Spirits which though they are impregnated with many volatil Particles yet they are also debased too with nitro-saline fixed Atomes which do confine the more subtle and spirituous parts of the Vital and Animal Liquor not suffering them to evaporate and quit those noble Juyces whereupon Mad Men when exposed to long and laborious action which is frequent with them are not easily tired but will fight and struggle in high fury to the wonder of the beholders This Disease often followeth Melancholy The cause of rage in Madness from bilious Particles of Blood An Instance of this case and is produced by a great ebullition of Blood rendring the Cortex of the Brain very dry whence ariseth a great fierceness of the Vital Spirits causing high boldness and fury A Citizen being first addicted to Melancholy afterward fell into a violent Distraction and Madness attended with Rage which could not be appeased by the power of Art and proper Medicines And after death the Skull being taken off the Cortex of the Brain appeared very dry and of friable nature an Inch deep where it was hued with Yellow as tinged with bilious or sulphureous Particles of the Blood In this Malady the Brain is often tumefied The Brain is often swelled in Madness taking its rise from a great quantity of Black torrefied blood sometimes extravasated and other times lodged in the Vessels making them varicose and knotty A Child complaining first of a great pain of his Head An example of a tumefied Brain in a Mania afterward fell into a high distraction howling like a Dog and so continued till he died And his Skull being removed the Brain was very much swelled and the Dura and Pia mater had their Vessels very turgid with Black Blood which was also very much lodged in the Sinus and torcular of the Brain and in the more inward parts of it were discovered a great many Red specks coming from Particles of extravasated Blood and afterward the lower Region of the Brain being opened a quantity of serous Recrements gushed out Other times Madness issueth from putrefaction of the Coats and substance of the Brain out of which arise sharp and fierce Humors Madness coming from the putrefaction of the Coats and substance of the Brain The difference of Madness infesting the Animal Liquor and Spirits which hath been observed in Dissections This Disease admitteth many descriminations as being sometimes of a small continuance othertimes lasting and habitual sometimes continued and other times hath lucid intervals and is very various in reference to its several symptomes and distractions As to the Prognosticks of this Disease it is seldom mortal but very difficult to be cured by reason the Blood and nervous Liquor are highly disordered with nitro-sulphureous Particles which are hardly removed and the Patients affected with this Malady can scarcely be perswaded to take Medicines as being Enemies to themselves as well as Physicians The Cure of Madness importeth as great a difficulty as advantage oftentimes successive to Melancholy and Phrensy in which Three The Indications First is the Curative the primary Indications do offer themselves The First is Curative relating to the Disease and consisteth in the reducing the exorbitancies of the Animal Spirits to a due and regular motion The Second Indication is preservatory The Second is Preservatory and is referred to the causes of the Disease to correct
the nitro-sulphureous Particles of the Blood enraging the Animal Liquor and Spirits The Third Indication is Vital The Third is Vital as it supporteth Strength and Life and denoteth restorative and corroborating Medicines and wholsome Diet easy of digestion as not being of too high a nourishment which ever feedeth the Disease rather then the Patient The Curatory Indication The means advised in the Curatory Indication is much assisted by the prudent conduct of Friends and Servants giving good Council sometimes and othertimes threats blows and bonds which often awe the servile refractory temper of Mad Men who else will not be governed in the taking of Aliment and Medicines and will not submit themselves unless they be over-powred by force to which they are as passive as Brutes with whom they hold some Analogy as destitute of Reason And nothing more reduceth this kind of Patients to a perfect understanding Severity is very powerful in the cure of Madness and perfect enjoyment of themselves then by the severe Treatment of their Bodies whereupon a high restraint rendreth them humble and submissive whereby the arrogance and fierceness of Mad People being subdued they return to themselves in the regular exercise of their rational and sensitive Faculties As to a course in Physick Free Bleeding is very proper in Madness nothing is more beneficial then free Bleeding which giveth an allay to the fierceness of it by taking away its quantity and height and abateth the tumultuary motion of the Blood and Animal Spirits through the fibrous Compage of the Brain to this end an apertion of Veins may be frequently celebrated if it be consistent with strength in the Arm The opening of the Temporal Artery is very good in this Disease Neck Veins of the Forehead and above all I conceive the opening of the temporal Artery may speak an advantage to the Patient in this Malady as it letteth out some of the enraged mass of Blood whose motion and fury is most eminent in the Artery and by this operation I have seen very good success in this Malady as it evacuates some part of the hot furious Blood that the rest may be the more easily contemperated by the application of cooling Medicines Vomitories are very beneficial in this Disease Vomitortes are very advantageous in Madness as it dependeth upon Blood tainted with nitro-sulphureous Particles often proceeding from the obstruction of the Liver Pancreas and other Viscera which are opened in reference to their excretory Ducts by the violent motion of the Stomach drawing the Guts into consent whereupon they violently contracting themselves upward in an inverted peristaltick motion do throw up Bile and acide Recrements out of the Intestines into the Stomach whereby the Blood being depurated giveth less annoyance to the Head Take of an infusion of Crocus or Sulphure of Antimony prepared with some grains of Tartar or some grains of White Hellibore or Mercurius vitae given in some proper vehicle Mercurial Medicines Mercurial Medicines often prove successful in Madness given with Purgatives or without as of Calamelanos of it self or quickned with some few grains of Turpeth Minerale move a salivation and often discharge an habitual Madness by reason sometimes a great evacuation of salival Liquor coming of it self without the help of Art doth cure a Maniack disposition Strong Purgatives do also speak a great advantage in order to the cure of this stubborn Malady as they depress the height of the fierce Humors Strong Purgatives are good in this Disease and lessen the quantity of the saline serous and sulphureous parts of the Blood and nervous Liquor conjunct causes of this Disease as the infusion of Black Hellebore in White-wine and Water prepared with Tartar and Seeds of Caraway or Coriander as the Decoctum Sen. Gereonis prepared with Epithymum Mechoacan Turpeth c. As also a Bolus of Extract of Helebore with Calamelanos c. As also Pilulae Coch. Min. Faetid Major hightened with some grains of the Trochichs of Ashandal or Resin of Scammony or Jalap The preservatory Indication hath relation to the cause of this Disease The preservatory Indication consisteth much in sweetning the mass of Blood and doth much take off the nitrous and sulphureous parts of the Blood and correct the Acrimony of the nervous Liquor and irregular motion of the Animal Spirits A Mineral of Cristal or Nitre well prepared as also Spirit of Sulphure The Blood may be allayed by Minerals or Vitriol incrassating the thin and hot mass of Blood and attemperating the raging quality are very beneficial in appeasing the violent motion of the Blood and the nervous Liquor and Spirits Chalybeat Syrupes Tinctures Electuaries mixed with cooling Medicines Chalybeatâ— are very proper in a Maniack disposition Diet-drink do speak a great allay to the furious Blood and extravagant motion of the Animal Liquor and its more refined Particles by drinking now and then a draught of Diet-drink made with Sarza or China in which the Flowers of Water-Lilies Cowslips or Lily of the Valley may be boiled and it being strained may be sweetned with Syrupe of Water-Lilies or Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley Whey Clarified prepared with the Flowers of Water-Lilies Betony Clarified Whey prepared with Water-Lilies Cowslips c. may be given for an ordinary drink in this case As also Emulsions prepared with the cooling Seeds White Poppy blanched Almonds c. may be of great use Decoctions of the tops of Borage Bugloss fragrant Apples Decoctions of Borage c. the shavings of Ivory the Flowers of Borage Violets Cowslips Water-Lilies c. are very profitable As also Apozemes of Pimpernel having a Blew Flower St. Johns-wort c. Electuaries also prepared with Conserves of Flowers of Water-Lilies Electuaries Lily of the Valley Cowslips cooling Seeds powdered as Powder of Haley c. made up with Syrupe of Water-Lillies drinking immediately after it a draught of cooling or specifique Apozeme The vital Indication hath a regard to the preservation of Strength Cordiaâ—â— as the said Electuary As also an Electuary made with Sage Flowers Rosemary Paeony Cowslips Water-Lilies which contemperate the hot disposition of the Brain and corroborate it After which a draught may be taken immediately prepared with Flowers of Betony Rorismary Sage or Tey and the like sweetned with Syrupe of Cowslips or Water-Lilies In point of Diet all strong and full nourishment is to be avoided as keeping the Blood high and enraged wherefore it is more reasonable to advise a thin Diet of Water-gruel Barley-Cream thin broth of a Chicken Mutton Veal c. Hypnoticks may be proper in this Disease And by reason Sleep is very requisite to compose the unquiet Animal Spirits gentle Hypnoticks may be advised of Cowslips or Red Poppy-water or that of Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley with some Cinnamon-water distilled with Barley and Syrupe of Poppy In reference to Madness proceeding from the biting of
Texture of it is ill framed as being over-clouded by gross Fumes or Vapors or as being too dense and compact making it too opaque so that the lucid Particles of the Animal Spirits not able to diffuse themselves through the gross substance of the Brain do leave it unapt for the performance of its Functions whereupon this Disease is sometimes hereditary as propagated from Parents to their Children by gross seminal principles which are affected with the ill frame of the Brain and its gross nervous Liquor and Spirits which are ingredients in the genital Liquor producing an ill Compage and Substance in the Brain of Children In some Fenny Air may concur to the production of this Disease the dull gross fenny Air hath a great influence on the Blood and nervous Liquor of the Inhabitants so that Men were styled Fools in Baeotia as breathing in a thick Air wonderfully discomposing their Wit and rational Faculties rendring them senseless and stupid An ill Conformation of the â—rain may generate Mopishnes Beside these preternatural indispositions of the Brain another doth disaffect it which is an ill Conformation as the Interstices of the Filaments are so narrow and small that the nervous Liquor and Spirits want a free passage through the fibrous Compage of the Brain whereupon their Animal operations are not duely celebrated and these spaces of the Filaments are not only too close but sometimes over laxe as being clogged with serous Recrements spoiling the nervous frame of the Brain of its due tenseness much hindring the progress of the Succus Nervosus and its more noble Particles the immediate instruments of the sensitive The narrow Interestices of the nervous Filaments productive of this Disease and intellectual Powers Sometimes the close Interstices of the nervous Filaments do associate with gross unactive Animal Spirits which so dull the Brain that it cannot exert its operations whereupon the Succus Nervosus and its crass Particles cannot act the nervous Compage of the Brain as losing their free motion in the over-straight spaces of the nervous threads which do cause a want or dulness of Wit and Judgment There are many evident causes productive of this Disease The evident causes of Mopishness as an ill mass of Blood and nervous Liquor proceeding from an ill Air gross Diet deep Thoughts and Passions of the Mind which render the Animal Spirits unactive causing oftentimes a stupid indisposition and defect of Sense and Reason Sometimes the generous Particles of the Blood and nervous Liquor The vital and nervous Liquor sometime grow Effecte in this Disease do evaporate and grow effaete and vapide as generous Wine having lost its oily and volatil Particles turneth faint and paled whereupon young Men growing old lose the perfection of the vital and nervous Liquor and the Animal Spirits acquire a dull sluggish disposition not fit for motion The Blood and Animal Liquor is often enervated by Luxury Venery Luxury destroyeth the purity of the Animal Liquor and ill Diet whereupon the Body is rendred sick and decayed and the Compage of the Brain loseth its tenseness as growing flaccide in Hypocondriack Bodies and the nervous substance of the Brain suffereth a great weakness and resolution in frequent Convulsive motions in Apoplexies Convulsive motions often produce Mopishness Hysterick Fits Epilepsies and the like so that I have seen some become Mopes and Stupid after many fits of Cephalick Diseases Early Wit in Children often degenerates into dulness according to the vulgar proverb soon Ripe soon Rotten Early Wits degenerate into Dulness by reason the finer parts of the Succus Nervosus being over-active and thin do often quit their subject and leave it gross and spiritless making the Brain unfit to perform its operations Great strokes upon the Head making concussions of the Brain Great strokes upon the Head hinder the motion of the Animal Spirits do hinder the due and regular motion of the Animal Spirits in the spaces placed between the nervous Filaments and make Men dull and sottish and sometimes Mad. When Men frequently indulge themselves in the immoderate use of Wine Ale Brandy and Strong-waters their Stomach loseth its concoctive Faculty making an ill Chyle and mass of Blood consisting of Heterogeneous fermentative Elements which destroy the purity of the vital and nervous Liquor rendring the Animal Spirits unable to perform the functions of the Mind The frequent and too great Doses of Opiats do incrassate the mass of Blood and nervous Liquor and are endued with a malignant Temper Opiates too frequently administred do beget Mopishness very offensive to the Animal Spirits by rendring them Effaete and Vapide and unfit for motion so that the Brain loseth its Tone and cannot well accomplish the acts of Sense and Reason often making Men Mopes and Sots Violent passions of the Mind as a pannick Fear and deep Sorrow Violent passions do produce this Disease and the like do strike so great a terror that they unman the Patient and confound the regular motion of the Succus Nervosus and Animal Spirits rendring a Man stupid and sensless and not able to make provision for the preservation of his Life and Person as being betrayed by passion in time of Battle So that as the Wise man saith Fear betrayeth those succors that Reason offereth Melancholick and Hypocondriacal Persons sometimes acquire a Morosis Deep Thoughts sometimes cause Mopishness which happens to persons of deep Thoughts often addicted to the Study of Learning whereupon the Animal Spirits are depauperated and the acts of Sense and Reason diminished or wholly abolished in Fops So that Thoughtful and Studious persons often propagate Fools as they over-much indulge deep Meditations which do much employ the Succus Nervosus and its more noble Particles in the Brain hindring their progress down toward the Testicular Glands wherein the Seminal Liquor wanting a due proportion of nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits as their excellent Element cannot produce a well-disposed Brain whence ensueth a defect of right Reason and Sense These Diseases of Stupidity and Mopishness The distinction of Mopishness The First hath a defect of Memory c. if strictly inquired into may admit a distinction as the First hath a defect of Memory Imagination and Judgement so that the persons affected with stupidity are not well apprehensive of notions nor judicious in the right consideration of things and treat others with ridiculous Language and Gestures but that Mopish persons have somewhat more of the use of Reason is manfest as understanding simple notions and retaining them sometime in their Memory A defect of Judgement sometimes a cause of Mopishness but by reason of a defect in Judgment cannot compound and divide the notices of things and entertain their companions sometimes with frivilous impertinent discourses and other times with dull Silence and refractory Humors Our aim at this time is to give an account of both of them
Mopishness may be derived from other Diseases as they proceed from diverse Causes some being accidental as Mopishness flowing from other diseases of Madness Hypocondriacal distempers Hysterick Epileptick and Apoplectick Fits c. Whereupon the Succus Nervosus is often thickened and effaete as having lost its more volatil saline Particles whereupon the Animal Spirits are rendred few and pawled as having lost their more fine Particles whereby they become disabled to exert the Animal Faculties And I humbly conceive Mopishness may proceed from a natural defect of Sense and Reason that Stultitia or Stupidity ariseth out of a natural defect of Sense and Reason proceeding from the ill Figure and Conformation of the Brain and when the Succus Nervosus and its more select Particles are naturally indisposed as being hereditary imparted from vitiated seminal Liquor of Parents which is much more difficult to be cured A hereditary Mopishness then the acquisite diaffection of Mopishness which in time by due methods of Physick may be cured in some degree As to the Prognosticks of Stupidity The Prognosticks of Mopishness if it be in a high degree wholly or for the most part cancelling the acts of right Reason and Imagination especially if it be Connate and Hereditary doth shew it incurable yet Children that are somewhat stupid and dull in the acts of Wit and Judgment in riper years get their parts more elevated and obtain a better use of Reason and Sense as having the temper of the Succus Nervosus and Animal Sprits endred more refined and volatil If this Disease be accidental and acquisite as proceeding from some gentle Cephalick Diseases it may be cured and the Animal Faculties return to their regular operations But if Stupidity or rather Mopishness be derived from an inveterate Epilepsy or a Lethargy Coma Carus or Apoplexy the Malady proveth incurable as having the Crasis of the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits wholly perverted If a Lethargy be not of any long continuance as also a Comatose indisposition it may admit a Cure and the Animal Powers and their acts may be reduced in some degree if not fully to their Original temper as having the Brain and its peculiar Juyce and Spirits repaired by a proper course of Physick which I have seen in many of my Patients Sometimes this Disease is it be not too deeply radicated having not long perverted the Oeconomy a supervening Fever in some sort may produce a Cure as refining the Blood and nervous Liquor and Spirits by Fermentation whereupon their impure Recrements are thrown off by Urine and a free transpiration through the excretory Ducts of the Skin so that the Vital and Animal Liquor being depurated the Spirits recover much of their former Crasis As to the Cure of this Disease This Disease in some case may admit a Cure if it do not arrive to a great degree of Stupidity but rather an extraordinary dulness in the exercise of the acts of Reason and Sense it may in some sort admit a recovery by the assistance of a good Tutor as well as a Physician which may contribute much by good Rules and Precepts of Art to the advancement of heavy parts affected with a mean apprehension and Judgment The advice of a Physitian may be proficuous as giving good prescriptions of proper Medicines to depurate the Vital and Animal Liquor and Spirits by rendring them active and volatil and by dispelling the dark Clouds and Vapours of the Brain to make way for the reception of lucid Particles perfective of the Animal Spirits the immediate instruments of the Animal Powers In plethorick Bodies labouring of Stupidity and Mopishness Bleeding may be used with good success in this Disease a Vein may be opened in the Neck Forehead Arm as also Leeches may be applied to the Haemorrhoidal Veins Fontanels may be made in the Arm Neck between the Shoulders Footanels proper in Mopishness or in the inside of the Thigh or Leg to divert gross Recrements from the Brain and relieve the Blood and nervous Liquor and its more spirituous Particles whereupon they become more fit instruments to celebrate the operations of the Brain Purging Medicines prepared with Cephalicks Purging Medicines prepared with Cephalicks may be very proper in these Diseases to refine the Blood and Succus Nervosus so that the Animal Spirits may be exalted and the Crasis of the Brain rendred laudable duely to exert the acts of Imagination Memory and Reason Apozemes are very advantageous made of Lime-Flowers Cephalick Apozemes Lily of the Valley Betony Sage Rorismary to which may be added Compound Paeony-water Syrupe of Paeony Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley Spirit of Hartshorn and Salt of Ammoniack succinated Spirits may be given in a draught of Black-Cherry Water Lime Water or Lily of the Valley Paeony and the like Morning and Evening A Magistral distilled Water may be good A Magistral distillâ—d Water prepared with the Flowers of Betony Sage Majoram the Flowers of Rorismary Sage Lime Lily of the Valley Paeony Nutmegs and besprinkle them with Canary for Twelve hours and afterward distill them in a large quantity of Milk in a Rose Still to this distilled Water may be added a small quantity of Compound Paeony or Compound Briony Water or a small proportion of Spirit of Lavender Or in a draught of this distilled Water may be given some drops of the tincture of Castor Amber or Elixir Proprietatis c. An Electuary prepared with the Conserves of the Flowers of Sage Cephalick Electuarie Rorismary Betony Lime Lily of the Valley mixed with Condite Eringo Roots or Citron-Pill or that of Auranges Limons Powder of Castor Amber Paeony-Roots made up with Syrupe of Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley drinking after it a good draught of the distilled Water above advised Ale Ale medicated with Cephalicks medicated with Flowers of Sage Betony Lime Lily of the Valley Rorismary Cubebs Nutmegs Mace c. may be very beneficial in these Diseases Balsamick Ointments Topicks may be safely administred and Emplaisters made of Cephalicks as also Fomentations of the same kind may be applied to the Head shaved as also Caps quilted with the Flowers of Lime Lily of the Valley Sage Betony Lavender Rorismary Spices of Mace Nutmegs Cloves Galangal c. Linements of Balsame of Tolu natural Balsame Capivium Oil of Nutmegs and Mace by expression may be administred to the Head when shaved with good success CHAP. LXX Of Convulsions and Convulsive Motions IN the Pathology of the Brain my intention is to Treat of a Convulsion The difference of Convulsions and Convulsive motions and how it differeth from Convulsive Motions as the one disagreeth from the other in several positions of the Muscles and duration of their involuntary motions In a Convulsion the Limbs and other parts of the Body have a constant rigid posture rendring them so stiff that they cannot at all bend or else without great difficulty be
the Disease and shaddow unto you the state of the Disease which being considered in its Paroxysm is more universal in Extent and severe in its Nature whence the subtle Particles of the Animal Latex commonly styled Spirits in reference to their Volatil Spirituous nature are the chief Guests of the Brain and are fiercely and inordinately moved drawing into consent their neighboring parts inhabiting both the Medullary and Nervous Appendages and thereby as it were conjure up stupendous storms and tempests made up of great impure Vaporous Matter darting it self into the Serous Liquor of the Brain which is thence violently forced into its Nervous outlets causing as it were a Hurricane making such a violent contusion of the Nerves and Fibres that it striketh down the Patient in the twinkling of an Eye with admirable violence to the ground where he laboreth under great vibrations of the Head and Neck grindings of the Teeth froth about the Mouth frequent motions of the Limbs against the ground and now and then the Precordia and Hypoconders are puffed up with great and frequent strokes upon the Breast So that the Precordia being Convulsed can make but disorderly Contractions and the Blood ready to quit its motion to the great oppression of the Heart threatneth the putting out of the gentle flame of Life whence the Patient not by any direction of the Will but a meer instinct of Nature giveth many repeated strokes upon the Thorax whence arise brisk concussions of the Precordia which prove as so many sollicitations to revive their drooping motions to redeem the Blood from Stagnation and the Heart from its load and perplexity so that sometimes all these sad Scenes are quickly changed and afterwards are represented more pleasant Interludes of ease and repose And now I will omit any farther discourse of this Disease designing to give a more full History in the next Chapter And in order to give you a more clear and general account of Convulsive motions which highly aggrieve the Brain and its rational and sensitive functions two considerables do chiefly offer themselves the Subject and the Causes of this Disease As to the first I humbly conceive it to be the tender fibrous Compage of the Brain which being endued with acute sense The subject of Convulsive motions is liable to many preternatural and irregular motions sometimes of the Fibrils other times of the middle and extremities of the Nerves besetting the Brain Viscera and other parts of the Body In Malignant Fevers and other Diseases of the Body The origen of the afflicted in Convulsive motions the Venenate nature as also other saline and sulphureous Particles of the Blood do infect the Nervous Liquor in the Cortex of the Brain which being entertained into the extremities do highly disorder the origens of the Nerves The body and middle of the Nerves concerned in Convulsions and as the Animal Liquor tainted with heterogeneous Particles is farther transmitted into the fibrous Compage of the Brain and other more remote parts of the middle and lowest Apartiment it violently annoyeth the middle and body of the Nerves as infesting their numerous Plexes And when the irritating Humors are carried into the Muscles and remote Coasts of the Body affecting the membranous and tendinous parts they may be properly said to be seated in the extremities and terminations of the Nerves The termination of the Nerves affected in Convulsive motions The causes of Convulsive motion The evident cause may be evident when the Succus Nervosus or Animal Spirits are discomposed and the fibrous Compage of the Brain being much debilitated is violently agitated by vehement Passions The Procatarctick cause of Convulsive motions supposeth a disposition of Humors in the Body The Procatarctick cause of this Disease which being endued with highly Fermentative Elements of the Blood do vitiate the Animal Liquor and Spirits by rendring them too Elastick highly expanding the Filaments of the Nervous Fibrils whereupon they briskly contract themselves to discharge the offensive Particles of the Nervous Juice The continent cause of Convulsive motions The continent cause of Convulsive motions cannot be derived from Inanition and Repletion the Antients have fetched from Inanition and Repletion which they illustrate by an instance of Lether or Musical Strings which contract themselves when moistned with much Air or shrunk up with much drought this Opinion seemeth very improbable by reason the abbreviation of the Nerves cannot produce variety of postures in the Muscles proceeding from irritated Humors putting the Nerves into various irregular motions and farthermore the being macerated in a great quantity of watry Recrements in an Anasarca are rendred weak and flaccid whereby they become unable to produce strong Convulsive motions The continent cause of Convulsive motions which are acted by the Elastick Particles of the Blood caused by nitro-sulphureous Particles depraving the Nervous Liquor puffing up the Filaments of the Nerves whereupon they make a great renitence or opposition by powerful contractions to squeeze out the offensive Matter disquieting the Animal Spirits and irritating the tender Filaments of Nerves The Convulsive motions are more or less universal as the Succus Nervosus infected with Nitro-saline or acid Ferments is carried out of the fibrous Compage of the Brain into a greater or less company of Nerves so that the Tendons of more or fewer Muscles are unnaturally contracted whence proceed great variety of horrid Symptoms attending several parts of the Body which may be reduced principally to Three Heads The first may proceed from a poysonous nature The second from Malignant Fevers not well determined whereupon the matter of the Disease being not duly discharged is carried into the fibrous Compage of the Brain and into the many pairs of Nerves sprouting out of the Brain The third Head of Convulsive motions may take its rise from the Succus Nervosus losing its native sweet bounty and degenerating into a sharpe acid Fermentative Liquor highly afflicting the Animal Spirits and productive of Convulsive motions CHAP. LXXI Of the Falling-Sickness HAving treated of Convulsion and Convulsive motions under a general Notice I will now discourse of them in particular of the Falling-Sickness attended with a dismal rout of Convulsive agitations of the Muscular Parts seated in the Limbs and Trunk of the Body This terrible Disease hath many appellatives fetched from the nature properties and symptoms of it And is styled by the Greeks The Names of the Falling-sickness 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the sudden seisure of the functions of the rational and sensitive Faculties And 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either because it is a great Disease or as a miraculous Disease coming from a Divine power And is called by Hipocrates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by reason it is familiar to Children and named by the Latines Caducus a Cadendo and Comitialis as persons labouring of this Disease are interdicted the Comitia And hath the denomination of Lunaticus
by reason the Paroxisms do often invade in the New and Full of the Moon This Disease may be discovered by peculiar Diagnosticks The Diagnosticks of an Epilepsy as the Patient is of a suddain surprized with this Malady and loseth the use of Reason and Sense accompanied with a violent Fall froth about the Mouth and nashing of Teeth frequent strokes of the Breast and Convulsive motions of the Limbs and sometimes an universal stiffness of the whole Body and an instation of the Hypocondres and Belly and the Symptoms cease of a suddain and the Patient is reendued with Sense and Reason An Epilepsy may admit this description The description of the Falling-sickness of being an Abolition of the chief functions of the Brain as well as Sense and voluntary Motion which is associated with Convulsive agitations of the Muscular parts proceeding from an inordinate motion of the Animal Spirits disaffecting the fibrous Compage of the Brain and the various Plexes of Nerves furnishing the Muscles of the Limbs and Trunk of the Body Sometimes the Fits of an Epilepsy do make their Paroxysms at set times of the Day Month or Year according to the Conjunctions of Planets The Fits of an Epilepsy observe set times as of the Sun Moon or their Opposite Aspects and other times the Epileptick Paroxysms observe no certain type or period which is occasioned by variety of evident and Procatarctick causes These Paroxysms also are distinguished as having various degrees The degrees of the Fits of a Falling-sickness some being more gentle discernible in more easie symptoms when the Patient doth not suffer so great a violence by the Disease as not being affected with a Stupor nor thrown down by strong Convulsive motions of the Muscular parts but speedily returneth to the exercise of his rational sensitive and locomotive faculties And in others these Fits are more strong as accompanied with more dreadful accidents the loss of Reason Sense and regular motions of the Body as having the functions of the Brain stupid and the parts of the Body first tortured with violent agitations and afterwards stiff senseless and immovable And to this Disease Children and young Men are most liable Another difference of this Disease may be derived from the variety of its subject or part affected A Falling-sickness differeth in point of its various subject from which it taketh its rise whereupon a Falling-sickness may be styled per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and primary when it proceedeth from the Brain originally affected and per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by consent of Parts when the Disease beginneth in some inferior part and is afterward imparted to the Head And now it may be worth our inquiry The subject of this Disease what is the subject or seat of this Disease which some affirm to be in the Membranes encircling the Brain and every way contracting it like a Purse and others in the substance of it As to the first opinion it seemeth very improbable by reason it supposeth the Coats of the Brain to be universally narrowed according to all its Cavities whereby the substance of the Brain is compressed which if true would produce an Apoplexy and not an Epilepsy as intercepting the current of Animal Liquor and Spirits into the origen of the Nerves The Coats of the Brain cannot every where vellicate the Origens of Nerves seated in the Cortex of the Brain Farthermore It is difficult to conceive how the Coats of the Brain can be so narrowed as to close every way and contract its ambient parts and make a vellication of the Origens of the Nerves taking their rise in the Cortex by reason the Dura Menynx is so conjoyned in divers parts to the Skull that it cannot universally compress the Brain by its too near approximation And again The Pia Mater is fastned by divers Ligaments and continuity of Vessels to the Dura Menynx So that the Pia Mater cannot universally vellicate the fibrous Compage of the Brain in reference to an over-close contraction unless the Dura Mater to which it is firmly affixed first give way which in some parts it may where it is not fastned to the Skull and so may admit Convulsive motions The Fibrous parts of the Brain are primarily concerned in Convulsive motions as well as the fibrous parts of the Brain which are great Actors in this Tragical Scene of Epileptick Fits and as numerous Fibrils do constitute the curious and wonderful frame of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum they may be called the seat of this most turbulent Disease more or less discomposing the Nervous parts of the Brain and whole Body in a strong Epilepsy And furthermore I humbly conceive that the fibrous Compage of the Brain is first affected in the Falling-sickness and afterward the Coats do sympathize as being composed of many small Fibrils which are derived from those of the Brain or at least are near akin to them in structure and situation Learned Dr. The Animal Spirits according to Dr. Willis are the subject of the Falling-sickness Willis asserteth in Tractatu de Morbis Convulsivis Capite 2. de Epilepsia p. 28. that the primary seat of an Epilepsie is in the Animal Spirits rarefied and endued with an Explosive disposition Ait ille Et quidem uti verisimillimum arbitror paroxysmum Epilepticum à spirituum animalium Cerebri incolarum qui nempe sunt primum immediatum hujus morbi subjectum subita quadam rarefactione explosione concitati qua Cerebrum ipsum inflatur adeoque insensile redditur simulque nervi appensi in Convulsiones aguntur hinc enimvero contingit hujus morhi accessionem ita derepente incipere perfecte terminari sine magna materiae morbificae provisione aut reliquiis quin nempe labes non tam partibus folidis quam ipsis spiritibus infertur Wherein this Learned Author concludeth that this most vexatious Malady is not in the solid parts but in the Spirits themselves as the prime and immediate subject of an Epileptick Fit expressed above in plain terms to which with deference to this Great Professor of our Art I take the boldness to speak this return That the Humors The Humors and Spirits are causes and subjects of Diseases and Spirits as being contained parts are rather Causes then Subjects of Diseases which I humbly conceive to be seated in the containing solid rather then in the fluid parts The first and immediate subject of an Epilepsy are the Cortical-Fibrils whereupon the Origens of the Nerves placed in the Cortex of the Brain are the first and immediate subject of this Disease as they are discomposed either by ill Heterogeneous Particles of the Blood or vitiated Animal Liquor and Spirits which the Learned Author conceiveth to work in the Nerves explosively after the manner of fired Gun-Powder Sequitur ait ille spiritus animales etiam systematis nervosi incolas copula explosiva imbutas cumque ipsis cerebri
Epilepsy produced by an abscess of the Brain corrupting its substance and the Animal Liquor which being transmitted to the Fibrous Compage of the Brain and afterward to the Nerves branched through the parts of the Body makes unnatural motions the common Heralds of death A Youth labouring of a Fever and Convulsive motions An example of an Epileptick Person dying of an Apostemated Brain which determined his days and afterward his Brain being opened the Dura Menynx was discovered to have its Vessels turgid with black extravasated and concreted Blood and the neighboring parts of the Brain apostemated Sometimes a Falling-sickness may arise from a Polypus caused by a concreted Liquor lodged in the confines of the Brain A Falling-sickness comeing from a Polypus in the Brain flowing from the saline Particles of the Serous Liquor of the Blood highly annoying the tender Nerves of the Brain Of this case Learned Blasius giveth an Instance Observ Med. 2. Part 6. Ait ille in sinu Menyngis durae longitudinali subjecti muliebris publice in Theatro Amstelodamensi dissecti materia continebatur alba tenacissima quae sinum replebat ad omnes sinus rivulus diffundebatur Epilepsin laboraverat Mulier jam ab aliquo tempore qua etiam extincta An Epilepsy may also be derived from a wound of the Brain A Falling-sickness coming from a wound of the Brain cutting the Blood-Vessels whence ensueth a great effusion of Blood into the substance of the Brain producing a Falling-sickness A Student was wounded in the top of the Head An Instance of a Patient dying of a Falling-sickness upon a wound of the Brain An Epilepsy caused by a fleshy Tumor lodged in a Ventricle of the Brain penetrating through both Tables of the Skull into the body of the Brain whereupon afterward he was afflicted with the Falling-sickness which proved fatal to him And his Skull being taken off his Brain was discerned to be black and gangreened A Falling-sickness may be also produced by some fleshy tumor lodged in a Ventricle of the Brain compressing the Fibrils of the Brain whence ensue great agitations to make good the current of Liquor and Animal Spirits passing between the Filaments of Nerves Of this case Learned Rhodius giveth an account Centur. 1. Observ LV. An example of the Falling-sickness Ait ille Nullo ingenio huic malo admodum gravi quandoque medelam reperiri miretur nemo qui communis mali causas ut plurimum inexpugnabiles consideraverit quidam singulari Ich. Praevotii fama excitatus recuperandae valetudinis spe Pataviam venerat Nullo effectu ad suos reversus quum paulo post fato cessisset in cerebri Ventriculo tumor Carnosus fuit inventus qui cerebro compresso inanem huic Morbo Medicinam docuit So that any compression of the Fibrils of the Brain proceeding from a Swelling or from concreted Blood lodged upon the Surface of Brain may produce a Falling-sickness accompanied with Convulsive motions whereby Nature endeavoureth to relieve her self by violent agitations of the Nerves A Child of mine being roughly treated by an imprudent Midwife An example of an Epilepsy proceeding from a Fracture of both Tables of the Skull was pulled into the World by the Head without Throwes whereupon a great Fracture of both Tables of the Skull did arise and a large source of Blood fell down by the laceration of Blood-vessels upon the Dura Menynx compressing the Origens of the Nervous Fibrils seated in the Cortex so that the Brain being aggrieved by a quantity of concreted Blood did attempt to discharge its load by Epileptick Fits attended with Convulsive motions the mournful prologue of Death A Falling-sickness may proceed not only primarily per idiopathiam An Epilepsy per sympathiam coming from a Gangreen of the Lungs from the disaffections of the Brain but per sympathiam too by consent originally flowing from the Maladies of other parts And sometimes from a Gangreen of the Lungs following an inflammation whence some part of the putrefied Blood being communicated by the Carotide Artery to the Cortex of the Brain did highly discompose the Nervous Fibrils and put them upon violent agitations productive of Epileptick Fits A young Man having drunk a great quantity of cold Water and lying long upon the Ground fell into a high Fever and Delirium accompanied with a great pain of his Head and Epileptick concussions of his Body and Limbs which concluded in death And afterward his Thorax being opened the right Lobe of his Lungs were found black and gangreened oppressed with a large quantity of gross concreted Blood A Falling-sickness may be sometimes derived from the Ulcer of the Pancreas A Falling-sickness coming from an Ulcer of the Pancreas tainting the Blood which being transmitted by proper Vessels to the Cortical Glands of the Brain infecteth the Nervous Liquor whereupon it being received into the Origens of the Fibrils putteth them upon irregular motions causing an Epilepsy An example of this may be given in an Hysterick Woman An Instance of an Epilepsy flowing from an Ulcered Pancreas who laboured with violent Convulsive motions the retinue of the Falling-sickness ending in a fatal storm And afterward her Body being opened the Viscera were found very free from any Disease except the Pancreas which was highly Ulcered and the cause of her Death An Epilepsy may be also derived from the Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines An Epilepsy proceeding from the Diseases of the Stomach and Guts labouring of a great Flatus giving a high discomposure which is very familiar to Children often troubled with Gripes proceeding from viscid Humors mixed with yellow or green Choler causing violent Convulsive motions in the Intestines and Stomach which are fine Contextures of Nerves which being first aggrieved by flatulent acrimonious Recrements do afterward draw the Nervous Fibrils of the Brain into consent and produce strong and fatal Epileptick Fits which I have often seen in Children tortured with these severe disaffections and after Death the Abdomen being opened I have discerned the Stomach and Guts to be highly tumefied and full of yellow and green Choler associated with a clammy Matter Children and Persons of riper years are often troubled with Worms An Epilepsy coming from Worms which highly afflict the Stomach and Guts with Convulsive motions which are afterward imparted to the Brain wherein the Origens of the Nerves are seated which very much sympathize with those of the Guts and Stomach in their afflictive Diseases An Epilepsy may be also generated by a hard gangreened Spleen A Falling-sickness is taking its rise from an Ul ered Spleen coming from too great a quantity of first inflamed and afterward extravasated concreted Blood some part of which being transmitted to the Cortex of the Brain vitiateth the Animal Liquor and Spirits making great agitations in the fibrous Compage of the Brain and afterward in the other Nerves of the Limbs and Body Of this case
the tone of the fibrous Compage to be very laxe and unable to resist the ill affections of the nervous Liquor whence ensue diverse unnatural motions of the Fibrils of the Brain and nervous Plexes of the Viscera and muscular parts of the Body And farthermore another reason may be offered The reason why Convulsive motions do flow from the Brain that the Blood and serous Liquor infecting the Brain are a great cause of Convulsive motions by reason Fontanels in the neck and blistering plaisters applied to it and Leeches set under the Ears do take away much of the serous Humors oppressing the Brain and divert the motion of Blood which are experimentally found very conducive to the alleviation and Cure of Convulsive motions in Children Thus pro modulo meo I have given a History of Convulsive motions that torture Children chiefly in the Two or Three first Months arising out of an ill mass of Blood contracted in the Womb consisting in Heterogeneous and contrary Elements raising a high fermentation in the vital Liquor which afterward infecteth the Succus Nervosus and Animal Spirits with nitro-sulphureous flatulent and elastick Particles causing expansive and contractive motions in the nervous Filaments of the fibrous Compage of the Brain and other Plexes of Nerves seated in the Viscera Muscular and Membranous parts of the Body which often prove fatal And though nature be so strong as to conquer these terrible motions in the first Months yet she is obnoxious afterward to great danger in reference to violent Convulsive motions associates of a Fever and proceeding from the breeding of Teeth Convulsive motions proceeding from Fevers produced by pains in the breeding of Teeth All Children having Fevers in breeding of Teeth are not always afflicted with concussions of muscular parts as having oftentimes good Constitutions and a laudable mass of Blood and a well-disposed Animal Liquor and Spirits and a firm tone of the Systeme of Nerves whereupon they are not obnoxious to Convulsive motions But the great pains of Dentition in an ill habit of Body and laxe Compage of Nerves I humbly conceive are the immediate cause of a Fever and Convulsive motions proceeding from an Inflammation of the Gums produced by Blood stagnated in the Interstices of the Vessels tumefying the said parts and compressing the branches of the Fifth pair of Nerves seated about the roots of the Teeth offended also with saline and acide parts of serous Humors vellicating the nervous Fibrils endued with a most acute Sense And the Teeth themselves enlarging their dimensions in Dentition The reason why Children are very much disturbed in Dentition do squeeze the Nerves and highly discompose their tender frame by their hard substance which growing more and more in hight do compress and cut the Membrane encircling the Gums which is a contexture of nervous Fibrils and is derived as some will have it from the Dura Menynx of the Brain so that this fine integument of the Gums is a composition of nervous Fibrils which being squeezed and cut by the rise of the Teeth growing upward must necessarily produce great pain and often Convulsive motions drawing the fibrous Compage of the Brain and muscular parts of the Eyes Face Lips Limbs and Viscera into consent attended with violent Vomitings Diarrhaeas Lypothymys Syncopes c. which are very terrible to behold in young Children not able to express themselves The Fever attending the breeding of Teeth is produced by great pain the associate of an Inflammation proceeding from Blood setled in the Gums which maketh a great effervescence in it of which some part endued with heterogeneous fermentative Elements being returned by the Veins to the Heart causeth a Fever partly taking its rise from the over-hasty motion of the Blood made by the Convulsive motions of the Muscles violently compressing the Arteries And Children are not only subject to Convulsive motions in the Two or Three first Months after their Birth and in the time of breeding of Teeth but also in other years of their Minority which is chiefly derived from an ill disposition of Blood consisting in heterogeneous fermentative Elements which having recourse to the Cortex of the Brain doth fill the Succus Nervosus and the Animal Spirits with flatulent elastick Particles producing various agitations of the Nerves caused by the repeated dilatations and contractions of their Filaments acted with many grand efforts to discharge offensive Matter giving a high disturbance to nature The Blood The Blood is the cause of Convulsive motions as spoiled by ill Diet. The Blood is corrupted by the ulcered Glands of the Viscera producing Convulsive motions the chief antecedent cause of Convulsive motions is debased by ill Diet by Aliment hard of digestion or by Milk degenerating into a Curd by the acide Ferment of the Stomach whereupon it rendreth the Milk Acide and sometime the Chyle is corrupted by bilious Recrements and an ulcerous Matter derived from the Ventricles or putrefied Glands of the Mesentery The Blood also is corrupted in its passage through the ulcered Glands of the Spleen Liver Pancreas Kidneys or the putrefied substance of the Bladder Uterus Diaphragme Pleura Mediastine Lungs c. whereby the vital Liquor being vitiated by a purulent Matter is carried up through the Carotide Arteries into the Cortical Glands wherein the nervous Liquor and the Animal Spirits become infected and produce great disorderly motions in the fibrous Compage of the Brain and the plexes of Nerves belonging to the Viscera Muscles and Membranes The ill mass of Blood is rendred more fermentative by ill Air in Fenny ground by the heat of the Sun and by changes of the Moon and by the malignant influences of the Planets which do debase the Succus Nervosus and its Spirits and render them turbulent and unquiet so that they discompose the tender Filaments of Nerves and put them upon violent and unnatural agitations highly afflicting the whole Body Having given an account of the unpleasant â—cenes of this Disease consisting in various storms of concussive motions of several parts of the Body my Taske at this time is to propound a means how these Tempests may be allayed that a pleasant calm may ensue The Cure of this Disease requireth a good method of Physick and the care of a Learned Physician prescribing proper Medicines and by reason Blood hath a great share in the cause of Convulsive motions Applications of Leeches to the Jugulars are very proper Cephalick Powders may be given in Cephalick Waters Three or Four Ounces may be taken away by the application of Leeches to the Jugular Veins and afterward Cephalick Powder may be advised made of Paeony roots Misletowe of the Oak Coral Pearl and the like given in a spoonful of a Cephalick Julape prepared with Black-Cherry Water or Water of Lime-Flowers Lily of the Valley Paeony Rue-water to which may be added a small quantity of Compound Paeony or the Antiepileptick water of Langius near akin to the
former and let it be sweetened with the Flowers of Lime Paeony or Lily of the Valley If the Child Suck Cephalick Medicines may be given to the Nurse Cephalicks may be advised for the Nurse if the Child Suck made of the Roots of Paeony and the Seeds of Goats Rue and Caraway boiled in Posset-drink As also an Electuary made of Conserve of Lime-Flowers Lily of the Valley Sage Paeony to which may be added the Powder of Missetowe of the Oak Paeony roots Castor made into a due Consistence with the Syrupe of Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley drinking after it an Apozeme prepared with the Roots of Angelica Paeony Flowers of Betony Rorismary Lime Lily of the Valley and after its strained it may be sweetned with the Syrupe of Paeony or Cowslips Powders may be advised for the Nurse composed of the roots of Valerian Powder for the Nurse White Amber Misletowe of the Oak of the hoof of a Bufalo Castor c. mingled with White Sugar and given in a spoonful of the Apozeme prescribed drinking after it a good draught of the same And to an Infant may be given Black Cherry or Rue Water A Cephalick Julape for a Child mingled with Compound Paeony or Compound Briony-water or with some drops of Spirit of Lavender or Spirit of Hartshorn and the like sweetned with some Cephalick Syrupe Amulets of the roots of Paeony Castor Amulets of the shavings of the hoof of a Bufalo mixed with Oil of Nutmegs by expression may be hung about the Neck of the Child troubled with Convulsions Blistering Plaisters are very proper in Convulsive motions If the Infant be actually in a Fit a blistering Plaister may be applied to the Nucha or to both sides of the Neck The Cephalick Plaister without Euphorbium or of Galbanum may be applied to the Feet The Powder of Gutteta according to Rivier The Powder of Gutteta or one compounded of a Humane Skull of Pearl of the hoof of a Bufalo c. may be given in a few grains in the following Julape made of Black Cherry simple Paeony or Goats Rue-water mingled with a small quantity of Antiepileptick Water of Langius and sweetened with the Syrupe of Lime-Flowers The roots of Valerian Paeony Lime-Flowers c. Infusions of Cephlicks may be infused in Canary and being strained off may be given in a very small quantity with White Sugar-candy or a Distillation may be made in a Glass retort with the heat of Sand of the roots of Valerian Paeony Lime-Flowers vitriol of Hungary the Skull of a Man in Compound Paeony water and the distilled water may be given in a small quantity sweetened with Syrupe of Betony or Lime-Flowers or if it seem to be too strong it may be allayed with the simple water of Paeony or of Lime-Flowers or of Lily of the Valley Some of the Gall of a Sucking Puppy taken in a small quantity of simple Paeony-water or of Lily of the Valley may be very proper in Convulsive Fits Oil of Castor Bathing the Chine with Spirits or Oil is of great use Leeches applied behind the Ears are good in Dentition As also blistering Plaisters Anodynes and Narcoticks are good in violent pains of the Teeth Medicines good for to destroy Worms Amber mixed with the compound Spirit of Lavender may be very proper to anoint the Chine of a Child afflicted with Convulsive motions In Convulsive motions proceeding from breeding of Teeth Blood may be taken away by Leeches set behind the Ears and Blistering Plaisters may be applied to the Nucha or sides of the Neck and Anodynes and Narcoticks may be used in violent pains of the Teeth whereupon the Gums may be rubbed or cut with some sharp instrument to make way for the eruption of Teeth In reference to Convulsions coming from Worms Rubarb infused in Wine Beer or Ale may be proper or some grains of Calamelanus given in extract of Aloes or with Rubarb mixed with some very few grains of Jailape In a Child of a strong Constitution and of some years Wormseed or Salt of Prunel Tartar or any bitter or salt Medicine will destroy Worms A Plaister made of Colocynth A Plaister may be applied to the Navel in this case Aloes macerated in juyce of Wormwood the Gall of an Ox all mixed and embodied with Bees-wax may be applyed to the Navil of the Child CHAP. LXXIII Of the Palsey THE noble Compage of the Brain being a systeme of numerous fine Fibrils branched through the Cortex Corpus callosum Fornix Corpora striata Nates Testes Medulla oblongata Cerebellum and its Processes and through the Medulla Spinalis as an elongation of the Brain These innumerable minute Fibrils of the Brain Cerebellum The Fibrils of the Brain and Cerebellum are composed of many Filaments In the exercises of Sense and Motion the Fibres are rendred tense and Medulla Spinalis being the constituent parts are framed of many small Filaments whose Interstices are receptive of the Animal Liquor and Spirits by whose spirituous and elastick Particles the Fibrils are rendred plump tense and fit to exert the acts of Sense and Motion which are also imparted to the Nerves of the whole Body as so many outlets of the Brain and the continuation of its fibrous Compage the first Origen and rudiment of all nervous Divarications overspreading and invigorating all the Apartiments of the Body with their select Liquor and their more refined Particles giving Sensation motion and nourishment The Faculties relating to the said Operations are lessened depraved The lessened or abolished or depraved Functions come from errors of the Brain or abolished by the errors of the Brain as being a systeme of innumerable Fibrils containing the nervous Liquor and its Spirits giving vigor and tenseness to the fibrous frame of the Brain and its appendices which are chiefly hurt in reference to Sense and Motion in Two disaffections either as they are depraved by Convulsive motions or when pain ariseth in point of Sense The Function of Sense or Motion are lessened or abolished in the Palsey The descriptiâ—on of a Palsey or when the Functions of Sense and Motion are very much lessened or abolished in a Palsey causing an impotency in the Limbs when the fibrous parts of the Brain and Limbs lose their vigor and tenseness A Palsey may admit this description That it is a resolution or relaxation of the fibrous Compage of the Body proceeding from defect of a due tenseness of the nervous Filaments whereupon the Faculties of Sense and Motion cannot exert their due operations in some or all parts of the Body A resolution happens to the nervous parts when the Succus Nervosus The cause of the resolution of the Nerves and its spirituous Particles are denied an access to the fibrous parts of the Brain Cerebellum and Medulla Spinalis or when the Animal Spirits losing their due volatil or elastick parts do not influence the Nerves with
due Spirits and Tenseness especially when they are affected with high Narcotick steams which despoil them of their laudable temper and tone The motive Faculty is impeded or abolished The motive Faculty is hindred when the Origen of the Nerves is obstructed by reason the Origens of the Nerves are obstructed in the Cortex or their progress in other Processes of the Brain Cerebellum or Medulla Spinalis or in the Trunks of the Nerves and their diverse Plexes and divarications The origination of the Nerves The Origen of the Nerves may be stopped by a gross nervous Liquor may be obstructed by the grossness of the Succus Nervosus as not being capable to be received into the beginning of the Interstices relating to the nervous Filaments constituting the body of the Nerves The grossness of the nervous Liquor may arise from a thick faeculent albuminous part of the Blood the Materia substrata of the Succus Nervosus The cause of a gross nervous Liquor or when the cortical Glands being not well disposed as having too large extravagant Vessels or Pores are not able duely to percolate the more thin mild Particles of the Blood from its more gross parts whereupon the thick Animal Liquor is not capable to insinuate it self into the Origens of the fibrous parts of the Brain The Origens of the Nerves are straightned by the Tumors of the adjacent parts which are also rendred too close and straight by the swelling of the neighbouring parts coming from the cortical Glands by a quantity of extravasated Blood in Inflammations or of serous Recrements in a Hydrocephalus in a Hydropick constitution of the Brain compressing the Origens of the nervous Fibrils in the ambient parts of the Brain And not only the Origens of the minute nervous Fibrils in the Cortex The progress of the Fibrils may have their Filaments over-close but the progress of more large Fibrils in the Medulla oblongata and Medulla Spinalis may have the spaces of their Filaments so closely conjoyned to each other by a quantity of Blood or Pus or by the tumors of the adjacent parts that the current of the Animal Spirits is intercepted whereupon the adjoyning Nerves grow flaccid and unfit for Sense and Motion A Palsey also may arise from a Solution of the unity of parts The solution of the unity of parts may be a cause of a Palsey when the fibrous Compage of the Brain is wounded or affected with a great blow or by Concussion when the order of the fibrous parts of the Brain is perverted as it hath the Fibres too much separated or too closely united dashing one against another A greater or less obstruction or compression of the fibrous parts of the Brain often produceth an Apoplexy Carus Lethargy Hemiplegia and when the Paroxysmes of these Cephalick Diseases are gone A Palsey often succedeth an Apoplexy The cause of the Palsey how it is more or less universal a Palsey often succeedeth sometimes affecting one other times both sides of the Body so that sometimes one or more Limbs and other times the Limbs of the whole Body are disabled in point of Motion As the matter of the Disease is more or less imparted to the Nerves of the Brain Cerebellum and Medulla Spinalis so the parts affected are not only rendred destitute of Motion but of Sense too in some cases And if some curious persons be so inquisitive The cause why Sense remaineth when motion is taken away as to be informed of the reason why the Sense remaineth where motion is taken away this may be offered in point of their satisfactions that Physicians have assigned some Nerves to celebrate the act of Sensation and others to motion but if this Opinion be not satisfactory as being improbable because all Nerves are endued as well with Sense as Motion I will presume to give the courteous Reader another Reason which may seem more probable that the act of motion is more difficult and laborious as supposing an action whereas Sensation intimates only a Passion which is more easy then the other and may be performed by a sensible impression continued from the common Sensory by the continuation of the coats of nervous Filaments propagated from the Brain to the Medulla Spinalis and other parts of the Body But Motion is accomplished by a higher nixus of the Nerves requiring a greater quantity and more refined Animal Spirits expaâ—ding the nervous Filaments and rendring them plump and stiff in order to motion The Compression of the Corpora Striata The Compression of the Corpora Striata hinder the progress of the Animal Liquor may arise from some extravasated Blood or serous Recrements outwardly crouding the Interstices of the Filaments relating to the Corpora Striata whereupon the progress of the nervous Liquor and Spirits being checked the Nerves grow relaxed and their motion abolished The Medulla oblongata The seat of the Palsey and the elongation of it the Medulla Spinalis may be the seat of the Palsey when the Fibrils of the said parts are obstructed inwardly by some gross Matter or outwardly by the compression of some stagnated Blood or faeculent Humors or by the Tumors of some adjoyning parts sometimes this disaffection is placed in the Nerves Sometimes this Disease is seated in the Nerves without the Brain without the limits of the Brain Cerebellum and Medulla Spinalis either in the Trunks or smaller Branches of Nerves stopped by obstruction compression or by solution of their unity Whereupon the progress of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is interrupted and the Filaments of Nerves become loose and flabby as having lost their tenseness a requisite condition of the action of the Nerves Immoderate Cold being a great enemy to the nervous Cold as incrassating the nervous Liquor may be the cause of a Palsey as well as vital Liquor doth incrassate the Animal Spirits so that they loose their volatil and elastick Particles and are rendred unfit to invigorate the Nerves in reference to Motion The immoderate use of Opiates which being taken too frequently The immoderate use of Opiates may cause a Palsey and in too great a quantity doth vitiate the I one of the Animal Spirits an dits energetick disposition which is also produced by the venenate Fumes of Minerals So that Miners working in Mineral Earth are affected with the steams of Antimony Mercury and Auripigmentum or Arsnick which cause Tumors in the Limbs as also sometimes a relaxation of the Nerves whereupon ensueth a paralytick distemper taking away the use of the Muscular parts the proper Engines of Motion For the most part the Brain is not only affected but the Medulla Spinalis and sometimes the Cerebellum is concerned by serous Recrements diffused between the Skull and the Coats of the Brain which afterward fall down and compresse the Fistula Sacra or Silver Cord The Palsey may arise from the Compression of the Medulla Spinalis A quantity of
Patient dying of a Palsey proceeding from pains of the Stomach and Intestines who laboured of aspurious tertain intermittent Fever proceeding from an obstruction of the Liver and Bladder and then fell into Colick pains and a paralitick disaffection which continued the space of a year and at last she died afflicted with a Delirium and Convulsive motions The Palsey first affected the Arms and Head and afterward descended to the Thighs This Woman having the Abdomen opened the Liver was found to be over-large with reference to the Body and very much obstructed and the Bladder of Gall filled with gross Black Choler and the Stomach much distended with Green Excrements and the Colon full of hard Faeces and dilated with much flatulent Matter and the Brain being dissected a Water was discovered to gush out and follow the Knife and the same Liquor was discerned to fill up all the space interceceding the coats of the spinal Marrow where the Fibres the Origens of the vertebral Nerves were seated Whereupon the beginnings of the vertebral Nerves being compressed the current of the nervous Liquor and Spirits was intercepted and the Filaments of the Nerves relaxed and the use of the Arms Hands and Thighs lost Persons also obnoxious to Arthritical disaffections sometimes fall into a Palsey by reason the acide and saline Particles of the Blood An Arthritis sometimes degenerates into a Palsey infecting the nervous Liquor do vitiate its refined Particles whereupon the Animal Spirits losing their expansive nature do not invigorate the Nerves so that they grow limber and unfit for motion whence ariseth a Palsey Scorbutick habits of Body are liable to this Disease Scorbutick habits of Body are oboxious to a Palsey as having an ill mass of Blood debased with acide saline Particles which spoil the albuminous part of the vital Juyce the Materia substrata of the Succus Nervosus which being dispirited doth not duely invigorate the nervous Fibrils whereupon arise Tremors in the Limbs proceeding from faint Animal Spirits not rendring the nervous Filaments Tense and apt for motion whence floweth a Paralytick disposition which also proceedeth in Cachetick Bodies from a quantity of serous Recrements sometimes inwardly obstructing the spaces of the Filaments and othertimes outwardly compressing the Origens Trunks and Branches of Nerves whereupon they grow flabby and relaxed as not receptive of nervous Liquor and its spirituous tensive Particles A Palsey may also arise a soluta unitate from a wound of the Skull and Brain lacerating sometimes and othertimes cutting asunder its Blood-vessels A Palsey may proceed a Soluta unitate Craniâ— whereupon the Brain is affected first with an inflammation by a source of extravasated Blood lodged in the substance of the Brain which afterward degenerates into a purulent Matter compressing the sibrous frame of the Brain and hindring the influxe of Animal Spirits into the Nerves productive of a Palsey A Souldier was wounded in the hinder part of his Head with a weapon An Instance of the said case in a Palsey not only dividing the Skull but penetrating the coats into the substance of the Brain which generated first an Inflammation and afterward an Abscess whereupon the Patient complained of a vertiginous disposition and of a pain in his Right Eye and afterward was affected with an Hemiplegia of his Right side and a Carus and Convulsive motions of his Right Arm the fore-runner of a more fatal storm of death The Skull being taken off a great part of the Brain was overspread with a fungous Matter which is very common in wounds Inflammations and Abscesses of the Brain into which an Incision being made an Aposteme of the Brain was discovered and the Right Ventricle distended with a clear serous Liquor compressing the nervous Fibres of the Right side of the Brain and intercepting the progress of the Animal Liquor into the Right mediety of the Spinal Marrow and Origens of the vertebral Nerves whereupon ensued a resolution of them belonging to the Right side A Palsey may also happen upon a wound of the Medulla Spinalis A Palsey coming from a bruised Medulla Spinalis bruising or cutting the Origens of the vertebral Nerves whereupon the motion of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is checked in reference to the nervous Trunks and Branches propagated from the Spine so that they grow loose and flabby wholly indisposed for action A Maid being shot into her Back with the Bullet of a Pistol An Instance of this kind of Palsey was immediately sensible of a great pain and defect of the motion of her Limbs a Resolution being made from the middle of her Loins to her lower parts which proceeded from the wound of the Origens of the vertebral Fibres seated in one side of the Spine and from a Bullet lodged in the Spinal Marrow outwardly compressing the beginnings of the vertebral Nerves The Patient heing dead a round hole was found penetrating the Musculi longissimi and Sacrolumbares and afterward the Spine and its Marrow wherein was discovered a Bullet lodged in its substance and compressing the Origens of the vertebral Nerves Having discoursed the continent causes of a Palsey An ill mass of Blood is the chief antecedent cause of a Palsey illustrated by many instances of several cases in this Disease I will now Treat somewhat of its antecedent causes of which the chief is an ill mass of Blood generated by an ill Diet either of too much Meat or hard of digestion or the immoderate drinking of Wine and strong Drink and Tobacco and Fumes and Metallick Vapours or vehement Passions of the Mind making great alterations in the vital Liquor the Materia substrata of the Succus Nervosus which is highly discomposed by the Sex res non naturales some of which are very offensive producing a kind of Narcosis in the Animal Spirits despoiling them of their brisk elastick nature thereby rendring the Nerves Laxe and resolved And the Locomotive power of the Limbs and Body is not only abolished The Locomotive Faculty is lessened and abolished by the dâ—fect of Animal Spirits but also lessened in point of Impotency of motion proceeding from a defect of Animal Spirits not fully invigorating the Nerves hence ariseth a trembling of the Head and Limbs so that the motive Faculty is not able easily to sustain the weight of the Limb produced from the weakness of the Nerves rendring the Antagonist Muscles not able to balance each others Contractions and reduce the Limbs to a tonick motion by containing them in a firm fixed posture whereupon the weight on one side so depresseth the Limbs and the Nixus of the Antagonist Muscles that they are not able to make good their tonick Motion The Limbs grow disordered by various tremulous motions The cause of tremulous Motions derived from contrary principles of the weight of the Limbs and of weak nervous Fibres which putting forth their utmost Nixus make different successive agitations originally flowing from an
ill Succus Nervosus not impraegnated with volatil and elastick Particles whereupon sluggish Animal Spirits being not endued with an expansive nature do not render the nervous Fibres plump and stiff There are many kinds of a Palsey Many kinds of a Palsey sometimes the Sense is lost and the Motion preserved and other times the Motion is taken away and the Sense remanent The sensitive Faculty is abolished and the Motive not disaffected when the Sight Hearing Tast and Smell In one kind the Sensitive Faculty is abolished and the Motive preserved are highly discomposed or taken away as the Nerves appropriated to the said Senses are obstructed by gross Recrements or compressed by extravasated Blood or Recrements shutting up the spaces of the Visory Auditory Tasting or Smelling nervous Filaments whereupon the progress of the Animal Liquor is stopped and the nervous Fibres consigned to the sensitive powers rendred relaxed and disabled to accomplish the operations of the outward Senses The Motion is taken away by the paucity of the Animal Spirits The Motion is taken away by the paucity or indisposiâ—ion of Animal Spirits or rather by the indisposition of them when they have lost their tensive and elastick quality not expanding the Interstices of the nervous Filaments so that they have not been stiff and plump and thereby made uncapable to execute the motive faculty of the Limbs Some have imagined that the Sense of Touching hath been abolished Some conceive that the Sense of Touching hath been lost and Motion preserved and Motion at the same time preserved entire to which this reply may be given That this Hypothesis wanteth a clear stating whether these different operations of Sense and Motion be meant of the same or of diverse parts if it be understood of the same it is improbable by reason that the Cutis is the organ of Touching but not of Motion which is performed by carnous Fibres of the Muscles which are deficient in the Skin only endued with nervous Fibrils the instrument of Touching and when they have lost their Sensation as it is sometimes found in Scorbutick Habits of Body the Succus Nervosus and the Animal Spirits relating to the Coats are depraved whereupon the cutaneous Nerves grow flabby and relaxed and lose their sense of Touching as in a paralytick distemper and yet at the same time the carnous Fibres of the Muscles retain their Motion as their Nerves are rendred Tense by the Spirits and elastick Particles of Animal Liquor invigorating the nervous Filaments seated in the Muscles which is taken away in the Limbs and most parts of the Body upon the compression of the spinal Marrow by Blood or serous Recrements falling down from the Brain in an Apoplexy whence ariseth a Hemiplegia a loss of Motion in half the Body or this defect of Motion in the Musclar parts may proceed from a wound in or great blow upon the Spine in which cases the current of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is intercepted As to the Prognosticks of this Disease it is very hard to be cured The Prognosticks of a Palsey as the Brain Spinal Marrow and Nerves are affected and as a resolution of one or more parts is made which is removed with great difficulty especially if this Disease be a consequent of an Apoplexy Carus Lethargy and the like As the Palsey is caused by a defluxion of ill Humors from the Brain to the Medulla Spinalis where a Paraplegia is produced and from thence the offensive Matter sometimes hath a recourse to the Brain as some Learned Men will have it but it seemeth more agreeable to Reason that a new Apoplexy is made by a farther stagnation of Blood or other gross Recrements compressing the nervous Compage of the Brain which are brought into the Brain by the carotide Arteries so that the offensive Matter compressing the Medulla Spinalis is not brought upward from thence into the substance of the Brain The Palsey is less dangerous when only the Sense or Motion is taken away and worse where both are disaffected and the danger is greater when the Brain or Medulla Spinalis are obstructed or compressed which often proveth fatal to the Patient A Palsey is hardly cured which proceedcth from an extraordinary Contusion of any Vertebral or some other eminent Trunks of Nerves which doth not only proceed from the Attrition of Nerves but also from the inflammation of the neighbouring parts by extravasated Blood coming from lacerated vessels whence ariseth a Tumor compressing the bruised vertebral Nerves and aggravating the Palsey A Tremor supervening this Disease speaketh somewhat of hope as it denoteth some vigor of the relaxed parts productive of a tremulous Motion whereby the progress of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is in some degree promoted And if the resolved Limbs be acted with heat it giveth some hope of recovery as it is enlivened in part by Vital and Animal Liquor if the indisposed Limb do labour of an Atrophy or hath lost its natural heat and vivid colour it speaketh a great difficulty of Cure because the part affected is destitute of vital heat and nourishment which is occasioned by the defect of the Succus Nervosus a main ingredient of Nutricion as confederated with the Albuminous parts of the Blood and assimilated into the substance of the part In all disaffections of the Nerves A Fever is good in Paralitick Distempers as in paralitick Diseases flowing from cold serous and pituitous Recrements a Fever is very advantageous as discharging the offensive Matter by a free transpiration and frequent Sweats passing through the Pores of the Skin which warms and exsiccates the Nerves and as to the Fibrils heat enlargeth the narrow spaces of the nervous Filaments and maketh way for the reception and progress of the Animal Liquor rendring the Nerves Tense and disposed for motion The Cure of this Disease is very various The methods of a Cure of a Palsey are different as they succeed various Diseases as proceeding from several causes speaking different methods and Medicines appropriated to diverse kinds of this Disease as it is successive to other Diseases or proceeding from some evident or some antecedent or from procatarctick causes In reference to a Palsey supervening an Apoplexy Carus Convulsive motion and the like which being primary Diseases productive of a Palsey do indicate Bleeding Bleeding and Purging Medicines are proper when a Palsey is a consequent of an Apoplexy Carus c. and Purgative Medicines mixed with Cephalicks Clysters made of Emollients and discutients to which may be added purging Electuaries Syrupes c. As also Cupping-glasses Vesicatories Sternutatories Cephalick Julapes Pills Powders which have been already more largely Treated of in the Cure of an Apoplexy Carus c. And if this paralytick Disease be not conquered in a Fortnight or Fifteen days as it groweth radicated and habitual it relates to a preservatory Indication which I intend hereafter to propound A Palsey derived from
Thirdly in Wine Wine and Blood are turned acide when the Saline parts over-act the Sulphureous the Spirit being evaporated by the ambient heat of the Air or the sulphureous parts being too much depressed the Saline over-act the other Elements and turn Wine into Vineger in this a parallel of Wine may be made with Blood labouring under too active saline parts which being over-exalted do obtain a Fluor and render the Blood acide found in melancholy distempers Fourthly Wine loseth its good temper when its spirituous parts are too much depressed and the sulphureous and saline Elements being in combination are too highly advanced growing viscide and mucilaginous whereupon Wines become over-fretted or ropy as the Vintners the Masters of the Art of curing Wines do phrase it Generous Wines upon the Lees in hot weather have a long and great Fermentation as the various Elements have great contests with each other and the spirituous parts do partly evaporate and are partly confounded with more gross Elements whereupon the Sulphur being very exuberant is more and more exalted and the spirituous part adhaering to the saline doth advance it and alter the mixtion of the Elements to which being added the eminent combination of the Sulphur and Salt the Wine acquireth a rancide oleaginous Consistence And the Fermentation of the Blood in the Scurvey somewhat resembleth that of Wine in reference to the former acide disposition Blood resembleth Wine as growing acide by the Saline parts brought to a Fluor coming from saline Elements brought to a Fluor which appeareth plain in acide saline parts of Spittle spued out of the oral Glands with serous Liquor discharged out of the glandulous coat of the Stomach by excretory Ducts into its Cavity and afterward thrown off by Vomiting And the Blood also is like over-fretted Wine in its exalted Sulphur Wine and Blood are alike as growing mucilaginous by too great a Fermentâ—tion and Salt as nearly associated making a rancide clammy quality in the Blood whereupon it groweth gross producing a Cough and difficulty of Breathing and a Leucophlegmatia as stagnating in the substance of the Muscular parts of the Body Farthermore the Dyscrasy of the Blood in a Scorbutick habit of Body is somewhat related to Wine as it proceedeth from sulphureous-saline Elements when the Blood is over-powred with Sulphur entring into confederacy with a less active Salt whereupon the vital Liquor acted with an over-fretting motion doth discharge its adust Recrements by the hepatick Glands and excretory Vessels into the Ductus cholidochus and Intestines and its saline Particles into the Renal Glands and Urinary Vessels and Ureters into the Bladder And the Sulphureous saline Recrements of the Blood The exalted fulphureous parts are the cause of the over-fretting of the Blood being of a restless Fermentative disposition are transmitted out of the Left Ventricle of the Heart First into arterial Trunks and then into smaller and smaller Branches till at last they land in the cutaneous Glands wherein the adust and saline Recrements being secerned from the more pure parts of the Purple Liquor are carried by excretory ducts into the surface of the Cuticula where they are setled or concreted making Spots Scabs Scurfe Tumors Ulcers c. And if these sulphureous and salt Faeces of the Blood be transmitted by the caeliack Artery into the Stomach they produce great pains Vomitings and if they be discharged by the mesenterick Arteries into the Intestines they make Cholick pains Diarrhaeas Dysenteries c. And if the saline Recrements of the Blood being more predominant The Fermentation is more moderate when the Saline are predominant over the Sulphureous do embody with the concreted oily Particles the ebullition and fermentation of the vital Liquor is more moderate and so its rancide or mucilaginous Particles make a slow circulation through the Viscera wherein great obstructions are produced as clammy parts of the Blood do adhere to the sides of the Vessels in their passage producing a Jaundise in the Liver and a slow motion of the Blood in the Renal Glands generateth the Stone in the Kidneys when the Tartar of the Blood associated with viscide Recrements is concreted and this gross mucilaginous Blood passing through the substance of the Lungs The cause of a difficult Respiration in the Lungs and of dreadful Symptomes in the Heart maketh a difficult Respiration and this over-fretting viscid Blood taking its progress through the ventricles of the Heart maketh Palpitations Lipothymies Syncopes irregular Pulsations and polypose Concretions which proceed from a gross mass of Blood which moving slowly highly oppresseth and is ready to suffocate the Heart Having discoursed of the discrasy of the Blood and its Elements in a Scorbutick disaffection I will take the freedom now to declare how the ill principles of the Purple juyce do infect the nervous Liquor which in its own Ingeny is very mild and thin The nervous Liquor is very much exalted by the nitrous saline Particles of Air and advanced by the influences of the Planets endued with spirituous and volatil saline Particles much improved by the subtle nitrous Particles of Air advanced with aethereal Atomes and is exalted by the more benigne influxes of the Sun Moon and Stars whereupon the Animal Spirits having a subtle elastick Nature do insinuate themselves between the Filaments of nervous Fibrils constituting the curious Compage of the Brain and render them tense and fit for the exercises of the nobler and more mean operations of Reason and Sense which they celebrate in great perfection as long as the Blood is accomplished with fine vital Particles which being very much impaired in an acide disposition or when it is debased with gross sulphureous and saline Recrements too much depressing the spirituous parts of the Blood or when it is rendred viscide and oleaginous by too much exalted oily Particles combining with the saline putting the Blood into an over-fretting disposition The nervous Liquor is depraved by the ill Elements of the Blood causing many Cephalick Diseases which vitiateth the purity of the nervous Liquor and taketh off the brightness of the Rays and delicacy of the Temper relating to the Animal Spirits by making them decline toward an acide disposition whereby they grow depauperated and dispirited as losing their elastick Nature and brisk active temper the cause of many Cephalick Diseases of Meagrums Palsies Tremors Pains Convulsive motions c. which take their first rise from a discrasy of the Blood and nervous Liquor residing in a Scorbutick habit of Body Many Learned Professors of our Faculty have made the Scurvey a kind of Farrago of all Diseases which renders the Art of Physick confused in a complication of numerous Maladies having one appellative This may be truly asserted that a Scorbutick habit of Body proceeding from a dyscrasy of Blood The Scurvey is a Parent of many Diseases is a Parent of many disaffections from which almost all
branches of Blood-vessels and more inwardly Embroidered it with various ranks of Muscular Fibres after the manner of Network as so many Organs to give motion life and refinement to the Blood the Fountain Life Thou hast formed the Lungs as an Organ of Respiration a Systeme of divers Pipes and Vessels of Air to improve the Blood by its Nitrous and Elastick Particles and to fan and refresh the Vital Flame by its cold Atomes Thou hast outwardly encircled the highest Apartiments with many common Integuments and chiefly with the Tables of the Skull as with Walls of Ivory and within with finer Membranes stretched out as Curtains and Vails to cover and overshade the bright intelligent Orb of the Brain a white pulpy substance consisting of many Processes beset with many streaks which are a Contexture of many Fibrils resembling rays of Light through which the Emanations of Animal Spirits are diffused In the lower Story of a Humane Body Thou turnest Aliment into Milk in the middle Milk into Blood in the highest its Cristalline part into Animal Liquor enobled by choice Spirits Grant O holy Jesus the Great Physician of Soul and Body that as our natural Life is preserved by these several changes so our spiritual may be raised up by more noble Transmutations that our Reason may be converted into Religion and our Nature into Grace in this World and our Grace into Glory in the World to come through the Lord of Life and Glory To whom with the Father and holy Ghost be all Praise Dominion Eucharist Adoration and Obedience now and for ever Amen To the Right HONOURABLE The Lord CHARLES CHEYNE Vicount of NEWHAVEN My LORD THE great Complaisance and endearing Civility with which your Lordship treateth those who have the Honor of your Acquaintance giveth me the Confidence and you the Trouble of this Paper speaking my Ambition to be farther known to your Lordship in presenting you with my most Humble Duty Place this Sheet before the Preface of the Tables and mean Sentiments which cannot Contribute any thing to the advancement of your great Knowledge All that I can pretend to in this Humble Address to your Lordship in reference to my Boldness is to receive a favourable Pardon as well as an Honourable Protection The intrinsick Honour of your great reality and most amicable Disposition render me highly a Votary to your Lordship for whom I have most Reverential and Affectionate Esteems and shall ever deem my Self very much Honoured to improve my utmost endeavours in your Service Your Lordship hath travail'd through many Countreys beyond the Seas and made many Observations upon the various Governments of several Republicks and Kingdoms and have not only studied Books but Men and have Learned the Virtues and not the Vices of other Nations giving a Lustre to your Honourable Personage and Fortune which you have made very Renowned in great Hospitality by Caressing your Friends with a Noble and Kind Entertainment the high Expresses of your most entire Love which you have much more enobled by your Piety to God in Obedience to his Holy Laws revealed in his Word and in Justice to your Neighbour in the strict observance of his Sanction and Golden Rule in the Gospel Whatsoever ye would that Men should do to you do you to them And in sobriety to your own Person in regulating your Appetites according to the more refined Dictates of rectified Reason And now I cannot conceal your other Moral Perfections as first your great Loyalty and Veneration of the KING our most Gracious Soveraign whom God long preserve with an high Reverence and Duty as Gods Vicegerent And your Lordship hath a high Value and Affection for the Ministers of the Gospel and their Sacred Office and chiefly for the Function of Bishops as Ecclesiastical Governors Instituted by the Holy Apostles that all things in the Church may be done Decently and in Order and to Reform the irregular Lives of unreasonable Men. And your Lordship is not only a Loyal Subject of His Majesty and true Son of the church but a faithful Friend too of which I have had very much experience who study all ways possible in all good Offices of Love and Kindness to promote the Interest and Happiness of your Acquaintance and have a due Resentment of any civilities paid to your Lordship who are very prone upon all occasions to speak your grateful Returns by way of Compensation I have reason to believe I have long presumed upon your Patience for which I humbly beg your Lordships Pardon in recounting your Perfections which I have performed in all sincerity out of a Principle of Justice without any Flattery in propounding you a great Exemplar for others to Love Admire and Imitate My Lord to your Goodness as great in Honour and to your Honour as great in Goodness are Humbly presented this Free-will Offering and the Author and no Votary Can do more then make his Heart an Oblation as Ambitious to bear the Name and Attribute of being My LORD Your Lordships most Obedient And Obliged Servant SAMUEL COLLINS THE PREFACE TO THE TABLES EXperimental Philosophy is highly advanced by the frequent Dissections of the Body of MAN and other Animals which I have performed with all Care and Fidelity that I might inspect the great Secrets of Nature and declare the Wondrous Works of the All-wise and Omnipotent Protoplast who hath made all things in Number Weight and Measure And I humbly conceive the great Use of Comparative Anatomy is to illustrate the Structure Actions and Uses of Man's Body which are sometimes more clear in that of other Animals than in ours as I have discovered in frequent Dissections to my great satisfaction pleasure and admiration Whereupon I procured my worthy Friend Mr. Faithorne an Excellent Artificer if not the Best in the World in this kind to Engrave the opened parts of the Body and Brain of Man and other Animals Designed from the Life Anatomy is well worthy our high Esteems and great Study speaking a great Accomplishment to Learned Persons of this Age as it is very much conducive to the knowledge of our Great and Glorious Maker and of our Selves and other Animals the wonderful Works of His Hands This Learned part of Philosophy declareth the infinite Attributes of the Almighty Creator who inhabiteth the Light of Light whom no Mortal Eye is able to see Face to Face and live Wherefore the All-wise Law-giver in compliance with our Capacity hath given us the Book of the Creatures wherein we may read His great Perfections imprinted in fair Letters His Omnipotent Power Incomprehensible Wisdom and infinite Goodness His first Attribute appears in creating the goodly Fabrick of the greater World containing variety of Excellent Creatures as so many Rays of His most bright Essence made by His Word out of Nothing And Man the Complement of the Creation and Epitome of the Creatures he created after his own Image in Original Righteousness and Dominion over the Creatures In this great
the body of it To which it may be replied That the Vagina Uteri exceedeth the Penis in length So that it cannot inject the Seed into the bosom of the Womb which is wisely instituted by Nature lest the length of the Penis should offer a violation to the inward Orifice of the Womb which is so straight in Virgins that it cannot admit the little Finger and so closely shut up in impregnated Women that it cannot receive a Probe The Penis doth not penetrate the inward Orifice of the Vterus Again If the Penis were endued with so great a length as to penetrate into the inward Orifice of the Womb through this narrow passage it would Lacerate the Capillary Blood-vessels seated in the mouth of the Womb and produce a Flux of Blood and cause an immediate Abortion in great Bellied Women whereupon it is wisely ordered by the grand Architect that the Seminal Liquor should be first transmitted to the Vagina Uteri and from thence through the Womb and Deferent Vessels into the Vesicle of Liquor placed in the Ovary The first Rudiment of Conception cometh from the embodying of both Seeds wherein the Masculine Liquor being embodied with that of the Female is the cause of the first rudiment of Conception appearing in the increase of the Egg encircled with a new Membrane to which a red Glandulous substance accresceth which interceding the membrane of the impregnated Egg and other Vesicle doth break the Ligaments by which they are conjoyned to each other So that the parted Egg growing great doth irritate the fleshy Fibres of the Glandulous substance immuring the Vesicles to contract themselves and thrust the Egg through a narrow hole of the Testicle dilated accordingly The manner how the Impregnated Egg is divided from the adjacent Egg and carried into the Oviducts and body of the Vterus into the neighbouring Fimbria the jagged Extremity of the adjacent Tube through which the Impregnated Seminal Vesicle is conveyed into the soft nest of the Womb to receive a greater improvement made by the Vis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is made up of four powers The first Plastic or Formative power may be styled Distinctive by which one part of the Genital Liquor is severed from another in order to Formation performed by Fermentation arising out of various Elements of which most are Saline and Spirituous and some Sulphureous and Earthy exalted by Juice impregnated with Animal Spirits destilling out of the terminations of the Nerves which embodieth with the Serous part of the Blood severed from its red Crassament in the Glandulous substance of the Womb. This fine mixture of Albuminous Matter of the Blood is farther exalted with Nitroaereal Particles inspired with aethereal Atomes received with Breath into the Lungues where they associate with the Vital Liquor and are carried with it through the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries into the Glandulous substance of the Womb wherein the Serous Liquor of the Blood confederated with these Aethereal and airy Particles derived from Inspiration and Nervous Juice ousing out of the Nerves is carried through the secret passages of the inward Coat of the Womb into its Cavity and thence through the Pores of the Membrane encircling the Egg into its Albuminous Liquor which is nourished and exalted by the fermentative Matter acted with the Vital heat and imparted to the Seminal Juice of the Egg which is Colliquated as endued with various active principles This select Elixir of the Egg lodged in the bosom of the Womb The Liquors of the Egg lodged in the Vterus is made up of various choice Liquors the one Masculine Colliquated by Motion in the Vesiculae Seminales and thence transmitted by many stages into Albuminous Liquor of the Egg more and more exalted by the Uterine Ferment composed of the serous part of the Blood and Nervous Liquor inspired with aethereal and airy Atomes which being endued with Elastick Particles The intestine motion of both Seeds when mixed do insinuate themselves into the Compage and inward Recesses of the Albuminous Matter of the Egg whose intestine motion is much improved by the Uterine Ferment making an expansive dispute and highly promoted by its own disagreeing Elements founded in a mixture of both Seeds consisting of different Acides and Alcalies of various Volatil Saline Sulphureous Serous and eathy Particles whereupon these Heterogeneous principles do make a great Effervescence and endeavour by mutual disputes to subdue these different Particles whereupon the Homogeneous parts do associate and preserve each other and sever themselves from the Heterogeneous Hence ensueth the distinction of several parts of Seminal Liquor which first form the many similar Integrals of the Body as Liquors Membranes Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts Ligaments Cartilages and Bones The second kind of Plastick power belonging to the several parts of the Body may be called Concretive The second kind of the Plastick vertue relating to the Seed is Concretive as the various particles of the Seminal Liquor are more or less indurated by different sorts of Concretion Whereupon some parts are rendred more or less solid as they participate different kinds of Salts Concreting the several Atoms of Seminal Liquor So that the more soft parts of the Body as Membranes Arteries Veins and Lymphaeducts are Concreted by more tender and friable Salts whereas the Nerves Ligaments Cartilages and Bones as they are more or less hard are formed by different Concretions of more or less strong Salts mixed with more or less earthy Particles If any shall make a strict enquiry into the manner of several Accretions relating to the Formation of different parts of the Body The Accretions belonging to the Formative Power do not proceed from pure Salts but as mixed with other Elements they may be found not in pure Salts but Compages made most of Salt variously mixed with other principles in small quantity and soft parts partake somewhat of watry mixed with a greater quantity of saline particles So that in modelling the various Figures of the parts relating to the Body the Spirituous Atoms do expatiate themselves sometimes in right and othertimes in crooked and circular lines through the Saline Particles rendring different Configurations of similar and dissimilar parts The Seminal Liquor having all parts of the Body actually contained in it Different sorts of Salts shoot themselves into various consistences consisteth of several kinds of Salts shooting themselves one after another according to softer or harder Concretions into different substances of more soft or solid consistence The Organick parts of the Body being a System composed of many similar Integrals The Seminal Liquor is made up of many Acides and Alcalies are formed of a Seminal Liquor made up of divers parts impregnated with several Acides and Alcalies and many Saline dispositions by which the Seed being fluid in its
associated with Heterogenous Particles are so confounded and aggrieved that they make either great distentions or contractions in the Nervous Fibrils causing an unpleasant sensation And the reason is as I conceive because some disproportioned Object doth highly disorder the Animal Spirits and so boisterously insinuate it self into the Pores and Interstices of the Fibrils violently parting them one from another thereby forceth the Animal Spirits into a disorderly motion producing a troublesome sensation in which both the parts affected and the essence of the Cephalalgia do consist As to the different causes of it The Causes of the pain of the Head I conceive them either to be Blood or its Albuminous Juice by which it is supported or the Recrements the Bilious and Serous parts of the Blood or the Animal Liquor Blood being impelled with a great torrent into the Carotides lodged in the Dura and Pia Menynx is sometimes stopped after a manner by the straightness of the Vessels which being somewhat tumified do compress the tender neighbouring Fibres giving them a troublesome sensation which is also frequently derived from the effervescence of the Blood caused by immoderate exercise drinking of strong drinks bathing and the like The Chyle is carried with the Blood upon great passion or immoderate exercise upon a full stomach The ill Nervous Liquor is sometimes a cause of the pain of the by the Arteries terminating into the substance of the Membranes of the Brain and it being crude and indigested is not able to be received into the Coats of the Nervous Fibres being after unfit for assimilation is sometimes lodged in the interstices of the Vessels where the Chyle being acted with undue Fermentation rendreth the soft Nervous Filaments uneasie At other times the watry recrements of the Blood impregnated with sulphureous The watry recrements of the Blood are sometimes a cause of this pain and sometimes with sharp saline or acid Particles are transmitted out of the Extremities of the Capillary Arteries into the Vacuities interceding the Vessels highly discomposing the Nervour Fibres of the Membranes and producing an acute pain of the Head And lastly The Animal Liquor being not well prepared in the Cortex of the Brain or else affected with other Recrements is so gross that it cannot freely pass between the Nervous Fibres appertaining to the Coats of the Brain in which the Nervous Liquor somewhat stagnating doth enlarge the Interstices of the Filaments beyond their natural extent giving a trouble to these sensitive parts which are irritated to discharge the Plenitude of this Nervous Liquor lodged between the Filaments of these Fibres CHAP. XXXIV Of the Origen of the Brain HAving given you a sight of the Cabinet I will now present you with the Jewel all cut in Wreaths and Maeanders having shewn you the Shell I will now give you the substance And first the Origen of the Brain the conception of which appeareth first as in an Egg without a Shell and the Cristalline Seminal Liquor is enwrapped within a more tender Membrane which is the Corion And afterward in the space of four days is celebrated the first period of producing the Faetus wherein the Blood Veins The first period productive of a Faetus The second period and Beating-point borrow their rough delineation without the least shaddow of the Head In the next period appear some glimmerings of it a Conglobated part made up of three Vesicles filled with a Limpid Liquor and are the immediate Materia substrata of the Brain Cerebellum and Eye They have their first formation out of that Genital transparent Matter which though it seem to be Homogeneous yet is composed of different parts more plainly discernible when they arrive to greater maturity and then the Cerebrum and Cerebellum may be distinguished and the fibrous and pulpy Particles into Vessels and Parenchyma which do integrate the Cerebrum and Cerebellum The fibrous as I conceive do borrow their first production after this manner The Seminal Liquor being enobled with active principles The manner how the Fibres of the Brain are produced and inspired with spirituous particles of Volatile Salt and Sulphur do grow farther exalted by Fermentation wherein the more thick and solid separating from the thinner and serous parts are made more tenacious and firm by the ambient heat of the Uterus by which they are rendred somewhat more indurate then the Pulpy growing by degrees Fibrous whereupon they are made capable of gentle tension and relaxation as they are more or less invigorated with Animal Spirits no way communicable to the unactive flabby and pulpy substance of the Brain formed out of the more serous parts of the Seminal Liquor which is by degrees Coagulated into a white Pulp a more friable substance then that of the Nervous Fibres and is turned from a thin Whey Liquor into a kind of Coagulum caused by the gentle heat of the Uterus and the mixture of some Saline Particles which being added to the oily concrete it into a white Pulp adhering to and filling up the Interstices of the Vessels and Fibres which are thereby covered and the Cerebrum and Cerebellum rendred equal CHAP. XXXV Of the Fabrick and substance of the Brain THe Brain the most noble part of the whole Body in reference to its Divine operations hath a Fabrick fitted to accomplish them being finely composed of great variety of minute Fibres seated one above another in excellent order And that we may make a better inspection into these curious minute Bodies it may not be as I conceive unworthy our notice to treat of these particulars The Origen Nature Figure Progress Uses and Actions of these Fibres As to the first The Origen of the Fibres they may be considered in relation to their generation or dispensation as to the later they borrow their Roots from the Cortex and if taken in order of Generation they derive their birth from the more viscid part of the Seminal Matter which being first colliquated by the heat of the Uterus into a thin Cristalline Liquor is afterward somewhat indurated and as it were coagulated by a quantity of Volatil Salt into a white clammy substance divided for the most part into most numerous Fibres which leadeth me to the nature and substance of them The Compage of the Brain is made of minute Fibrils as they are most solid and tough Particles of the Brain whose greatest part is a curious Compage made up of innumerable nervous Filaments and Vessels whose empty Spaces are interlined with a soft kind of Parenchyma which is nothing else as I conceive but the Animal Liquor affixed to the outside of the Vessels These minute Fibres are most evident in the Brain of some Fish which is composed in a Holybut of an innumerable company of small long Processes and are as I conceive upon a strict survey nothing else but so many minute Filaments so curiously joyned together with little thin Membranes that they