Secondines suppressed 91 Sennertus of the Small-pox 6 Sheeps-dung expells the Measles 38 Small-pox may sometimes scize the same Person twice or thrice 32 Small-pox and Measles both together 39 Smelling lost 200 201 Sower things hurtful in the Small-pox 15. b Spitting of Blood 89 110 222 Spleen obstructed 55 137 144 Stomach decayed 84. Fowled 161 Stone 131 Strength of Imagination 29. a Sudorificks how to be used in the Small-pox 15. a Superfetation 114 Suppression of the Courses 48 Swelling in the Fore-head by a Fall 97 Swoonings dangerous unless the Pox appear presently 31. a A Syncope 226 T. Of the Therapeutics Cure 10 Thunder-strook 157 Timorous People must avoid coming near those that are sick of the Small-pox 30. a Topicks when useless 23 a. When useful 33. a Toothach 43 65 202 Trembling 188 Tumors in the Mouth 204 205 V. Virgins Milk proper to take off the red unseemly Colour 23. a Vomiting 77. With pain in the Stomach 155 Urine suppressed 58 88 Uterine Suffocation 121 159 FINIS Definition of Anatomy Subject Different consideration of the Body Generally Difference of shape Difference of Stature Very tall People Dwarfs Difference of colour Particular consideration of the body Definition of a part What continuity is What a function is What vse 〈◊〉 Things that make up the whole Where the humors spirits be parts of the Body Actions proceed from Solids Solids 〈◊〉 not without the humors Division the 〈◊〉 Spermatic Sanguine and Mixt. Dissimilar Parts Organical Parts Parts not Organic Principal Parts Subservient parts Noble Ignoble The uppermost Venter or Cavity The middle Venter The lowermost Venter Limbs A Division of the Work Nomina The lower Venter Epigastrium The Region of the Navel Hypogastrium The Share Perinaeum Loyns Buttocks Abdomen The containing parts Cuticle Sometimes double Original The Use. The Skin It s Substance The Difference Whether the Instrument of Feeling The Temper The Figure Motion Nourishment and Vessels The Pores Hair Colour The Use. Fat The Substance The efficient Causes Fat Kernâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 thâ—… The Temperament Whether it has any peculiar Membrane The Fatty Membrane Whether any part of the Body Colour The Plenty of it Aâ—…eps or Suet. The 〈◊〉 Pannicle Situation Connexion Colour Zas's absurd Opinion of the vse The Membrane of the Muscles The Bones Muscles Oblique descending The Linea Alba. Obliquely Ascending Musculi Recti The Pyramidal Muscles Their Office Transverse Muscles The Action of the Muscles of the Abdomen The Peritonaeum It s Duplicity Its Vessels The Caul The Description It s Substance and Connexion Its Vessels It s Interweaving The Gladules Corpora adiposa It s Situation The Bigness The Weight It s vse The Stomach Definition Membranes Fibres The inner Tunicle Temperament The Number Figure Situatiâ—… The Bigness The Bottom The Stomach The Pylorus The Vessels Its Nerves Its Arteries Its Veins Vas breve It carrys nothing from the Spleen to the Ventricle The Triangular Space It is moveable Wounds of the Stomach mâ—…tal A rare Observation That Stones grow in the Ventricle It s Action The Chyle The manner of Concoction Fermentation twofold The manner of Fermentation The force of Fermentation The reason of Chylification The Colour of the Chyle Whether it may be red What iâ—… Hunger Whether from sucking Whether from an acid Iuice Whether from the Iuices of the Arteries A Story The truâ—… Cause An Objection Canine Appeâ—…ite The Ferment What is the chylifying Heat The manner of Chylification The time for Chylification Fat things abate hunger The 〈…〉 diments and 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 The Order of Chyliâ—…ication The Order of Meats An Objection Whether Choler be generated in the Stomach a To wiâ—… that serous or lymphatick Iuice of which Choler by means of the Fermentum in the Gall. Bladder iâ—… bred See more hereof in Synopsis Medicinae l 4. c. 8. Sect. 10. § 14. ad 36. Salmon * This is to be understood 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 before â—…pressed 〈◊〉 we have hinted iâ—… the Mâ—…rgin of the former Pâ—…ragraph Salmon Whether part of the Chylus be carried to the Spleen * How true this Passage is I leave to those who have read what I have formerly â—…it in my Synophs Medicinae l 4. c. 8. sect 10. § 14. ad 36 but besides what we have there spoken we have had several Iâ—…cterical Patients in whom none of this has bin true but their Stools have bin as numerous as before and in some more numerous and in most of them of as good a colour as formerly Moreover I have near a hundred times seen the Excrements Chylous white and sometimes like Clay void of all manner of reddish or yellowish Colour yet the Person not only free from the yellow Iaundice but also in good Health Salmon Whether the Chylus enters the Gastric Veins â—…he use of 〈◊〉 Chylus A second â—…igression Whether aâ—… parts are 〈◊〉 by the Chylus The 〈◊〉 Whether they dâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the râ—…king the Chyle The length The reason of the length Their Circumference Their Substance and Tunicles Whether they have an attractive force Nerves and Arteries Veins The Milly Vessels Temperament Their 〈◊〉 Their Motion An Observation 1. 2. The Division The thin Gut The Duodenum The Substance Situation The Jejunum Situation and bigness The Ilium Gut Situation and bigness The thick Guts The blind Gut Connexion The Use. Situatir It s Ligament Connexion Bauhinus's Valves The Use. The Intestinum Rectum The Bigness Connexion The Fundament Haemorrhoid Veins Arteries Nerves Situatiâ—… and vse The Division Membranes Bigness â—… Shape â—…ts Rise It s Kernels The use of the Kernels Observ. 〈◊〉 Observ. 〈◊〉 Observ. 3. The Opinion of Riolanus Its Nerves Its Arteries Itâ—… Veins Milkie Vessels The definition and situation Shape Connexion It s Substance It s Colour It s bigness It s weight Its Nerves Arteries Veins Lymphatic Vessels The Exit of the Chanel Whether the Chanel be an Artery The Office of the Sweetbread A Digression The use of the Sweet-bread Iuice The Generation of the panoreatic Iuice The Effervescency of the Choler 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Name The Description The Original How they pass the Glandules Their Valves Their Use. A Proof The impulsive Cause Whether 〈◊〉 Chylus â—…e attracted The Description The Great Lymphatic Chanel The Discoverers The Receptacle of the Chyle The Receptacle of the Lympha The Number The Shape The Bigness The Wiâ—…ness Ductus Chyliferus of the Breast Two Chanels Two or more Receptacles of the Chyle The Insertion Its Valves The way to discover it Lewis de Bill's Circle The vse The ascent of the Chylus The impulsive Cause Whether the whole Chylus ascend to the Subclavial Whether the whole Chylus ascend through the Mesaraic Veins to the Liver The Definition The Discoverers The Names The Substance Their Number Colour and Shape Their Valves Bils's Error Their Situation Their Rise From the Lungs Their Insertion into several Parts Their Insertion inthe Veins Bils's Error Whether the Lympha be the same with the
Secondly Because action is competible to the whole operating Organ but use to every part of the Organ for instance The action of a Muscle is to contract but the use of the Musculous Membrane is to contain its fibres and to seperate it from other Muscles of the Artery to bring blood to it as of the nerves animal spirits to support the fibres of the flesh Yet oftentimes use action and function are promiscously used by Anatomists And the action of a part because it tends to some end or other is often called use And also use because it excludes not action is called action But use is of greater latitude then action Hippocrates divided things that make up the whole into things containing things contained and things that move or have in themselves the power of motion Galen calls these three things Solid parts Humors and Spirits In this division the threefold parts of the body are not comprehended but only three things without which a man cannot continue entire that is alive For only the containing or solid parts are true parts of the body Yet these parts cannot continue alive except they be continually nourished by the humors Not that humors are parts of the body but the proximate matter which by coction is changed into the substance of the parts into which till they are changed they cannot be called parts and when they are changed they cannot be called humors for a bone is not blood and blood is not bone though the one be bred of the other The same must be understood of spirits which being made of the subtilest and hottest part of the blood do very much contribute to the nutrition of the body Therefore though a man cannot continue alive without these three yet it does not follow that all these three must necessarily be parts of the body A Vine consists of solid woody parts and a Juyce whereby it is nourished and yet it is evident this Juice is no part of the Vine because if a Vine be unseasonably cut abundance of it runs out the Vine remaining entire wherefore a blind man may see that it is no part if the Vine but only liqour which by further coction would be turned into a Vine Thus also when there is a Flux of blood by the Haemorrhoids Menses or any other part or when one makes water or sweats no man in his wits will say that then the parts of a mans body are voided although a man cannot live without blood and serum But if pieces of the Lungs be brought up in coughing or if piecesâ—… of the Kidneys be voided in Urine as it sometimes happens in their exculceration then it is certain that the true parts of the body are voided Besides these are parts of the body whence actions immediately proceed and they proceed not from the humors and spirits but from solids For the humors and spirits move not the Heart Brain and other parts but they both breed and move the humors and spirits for when the Heart Brain and other parts are quiet humors and spirits are neither bred nor moved this appears in a deep swoon and though there is abundance of them in the body and those very hot and fit for motion as in such as dye of a burning Fever yet as soon as the Heart is quiet they neither move through the Arteries Veins and Nerves nor are able to move the Heart or any part else which is a certain Argument that they are Passive and that no Action can proceed from them And that the humors and spirits are moved by the Heart and bred in it and other parts will more plainly appear lib. 2. cap. 11. and lib. 3. cap. 10 11. and in several other places And now though solids cannot act without the humors and spirits and by them their Actions in as much as by their quantity or quality as their heat cold c. they are able to cause this or that mutation or temper in Solids are made quicker slower stronger weaker better or worse yet they are without air yet air is no part of the body neither does the Action of respiration proceed from it but from the muscles of the breast forcing it out though in the mean time air by giving way to the motion of the muscles and passing in and out through the Aspera Arteria affords such an aptitude for respiration as without it no respiration could be performed though also by its heat or cold it may make respiration quicker slower longer or rarer according as by these mutations the heat of the parts is augmented or diminished and thereupon necessity obliges one to breath quicker or slower So the Heart and other solid Parts are not mov'd by the humors and spirits but act upon the humors and spirits they move attenuate and concoct them till at length they turn their apt particles into a substance like themselves and so apply and unite them to themselves and make them parts of the body which they were not before they were applied and assimilated For one part of the body is not nourished with another part of its whole a bone is not nourished with flesh nor a vein with a nerve c. Neither can that which nourishes the parts by any means be called a part for otherwise there would be no difference between a part and its nutriment With which Nourishment unless the Parts be daily cherished and their consumed particles restored their strength and substance would quickly waste and fail and by that failure at length their Action would be lost So that Man of necessity must have both Blood and Spirits for the support of Life hence saith the Text in Levit. 17. 11. the Soul that is the Life of the Flesh is in its Blood as being the nearest Support of the Body without which neither the Parts of the Body can act nor the Man himself live Yet it does not follow from thence that the Blood and Spirits are part of the Body For the same might be said of the external Air without which no Man can live For take away from a Man the use of external Air either by suffocation or drowning or any other way you presently deprive him of Life as surely as if you took from him his Blood and Spirits Yet no man of Judgment will say that the external Air is a part of the Body Seeing that most certainly if that without which Life cannot subsist were to be accounted a Part the external Air must of necessity be said to be a Part of our Body as well as the Blood and Spirits Moreover it is to be considered that if the Humors and Spirits have contracted any Foulness or Distemper they are by the Physicians numbred among the Causes of Diseases not among the diseased Parts Besides that if they were Parts they ought to be similar yet never any Anatomist that I ever yet heard of recken'd 'em among similar Parts For most of the Organic Parts
several Parts which Salt and Sulphur are likewise the Principles of the Blood Moreover Similitude does not lie in the Colour which may be easily alter'd by any new Concoction but in the Particles that constitute the Substance as well of the Parts as of the Blood To the Ninth I say That Charleton confounds Nutrition with Sangnification and that what he speaks here of Nutrition belongs to Sanguification between which there is a great Difference For Aliment is not sublim'd to a greater Spirituosity for the Benefit of Nutrition but for the making of good Blood which afterwards undergoes another Change for the procuring of Nutrition which Nutrition does not consist in a farther Sublimation of the Spirits but rather in a certain new Fixation To which I farther add That the Vital Spirits do not like Cormorants consume the Substance of the Solid Parts but preserve it in its Saneness neither do they render the Blood unfit for Nutrition but fit and that those Spirits infus'd into the Parts with the Blood excite them to their Functions and as it were force them to an Assimilation with the Nourishment brought which Assimilation could never be brought to pass without the Assistance of these Spirits Now how the Spirituous Nourishment is again fix'd see l. 3. c. 11. To the Tenth I say It is no fair Consequence The Blood is nourish'd by the Chylus therefore it cannot nourish other Parts For so it would follow Wheat is nourish'd by the Iuice of the Earth therefore being eaten ot cannot nourish the Chylus So also I say of Heat Wine Wheat and other Nourishments contain in themselves a hot Spirit therefore they cannot be chang'd into Chylus and Blood Why Because a hot Spirit uses to prâ—…y upon the fluid Parts What vain Conclusions these are By reason of the Spirituous Heat of the Blood without which the Blood is altogether unprofitable for Nutrition it is said that it cannot nourish the Parts shall therefore any cold Body or Humor void of all Heat be Nourishment or profitable for Nourishment To the Eleventh I say That here Charleton altogether forgot himself For before out of Harvey he had asserted That the Blood was allow'd to be before any other Part of the Body appear'd and that out of that proceeded the Matter of which the Birth was form'd and its Nourishment If this Position of his were true where 's the Difficulty but that the Parts which are made out of the Blood should be nourish'd with the Blood Moreover if the Colliquation of the Seed be like the Parts that are to be nourish'd and that again like to the Blood then shall the Blood be like the Parts that are to be nourish'd Nevertheless we that do not believe the Parts to be fram'd out of the Blood give this Answer to his Proposition That the Parts are at first form'd out of the Spirituous Liquor of the Bubble and nourish'd with the Colliquation of the Seed but that the whole Substance of this Seed is taken out of the Arterious Blood flowing through the Spermatic Arteries to the Stones to which also the Animal Spirits are also sent through several little Nerves therefore the whole Matter of the Seed Bubble and Colliquament is in the Blood and being concocted specially in the several Parts acquires no less an Aptiude to nourish the several Parts than being generally concocted in the Stones it obtains an Aptness generally to form at first all those Parts and so we must conclude That all the Parts have their first Conformation and their subsequent Growth and Nutrition from a Juice altogether similar which is prepar'd before the one in the Stones before the other in the several Parts and so the Ancient Axiom is true We are nourish'd with the same things of which we consist And that other Oracle of Aristotle The Matter is the same which augments the Growth of a Creature with that out of which it was first form'd Lastly I answer to the Conclusion That the Comparison was ill made between the Fermentation in the Heart and the Flame of a Lamp Which Comparison is easily endur'd among Poets and Orators who only mind Ornament and Elegancy of Words but not among Philosophers that are enquiring after the Mysteries of Nature For Flame does not only dissipate the Subject to which it adheres but also destroys it and dissolves the whole Mixture of it and renders it useless but the Fermentation of the Heart does not destroy the Blood nor utterly dissolve its Mixture but by means of the dilatation of the whole Mass renders it more exact and strong and so brings the Blood to a greater perfection and generates Spirits therein which as they are thin hot and pure entring the whole Mass of the Blood preserve it in its perfection and together with the Blood which is their own Subject of which they are a part being infus'd into the Parts of the Body by their extraordinary Heat raise into Act the drowsie Heat of all the Parts True it is that those Spirits by reason of their extraordinary Subtility and Mobility continually exhale in great Quantity and by dissolving them with their Heat cause a Dissolution of many fluid Particles of the Body but this is not because of any Destruction but by reason of their extraordinary Subtility I will give you a Similitude Wine when it is distill'd the Spirit of Wine arising out of it is not destroy'd by the Heat of the Fire that promotes the Distillation but is sublim'd to a greater Subtility and Perfection there remaining all the while in it the Sulphury and Salt particles in a strict Union the most part of whose Subtility therefore exhales and is dissipated in the Air. But the contrary happens in the Oil of a Lamp which is indeed attenuated but so far from being brought to a greater perfection that it is totally destroy'd For the Oil is not made the better or more Spirituous but the whole Composition of it is destroy'd neither does it remain any longer Oil nor is made Spirit of Oil Like Wood when it is burnt is thereby reduc'd to Smoke and Ashes Or if the Spirit of Wine should take Fire it would not thereby be made more perfect but wholly destroy'd And thus it is with our Bodies as in Distillation and not as in the Flame and therefore the Comparison of Fermentation with Flame is altogether absurd I confess Blood is the Matter and Subject of the Animal Spirits but thence it does not follow that it cannot nourish all the parts of the Body Rather we are thence to infer that it nourishes all the parts seeing it contains the Nutritive Matter and the Vital Spirit that promotes that Nourishment And thus falls this new Opinion so obstinately by some defended and by others as unwarily embrac'd XLIII N. Zas In his Dutch Treatise Of the Dew of Animals believes That the Lymphatic Liquor only nourishes the Spermatic Parts For this is that which he understands by his Dew Of which
Judgment also is Clemens Niloe Which latter likewise writes That the Blood is altogether unfit to nourish the Parts 1. Because it is of an Earthy Substance 2. Because neither the Blood nor the Chylus out of which it is generated in Distillation are forc'd upward into the Alembic into which only a Watery Liquor falls and therefore the Blood is not subtil enough to come to all the parts and afford 'em Nourishment 3. Because such a Spirit as is extracted out of the Blood by Chymistry is extracted also out of the Lympha which is collected out of the Lymphatic Circle plac'd near the Jugular Veins 4. Because there are many Parts to which the Arteries and Veins that convey the Blood cannot reach This Opinion of Clemens Niloe differs from Charleton's and Glisson's in this because they think Nutrition to be perform'd by a certain Juice flowing out of the Nerves the other by the Lymphatic Juice But Niloe's Arguments are of little moment First For that the Blood is compos'd as well of thicker and serous as of spirituous particles which are both requisite for Nutrition nor can one subsist or act without the other The Consequence of the Second is of no force because the spirituous and serous parts ascend through the Alembic but not the terrestrial for then it is apparent that the Blood nourishes the better for that reason For if it were volatile and spirituous in all its Particles it would be too hastily dissipated and could never be appos'd to the Parts for Nutrition The Third is altogether as invalid For he ought to have prov'd that Spirit altogether similar was extracted out of the Blood and Lympha whereas there is a manifest difference to be observ'd in the Acrimony Then grant that such a similar Spirit be extracted out of both yet I affirm That ten times as much Spirit may be extracted out of one Pint of Blood as out of two Pints of Lympha Then it is no wonder that the Spirit of Blood should seem to have some likeness with the Spirit of Lympha seeing that the Lympha is continually mix'd with the Blood and becomes a part of it and is again generated by it and separated from it in the Liver Glandules and other parts therein to acquiâ—…e a new Fermentaceous Power and returns with it into the Veins and so prepares the Blood for dilatation and perfection in the Heart and then again becomes a part of it Can any man hence conclude that only the preparing Lympha and not the prepar'd Blood nourishes Moreover there is a subtile and sharp Humor drawn out of Urine nay frequently more subtile or at least sharper than out of the Blood Shall it thence be concluded that not the Blood but the Urine or Serum of the Blood nourishes the Parts as that which penetrates with the Blood no less to all the Parts than the Blood it self The Fourth is contrary to what we see with our Eyes seeing there is no part of the Body to which the Blood does not come as we have already demonstrated And thus vanishes this new Opinion and Aristotle's Maxim is restor'd viz. Blood is the last Nourishment To which Opinion as formerly so now the whole School of Physicians deservedly adheres As for what Charleton following Glisson endeavors to perswade the World That the Nutritious Humor is carry'd to the Parts through the Nerves only that Fiction we shall refute l. 8. c. 1. XLIV From what has been said are abundantly demonstrated the Generation Nature and Use of the Blood in Man now we shall add some Particulars observ'd by the quick-sighted Malpigius which he has found out in the Blood extracted out of the Body by Blood-letting and cool'd in the Air which gives not a little Light to the more inward understanding the Constitution of the Blood If you desire to see says he a remarkable Sight view this Blood with a Microscrope and you shall behold a Fibrous Contexture and a Net compos'd as it were of Sinewy Fibres in whose little Spaces as in little Cells stands a Ruddy Matter which being wrp'd away leaves this whitish Net-like Folding behind which to the Eye resembles a mucous or slimy Membrane Now that this Net-like Portion of the Blood with the Film swimming at the Top consists of the same Matter and Nature perhaps a diligent exploration of the sanguineous Film will make out For if the clotted Blood which is cover'd with a white and thick Film which though it does not swell with a thicken'd Serum yet seems to be skinny soft and easily folded be slit along and several times wash'd you shall observe in the upper part of it a Film consisting of whitish little Skins and hollow'd through with little Passages and diminutive Bladders which are full of transparent and less heavy Iuice and prosecuting farther the Production of this Substance by and by where the clotted Bulk of the Blood begins to look red you shall sind it being divided and slit downward prolong'd into little Fibres and within their elegant Contexture shall observe several little Passages and Hollownesses which swell and are dy'd with certain little red Atoms knit together and in some larger Spaces a yellowish Serum is comprehended or mix'd with the red Matter Wherefore Sense seems to intimate to us that this whitish and sanguineous Net-like Fold strengthens the Body of the whole clotted Matter and endows it with a more able Corporature and that same Division at the bottom which shews us so many various Images of things depends upon the various colouring Matter contain'd in the small Hollownesses for in the upper Superficies where those bloody whitish Threds are united there arises a whitâ—…sh and compacted Tunicle but where the Pores are loos'd by degrees it admits a portion of the yellowish lighter Serum and folloms a Structure somewhat looser and easily dissolv'd At length the Passages being more open while they swell with a red Substance presently that Film vanishes and then comes a Contexture of Fibrous Blood drawn out in length downward which because it contains those red Atoms compress'd by the force of the superior weight it shews a new manner and colour of Substance for there follows a Flaccidness from the last Productions of the Fibres being lanâ—…'d and a black Colour the contain'd Particles being thicken'd which deceives many with a shew of Melancholy whereas upon the changing the situation they become purple Whence I thought to take notice of one thing by the way that in the spaces of the Film as also in the whole circuit of the Fibrous Blood sometimes in some Diseases the Serum therein contain'd grows thick hence a pale Colour and that Slimyness and manner of Substance as in the Gelly'd Serum or White of an Egg. Sometimes we have observ'd certain Appendixes drawn out in length through the whole Blood to which are affix'd lesser Folds produc'd in the form of a Net which are sometimes discernable without a Microscope This Blood being
without our consent are transacted This new Fiction he endeavors to confirm by many Arguments which being examin'd are not strong enough to establish his Opinion However I deem his Diligence to be highly praise-worthy for having undertaken to illustrate so obscure a Mystery with a new and ingenious Invention For which Fracassatus greatly admires him and believes there by the hard Questions about natural Motions which are done with the privity of the Brain are excellently well resolv'd and that thereby many hidden things whose Causes and Reasons the Nature and Propriety of the Parts challeng'd to her self may be unfolded provided the Hypothesis be true which is suppos'd of the truth of the difference between the Spirits of the Brain and the Cerebel and their various influx into the several Nerves But the incertainty of this Hypothesis appears from hence for that Birds and several other Creatures have no Cerebel and yet have the same motion of the Heart the same Respiration and thrusting forward of the Chylus c. Lastly he adds that if peculiar Spirits serving to unvoluntary Motions were generated in the Brain they cannot possibly pass from thence into the Nerves of the sixth pair arising out of the long Pith much below the Cerebel which nevertheless afford Animal Spirits to several parts of the Breast and Abdomen to accomplish the said motions He might have added that though it should be granted that the said Spirits of the Cerebel should flow through the Nerves of the sixth pair how then should it be possible for the Spirits of the Brain serving to voluntary Motions to flow through the same Nerves which Motions however are perform'd in the Muscles of the Hyois the Larynx the Jaws and several other Muscles by the help of the Spirits flowing through these Nerves IX The Arabians by reason that the Cerebel is somewhat more hard and dry than the Brain have made it the Seat of the Memory and hence as they say it comes to pass that the hinder part of the Head being hurt the Memory becomes prejudic'd Whom the Observation of Benevenius seems to favour who relates the Story of a Thief who being taken and punish'd never remembred what he had done before In which Thief after his death they found the hinder part of his Head so short that it could hardly contain the least portion of his Cerebel But whether this Opinion of the Arabians be true or no may be judg'd by what has been said already concerning the Seats of the principal Faculties As to the Parts of the Cerebel Andrew Laurentius and Riolan believe that the fore part shuts and opens the Entrance into the fourth Ventricle like a Valve But in regard that of its self like the Brain it is void of proper motion it seems hardly capable of that Function and therefore the Varolian Bridge is thought to close the extream Circles of the Cerebel and to defend the noble Ventricle like a Bulwark XI The lower part of the Cerebel being rais'd up the hinder part or the fourth Ventricle discloses it self less than the rest Which is form'd out of the Trunks of the Spinal Marrow descending from the Cerebel and the third Ventricle of the Brain and somewhat distant one from another before they are all together united because the higher and lesser part of it is made by the Bosom of the Cerebel overcast with a slender Membrane but the lower and bigger part seems to be as it were in-laid into the long Pith having a hollowness resembling a Pen where it is shap'd for writing and therefore call'd Calamus Scriptorius Arantius calls this Ventricle the Cisâ—…ern Herophilus calls it the most principal and noble Ventricle and affirms that the Animal Spirits prepar'd in the upper Ventricles obtain there their chief Perfection and thence flow thro' the Pores into the Marrow and Nerves But in regard these Spirits are neither made nor contain'd in the upper Ventricles it is apparent that the Function of generating and perfecting Animal Spirits belongs as little to this Ventricle as to the other three especially seeing that neither the Matter out of which those Spirits are generated nor the Spirits made in the other Ventricles and to be perfected farther in this can be supply'd to this fourth Ventricle XII The long Marrow which falling down without the Cranium to distinguish it from the Marrow of the Bones properly so call'd is call'd the Spinal Marrow and is the harder part of the Brain and Cerebel close and white consisting partly within the Cranium about the length of four fingers Breadth and partly without in the Pipe of the Bones of the Spine extended to the end of the Os Sacrum XIII Though it be improperly call'd Marrow from a kind of resemblance which it has yet it differs in many things from the real Marrow of the Bones 1. In Substance as being neither so fat nor so moist as this which is like to Fat and subject to run will melt with the Fire and takes Fire like Oyl whereas the other will neither melt with Fire nor flame out 2. In Colour the one being whiter than the other 3. In the Coverings the one having two Membranes and the Bones to enclose it whereas this is cloath'd with no Membranes and is contain'd only in the Cavities and Porosities of the Bones 4. In the Use for that the one does not nourish the Bones as the other does but stretches out the Nerves which are the Channels of the Spirits to the Parts whereas the other has no Nerves that derive themselves from it And therefore for distinction's sake the one is call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Spinal by others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Dorsal by others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as descending through the Neck Back and Loyns and filling the whole Spine Upon these Considerations the great Hippocrates distinguishes the Spinal Marrow from the Marrow of the Bones For says he the Marrow which is call'd the Dorsal Marrow descends from the Brain but has not in its self much of Fat or glutinous as neither has the Brain therefore neither is the name of Marrow proper for it for it is not like the other Marrow contain'd in the Bones which has Tunicles also which the other has not And Galen treading the Footsteps of Hippocrates affirms that the Spinal Marrow is not rightly and properly call'd Marrow But all this Dispute is sav'd by the English who call it Pith. XIV It is mov'd also according to the motion of the Brain â—…ot of it self but by the motion of the Arteries which keeps time with the motion of the Brain but is weaker in regard that part is stronger and neither so soft nor moist XV. The Substance of it is fibrous as may be seen by the help of a Microscope compacted as it were with innumerable long strings softer above but when it has reach'd the middle of
which descends through the Jugular Veins differs any thing from that which ascends through the Basilic Vein of the Arm or the Iliac Veins of the Thighs unless it pass through any diseased part but is altogether equal And yet there would be some difference to be observ'd if the Doctrine of Cartesius were true Lastly says the most acute Philosoper the more subtil parts of the blood compounding these Spirits want no other alteration but the separation of the most thin parts from the less thin yet in the mean time he never lets us know what those most thin parts are 2. Nor how the Brain orders that separation from the rest of the parts of the blood 3. Nor wherefore nor how they are mov'd As to the first I have spoken in the definition that is to say that all the most subtil parts of the blood but chiefly the volatile Salt parts conduce to the making of these Spirits of which we shall now more at large discourse as also of their separation and motion IV. The Matter therefore out of which these Spirits are generated is the arterious Blood consisting of a Salt Sulphureous and Serous Iuice of which not equally all the Parts or Particles but chiefly the Salt which by a peculiar quality of the Kernels of the Cortex of the Brain are for the greatest part dissolv'd and separated from the sulphury Particles and being depriv'd of their Serosity are rendred most thin and altogether volatile so that they are able with ease to penetrate through the diminutive Fibers of the pithy Brain V. Vesalius Laurentius Columbus Sennertus Plempius Fracassarius and many others are of Opinion that besides the blood Air necessarily concurs as the Matter è qua or out of which to the generation of these Spirits and that by its transpiration through the Sieve-like breathing holes of the Ethmoid Bone it penetrates into the Ventricles of the Brain Which was formerly also the Opinion of Erasistratus and Galen But that it is far distant from Truth we find partly for that those things which have been said concerning the situation of the spungy Bones and the spungy Flesh stopping the upper part of the Nostrils partly what has been said concerning the place of the Generation of the Animal Spirits plainly demonstrate that the inspir'd Air cannot penetrate into the Ventricles of the Brain and then again that the Animal Spirits are not generated in those Ventricles Moreover the Animal Spirits are always generated out of the same and like Matter of which if inspir'd Air were a necessary part they could never be generated without inspir'd Air. But on the other side they are generated in those persons who being troubl'd with the Pose have their Nostrils obstructed with so great a quantity of Flegm that by respiration no Air can pass through them They are also generated in the Birth while it lies shut up in the Womb infolded in its own Membranes at what time the Birth does not breath nor can receive in any Air. They are also generated in Fish which though they do not breath in the Air yet abound with these Spirits as appears by their seeing feeling and nimble motion Lastly they are generated in Birds before they are hatch'd while they are inclos'd within the shell and cannot receive in any Air. From all which it is easily concluded that inspir'd Air does not concur to constitute the Matter out of which these Spirits are made VI. Now the Blood is forc'd in great quantity through the Carotid and Cervical Arteries not only into the Membranes of the Head but into Substance it self of the Brain Cerebel and Pith and in its Passage first through the Cortex thence through the Pithy Substance the more subtil salt Particles therein are separated for the most part from the sulphury or oily and serous Particles of which again the thicker Particles serve to the nourishment of the Bowel it self but the thinner are still more volatiliz'd and for the greatest part being freed from the sulphury are changed into a most subtil Spirit call'd Animal which flows out of the Fibers of the Brain and Cerebel into the Nerves and through them to the rest of the Parts of the Body VII But after what manner or by what force that separation and thsir attenuation and volatilization is perform'd cannot easily be explain'd but seems to be peculiar to the Substance it self of the Brain and Kernels of the Cortex as being a Substance which is chiefly form'd out of such a salt Matter with which some few oily Particles being mixt make up the somewhat fatty constitution thereof and hence through the conformity of that like Matter it has an affinity with that other saltish Matter and easily imbibes it after it has quitted the rest of the sulphury and serous Matter and alters it within its little Fibers to greater perfection Thus Fracassarius writes that the Cortex of the Brain is more salt and softer than the Marrow because the Cortex consists more of melted Salt but the Pith of Salt strain'd through the Cortex and consequently less serous and thence more firmly concreted which he says he has often experimented and adds an experimental Observation not improbable Now this Separation happens first in the Cortex as into whose innumerable diminutive Kernels through infinite blood-bearing Vessels the blood is plentifully infus'd out of which in those Kernels there is made a separation of the salter and most spirituous part which flows into the diminutive Fibers of the Brain inserted at the lower part into the several Kernels and so in the pithy Substance of the lower part of the Brain compos'd of those little Fibers is brought to the last persection the remaining portion of the blood returning to the Heart through the little Veins For as it is the Office of all the Kernels to separate some humor from the blood so the same thing comes to pass in these Kernels of the Cortex And as in the Sweet-bread the subacid humor is separated the bilious humor in the Liver by virtue of its little Kernels and Bunches the serous humor in the Kidneys the Lymphatic in the Kernels of many other parts or any other humor according to the various constitution of the Kernels and the Parts themselves so likewise in the Kernels of the Cortex of the Brain endu'd with a property peculiar to themselves there is a peculiar most spirituous saltish invisible humor separated from the blood which growing more spirituous in the little Fibers of the pithy Brain has gain'd the Name of Animal Spirit as being that which obeys the Soul in most of its Actions VIII Now that in the separation of any Liquor the Affinity of the Particles is of extraordinary prevalency appears from hence for that in the nourishment of all the other Parts whatever the same thing is observ'd as for example that such Particles of the blood as have the greatest affinity to the Parts adhere to them
of Diet for want of a thinner who are therefore slower to all manner of Animal Actions and of dull Wits Whereas on the other side they who live in hotter Regions abounding with plenty of all sorts of wholesom Diet and seldom feed upon salt or smoak'd Meats but accustom themselves to a thinner and more wholesom sort of Diet and consequently are serv'd by their Bowels with better Concoctions their Humors and Spirits are thinner and more volatile and their Bodies and Wits more nimble and active Aristotle indeed says that Melancholy People are ingenious but this is not to be understood of such as are altogether melancholy and together with a thicker blood have thicker Spirits but of such as incline to Melancholy and consequently whose Spirits are neither too thin and volatil for such are too movable and inconstant nor too thick for they are stupid but in a middle temper between both And therefore such People are neither too quick nor too redious in the transaction of Business but prudently weigh and judge of things before they proceed to Execution XI Perhaps it may seem strange to some People that the salt Particles should be made so subtil and spirituous as to be able to pass freely thro' the invisible Pores of the Nerves But they will cease to wonder when they observe in Chymistry the extraordinary Subtility and Volatility of Volatile Salt and how swiftly the Spirits of Salt will pass through the invisible Pores of the earthen Vessels Nay if they only consider how common Salt without any mixture of Water or Moisture being dissolv'd into Pickle will penetrate through the thick sides of wooden Vessels and sweat through Stone Pots overcast both within and without with a Glassie Crust as we find in those Vessels where we salt our Beef or keep our pickl'd Fish If then fix'd Salt only melted passes through the Pores of the Vessels how much more easily will the most subtil Spirit of volatil Salt pierce through the Pores of the Nerves XII Here some will object That Salts and Acids are sharp and corroding so that if the Animal Spirits were generated out of the salt Particles of the Blood and consequently participated of any Saltness they would corrode all Parts whatever by reason of their Acrimony which would occasion Pains and many Inconveniencos I answer That it is certain that the Animal Spirits are indu'd with some slight Acrimony but not so much as to occasion any sensible molestation because that exceeding Acrimony which is in fix'd Salt by reason of the sharp pungent Particles conjoyn'd with it becomes mild in that volatil and vaporous Spirit because the small sharp Particles being dissolv'd are more remote one from another and their Force is broken by the intervening Air or some steamy Vapour For example if any one go into a Cellar and draw in the Air that is all intermix'd with a most subtil exhaling Spirit or if he snuff up into his Nostrils the spirituous Vapor of Wine heated at the Fire yet shall he not feel the least grievance nor perceive any Acrimony which he would do if he snuft up into his Nostrils the Spirit it self fix'd in the Liquor So in our great Salt-Works where the Sea-Salt is boyl'd and depurated the exhaling Vapors being impregnated with the volatil Salt if they be taken in at the Mouth or Nostrils little or no Salt-Savour shall be perceiv'd therein whenas the fix'd Salt is most sharp And this comes to pass because the Forces which are conjoyn'd in the fix'd and thick Body and for that Reason are very powerful in the dissolv'd and vaporous Body are separated and thereby render'd weak and of no strength And this is the Cause why the Animal Spirits do not corrode because that being dissolv'd into a most subtil Vapor they have not so much Acrimony in them as can be troublelom to any Part. To this we add that they have a most thin and subtil serous Vapor together with so much sulphury Spirit joyn'd with them for a Vehicle which does not a little weaken and temper the Acrimony Moreover the Parts themselves through which they pass and into which they flow partake of some other Moisture which also much weakens and diminishes their Acrimony XIII From what has been said it is sussiciently apparent that the generation of the Animal Spirits is not Animal but meerly Natural and that they differ not only in some Accidents or Qualities but in their whole Kind from the Vital For in these the sulphury Juice mixt with the salt is far more prevalent in those there is very little sulphury or any other Juice apt to take Fire These are extracted out of the Chylus and veiny Blood those only out of the salt part of the arterious blood These flow visible through the large Arteries and Veins those invisible through the invisible Pores of the Nerves Over those the Soul has no power over these it has And therefore there is a vast difference between the Animal and Vital Spirits But now the Question is whether the Animal Spirits themselves do not differ one from another in Substance in Manner and Place of Generation and in Use Whether some are not generated out of the Blood others out of the Lympha or some other Matter Also whether some are not generated in the foremost others in the middle others in the hindmost Ventricle Or as Willis lately tells us whether some are not made in the Substance of the Brain others of the Cerebel Lastly whether some peculiar and differing from the rest do not cause the Sight others the Feeling others the Hearing others the arbitrary Motion and others the spontaneous Motion I answer That the Animal Spirits are not generated out of a different Matter nor in various Parts for we take the Brain and Cerebel for one part neither do they differ one from another but are all of the same Nature Composition and Condition but that the diversity of their Operations arises from the diversity of the nature condition of the Parts into which they flow as those which flow into the parts adapted for feeling as the Membrane Skin those cause the Feeling those that flow into the Eye cause the Sight those that flow into the Ear cause the Hearing those that flow into the Muscles Fibers and other Parts ordain'd for Motion cause Motion though they be the same and no way different as every Instrument is adapted to this or that proper Action In the same manner as the Beams of the Sun which though they be always the same and proceed from one Sun neither confer any other Light or other Strength or any other thing to any other Things yet produce most different effects according to the difference of the Constitutions of the things into which they flow For here they produce Barly there Trees in another place Stones here Worms or Fish sometimes Insects or other things Here they extinguish Life there they are the cause
Falshood of this Opinion the Cavity of their Fibres being such as not able to transmit the thinnest Juice IX Therefore it is most probable that the Nerves are nourished by the Arterious Blood but chiefly by the Animal Spirits For though they admit no Blood-bearing Vessels into their inner Parts yet they are nourished like the thin and thick Meninx in the Head by the Arterious Blood the Exterior Tunicles of the Nerves which are derived from the Menixes receiving through their invisible Arteries some little Portion of Blood for their Nourishment and communicating something of the same Blood by Exhalation to the inner Substance In the mean time it is unquestionable that these Tunicles but chiefly the inner Fibres are more especially nourished by the Animal Spirits passing through them vid. l. 3. c. 11 of which the more fixed Particles growing to their Substance turn to Nourishment The Arteries and Veins are nourished with the same Blood which they carry and therefore why not the Nerves which may be the reason also that they have such a quick Sense of Feeling and have their peculiar hardness and driness in regard the Spirits with which they are nourished are like a most volatil and dry Salt or like a dry and subtil Exhalation And then that besides these Spirits there is something of Arterious Blood which concur to the Nourishment of the Exterior Tunicles and communicates something by exhalation to the interior Tunicles is apparent from hence that the Nerves being obstructed though they are deprived of Sense and grow languid yet they are not deprived of Life nor dry up for want of Nourishment for the Obstruction being removed they shall after many Years be restored to their pristine Sanity I knew a Woman so paralytic on one side for thirty years together that she had no use either of her Left-Arm or Thigh besides that all that side of her was num till at length the Fright of a most hideous Tempest with Thunder and Lightning having expell'd the Obstructing Matter from the Nerves she was free'd from her Palsie and walked abroad the next Day to the Admiration of all that behâ—…ld her Which could not have been if the Nerves had been all that time without Nourishment for they must have been dried up in so many years time which they must have been had they been only nourished by the Animal Spirits which could not flow into the Nerve while obstructed A Story much like to this Valleriola reports of one that had been paralytic for several years but suddenly freed from his Distemper by the Fright of a House on Fite However those little Arteries are only derived from those that crawl through the Menixes of the Brain X. The Nerves vary in bigness according to the variety and necessity of their Use the Organs to which they run forth and the importance of the Actions which they are to perform XI The Original of the Nerves is twofold in respect of Generation and Administration In respect of the first they are generated from the Seed as are all the solid Parts In respect of the latter from the Brain or its appendent Matter For to reject the Opinion of Aristotle and others that the Nerves arise from the Heart or partly from the Heart and partly from the Brain we say that all the Nerves rise from the long Pith of the Brain contained as well within the Brain as the Cavity of the Spine Which Varolius Picholhominus Bauhinus and others testifie upon orbicular View XII From that Pith they proceed all through the Holes of the Pith and Vertebres but not all after the same manner For some pass through the Holes nearest the Place where they make their Exit some pass by two three or four Holes before they make their Egress For the more the Marrow tends to the lower Parts the more Holes the Nerves pass by before they transmit themselves XIII The Nerves some are softer and some are harder according to the Variety of the Use and Difference of Length and Situation as also in respect of the Parts which they enter Galen writes that their softer Parts are the only Parts that are sensible of feeling but that those which both feel and move are the harder XIV The use of the Nerves is to conveigh Animal Spirits to the Parts that by their ordinary Influx Nutrition may go forward and by their determinative Motion that the Parts destin'd for Sense and Mâ—…tion may be made more sensible and more vigorous Viâ—… l. 3. c. 11. To which purpose they are inserted into the sensible and moving Parts with wonderful Artifice And those that move the Muscles are inserted into their Heads or a little below or at least not beyond the Middle of which Insertion see the Reason Lib. 5. Cap 1. XV. Hence some conclude that they are the Instruments of Sense and Motion whereas they are rather the Channels to which the Animal Spirits are conveighed to the Instruments of Sense and Motion The Instruments of Feeling are the Membranes which the more Nerves they receive the more acutely they feel the fewer they admit the more dully And this appears in Palsies for though the Nerve be present yet the absence of the obstructed Spirit causes the Defect of Sense Now because the Nerves are furnished with Membranes 't is no wonder their Sense of Feeling is so quick more especially since they contain a greater quantity of Animal Spirits which are the immediate Causes of the Senses The Muscles are the Instruments of voluntary Motion which the Nerves do not move by contracting themselves but only by infusing into them store of Animal Spirits which cause the Motion Fernelius Laurentius Mercurialis and others observing in the Palsie the Sense sometimes stupified sometimes the Motion to cease and sometimes both lost thought the Motory and Sensory Nerves to be distinct and that as the one or the other come to be obstructed it causes a Variety in the Distemper But there is no more diversity of the Nerves than of the Animal Spirits only the diversity of Operations proceed from the diversity of the Parts which they enter Thus they infuse into the Eyes the Faculty of Seeing into the Ears the Faculties of Hearing c. Nay sometimes one and the same Nerve inserted into several Parts contributes to one Sence only to another both Sence and Motion Thus the Pleura Mediastinum Stomach and several other Parts feel by means of the Nerves of the sixth Conjunction and by means of the same Nerves and Muscles of the Neck the Hyoides Larynx and other Parts both feel and move But Willis observing that the Stomach Ventricle Intestines and many other Parts had a Spontaneous Motion though not arbitrary believed there were two sorts of Nerves and two sorts of Animal Spirits One that assisted spontaneous Motion by means of the Spirits generated in the Cerebel the other voluntary or arbitrary Motion by means of the Spirits generated in
Division of the Name The Bigness Whether immoderate Venery diminishes the Brain Whether Men or Women have most Brains The Shape The Substance The Colour and Softness The Fibers The Cortex and Pith or Marrow How the Matter of the Animal Spirit is separated from the Brain Whether the Shell be separable from the Marrow The Temper of the Brain Its Arteries Whether the Arteries enter the Substance of the Brain The Veins The Anastomoses of the Vessels Its Nerves It s Division It s Motion Whether the Brain move by its own proper motion The necessity of the said Motion What Organ it is The Seat of the Animal Faculties The Prâ—…minency of the Brain Snakes taken out of the Brain The Brawny Body The Lucid Septum Veins Ventricles The two upper Ventricles The Fornix The Choroid Fold It s Rise Progress It s Use. Slime or Snot The Progress of the superfluous Blood from the Fold Rolfinch's Mistake concerning the Cause of a Catarrh The third Ventricle The Buttocks The Testicles The Pineal Kernel Sand and Gravel in the Kernel The Use of this Kernel The Choroid Fold The Cerebel It s 〈◊〉 It s 〈◊〉 It s Substance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Vermicular Processes Varolius's Bridge The Cistern Where the Seat of the Memory Its Parts The fourth Ventricle Calamus Scriptorius The long Marrow The difference between this and the Marrow of the Bones It s Motiâ—…n It s Substance Its Vessels The Coverings 〈◊〉 Division It s Cavity The Coverings The Mamillary Processes Their Number Their Original Little Pipes The Channels for the Flegm Their Coats The Use of them Not Odoratory Nerves Nerves within the Cranium The seven Pairs The first Pair Optic Their Coats The Course or Substance of the Strings The Pituitary Kernel Its Vessels It s Situation It s Substance It s Divison It s Bigness The second Pair moving the Eyes The Third Pair The fourth Pair serving to the Taste The fifth Pair serving to the Hearing The Vagous Pair The Turn-again Nerves The intercostal Fold The Mesenteric Folds Why the Bowels have their Nerves from the 6th Pair The 7th Pair moving the Tongue Whether these nervs differ from others in substance and composition The Office of the Brain The Action of the Brain Whether generated in the Cavities of the Falx Whether generated in the Pineal Kernel Whether generated in the Choroid Fold Whether generated in the exterior Arteries Whether generated in the Substance it self of the Brain Two Objections The Cause of the Motion of the Brain The Reason of the Apoplexy The second Objection answered The Definition of Spirits The Opinion of Glisson concerning the Matter The Opinion of Cartesius The Matter out of which the Animal Spirits are generated Whether Air concurs with the Matter The separation of the Spirituous salt part The separation of the salt part from the sulphury Affinity of Particles The separation of the Spirituous from the thick part The diversity of Spirits in thinness thickness The Passage thro' the Pores of the Nerves Why these Spirits do 〈◊〉 corrode by reason of their Acrimony The Difference between the Animal Vital Spirits The twofold Use of these Spirits Objection What these Spirits contribute to nourishment The progress of Nutrition The Parts of the Face The Forehead The Muscles of the forehead Muscles of the hinder part of the Head The Number The Figure Their Colour The Bigness Their Consent The Light of the Eye Whether diseas'd Eyes be contagious No Inquinations issue from the Eyes Two sorts of parts of the eyes The Orbits The Figure and Largeness The Coats Their holes A Sign of the French Disease The Eye-lids The Vessels Muscles The Ciliar Muscle What is 〈◊〉 Motion Observations taken from the Eye-brows Canthi The inner Canthus The Cilia The Lachrymal Points The Eye-brows â—… Tears in Sadness In the Murr and Sneezing In Laughter Onyons Mustard c. From Pain in the Eye Whenee the great quantity of Tears Why Men in great Sadness cannot weep Wherefore only Man weeps The Arteries Veins Muscles Their Original The Innominate Tunicle The upper Muscle The Humble Muscle The Bibitory Muscle The Indignabund The first Oblique Muscle The second Oblique Muscle The Trochlear A seventh Muscle in Brutes The Nerves Why the Eyes move together The Adnate Tunicle The reason of an Ophthalmy The Innominate Tunicle â—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Oxen. Proper Membranes Sclâ—…rotic The Choroides The Colours of it The Iris. The Apple of the Eye The Ciliar Ligament The Retina The Humors of the Eye The Watry 〈◊〉 The heaâ—… of iâ—… Whether a Part of the Body Whether an Excrement The use of the watry Humor The Vitreous Humor The Vitreous Tunicle It s use The Crystalline Humor The Cobweb Tuni cle The use of the Crystalline Humor Whether Parts of the Body Whether these Humors are sensible The Action of the Eye Definition of Sight The Organ of Hearing Their Number Their Magnitude and Figure Helix Anthelix Tragus Antitragus Alvearium Concha Indications The Parts of the Ear. The Gristle The Muscles The Vessels The Parotid Glands The inner Organ of Hearing The Auditory Passage Ear-wax The Bee-hive The Membrane of the Drum It s Rise It s Connexion The String It s 〈◊〉 It 's Muscles The use of the Membrane The Tympanum or Drum The four little Bones By whom discover'd The Hammer The Anvil The Stirrup The Orbicular Bone The passage from the Tympanum to the Iaws An Observation The Holes The Oval-Window The Round Window The Labyrinth The Cochlea The Innate-Air Veâ—…ls Nerveâ—… Use. The Definition Whether Hearing be an Action Soâ—… The Generation of Sound Differences of Sound The Organ of smelling The Description of the Nose Figure and Bigness It s Skin Bones Spungy Bones The Use of the spongy Bones Filling of the Nose Gristles Muscles The Nostrils The inner Membrane Vessels conveighing Blood Lymphatics Nerves The definition of Smelling Scent Whether Smells are Substances The efficient Cause of Smells Difference of Odors The Organ of Smelling Whether by the Nerves Whether by the Papillary Process Whether in the Membranes The true Organ of Smelling The Medium of Smelling The manner of Smelling Smelling is only in breathing Creatures Why a Scent is grateful or ingrateful The Cheeâ—…s The Apple of the face The Bucca The Lips Pro labiae Mentum or the Chin. The Substance of the Lips The Vessels The Use. The Mouth The Use. Common Muscles The square Muscle The Buccinator Muscles proper to the Lips The Muscles of the lower Iaw The Temple Muscle The Digastric The First Mansory The second Mansory The external Wing-like The Gums The Palate It s Use The Uvula It s Use. The 〈◊〉 The Use. The Hyoides-Bone Muscles The Shape It s Substance The Exterior Membrane The seâ—…undary Use. The glutinous substance The Paplike-Body Fibers The Motion of the Tongue No Kernel The Connexion Its Vessels Nerves The Epigloits The Tonsils Its Muscles Genioglossum Ceratoglossum Myloglossum The little Kernels The Spittle Channels under
are composed out of the Similar And yet among those Similar Parts which compose the Organic never did any one reck'n the Blood or Spirits as Similar Parts For all the Organs ought to derive their Composition from those things which are proper and fixed not from those things which are common to all and fluid continually wasted and continually renewed IX Therefore the Body of Man may exist intire in its Parts without Blood Spirits and Air but it cannot act nor live without ' em And thus a Man cannot be said to live without a rational Soul and to be a perfect and entire Man yet every one knows that the Soul is not to be reck'n'd among the parts of the corruptible Body as being incorruptible subsisting of it self and separable from the rest of the Body since that being incorruptible it cannot proceed from any incorruptible Body but derives it self from a divine and heavenly Original and is infused from above into the corruptible Body to the end it may act therein so long as the Health and Strength of those corruptible Instruments will permit Actions to be perform'd To which we may add that an Anatomist when he enquires into the parts of human Body considers 'em as such not as endu'd with Life nor as the parts of a Rational Creature Neither does he accompt the Causes of Life and Actions by any manner of Continuity or Unity adhering to the Body to be Parts nor is it possible for him so to do And thus it is manifest from what has been said That the Spirits and Blood and other Humors neither are nor can be said to be Parts of our Body Yet all these Arguments will not satisfy the most Eminent I. C. Scaliger who in his Book de Subtil Exercit. 280. Sect. 6. pretends with one Argument as with a strong battering Ram to have ruin'd all the Foundations of our Opinion If the Spirit saith he and he concludes the same Thing of the Blood and Spirits be the Instrument of the Soul and the Soul is the beginning of Motion and the Body be the Thing moved there must of Necessity be a Difference between the thing moved and that which moves the Instrument Therefore if the Spirits are not animated there will be something between the thing enlivening and enliven'd forming and form'd which is neither form'd nor enliven'd But the Body is mov'd because it is enliven'd Yet is it not mov'd by an external but an internal Principle Now it is manifest that the Spirits are also internal and that the internal Principle of Motion is in them therefore it follows that they must be part of the Member But this Argument of the most acute Scaliger tho' it seems fair to the Eye at first sight yet thoroughly considered will appear to be without Force as not concluding any thing of Solidity against our Opinion For the Spirit is no more an Instrument that moves the Body than the Air is the Instrument that moves the Sight or Hearing So neither are the Spirits the Instrument of the Soul but only the necessary Medium by which the active Soul moves the instrumental Body and also perceives and judges of that Motion so made in that Body So that it is no such Absurditie as Scaliger would have it to be but a Necessity that there should be something inanimate between the enlivening Soul and the instrumental Body enliven'd which is part of neither but the Medium by which the Action of the enliven'd instrumental Body may be perform'd by the enlivening Soul But saies Scaliger the Body is moved because it is enlivened and that not by an external but an internal Principle We grant the whole yet we deny the Spirits to be the internal Principle when it is most apparent that the Soul is the internal Principle which operates by the assistance of the Spirits So that it cannot from hence be proved that the Spirits live or are Parts of the Body but only that they are the Medium by which the Soul moves the Body But because that Scaliger spy'd at a distance a most difficult Objection viz. How the Spirits could be a Part of any corporeal Body when they are always flowing and never in any constant Rest but continually in Motion through all the Parts of the Body indifferently to avoid this Stroak he says that the Spirit 's a quarter of that part of the Body where they are at the present time and when they flow out of that part then they become a part of that Body into which they next infuse themselves and so onward But this way of concluding of Arguments is certainly very insipid and unbeseeming so great a Man when it is plain from the Definition of a Part that a part of our Body is not any fluid and transient Substance but as it is joyned to the Body by Continuity and Rest. X. The Parts of the Body are twofold 1. In respect of their Substance 2. In respect of their Functions XI In respect of their Substance they are divided into Similar and Dissimilar XII Similar Parts are those which are divided into Parts like themselves So that all the Particles are of the same Nature and Substance And thus every part of a Bone is a Bone of a Fiber a Fiber Which Spigelius calls Consimiles or altogether alike the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or of like Parts They are commonly reckoned to be ten Bones Gristles Ligaments Membranes Fibers Nerves Arteries Veins Flesh and Skin To these by others are added the Scarf-Skin Tendons and Fat By others the two Humors in the Eyes the Glassie and the Crystalline by others the Marrow the Brain and Back-Bone And lastly by others the Hair and Nails Of these some are simply Similar as the Bones Gristles Fibres c. wherein there is no difference of Particles to the Sight I say manifest to the Sight for that in respect of the several smallest Elements not to be perceived by the Eyes but by the Mind of which they are composed no part of 'em can be said to be really and simply Similar Others are only Similar as to the Senses wherein there is a difference of Particles manifest to the Sight as a Vein Arterie Nerve c. For a Vein consists of the most subtile Fibers and a Membrane An Arterie of Fibers and a double different Tunicle A Nerve consists of the Dura and Pia Mater or Membrane little Fibers and Marrow Nevertheless to a slight and careless Sight they seem to be Similar because they are every where composed after the same manner and so are like to themselves as not having any other Substance or Composition in the Brain than in the Foot or any other Parts Of the several similar Parts we shall afterwards discourse in their proper Places Now all the similar and solid parts in the first forming of the Birth are drawn like the Lines of a rough Draught in Painting out of the Seed to which the Blood and milkie Juice
the Brain were altogether untouch'd without any Damage Being thus far satisfy'd I thought good to dissect another who dy'd without any external Cause to be seen in whom there was found a thick and viscous Humor resting upon the Net like contexture the Ventricles of the Brain being neither fill'd nor obstructed Hence reasoning with my Self I judg'd it consentaneous to Reason that the Apoplexy was generated in the Arteries either obstructed or compress'd for that then the Brain receiv'd no Spirits from the Heart through the adjoyning Arteries which occasion'd an absolute necessity of its Motion and Sence And a certain Person observing these things as I suppose affirm'd that the Apoplexy was caus'd by the intercepting the Passages that are common to the Heart and Brain Thus if the Cause of the Disease of all Apoplectics were more diligently enquir'd into it would be found to proceed not from the compression or obstruction of the beginning of the Nerves in the third or middle Ventricle but solely from the compression or streightning of the Arteries tending to the Brain even then when the Apoplexy is caus'd by a rammassment of serous Matter collected in the substance of the Brain it self or between the Meninxes Which Webfer affirms that he has found to be true by experience upon several Diffections Who erroneous however conjectures this to happen by reason of the deny'd entrance of the Animal Spirits when it is manifest that the stoppage of the Arteries is the cause of it for seeing that in an Aposteme of the Brain the Orifices of the nerves are not clos'd by the quantity of Serum or Pus collected in the ventricles much less will it happen through any far slighter Collection Again that it does not happen through any Flegm that fills the Vessels of a sudden occular view teaches us in the Dissections of Apoplectics in whose Ventricles never so great a quantity of Flegm is to be found in the Ventricles and moreover because the Apoplexy is caus'd by the sole compression of the little Arteries of the wonderful Net without any detriment to the Brain much less to the Ventricles as appears by the foresaid Relations of Fernelius and the Story of Webfer of the Woman that was hang'd and yet came again to her self In which Particular Martian also agrees with us I find says he three Differences of the Apoplexy according to the Doctrine of Hippocrates Of which though there be various preceding Causes yet in reality they are all the same as consisting in the standing of the Blood by which means all Motion and Action of the Spirits are taken away For as the same Author observes when the Blood is not mov'd it is impossible but that the Motion of the Body must cease Therefore when the Blood is depriv'd of Motion not only the Motion of the Spirits is intercepted which is caus'd by the Blood but at the same time and together the generation of the Animal Spirits which is perform'd in the Brain is vitiated and interrupted for want of Matter the Veins or Arteries being intercepted for it is well known that the Animal Spirits are generated out of the Vital As to that Cause of the Apoplexy which Malpigius and Fracassatus propound when they alledge this Distemper to proceed from the stoppage of the straining through of the Serum growing in the Cortex of the Brain this Opinion if rightly explain'd will agree with the former already laid down For if the concrescible Serum as they call it that is to say if the Saltish Particles of the Blood being stopp'd in the Cortex of the Brain through the depression of the Cranium stuffing up of Flegm or any other Cause cannot be separated by straining through then also is the ingress of the Vital Spirits or Arterious blood into the brain put to a stop and thence for want of Matter for generation of the Spirits and defect of the Cause that pushes them forward when generated any farther Generation ceases as also the pushing forward of the Animal Spirits into the Nerves and thence the Apoplexy or any other Lethargic Drowsiness though the Passage of the same Spirits out of the brain it self into the Nerves may be free at the same time XIII As to the second Difficulty there is a great difference between the Generation of Animal Spirits of which we here discourse and their Determination and the Place wherein or from whence the Determination is made For because the Mind determines from the common Sensory the Spirits adhering to the Substance of the brain this does not hinder but that those Spirits may be generated in the Substance of the brain and thence be determin'd by the superior Command and Power of the Mind to these or those Parts Nor is it consequential from hence that the Spirits should be generated in that place from whence the Determination of the Mind sends them away at pleasure A Prince sitting in his Throne appoints his Subjects to these or these Offices or Places but thence it does not follow that the commanded Subjects should be born in the King's Palace or reside in his Throne for that the Beams of his Command extend themselves to the utmost Limits of his Empire He therefore that shall to the purpose explain the manner how the Appointment of the Spirits is transacted by the Soul will light a fair Flambeau for the discovery of greater Mysteries In the mean while this second Objectson makes nothing against our Opinion and therefore as most probable we conclude that the Animal Spirits are generated in the Substance of the brain it self CHAP. XI Of the Animal Spirits IN the foregoing Chapter it has been declar'd that the Office or Action of the Brain is to generate Animal Spirits and that they are elaborated in the Substance of the Brain it self now it remains that we enquire of what sort and what those Noble Spirits are and how they are generated However by the way observe that when we discourse of Spirits as here and l. 2. c. 12. we do not speak of certain incorporeal Spirits or of the general Spirit of the whole World by which the Platonics alledge that all things have their Being but of a certain most subtil Vapour which is produc'd out of Sulphur and Salt by the Concoctions of the Bowels and varies according to the variety of the Matter out of which it is extracted and the various manner of extraction which endow it with different Qualities I. The Animal Spirits are invisible Vapours most thin and volatile chiefly elaborated out of the Salt Particles of the Blood and some few Sulphury chiefly volatile and that in the Brain serving partly for the Natural partly for the Animal Actions As for those that deny that any Animal Spirits are to be allow'd specifically different from the Vital as Huffman Deusingius and several others endeavour to uphold we think it an Opinion not worth refuting and therefore to be rejected seeing that the one is compounded