enter in too hot or too cold Sense and Motion are carried by the animall power in the Sinewes from the braine Life from the heart in the arteries which is the Vitallpower and bloud from the Liuor in the veines which is the naturallpower Although the heart giueth life vnto the whole body yet can it not liue alone without the necessarie helpe of other members Q. Where is the situation of the Heart A. It is in the brest the forme there of is Piramicall ' the matter and substance hard and thicke flesh There are two hollow places in the heart the one on the right containing the bloud that comes from the liuor the other on the left side where the vitall Spirits are ingendred and is conueyed by the great artery which a little from the heart diuideth it selfe into two branches the one whereof ascendeth vpward the other descendeth downeward Q. VVhat is the vitall Spirit A. It is a certaine bright and liuely flame like to the celestiall nature which giueth life and heat to the whole body Q. VVhat are the Affections A. VVe call them the motions of the Soule which consist in the following after good and eschewing of euill Man was not onelyereated to be but to be well for God hath not onely giuen man aninclination to preserue himselfe in life but an appetite also and desire of that which is good to the intent hee might bee well In the pursuite of good euill which is the contrary must be flied from Some affections goe before iudgement as those that are ingendred of the disposition of the body as hunger thirst sorrow in time of sickenesse ioye proceeding of purebloud And some follow after iudgement as those that haue their originall from the disposition of the minde as faith hope charity and such like Q. VVhat agreement is there betweene the qualities and temperature of the body and the affections of the Soule A. There is great agreement insomuch that as the bodies of men are compounded of the qualities of heat cold moisture and drinesse so are the affections either hot cold drie or moist or mingled of their diuers qualities so that euery one is most subiect to those affections that come neerest to the nature temperature and complexion of the body As for Example Ioy is hot and moist therefore children young men and healthfull persons are inclined most to that affection which are hot and moist Sorrow is cold and dry therefore it is most incident to old folkes and melancholy persons which are cold and dry As the affections follow the temperature of the body so haue they great power and sway ouer the body Q. What are wee taught by the agreement betweene the affections of the Soule and the temperature of the body A. We may learne to be moderate in eating and drinking for as we are either temperate or intemperate so the affections of the Soule will be more moderate or immoderate and the perturbations which they shall bring with them will be greater or lesser more easie or vneasie to be prouoked or appeased We ought to be carefull to liue soberly since the temperance or intemperance of the body extendeth to the helpe or maintenance or to the hurt or trouble of the Soule The affections breed the health or sickenes of the Soule according as they are either temperate or intemperate Vertue is the health of the Soule Vice the sickenes sinne the cause of all disorders diseases and death Q. How many things are to be required in knowledge 1. A. Three The first is naturall principles which are markes and notes of nature as to know fire is hot water is cold c. 2. The second is actions which compare one thing with another separate discourse iudge approue or refuse and besides are sodaine and passe lightly without stay 3. The third Habites which are an often musing or meditating vppon things vntill they are imprinted so in the minde as they can hardly or neuer be forgotten Q. How many things are to be considered in the Soule A. Fower viz. Naturall inclinations Actions Habits and Affections We are naturally inclined to loue our wiues children and kinsfolke which naturall inclination well ordered is the Fountaine of vertue but disordered The originall of vice Loue towards our selues and all other creatures ought to bee guided by Faith and inkindled by the holy Ghost that is to say it must bee in God and for God as the loue of Abraham to Isaac Vertues vsed in excesse turne into vices as Seueritie into Cruelty Loue into fond dotage As diseases ingender in the body of the humors that are in it according to their chaunge mingling or corruption so it falleth out in the nature of the Soule and the affections thereof Of the actions of the Soule foure are at the first perfect and absolute as sight or hearing others want vse and exercise to make them perfect as Art Science Prudence and such like Vse breeds custome and custome growes into a habite which is a constant desiring of a thing or eschewing of the same Q. How farre extends the Habit A. Not only to those things which wee doe but to those things which wee suffer and are displeasing and contrary to our nature for Custome by a little and little diminisheth the Sense of greefe and payne as appeareth in diseases which commonly seeme not so greeuous and intolerable vnto vs after wee haue beene long accustomed vnto them as in the beginning of them The like may be said of pouertie and affliction Q. Why is it more easie to follow vice then vertue A. The reason is because the one is more agreeable to our corrupt nature But how hard soeuer it bee to our flesh to follow vertue yet Custome will make it easie Therefore it is good to bee accustomed to good things There is nothing of greater force either to good or euill then custome which seemeth to bee another nature To doe is not sufficient but to doe well Vnlesse wee attaine to a Habite in goodnes two Inconueniences doe follow our Soule either worketh in vaine or like a new Apprentise vnskilfully Habite is nothing els but a perfection or expertnes in any thing confirmed by Time vse and custome VVhen the actions of an affection are growne to bee habites then are they called either vertues or vices according as they are either well or ill done Q. Why hath God giuen affections to the Soule A. That it might bee wakened and stirred vp as it were with prickes thereby to be kept from idlenes from being lulled a sleep and oppressed with the heauines of the body and so neglect the care of good things and of that which is very expedient and profitable for it selfe Q. Of what sort are the affections of the Soule A. The affections of the soule are two-fold Some are as Spurres to pricke her forward Others as a bridle to holde her backe The prickes that moue the Soule forward are sometimes too sharp as in
Couetousnes or the Care which wee take for things necessary for this life Q. Why are the affections of the Soule compared to the waues of the Sea A. Some winds are very small and moue the water but a little Others are more vehement and raise vp certaine waues and some againe are so tempestuous and make such horrible stormes and gulfes as Sea Sand and Fish seeme to be turned topsy-turuy Euen so the affections of the Soule some are so light as they seeme to be nothing else but small beginnings of mouing There are other stronger which moue it somewhat more Some also are so violent that they trouble it and driue the soule out from her Seat of Iudgement which are properly called Perturbations and Commotions but the other two kindes of motions are called Affections Perturbations are also called Passions because whē we see any one violently caried away with any affection either of anger griefe ioy or such like we say he is Passionate Q. What is the originall of violent motions in the Soule A. They proceed of Ignorance and Inconsideratenesse or through a false perswasion which maketh vs thinke that the good or euill is greater then indeed it is If we see any affection to begin to moue by the meanes of naturall inclination wee ought presently to stay it compelling it to obay and giue place to right iudgement Q. How many kinds are there of good 1. A. Two The one in Nature 2. The other in Opinion The more the iudgement is infected and plunged in the flesh the more carnall are the affections the more violent and the more in number Contrariwise the more pure the iudgement is and the higher lifted from the flesh and the earth the fewer and lighter are the affections that trouble it Q. What is the number and variety of Affections A. The number of the affections is infinit not in respect of their nature but in regard of vs that cannot comprehend it Q. What is the cause of all motions in the Soule A. They are in regard of some good we seeke or of some euill we would auoid therefore euery motion tendeth to good or withdraweth it selfe from euill which is either present past or to come Q. How many kinds are there of Punishment 1. A. Two The Punishment by losse 1. And the punishment in Sense and feeling The wicked are not onely depriued of a blessed life but besides that are detained in perpetuall torment The motion of that present good which wee haue already gotten is called Ioy. The motion of some good to come is called Desire If the matter be of some euill it is called Offence because the Soule is offended and displeased therewith This displeasure confirmed is turned into hatred Griefe is for some present euill Feare of some euill to come Q What is the motion against a present euill 1. A. Anger 2. Enuy. 3. Indignation Q. What against an euill to come 1. A. Confidence 2. Boldnesse Q. How are the Affections comprehended  Fauour  A. One vnder another as Reuerence vnder Delight vnder Ioy. Mercy Loue. Hope vnder Desire   Desire vnder griefe   Enuy Spring of Loue As I loue my wife therefor I hate him that hurteth her  Hatred   Anger   Pride is a monster compounded of  Ioy   Desire   Boldnesse As in a sedition or ciuill dissention few or none consider who is the worthier person to obay and follow but who is the stronger and most mighty so in the fight of the affections there is no respect had to that which is most iust but to that onely which is strongest and most violent and which hath gotten such power ouer the Soule that it hath wholly subdued her vnto it What soeuer affections are in vs there is alwaies some ioy or some griefe ioyned with them Q. How many are the motions of the heart 1. A. Two The first serues for the refreshing maintenance and preseruation of the same 2. The second is in the imbracing or refusing of such affections as are holesome or hurtfull both for the body and Soule Ioy doth open and inlarge the heart Griese causeth it to retire and close vpit selfe The face is as a glasse or Image wherein ioy and gladnesse is represented Of Joy and Sorrow Q. What is Ioy A. It is a motion of the Soule proceeding from the iudgement of some good which is already present or certainely neere at hand Q. Why doe the effects of Ioy appeare more in the face then in any other part A. The reason is because Ioy disperseth much naturall heat with the bloud beside great aboundance of spirit throughout the whole body the greatest portion whereof is carried to the face Q. VVhat is Sorrow A. It is an affection of the Soule where by the heart is restrained and pressed either with some euill present or that is to come As there is Pleasure and Rest in Ioy so there is in Sorrow Dolour and Torment Melancholy men are sad although no harme haue befallen yet can they not yeild areason for their heauines Melancholy maketh the Spirit and Minde darkish whereby it becomes full of stupiditie and blockishnes and the heart looseth all his cherefulnes It cooleth the brayne and maketh a man heauy and drowsie Q. What bee the effects of Sorrow 1. A. It maketh a man weary of all things to refuse all ioy and consolation to hate himselfe and to despayre 2. It depriuerh the face of colour 3. It impaireth all health 4. It maketh the body leane Q. What bee the companions of Sorrow A. They are Sighes Plaintes Groanes Teares Yet by groaning sighing and weeping the heart doth in some sort open it selfe as if it would come forth to breath least being wholly shut vp with Sorrow it should be stifled Q. What is the vse of Teares 1. A. They are giuen to testifie and manifest our greefe to others thereby to procure vs pitty and compassion from them 2. They serue vs further to declare what compassion wee haue of other Mens sorrowes When wee can no otherwise comfort a friend yet to bee sory for his heautnes is some consolation which cannot bee showne vnlesse wee haue Loue in our hearts Of Hope and Feare Q. What is Hope A. It is an assurance of some good to come and a preparation to receiue the same Hope is a desire ioyned with confidence that the good which we wish for will come to passe Or thus It is a certaine expectation of future blessednes proceeding only from the grace of God Hope according to the Scriptures is as sure of that which it expecteth as if it did already possesse it Q. What is assurance A. It is a certaine perswasion and trust whereby we are confirmed in danger against euills that threaten vs. As Sorrow is a greefe for some present euill which a Man feeleth shutting vp the heart as vnwilling to receiue it So Feare is a Sorrow which the heart conceiueth of
THE DIGNITIE OF MAN Both IN THE PERFECTIONS OF HIS SOVLE AND BODIE SHEWING AS WELL THE FAculties in the disposition of the one as the Senses and Organs in the composition of the other By A. N. Prodeo vt me perlegas Perlege vt proficias LONDON Printed by EDWARD ALLDE dwelling vppon Lambert-hill neere old Fish-street 1612. QVód CRVCE cuncta tuâ purgas mea crimina CHRISTE Tu Redamandus eris Redimens Redimar Redamando Vt sic non Redamem nisi quae REDAMANDA Redemptus Hinc mihi tuta Quies et Honos PVLVINAR honores Signat BIS-BINVM format CRVX ALBAque firmat Te sancté et dignè et synceré vt semper Honorem AREA sanguinea est Fugiam quó ad Sanguinis Aram CHRISTE tui et curas inter securè quiescam CRVX dignum tutum PVLVIN facit ARRA firmum Indè REDEMPTOREM vt Redamem REDAMANDA Redemptus A. N. TO THE WORTHIE LEARNED AND INDICIOVS GENTLEman WILLIAM REDMAN of great Shelford in the Countie of Cambridge Esquire SIR It is a prescription of such priuiledge and so familiar a custome at this day to dedicate Books to some person or other either of great place and calling or of honorable minde and disposition that hee keepes not Decorum with these times that accompanies not the same course The fashion at first was propagated by two parents Affection and Care the one rising from the merited good conceit of the Patron the other to preuent the malice of detractors vnder the shield of Protection for weakenes hath need of helpe and supportance as well in Politique as Naturall bodies so likewise in the studies and labours of the minde Such whose fame goes still before them to dilate their actes craue no other Apologie then their owne worthines because their power is able to defend them but in priuate and inferiour studies that want countenance in themselues the extensiue power of greatnesse giues strength and encouragement to intensiue weakenesse when our indeauours though vnworthie of acceptance are suffered in their insufficient age to growe vp and prosper in the defensiue bulwarke of Protection against the stormes of enuious and calumnious tongues that by continuance through vse and practise they may happily afterwards proue worthie of regard Knowing therefore your eminent knowledge in matter of learning and that you are a Readman in all the faculties of the minde in all affection I beare this worke to your worthy iudgment presuming in the want of mine owne worth to shield the same vnder your worthines and to passe it vnder your patronage against the sowre humours of such as still doing nothing yet value themselues by detracting from others for Liuore nihil sublimius and dogges euen by Nature must barke against the Moone The worke I consecrate vnto your view is as a Tree spreading with diuers branches and bringing forth seuerall fruits in which if any of them proue pleasing and acceptable to your tast and liking I shall hold the paines well bestowed that haue brought the same to such ripenes and perfection and pretermit no times or occasion wherein I may shew my thankfull remembrance of your loue in some worthier labour hereafter but euer rest Deuoted vnto you in all affection Antho. Nixon The Dignity of Man Both In the Perfections of his Soule and body Of Man And of the Coniunction of his Soule and body Question WHat is Man Answer A creature after the Image of God compound of Body and Soule and capable of reason Q. To what end was he made A. To set forth the glory of his Creator Q. What is his duty A. To knowe his owne Nature and to contemplate the Nature diuine Q. What are the effects of the knowledge of our selues A. To bee humbled greatly and to glory and reioyce to bee humbled in respect of the Sence and feeling of our Vanities to glory in respect of the mercy of God By whose grace wee recouer our selues from the daunger thereof Q. What guides haue wee for obtayning of the same A. Three I Godlines whereby wee know God to bee our Creator 2. Holines whereby we yeild vnto him continuall praise 3 Religion by which wee meditate vppon his benifits and are knit vnto him by Faith Q. What be the effects of Regeneration A. 1 To couet that perfection and glorious liberty whereof Man by Adam is depriued 2. To gather Phisicke out of holy writte if not to cure yet to represse his wicked inclinations 3. To account calamities as chastisements for sinne 4. To ioyne together the Actiue and Contemplatiue life in hope of life eternall Q. What is the cheife good of Man A. The rest and tranquilitie of the Soule Q. How is the Coniunction of the soule and body A. It is wonderfull for the one is light the other heauie The one is a Coelestiall fyre the other colde earthie the one inuisible the other palpable the one immortall and the other mortall and are maintained by agreeing discords Q. What is the greatest thing contained in a little place A. The Soule of Man placed in mans body Q. Why is Man more carefull of the body then the soule A. Because his minde stayeth wholy in things subiect to sight because of the soule is inuisible it is the least of his care to furnish her with that which shee desireth whereupon it commeth to passe that the least discommodityes of the flesh seeme grieuous but the incurable diseases of the Soule are not so much as felt Q. Why are wee afflicted with bodily diseases A. To awake vs out of our sinne to warne vs of our dutie and to keepe vs in awe for there are in the body certaine naturall passions properly belonging vnto it euen from the first creation thereof which are not to be taken away without the abolishing of Nature Q. What is the cause of Passions A. Pleasure and greife Q. What is Passion A. The perturbations of the Soule neuer arise for that which is the true good of the Soule but only for that which Fooles doe falsely call good and Philosophers call the goods of the body and of Fortune Q. What is the difference betweene the Soule and the Spirit A. The Soule is common to all things that haue life But the Spirit which is immortall and capable of Reason and knowledge is proper to Man only Or wee may say the Spirit is the first and principall part of the Soule wherein the minde vnderstanding and memory are contayned The minde a as white paper wherein as Man groweth in age and iudgement hee writeth his thoughts and cogitations which the studies of learning doe affoord Q. What is the fight betweene the Spirit the flesh A. First By the Spirit wee tread the path to immortall happines 2. By the flesh wee stray into the way of death and misery 3. By the Spirit wee thinke to liue iustly 4. By the flesh wee are stirred forward to iniquity 5. By the Spirit wee contemne the world 6. By the Flesh
shall bee For it stayeth it not in that which it receaueth from the Senses but addeth or diminisheth changeth or rechangeth as it listeth The Fantasye can counterfait nothing except it first haue some ground in nature and the workes of God which when it once hath obtayned It is a wonder what strange inuentions it forgeth Q. VVhat motions is the Fantasie subiect vnto A. By reason of the agreement that is betweene Spirituall natures the Fantasie is very subiect to the Motions of good or ill Spirits for as Angels doe represent vnto our mindes good and heauenly things whether wee bee waking or sleeping euen so euill spirits trouble vs with diuers bad illusions according as they finde vs apt or disposed thereunto Q. What is the force of Imagination A. It is such as oftentimes it printeth in the body the Images of those things it apprehendeth as in the longings of women with childe Many times also wee see some as can hardly goe ouer a bridge by reason of the apprehension of the daunger which they haue conceaued in their Fantasie or Imagination It is not without Reason also where it is said Fantasie breedeth the fact for wee see many fall into those mishaps which they haue forged and imprinted in their owne Imagination Of Reason Q. What is Reason A. It is a facultie of the Soule able to iudge of things imagined and perceiued by the other Senses to know whether they bee good or bad and what is to be imbraced or eschewed Q. VVhere is the seate of Reason A. It is placed in the middest of the braine as in the safest fortresse of the whole frame of man to raigne amidst all the other Senses as a Prince and Lord ouer them all Q. What is the Memory A. It serues in place of a Secretary or as a Register-booke in which is entred whatsoeuer is ordained or decreed by Reason Q. VVhere is the seat of Memory A. It is placed in the hinder parts of the braine Q. VVhat is the difference of the Senses 1. A. The knowledge that we haue by outward Sense is as if wee beheld the shadow of a thing 2. By Imagination and Fantasie as if we did looke vppon the Image which hath a more cleare and liuely representation then the shadow hath 3. By Vnderstanding as if we vewed not onely the shadowes or Images but also the very bodies 4. By Reason as if beside the shadow Image and body we saw also the effects and vertues Q. VVhat is the agreement of the Senses 1. A. The outward Sense ferueth the Imagination and Fantasie 2. Fantasie Vnderstanding 3. Vnderstanding Consideration 4. Consideration Recordation 5. Recordation Conference 6. Conference Reason 7. Reason Memory and Memory serueth them all Q. VVhat be the effects of Reason 1. A. It discerneth falshood from truth and good from bad 2. It considereth the quality and quantity of things presented vnto it by the Common Sense Q. VVhat is Contemplation A. It is a settled and assured view of all those things that haue beene culled out by Reason and Iudgement Q. Is there not a double discourse of Reason in man 1. A. Yes The one consisteth in Speculation whose end is Faith 2. The other in Practise whose end is Well doing As the outward so the internall Senses some of them may be perisht and impaired and yet the rest remaine sound and perfect As the Imagination may be perisht when we conceiue and thinke that to be which is not as they that haue perswaded themselues to haue hornes or Serpents in their bodies or to be made of glasse and so imagined that whosoeuer pusht against them would strike them in peeces Q. VVhen is Reason troubled A. VVhen we cannot conceiue iudge nor examine things aright according as they ought to be considered of as in those that wil-fully kill or doe commit other mischieuous deeds without Sense or Consideration of what they doe Q. Doth not Memory sometime faile vs. A. Yes Memory hath beene in many so decayed as some haue beene seene who not onely haue forgot whatsoeuer was past but haue also lost the remembrance of their owne names their friends their parents and places where they had beene borne and bred Q. Wherein doth the good of beasts consist A. The proper and naturall good of beastes consisteth in corporall things belonging to the body The good whereunto man is inclined and ought to direct his thoughts cogitations and actions is spirituall and Eternall Q. VVhat doe the internall and externall Senses in man serue for A. Not onely for the good of his body and for this life as they doe in beasts but also for the good of the soule and a better life then can here be found Of the Spirit and Fantasie Q. VVhat is the contention betweene the Spirit and Fantasie A. Fantasie and Imagination being neere to the corporall Senses draw the soule to those things that are bodily but Reason and the Spirit pricke it forward and cause it to lift vp it selfe to more excellent things Q What is meant by a reasonable Soule A. We vnderstand by a reasonable soule or life such a soule and life as hath Counsell Iudgement and Discretion As there is nothing more excellent then Reason so there is nothing that more be seemeth Reason then to know loue and honour God Man of all other creatures is capable of Religion the fruite whereof consisteth not in this mortall life but in the life to come which may be an argument to prooue the Soule of man immortall The Soule of man is giuen vnto him more to vse then to know for the knowledge thereof belongeth to God Reason hath proper actions vertues and motions which it can and doth exercise without the helpe of bodily instruments as it hapneth in holy men who haue beene rauished in Spirit in the contemplation of celestiall and diuine thinges Q. What be the faculties of Reason A. Reason the soueraigne part of the Vnderstanding and Will Soule hath two faculties  For it being so that man is created to eternall happines therefore God hath giuen him the power and vertue to wish for it to the end he might desire to apply and ioyne himselfe vnto it This power and vertue is called The Will And for that he cannot will and desire any good vnlesse he first vnderstand and know the same he hath therefore also giuen him Vnderstanding Of Consideration Q. What is Consideration A. It is as it were a Repetition or after-Examination of things comitted to Memory that at length it may determine and iudge what is true what false what good and what euill Q. What degrees are there betweene Iudgement and Will A. Will doth follow after or refuse nothing but that which Iudgement hath first determined to be good or euill and Iudgement decreeth nothing before it be aduised by Reason Reason aduiseth not before she haue conferred things one with another and throughly examined them which property she takes from Consideration Consideration hath
his vnderstanding is better Q. How cometh that to passe A. It happeneth either by The benefit of nature  By study exercise or by  a speciall guift of God Naturall and Supernaturall Q. What light is in man A. There is in man a two-fold light By Naturall light wee knowe a man as he is compounded of flesh and bloud By Supernaturall light as he is compounded of body and Soule to the seruice of God and an inheritor of heauen Some there are that want light of minde euen in things that are cleere and manifest Q. How happens that 1. A. It befalleth them three waies either through blockishnesse of Vnderstanding 2. Negligence and want of Exercise or 3. By the just iudgement of God who for their sinnes hath blinded their minds as wordly carnall and vnfaithfull men As things put betweene our eyes and light are either thicke and foggy thinne and transparent so doe our eyes receiue more or lesse light in like manner the light of Vnderstanding is wonderfull variable by reason of the diuersity of things set before it in this life to hinder it sundry wayes In some more in some lesse The manners of men follow the disposition of their bodies for God hath so tempered the nature thereof with that of the Soule to make them agree well together as the one taketh much of the other either to good or bad purpose as they are either well or ill affected Of the Soule and Spirit Q. What is the Difference between the Soule the Spirit A. By the Soule is vnderstood Man as he is borne hauing the vse of the Animall naturall and vitall powers 2. By the Spirit whatsoeuer grace and knowledge is giuen vnto man by God So that by Soule is vnderstood Man as he is in the corruption of his nature and by Spirit as he is regenerate and borne anew There are degrees appointed by which the body ascendeth to his perfection and descendeth againe to his dissolution but the Soule hath no such degrees by reason it is neither Corporall nor mortall but remaineth in the substance and nature which first it had which is celestiall and diuine but if the question be of the powers and vertues thereof the Soule may be thought to increase or diminish according to the growth and decay of the body but it is not so for the reason is because she is manifested more in one age then another God doth not bestow his gifts at once but by little and little as be iudgeth expedient Q. Is not the Soule corrupt A. No the Soule is so farre from corruption that it keepeth the body from corrupting as long as it is therein The Soule is compared to a cunning workeman who without his workes is notwithstanding a workeman and to a Musition who without his instruments is not withstanding a Musition so the Soule remoued from the members of the body remaineth notwithstanding perfect in her owne nature of no lesse hability and power then she was before As God is in a manner made visible vnto vs by his workes so is the Soule by her effects and faculties proceeding from the body God worketh in the world as the Soule doth in the body of man As there is but one Soule in one body sufficient for all the parts thereof so there is but one God in the world sufficient for all the creatures Q. VVhat is the principall effect of the Soule A. It is to giue life The Soule being a spirituall nature is knowne by her effects The Vnderstanding cannot attaine to an entire and perfect knowledge of the Soule from the Soule proceedeth the Inuention of all Artes and Sciences The Soule is a more excellent creature then either Firmament Sunne Moone or Starres or any thing created vnder the cope of heauen for that it is indued with Reason and Immortality which they are not Q. How are the creatures of God distinguished A. All creatures are either Spirituall or bodily Spirituall creatures are they which wanting bodies are not subiect to bodily Sense and such are Angels and the Spirits of men Bodily creatures are those which are visible and may befelt and perceiued by the externall Senses whereof there are two sorts 1. Some hauing life 2. And some none Q. VVhat are those that haue no life A. They differ in two respects some of them haue no naturall motion as Starres Metals and Minerals other haue as Fire Aire Windes Of those that haue motion some are corruptible and subiect to change as Fire Water Ayre Others incorruptible continuing alwaies firme in their state during the course of this world as the Sun Moone and Starres For the change that is amongest them is not in their owne substance Nature and qualitie but in regard of vs and of our sight Q. How many sorts are there of Creatures that haue life A. Fower viz. Vegetatiue Sensitiue Cogitatiue Rationall Q. Wherein doe they consist 1. A. Vegetatiue consisteth in herbes Trees and plants 2. Sensitiue in Sea sponges Cockles and Oisters 3. Cogitatiue in brute beastes hauing the vertue of Cogitation knowledge and Memorie how to preserue their liues guide and gouerne themselues according to naturall inclination 4. Rationall indued with Reason and Vnderstanding and containing besides all the other three Q. How many kindes of appetites are there A. Three that is Naturall Sensitiue Voluntarie Q. How is the Naturall appetite diuided 1. A. Into two sorts common to all creatures whether they haue life or no life which is an inclination without action as when we say Heauy things goe downward and light things vpward 2. And another kind which hath an action ioyn'd with inclination and yet proceedeth not of any Sense which property is proper to plants for we see by experience that they haue an appetite to drawe vnto them and to retaine that which is meet for their nature and food as if a Tree waxe dry it draweth moisture And this appetite is also of two sorts the one without Sense as before and the other with Sense and feeling as in the parts of mans body and in hunger thirst and the Seat of this appetite is properly in the liuor Some members of the body serue themselues and their appetite is without Sense and some serue the whole body and their appetite is with Sense as in the stomacke hunger Q. How is the Sensitiue appetite diuided A. Into two sorts likewise Either with touching as heat Colde Drynesse or moysture or without touching and follow the thought and Imagination of Man which are properly call'd affections and haue their seat in the heart By affections are meant properly those motions of the heart which follow knowledge and either seeke after or reiect that which is offered vnto them Q. What is the end of knowledge A. To desire that good which it knoweth and in desiring to follow the same vntill it hath ioyned and knit it selfe vnto it as neere as is possible As all riuers haue their beginning from the
eyes pull'd out 2. Amongst the Romans death ipso facto A father might kill his daughter or a sonne his mother 3. Amongst the Egyptians to cut off the womans nose and the mans priuy parts Of Honour Dishonour and Pride Q. What be the signes of an honorable minde A. Not to aspire to Honour Riches or Dignitie but to Vertue Q. How must we ascend to true Honour A. The Romans built two Temples the one to Honour the other to Vertue but in such sort as no man could enter into the Temple of Honour before he had passed through the Temple of Vertue Whereby it appears that Vertue is the way to Honour Q. VVherein doe worldlings place Honour 1. A. In doing some thing to be liked of great men 2. In making good penny-worthes of their curtesies 3. In racking the conscience to execute their commandements 4. In growing great in the opinion of the multitude * But it is better for a man to abide vnknowne in his simplicity then with the hurt and detriment of his soule to intrude him selfe among the mighty prudent man rather feareth the iudgement and opinion of a few wise men then of an ignorant multitude Q. How hath Pride beene plagued A. Herod for his Pride was eaten to death with lice Dioclesian died mad Q. How many kinds be there of Shame and Dishonour A. Two The one good The other bad Q. VVhat is goood shame A. To be ashamed of euill Q. VVhat dishonour or bad shame A. To be ashamed to displease the multitude or mighty against right and equity Q. What be the effects of good shame 1. A. It is the mother of good Counsell 2. The gardian of duty 3. The mistris of Innocency 4. The sister to Continency and 5. The companion to Chastity 6. It procureth Loue. 7. It lesseneth a fault 8. It mollifieth the heart of a Iudge Q. VVhat are the rules of good shame 1. A. If at a feast thou bee inuited to drinke more then reason or thirst requireth be not ashamed to refuse it 2. If a babler or ignorant fellow seeke to stay thee by discoursing of vaine and tedious matters be not ashamed to shake him off 3. If thy friend or any man in cunning or purpose offend be not ashamed to reproue him 4. If any man make a request vnto thee for that which thou canst not performe bee not ashamed to denie him 5. If any man aske thee a question wherein thou art ignorant shame not to confesse thy ignorance that thou maist be instructed 6. If any man with-hold thy due shame not to challendge it Q. What be the effects of Dishonour or bad shame A. Cowardlinesse Impudency Liberty to sinne base flatterie Oppression Neglect of ones benefit Neglect of safetie Betraying of ones life Hate of the world and prostitution of the Senses Of Fortitude Feare Cowardlines and Rashnes Q. What is Fortitude A. It is the cause that neither for feare nor danger wee turne aside from the way of Iustice and Vertue or thus It is the excellencie greatnes and dignitie of the heart which after aduised counsell maketh a man vnder-take vertuous matters without apprehension of perill and constantly to endure all manner of trauailes and distresses to the end which it almeth at Q. VVhat bee the properties of a valiant Man 1. A. To be free from all feare of death 2. To bee constant in aduersitie 3. To be void of dread in dangers 4. Rather to die honestly then saue his life dishonorably Q. How many partes are there of Fortitude A. Fower viz. Magnificence Confidence Patience Perseuerance Q. Wherein consisteth Magnificence A. In doing great and excellent things Q. Wherein Confidence A. In conceiuing good hope of the euent of things Q. Wherein Patience A. In voluntary and continuall suffering for the loue of vertue and honestie Q. VVherein Perseuerance A. In a firme and stedfast abiding in his purposes and resolutions vndertaken with good consideration following reason Q. What be the extremes of Fortitude A. Cowardlines and Rashnes for Fortitude is a vertue that fighteth for equitie and Iustice Therefore neither they that suffer for vniust matters nor they that fight for their priuate commodities are to bee accounted valiant Q. How many markes are there to know a coward 1. A. To fight for feare of Reprehension 2. By Constraint 3. Prouok't by other Mens speeches 4. Of choller or 5. Through ignorance of danger Q. VVhat is the difference betweene Hardinesse and Fortitude 1. A. The one commeth by Art Anger or Pollicie 2 The other is bred in the soule by nature and good education Q. VVhat is the end of Fortitude A. To referre our life and death to the only exercise of dutie and honestie A Temperate man not indued with Fortitude may easily fall into Cowardice and basenes of minde and a valiant man without the direction of Wisdome and Temperance is soone carried away with temeritie and boldnes Q. How many kindes are there of Feare A. Two the one good the other bad Q. What is good feare A. To stand more in awe of blame reproch and dishonour then of death or any greefe Q. How many sorts are there of bad feare 1. A. Two The one is called Cowardlines making the Soule idle dead and voyd of euery good effect which testifieth a vile contemptible and abiect nature 2. The other is that which worketh in the wicked a horror of paine and punishment whereby they are bridled and restrayned from their villanies and this argues a wicked and corrupt disposition Q. What be the effects of bad feare A. Madnes and Despaire Q. What the ground of bad feare A. A false opinion of euill Q. What bee the fruits of Cowardlines A. Crueltie Treason Breach of promise Impatience Idlenes Sloth Couetousnes Enuie Backbiting iniustice c. Q. What is Rashnes A. For a vaine and friuolous matter to cast ones selfe into vndoubted daunger and to vndertake all things vnaduisedly A Philosopher compar'd an Army to mans body the Scoutes to hands the horse-men to the foete the battailc of foot-men to the stomacke and brest and the Captaine to the head Of Magnanimitie Generositie and Hope Q. What is the difference betweene Magnanimitie and Fortitude A. Fortitude is a mediocrity in fearing and enterprizing Magnanimity consisteth in the bringing to passe of great and excellent matters Q. VVhat is Magnanimitie A. Generosity or Noblenesse of heart and it consisteth in three things 1. First in desperate matters when a man is past all hope of life to finde aconuenient remedy or wise consolation not suffering himselfe to be vexed therewithall 2. Secondly in duty towards an anemy not suffering or allowing any treason vnder what pretence or aduantage soeuer 3. Thirdly it contemneth as things vnworthy the care of his soule the goods of the body and of Fortune which others admire and labour to obtaine Q. VVhat be the effects of Magnanimitie 1. A. Not to feare Death but with constancie and cheerefulnesse of Spirit to
wee desire worldly delights Q. To what end is the creation of these things A. To set forth the infinite power and greatnes of their workemaister which is euery ones dutie to be carefull of Q. What is dutie A. The bond of the Soule cheerefully willingly without feare and constraynt to giue to euery one which belongeth vnto him as Honor to whome Honor Reuerexce to whome Reuerence Tribute to whome Tribute Succour to whome Succour belongeth Q. How many parts are there of duty A. Two the one towards God the other towards our Neighbour Q. Duty towards God what A. Loue testified by Obedience Q. To wards our Neighbour what A. To loue him as wee loue our selues For Duty is the end whereunto Vertue tendeth All things are made for Man and Man for the benefite of Man Hee liueth most happily who as little as may bee liueth to him selfe And who so applies his course to this obseruation disposeth his actions to the end and purpose of euery good worke Q. What is requisite in euery good worke A. Two things First that the intention and end of our actions bee rightly framed Secondly that the like meanes bee found out to attaine the same for God is the fountaine of all vertue and duty From this fountaine issue foure riuers First Prudence which knoweth what is profitable for it selfe and others and for the Common-weale 2. Temperance the mistres of Modestie Chastitie and Sobriety 3. Fortitude which maketh a Man constant patient and couragious 4. Iustice which is the bond and preseruation of humaine society by giuing euery one that which belongeth to him by keeping faith in things promised by succouring willingly the afflicted and by helping euery one as ability serueth By these foure Cardinall vertues the Soule is rectified in her power Prudence rectifieth The Rationall power Fortitude  The Power of anger Temperance  The Power of Concupiscence But Iustice rectifieth all the powers and containeth in it selfe all the Vertues Q. Why are these Vertues called Cardinall A. Because as the dore is turned vpon the hindge so on this Mans life is turned and ruled They are somtimes called Politique because by these a ciuill life is ordered and they pollish and adorne a Man and rule the life as touching outward things and as far forth as they fight against vices They are also called Humaine because they are gotten by Mans study except they be infused by God They are somtimes also called Consuetudinall because they are not gotten by one action but by custome To conclude Euen as God is a diuine Sampler of all things So these patternes of vertues abide in him and flowe vnto Man from the fountaine of his diuinitie whereof they are called Exemplares Of Mans body Q. HOw many parts are there of Mans Age A. Fower vidz Infancy  Adolescency  Virility  Olde age Concupiscence raigneth most in Adolescencie therefore that age hath most neede of a guide For the defect of strength commeth rather of the vices of our youth then of olde age From 29. to 50. is counted Virility because then a Man is in the hight of his strength and soundnes of discretion from 50. to 70. is called Olde age because then the naturall power and strength of Man beginneth to decline and fade away Q. How is Mans age compared A. First his Infancie to the Spring because it is hot and moyst 2 His Adolescencie 'to Sommer because it is hot drye 3 His Virilitie to Auttumne because it is colde and moyst 4 His Olde age to Winter because it is colde and drye Q. How is Mans body deuided A. Into two parts 1. Simple 2. Compound Q What are the parts Simple A. They are those which being deuided doe notwithstanding keepe the name and title still of the whole whereof they were a part as euery peece of flesh is flesh Q. How many are the parts Simple A. Nine videlicet 1. Bones 2 Ligaments 3. Gristles 4. Sinewes 5. Pannicles 6. Cordes or filaments 7. Veynes 8. Arteries 9. Flesh. Q. How may they seuerally be distinguished A. First Bones are the foundation and frame of the body Senceles drye colde and earthy 2. The Ligaments are white fastenings proceeding from the Bones voyde of blood and Sence 3. The Gristles are a stay to the Bones that they rub not ouer hard one against another and are more earthy drye and hard then Ligaments but not so much as the Bones 4. The Sinewes are a tough substance proceeding from the braine or marrow of the backe-bone and giue sence and motion which the former doe not being altogether insenscible 5. The office of Pannicles which are little skins made of Sinewes and Ligaments is to defend and keepe together the members and to impart vnto many of them sence as to the heart lyuer lunges Splene and and kidnies 6. The Filaments serue to draw nourishment being as it were slender threeds and some to retayne the same and expell what is superfluous 7. The Veynes are thinne and slender pipes carying the thicker blood and haue their beginning of the Liuer 8. The Arteries are pipes of thicke and strong skinne which carry the vitall Spirit through the body and proceede from the heart they are also called Pulses The veynes and Arteries are ioyned together to the intent the Arteries might receaue nourishment from the blood and the blood in the veynes warmth from the vitall Spirits in the Arteries 9. The Flesh is a substance made of thicke blood congealed and is as it were the clothing of the body The Anatomie of mans body Q. WHat commoditie commeth by Anatomy of the body A. It puts vs in minde of our mortality and teacheth vs that if the prouidence of God bee so wonderfuil in the composition of the vilest and the earthly partes It must needes follow that it is farre more great and admirable in the creation of the Noble parts especially of the Soule Q. How many principall parts are there of the body A. Fower viz. The head outward parts Armes  The breast  Hands  The helly and  Legges  outward parts  Feete Q. Partes of the legge how many A. Three viz. the foote parts of the foote 3. the toes  the legge  the sole  the thigh  the heele Man doth counterfet the works of God by the agility and vertue of his hands Q. VVherein doe the workes of God the workes of man differ A. In three points First God made all things of nothing but man cannot make any thing without fitte matter to worke vppon 2. Secondly God giueth both matter and forme to his workes Man only forme and fashion and that not of himselfe but if the similitude and shapes which hee hath seene in the workes of God 3. Thirdly God giueth life Sence and being to his workes which Man cannot doe Q. What bee the abuses of the hand A. The abuse of the Hand is twofolde In vnlawfull actions as murther theft and such
they haue not as much light as is needfull so if they haue too much they see lesse therefore it must be dispensed vnto them by iust measure according to their capacities God would haue some proportion betweene the heauens and the head of man therefore eyes are in him being alittle world as the Sunne Moone and ther lights are in the heauens the great and vniuersallworld The Eyes haue more agreement with the nature of fire then any other member belonging to the corporall Senses Q. What is the vse of the eyes A. To behold the workes of God and therefore we ought to beware that we feed them not with the sight of prophane and dishonest things least they poison the soule whose messengers they ought to be to declare vnto it vertuous and healthfull things As the Eyes are placed on high so they ought to haue their prospect towards heauen according as King Dauid saith I lift mine eyes to thee that dwellest in the heauens Of the Eares Q. What is the vse of the Eares A. For one Man to communicate his knowledge and the secrets of his minde with another and to receiue discipline and instruction of Wisdome Only man and an Ape haue their Eares immoueable Q. Why are the Eares made winding and not outright 1 A. First because the sounds would not be conueyed in 2. Secondly soundes entring too thicke ot confused should not be so well vnderstood As too great light doth not onely dazle the Eyes but doth also hurt them so ouer-great soundes would marre the hearing if they were not distributed according to the capacitie of the Eare. There must alwaies be an answerable proportion betweene the Sense and the thing subiect to Sense Q. How many bones are in the Eare 1. A. Three small bones The first like an Anuile 2. The second like a Hammer 3. The third like a little Stirrop The Eares doe iudge of soundes notes and harmony As the Eyes are giuen to contemplate the workes of God so the Eares are to receiue his word As the aire carrying the sound into the aire moueth the Hammer of the Eares and causeth it to strike vppon the Anuile and so maketh a sound by meanes of the little taber through whose sound the Spirits of hearing are awakened euen so God worketh in his Ministers who receiue his voice after a diuine manner and then are they as it were Hammers to strike vppon the Anuile of mens hearts by which sound the spirits of the hearers are stirred vp Of the Tongue Q. How many are the vses of the Tongue 1. A. Three the first to frame the speech 2. The second to helpe the taste 3. The third to prepare the meate that is chewed in the mouth for the nourishing of the body Q. What be the instruments of the Voice 1. A. The Tongue 2. The Necke 3. The wesell of the Throate 4. The Winde pipes 5. The Lunges and Breast Q. What is the vse of the wesell of the Throate 1. A. To stoppe the aire for rushing in too fast or ouer-cold 2. To diuide and distribute the aire when it ascendeth from the Lunges 3. To helpe the Tongue to articulate and frame the voice Q. How many things are requisite in framing the voice into speech A. Fiue that is Vnderstanding is nothing without speech and speech nothing without Vnderstanding The Tongue The Pallate The Teeth The Lippes The Nose The Tongue is giuen to glorifie God and to shew forth his works The heart of man is like a Treasurie or a Larder or a Pantry in a house out of which all things necessarie for the vse thereof and for the maintenance of the whole family are daily taken It is also like a Celler or Garner where counsells and thoughts are locked vp and the Tongue a Steward to draw them out as need requireth Q. How many sorts are there of Speech 1. A. Two the one Internall and in the minde 2. The other Externall pronounced by the Tongue Q. By what degrees doe we come to Speech 1. A. By foure first the mind must receiue the Images of things presented vnto it by the corporall senses 2. Secondly hauing receiued them Reason must discourse to know and consider of them well 3. Thirdly Iudgement is necessary to make choice of and to followe that which it shall iudge conuenient and meet and to reiect the contrary 4. Lastly all must be vttered by significations apt and conuenient for euery thing Speech is insensible to all the Senses but hearing Although the voice vanish quickly out of the Eare yet the thing signified remaineth in the minde Voice generally taken comprehendeth all soundes and things that bring any noise to the Eares Neuerthelesse it is most properly attributed to those soundes which liuing Creatures are able to make with their throat to signifie any thing thereby man onely hath articulated and well distinguished soundes he that hath his Iudgement and Reason ripe and pithy is able to speake eloquently Q. What is Eloquence A. Eloquence is a good conceit of the minde of that which ought to be spoken an ability to vtter it inapt words sentences wel knit together The voices of beasts haue no significations but affections Eloquence is like a golden chaine fixed to mens eares by which they are drawne to attention by a sweet and pleasant violence As the internall word bred in the mind departeth not from it neither is separated and yet imparteth an Image thereof in the hearers to whom it is declared So the Eternall word begotten of the Father is alwaies resident in God and yet imprinteth his Image in the hearts and minds of men The tongue is a fleshy member full of Sinewes Arteries and Veines Sinewes by reason of the sundrie motions it hath and the Sense of Tast and Touching Arteries that it might haue aboundance of Spirit Veines that it should not want nourishment Q. What is the vse of Spittle A. Although it be an excrement yet it is profitable to wet and moisten the Tongue There are two kindes of Kernels vnderneath the roote of the Tongue called Almonds which serue to moisten the whole mouth Q. What is the difference betweene Voice and Speech A. The one is confused the other articulate and distinguished Rhetoricke and Logicke are but vaine babling without the knowledge of Gods word Men are as Organ-pipes hauing neither good sound nor voice nor tongue nor mouth to speake of God and his workes as we ought and to praise and glorifie him but onely so farre as he being the Organ-plaier bloweth and inspireth vs with his holy Spirit The Tongue is a Messenger and an Interpreter of the Spirit and mind and therefore is placed neere the braine where all the Spirits lodge The externall Senses are as messengers to the internall The heart is the guide and Counsellour of the Tongue and the braine the Lord and maister so that it is fortified both aboue and beneath Q. Why is the Tongue soft A. The Tongue is tender