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spirit_n	body_n	soul_n	whole_a	13,673	5	5.8632	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A06789	The maintenance of free trade according to the three essentiall parts of traffique; namely, commodities, moneys and exchange of moneys, by bills of exchanges for other countries, or, An answer to a treatise of free trade, or the meanes to make trade flourish, lately published. ... By Gerard Malynes merchant.	Malynes, Gerard, fl. 1586-1641.	1622 (1622)	STC 17226; ESTC S120064	50,433	116

THE MAINTENANCE OF FREE TRADE ACCORDING TO THE THREE ESSENTIALL Parts of Traffique Namely COMMODITIES MONEYS and Exchange of Moneys by Bills of Exchanges for other Countries OR An answer to a Treatise of Free Trade or the meanes to make Trade flourish lately Published Contraria iuxta se Posita magis Elucescunt By GERARD MALYNES Merchant LONDON Printed by I. L. for William Sheffard and are to bee sold at his shop at the entring in of Popes head Allie out of Lumbard street 1622. TO THE MOST HIGH and mighty Monarch IAMES by the grace of God King of great Britaine France and Ireland Defender of the Faith c. TRaffique Most Dread and gracious Soueraigne by Nature Admirable and by Art Amiable being the Sole peacible Instrument to inrich Kingdomes and Common-weales may properly be called The Praeheminent studie of Princes the rather because the Sacred wisdome hath approued this Axiom That a King is miserable how rich soeuer he be if he Raignes ouer a poore people and that that Kingdome is not able to subsist how Rich and Potent soeuer the people be if the King bee not able to maintaine his Estate Both which being Relatiues are depending vpon Traffique and Trade which is performed vnder Three Simples or Essentiall parts namely Commodities Moneys and Exchange for Moneys by Bills Whereupon hauing lately perused a Treatise intituled Free Trade or The meanes to make Trade flourish wherein the Author either ignorantly or wilfully hath omitted to handle The Praedominant Part of Trade namely the Mystery of Exchange which is the Publike measure betweene vs and other Nations according to which all our Commodities are bought and sold in forraine parts his only Scope being to haue the Moneys of the Kingdome inhaunced in price and the forraine Coynes made Currant within the Realme at high Rates whereby great inconueniences will follow I could not but bee moued both by my faithfull alleageance due vnto your Maiestie and the obseruant duty owing by mee to the Publike good To make an answere to the materiall points of the saide Treatise by comparing things by contraries for the better illustration the rather for that it was published in Articulo temporis when your Maiesties vigilant Princely Care had beene pleased to referre the Consideration of this important businesse of State to the learned Lord Vizcount Maundeuile Lord President of your Maiesties most Honourable Priuy Councell and other persons of knowledge and experience amongst whom although vnworthy my selfe was called and our opinions were certified vnto your Highnesse For the Consideration of this weighty matter of great Consequence is absolutely to be submitted vnto your High Wisedome and Transcendent iudgement by meanes whereof according to the saying of Epictetus the Philosopher Hoc est Maximè iudicis Aptare Vniuersalia singularibus All Causes both Ecclesiasticall and Ciuill are obserued discerned and applyed to their proper and determinate ends Your Maiestie therefore may bee pleased to vouchsafe with a gracious aspect the reading of this small Treatise which like vnto the little fish mentioned by Plutarch swimming before the great Whale giuing notice of dangerous shallow places shall be amply explained in a Volume almost imprinted intituled Lex Mercatoria or the Auncient Lawe Merchant which in all humility is to bee presented vnto your most Sacred Maiesty wherein the dangerous Rockes to be auoyded in the Course of Traffique and the meanes therunto conducing are manifested for the preseruation and augmentation of the wealth of your Highnesse Realmes and Dominions to bee effected by the Rule of iustice grounded vpon Aequality and Aequity according to Ius gentium which is chiefly maintained by the Lawe Merchant The knowledge whereof is of such moment that all other Temporall Lawes without it are not compleate but imperfect Worthy of commendation are those offices who can by Prouidēce preserue the Treasure of Kings and Common-weales worthier are those that both by honest and lawfull meanes can preserue and augment them but worthiest of all immortall praise are these who can and doe by easie iust and Politike meanes inrich Kingdomes and Common-weales and thereby fill the Princes Coffers with standing Treasure to serue all occasions in the two seasons which Princes are to care for obserued by the Emperour Iustinian namely the Time of Warre when Armes are necessary and the time of Peace more fitting wholesome Lawes In the Theoricke Part of which Study I haue these forty yeares spent much time and charges at the pleasure of great personages and albeit nothing did encounter mee but ingratitude yet my constancy to spend the Remainder of my dayes therein in hope of Practise is as immoueable as the continuance of my daily prayers to the Great Iehouah to multiply your Maiesties dayes as the dayes of heauen London the 25. of October 1622. Your Maiesties most Loyall Subiect Gerard Malynes THE Maintenance of Free Trade According to the Three Essentiall parts of Traffique namely Commodities Monyes and Exchange of Monyes by billes of Exchanges for other Countries NATVRALL Mother wit did teach man before Arts or Sciences were inuented that of all things and in all humane actions the Beginning Progresse Continuance and Termination or End is to bee obserued whereupon Politicians or Statesmen haue noted that the often comparing of a thing vnto his Principle or Originall produceth the longer continuance shewing by digresion how the same is decayed and may bee reduced to the first integrity and goodnesse For there was neuer any thing by the wit of man so well deuised or so sure established which in continuance of time hath not bin corrupted The consideration whereof is most requisite in the reformation of the course of Traffique as a matter eminent for the good and welfare of Commonweales and especially for England Quia vita ciuilis in societate posita est Societ as autem in imperio commercio According to this rule let vs obserue that all the Traffique and Trade betweene vs and forraine nations is performed vnder three Simples which are the essentiall Parts thereof namely Commodities Monyes and Exchange of money by Bills for forraine Parts which may be aptly compared to the Body Soule and Spirit of Traffique The First as the Body vpheld the world by Commutation and Bartring of commodities vntill money was deuised to bee coyned The Second as the Soule in the Body did infuse life to Traffique by the meanes of Equality and Equity preuenting aduantage between Buyers and Sellers The Third as the Spirit and faculty of the soule beeing seated euery where corroborateth the Vitall spirit of Traffique directing and controlling by iust proportions the prices and values of commodities and monyes Now euen as monyes were inuented to bee coyned of the purest mettals of siluer and gold to bee the Square and Rule to set a price vnto all commodities and other things whatsoeuer within the Realme and therefore called Publica Mensura euen so is exchange of monyes by Bills The Publike

Measure betweene vs and forraine countries according to which all commodities are bought and sold in the course of Traffique for this exchange is grounded vpon the weight finenesse and v●…luation of the money of each countrey albeit the price thereof in exchange doth rise and fall according to scarcity and plenty of money and the few or many deliuerers and takers thereof These three essentiall parts of Traffique are to bee considered ioyntly and diuidedly for the good of Commonweales in the benefite to bee procured for the generall welfare or for the particular profit of some few persons for albeit that the generall is composed of the particular yet it may fall out that the general shall receiue an intollerable preiudice and losse by the particular and priuate benefite of some These in this respect are not to bee regarded especially if they may make the like benefite in some measure without hurt or detriment to the generall Some Merchants doe deale all for Commodities others for Monyes and other some altogether for Exchanges or all three or that which yeeldeth them most gaine and commonly without consideration had of the good of the Commonwealth which is the cause that Princes and Gouernours are to sit at the sterne of the course of Trade and Commerce For to speake ingeniously Merchants cannot enter into consideration of the quantity of forraine commodities imported at deare rates and the home commodities exported at lesser rates Respectiuely in former times by the disproportion whereof commeth an euident ouerballancing of commodities Merchants doe not regard whether the monyes of a Kingdome are vndervalued in exchange by the inhauncing of monyes in forraine parts whereby our monyes are exported when the exchange doth not answer the true value by Billes and the monyes of other countryes cannot bee imported but with an exceeding losse which euery man shunneth True it is that they obserue within the Realme to keepe the price of money at a Stand according to the Kings valuation but in forraine parts they runne with the streame headlong downe with other nations without consideration of their owne hinderance Merchants doe not know the weight and finenesse of monyes of each Countrey and the proportions obserued betweene Gold and Siluer nor the difference of seuerall Standards of coyne a matter so necessary for them to know to make thereby profitable returnes of the prouenue of our home commodities either in Money Bullion or Wares Finally Merchants seeking their Priuatum Commodum take notice onely of what is prohibited and commanded whereas it may fall out also that to require their opinion for the reformation of some abuses they may bee thought many times as vnfit as to call the Vintner to the consultation of lawes to bee made against drunkards Kings and Princes therefore which are the fathers of the great families of Commonweales are to bee carefull for the generall good so that the expences doe not exceede or surmount the incombes and reuenues thereof according to the saying of Marcus Cato Oportet Patrem familias vendacem esse non emacem Hee must bee a Seller and not a Buyer For the effecting whereof there is a serious study to bee had in the true vnderstanding of the Three essentiall Parts of Traffique whereof the course of exchange which is the most neglected will bee found to bee the efficient Cause which with vs is Praedominant and ouerruleth the course of Monyes and Commodities as shall bee declared in this discourse For these Three parts of Traffique concurre ioyntly together in their proper function and nature by an orderly carriage according to their first inuention and institution For as the Elements are ioyned by Symbolization the Ayre to the Fire by warmenesse the Water to the Ayre by moisture the Earth to the Water by coldnesse So is exchange ioyned to mohyes and monyes to commodities by their proper qualities and effects And euer as in a Clocke where there be many wheeles the first wheele being stirred driueth the next and that the third and so foorth till the last that moueth the instrument that strikes the clocke euen so is it in the course of Traffique for since money was inuented and became the first wheele which stirreth the wheele of Commodities and inforceth the Action But the third wheele of exchange of monyes betweene Countrey and countrey being established and grounded vpon monyes is in effect like to the instrument that striketh the Clocke being therein the thing Actiue and Commodities Monyes are become things Passiue in so much that the Sequele therof may be compared vnto Archers shooting at the Bu●…tes directing their Arrowes according as the Blanke doth stand high or low for so do Merchants by exchange in the sale of commodities and negotiation of monyes without which commodities lie dead in all markettes Since the Ancient Commutation of commodities in kind did cease and the body of Commodities doth not worke without the Spirit which is exchange so that this obseruation being neglected the whole instrument of Trade must needes bee out of order and discompounded like a distempered Lock which wil neither open nor shut When the Art of nauigation and shipping had continued many yeares and marriners did ●…mitate each others obseruation before the Science of the Mathematiks was inuented It ●…apned that two great Whales with a great ●…olubility swimming in furious manner did approach an English ship of Traffique which was ●…ound for the Coast of Barbary saden with di●…ers good Commodities and Staple wares The marriners as the manner was did with all diligence cast ouerboord diuers empty barrels for the whales to play with all and to keepe them from the ship The whales not pleased therewith and a suddaine storme arising did endanger their ship which made them vnawares to cast ouer boord many good wares and rich Commodities wherewith one of the whales was playing But the other whale more fierce strook the Ship many times with his Taile and at last broake the Rudder of the Ship whereby they were much hindered in their Sailing and all the shippes of their fleete tooke the Start of them and arriued to their destined ports the rather because they lost also their sayling Compasse by the violence of the saide Stormy wind and tempest And the marriners had leisure with a Calme to discourse of the Accident to question which was the most necessary and Actiue thing of True sailing Some did attribute the same to the winds and Currant of the Seas Others to the sailes and agitations of the winds in them And others to the compasse made by the admirable vertue of the loadstone But all of them were Nouices in their profession whereupon a merchant standing by being a passenger in that voyage vsed these or the like speeches My friends and good fellowes I doe not a little admire to heare you thus ignorant in matter of your Profession Can not the losse of the Rudder of our ship make you sensible to vnderstand

price of our exchange and no●… by inhauncing of our monyes can bee easily preuented as heereafter shall bee declared This Doller is likewise since that time more inhaunced in Germany from time to time and leauing the excessiue alteration in Remote places let vs note the Ualuation of Hamborough where it hath beene at fifty foure Stiuers the Doller which maketh the exchange aboue forty shillings of their money for our twenty shillings And although we haue raised the price of exchange from twenty foure shillings nine to thirty fiue shillings or thereabours shall we rest here and goe no further haue we reason to doe it in part and not in the whole according to iustice equity and true Policy And shall we bee like a man that by halting in iest became same in earnest I say againe Absitignorantia Thus much Obiter CHAP. II. The Causes of the Decay of Trade in the Merchandize of England THE Moneyes of Christendome which haue their ebbing and flowing doe shew their operation vpon Commodities making by Plenty the price thereof deare or by Scarcity better cheape And on the contrary by exchange we finde that plenty of money maketh a Low exchange and the price of monyes to fall in exchange and that Scarcity of money maketh a high exchange and the price to rise ouerruling both the price of moneys and Commodities which beeing obserued by the great exchangers or Bankerers caused them to inuent all the meanes to compasse the same and to rule the course thereof at their pleasure hauing the maine sea of exchanges wherein the exchange of England runneth like a Riuer or Branche and is ouerruled by the generall Currant which may be preuented for we haue the head of exchange of 20. shillings Starlin for the places where most of our Commodities are sold which will command all the parts members of the body of Traffique and procure plenty of money whereby the other causes of the want of monyes in England as the waste of the treasure and the like will not be so sensible as ●…ow they are especially when needfull Commodities of Trade shal be imported from some pla●…es which shall supply as in times past the exportation of much money when the Commodities of Russia being Tallow Waxe Hides retransported into France and Spaine did by exchange furnish the Realme with Wines Corints Raisons and the like Commodities The Want of Money there is the first cause of the Decay of Trade for without money Commodities are out of request And when they fall againe into Permutation or Barter Traffique is subiect to the necessity of Merchants which ●…endeth to the destruction of one Common-weale and to the inriching of an other And this is effected by the exchange as the graue and wise Coūsellors of State before mentioned haue very well obserued whereof Aristotle and Seneca could take no notice in the infancy of Traffique which maketh me to forbeare to alleadge their opinions and definitions howbeit Commercium is quasi Commutatio Mercium which the said Author would turne againe by a change of wares for wares and not money for wares No maruell therefore that hee doth inuert things and runneth into a Labyrinth without distinction betweene the thing Actiue and the Passiue by approouing Money to bee the rule and square whereby things receiue estimation and price And yet commending the Commutation before Money was deuised to be coyned Aristotle saith That Action and Passion are meerely Relatiues and that they differ no more then the way from Thebes to Athens and from Athens to Thebes We will therefore leaue this Merchant to walke betweene both vntill hee can discerne the one from the other And then he shall finde that as the Liuer Money doth minister Spirits to the heart Commodities and the heart to the Braine Exchange so doth the Brayne exchange minister to the whole Microcosme or the whole Body of Traffique Let the heart therfore by the liuer receiue his Tinctured Chilus by his owne mouth and stomacke and the blood full of Spirits shall fill all the Ueines and supply the want of monyes The easie course and recourse of whose exchange shall bring all things in time and serue all mens turnes For euen as there are two Courses obserued of the Sunne the one Annuall and the other by dayly declination rising and going vnder euen so must wee obserue in exchange two Courses the one according to Par pro Pari or value for value the other rising and falling from time to time as wee haue already declared The second Cause of the decay of Trade saith he is Vsury meaning Vsury Politicke wherein he is preuented to speake because of a Treatise made against Vsury by an vnknowne Authour and presented to the last Parliament for whom he taketh great care that hee be not abused as Virgill was by proclaiming too late Hos ego versiculos feci tulit alter honores True it is that the said Authour doth not attribute vnto himselfe the making of verses but taketh the whole substance of his discourse out of other mens workes published aboue twenty yeares since Turpe est Doctori dum culpa redarguit ipsum Cato Usury in a Common-wealth is so inherent and doth properly grow with the decay of Trade as Pasturage doth increase with the decrease of Tilling Albeit in some respects Trade is increased by monyes deliuered at vse or interest vpon occasions when the Vsurer is glad to finde a taker vp of his monyes and doth pray him to doe the same by reason of the abundance of money which maketh the price of Vsury to fall more then any Law or Proclamation can euer doe So that to abate the Rate of Tenne vpon the hundred to eight as the saide Tract against vsury would haue had the Parliament to do will be effected of course which alwaies hath the greatest command This doth also much preuent that the Rule of Concord and Equality is not so soone broken and ouerthrowne in Common-weales some growing very rich and others extreame poore not able to liue in their vocation The most pregnant cause of discord causing many times Ciuill warres as Cornelius Tacitus hath noted and appeareth in another Treatise where the operations of Usury are described The biting Vsury intolerable extortion committed by certen vncharitable men commonly called Brokers for pawnes is not to bee touched in a word for this is the only the remarkable sin I meane extortion oppression for which the first world was drowned which feedeth vpon the sweat blood of the meere merchanicall poore taking 40 50. 60. 100. vpon the 100. by the yeare besides Bili money and for feiture of the pawnes when charitable persons haue offered aboue 20 yeares since to giue largely and to lend moneys Gratis as also after 10. in the 100. to supply by way of pawn-houses by some called Lombards the need and occasions of the poore mechanicke people the neglect