living Creatures are subjected to the Empire of the Soul and brought under its government and power Moreover by means of them the corporeal substance coheres with the incorporeal whereby it comes to pass that they are as it were the Bands that tie both Soul and Body together D. What is a Spirit C. A Spirit is an Airy thin transparent Substance the seat of natural Heat the Vehicle of the Faculties and the first Instrument that sets the Functions at work D. How many sorts of Spirits are there C. Two the one innate and the other infus'd D. What is the innate C. That which was ingrafted into the several Similar Parts by the first Beginnings of Generation the foundation of which is the Radical Moisture D. Which is the infus'd C. That which flows in from elsewhere and cherishes and preserves the innate every where conveighing Faculty and Heat to enable the Functions in their several Duties D. Of how many sorts is it C. Threefold Animal Vital and Natural D. What is the Animal Spirit C. A Spirit begat in the Ventricles of the Brain of Vital Spirit and inspir'd Air whence being distributed through the moving and sensitive Nerves it renders all the Parts of the Body capable of Sence and Motion D. What is the Vital Spirit C. That which is bred in the left part of the Heart of the natural Spirit and the Air suckt in by the Lungs whence it is convey'd through the Arteries to every part to cherish the inbred Spirit corroborate the natural Heat and restore strength D. What is the Natural Heat C. That which proceeding from the Liver is diffus'd together with the Bloud through all the Veins the Cause of Generation Nourishment and Growth Of the Faculties D. Thus far we have discours'd of the Parts both Solid and Fluid of Human Bodies let us say something concerning the Faculties and Functions of the Soul Give me then the Definition of a Soul C. A Soul is the form of a Living Body By Aristotle it is defin'd the Entelechy of a Natural Organic Body potentially having Life D. What is meant by Entelechia C. Some interpret the Word to be the gaining of Perfection others the Act of Perfection but the latter Interpretation does not please me for the Soul is not an Act but the Efficient Cause of the Act. And thus Life is the Act of the Soul not the Soul it self D. Seeing then we are come to the consideration of Man I would have thee explain what the Soul of Man is C. It is that which gives him Vegetal Sensual and Intellectual Life By Aristotle it is defin'd to be the Beginning of Living Perceiving and Understanding By others the first Cause of all the Functions of our Body for the performance of which it is endued with a manifold Ability or Faculty D. What is Faculty C. It is the inbred power of the Soul of which she makes use for the producing of Actions By Galen it is defin'd The Efficient Cause of Actions and is therefore a Faculty because whatever it does it is able to do so that under the Word Faculty is comprehended that which has a Power to act D. Why does Galen refer the Cause of Action to Temperament C. Because Temperament is the Cause why the Soul performs her Actions without which she could not Therefore sayes Galen in his Book of Conjecturing by the Pulses The Soul is seated in the commodious Temperament of the several Parts for that then every Part performs with vigor its proper Office when in best Temper On the other side it acts amiss and feebly when it is out of Temper D. Then the Soul it seems flows from Temperament unless you take the Soul to be Temperament it self C. I do not believe the Soul to be Temperament because the Soul is a Substance but Temperament is only an Accident But I believe that Faculty flows from both from the Soul as from the Essential Form which is the first and chief Cause of all those Actions which we daily perform from Temperament as from the accidental form which is the assisting Cause without whose aid Souls cannot produce Actions D. How many sorts of Faculties are there C. The Essence of the Soul is purely uncompounded because there is but one form of one Body but Faculty by the Physicians is said to be threefold Animal Vital and Natural D. Nature the Architectress of the Body when she first begins to raise the Frame bequeaths several Faculties to the single Parts for the preservation of the whole therefore there are as many Faculties of the Soul as Parts of the Body C. The Parts of the Body are endued every one with their proper Faculties on purpose to serve the whole with so many Actions which it cannot want so that the number of Faculties and Organic Parts must be equal But as the Parts so the Faculties are contain'd under three Principal Kinds Animal Vital and Natural D. What is the Animal Faculty C. It is that which is only enjoy'd by Animals from whence it derives its Name D. Of how many sorts is the Animal Faculty C. The Animal Faculty is threefold Principal perceiving and moving D. Which is the Principal Faculty C. That which resides only in the Brain and in no other of the Organs D. Of how many sorts is it C. By Galen it it is said to be threefold Imagination Ratiocination and Memory But the first and last are referred only to the interior Sense by those to whom the Understanding only proper to Man seems worthy the name of Principal D. What is Imagination C. It is that which receives and apprehends the Images and Idea's of things objected to it and accepted by the Senses out of which being for the most part mixt and confus'd it produces and forms many things which before fell not under the power of the senses D. What is Ratiocination C. The Mind is that with which Man endu'd excels all other Creatures by whose assistance it understands and knows things incorporeal and forms abstracted from all Matter drawing universal Notions of things sometimes out of one sometimes out of another D. What is Memory C. It is that which stores and lays up within it self the forms and Images of Things represented by the Phansie and recall'd to the judgment of Reason D. Where are the Principal Faculties of the Soul lodg'd C. The Arabians lodge the Imagination in the foremost Ventricles of the Brain Reason in the middle and Memory in the hindermost but the Grecks deny them to be confin'd to places affirming them to be diffus'd through all the corners and over all the substance of the Brain D. What think you of this Controversie C. I do not like the Opinion of the Arabians though grounded upon probable Arguments Avicen and Averroes endeavour to demonstrate that the Faculties have their distinct Seats from hence because that one of them sometimes is deprav'd without any hurt to the other concluding thence the improbability
of Elements mixt together no more of hot then moist no more of cold then dry This Galen believes to be rather imaginary then real or if at any time it happen to be yet that it lasts but a very short time D. What call ye Temper'd to Justice in several kinds C. That which does not contain an exact evenness of Contraries but such a decent Mediocrity as its Nature requires and best agrees with the Genus or Species So that the equality of the Mixture is not to be measur'd by Arithmetical but Geometrical Proportion For Justice gives to every thing its due according to Dignity D. What are the simple Temperaments without Temper C. Such Temperatures wherein one of the four Qualities exceeds as either Heat Cold Moisture or Drought D. Which are the Compounded C. In which there is an Excess of two Qualities as a Temperature hot and moist in which the Heat exceeds the Cold and Moisture Driness Cold and dry which has more of Cold then Heat and more of dry then moist D. Thou hast in vain distinguish'd the Temperaments into Simple and Compound when there is no simple Temperaments but all are compounded C. That I deny D. I prove it thus A Simple Temperament is that wherein one only Element prevails as Hot in whose Temperament Fire prevails Cold in which Fire overcomes But every Element has two Qualities for Fire is hot and dry Water cold and moist Therefore there is no simple Temperament C. That is call'd a Simple Temperament wherein one Quality prevails not one Element D. Against thy Answer I thus argue Seeing that Quality is an Accident it cannot subsist by it self without a Subject And therefore if any Quality of an Esement prove superior of necessity he Element to which it belongs must tprevail C. Altho every Element have two Qualities there is but one which is predominant from which the Temperament derives its name But therefore is it call'd a Temperament hot or cold because the Heat prevails over the contrary Cold or the Cold over the contrary Heat with an equality of moist and dry And it it call'd a moist and dry Temper because the moist is more powerful then the dry or the dry then the moist with an Equality of hot and cold Of the Parts D. Thus much for the Elements and Temperaments now let us come to the Parts What is a Part C. The Word Part in a large sense signifies whatever makes up the whole frame of Human Body for whatever compleats and perfects the whole is call'd a Part as Galen testifies In this large and extended signification Hippocrates uses the Word when he calls the Humors and Spirits Parts But by Fernelius a Part is properly described to be a Body cohering to the whole conjoyn'd by Life common to both and provided for such a Use or Function By which Definition Humors and Spirits are excluded out of the number of Parts because they never stay or cohere but are carry'd with a swift motion through the Veins and Arteries D. What is the Division of Parts C. The Division of Parts is manifold but the chief Division is into such as contain and such as are contained D. Which are the containing parts C. The solid parts which are upheld by themselves D. How are they divided C. Into Similar and Dissimilar D. What are Similar Parts C. Similar Parts so call'd as being of the same Nature are such as consist of one equal Substance every way like to its self in which as being smallest to the Sence the Dissolution of the Body consists for which reason they are sometimes call'd Simple and Primary and sometimes sensible Elements as appearing most simple to the Senses D. How are Similar Parts divided C. Into Spermatic and Sanguine D. What are the Spermatick Parts C. Such as consist of Seed D. How many are the Similar Spermatic Parts C. Nine Bones Muscles Ligaments Fibres Membranes Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin D. But I say Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin are Dissimilar Parts for Galen Hippoc. and Plat. Of the Vse of the Parts assert that the Nerves are Marrowy within Membrany without that the body of the Veins and Nerves are interwoven with Membranes and several Fibres and that the Skin consists of Nerves Veins and Arteries and therefore they ought not to be numbred among the similar Parts C. I answer There are two sorts of Similar Parts for some are really Similars as Bones Muscles Ligaments Fibres Membranes other only in the judgment of Sence and so Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin shall be Similar Parts because upon the first view their substance seems to be of the same kind D. Which are the Sanguinary Parts C. Which have their Original from the Blood as Flesh and Fat D. Which are the Dissimilar Parts C. The Dissimilar Parts are such as are not compos'd of parts of the same Nature but of several differing in Species They are otherwise call'd Organic as being the Instruments of which the Faculties and Functions of the Mind make use D. How are the Organic Parts divided C. Into Animal Vital and Natural and every one of these into Principal and Assistant D. What d' you call the Animal Vital and Natural Parts C. The Instruments of the Animal Vital and Natural Functions D. What d' ye call the Principal part C. That part which governs the rest D. Which are the Assisting parts C. Those which are subservient to the Principal and derive their Original from it for the most part D. Which is the principal Organ of the Animal Function C. The Brain for it is the common Original of all the Animal Functions as well sensitive as moving the Seat of the Animal Spirit and the beginning of the Nerves D. How many are the Organs assisting the Brain in the exercise of the Animal Function C. Twofold for some conveigh the Animal Faculty to sense and motion others operate of which sort are all the proper Organs of every Sense exterior and voluntary motion D. Which are the Organs that conveigh the Faculty of sense and motion C. The sensitive and moving Nerves D. Which are the proper Organs of every Sense C. The Eyes of seeing the Ears of hearing the Nose of smelling the Tongue of taste and the Skin of feeling D. which are the proper Organs of voluntary motion C. The Muscles D. Which is the principal Organ of the Vital Functions C. The Heart for it is the fountain of Vital Faculty and Spirit the principal Seat of native Heat and the Original of the Arteries D. Which are the Organs subservient to the Heart C. They are twofold the Organs of Respiration and of the Pulses D. Which are the Organs of Respiration C. They are of three sorts some for conveighance others for reception others for motion The Organs that conveigh the Air the Wind-pipe and rough Artery The Lungs receive the Air down in and prepare it for the Heart The moving Organs are sixty five Muscles dilating and contracting the
Breast for the Air is not drawn nor the Vapors excluded without the motion of the Breast D. Which are the Instruments for the Pulses C. The Arteries D. Which is the principal Organ of the Natural Functions C. The Liver for it is the Original of the natural Faculty and of all the Veins and the first Instrument of the generation of Blood D. How many sorts of Organs are subservient to the natural Faculty C. Two sorts for some are appropriated for nourishment others appointed for generation D. Which are the assisting Organs of nourishment C. They are of three sorts some for preparation some for purgation and some for distribution of the Nourishment D. Which are for preparation of the Nourishment C. The Mouth and Stomach prepare the Nourishment the one by Mastication the other by Concoction D. Which serve for Purgation C. They are of two sorts for it is the Office of some to purge the Chylus for the Excrements of the Chylus are sent forth from the Belly but the Bladder of the Gall the Spleen the Kidneys and Bladder are the Organs appointed to purge the Bloud for they receive and separate from the Bloud those excrementitious Humors begot in the Chylous matter at the time that it turns to Bloud D. Which serve for the Distribution of the Nourishment C. The Veins D. Thou hast reck'nd up all the Organs serving to Nourishment now give me an accompt of the Organs of Generation C. The Organs of Generation some are common both to Male and Female some proper to each Sex D. which are common to both Sexes C. Testicles and Spermatick Vessels as well preparing as conveighing the Seed D. Which Proper C. The Yard to the Male the Womb to the Female Of the Humors D. Having thus reck'nd up the parts containing now for the parts contain'd Which then are the Parts contain'd C. The fluid parts which are supported by the help of others such as are the Humors and Spirits D. How many Humors are contain'd in the Body C. Besides the Primogeneous Humor or that which comes naturally of it self there are two other adventitious that is to say the Alimentary and Excrementitious D. What d' ye mean by the Primogenious Humor C. A certain Oily substance bred in the more solid parts of the Body from their first Original being the Basis and Seat of Spirit and innate Heat and is therefore call'd by the name of Radical Moisture D. Which d' ye call the Alimentary humors C. The Juices of the solid parts appointed for nourishment which derive their original from a commixture of the four Elements D. Which the Excrementitious C. The superfluous moisture in the Body useful to Nature D. How are the Alimentary humors distinguished C. Into Primary and Secondary D. Which are accompted the Primary C. Those which are distributed by the Chylus in the Liver by the Power of its natural inbred heat through the Veins to the several parts of the Body for their Nourishment D. How many Primary Humors are there C. Four Bloud Choler Melancholy and Flegm Which are all mix'd together in the Veins This mixture of the four Humors is call'd the Sanguinary Mass by reason that the Bloud has the greatest share in it D. What is to be understood by the Word Blood C. The Word Blood is sometimes taken in a diffusive Sence for the whole Mass of the Bloud but properly it signifies the more pure and enlivening part of it D. What is the Temperature of the Bloud C. The Bloud generally taken for the whole Mass of Bloud is well temper'd in regard the temperature arises from an equal mixture of the future contrary humors together with a just proportion and decent Harmony of the same but being consider'd in it self as pure and limpid it is hot and moist and somthing of the nature of Air Nor is it differenc'd from the rest of the humors by reason of this peculiar temper only but also by its Consistency Colour Taste and Use D. What is the Consistency of the Bloud what its Colour Taste and Use C. The Bloud is of a consistency so thin that while it is kept within the bounds of Nature it appears neither thicker nor thinner of a red Colour and sweet Taste It nourishes chiefly the musculous parts while it hai the predominancy and makes men fleshy lively handsom good disposition'd and cheerful D. In what Ages is the Bloud most prevalent C. In Children Youth and Young men thus Galen affirms That Boys Young men and Striplings between both enjoy most of the sanguine Humor as in whom the first Principles of Life are yet most vigorous D. When does it most abound in the Body C. The Bloud is most plentiful in the Spring because then the Frosts are dissolv'd and the Waters are let loose according to the Opinion of Hippocrates D. What is Choler C. Alimentary Choler is the more thin part of the Sanguinary Mass partaking of the Nature of Fire in Temperament hot and dry of a pale or yellow Colour bitter in Taste and causes men to be lean tough active rash and hasty nourishing those parts which are most akin to its Nature wherein it differs from the excrementitious D. What is the excrementitious Choler C. That which is sent to the Bladder or Bagg of the Gall to hasten the expulsion of the Excrements and to cleanse the Guts of any slimy matter sticking to them D. In what sort of persons is Choler most predominant C. Yellow Choler abounds most in those who are in the Prime of their Age as Galen avers D. When does it most abound C. Choler abounds most in the Summer as Hippocrates declares as also in a dry season of the Air for that drought renders the hands more Choleric in quality as Galen delivers his judgment D. What is Melancholy C. Alimentary Melancholy is the thicker part of the Sanguinary Mass of the nature of the Earth in temper cold and dry of a black colour sowr in taste and renders men sad thoughtful morose severe and constant it nourishes the most solid and dry parts of the Body as the Bones where it differs from the excrementitious D. Which is the excrementitious Melancholy C. That which is carried to the Milt where it is separated from the more useful Juice that affords it nourishment and so poured out into the Stomach to excite the Appetite and to strengthen the Faculty which retains the meat there during Concoction D. What sort of People are most subject to Melancholy C. Black Melancholy is most exuberant in the declining Age of Men by the Authority of Galen D. When does it most abound in the Body C. Black Melancholy abounds most in the Autumnal Season as Hippocrates relates D. What is Flegm C. Alimentary Flegm is the more liquid part of the sanguinary Mass of the nature of Water in temper cold and moist of a white colour and sweet Taste or rather without any savour It makes men sloathful sleepy dull fat white and
that differing Faculties should exist in the same Part of the Subject I confess indeed that many times one of the Faculties is deprav'd without any harm to the other for there is in Galen an excellent Story of Theophilas who believ'd that the Musicians were playing by his Bed-side and order'd them to be put out of the Room tho otherwise he talk'd rationally enough so that there the Imagination was only deprav'd There is another Story of a Lunatic who having made fast his doors brought several Dishes to the Window which he call'd by several Names asking every one that pass'd by whether they did command him to throw them away Here the Reason was out of order Another Story we find in Thueydides of many that while the Pestilence raged in Greece were so forgetful of every thing that they neither knew their own Parents nor Acquaintance Here the Memory was only deprav'd But that proceeded from the various Constitution of the Body for the Soul being pure and without mixture according to the variety of the Temperament and structure of the Instruments cannot every where operate alike nor has an equal power in all things Some we observe by Nature excelling in Wit and Imagination tho of shallow Memories and Reason others that have great Memories without Reason or Judgment others to have a solid and natural Judgment whose Imagination is defective and Memory but small so that it is no wonder to see some whose Imagination is disorder'd with a Delirium their Memory and Reason untouch'd for the stronger Faculty more powerfully resists external Injuries the weaker more easily yields As therefore in one and the same Particle there are various natural Facuities the attractive retentive concretive and expulsive of which one is frequently disturb'd the other remaining sound and unhurt and yet no Physician will affirm them to be in several Seats the same with Galen I conclude as to the Principal Faculties Nevertheless the Arabians urge that Imagination is in the foremost Reason in the middle and Memory in the hinder Ventricles of the Brain upon an Inference drawn from thence That the foremost part of the Brain is softest and more fit to receive Idea's the hinder part harder and more proper to retain the Notions receiv'd But I deny the Consequence for what has been already said yet grant withal that the Principal Functions are more sudden in their Actions in the foremost Part of the Brain in the hinder Part more perfect because the one is harder the other softer as we see that if the whole substance of the Brain be somewhat dry the Memory prevails if moist the Imagination if temperate the Judgment The followers of the Arabians also further object by the Testimony even of Galen himself that there are several Cells the one more noble then another as being the Seats of the more noble Faculties But Galen prefers the hindmost Ventricle before the rest not that the Memory is there seated the Reason in the middle the Imagination in the foremost but because the Imagination and Reason are more imperfect in the foremost the Memory more perfect in the middle most perfect behind because there the Animal Spirit is brought to its Perfection They add that Galen the Imagination being deprav'd apply'd Topic Remedies to the fore-part of the Head as being the Seat of the Fancy But they do not observe that Galen took the same course in all Affections of the Brain as in Drowsiness the Apoplexy Phrensies and Melancholy not that the Seats of the Faculties were various but to the end the force of the Medecine might penetrate more swiftly to the innermost Parts of the Brain by reason of the thinness of the Scull and the Coronal Closure D. Most learnedly have you refuted the false Opinion of the Arabians concerning the Seat of the Principal Faculties Let us proceed to the Assistant Faculties What is the sensible Faculty C. It is that which from the Brain conveighs through the Nerves Sense into the whole Body by degrees D. What is Sense C. Here it is taken Metonymically for the Act of feeling but properly is a Faculty diffus'd by the Animal Spirit the sensitive Organ interceding by which things sensible are perceiv'd D. Of how many sorts is Sense C. Twofold Interior and Exterior D. Which is the Interior Sense C. It is that which distinguishes the Objects of the several Exterior Senses It is commonly call'd Common Sense for that all the External Senses are seated round about it into whose Organs the Branches of the Nerves are disperst by which the Soul powrs forth her Efficacy the Primary Sense as King and Judge has his Seat in the Body of the Brain from whence as from a Turret it contemplates all Idea's of things brought from without by the Administring senses and observes all the Actions of the Senses Galen comprehends the Imagination under common Sense D. How many are the Exterior Senses C. Five Seeing Hearing Smelling Tasting Feeling D. What is Sight C. A Sense seated in the Eyes which receives Colours through a Medium truly conspicuous D. What the Hearing C. A Sense seated in the Ears perceiving Sounds D. What is Smelling C. A Sense perceiving Scents convey'd through the Nostrils D. What is Tasting C. A Sense residing in the Tongue which judges of the several Tasts and Savors of things D. What is Feeling C. A Sense which being confin'd to no proper Organ but equally diffus'd over all the Body by the help of the Nerves observes all tangible Qualities and their Differences as Heat Cold Moisture Driness Hardness Softness Roughness Smoothness c. D. What is the moving Faculty C. It is that which gives motion to the Body by the assistance of the Muscles at the command of the Will D. Thus far of the Animal Faculty What is the Vital Faculty C. It is that which begets the Vital Faculty in the Heart and diffuses it every way through the Arteries for the preservation of Life from whence it derives its Appellation D. What is Life C. Life is the continuance of the Natural Heat glowing in the Primogeneal Moisture as Death is the extinction of that Vital Heat By Aristotle Life is sometimes defin'd The Continuance of the Vegetable Soul in the Body sometimes the Energy of an enliven'd Body By others sometimes it is said to be the Union of the Soul with the Body sometimes the continuance of a Body enlivened to the Term that it ceases to be as Death is defin'd to be sometimes the separation of the Soul from the Organic Body sometimes the substantial Corruption of the enliven'd Body D. How many Faculties are subservient to the Vital Faculty C. Two Respiration and Beating of the Pulses because the Vital Spirit is bred and distributed by the Assistance of Respiration and the Pulses But as Respiration consists of Inspiration and Expiration so the Pulse by Dilatation and Contraction D. Does not the Irascible Faculty by the Philosophers plac'd in the Heart belong to the
Vital C. Because the Irascible Faculty is that by which the Heart is mov'd to prosecute that which is good as to avoid that which is evil for the preservation of Life not only that but the Concupiscible Faculty by which the Heart is mov'd to embrace that which is good is also to be referr'd to the Vital Faculty D. But Galen and Hippocrates as they assign the irascible Faculty to the Heart so they appropriate the concupiscible to the Liver C. Galen there by the concupiscible Faculty does not mean that Desire by which a man is carry'd with apprehension toward the Object but the natural Appetite after Nourishment which tho it be fix'd in every part yet he ascribes it to the Liver as being the particular place where the Bloud is made D. What is the Natural Faculty C. That which being convey'd from the Liver through the Veins affords Nourishment to all Parts of the Body D. Of how many sorts is it C. Three That which nourishes that which causes growth and the generative Faculty D. What is the Nourishing Faculty D. That which converts and assimilates the receiv'd Nourishment to the substance of the body It also restores the continual decays of the body and remains to the last day of Life D. How many Faculties are subservient to the Nourishing Faculty C. Four The Attractive Retentive Concording and Expulsive D. What is the Attractive C. That which covets and draws to every Part convenient Moisture D. What is the Retentive C. That which retains the attracted Nourishment till the Altering Faculty have chang'd it into the Nature of that Part which it is design'd to nourish D. What is the Concoctive Faculty C. That which alters the attracted and retain'd Nourishment changes concocts it applies and assimilates it to the Part which is to be nourished D. What is the Expulsive C. That which separates and expels that which is not proper for Nourishment or superfluous D. What is the Increasing Faculty C. That which extends and enlarges the body till the time appointed by Nature D. What is the Generative Faculty C. That which begets its own like But that is not simple but compounded of two Faculties D. Which are those C. The Changing and Forming Faculty D. What is the Changing Faculty C. That which changes the first Substance out of which Generation is made and converts it into that proper and convenienter Matter which is to be generated D. What is the Forming Faculty C. That which makes the Form agreeable to the whole and every Part of the body D. Thus far of the Animal Vital and Natural Faculties But is the mutual consent of all requir'd C. They are so far conjoyn'd by mutual Consent saith Fernelius that every one singly subsists by the help of the rest The Vital perfects the rest and sets them at work and is by them assisted by mutual Kindnesses The Natural affords it food the Animal by the motion of the Breast and Lungs is the Cause of Nourishment and Refrigerarion To the Animal the other two afford Matter and the Vital running through the Arteries preserves and increases it which always her self stands in need of the Animal D. Which by mutual Consent of Authors is the agreed Order of the Faculties C. By the order of Procreation the Natural is first then the Vital and the Animal last But in order of Excellency the Animal precedes then the Vital and lastly the Natural But as to the Necessity of Life and Action the Vital is the first of all then the Natural and last of all the Animal Of the Action D. After the Faculties follow the Actions What is an Action C. An Action is a Motion proceeding a Faculty sometimes from the Greek call'd Energy from the Latins Function or Operation D. How is Function divided C. As Faculty is threefold so is Function Animal Vital and Natural D. But Galen allows but two sorts of Functions Animal and Natural Of Actions saies he there are two primary Differences for some are the Actions of the Soul and others of Nature therefore the first are call'd Animal and the second Natural C. I Answer That in that place Galen comprehends the Vital under the Animal Functions D. How do the Intellectual Actions differ from the Sensible C. There is this particular difference between them That the Sensible Actions have every one their particular Organs by which they are committed Sight the Eye Hearing the Ear the Action of Smelling the Nose Tast the Tongue Feeling the Skin But Intellectual Actions want the help of no Corporeal Organ because they are not capable of Corporeity D. As if the Brain were not the Organ of the Functions of the Mind whose Temperament is so necessary for the true performances of Understanding Cogitation and Ratiocination that that being once deprav'd Phrensie follows C. I grant the Brain to be the Organ of Imagination which contains the Idea's of Corporeal things but not of the Mind only so far as that it cannot operate in the Body without the help of sensible Idea's D. How are voluntary Actions divided C. They are twofold some are continually free others subject to the Affections of the Body D. Which are altogether free C. Those which we do perpetually when and as often as we please without any impediment as Speaking and Walking D. Which are subject to the Affections of the Body C. Such as are not perpetual but at certain times as the Necessities of the Body require as making Water and Easement of the Belly D. How are the Vital Functions distinguished C. Of the Vital Actions the one is the principal which is the work of making the Vital Spirit two Ministerial as Respiration and the beating of the Pulses Under the Pulsatii Actions are comprehended the Motions of the heart proceeding from the irascible and concupiscible Faculties From the one Gladness Hope Love which dilate the Heart as embracing the Object of Good From the other Sadness Fear Hatred by which the Heart is contracted troubled and oppress'd as avoiding the evil Object D. Is Respiration an Animal or Natural Action C. It is a voluntary Action being made by the help of the Muscles contracting and dilating the Breast but not altogether free because it is done upon Necessity Others believe Respito be a mixt Action partly Animal in respect of the Organs partly Natural as depending upon the motion of the Heart which is Natural and because it never ceases whether we sleep or wake when all the Animal Actions cease in Sleep D. Is the Pulse an Animal or Natural Motion C. The Pulse neither depends upon the Will nor Nature simply but upon the Vital Faculty of the Soul which is Natural Not upon the Will because we cannot make this motion nor stop it at our own pleasures Not simply upon Nature for nothing moves in a living Body but the Soul for otherwise there would be more then one form The Soul is of an Animal Nature which to preserve its Union
with the Body moves the Heart concocts in the Stomach and Liver and performs all the other Offices of Life Therefore the Pulse is a Natural motion of the Heart proceeding from the Natural Faculty of the Soul which is not voluntary but vital D. How many Actions proceed from the Natural Faculty C. The Nutritive increasing and generative Faculties D. What is Nutrition C. Nutrition is the conversion of the receiv'd Aliment into the substance of the Body D. How is Nutrition brought to pass C. That same Juice which being to nourish every part of the Body falls from the Vessels is first dispers'd into every part then apply'd and agglutinated and after that assimilated so that Nutrition is a perfect Assimilation but that Assimilation may be brought to pass Agglutination must precede and before that Application D. Which are the Assistants of Nutrition C. Attraction Retention Concoction and Expulsion D. How are these Actions brought to perfection C. They are all except Concoction brought to perfection by the help of the Fibres Attraction by the aid of the streight Fibres Retention of the oblique and Expulsion by the assistance of the transverse For as the Muicles contracted at our will and pleasure and as it were reduc'd to their Original cause Motion so it happens to the Natural Instruments that by the streight fibres through the only instinct of Nature contracted the Nourishment is attracted by the transverse fibres contracted whatever lay in the more roomy space is by that contraction expell'd But because the oblique fibres being stretch'd forth admit neither of a shorter or narrower capacity Nature observing a kind of equality and constancy they contain every thing and neither attract nor expel D. How is Concoction perfected C. By the innate Heat alone D. How many sorts of Concoction can you reckon C. Three The first in the Stomach the second in the Liver and the third in the several Parts D. What is Increasing C. It is the enlargement of the several Parts into length breadth and depth D. What is Generation C. It is the Production of a new substance therefore it is not a simple action of Nature but compounded of Mutation and Formation By these two Actions all Generation is brought to perfection For when any substance is changed into another it suffers a mutation of its proper Essence as when out of the procreative Seed and Bloud a Bone or a Nerve or any other Part is generated being withall fashion'd into the shape agreeable to Nature But this Function then chiefly acts it part when the Birth lies in the Womb. The Dean's Judgment of the Candidate's Merit In this Physiological Examination Candidate Thou hast given us such a Specimen of thy Learning and Industry that if thou answer'st my Fellow-Collegiates that are to dispute with thee so accurately and acutely as to the other Parts of Physic I judge thee worthy Apollo's Lawrel THE SECOND DISPUTATION Of Things not Natural in the Vse of which that Part of Physic which concerns the Method of preserving Health consists Doctor HAving made and Explanation of Natural Things we are now to proceed to things not Natural What are Things not Natural Cand. Such as preserve the Natural Constitution of Man D. Why are they so call'd C. Because they are not of the Nature of Man nor against his Nature D. How many things not Natural are there C. Six in Number The ambient Air Meat and Drink Sleep and Waking Motion and Rest Expulsion and Retention and the Passions of the Mind in the true Use of which consists the Method of Preserving Health D. Are they all necessary to the Preservation of Man's Body C. So necessary that without the use of every one Human Life cannot subsist For in regard there is a continual waste of our threefold substance by the innate Heat there is a necessity of restoring the spirituous by Air of the solid by Meat and of the humid by Drink Sleep is also necessary for the Concoction of Nutriment and to reinforce the wasted Spirits It is necessary we should wake that the functions of the Soul may have liberty to act Exercise is necessary to excite the Natural Heat Alternate Rest is requisite to relieve the Members weary'd by Labour And in regard that Nature is not able to convert all the Nourishment we receive into the substance of the Body is is but necessary that the Excrements should be expell'd And the Passions of the Mind cannot be avoyded in regard of the Objects Good and Evil. D. Wherein consists the Method of preserving Health C. In the convenient Quality Quantity Manner and Time of using the several things not Natural Of the Ambient Air. D. What Air is to be chosen to preserve a sound Health C. Such an Air as is neither too fat nor thick nor misty by reason of adjoyning Lakes or Rivers but thin and serene neither over-hot nor over-moist nor over-cold nor over-dry but temperate not infected with the exhalations of standing Waters common Sewers nor Church-Yards nor defil'd with Dunghils or the corruption and stench of things either superior or inferior nor in a Vally surrounded with high Mountains or in any hollow place where the Wind has no power D. How much Air is requisite for a man to draw C. Strong People the more Breath they fetch the better they are in health but for weak Persons and such are newly recover'd from Sickness to remove out of a close into a free and open Air is dangerous D. How are they then to order themselves in the use of Air C. They must by degrees and insensisibly accustom themselves to a more free and plentiful Air. D. When may they most safely oppose themselves to a freer Air C. Upon serene days when the Air is neither too hot with the Sun-Beams nor over-cold and the Wind is not too high Of Meat and Drink D. What sort of Meat is to be made choice of for the preservation of Health C. That which consists of good Juice easie of Digestion and which contains the least Excrement On the other side Meat whose Juice is evil hard of concoction and abounding with excrement is to be avoided D. What Meat is that which affords good Juice C. That which is neither hotter nor colder nor drier nor moister then it should be but temperate neither too glutinous nor too thin for such food breeds Blood of a laudable temperature and consistence neither too thick nor too serous D. How much food is to be taken C. So much as may suffice to restore the wasted substance of the Body therefore they who abound with natural heat and use much exercise because they make a great waste of their substance need a larger supply of food On the other side they whose natural heat is weak and live at ease ought to be moderate in eating and the more plain and simple the Diet is so much the more familiar to Nature And as Sobriety is most wholesom so plenty and
vehement then more gentle again D. What time is most fit for Exercise C. When the Concoction is perfected But in regard that Exercise stirs up the Natural Heat without which the Meat cannot well be concocted Exercise ought to be always us'd before Meals Besides that Exercise consumes many Superfluities which are first to be expell'd before any more Nourishment be receiv'd in After Meals Exercise is hurtful in regard the agitation of the Body joggs down the Nourishment out of the Stomach ere it be concocted which occasions several Crudities in the Veins that beget several Diseases Neither is a man to exercise till he has emptied his Body of such Excrements as call upon Nature lest any thing of them be carried away into the Habit of the Body through the force of the Natural Heat redoubled by Exercise Of the Rest D. When is Rest required C. When the Body is wearied with extraordinary motion for in all motion of the Body says Hippocrates when any person comes to be wearied Rest is presently the Remedy against Weariness This Ovid also confirms where he says That whatever wants alternate Rest can never long support it self for Rest repairs the strength and recreates the weary Members The Mind also wearied with Cares and study stands in need of Relaxation and Rest which unless you grant it is impossible to maintain its Vigor Ease nourishes the Body and feeds the Mind But as moderate Ease is wholesom so immoderate Sloth is hurtful for it dulls the vigor of the Mind and begets Crudity For as by Exercise the Native Heat is increas'd and Concoction expedited so is it by Sloth extinguish'd and Concoction hinder'd Of the Excrements D. What Excrements are wholesom C. The several Excrements if they be moderate and seasonably thrown off are wholesom but if they be kept in and tarry too long in the Body they putrefie and breed several sorts of Diseases Wherefore for the preservation of Health they are to be expell'd in time by the help of Art D. But artificial evacuation is not convenient because we learn out of Hippocrates That sane People purg'd by Cathartick Med'cins suddenly decay C. That is to be understood of such as are of an unblameable habit of Body who before Meals are constant in their exercise of their Body and Mind and take an accurate care in observing due Concoction But as for them who keep no constant method of Feeding or through Intemperance or Business or Ignorance tho healthy and strong they cannot pretend to be safe from Diseases unless it be by a provident loosning the Belly by intervals or sometimes by making use of more powerful Purgation and by seasonable opening a Vein or taking such Remedies as are effectual to concoct attenuate and cleanse as Galen tells us in his Book De Euchymia D. What is to be observ'd in determining the Quantity of Evacuation C. You are always to consider the strength of the Person for all Evacuation too excessive is dangerous because it weak'ns the strength D. What is the method of Evacuation C. Where there is most superfluous Matter there by little and little not all at once evacuation is to be made lest the Body be too suddenly and too violently weak'nd therefore it is better to let Bloud often then to take away too much at one time In the same manner it is safe to purge the Body by moderate reiteration then to give a Scowrer all at once Thus it is better to procure Sweat Urine or Womens Flowers by gentle reiterated Med'cins then by one forcible Medicament And thus the moderate Use of the Venereal Act with due cessation may be wholsom for the preservation whereas the immoderate use of it is the destruction of Health D. What is the fittest time for Evacuation C. As for the Season of the Year the Spring is the fittest for Bloud-letting and Purging according to the Opinion of Hippocrates for then saith Philotheus the Heat is neither too fierce which a Dissolution of the Body nor the Cold too vehement which thickens the Humors Galen also prescribes the Evacuation of superfluous Humors in Autumn by way of Precaution Now for the Excrements which are hurtful in themselves as the Excrement of the Guts Urine Sweat Snot and Spittle they are daily to be evacuated but such as are only hurtful in their Excess as the Seed and Menstruous Bloud they may be retain'd till their Quantity offend Moderate Coition after the first Sleep is most profitable as well for the preservation of Health as for Generation for then the Seed is perfectly concocted and the loss of Spirits is easily made good again by the ensuing Sleep Coition during the coming down of the Monthly Courses is prohibited for fear the Birth prove Leprous nor is it good upon a full or a fasting Stomach The Spring is the most proper season and Youth the most proper Age for it In other Ages of men the Seed is either none at all or else unfit for Generation If the Flowers come not down they are to be provok'd by Art at the same time that usually they came down before But neither Women with Child nor Nurses nor young Girles nor Old Women are permitted to make use of Art in that particular Of the Passions of the Mind D. Of all the things not Natural which belong to the preservation of Health there only remain those which the Latins call Perturbations of the Mind I desire thee to explain what and how many they are and whether they be wholesom or no C. The Passions are Motions of the Mind violent and contrary to right Reason which cause an alteration in the Body because of the extraordinary force of the Native Heat acting together with the Spirit and Bloud both without and within There are four Principal Passions two arising from an Opinion of a good Object as Gladness or Joy and Desire and as many out of an apprehension of a bad Object as Sadness and Fear Anger and Shame are added but the first being a burning Desire of Revenge is referr'd to Desire as the latter may be said to relate to Fear The two first sorts of Passion if they be moderate are wholesom otherwise pernicious For many pusilanimous Persons have expir'd through immoderate Joy as the Writings of several Authors testifie but all the rest are hurtful for many have di'd through vehement and sudden grief at what time a weak little Soul being oppress'd by a strong Affection was presently extinct and suffocated while all the Bloud was violently carry'd away to make an inundation upon its first Original Thus Pliny relates that P. Rutilius hearing the News of his Brothers Repulse upon his putting in for the Consulship presently expir'd Thus upon the 16th of August 1619. Monteler a Noble young Gentleman of Tours and Lieutenant Colonel of the Regiment of Ments through extraordinary Grief fell down suddenly dead as he was talking in the Street His Body being open'd all his Bowels appear'd to
effeminate it nourishes the Brain and other cold and moist parts of the Body wherein it chiefly differs from the Excrementitious D. What is the Excrementitious Flegm C. The Serous or Whey-like superfluity which the Kidneys separate from the Bloud and conveigh to the Bladder through the Vreters where it is called Urine D. At what Age is Flegm most redundant C. Flegm abounds most in old Age by reason of the decay of the Natural Heat D. When does it most abound in the Body C. The Winter fills the Body with Flegm by reason of the great plenty of Rain and the length of the Nights as Hippocrates declares A moist Constitution of the Air works also the same Effect for the moisture of the ambient Air increases flegmatic Humors and begets a great many watery superfluities D. Which are accounted the secondary Humors C. Such as derive their Original from the former in any part of the Body where they are more exactly prepar'd by the last concoction from whence two manifest Excrements proceed Sweat and Ordure besides what goes forth by insensible Transpiration D. How many are the secondary Humors C. They are reck'nd to be in number four according to the diversity of those Alterations which they undergo while they are prepar'd for the nourishment of every part The first is that which is contain'd in the small Veins thence ready to empty it self into the vacant spaces The second that which being diffus'd into the substance of the Part penetrates it like a kind of Dew The third that which gathering about the Hair sticks to it And the last is a thickn'd Liquor that sticks in such a manner to the Fibres that it seems to be chang'd into the substance of a Similar Part. And thus the Humors through the variety of their Alteration at length change into the Nature of the Body D. Think'st thou the Humors constituting the Nature of the Body to be perpetually Natural C. Not so for as when the Humors observe their Mixture and Temper they are natural so when they fall from their equal Constitution they become devious and wanderers from Nature Whence it happens that Bodies are sometimes sound sometimes sick according to that of Hippocrates containing in it self Bloud and Flegm black and yellow Melancholy by which the Nature of the Body is constituted and by means of which it is either sick or well for by the benefit of these it is in health when they answer one to another in reference to Temperament in Quantity and Quality and in reference to Mixture when they are mix'd and not separated one from the other But the Body is sick through the ill operation of these when in reference to Temperament one abounds the other is defective in Quality or when in Quality when the faculty of the one is more intense of the other more remiss Or else in reference to Mixture when one Humour separates from the rest of the Mass for when one Humour is separated from the rest of the Mass there must of necessity be some Distemper in that part from whence the Humour is departed contrary to Nature or in that part where it overflows contrary to Nature which Humour departing from the rest if it be expell'd without the Body begets a simple Disease but if it remain within the Body it will cause a double Distemper in that Part which it has left through Evacuation and in the Part where it abounds by Repletion D. How does the Blood deviate from the Rule of Nature C. When it grows corrupt that is when the thinner portion of it turns to yellow the thicker to black Choler by which it becomes fuller of Choler and Melancholy Or if it be vitiated by other Humors which flow into the Veins from the Bag of the Gall or any other Parts D. How does Choler deviate from Nature C. When either within or without the Veins it changes its Nature D. How many sorts of Choler are bred in the Veins contrary to Nature C. Three sorts the pale the yolk-colour'd and the black D. How does Choler become pale C. By the mixture of the serous Humour D. How of the colour of the Yolk of an Egg C. It is compounded of yellow and pale while the Acrimony of the Unnatural Heat is boyl'd up as it were to a Consistency so that of a thin it becomes a thick substance and the colour of it is likewise heightn'd resembling the colour of a raw yolk of an Egg. D. How does black Choler depart from its natural course C. Black Choler is made of the Vitelline by the extremity of Heat and Burning D. How many sorts of Choler are bred out of the Veins contrary to Nature C. Three sorts the Leek-colour'd the Rust-colour'd and the Woad-colour'd D. What is the Matter which compounds them C. They are generated chiefly in the Stomach of Meats that are of vicious and evil Juice and the Vitelline Choler poured forth into the Stomach is frequently chang'd into one or other of these contracting a change of colour from the coldness of the Place D. What causes the Effects of Melancholy against Nature C. When the MeIancholic Humor by extremity of Heat is as it were burnt to ashes so that it becomes sharp and biting differing from the Melancholic Juice as burnt Lees from not burnt This sort of Melancholy is call'd Black Choler and Black-choleric Humor D. What causes in Flegm its contra-natural Effects C. When it is corrupted either in the Veins or without the Veins D. How many sorts of Flegm are bred in the Veins against Nature C. Two sorts Acid and Salt D. What is the Acid C. That which is chiefly raw and crude which besides the first and imperfect Alteration in the Stomach has had no other Concoction D. How comes Flegm to be salt C. By the corruption of sweet Flegm through the mixture of the serous Humour D. How many sorts of Flegm are bred without the Veins C. Four sorts the Watery the Snotty the Glassy and the Pargetty D. What is the Watery C. That which is so thin that it distils from the Nostrils or falls from the Brains upon the lower parts like Water D. What is the Mucous C. That which by the heat of the Parts is thicken'd into the substance of Snot D. What is the Vitrous or Glassy C. That which in colour and substance is like melted Glass thicker and colder then the Snotty D. What the Pargetty C. That which at length becomes as thick and hard as Parget such as is sometimes seen in the Joynts in which after preceding thinner distillation and dissolutions of the thinner part of the Matter at last appears a piece of Flegm hardn'd like a Pumice-Stone Of the Spirits D. Leaving the Humors let us proceed to the Spirits Why are they call'd Impulsive by Hippocrates C. Because that by their means the Corporeal Bulks of Living Creatures are mov'd perceive live and subsist even by their aid the dull and heavy bodies of