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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
spirit_n	body_n	part_n	soul_n	20,019	5	5.7069	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A31706	The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.; De bello civili. English	Caesar, Julius.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Observations upon Caesars commentaries of the civil warres.; Hirtius, Aulus. De bello Gallico. Liber 8. English.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Manner of our modern training or tactick practise.; Caesar, Julius. De bello Gallico. English.	1655 (1655)	Wing C199; ESTC R17666	660,153	403

an eminent evil which may either dispossess the soul of this earthly mansion or trouble the quiet wherein she resteth the spirits as it seemeth by the direction of their soveraign Mistresse retire themselves into the inner cabinets and secreter pavillions of the body where the chiefest part of the soul is most resident and so they leave the frontier quarters of her kingdome naked and ungarrisoned the better to strengthen that capitall City of the heart out of which the life cannot fly but to the utter ruine and destruction of the whole body For fear is not only a perturbation of the soul proceeding from the opinion it hath of some evil to come but it is also a contraction and closing up of the heart when the bloud and the spirits are recalled from the outward parts to assist that place which giveth life and motion to all the rest In this Chaos and confusion of humours and spirits when the multiplicity of faculties which otherwise require an ordinate distinction in their service and by the order of nature should be disposed into severall instruments and be dilated throughout the body are thus blended confusedly together the conceptions of the mind which presently rise from these advertisements are suddenly choaked with the disordered mixture of so many severall properties and are stifled as it were in the throng before they can be transported to our judgement or examined by reason for want of that ordinate uniformity of place which nature requireth in the powers of the mind And hence proceedeth that amazednesse and astonishment which so daunteth the hearts of men when they are taken with this passion that because the soul giveth no counsell the body can afford no motion but standeth forzen through the extremity of the perturbation benummed in sense and forsaken of the spirits So we read that Theophilus the Emperour in an overthrow which he had given him by the Hagarens was strucken with such an excessive fear that he could not betake himself to ●light Adeo pavor etiam auxilia formidat untill one of his chief Commanders shaking him by the shoulder as though he were to awake him out of a deep sleep threatned him with present death if he would not prevent the ruine of the Empire by using that means which was only left for his safety Again if in that turbulent consistory the spirits chance distinctly to receive any apprehension proceeding from the forgeing faculty of the soul they carry it presently to execution before it be examined by reason and follow the action with such vehemency that they leave no place for better advice and reknowledgement And this is the cause that oftentimes through extremity of fear to avoid one evil we run headlong into a worse and find a greater danger in the means we use to avoid a lesse because reason did not first try the apprehension before it was delivered to externall Agents And so we find in the battel between Germanicus and the Almans that two grosse troups of souldiers were driven into such an extasy of fear that taking contrary courses to avoid one the same danger they either of them fled to that place which the other had quitted neither could they be advised by each others flight that the places which they sought after afforded them no remedy And albeit reason be called to counsell when a parlee is summoned of composition yet it beareth so small a sway in the consultation that the will of it self concludeth to betray vertue to dishonour and so to purchase peace with the losse of the souls chiefest treasure which ought ever to be estimated at a higher rate then any other happinesse which can betide the mind For among all the sensible things of this world there is no creature that hath such a confused fear or is more amazed therewith then man is neither is there any misery greater or any bondage more shamefull servile or vile then this which maketh men very abjects of all other creatures to redeem the evil which the danger threatneth and then doth shame follow after so base a part and aggravate the burthen of the sin with loathsome disgrace and penitent discontentment adding oftentimes Aloes to Wormwood and making the end grievouser then the beginning And thus doth danger breed fear and fear yieldeth to dishonour and dishonour bringeth shame shame being alwayes mingled with wrath and anger revengeth it self upon it self and bringeth more peril then the first danger could threaten Whereby it appeareth that as the affections of the mind are bred one of another so on the contrary part some are bridled and restrained by others for as envy hatred and anger rise oftentimes of love so is joy lessened with grief envy with mercy and fear with shame But forasmuch as all such perturbations proceed of ignorance and inconsideratenesse whereby we think that the evil is greater then indeed it is let us consider what disposition of our judgement best moderateth the violent heat of these affections And first touching the passages whereby the soul receiveth her advertisements as they are of divers natures the chiefest whereof are the eye and the ear so are their avisoes different in quality and require a severall consideration to be rightly discerned The intelligence by the eye is more certain then that which cometh by the way of hearing forasmuch as the eye is a witnesse it self of every action whereof it taketh notice neither is it deceived in its proper object and therefore the judgement is not much troubled to determine definitively how great or how small the danger is when the relations carry alwayes that certainty And albeit the care in like manner be not deceived in her proper object for it faithfully giveth up that sense which sound hath delivered unto it yet forasmuch as the fantasy hath greater scope to coin her vain conceptions in regard of the absence of the action it is necessary that the discoursing faculty be called for an assistant before the judgement can truly determine and then it will appear that the truth doth not alwayes answer the report which is made thereof inasmuch as diseased spirits will not stick to dilate or qualify relations according to the key wherein they themselves are tuned And therefore this first cometh to be considered of in all such violent commotions by which of these two senses the first intelligence was received But concerning the judgement it self this is most certain that the more it is infected with the corruptions of the flesh the more violent are the affections of the soul And again the purer the judgement is and the higher it is lifted up from earthly natures being no further interessed therein then to hold a resolution of well doing the fewer and lighter are the affections which trouble and molest it for then it better discerneth the truth and falsehood good or evil that is in things To redresse this inconvenience Caesar betook himself to the fittest and most proper remedy which was

according to the custome he took his chair in the Senate The first came up to him was one Celer who while he was entreating him to release a Brother of his that was in captivity the rest came up to him whereat he suspecting some violence cryed out what force is this To which the above-mentioned Atilius Cimber answered him with a wound in the throat which the rest of the Conspiratours seconded with others But that which amazed him above all was to see Brutus among them one whose authority was great and one whom he had obliged beyond all expression of gratitude when a conquered enemy upon which he could not but break forth into these words And thou son Brutus art thou one Whereupon seeing there was no possibility of escaping he remembred to keep the honour of his person covering his head with part of his robe and with his left hand settling his cloaths about him and so having received 23. wounds he fell to the ground a sacrifice to the publick Liberty near the base of Pompey's statue which was noted as a judgement of the Gods Caesar having neither Son nor Daughter legitimate at his death had by his will before adopted his Nephew Octavius Caesar who was afterwards called Octavianus Augustus who studied in Apollonia at the time of this murther of Caesar and expected to go with him to the war against the Parthians being then about 17. yeares of age This death as all extraordinary accidents must needs beget tumult and confusion in the City All Offices ceased the Temples and Courts of Justice were shut up Caesar's friends were afraid of the Conspiratours they reciprocally of them This Tumult somewhat startled the Conspiratours who seeing the design took not with the people as they expected to secure themselves seized the Capitoll crying as they went Liberty Liberty Liberty Whereupon Antonius and Lepidus being all this while in Armes divers treaties of accommodation passed between them whereby it was at last agreed the Senate should sit whither Brutus and Cassius came Antonius's Sons being hostages for their return The Senate approves the fact the people dissemble their satisfaction for as the Authority of Brutus and Cassius with the name of Liberty was very charming on one side so the horrour of the fact and the love some bare Caesar exasperated them against the Murtherers But Mark Antony endeavouring to trouble the waters as much as he could among other things got Caesar's testament to be opened wherein he had bequeath'd to the people of Rome certain gardens and heritages near the River Tiber and to every Citizen of Rome a certain summe of money which being known it re-enflamed their old affection to Caesar and raised a compassion and a regret for his death The day appointed for his funerall the ceremony whereof was to burn his body in the field of Mars Antonius being to make the Oration brought with him the robe wherein Caesar was assassinated which being all bloudy he shewed to the people using some expressions which raised in them both indignation and pity insomuch as before the solemnity of the funerall was ended they all departed in great fury with the brands of the same fire to set afire the houses of Brutus and Cassius and the rest of the Conspiratours whom they sought running up down the streets In which fury they killed Aelius Cinna mistaking him for Cornelius Cinna who indeed was one of them This Tumult forced Brutus Cassius and all who conceived themselves guilty of Caesar's death to depart from Rome whereupon Antonius took occasion to dispense with the decree of the Senate and assuming Caesar's power and authority persecuted them all he could Brutus and Cassius went into Greece to govern those Provinces which Caesar whom they had murthered had conferred on them which were Macedonia and Syria and in like manner were all the rest dispersed and that so unfortunately that within the space of three yeares they all came to violent deaths He was slain in the 56. year of his age somewhat above four years after the death of Pompey 700. years after the foundation of Rome 3010. years after the Creation but according to the 70. Interp. 5157. in the 184. Olympiad and 42. years before the birth of Christ Having made himself perpetuall Dictator he enjoyed it 3. years 4. months and 6. dayes Thus have we traced this transcendent Personage through all his great and incomparable actions and atchievements we have viewed him in his distresses and extremities and we have also seen him in his victories triumphs expressing the same greatnesse that is the same equality of mind in both we have surveyed him in all his excellencies and abilities both of mind and body we have considered the invincibility of his spirit his incomparable courage his clemency magnanimity his policy vigilance prudence conduct we have as near as we can enumerated the many battels he fought the many victories obtained the many people and provinces reduced the many Kings and Countries subdued so to figure a person imitable in all things that may be called great or vertuous not exceedable in any we have described and dilucidated his Medalls wherein if we have committed any offence it hath been in studying brevity purposely omitting many things that might have been said and forbearing the multitude and particularity of citations least it might be thought a vanity lastly we have accompanied him to his funerall pile the fire whereof consumed his murtherers and enemies while he himself is carried up by the same element to shine eternally a starre of the first magnitude in the firmament of famous and heroick spirits And there we leave him recommending the Reader to see and find him haply farre greater then our commendations in his own everlasting COMMENTARIES FINIS THe second and seventh pages of this Life of Caesar being rashly put to working at the Press before they were corrected the Reader is desired to take notice of these ensuing faults with their emendations and to think never the worse of the rest of the book In pag. 2. lin 1. after be killed read as if even vertue may be excessive and a crime as he c. l. 20. for paint ever paint over l. 33. for Cisalphina Cisalpina l. 35. for Lacedemonia Lacedaemon l. 37 38. for Sardynia Creeta Candia Cypres Rhodes and Negrepont Sardinia Creet Cyprus Rhodes and Negropont In pag. 7. l. 1. for which four with four l. 9. for gulf Venice gulf of Venice l. 14. for their forts their efforts l. 15. for Curius Curio l. 19. for that Consull that Consul l. 28. for Boetia Lacedaemonia Creeta in some copies Baeotia Lacedaemon Creet l. 38. for deferred him deterred him l. 46. for takes it takes in With some literall faults and ill pointing IULIUS CAESAR Reading and Discourse are requisite to make a souldier perfect in the Art militarie how great soever his knowledge may be which long experience and much practice of Arms hath gained WHen I

those late and fresh injuries for that they had attempted to pass through the Province by force of Armes sacked and pillaged the Heduans Amba●s and Allobrogians that did so insolently vaunt of their victorie admiring that these injuries were suffered so long time to rest unrevenged came all in the end to one passe For the immortall Gods were went sometimes to give happinesse and long impunitie to men that by the greater alteration of things the punishment should be the more grievous for their offences Howbeit if they would give Hostages for the performance of those things which were to be agreed upon and satisfie the Heduans and Allobrogians together with their Allies for the injuries they had done unto them he would be content to make peace with them Divico replied that they were taught by their Ancestours to take Hostages rather then to give them whereof the people of Rome were witnesses and thereupon departed The next day they removed the Camp and the like did Caesar sending all his horse before to the number of four thousand which he had raised in the Province and drawn from the Heduans and their Associates to understand which way the Enemy took who prosecuting the rereward overhotly were forced to undertake the Helvetian Cavalry in a place of disadvantage and thereby lost some few of their Company The enemy made proud with that encounter having with five hundred horse beaten so great a multitude did afterwards make head with more assurance and sometimes stuck not to ●ally out of the Rereward and assault our Partie Caesar kept back his men from fighting and held it enough for the present to keep the Enemy from spoiling and harrying the Country and went on for fifteen daies together in such manner as there were but five or six miles between the first troupes of our Armie and the Rereward of theirs OBSERVATION THis example of the Helvetians may lesson a Commaunder not to wax insolent upon every overthrow which the enemie taketh but duely to weigh the true causes of a victorie gotten or an overthrow taken that apprehending the right current of the action he may neither vaunt of a blind victorie nor be disma●ed at a casuall mishap And herein let a heedfull warinesse so moderate the sequels of victorie in a triumphing spirit that the care and jealousie to keep still that sweet-sounding fame on foot may as farre surpasse the indu●trie which he first used to obtain it as the continuance of happinesse doth exceed the beginning of good fortunes For such is the nature of our soul that although from her infancie even to the manhood of her age she never found want of that which she lusted after yet when she meeteth with a counterbuffe to check her appetite and restrain her affections from their satisfaction she is as much troubled in that want as if she had never received any contentment at all for our will to everie object which it seeketh after begetteth alwaies a new appetite which is not satisfied with a former quittance but either seeketh present paiment or returneth discontentment unto the mind And as our soul is of an everlasting being and cannot think of an end to her beginning so she seeketh a perpetuall continuance of such things as she lusteth after which he that meaneth to hold Fortune his friend will endeavour to maintain Chap. VI. Caesar sendeth to get the advantage of a hill and so to give the Helvetians battell but is put off by false intelligence The opportunitie being lost he intendeth provision of Corn. IN the mean time Caesar pressed the Heduans from day to day to bring in Corn according to their promise for by reason of the cold temperature of Gallia which lieth to the Northward it happened not only that the Corn was farre from being ripe but also that there was scarce forrage for the horses And the provisions which were brought along the river Arar stood him in small stead at that time forasmuch as the Helvetians had taken their journey clean from the River and he would by no means forsake them The Heduans putting it off from one day to another gave out still it was upon coming But when Caesar found the matter so long delayed and that the day of meting out Corn to the souldiers was at hand calling before him the chiefest Princes of the Heduans of whom he had great numbers in his Camp and amongst them Divitiacus and Liscus who for that time were the soveraign Magistrates which they call Vergobret being yearly created and having power of life and death he did greatly blame them that he was not supplied with Corn from them the Enemy being so near and in so needfull a time that it could neither be bought for money nor had out of the fields especially when for their sake and at their request he had undertook that warre Whereat he was the rather grieved because he found himself forsaken of them At length Liscus moved with Caesars speech discovered which before he had kept secret that there were some of great authority amongst the Commons and could do more being private persons then they could do being Magistrates These by sedicious and bad speeches did defer the people from bringing Corn shewing it better for them sith they could not attain to the Empire of Gallia to undergo the soveraigntie of the Galles then the Romans for they were not to doubt but if the Romans vanquished the Helvetians they would bereave the Heduans of their libertie with the rest of all Gallia By these men are our deliberations and counsels or whatsoever else is done in the Camp made known to the Enemy ●hat they were not able to keep them in obedience That he knew well withall what danger he fell into by acquainting Caesar with these things which was the cause he had kept them from him so long Caesar perceived that Dumnorix Divitiacus brother was shot at by this speech of Liscus but forasmuch as he would not have those things handled in the presence of so many he speedily bra●e off the Councell retaining Liscus asked privately after those things which he had delivered in the Assembly whereunto he spake more freely and boldly then before And inquiring secretly of others he found it to be true that Dumnorix was of great courage singularly favoured for his liberality of the Common people desirous of novelties and changes and for many years had kept at a low rate the Taxes and Impositions of the Heduans forasmuch as no man durst contradict what he would have done By which courses he had increased his private estate and got great means to be liberall for a great number of horsemen did onely live upon his entertainment and were continually about him being not onely powerfull at home but abroad also amongst divers of the neighbour States and for this cause had married his Mother to a great Rich man and of a Noble house in the Countrey of the Bituriges himself had took a wife of

at his pleasure kept the passages and left notwithstanding a sufficient garrison in his Camp by which means corn and provision would in time grow scarce with him whilst the enemy waxed every day stronger he thought it his best course not to linger any longer but presently to give them battel The matter being referred to a Councell of warre when he understood that all men were of the same opinion he appointed the next day to give them battel and in the dawning putting his men in a double battel and placing the Auxiliarie forces in the middest he attended to see what the enemy would do The Galles although they were perswaded that they might adventure battel both in regard of their multitude and ancient prowesse of warre as also in respect of the paucity of the Romans yet they thought it better to block up the passages and so cut off all carriages and convoies of corn and so the victory would follow without bloudshed and if the Romans for want of Corn should offer to make a retreat they would then set upon them as they marched wearied with travell heavily laden with their burthens and dejected in their spirits This resolution being approved by the whole Councell of the Galles when the Romans imbattelled their forces they kept their men within their Camp THE FIRST OBSERVATION THis Sertorius had followed the faction of Marius and Cinna and when Sylla had overthrown both the elder and younger Marius he fled into Spain and there maintained the quarrell on foot against Pompey and Metellus and overthrew them in many battels but in the end was treacherously slain by Perpanna at a banquet He was a man of great spirit and of admirable dispatch and under him were these Captaines brought up which Caesar commendeth for their skill in Armes THE SECOND OBSERVATION IN histories propounding to our consideration the deeds and monuments of former ages we may observe two especiall means which the great Commanders of the world have entertained to atchieve victory and over-master their enemies the first by cunning and wise carriage of a matter before it come to triall by blows the second by forceable means and waging of battel the one proceeding from wisdome and the better faculties of the soul and the other depending upon the strength and ability of the body Concerning the first it hath ever been held more honourable as better suting the worth of the spirit and the divine essence of our nature so to direct the course of an action that the adverse part may be weakned by wit and prevented in the projects of their better fortunes by anticipation of means and occasions and so through advantages taken from their own proceedings to be driven to that exigent which may determine of the controversy before they come to blows and conclude the matter by terms of Art taken from the directions of good providence For to speak a truth the action of battel as it is the last part in that faculty so it is the worst in regard of Christian duty and better fitteth the progeny of Lamech his second wife which the Divines do note to be born to the ruine and destruction of mankind then the children of grace whose joy consisteth in peace and love Caesar in the first of the Civile wars respected the same thing but from other grounds for having shut up Afranius and Petreius in a place of disadvantage so as he might have cut them off without further trouble yet forasmuch as he foresaw the victory coming towards him without blow or wound he thus answered his Captains that were earnest upon the enemy Cur etiam secundo praelio aliquos ex suis amitteret cur vulnerari pateretur optime de se meritos milites cur denique fortunam periclitaretur Why should he lose any of his souldiers in battel though he got the day why should he suffer those to be wounded who had deserved so highly at his hands or why should he hazard his good fortune And this course did these Galles take which under Sertorius had learned the Roman Art and the Roman industry and were now become so expert that they had almost beaten the Romans at their own weapon This first means is principally to be imbraced as the safest way in these uncertain and casuall events for that which resteth upon corporall strength and maketh execution the means to a conclusion is very terrible even to the better party full of hazard and of little certainty For it were a miracle of Fortune never heard of yet so to carry a battel upon what advantage or means soever that the victor Army should buy so great a fortune without bloudshed or losse of men and erect a Trophy to Honour at the sole cost of the Enemy without losse or expense of his own treasure And for the uncertainty in a battel who knoweth not what infinite chances and changes may happen in every small moment of time to turne the fortune of the day to this or that partie and make both sides unconstant in their affections by presenting them interchangeably with hope and fear joy and sorrow And therefore Caesar thought it not best to tempt the waywardnesse of Fortune when by other means he might obtain his desires This I say is chiefly to be imbraced if our means will afford us that happinesse but howsoever I hold it wisedome so to entertain this course of victory that we omit not the chiefest helps of furtherance when it cometh to blows but to think of this conquest by art and wit as necessary if our means will serve us to compasse it of the other as necessary whether we will or no for the history maketh it plain that when Brutus found himself destitute of means to undertake that course of victory which proceedeth from providence and discreet carriage he then betook himself necessarily to the later and by the help of battel sought to free himself from those disadvantages into which the Galles had brought him THE THIRD OBSERVATION I Observe further out of this place that what course soever be taken a discreet Leader will not easily forgoe an advantage without great assurance of a better fortune nor change the certainty of a benefit upon probabilities of other hopes untill it have paid him the interest of his expectation and wrought that effect which it promised to perform For so he might forgo his fortune by presuming too much upon the favour of future chances which are often seen to crosse our purposes rather then to further the way which is taken THE FOURTH OBSERVATION FUrther I observe this double battel to be answerable to the paucity of the Roman forces for their usuall manner was to make a triple battel that the first might have a second and a third help but where their number would not afford that commodity they then made two battels that there might be the succour of a second supply But they never fought with one single battel for

had seen ten years service grounding this custome upon another law which commanded the Equites to serve ten and the Pedites or Commons twenty whole years before they could be freed and discharged from the wars And therefore according to the proportion of their stipendary time as the Equites were admitted Tribunes at five years so were the legionary footmen at ten as at half their compleat time of serving in the wars The generall respect which the Romans had in the choise of every particular man from the highest to the lowest was included in the circumstances of their age and of their wealth The age which they deemed fit to endure the labours of war was from seventeen to six and forty for so saith Tubero concerning the first limit of military ability that Servius did inrole souldiers from the age of seventeen years adjudging such to be sit for the service of the Common-weale And Censor●nus expresseth the second with an etymology of the name where he saith that men were called Juvenes unto the age of forty six years Quod rempublicam in re militari possint juvare because till then they were able to help and serve their country in war In this ability of years we are to understand that the law required every man to perfect the compleat number of twenty years stipend if there were occasion of so many wars in that space of nine and twenty years which is comprehended between seventeen and forty six The wealth which is the second circumstance that made men capable of military dignity was necessarily required to amount to the value of Drachmas quadringentas as Polybius saith which by the Latine phrase was termed quaterna millia aeris such as were not worth so much were neglected in this choise and reserved for sea-service neither was it lawfull for any man to attain to any office or magistracy within the city untill he had merited ten years stipend Upon a resolution to make an inrolement which was almost every year the Consuls did proclaim a day when all men of military age were to present themselves Upon which day the Roman youth being assembled in the city and then in the Capitol the fourteen Tribunes elected out of the body of the Equites divided themselves according as they were chosen by the people into four parts forasmuch as in former time the whole forces of their Empire consisted of four legions or regiments whereof I have discoursed at large in the former book And the four Tribunes first chosen were allotted to the first legion the three next to the second legion the four other to the third and the three last to the fourth In like manner the ten Tribunes which were taken out of the common body of the people divided themselves into four parts and the two first chosen were inrolled in the first legion the three next in the second legion the two following in the third legion and the three last in the fourth By which ingenious and discreet allotment it came to passe that the communalty were intermingled in the government of their Armies with the Gentlemen in such an excellent mixture that the Equites were either superiour or equal to the Plebeii notwithstanding that every legion had an equall number of Tribunes The election being thus far carried the Tribunes of every legion sate them down by themselves the people being divided first into their Tribes and then into their classes and centuries casting lots which Tribe should be taken and out of that Tribe whereon the lot fell they drew fou● men as equall as they could both in age and habitude who being brought forth the Tribunes of the first legion made the first choise of one of those four then the Tribunes of the second legion had their choise they of the third legion took the next and the fourth had the last man And again out of the same Tribe were other four chosen and then the Tribunes of the second legion began first to make their choise and so consequently the first legion had the last man Again four other being chosen the Tribunes of the third legion had the first election and in that course the second legion had the last man And by this alternate and successive election it came to passe that every legion was equally compounded both in quality and in number The inrolement proceeding in this manner untill their numbers were full the Tribunes of every legion assembled their severall troups together and took one out of every regiment and gave an oath unto him that he should execute and obey according to his power whatsoever was commanded him by his Generall the rest being particularly called were sworn to keep the same oath which their fore-man had taken And thus we see both who were the electors who were eligible and the manner of their choise Wherein we may observe what means they used to ingage every particular man with an interest in the generall cause for they thought it not sufficient to force men out by publick authority and to bind them si●mply to that service by the mandates of their Empire considering the labours and difficulties of war which oftentimes are able to dull the edge of the greatest spirit and to cause omissions of duty in the most honest and obedient minds but they tyed them likewise with such particular respects as did both concern the possessions of their fortune and the religion of their soul For it is observed concerning mans actions that unlesse the mind do faithfully affect the execution it may be carried with such a perfunctory service as shal betray the true intent to no effect and deceive the end of that which was promised by designment And therefore they refused to inrole any man that had not a convenient proportion of wealth to maintain a stedfast and well-resolved courage and to settle the motions of a staggering mind when they bethought themselves that the publick duties wherein they were ingaged were the defensive powers of their Empire and the means whereby the publick weale continued happy and so by consequence their private fortunes were assured from violence and preserved onely by an effectuall observance of their military discipline I grant that it is not altogether wealth that doth grace formalize the actions of men for in some cases penury and want makes men more valorous according to the answer which a souldier once made to Lucullus Ibit eo quo vis qul zonam perd●dit inquit Whither you will hee 'l go who 's lost his purse Notwithstanding forasmuch as the publick cause is either misprised or well affected according as it doth concern every man in particular as who will doubt of the uttermost diligence of those Mariners that have their vessell fraught with their own goods or contrariwise who will blame a mercenary Pilot for making peace with death with the losse of other mens merchandise for Patria est ubicunque bene est That 's a mans country

where he is well as one truely saith and the estimation we have of this life is entertained onely by the benefits we hold by our life therefore it much importeth a State to have such Agents to negotiate the publick businesses as are ingaged in the same by the interest of their own particular Neither was it sufficient in that government to chuse men of ability both i● their body and in their substance but they found it necessary to bind their conscience with a religious consecration and to swear a faithfull obedience to their Generall which with the reverence of the place being the Capitoll and other ceremonies of majesty attending the inrolement doth manifestly shew how much the Romans imputed to this part of their discipline being the foundation of the sequele of that action THE SECOND OBSERVATION SEcondly I observe the benefit which an opulent and able State may make of any losse or misfortune received by an enemy which consisteth chiefly in the reinforcing or if it may be in the redoubling of such troups as the casualties of war have consumed For it much abateth the spirit of a people and turneth the pride of a victory into discouragement and faintness of heart when they see their best and most fortunate indeavours atchieve nothing but a reiteration of their labours and are driven to begin again that work which with much difficulty and hazzard they had once overcome For it is the end that maketh any labour to be undertaken being a otherwise nothing but a pain of the body vexation of the spirit And herefore when it shall be found either circular or of many confrontments before it can answer the designments of our mind we chuse rather to forgo that contentment which the accomplishment of our desires would afford us then to buy it with such a measure of trouble as exceedeth that which the proportion of our means seemeth able to effect In regard whereof the ancient sages of the world made a task of this quality to be one of Hercules labours by faining the serpent Hydra to be of this nature that when one head was smitten off two other heads grew out presently from the same stump and so his labour multiplied his travell and his valour increased the difficulty of his work It was Caesars custome in other cases to have such a beginning of strength at his first entrance into a war as by continuance might be augmented and rather increase then decay upon the resistance of an enemy So he began the war in Gallia with six legions continued it with eight and ended it with ten he began the civile war but with one legion he arrived at Brundusium with six he followed Pompey into Greece with fifteen thousand foot and five thousand horse and ended that war with two and twenty thousand foot and a thousand horse He began the war at Alexandria with three thousand two hundred foot and ended it with six legions He began the war in Africk with six and ended it with eight legions And thus he imitated naturall motion being stronger in the end then in the beginning and made his army as a plant like to grow great and sprowt out into many branches rather then to die or decay for want of strength or fresh reinforcing CHAP. II. The Treviri sollicite the Germans and some of the States of Gallia Caesar carrieth four legions into the territories of the Nervi● INduciomarus being slain as is related in the former book the Treviri gave the government unto his kinsfolk who intermitted no time to sollicite their borderers with the Germans and to prom●se them mony for the wars When they could not prevail with their neighbours they tryed those that were farther off and having ●ou●d som● that hearkened to their designes they confirmed their league with a mutuall oath giving pledges for assurance of mony and withall they drew Amoiorix into their society and consederation Which things being known Caesar perceiving the preparations which in every part were made for war the Nervii Aduatici and the Menapii with all the Germans on the other side of the Rhene to be in armes the Senones not to come being summoned but to be in councell with the Carnutes and their bordering States the Germans to be sollicited with often Embassages from the Treviri he held it best to think of war sooner then heretofore he was accustomed And therefore before the winter was ended with four legions that lay next together he entred suddenly upon the confines of the Nervii and having taken a great number of men and cattell before they could either make head or fly away he distributed the booty to the souldiers wasted the country caused the people to come in and to give pledges unto him That businesse being speedily ended he brought the legions back again into their wintering camps THE FIRST OBSERVATION THis exemplary course of proceeding in punishing some one for the offences of many hath ever been held the best means to represse rebellious and factious motions as well amongst particular subjects which do conspire against the common Policy of a State as also of such inferiour Cities and States as shall entertain a confederacy prejudiciall to the soveraignty of an Empire for in all such combinations the undertakers are ever more confident in the assistance and mutuall incouragement of each others assent and forwardnesse then in the strength of their own particular means For the mind propounding a course contrary to a vertuous direction is alwayes suspicious and mistrustfull of the issue for as honest motions and conceptions of the heart are attended with assurance so doth diffidency wait upon indirect and perfidious designments And thence it happeneth that when the inward thoughts can afford no means of emboldening they commonly rely upon each others example and do make the action to appear honest unto themselves forasmuch as so many associates do approve it For the prevention whereof in the Continent of Gallia Caesar first layed a heavy hand upon the Nervii being well assured that as rebellious motions are strengthened and drawn on by the mutuall example of conspiring members so they may be weakened and extinguished by the exemplary ruine and subversion of some one or more of the said members which is as forcible to disswade as the other to encourage suting right with the tenour of Justice which ought to be carried in such sort against offenders that by the punishment of some few the fear may touch all According as the Poet describeth the nature and effect of thunder Ipse Pater media nimborum in nocte corusca Fulmina molitur d●●xtra quo maxima motu Terra tremit fugere ferae mortalia corda Per gentes humilis statuit pavor ille flagranti Aut Athon aut Rhodopea aut alta Ceraunia dextra Dejicit The whole earth trembled but one hill only smoaked for it THE SECOND OBSERVATION SEcondly I observe the respect which Caesar had

Generall had authority to call out such others either of the Communalty or the Equites as for their long service were freed by the laws from giving in their names at a muster and these they called Evocati as a man would say called out being all men of speciall note and service and such as were able to give sound advice for matter of war These Evocati went all for the most part under an ensigne and were lodged together in the camp behind the pavilion of the Generall near unto the gate which they called Porta Praetoria and were alwayes free from ordinarie duties as watching incamping and fighting unlesse it came to such a passe that every man would put to his helping hand but in all services they had their place appointed them according to their former experience and worth And thus the Romans strengthened their army with the wisdome and experience of such as for many years together had been acquainted with the difficulties and casualties of war and oftentimes were able to afford such helps both by example and otherwise by good directions as the wisdome of the Generall did gladly embrace Concerning these two young nobles Eporedorix and Viridomarus whom he nameth in this place Evocati we are to understand that they were called out to that war under the same title but to another end for being men of great place and authority he feared least in his absence they might be so wrought to favour Vercingetorix as neither himself nor the Hedui should have any cause to commend them according as it happened to Litavicus CHAP. XX. The Hedui rob and kill divers Roman Citizens WHile these things were a doing at Gergovia the Hedui having received the first messages from Litavicus gave themselves no time to understand the truth some being led on by covetousnesse others by anger and rashnesse as it is naturally ingrafted in that nation to take a light hear-say for a certain truth spoiled the Roman citizens of their goods and slew them besides or drew them into bondage Convictolitanis stirring up the common people to madnesse that when they had done some wicked fact they might be ashamed to be good again They drew Marcus Aristius a Tribune of the souldiers as he went to the Legion out of the town Cavillonium notwithstanding their faith and promise before given causing the rest to do the like which were there for matter of trade these they set upon forthwith as they travelled robbed them of their carriages and besieged such as made resistance day and night many were slain on both sides and a greater number were stirred up to take arms In the mean time news being come that all their souldiers were under Caesars power they run speedily to Aristius they tell him that nothing was done by publick authority they called such as robbed the Romans of their goods to answer the matter they confiscate the goods of Litavicus and his brethren they send Ambassadours unto Caesar to clear themselves of these disorders and this they do for the better recovery of their people that were now with Caesar But being contaminated with a wicked fact and taken with the shame of robbing the Roman citizens many of them being touched in the fact and much perplexed for fear of punishment they privily entred into consultations of war and sollicited other States to that purpose by their Ambassadours Which although Caesar understood yet he entertained them as courteously as he could telling them that for the ignorance and levity of the common people he would not think hardly of the State nor abate any thing of his good will and favour to the Hedui OBSERVATIONS A Wicked act is not onely hurtfull in it self and of its own condition but is like that box of evil which the Poets feign to have been given to Pandora to be kept alwayes shut for when the way is once made and the gap opened one mischief draweth on another and the tail that followeth is more viperous then the head There was never any one that stained himself with any detestable crime but was moved to commit a second evill that had relation to the first for wicked deeds are justified by themselves and one crime is upheld by another When the hand is dipt in bloud it seemeth no great matter to imbrue the arm and the loyalty of a people being once shaken by the indirect practises of a few it is no strange matter if the whole body of that State do immediately enter into treasonable consultations as it happened in this place with the Hedui who from that time which disclosed the treachery of their heart carried no faithfull regard to the Roman government untill the bitternesse of that war which happened shortly after had made them know their errour It shall be necessary therefore as much as lyeth in the possibility of our means to keep the body of vertue safe from wounding for albeit the wound be never so little yet it is alwayes wide enough to let out both the bloud and the spirits even to the evacuation of the vitall breath of morall honesty THE SECOND OBSERVATION COnvictolitanis plebem ad furorem impellit stirred up the common people to madness saith the story as the sittest instruments to trouble the State and to leaven the rest of the people with the fury of madness For the poorer and meaner people that have no interest in the Common-weal but the use of breath nor any other substance but a Flie in the commons are alwayes dangerous to the peace of that kingdome for having nothing to lose they willingly embrace all means of innovation in hope of gaining something by other mens ruine believing altogether in the Proverb which averreth the fishing to be good which is in troubled waters Catiline conspiring against the Roman Empire made choice of such to accompany him whose fortune was desperate And thereupon Salust saith Homini potentiam quaerenti egentissimus quisque opportunissimus cu●●neque sua chara quippe quae nulla sunt omnia cum pr●tio honesta videntur Indigent fellows are the fittest instruments for ambitious men who regard not their own because they have nothing esteeming all actions honest that they gain by L●v●e writeth that upon the rumour in Greece of warre between Perseus and the Romans the poorer sort did put themselves in pay under Perseus with this resolution that if there happened no alteration upon this occasion they would then cleave to the Romans and assist them to put the state of Greece into a garboil Semper in civitate saith Salust quibus opes nullae sunt bonis invident malos extollunt vetera odere nova exoptant odio suarum rerum mutari omnia student There are these two means left for a State to ease it self of this sort of people either to employ them abroad in warrs or to interesse them in the quiet of the Commonweale by learning them such trades and occupations as may give them a tast

bereave the judgement of her prerogative and give it no respite to censure them whereby it cometh to pass that young men are for the most part heedless inconsiderate rash and resolute putting more upon hazard then upon good advice On the otherside old age is cold in blood and not so quick of spirit but being beaten with the rod of long experience it learneth to be slow and lingring full of doubts and consideration inclining rather to a feminine fear then to a forward resolution Neither of these attributes are simply in themselves the best attendants of noble enterprises for a hot-spur gallant may run apace but not go sure and what young man soever is advanced to command had need of an old mans wit to discharge it And if authority did at any time fall into the hands of youth in the Roman government which was very seldom it was Praemium virtutis non aetatis for his vertues sake not his age Pompey was extraordinary happy in that behalf for he attained the surname of great because he had deserved the honour of triumph before his beard was grown And yet Sertorius took such advantage at Pompeys youth coming against him in Spain that he said he would have whipped the young boy to Rome again with rods had not that old woman meaning Metellus come to help him Again where old age heapeth doubt upon doubt and falleth into the danger of unprofitable lingring Nec ausus est satis nec providit it wanteth boldness to steel the enterprise falleth also short of good providence as Tacitus speaketh of F. Valens Augustus Caesar purposing to commend Tiberius his successour with an extraordinary praise said he was a man that never put one thing to be twice consulted of And it is said of Marius that being come to the age of threescore and five years or thereabouts he shewed himself very cold and slow in all his enterprises forasmuch as age had mortified his active heat and killed that ready disposition of body that was wont to be in him The Romans finding Fabius Maximus to be full of doubts and delay good to defend but not to offend and Marcellus of a stirring spirit neither quiet with good nor ill fortune as Annibal truly said of him they thought to joyn Marcellus youthfull courage with Fabius fear and wisedome and so make a temperature fit for a Generall whereupon they called Marcellus the sword and Fabius the buckler wherein Caesar of himself was excellent of whom Suetonius reporteth Dubium cautior an audentior It is uncertain whether he was more wary or daring The best state of years then for this business is that which tempereth the heat of youth with the coldness of age and quickneth the slow and dull proceedings of double advice with the rashness of youthfull resolution and falleth out between the years of five and thirty and five and fifty Scipio Africanus commanded the Roman army in Spain at four and twenty years of age and died at four and fifty Annibal was chosen Generall to Asdrubal at six and twenty years and poisoned himself at threescore and ten Pompey was slain at nine and fifty and Caesar at sixe and fifty Marcellus kept his youthfull resolution to his old dayes forbeing threescore years of age he never longed for any thing more then to fight with Annibal hand to hand CHAP. XXVIII The Galles consult of the carriage of that war THe revolt of the Hedui being known the warre waxed greater Ambassadours were sent out into all parts and they laboured to draw the rest of the States to their party as farre as either favour authority or money could prevail having got the pledges into their hands which Caesar had left with them they terrified such as stood doubtfull by threatning to kill them The Hedui do desire Vercingetorix to come unto them and to acquaint them with the course of that war which being yielded unto they labour to have the chief command transferred upon them The matter growing unto a controversie a generall Councell of all Gallia was summoned at Bibract Thither they repaired in great multitudes and the matter being put to voices they all with one consent made allowance of Vercingetorix for their Generall The men of Rhemes with the Lingones and Treviri were absent from this Councell the two first continuing their affection to the Roman party the Tr●viri were farre off and were annoyed by the Germans in respect they were absent from that warre and remained neutrall The Hedui were much grieved that they were put by the principalitie they complain of the change of their fortune and wished for Caesars former indulgence neither yet durst they disjoyn themselves again from the rest the warre being already undertaken but Eporedorix and Viridomarus two young men of great hope were constrained though unwilling to obey Vercingetorix He commanded pledges to be delivered by the rest of the States and appointed a day for that businesse He commanded fifteen thousand horse to be speedily brought together touching foot forces he would content himself with those which he had for his purpose was not to wage battell but whereas he was very strong in horse he made no doubt to keep the Romans from corn and forrage only th●y must patiently endure to have their corn spoiled and their houses burnt which particular losse would quickly be recompensed with libertie and perpetuall sovereignty These things being ordered he commanded ten thousand foot to be raised by the Hedui and Segusiani bordering upon the Province and to them he added eight hundred horse and sent them under the command of Eporedorix his brother to make warre against the Allobroges And on the other side he caused the Gabali and the nearest villages of the Arverni to set upon the Helvii the Rutheni and the Cadurci and to depopulate their countrey Notwithstanding by secret messages he dealt with the Allobroges whose minds he thought to be scarce settled from the former warre the promised money to their chiefest men and to give the government of all the Roman Province to their State To answer all these chances there were provided but two and twenty cohorts which being raised out of the Province were disposed by L. Caesar a Legate to prevent these mischiefs The Hedui of their own accord giving battell to their borderers were beaten out of the field and were driven into their towns with the slaughter of C. Valerius Donotaurus the sonne of Caburus the chief man of their State and of many other The Allobroges having set many watches and garrisons upon the river Rhene did with great care and diligence defend their borders Caesar understanding the enemy to be stronger in horse then he himself was and the passages being shut that he could not send either into the Province or into Italy for any supplies he sent over the Rhene into Germany and got horse from such States as he had quieted the year before with such light-armed footmen as were accustomed