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A77126
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A general idea of the Epitomy of the works of Robert Boyle, Esq. to which are added general heads for the natural history of a country / by R. Boulton ...
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Boulton, Richard, b. 1676 or 7.
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1700
(1700)
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Wing B3830A; ESTC R36502
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45,232
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127
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than another To discover and compare the Changes of the Temperature of the Air made by Winds strong or weak Frosty Snowy and other Weather To compare the Temperature of differing Houses and differing Rooms in the same House To observe in a Chamber the Effects of the Presence or Absence of Fire in a Chimney or Stove To keep a Chamber at the same Degree or assigned Degree of Driness SECT XII The Eighteenth Chapter shews the Efficacy 〈◊〉 the Air 's Moisture in contracting Ropes … elling of Timber and bursting of Marca … s. SECT XIII The Nineteenth Chapter contains an Account of some unheeded Causes of the Insalubrity and Salubrity of the Air under the following Propositions I. That it seems probable that in divers Places the Salubrity or Insalubrity of the Air considered in General may be in good part due to the subterraneal Expirations especially those called Ordinary Emissions II. It is probable that in divers Places some Endemical Diseases do chiefly or partly depend on Subterraneal Steams III. It is likely that divers Epidemical Diseases are in great part produced by Subterraneal Effluvia IV. It is probable that most of the Diseases that Physicians call New ones are caused either chiefly or concurrently by Subterraneal Steams SECT XIV The Twentieth and Twenty first Chapters shew That there are several Latent Qualities in the Air which arise from the Union and Conjunction of other Bodies with it some of which may possibly be raised by the Heat of the Sun Beams and also That the Air seems to contain in it all sorts of Seminal Principles SECT XV. The Twenty second Chapter contains an Endeavour to Improve Artificial Magnets And the Twenty third and fourth Chapters shew That Magnetical Qualities depend on a Mechanical Construction of the Constituent Parts of a Body since that Quality may be altered by the Effects of Fire and other Concurrent Accidents which can only Mechanically affect it SECT XVI The Twenty fifth Chapter proves by several Experiments That Electricity may be Mechanically produced or destroyed SECT XVII The Twenty sixth Chapter contains a General History of the Air in which since nothing is contained but what is Historical it is not possible to relate the Substance in less room than it is there contained CHAP. IV. SECT I. THE First Chapter of the Fourth Book proves That Tastes may be Mechanically produced SECT II. The Second and Third Chapters prove That Odours and Colours depend on a Mechanical Texture of the Body endowed with them SECT III. The Fourth Chapter contains an Experimental History of Colours from whence it appears That Diversity of Colours frequently denote different Properties in Bodies and that the Perception of Colours depends on a particular Motion given to the Spirits in the Retina and communicated to the Brain As for the Cause of Colours it depends on the various and differently modified Superficies of Bodies or the various Figures of the superficial Parts and their Situation and sometimes the Motion of a Body by which it is enabled to reflect the Rays of Light variously to the Eye As to Particular Colours in the Fifth Chapter we are told That Whiteness depends on such a Superficial Texture as reflects the Rays of Light not upon one another but upon the Spectator's Eye by reflecting them without Refraction and that the Surfaces of White Bodies are Specular and by a Change of the Texture of its Parts a Body may be deprived of that Colour Blackness differs from White in as much as the Rays of Light are reflected inwards and not upon the Eye the Pratuberant Parts yielding to the Impression of those Lucid Rays The Sixth and Seventh Chapters contains several Experiments which prove That Whiteness and Blackness may be Mechanically altered or produced CHAP. V. SECT I. IN the First Chapter of the Appendix to the Fourth Book he teaches That Cold may be Mechanically produced or destroyed by a bare Change of Texture or Alterations otherwise Mechanically brought on without the Assistance of the Aristotelian substantial Forms or the Hypostatical Principles of the Chymists SECT II. Shews us That not only Weather-Glasses but our Senses may misinform us about Cold and the account of several Predispositions and the Temper of our Sensories as we feel it colder in the Air when we come out of a hot Bath than when only out of a warm Room c. SECT III. The Third Chapter contains Observations about the Deficiencies of Weather-Glasses c. which since they teach us only how to learn to improve the use of them and since they cannot be expressed in fewer Words I must take no farther notice of them SECT IV. Tells us That the Cause of the Condensation of the Air in Weather-Glasses and the Ascent of Water by Cold depend on the Pressure of the external Air gravitating upon the Surface of the Water without the Pipe and over-powering the Spring of the Internal Air weakened by Cold. SECT V. The Fifth Chapter contains a Natural History of Cold which since it will not admit of being otherwise related than Historically I must refer the Reader to the Epitomy SECT VI. The Sixth Chapter contains a Confutation of the Received Notion of Antiperistasis The Seventh an Examination of Mr. Hobbe's Doctrine of Cold which being only Controversial I must pass it by And as for the Eighth and Ninth Chapters they likewise containing bare Historical Truths which admit of no Contraction and this small General Recapitulation will not admit of Transcribing the whole Epitomy SECT VII The Tenth Chapter teaches us that Cold is only a Privative Quality depending on a Privation of the Motion of the Parts of a Body cooled SECT VIII The Eleventh Chapter shews That the Expansive Force of freezing Water is so great as to be able when froze in a Brass Cilinder to raise 254 Pounds tho' the Cilinder was none of the largest And in the same Chapter we are likewise told That a cold Ebullition or if one may so speak Effervescence depends purely upon the Texture of the fermenting Liquor SECT IX The Twelfth Chapter contains several Experiments which prove That Heat depends upon and is caused by a variously determined and a rapid Motion of this minute Parts of the Body esteemed hot SECT X. Contains an Account of a particular sort of Mercury which grows hot with Gold SECT XI From several Experiments made and contained in the Fourteenth Chapter it appears That the Particles of Fire may be detained in Metal and by that means add to the Weight of it And the Fifteenth Chapter contains Experiments which have the same Tendency SECT XII The Sixteenth Chapter contains a Discovery of the Perviousness of Glass to ponderable Parts of Flame and also proves That Flame may act as a Menstruum and make Coalitions with the Bodies it works upon SECT XIII The Seventeenth Chapter contains new Experiments concerning the Relation betwixt Flame and Air from which it appears that it is very difficult to produce Flame without Air
And by virtue of this Weight it is that Mercury is raised in Weather-Glasses and Water in Pumps And by several other Experiments made in an exhausted Receiver it appears That tho' Gunpowder will not explode when the Air presses not upon it nor will Fire burn Yet in the exhausted Receiver it is observed That a Loadstone hath externally applied considerable Effects on Bodies contained in it but Sounds are not propagated in vacuo In this Chapter he likewise farther teaches why two flat polished Marbles adhere to each other viz. By the Compression of the Atmosphere As also he tells us That the Weight of the Atmosphere was able to raise a Hundred Pound Weight tied to the Sucker of the Pump depressed when the Receiver was exhausted And in this Chapter he farther adds Experiments which shew That the Pressure of the Air is the Chief Cause of Filtration And as for the Distinction of the Proportion betwixt the Weight of Air and Water he proves it to be but as 1 to 938 That the Proportion of Quick-silver is as 14000 to 1. And besides these he hath made several Experiments and Observations which prove what Effects the Exhausted Receiver hath on Animals included in it and how long they are able to continue alive without Air. SECT XI The Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth and Seventeenth Chapters only contain a Defence of what hath been delivered in the foregoing Chapter or Objections against what other Men have taught And the Subjects of the following Chapters to the Twenty ninth being of the like nature I shall not here tell what Notions he hath confuted but since he hath taught nothing but only defended his former Assertions I shall refer the Reader to the Epitomy SECT XII The Nineteenth Chapter only contains a Description of an Engine made use of in the Experiments which fill up the next Chapter where it is made to appear That Air is able barely by its Spring to raise Mercury in a Tube as also That Heat may be caused by a bare Attrition in an exhausted Receiver That the Spring of the Air is able to burst Bladders and to raise a considerable Weight as also That such one is able to raise Mercury no higher than the Weight of the Atmosphere is able to impel it and likewise to what heighth Mercury and Water may be raised proportionably to their Specifick Gravity And in this Chapter we are farther told how to discover the Pressure of the Air by the Touch and how to make portable Baromelers as also we are here taught That in an exhausted Receiver a Spring may be raised without any difficulty yet when the Air is let in it will be violently depressed again and not be raised again so easily And in the same Chapter it is likewise made to appear That Cupping-Glasses are caused to stick by the Pressure of the Air. There are several other Particular Experiments contained in this Volume which I shall not here take notice of for Reasons offered in my Preface CHAP. III. SECT I. THE First Chapter of the Third Book beginning the Second Volume contains several Experiments to prove farther the Weight and Spring of the Air from whence it appears That the Cause of the Ascent of Water in Syringes is to be derived from the Pressure of the Air That Light may be produced in vacuo Boyliano That by a small Quantity of included Air 50 or 60 Pound or a greater Weight may be raised in the exhausted Receiver SECT II. The Second Chapter contains Descriptions of several Engines made use of in succeeding Experiments SECT III. The Third Chapter shews That the Productions of Air may be helped several ways and that it may be obtained from Bread Grapes Raisins Plumbs Mustard boiled Apples c. In this Chapter we are likewise told how the Production of Air may be hindred as by Cold by making use of Spirit of Wine along with the Body included in vacuo or by employing Vinegar by Compression by Water or Leaven And in this Chapter we are farther taught That the Effects of Artificial Air are different from the Effects of Common Air as also That the Effects of Compressed Air are different from those of Common Air That Animals cannot live in Artificial Air That the Consumption of Combustible Matter is promoted by the Condensation of the Air That Air is produced from dried Fruits without any Regularity That Bodies afford as much Air as they can before they putrifie That Artificial Air may be destroyed That Liquors may acquire a Sourness tho' no Spirits evaporate That fermented Liquors may preserve Fruit That Beer may preserve Beef and That tho' Fishes yield not so much Air as Flesh yet they will corrupt tho' not affected by the outward Air That Butter may be preserved a long time if kept from the Contact of the outward Air That Sugar does not preserve Fruit as well as fermented Liquors Flesh may be kept fresh if kept in a strong compressed Air in a Receiver SECT IV. The Fourth Chapter shews That Bodies may be preserved a long time in Vacuo Boyliano without boiling SECT V. The Fifth Chapter shews That Air may become unfit for Respiration and yet retain its usual Pressure and also several Experiments to shew how long some sort of Animals may live without Air longer than others SECT VI. The Sixth Chapter contains Animadversions on Mr. Hobbe's Problemata de Vacuo and proves That the Atmosphere is the chief Cause of the Rise of Water upon Suction SECT VII The Seventh Chapter delivers the Cause of Attraction by Suction and tells us That it chiefly depends on the external Pressure of the Air when it is taken off the Internal Surface of the Liquor in a Tube And farther I. That a Liquor may be raised by Suction when the Pressure of the Air neither as it hath Weight nor Elasticity is the Cause of its Elevation II. That the Weight of the Atmospherical Air is sufficient to raise up Liquors by Suction SECT VIII The Eighth Chapter contains Observations and Directions about the Barometer and the Ninth contains only a Description of a new kind of Baroscope SECT IX The Tenth Chapter contains a Discovery of the admirable Rarifaction of the Air without Heat it being rarified so as to possess 8232 times its former Dimensions and sometimes to 10000. SECT X. The Eleventh Twelfth and Thirteenth Chapters shew That the Duration of the Spring of expanded Air is very considerable That the Air may be compressed into an eighth part of its former Space That the Proportion as to the Degrees of Rarification and Condensation is as 1 to 70. SECT XI The Fourteenth Chapter gives us a brief Account of the Utilities of Higgroscopes and tells us That the General Use is to estimate the Changes of the Air as to moisture and driness and the particular Uses of them is to know the differing Variations of Weather in the same Month Day and Hour To know how much one Season is drier or moister