glass-egg_n with_o a_o long_a stem_n which_o stem_n be_v purposely_o so_o bend_v that_o it_o represent_v a_o glass-syphon_a in_o who_o short_a leg_n the_o glass_n be_v draw_v very_o small_a that_o it_o may_v be_v the_o more_o easy_o first_o seal_v and_o then_o break_v this_o do_v we_o get_v in_o a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o water_n which_o ascend_v to_o a_o pretty_a height_n in_o both_o the_o leg_n of_o the_o bend_a glass_n after_o which_o the_o short_a leg_n be_v nimble_o seal_v after_o the_o manner_n hereafter_o to_o be_v mention_v there_o remain_v a_o pretty_a quantity_n of_o air_n above_o the_o water_n in_o that_o short_a leg_n which_o be_v purposely_o leave_v there_o that_o it_o may_v by_o its_o spring_n impel_v up_o the_o water_n in_o the_o long_a leg_n upon_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o air_n include_v in_o 〈…〉_z that_o long_a leg_n all_o this_o be_v do_v the_o whole_a glass_n be_v so_o place_v in_o a_o convenient_a frame_n that_o the_o oval_a part_n of_o it_o be_v support_v by_o the_o frame_n beneath_o which_o the_o bend_a shank_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n do_v hang_v so_o that_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n may_v be_v convenient_o lay_v upon_o this_o frame_n to_o surround_v and_o refrigerate_v the_o air_n include_v in_o the_o egg_n without_o much_o cool_a the_o air_n in_o the_o cylindrical_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n the_o account_n that_o i_o find_v of_o this_o trial_n in_o one_o of_o my_o note_n be_v this_o in_o the_o great_a bent_n egg_n that_o be_v seal_v up_o with_o water_n in_o both_o leg_n upon_o the_o application_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n to_o the_o ellipsis_n at_o a_o convenient_a time_n the_o water_n in_o the_o long_a leg_n ascend_v a_o little_a but_o not_o by_o our_o guess_n above_o a_o barley_n corn_n length_n if_o near_o so_o much_o and_o about_o four_o inch_n of_o air_n as_o i_o remember_v that_o be_v leave_v in_o the_o short_a leg_n expanded_a itself_o to_o sense_n as_o much_o but_o as_o soon_o as_o i_o break_v off_o the_o slender_a wire_n wherein_o the_o short_a leg_n end_v the_o external_a air_n rush_v in_o make_v the_o water_n rise_v about_o two_o inch_n and_o a_o quarter_n in_o the_o long_a leg_n and_o then_o there_o not_o be_v water_n enough_o break_v through_o it_o in_o many_o bubble_n thus_o far_o the_o note_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v only_o add_v that_o in_o this_o case_n the_o ascension_n of_o the_o water_n in_o the_o long_a leg_n can_v be_v attribute_v to_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o short_a leg_n that_o be_v i_o know_v not_o how_o much_o too_o small_a to_o lift_v up_o so_o much_o water_n but_o to_o the_o spring_n of_o that_o air_n and_o also_o that_o we_o need_v not_o marvel_n the_o expansion_n of_o that_o 〈◊〉_d shall_v be_v so_o small_a since_o some_o of_o the_o experiment_n 〈◊〉_d to_o be_v relate_v will_v show_v we_o that_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o air_n in_o such_o trial_n as_o that_o new_o 〈◊〉_d do_v not_o weaken_v the_o spring_n of_o it_o any_o thing_n near_o so_o considerable_o as_o one_o will_v expect_v so_o that_o the_o air_n in_o the_o long_a leg_n can_v yield_v but_o a_o very_a little_a to_o that_o in_o the_o short_a leg_n especial_o since_o the_o smallness_n of_o this_o last_o name_v portion_n of_o air_n make_v its_o spring_n to_o be_v more_o easy_o and_o considerable_o weaken_v by_o a_o small_a expansion_n thus_o far_o our_o paradoxical_a discourse_n which_o contain_v divers_a particular_n that_o be_v add_v to_o the_o consideration_n whereunto_o we_o have_v by_o way_n of_o appendix_n subjoin_v it_o may_v afford_v we_o several_a reflection_n but_o have_v dwell_v too_o long_o on_o one_o subject_n already_o we_o shall_v now_o conclude_v with_o this_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n that_o there_o be_v somewhat_o or_o other_o in_o the_o business_n of_o weather-glass_n which_o i_o fear_v we_o do_v not_o yet_o sufficient_o understand_v and_o which_o yet_o i_o hope_v that_o by_o other_o trial_n and_o more_o heedful_a observation_n we_o shall_v discover_v the_o paper_n that_o be_v prefix_v by_o way_n of_o a_o short_a prefatory_n address_n to_o the_o ensue_a history_n of_o cold_a when_o be_v to_o be_v bring_v in_o and_o present_v to_o the_o royal_a society_n it_o be_v put_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o its_o most_o worthy_a precedent_n the_o lord_n viscount_n brounker_n be_v as_o follow_v little-chelsey_a feb._n 14._o 1662._o s._n a._n my_o lord_n the_o time_n your_o lordship_n and_o the_o society_n appoint_v i_o for_o the_o bring_n in_o of_o my_o paper_n concern_v cold_a be_v so_o very_o short_a that_o to_o give_v you_o the_o fruit_n of_o my_o obedience_n as_o early_o as_o you_o be_v please_v to_o require_v they_o i_o must_v present_v they_o you_o very_a immature_n and_o i_o shall_v say_v very_o unfit_a for_o your_o perusal_n if_o you_o be_v not_o aswell_o qualify_a to_o supply_v deficiency_n and_o imperfection_n as_o to_o discern_v they_o for_o of_o all_o the_o old_a observation_n i_o make_v divers_a year_n ago_o in_o order_n to_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a i_o have_v not_o yet_o find_v enough_o to_o fill_v up_o one_o sheet_n of_o paper_n and_o as_o for_o those_o i_o make_v the_o last_o frosty_a season_n beside_o that_o i_o be_v several_a time_n divert_v by_o avocation_n distract_n enough_o the_o same_o sharpness_n of_o the_o weather_n which_o give_v i_o the_o opportunity_n of_o make_v some_o experiment_n bring_v i_o a_o indisposition_n which_o by_o forbid_v i_o to_o be_v 〈◊〉_d and_o stay_v long_o in_o the_o cold_a air_n hinder_v i_o from_o make_v divers_a other_o and_o which_o be_v worst_a of_o all_o while_o i_o be_v confine_v to_o a_o place_n where_o i_o want_v divers_a glass_n and_o other_o instrument_n i_o will_v have_v employ_v the_o way_n both_o by_o land_n and_o water_n be_v so_o obstruct_v by_o the_o snow_n and_o ice_n that_o i_o can_v not_o seasonable_o procure_v they_o from_o london_n and_o be_v thereby_o reduce_v to_o leave_v several_a trial_n i_o shall_v have_v make_v 〈◊〉_d there_o unattempted_a or_o unprosecute_v but_o lest_o you_o shall_v think_v that_o what_o i_o intend_v only_o to_o excuse_v my_o unaccurateness_n be_v mean_v to_o excuse_v my_o pain_n i_o shall_v without_o further_a apology_n apply_v myself_o to_o do_v what_o the_o shortness_n of_o the_o time_n will_v allow_v i_o which_o be_v little_o more_o than_o to_o transcribe_v into_o this_o historical_a collection_n most_o of_o the_o particular_n which_o your_o lordship_n command_v exact_v though_o haste_n will_v make_v i_o do_v it_o in_o the_o very_a word_n for_o the_o most_o part_n that_o i_o find_v they_o in_o a_o kind_n of_o notebook_n wherein_o i_o have_v throw_v they_o for_o my_o own_o private_a use_n which_o i_o the_o less_o scruple_n now_o to_o do_v not_o only_o because_o the_o haste_n that_o exact_v from_o i_o this_o way_n of_o writing_n may_v serve_v to_o excuse_v it_o in_o i_o but_o that_o it_o may_v the_o better_o appear_v how_o little_a i_o have_v design_v to_o 〈◊〉_d or_o bias_n they_o to_o any_o preconceived_a hypothesis_n the_o experimental_a history_n of_o cold_a begin_v title_n i._o experiment_n touch_v body_n capable_a of_o freeze_v other_o to_o go_v methodical_o to_o work_v we_o shall_v perhaps_o begin_v with_o consider_v what_o subject_n be_v capable_a or_o not_o capable_a of_o harbour_v the_o quality_n we_o be_v to_o treat_v of_o and_o to_o invite_v we_o to_o this_o it_o seem_v probable_a enough_o that_o among_o the_o body_n we_o be_v conversant_a with_o here_o below_o there_o be_v scarce_o any_o except_a fire_n that_o be_v not_o at_o some_o time_n or_o other_o susceptible_a of_o actual_a cold_a at_o least_o as_o to_o sense_n and_o even_o concern_v fire_n 〈◊〉_d till_o that_o difficulty_n be_v clear_o determine_v which_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o start_v namely_o whether_o fire_n be_v not_o as_o wind_z at_o least_o like_o such_o as_o be_v make_v by_o air_n blow_v out_o of_o a_o pair_n of_o bellows_o rather_o a_o state_n of_o matter_n or_o matter_n consider_v while_o it_o be_v in_o such_o a_o kind_n of_o motion_n than_o a_o distinct_a and_o particular_a species_n of_o natural_a body_n there_o may_v remain_v some_o doubt_n since_o we_o see_v that_o body_n which_o may_v be_v either_o in_o a_o moment_n as_o gunpowder_n or_o as_o far_o as_o sense_n can_v judge_v total_o as_o high_o rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n turn_v into_o fire_n may_v yet_o immediate_o before_o their_o accension_n be_v actual_o cold_a and_o as_o to_o gunpowder_n present_o after_o accension_n its_o scatter_a part_n catch_v in_o close_v vessel_n will_v also_o appear_v cold_a to_o the_o touch._n but_o such_o thing_n nevertheless_o we_o must_v not_o now_o insist_v on_o partly_o because_o it_o require_v the_o resolve_v of_o a_o somewhat_o difficult_a question_n
i_o shall_v content_v myself_o to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o obvious_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o cold_a that_o in_o river_n pond_n and_o other_o receptacle_n of_o water_n the_o congelation_n begin_v at_o the_o top_n where_o the_o liquor_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o immediate_a contact_n of_o the_o air_n which_o sufficient_o argue_v that_o the_o air_n be_v cold_a than_o the_o water_n since_o it_o be_v able_a not_o only_o sensible_o to_o refrigerate_v it_o but_o to_o deprive_v it_o of_o its_o fluidity_n and_o congeal_v it_o into_o ice_n whereas_o if_o the_o water_n itself_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la either_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v at_o least_o as_o to_o the_o major_a part_n of_o it_o always_o congeal_v or_o we_o may_v just_o demand_v a_o reason_n why_o when_o it_o do_v freeze_v the_o glaciation_n shall_v not_o begin_v in_o the_o middle_n or_o at_o the_o bottom_n as_o soon_o as_o at_o the_o top_n if_o not_o soon_o and_o our_o argument_n against_o the_o precedency_n of_o the_o water_n in_o point_n of_o coldness_n may_v be_v strengthen_v by_o this_o that_o frost_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v hard_a when_o the_o air_n be_v very_o clear_a and_o free_a from_o aqueous_a vapour_n whereas_o in_o rainy_a weather_n wherein_o such_o vapour_n most_o abound_v the_o cold_a be_v wont_a to_o be_v far_o more_o remiss_a to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v what_o we_o late_o deliver_v from_o the_o observation_n of_o navigator_n that_o even_o in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o main_a sea_n where_o yet_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o great_a mass_n and_o so_o most_o likely_a as_o well_o as_o advantage_v to_o disclose_v its_o nature_n never_o freeze_v though_o the_o strait_o and_o bay_n and_o gulf_n be_v freeze_v over_o which_o argue_v that_o the_o great_a degree_n of_o cold_a be_v rather_o to_o be_v assign_v to_o the_o air_n or_o to_o the_o earth_n then_o to_o the_o water_n which_o by_o the_o practice_n former_o mention_v of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o french_a salt_n marsh_n appear_v to_o be_v when_o it_o be_v of_o a_o considerable_a depth_n fit_a to_o preserve_v body_n from_o congelation_n then_o to_o congeal_v they_o which_o instance_n i_o the_o rather_o repeat_v because_o it_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o the_o water_n be_v not_o so_o much_o as_o dispose_v to_o receive_v any_o very_a intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a at_o a_o remote_a distance_n from_o the_o air_n for_o though_o navigator_n tell_v we_o of_o exceed_v thick_a piece_n of_o ice_n yet_o as_o we_o have_v already_o elsewhere_o note_v we_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o believe_v that_o the_o congeal_a cold_n have_v pierce_v any_o thing_n near_o so_o much_o as_o that_o thickness_n amount_v to_o from_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o sea_n direct_o downward_o for_o though_o it_o be_v no_o great_a matter_n if_o it_o do_v in_o comparison_n of_o that_o depth_n of_o the_o sea_n which_o though_o the_o water_n be_v natural_o cold_a the_o sharp_a air_n be_v unable_a to_o congeal_v yet_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o prove_v that_o those_o thick_a mass_n of_o ice_n be_v not_o solid_a and_o entire_a piece_n but_o rather_o heap_n of_o many_o 〈◊〉_d and_o other_o fragment_n of_o ice_n which_o run_v upon_o one_o another_o or_o slide_v under_o one_o another_o be_v by_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o intercept_a water_n and_o perchance_o half_o thaw_v snow_n as_o it_o be_v cement_v together_o into_o misshapen_v and_o unwieldy_a mass_n which_o conjecture_n agree_v very_o well_o with_o that_o observation_n of_o the_o ingenious_a captain_n james_n which_o he_o deliver_v in_o these_o word_n it_o seldom_o rain_v after_o the_o middle_n of_o september_n but_o snow_n and_o that_o snow_n will_v not_o melt_v on_o the_o land_n nor_o sand_n at_o low_a water_n when_o it_o snow_v which_o it_o do_v very_o often_o the_o sand_n be_v all_o cover_v over_o with_o it_o which_o the_o half_a tide_n carry_v 〈◊〉_d ous_o twice_o in_o twenty_o four_o hour_n into_o the_o great_a bay_n which_o be_v the_o common_a rendezvous_n of_o it_o every_o low_a water_n be_v the_o sand_n leave_v clear_a to_o gather_v more_o to_o the_o increase_n of_o it_o thus_o do_v it_o daily_o gather_v in_o this_o manner_n till_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o octob._n and_o by_o that_o time_n have_v it_o bring_v the_o sea_n to_o that_o coldness_n that_o as_o it_o snow_v the_o snow_n will_v lie_v upon_o the_o water_n in_o flake_n without_o change_v its_o colour_n but_o with_o the_o wind_n be_v wrought_v together_o and_o as_o the_o winter_n go_v forward_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o it_o two_o or_o three_o inch_n or_o more_o in_o one_o night_n which_o be_v carry_v with_o the_o half_a tide_n meet_v with_o some_o obstacle_n as_o it_o soon_o do_v and_o then_o it_o crumple_v and_o so_o run_v upon_o itself_o that_o in_o few_o hour_n it_o will_v be_v five_o or_o six_o foot_n thick_a the_o half_a tide_n still_o flow_v carry_v it_o so_o fast_o away_o that_o by_o december_n it_o be_v grow_v to_o a_o infinite_a multiplication_n of_o ice_n thus_o far_o this_o navigator_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v add_v another_o passage_n out_o of_o one_o of_o his_o countryman_n mr._n hudson_n famous_a for_o the_o northern_a discovery_n that_o bear_v his_o name_n by_o which_o add_v to_o what_o have_v be_v elsewhere_o deliver_v to_o the_o same_o purpose_n we_o may_v be_v invite_v to_o believe_v that_o the_o vast_a hill_n and_o island_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o about_o the_o strait_o of_o weigat_n and_o elsewhere_o be_v not_o generate_v of_o the_o sea_n itself_o 〈◊〉_d it_o be_v no_o marvel_n say_v he_o that_o there_o be_v so_o much_o ice_n in_o the_o sea_n towards_o the_o pole_n so_o many_o sound_v and_o river_n be_v in_o the_o land_n of_o nova_n zembla_n and_o newland_n to_o engender_v it_o beside_o the_o coast_n of_o pechora_n russia_n and_o greenland_n with_o lappia_n as_o by_o proof_n i_o find_v by_o my_o travel_n in_o these_o part_n 15._o but_o for_o all_o this_o i_o think_v not_o fit_a as_o do_v the_o ingenious_a gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o to_o make_v the_o water_n indifferent_a as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a for_o as_o i_o former_o note_v concern_v the_o earth_n so_o i_o must_v now_o represent_v touch_v the_o water_n that_o set_v aside_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o sun_n which_o be_v but_o adventitious_a where_o it_o do_v operate_v and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d many_o vast_a portion_n of_o that_o element_n which_o it_o 〈◊〉_d not_o 〈◊〉_d reach_v the_o insensible_a part_n of_o water_n be_v much_o less_o agitate_a than_o those_o of_o our_o sensory_n temperate_o dispose_v and_o consequent_o may_v in_o regard_n of_o we_o be_v judge_v cold_a for_o though_o water_n be_v a_o liquor_n i_o ready_o allow_v it_o a_o various_a motion_n of_o its_o component_a corpuscle_n that_o be_v requisite_a to_o make_v a_o body_n fluid_fw-la yet_o such_o a_o agitation_n which_o be_v sufficient_a for_o fluidity_n may_v be_v and_o often_o be_v far_o more_o remiss_a then_o that_o of_o the_o spirit_n blood_n and_o other_o liquor_n of_o so_o hot_a a_o sanguineous_a animal_n as_o man_n as_o we_o see_v that_o urine_n though_o after_o it_o have_v be_v long_o omit_v it_o continue_v a_o fluid_a body_n yet_o its_o part_n be_v far_o less_o agitate_a than_o they_o be_v when_o it_o come_v hot_a and_o reek_v out_o of_o the_o bladder_n 16._o and_o upon_o this_o occasion_n i_o shall_v add_v what_o by_o inquiry_n i_o have_v learn_v that_o except_o the_o part_n somewhat_o near_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n which_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o neighbour_a lower_v region_n of_o the_o air_n may_v give_v some_o warmth_n to_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v very_o cold_a for_o be_v very_o well_o acquaint_v with_o one_o that_o for_o some_o time_n get_v a_o livelihood_n by_o go_v down_o into_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n to_o fetch_v up_o what_o can_v be_v recover_v out_o of_o shipwrack_a vessel_n i_o purposely_o inquire_v of_o he_o what_o cold_a he_o feel_v under_o water_n and_o he_o more_o than_o once_o tell_v i_o that_o though_o near_a the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n the_o cold_a be_v very_o moderate_a yet_o when_o he_o be_v necessitate_v to_o descend_v a_o great_a depth_n he_o find_v it_o so_o great_a that_o he_o can_v not_o very_o long_o support_v it_o and_o particular_o he_o tell_v i_o that_o have_v occasion_n to_o descend_v about_o twelve_o or_o fourteen_o fathom_n deep_a which_o be_v nothing_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o many_o sea_n to_o fasten_v rope_n to_o the_o ordinance_n of_o a_o great_a ship_n that_o be_v some_o year_n since_o cast_v away_o near_o the_o coast_n of_o one_o of_o the_o northern_a country_n though_o the_o engine_n that_o be_v let_v down_o
through_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n but_o that_o the_o air_n within_o the_o vial_n high_o refrigerated_a by_o the_o mixture_n do_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o their_o free_a intercourse_n enable_v the_o air_n contiguous_a to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vial_n to_o freeze_v the_o dew_n it_o meet_v with_o stick_v on_o it_o we_o prosecute_v the_o experiment_n with_o the_o addition_n of_o this_o circumstance_n that_o on_o several_a occasion_n we_o seal_v up_o the_o vial_n that_o contain_v the_o 〈◊〉_d and_o the_o other_o frigorifick_a body_n it_o be_v mix_v with_o and_o afterward_o by_o the_o help_n of_o this_o mixture_n freeze_v the_o external_o adhere_v moisture_n 8._o have_v then_o according_a to_o this_o way_n substitute_v spirit_n of_o nitre_n for_o oil_n of_o vitriol_n or_o spirit_n of_o salt_n we_o find_v that_o it_o freeze_v yet_o more_o powerful_o then_o either_o of_o those_o two_o liquor_n and_o continue_v to_o do_v so_o in_o those_o part_n of_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o be_v adjacent_a to_o the_o include_v snow_n till_o that_o snow_n be_v almost_o total_o resolve_v into_o a_o liquor_n this_o we_o try_v both_o in_o a_o thin_a seal_a glass_n and_o in_o a_o pretty_a thick_a glass_n stop_v only_o with_o a_o cork_n 9_o afterward_o we_o successful_o enough_o try_v the_o experiment_n with_o spirit_n less_o acid_a as_o not_o only_o with_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n but_o with_o spirit_n of_o sugar_n i_o mean_v the_o red_a empyreumatical_a spirit_n force_v over_o in_o a_o retort_n which_o mix_v with_o snow_n according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o experiment_n do_v at_o length_n freeze_v the_o external_o adhere_v moisture_n but_o the_o film_n of_o ice_n be_v very_o thin_a and_o very_o apt_a quick_o to_o disappear_v 10._o have_v thus_o make_v a_o number_n of_o trial_n with_o acid_a spirit_n we_o think_v fit_a to_o make_v some_o with_o urinous_a spirit_n that_o abound_v in_o volatile_a salt_n and_o according_o have_v mix_v spirit_n of_o urine_n and_o snow_n in_o a_o open_a vial_n and_o agitate_a they_o we_o find_v that_o the_o external_a moisture_n do_v discernable_o though_o not_o very_o strong_o freeze_v but_o with_o spirit_n of_o sal_fw-la ammoniac_a draw_v from_o quick_a lime_n according_a to_o the_o way_n i_o have_v deliver_v in_o another_o treatise_n the_o operation_n be_v quick_a and_o powerful_a enough_o 11._o have_v try_v to_o freeze_v water_n with_o acid_n and_o with_o volatile_a spirit_n 〈◊〉_d we_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o try_v what_o they_o will_v do_v both_o together_o and_o according_o pour_v upon_o snow_n both_o some_o spirit_n of_o urine_n and_o a_o little_a oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o shake_v they_o into_o the_o snow_n in_o a_o open_a vial_n we_o find_v that_o the_o mixture_n do_v freeze_v though_o the_o glaciation_n in_o this_o case_n produce_v be_v very_o languid_a 12._o have_v thus_o try_v salt_n disengage_v from_o their_o grosser_n part_n or_o shatter_v into_o corpuscle_n by_o distillation_n we_o make_v some_o trial_n likewise_o with_o grosser_n salt_n as_o with_o sal_fw-la gem_n with_o a_o sublimate_n make_v with_o common_a sublimate_n and_o sal_fw-la ammoniac_a nay_o and_o with_o both_o 〈◊〉_d and_o kitchen_n sugar_n with_o all_o which_o among_o 〈◊〉_d like_o body_n that_o i_o can_v now_o remember_v the_o experiment_n succeed_v well_o enough_o also_o a_o very_a strong_a solution_n of_o pot-ash_n mix_v with_o snow_n in_o a_o open_a single_a vial_n do_v freeze_v but_o that_o very_o faint_o and_o both_o a_o very_a strong_a solution_n of_o very_a pure_a salt_n of_o tartar_n and_o at_o another_o time_n a_o strong_a solution_n of_o pot-ash_n be_v the_o one_o as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o mix_v and_o agitate_a with_o snow_n in_o a_o single_a vial_n produce_v film_n of_o ice_n though_o thin_a one_o on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n 13._o after_o this_o we_o think_v fit_a to_o make_v a_o trial_n of_o another_o kind_n of_o which_o i_o find_v this_o account_n among_o my_o note_n we_o fill_v a_o single_a vial_n with_o snow_n and_o then_o pour_v into_o it_o a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o a_o strong_o sweet_a solution_n of_o minium_n in_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n and_o have_v shake_v the_o mixture_n together_o we_o find_v that_o this_o sweet_a sugar_n of_o lead_n do_v as_o well_o as_o acid_n and_o alcalizate_a salt_n excite_v the_o cold_a of_o the_o snow_n so_o much_o as_o to_o produce_v film_n of_o ice_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n but_o a_o parcel_n of_o the_o same_o solution_n be_v for_o divers_a hour_n keep_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n be_v not_o thereby_o freeze_v in_o order_n to_o the_o discovery_n of_o some_o hint_n of_o the_o account_n upon_o which_o the_o above_o mention_v mixture_n be_v more_o intense_o frigefactive_a than_o snow_n alone_o we_o seal_v up_o a_o single_a vial_n full_a of_o snow_n unmingled_a with_o any_o other_o ingredient_n and_o find_v it_o to_o thaw_v much_o more_o slow_o than_o any_o of_o those_o parcel_n of_o snow_n which_o we_o have_v mix_v with_o salt_n or_o spirit_n in_o prosecution_n of_o this_o conjecture_n we_o shall_v add_v that_o for_o aught_o we_o can_v find_v by_o divers_a trial_n no_o salt_n that_o help_v not_o the_o snow_n to_o dissolve_v fast_o than_o else_o it_o will_v do_v enable_v it_o to_o produce_v ice_n though_o usual_o it_o do_v produce_v dew_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vial_n that_o contain_v the_o mixture_n and_o according_o neither_o crystal_n of_o tartar_n nor_o borax_n both_o beat_v to_o powder_n nor_o which_o be_v more_o consider_v what_o we_o late_o note_v of_o the_o effect_n of_o another_o sort_n of_o sublimate_n will_v sublimate_n enable_v the_o snow_n to_o freeze_v as_o well_o the_o powder_n of_o sublimate_n as_o that_o of_o borax_n and_o that_o of_o tartar_n lie_v for_o a_o great_a while_n in_o the_o snow_n undissolve_v 14._o belong_v to_o this_o matter_n i_o find_v among_o my_o paper_n also_o this_o note_n water_n of_o quick_a lime_n make_v by_o quench_v store_n of_o unslake_v lime_n in_o common_a water_n twice_o try_v will_v not_o make_v snow_n freeze_v perhaps_o because_o though_o the_o water_n be_v keep_v stop_v yet_o the_o liquor_n have_v be_v keep_v in_o the_o glass_n a_o twelvemonth_n and_o more_o probable_o the_o spirit_n may_v have_v fly_v away_o which_o i_o find_v by_o inquire_v of_o one_o that_o drink_v much_o limewater_n that_o it_o abound_v with_o when_o fresh_a and_o grow_v destitute_a of_o a_o while_n after_o and_o possible_o also_o the_o badness_n of_o the_o lime_n be_v the_o cause_n why_o be_v mingle_v with_o snow_n it_o will_v not_o freeze_v though_o all_o the_o vial_n that_o do_v not_o freeze_v do_v yet_o gather_v store_n of_o dew_n on_o the_o outside_n perhaps_o because_o of_o the_o snow_n who_o melt_v alone_o may_v suffice_v to_o produce_v that_o effect_n 15._o it_o may_v seem_v somewhat_o more_o strange_a that_o distil_a oil_n of_o turpentine_n which_o be_v so_o hot_a and_o fiery_a a_o liquor_n shall_v not_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v but_o this_o agree_v not_o ill_a with_o the_o conjecture_n late_o mention_v for_o it_o will_v hereafter_o appear_v that_o in_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n ice_n dissolve_v slow_a than_o in_o divers_a other_o liquor_n without_o except_v common_a water_n itself_o 16._o and_o yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o bad_a success_n of_o this_o trial_n we_o be_v not_o discourage_v from_o make_v another_o with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n for_o though_o according_a to_o the_o common_a opinion_n of_o chemist_n and_o physician_n it_o be_v a_o mere_a vegetable_a sulphur_n yet_o we_o that_o have_v elsewhere_o venture_v to_o ascribe_v some_o such_o operation_n to_o it_o as_o chemist_n will_v have_v belong_v to_o saline_n liquor_n do_v not_o scruple_n to_o seal_v up_o in_o a_o single_a vial_n almost_o fill_v with_o snow_n a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o pure_a spirit_n of_o wine_n draw_v off_o from_o quick_a lime_n the_o better_a to_o dephlegm_n it_o and_o of_o this_o mixture_n we_o find_v the_o operation_n more_o powerful_a than_o any_o of_o those_o we_o have_v former_o mention_v for_o the_o freeze_a virtue_n of_o this_o do_v not_o only_o last_v long_o both_o in_o the_o seal_v single_a vial_n and_o in_o another_o that_o be_v open_a but_o the_o enclose_a mixture_n present_o crust_v the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n or_o of_o the_o neck_n if_o it_o be_v make_v to_o fill_v that_o with_o ice_n which_o may_v be_v take_v off_o in_o flake_n of_o good_a breadth_n or_o in_o piece_n of_o good_a thickness_n nay_o it_o present_o freeze_v urine_n into_o figure_v ice_n which_o may_v be_v take_v off_o in_o scale_n 17._o this_o last_o circumstance_n put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o another_o experiment_n whereby_o we_o try_v by_o a_o vigorous_a mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o some_o choice_a spirit_n of_o nitre_n we_o have_v meet_v with_o
in_o 〈◊〉_d he_o answer_v i_o that_o it_o do_v there_o freeze_v much_o hard_a than_o in_o our_o climate_n but_o will_v not_o that_o 〈◊〉_d have_v observe_v be_v turn_v into_o true_a &_o perfect_a ice_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n i_o find_v the_o testimony_n of_o that_o ingenious_a navigator_n captain_n t._n james_n who_o relate_v the_o effect_n of_o cold_a he_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o island_n where_o he_o and_o his_o man_n be_v force_v to_o winter_n do_v in_o one_o place_n reckon_v oil_n among_o the_o liquor_n such_o as_o vinegar_n and_o sack_n that_o even_o in_o their_o house_n be_v firm_o freeze_v and_o more_o express_o elsewhere_o all_o our_o sack_n say_v he_o 58._o vinegar_n oil_n and_o every_o thing_n else_o that_o be_v liquid_a be_v now_o freeze_v as_o hard_o as_o a_o piece_n of_o wood_n and_o we_o must_v cut_v it_o with_o a_o hatchet_n and_o olaus_n magnus_n speak_v of_o the_o fight_n wont_a to_o be_v make_v upon_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o northern_a region_n glacialis_fw-la 24._o congressus_fw-la say_v he_o fit_a in_o laneis_fw-la calcibus_fw-la non_fw-la pellibus_fw-la aut_fw-la coriis_fw-la unctis_fw-la 〈◊〉_d enim_fw-la frigoris_fw-la quodcunque_fw-la sit_fw-la unctuosum_fw-la convertit_fw-la in_o lubricitatem_fw-la glacialem_fw-la there_o be_v a_o great_a similitude_n in_o point_n of_o inflammability_n and_o disposition_n to_o mix_v with_o many_o subtle_a oleous_a body_n betwixt_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o oil_n and_o as_o great_a a_o affinity_n in_o divers_a other_o regard_v betwixt_o that_o spirit_n and_o both_o aqueous_a and_o saline_a liquor_n with_o which_o it_o will_v ready_o mix_v i_o have_v a_o great_a curiosity_n to_o know_v what_o kind_n of_o change_n will_v be_v produce_v in_o vinous_a spirit_n in_o case_n they_o be_v expose_v to_o a_o cold_a great_a enough_o to_o work_v a_o visible_a change_n in_o their_o texture_n i_o therefore_o solicitous_o inquire_v of_o the_o russian_a emperor_n late_o mention_v physician_n whether_o or_o no_o he_o have_v observe_v in_o muscovy_n any_o manifest_a change_n produce_v by_o cold_a in_o hot_a water_n and_o spirit_n of_o wine_n to_o which_o he_o return_v i_o this_o answer_n that_o common_a aniseed-water_n and_o the_o like_a weak_a spirit_n will_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o imperfect_a kind_n of_o ice_n and_o that_o even_o the_o very_a strong_a spirit_n though_o they_o will_v not_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n will_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o kind_n of_o substance_n like_o oil_n title_n iii_o experiment_n touch_v body_n indisposed_a to_o be_v freeze_v 1._o we_o find_v many_o liquor_n who_o subtle_a part_n be_v by_o distillation_n bring_v over_o and_o unite_v into_o very_o spirituous_a liquor_n and_o so_o either_o total_o or_o in_o great_a measure_n free_v from_o those_o phlegmatickor_n aqueous_a part_n that_o dispose_v body_n to_o congelation_n can_v not_o be_v bring_v to_o freeze_v either_o by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_a air_n to_o which_o in_o frosty_a night_n we_o expose_v they_o or_o by_o such_o a_o application_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n as_o serve_v to_o freeze_v other_o body_n 2._o of_o this_o sort_n be_v among_o acid_a menstruum_n aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la spirit_n of_o nitre_n of_o salt_n also_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o almost_o all_o i_o add_v the_o word_n almost_o because_o the_o essential_a oil_n of_o aniseed_n and_o the_o empireumatical_a oil_n of_o common_a oil_n will_v lose_v their_o fluidity_n in_o a_o less_o degree_n of_o cold_a then_o that_o of_o our_o mild_a frost_n i_o say_v almost_o all_o the_o chemical_a oil_n we_o have_v by_o we_o as_o likewise_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o other_o strong_a spirit_n of_o fermented_a liquor_n and_o even_o 〈◊〉_d itself_o if_o it_o be_v good_a will_v very_o hardly_o be_v bring_v to_o afford_v we_o any_o ice_n at_o all_o but_o among_o the_o many_o liquor_n that_o will_v not_o freeze_v there_o be_v a_o few_o who_o trial_n afford_v we_o some_o circumstance_n not_o altogether_o unworthy_a their_o be_v mention_v as_o 1._o i_o be_v desirous_a to_o satisfy_v some_o friend_n that_o it_o be_v the_o brisk_a spirit_n of_o the_o grape_n whether_o result_v from_o or_o extricate_v and_o exalt_v by_o fermentation_n that_o keep_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o sack_n from_o freeze_a i_o take_v a_o parcel_n of_o that_o liquor_n that_o will_v afford_v we_o no_o ice_n at_o all_o and_o by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o light_a candle_n or_o some_o other_o actual_o flame_a body_n kindle_v it_o and_o let_v the_o inflammable_a part_n burn_v away_o the_o remain_a part_n of_o the_o liquor_n which_o be_v by_o vast_a odds_o the_o great_a part_n be_v easy_o bring_v to_o freeze_v next_o when_o the_o former_o mention_v trial_n be_v make_v with_o water_n and_o pot-ash_n we_o likewise_o in_o another_o glass_n expose_v a_o solution_n wherein_o the_o proportion_n of_o salt_n of_o 〈◊〉_d in_o reference_n to_o the_o water_n be_v four_o time_n great_a there_o be_v in_o this_o zij_fw-la of_o the_o salt_n to_o 〈◊〉_d only_o of_o water_n and_o this_o solution_n though_o the_o glass_n be_v cover_v with_o hoar_a frost_n and_o ice_n on_o the_o outside_n freeze_v not_o at_o all_o within_o and_o likewise_o when_o another_o time_n we_o make_v a_o very_a strong_a solution_n of_o salt_n of_o tartar_n that_o be_v very_o pure_a and_o fiery_a it_o do_v not_o freeze_v though_o a_o considerable_o strong_a solution_n of_o salt_n of_o pot-ash_n that_o be_v expose_v with_o it_o do_v so_o that_o these_o experiment_n about_o the_o glaciation_n of_o lixiviate_v liquor_n must_v be_v repeat_v to_o be_v reduce_v to_o a_o certainty_n 3._o that_o the_o common_a express_a oil_n of_o vegetable_n will_v after_o their_o manner_n freeze_v that_o be_v lose_v their_o fluidity_n and_o become_v as_o it_o be_v curdle_v in_o very_o cold_a weather_n be_v a_o 〈◊〉_d of_o common_a observation_n but_o i_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o try_v whether_o or_o no_o train_n oil_n that_o be_v make_v of_o the_o fat_a of_o animal_n common_o that_o of_o whale_n though_o not_o by_o distillation_n proper_o so_o call_v yet_o by_o the_o help_n of_o fire_n will_v not_o be_v more_o capable_a of_o resist_v the_o violence_n of_o the_o cold_a and_o according_o i_o find_v that_o train_n oil_n expose_v to_o the_o air_n in_o a_o convenient_a vial_n continue_v fluid_a notwithstanding_o a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a sharpness_n of_o weather_n and_o this_o i_o try_v two_o or_o three_o several_a time_n but_o at_o length_n one_o night_n prove_v so_o very_o cold_a that_o the_o next_o morning_n i_o find_v the_o oil_n unfluid_fw-la which_o differ_v 〈◊〉_d seem_v a_o little_a to_o countenance_n but_o more_o to_o disfavour_v the_o report_n of_o olaus_n magnus_n 21._o who_o write_v that_o whereas_o in_o northern_a region_n it_o be_v usual_a for_o strong_a place_n to_o lose_v in_o winter_n the_o protection_n afford_v they_o in_o summer_n by_o their_o ditch_n though_o never_o so_o wide_a and_o deep_a because_o the_o frost_n make_v they_o easy_o passable_a to_o the_o enemy_n this_o inconvenicy_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v prevent_v by_o pour_v into_o the_o ditch_n the_o ice_n if_o there_o be_v need_n be_v first_o break_v great_a store_n of_o this_o train_n oil_n which_o swim_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n and_o be_v incongealable_a by_o the_o cold_a protect_v the_o subjacent_a water_n from_o the_o freeze_a violence_n of_o the_o cold_a and_o keep_v the_o moat_n unpassable_a but_o because_o our_o author_n mention_n this_o as_o a_o know_a and_o vulgar_a practice_n in_o those_o icy_a region_n it_o may_v perhaps_o deserve_v a_o little_a enquiry_n whether_o the_o whale_n oil_n use_v by_o the_o swede_n laplander_n muscovite_n and_o other_o inhabitant_n of_o those_o part_n be_v not_o differ_v either_o as_o to_o the_o fish_n it_o be_v make_v of_o or_o as_o to_o the_o way_n of_o make_v it_o or_o as_o to_o the_o way_n of_o keep_v it_o from_o such_o train_n oil_n as_o we_o employ_v unless_o perhaps_o it_o do_v already_o appear_v by_o the_o relation_n of_o writer_n belong_v to_o those_o country_n or_o of_o traveller_n that_o have_v be_v in_o they_o that_o olaus_n magnus_n have_v in_o that_o particular_a as_o i_o fear_v he_o have_v in_o some_o other_o misinform_v his_o reader_n 4._o we_o take_v notice_n that_o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o common_a sugar_n be_v easy_o enough_o turn_v into_o ice_n but_o on_o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o sugar_n of_o lead_n we_o can_v not_o with_o salt_n and_o snow_n work_v the_o like_a change_n and_o this_o though_o the_o trial_n be_v not_o negligent_o make_v which_o i_o therefore_o think_v not_o unworthy_a to_o be_v mention_v because_o that_o the_o two_o only_a ingredient_n of_o this_o sugar_n be_v lead_v which_o be_v esteem_v a_o very_a cold_a body_n and_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n from_o which_o as_o i_o note_v above_o we_o do_v by_o the_o like_a degree_n of_o cold_a
to_o that_o we_o here_o employ_v obtain_v ice_n and_o though_o in_o this_o metalline_a sugar_n we_o may_v well_o suppose_v the_o saline_n part_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n to_o be_v much_o more_o concentrate_v or_o unite_v than_o they_o be_v in_o the_o spirit_n yet_o the_o solution_n must_v abound_v with_o aqueous_a part_n and_o this_o sugar_n seem_v but_o a_o kind_n of_o vitriol_n of_o lead_n it_o be_v worth_a our_o notice_n that_o its_o solution_n will_v not_o freeze_v as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o common_a vitriol_n though_o in_o this_o latter_a concrete_a the_o metal_n be_v corrode_v by_o a_o spirit_n which_o as_o far_o as_o can_v be_v judge_v by_o the_o liquor_n afford_v in_o distillation_n be_v very_o much_o sharp_a and_o strong_a than_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n 5._o we_o likewise_o try_v to_o freeze_v quick_a silver_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n provide_v a_o bubble_n that_o be_v blow_v with_o a_o lamp_n be_v but_o thin_a and_o so_o flat_a that_o the_o side_n almost_o touch_v and_o it_o hold_v but_o a_o little_a mercury_n and_o that_o by_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v reduce_v to_o a_o large_a surface_n with_o but_o very_o little_a depth_n or_o thickness_n it_o be_v far_o more_o expose_v then_o if_o it_o have_v be_v in_o a_o ordinary_a round_a bubble_n to_o the_o action_n of_o the_o cold_a but_o we_o can_v not_o at_o all_o freeze_v this_o extravagant_a liquor_n though_o we_o try_v it_o more_o than_o once_o and_o though_o the_o last_o time_n we_o expose_v it_o in_o the_o same_o 〈◊〉_d to_o the_o same_o degree_n of_o cold_a wherewith_o we_o make_v one_o of_o the_o follow_a experiment_n that_o require_v a_o very_a intense_a degree_n of_o that_o quality_n and_o in_o another_o thin_a glass-bubble_n we_o long_v expose_v quicksilver_n to_o a_o extraordinary_a sharp_a air_n but_o though_o the_o cold_a have_v some_o operation_n upon_o it_o not_o here_o necessary_a to_o be_v mention_v yet_o we_o can_v not_o find_v that_o it_o do_v at_o all_o bring_v it_o to_o freeze_v wherefore_o i_o can_v wish_v that_o trial_n be_v make_v in_o muscovy_n greenland_n charles_n island_n or_o some_o other_o of_o the_o most_o 〈◊〉_d region_n where_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a which_o here_o be_v upon_o quicksilver_n but_o languid_a be_v the_o most_o considerable_a and_o sometime_o stupendous_a 6._o it_o be_v very_o remarkable_a that_o though_o not_o only_o the_o solution_n of_o other_o gross_a salt_n but_o as_o we_o have_v see_v divers_a more_o saline_a and_o spirituous_a liquor_n be_v bring_v by_o snow_n and_o salt_n to_o congelation_n yet_o a_o brine_n make_v very_o strong_a of_o common_a salt_n can_v not_o be_v bring_v to_o freeze_v at_o all_o though_o we_o keep_v it_o expose_v with_o the_o other_o saline_a solution_n that_o do_v freeze_v during_o a_o whole_a night_n that_o be_v exceed_v sharp_a which_o experiment_n i_o also_o try_v many_o year_n since_o to_o draw_v thence_o a_o argument_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o cartestan_a hypothesis_n about_o cold_a which_o i_o shall_v not_o now_o consider_v but_o rather_o add_v that_o be_v desirous_a to_o try_v with_o what_o proportion_n of_o sea_n salt_n and_o water_n the_o congelation_n of_o they_o may_v be_v effect_v i_o find_v i_o can_v freeze_v some_o sea_n water_n that_o have_v be_v bring_v up_o in_o a_o barrel_n to_o that_o monarch_n of_o the_o virtuoso_n the_o king_n for_o the_o make_n of_o trial_n with_o it_o and_o that_o have_v in_o a_o single_a vial_n expose_v to_o the_o air_n in_o a_o very_a bitter_a night_n a_o solution_n consist_v of_o twenty_o part_n of_o water_n and_o one_o of_o salt_n which_o be_v double_a the_o proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o be_v common_o find_v in_o our_o sea-water_n the_o next_o day_n we_o find_v a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o liquor_n freeze_v the_o ice_n swim_v at_o the_o top_n in_o figure_n almost_o like_a broom_n spread_v from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n downward_o and_o to_o add_v that_o upon_o the_o by_o we_o suffer_v the_o ice_n of_o salt-water_n to_o thaw_v to_o try_v whether_o it_o will_v yield_v fresh_a water_n but_o it_o seem_v not_o devoid_a of_o some_o brackishness_n which_o whether_o or_o no_o it_o proceed_v from_o some_o part_n of_o the_o contiguous_a brine_n that_o adhere_v to_o the_o ice_n i_o leave_v to_o further_o and_o exacter_n observation_n since_o i_o be_o credible_o inform_v that_o in_o amsterdam_n there_o be_v divers_a that_o use_v the_o thaw_a ice_n of_o the_o sea-water_n to_o brew_v their_o beer_n with_o instead_o of_o common_a fresh_a water_n 3._o and_o since_o i_o make_v that_o experiment_n i_o find_v in_o the_o industrious_a bartholinus_n new_o publish_v book_n de_fw-fr 42._o nivis_fw-la usu_fw-la a_o confirmation_n of_o the_o probability_n of_o the_o report_n i_o just_a now_o mention_v his_o word_n be_v these_o de_fw-fr glacie_n ex_fw-la marinâ_fw-la aquâ_fw-la certum_fw-la est_fw-la siresolvatur_fw-la salsum_fw-la saporem_fw-la deposuisse_fw-la quod_fw-la etiam_fw-la non_fw-la ita_fw-la pridem_fw-la expertus_fw-la est_fw-la cl._n jacobus_n finckius_n academiae_fw-la nostrae_fw-la senior_fw-la &_o physices_fw-la professor_n benè_fw-la meritus_fw-la in_fw-la glaciei_fw-la frustis_fw-la è_fw-la portu_fw-la nostro_fw-la allatis_fw-la title_n four_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o degree_n of_o cold_a in_o several_a body_n 1._o after_o have_v treat_v of_o the_o body_n that_o be_v the_o most_o capable_a of_o produce_v cold_a and_o of_o those_o that_o be_v most_o dispose_v or_o indispose_v to_o receive_v it_o it_o will_v be_v methodical_a to_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o differ_v body_n but_o though_o a_o work_n of_o this_o nature_n may_v somewhat_o conduce_v to_o the_o discovery_n of_o cold_a in_o general_n yet_o it_o be_v so_o laborious_a a_o task_n and_o to_o be_v well_o perform_v require_v so_o much_o more_o of_o leisure_n and_o conveniency_n than_o i_o be_o master_n of_o that_o i_o must_v resign_v it_o to_o those_o that_o be_v better_o furnish_v with_o they_o which_o i_o the_o free_o do_v because_o the_o experiment_n which_o at_o this_o time_n make_v the_o principal_a part_n of_o our_o history_n be_v chief_o of_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a we_o may_v seem_v to_o have_v do_v something_o of_o what_o more_o 〈◊〉_d concern_v our_o present_a design_n by_o have_v make_v the_o experiment_n anon_o to_o be_v subjoin_v within_o this_o present_a section_n or_o title_n and_o yet_o thus_o much_o we_o elsewhere_o do_v towards_o the_o frame_n of_o a_o table_n of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a that_o we_o do_v on_o other_o occasion_n set_v down_o those_o hitherto_o unpractised_a way_n that_o we_o have_v employ_v to_o estimate_v the_o great_a or_o lesser_a coldness_n of_o body_n by_o several_a kind_n of_o weather-glass_n differ_v from_o the_o common_a one_o and_o far_o more_o fit_a than_o they_o for_o such_o a_o purpose_n for_o by_o hermetical_o seal_v thermoscope_n furnish_v with_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n we_o can_v estimate_v the_o differ_a degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o liquor_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v present_o mention_v a_o example_n and_o by_o use_v such_o weather-glass_n as_o have_v their_o air_n include_v not_o at_o the_o top_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o instrument_n we_o can_v within_o some_o reasonable_a latitude_n measure_v the_o coldness_n both_o of_o entire_a solid_a body_n or_o minute_a body_n as_o salt_n etc._n etc._n by_o beat_v they_o alike_o and_o very_o small_a and_o place_v the_o instrument_n at_o equal_a depth_n in_o the_o powder_n of_o each_o of_o they_o and_o beside_o that_o the_o shape_n of_o these_o thermoscope_n do_v as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o show_v make_v they_o proper_a for_o these_o use_n for_o which_o the_o vulgar_a one_o where_o the_o include_v air_n be_v at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o instrument_n be_v not_o fit_a beside_o this_o i_o say_v it_o be_v easy_a in_o these_o we_o make_v use_v of_o to_o make_v the_o pipe_n so_o slender_a in_o proportion_n to_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o vial_n whereinto_o it_o be_v insert_v that_o very_o much_o minute_a difference_n of_o cold_a will_v be_v manifest_a in_o these_o then_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v sensible_a in_o common_a weather-glass_n discourse_n and_o beside_o these_o two_o sort_n we_o have_v elsewhere_o propose_v and_o describe_v a_o three_o and_o new_a kind_n of_o thermometer_n wherein_o a_o drop_n of_o liquor_n be_v suspend_v in_o a_o very_a slender_a pipe_n of_o glass_n betwixt_o the_o outward_a and_o the_o inward_a air_n make_v it_o far_o more_o fit_a for_o those_o experiment_n wherein_o we_o either_o despair_n or_o care_v not_o to_o measure_v the_o difference_n of_o cold_a betwixt_o two_o body_n but_o be_v only_o desirous_a to_o try_v whether_o or_o no_o they_o differ_v in_o coldness_n and_o in_o case_n they_o do_v which_o of_o they_o have_v most_o for_o
cold_a or_o upon_o who_o account_n the_o air_n produce_v they_o and_o if_o these_o be_v due_o apply_v water_n will_v be_v congeal_v whether_o air_n come_v to_o touch_v the_o surface_n of_o it_o or_o no_o nay_o though_o body_n which_o the_o air_n can_v never_o penetrte_v nor_o congeal_v any_o of_o their_o part_n be_v interpose_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o experiment_n former_o mention_v of_o freeze_a water_n include_v in_o glass_n bubble_n and_o suspend_v in_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o other_o uncongealed_a liquor_n and_o it_o be_v worth_a take_v notice_n of_o by_o they_o that_o conclude_v the_o air_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la from_o the_o water_n beginning_n to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n where_o it_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n that_o it_o be_v there_o also_o where_o the_o ice_n begin_v to_o thaw_v 21._o beside_o the_o three_o opinion_n we_o have_v hitherto_o examine_v there_o be_v a_o four_o that_o just_o deserve_v to_o be_v serious_o consider_v for_o the_o learned_a and_o ingenious_a gassendus_fw-la be_v suppose_v though_o i_o doubt_v how_o true_o to_o be_v the_o author_n of_o it_o and_o though_o according_a to_o his_o custom_n he_o speak_v wary_o and_o not_o so_o confident_o of_o it_o yet_o in_o his_o last_o write_n he_o much_o countenance_n it_o yet_o some_o eminent_o learned_a man_n as_o well_o of_o our_o own_o as_o of_o other_o nation_n have_v resolute_o enough_o embrace_v it_o according_a then_o to_o these_o the_o congelation_n of_o liquor_n and_o the_o cold_a we_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o air_n water_n and_o other_o body_n proceed_v from_o the_o admixture_n of_o nitrous_a exhalation_n or_o corpuscle_n introduce_v into_o they_o and_o as_o i_o have_v a_o great_a respect_n for_o divers_a of_o these_o man_n person_n so_o i_o like_v very_o well_o in_o their_o opinion_n that_o they_o do_v not_o ascribe_v the_o supreme_a degree_n of_o frigefactive_a virtue_n to_o the_o air_n itself_o but_o to_o some_o adventitious_a thing_n that_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o but_o whereas_o they_o pitch_v upon_o nitre_n as_o the_o grand_a universal_a efficient_a of_o cold_a i_o confess_v i_o can_v yet_o full_o acquiesce_v in_o that_o tenent_n for_o though_o i_o be_o not_o averse_a from_o allow_v salt-petre_n to_o be_v one_o of_o those_o body_n that_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o refrigerate_a power_n and_o to_o be_v copious_o enough_o disperse_v through_o several_a portion_n of_o the_o earth_n yet_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v there_o may_v be_v not_o only_o divers_a other_o cause_n of_o cold_a but_o divers_a other_o body_n qualify_v to_o be_v efficient_n of_o cold_a as_o well_o as_o salt-petre_n 22._o and_o first_o if_o cold_a be_v not_o a_o positive_a quality_n but_o the_o absence_n of_o heat_n the_o remove_n of_o calorifick_a agent_n will_v in_o many_o case_n suffice_v to_o produce_v cold_a without_o the_o introduction_n of_o any_o nitrous_a particle_n into_o the_o body_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a but_o because_o it_o be_v disputable_a whether_o can_v be_v a_o positive_a quality_n or_o no_o we_o will_v urge_v this_o argument_n no_o further_o till_o the_o controversy_n be_v decide_v and_o till_o then_o as_o it_o will_v remain_v not_o improbable_a we_o propose_v it_o as_o no_o other_o but_o proceed_v to_o the_o next_o 23._o in_o the_o second_o place_n i_o see_v not_o as_o yet_o any_o proof_n that_o the_o great_a cold_a we_o have_v former_o mention_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o that_o vast_a body_n the_o sea_n especial_o when_o it_o be_v great_a elsewhere_o then_o near_o the_o top_n where_o the_o air_n may_v better_o communicate_v its_o coldness_n to_o it_o must_v be_v the_o effect_n of_o nitrous_a atom_n which_o must_v certain_o swarm_v in_o prodigious_a multitude_n to_o be_v able_a to_o refrigerate_v every_o drop_n and_o sensible_a particle_n of_o so_o stupendious_o vast_a a_o body_n as_o the_o ocean_n beside_o that_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v find_v or_o know_v it_o observe_v that_o nitre_n especial_o in_o vast_a quantity_n reach_v near_o so_o deep_a in_o the_o earth_n as_o those_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n that_o be_v find_v exceed_v cold_a and_o as_o the_o halituous_a part_n of_o nitre_n be_v more_o dispose_v to_o fly_v up_o into_o the_o air_n then_o dive_v down_o into_o the_o sea_n so_o we_o find_v no_o great_a document_n of_o its_o have_v its_o grosser_n and_o sensible_a part_n abound_v in_o the_o sea-water_n since_o the_o evaporation_n of_o that_o leave_v not_o behind_o it_o salt-petre_a but_o common_a salt_n but_o these_o though_o no_o light_a consideration_n be_v not_o those_o that_o most_o weigh_v with_o i_o 24._o for_o in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o be_o not_o satisfy_v with_o the_o experience_n i_o find_v allege_v to_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v by_o nitre_n that_o the_o air_n and_o the_o neighbour_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o water_n not_o to_o repeat_v the_o objection_n i_o late_o borrow_v from_o the_o sea_n receive_v their_o high_a degree_n of_o cold._a for_o when_o gassendus_fw-la and_o other_o tell_v we_o that_o it_o be_v nitre_n resolve_v into_o exhalation_n that_o make_v the_o gelid_a wind_n which_o refrigerate_v all_o thing_n it_o touch_v and_o penetrate_v into_o the_o water_n congeal_v it_o this_o i_o say_v to_o i_o will_v seem_v precarious_a until_o gassendus_fw-la or_o some_o other_o for_o he_o tell_v we_o what_o experiment_n they_o be_v which_o he_o seem_v in_o one_o place_n to_o intimate_v that_o this_o new_a doctrine_n depend_v on_o for_o ay_o confess_v that_o for_o my_o part_n i_o who_o have_v perhaps_o have_v more_o opportunity_n to_o resolve_v nitre_n have_v see_v no_o great_a feat_n that_o the_o steam_n of_o it_o have_v do_v more_o than_o those_o of_o other_o saline_a body_n in_o the_o production_n of_o cold_a and_o the_o spirit_n of_o nitre_n which_o be_v a_o liquor_n consist_v of_o the_o volatile_a part_n of_o that_o resolve_a salt_n not_o only_o do_v not_o that_o i_o have_v observe_v appear_v to_o the_o touch_n to_o have_v considerable_o if_o at_o all_o a_o great_a actual_a cold_n then_o that_o of_o divers_a other_o liquor_n but_o seem_v to_o have_v a_o potential_a heat_n for_o whether_o or_o no_o the_o exhalation_n of_o nitre_n be_v able_a to_o congeal_v water_n into_o ice_n i_o have_v former_o observe_v serve_v that_o the_o spirit_n of_o nitre_n or_o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la will_v dissolve_v ice_n into_o water_n very_o near_o if_o not_o altogether_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o spirit_n of_o 〈◊〉_d itself_o which_o inflammable_a liquor_n be_v general_o acknowledge_v to_o be_v in_o a_o high_a degree_n potential_o hot_a if_o gassenaus_fw-la do_v not_o mean_v such_o steam_n of_o 〈◊〉_d as_o these_o which_o i_o have_v be_v 〈◊〉_d of_o it_o have_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o have_v signify_v what_o other_o kind_n of_o corpuscle_n of_o resolve_a nitre_n he_o mean_v without_o leave_v his_o reader_n to_o divine_v it_o and_o if_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o other_o experiment_n which_o we_o late_o experimentis_fw-la take_v notice_n that_o gassendus_fw-la seem_v to_o intimate_a by_o that_o which_o he_o set_v down_o a_o little_a after_o compare_v with_o that_o he_o have_v mention_v a_o little_a before_o i_o be_o not_o likely_a much_o to_o be_v convince_v by_o they_o but_o shall_v rather_o be_v tempt_v to_o suspect_v that_o learned_a man_n may_v be_v impose_v upon_o by_o other_o to_o write_v that_o as_o matter_n of_o fact_n which_o he_o never_o have_v try_v and_o yet_o own_o not_o the_o have_v it_o only_o by_o report_n for_o whereas_o he_o seem_v to_o 〈◊〉_d that_o dissolve_v nitre_n mingle_v itself_o with_o water_n freeze_v it_o and_o that_o in_o summer_n yet_o i_o must_v free_o 〈◊〉_d that_o although_o 〈◊〉_d other_o learned_a modern_n teach_v the_o same_o thing_n but_o without_o any_o man_n avouch_v it_o that_o i_o know_v upon_o his_o own_o experience_n i_o who_o be_o no_o 〈◊〉_d to_o nitrous_a experiment_n have_v never_o be_v able_a to_o produce_v or_o so_o fortunate_a as_o to_o see_v any_o such_o effect_n and_o 〈◊〉_d somewhat_o strange_a to_o i_o that_o chemist_n who_o make_v such_o frequent_a solution_n of_o nitre_n and_o ofrentimes_o with_o less_o water_n then_o be_v sufficient_a to_o dissolve_v it_o all_o so_o that_o by_o consequence_n the_o proportion_n of_o the_o nitre_n to_o the_o water_n must_v have_v run_v through_o almost_o all_o the_o possible_a measure_n of_o proportion_n shall_v never_o so_o much_o as_o by_o chance_n as_o i_o can_v hear_v have_v observe_v any_o such_o matter_n and_o that_o which_o make_v i_o thus_o interpret_v gassendus_fw-la his_fw-la meaning_n though_o in_o one_o of_o the_o two_o passage_n wherein_o he_o set_v down_o this_o experiment_n he_o mention_n also_o snow_n or_o ice_n to_o be_v add_v to_o the_o nitre_n be_v that_o in_o the_o first_o of_o those_o two_o passage_n he_o ascribe_v the_o congelation_n to_o
another_o treatise_n to_o which_o such_o matter_n more_o proper_o belong_v it_o be_v know_v that_o the_o school_n define_v cold_a by_o the_o property_n they_o ascribe_v to_o it_o of_o congregate_a both_o heterogeneous_a and_o homogeneous_a thing_n i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o attempt_v the_o make_v some_o separation_n in_o body_n by_o the_o force_n of_o cold._a for_o if_o that_o hold_v true_a in_o this_o climate_n which_o have_v be_v observe_v by_o traveller_n and_o navigator_n in_o northern_a region_n that_o man_n may_v obtain_v from_o beer_n and_o wine_n a_o very_a strong_a spirit_n and_o a_o phlegm_n by_o congelation_n it_o seem_v probable_a that_o in_o divers_a other_o liquor_n the_o waterish_a part_n will_v begin_v to_o freeze_v before_o the_o more_o spirituous_a and_o saline_a and_o if_o so_o we_o may_v be_v assist_v to_o make_v divers_a separation_n as_o well_o by_o cold_a as_o by_o heat_n and_o dephlegme_n if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v some_o liquor_n as_o well_o by_o congelation_n as_o by_o distillation_n but_o i_o doubt_v whether_o the_o ordinary_a frost_n of_o this_o country_n can_v produce_v a_o degree_n of_o cold_a great_a enough_o to_o make_v such_o division_n and_o separation_n in_o body_n as_o have_v be_v observe_v in_o the_o more_o northern_a climate_n for_o though_o have_v purposely_o hang_v out_o a_o glass-bottle_n with_o a_o quart_n of_o beer_n in_o it_o in_o a_o extraordinary_o sharp_a night_n i_o find_v the_o next_o morning_n that_o much_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o beer_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n there_o remain_v somewhat_o near_o the_o middle_n but_o near_o the_o bottom_n a_o uncongealed_a liquor_n which_o to_o i_o and_o other_o seem_v strong_a than_o the_o beer_n and_o be_v at_o least_o manifest_o strong_a than_o the_o thaw_a ice_n which_o make_v but_o a_o spiritless_a and_o as_o it_o be_v but_o a_o dead_a drink_n yet_o in_o some_o other_o trial_n my_o success_n be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o some_o will_v have_v expect_v for_o have_v put_v one_o part_n of_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n to_o about_o five_o or_o six_o part_n if_o i_o misremember_v not_o of_o common_a water_n and_o have_v put_v they_o into_o a_o round_a glass_n and_o place_v that_o in_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n though_o the_o mixture_n be_v in_o great_a part_n turn_v into_o ice_n yet_o i_o can_v not_o perceive_v that_o even_o two_o liquor_n so_o slight_o mingle_v be_v any_o thing_n accurate_o sever_v from_o one_o another_o although_o once_o to_o enable_v myself_o the_o better_a to_o judge_v of_o it_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n i_o employ_v be_v beforehand_o deep_o tinct_a with_o cochinele_n and_o therefore_o i_o the_o less_o wonder_n that_o in_o claret_n wine_n i_o can_v not_o make_v any_o exact_a separation_n of_o the_o red_a and_o the_o colourless_a part_n however_o i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o try_v how_o far_o in_o some_o other_o liquor_n this_o way_n of_o separate_v the_o waterish_a and_o more_o easy_o congealable_a part_n from_o the_o rest_n will_v or_o will_v not_o succeed_v and_o i_o remember_v that_o a_o large_a glass_n vessel_n wherein_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o cold_a a_o considerable_a part_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n who_o swim_v argue_v it_o to_o be_v light_a than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liquor_n but_o though_o i_o put_v some_o of_o this_o ice_n in_o a_o glass_n by_o itself_o to_o examine_v by_o its_o weight_n and_o taste_n when_o thaw_v how_o much_o it_o differ_v from_o the_o uncongealed_a part_n of_o the_o spirit_n my_o hope_n be_v disappoint_v by_o a_o misfortune_n which_o be_v not_o repair_v by_o my_o expose_v afterward_o a_o small_a quantity_n of_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n to_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n for_o that_o prove_v so_o cold_a that_o the_o whole_a be_v turn_v into_o ice_n wherefore_o i_o must_v reserve_v for_o another_o opportunity_n the_o prosecute_a that_o experiment_n as_o also_o the_o try_v whether_o a_o separation_n of_o the_o serous_a or_o the_o oleaginous_a part_n of_o milk_n may_v be_v effect_v for_o though_o once_o the_o frost_n seem_v to_o have_v promote_v a_o separation_n of_o creme_a notwithstanding_o that_o heat_n also_o may_v do_v it_o and_o though_o another_o time_n there_o seem_v to_o be_v another_o kind_n of_o divulsion_n of_o part_n make_v by_o congelation_n yet_o for_o want_v of_o leisure_n to_o prosecute_v such_o trial_n they_o prove_v not_o satisfactory_a no_o more_o than_o do_v some_o attempt_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n that_o i_o make_v upon_o blood_n by_o freeze_a it_o but_o notwithstanding_o these_o discouragement_n i_o resolve_v to_o try_v what_o i_o can_v do_v upon_o brine_n for_o call_v to_o mind_n the_o relation_n mention_v in_o the_o xv._n title_n and_o elsewhere_o which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o in_o some_o case_n the_o ice_n of_o the_o sea-water_n may_v be_v thaw_v yield_v fresh_a water_n and_o be_v the_o more_o incline_v to_o think_v it_o worth_a trial_n by_o a_o physician_n i_o since_o happen_v to_o discourse_v with_o about_o this_o matter_n who_o affirm_v to_o i_o that_o sail_v along_o the_o coast_n of_o germany_n he_o have_v take_v out_o of_o the_o sea_n ice_n that_o be_v thaw_v he_o find_v to_o afford_v good_a fresh_a water_n i_o begin_v to_o consider_v whether_o we_o may_v not_o by_o cold_a free_a salt_n water_n at_o some_o season_n of_o the_o year_n from_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o the_o phlegm_n which_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o cost_v much_o to_o free_v they_o from_o by_o fire_n and_o other_o mean_n for_o a_o little_a help_n towards_o the_o diminution_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o so_o useful_a a_o experiment_n by_o many_o that_o boil_v salt_n out_o of_o the_o salt_n spring_v that_o in_o some_o country_n that_o be_v think_v the_o skilful_a in_o that_o trade_n they_o make_v their_o salt-water_n fall_v upon_o great_a bundle_n of_o small_a brush-wood_n that_o be_v thereby_o divide_v and_o reduce_v to_o a_o far_o great_a superficies_n there_o may_v in_o fall_v through_o some_o of_o the_o pure_o aqueous_a part_n exhale_v away_o wherefore_o dissolve_v one_o part_n of_o common_a salt_n in_o 44._o time_n its_o weight_n of_o common_a water_n that_o it_o may_v be_v reduce_v either_o exact_o or_o near_o to_o the_o degree_n of_o saltness_n that_o have_v be_v by_o several_a writer_n observe_v in_o the_o water_n of_o our_o neighbour_a sea_n and_o have_v likewise_o cause_v another_o and_o much_o strong_a brine_n to_o be_v make_v by_o put_v in_o to_o the_o water_n a_o far_o great_a proportion_n of_o salt_n for_o so_o there_o be_v in_o many_o of_o our_o salt_n spring_v we_o expose_v these_o several_a solution_n to_o the_o congeal_a cold_a of_o the_o air_n in_o frosty_a weather_n where_o the_o last_o mention_v solution_n be_v too_o strong_o impregnate_v with_o the_o salt_n continue_v some_o day_n and_o night_n altogether_o uncongeal_v but_o that_o weak_a solution_n which_o emulate_v sea_n water_n be_v expose_v in_o a_o shallow_a and_o wide_o mouth_v vessel_n that_o shape_n be_v judge_v the_o most_o proper_a we_o can_v procure_v for_o our_o design_n the_o large_a superficies_n that_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n do_v as_o we_o expect_v afford_v we_o a_o cake_n of_o ice_n which_o be_v take_v off_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liquor_n expose_v again_o to_o the_o air_n in_o the_o same_o vessel_n we_o obtain_v a_o second_o cake_n of_o ice_n and_o take_v the_o remain_v which_o seem_v to_o be_v indispose_v enough_o to_o congelation_n we_o find_v that_o by_o compare_v it_o with_o that_o which_o be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o first_o cake_n of_o ice_n permit_v to_o thaw_v there_o appear_v a_o very_a manifest_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o water_n whereinto_o the_o ice_n be_v resolve_v scarce_o taste_v so_o much_o as_o brackish_a whereas_o the_o liquor_n that_o have_v continue_v uncongeal_v be_v considerable_o salt_n in_o taste_n and_o if_o i_o have_v have_v the_o conveniency_n of_o examine_v myself_o these_o two_o liquor_n hydrostatical_o as_o i_o be_v fain_o to_o have_v they_o examine_v by_o another_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o by_o their_o weight_n i_o shall_v have_v discover_v precise_o enough_o the_o difference_n between_o they_o which_o the_o person_n i_o employ_v find_v to_o be_v considerable_a and_o consequent_o shall_v have_v be_v assist_v to_o make_v a_o estimate_n of_o the_o advantage_n that_o may_v be_v afford_v by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o cold_a towards_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o brine_n from_o its_o superfluous_a water_n but_o though_o i_o have_v not_o a_o quantity_n of_o ice_n great_a enough_o to_o satisfy_v i_o whether_o that_o little_a brackishness_n of_o taste_n i_o have_v mention_v proceed_v from_o some_o saline_a corpuscle_n that_o concur_v to_o the_o constitute_n of_o the_o ice_n itself_o or_o do_v only_o adhere_v
that_o aphoristical_a say_n of_o hypocrates_n ventres_fw-la hyeme_n esse_fw-la calidiores_fw-la together_o with_o the_o observation_n whereon_o it_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v ground_v i_o will_v not_o now_o examine_v whether_o any_o argument_n for_o the_o contrary_n may_v be_v draw_v from_o the_o heat_n and_o thirst_v man_n feel_v in_o summer_n and_o the_o refreshment_n they_o then_o find_v by_o drink_n and_o fruit_n and_o other_o aliment_n that_o be_v actual_o cold_a for_o that_o which_o i_o principal_o intend_v to_o say_v be_v this_o that_o i_o much_o more_o doubt_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n deliver_v in_o the_o aphorism_n then_o that_o in_o case_n it_o be_v true_a it_o may_v be_v make_v out_o without_o the_o help_n of_o antiperistasis_n in_o the_o vulgar_a and_o scholastic_a notion_n of_o that_o term._n 24._o i_o consider_v then_o first_o that_o the_o proof_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v bring_v of_o the_o great_a heat_n of_o man_n stomach_n in_o winter_n be_v that_o man_n be_v wont_a to_o have_v then_o a_o great_a appetite_n to_o their_o meat_n but_o though_o i_o pay_v so_o much_o respect_n to_o the_o great_a hypocrates_n as_o to_o allow_v the_o aphorism_n in_o a_o sense_n yet_o i_o admit_v it_o to_o be_v true_a but_o upon_o a_o hypothesis_n that_o i_o do_v not_o admit_v to_o be_v so_o for_o the_o aphorism_n suppose_v that_o the_o digestion_n of_o meat_n in_o the_o stomach_n be_v make_v by_o heat_n and_o consequent_o that_o the_o strong_a digestion_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v make_v in_o winter_n be_v a_o argument_n of_o the_o stomach_n be_v then_o hot_a then_o at_o other_o season_n of_o the_o year_n but_o the_o erroniousness_n of_o this_o supposition_n i_o think_v i_o need_v not_o solemn_o prove_v to_o eleutherius_fw-la who_o i_o doubt_v not_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o several_a thing_n in_o nature_n that_o agree_v not_o with_o it_o and_o particular_o of_o the_o strong_a concoction_n that_o be_v make_v in_o the_o stomach_n of_o divers_a ravenous_a fish_n who_o stomach_n and_o blood_n be_v yet_o as_o i_o have_v purposely_o observe_v sensible_o cold_a but_o if_o it_o shall_v in_o some_o case_n prove_v true_a that_o there_o be_v real_o in_o man_n body_n a_o far_o great_a heat_n in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n yet_o this_o will_v not_o infer_v a_o antiperistasis_n in_o the_o sense_n wherein_o i_o oppose_v it_o for_o the_o vital_a heat_n lodge_v in_o the_o heart_n always_o generate_a out_o of_o the_o blood_n and_o juice_n that_o continual_o circulate_v through_o that_o part_n great_a store_n of_o spirit_n and_o warm_a exhalation_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o transpire_v through_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o skin_n in_o much_o great_a quantity_n then_o notwithstanding_o the_o affirmation_n of_o sanctorius_n any_o thing_n but_o my_o own_o trial_n can_v have_v persuade_v i_o these_o warm_a steam_n find_v the_o pore_n of_o the_o skin_n straighten_a and_o shut_v up_o grow_v more_o and_o more_o copious_a in_o the_o body_n and_o thereby_o heat_v the_o stomach_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o internal_a part_n of_o it_o and_o perhaps_o also_o the_o same_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n or_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n that_o produce_v cold_a in_o winter_n may_v by_o shut_v in_o certain_a kind_n of_o effluvia_fw-la or_o perhaps_o alter_v the_o motion_n or_o texture_n of_o the_o blood_n reduce_v it_o to_o such_o a_o disposition_n as_o that_o the_o appetite_n shall_v be_v increase_v as_o well_o as_o the_o concoction_n in_o the_o stomach_n promote_v by_o the_o stomachical_a menstruum_fw-la or_o ferment_n which_o either_o be_v new_o generate_v in_o winter_n or_o more_o copious_o supply_v by_o the_o circulate_v of_o the_o blood_n to_o the_o stomach_n in_o that_o season_n then_o in_o other_o and_o to_o show_v that_o a_o good_a appetite_n may_v be_v procure_v by_o agent_n endow_v with_o very_o distinct_a and_o contrary_a quality_n do_v not_o we_o see_v that_o spicy_a sauce_n wine_n and_o vinegar_n do_v all_o of_o they_o in_o most_o man_n beget_v a_o appetite_n though_o the_o two_o former_a be_v confess_o hot_a and_o the_o latter_a cold_a and_o so_o wormwood_n and_o juice_n of_o lemon_n have_v both_o of_o they_o frequent_o relive_v dull_a and_o weak_a stomach_n though_o the_o one_o be_v confess_o a_o hot_a simple_a and_o the_o other_o a_o cold_a and_o in_o some_o case_n either_o the_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n themselves_o and_o perhaps_o some_o other_o unknown_a to_o we_o that_o they_o may_v bring_v along_o with_o they_o may_v so_o solicit_v the_o stomach_n as_o to_o breed_v a_o eager_a appetite_n not_o precise_o by_o their_o be_v cold_a or_o hot_a but_o by_o their_o peculiar_a nature_n as_o we_o have_v instance_n of_o some_o that_o in_o these_o part_n by_o walk_v on_o the_o snow_n procure_v to_o themselves_o a_o bulimus_fw-la and_o the_o learned_a fromundus_n relate_v how_o he_o himself_o by_o walk_v long_o on_o the_o snow_n be_v surprise_v with_o such_o a_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d take_v notice_n that_o the_o chief_a cause_n of_o the_o faint_a be_v in_o the_o stomach_n and_o that_o he_o find_v by_o his_o own_o experience_n that_o that_o part_n be_v discompose_v convel_v and_o provoke_v to_o cast_v to_o which_o he_o add_v what_o make_v much_o for_o my_o present_a purpose_n that_o he_o now_o think_v the_o chief_a cause_n of_o the_o bulimia_fw-la to_o consist_v in_o certain_a steam_n that_o do_v peculiar_o affect_v the_o stomach_n which_o they_o gnaw_v and_o distend_v and_o just_o before_o he_o observe_v that_o strain_v to_o fetch_v deep_a cough_n be_v a_o present_a remedy_n in_o this_o distemper_n by_o discharge_v the_o stomach_n and_o lung_n of_o those_o snowy_a spirit_n which_o be_v either_o attract_v in_o respiration_n or_o have_v some_o other_o way_n insinuate_v themselves_o into_o those_o part_n so_o that_o beside_o the_o cold_n abstract_o consider_v the_o stomach_n may_v be_v peculiar_o affect_v by_o other_o either_o attribute_n or_o concomitant_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n that_o grow_v powerful_a in_o frosty_a weather_n with_o which_o it_o well_o agree_v that_o divers_a have_v be_v observe_v to_o be_v subject_a to_o bulimias_n in_o these_o part_n of_o the_o world_n though_o in_o our_o warm_a climate_n such_o man_n endure_v nothing_o near_o so_o great_a a_o cold_a nor_o be_v so_o much_o inconvenience_v by_o it_o as_o multitude_n of_o other_o that_o in_o nova_n zembla_n and_o other_o gelid_a region_n never_o complain_v of_o have_v contract_v even_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o winter_n any_o such_o disease_n 25._o another_o argument_n that_o be_v specious_a enough_o urge_v in_o favour_n of_o antiperistasis_n be_v borrow_v from_o the_o production_n of_o hail_n which_o be_v presume_v to_o be_v generate_v in_o summer_n only_o not_o in_o winter_n and_o according_a to_o aristotle_n and_o the_o school_n be_v make_v in_o the_o low_a region_n of_o the_o air_n by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o fall_a drop_n of_o rain_n so_o high_o intend_v by_o the_o warmth_n it_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o air_n near_o the_o earth_n as_o to_o congeal_v the_o water_n wherein_o it_o be_v harbour_v but_o though_o i_o free_o confess_v to_o you_o that_o i_o think_v the_o generation_n of_o hail_n difficult_a enough_o to_o be_v solid_o explicate_v yet_o i_o scruple_n not_o to_o reject_v the_o receive_a doctrine_n about_o it_o for_o several_a reason_n of_o which_o i_o will_v now_o name_v four_o 26._o for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n it_o be_v not_o universal_o true_a as_o be_v suppose_v and_o the_o aristotelian_a doctrine_n require_v that_o hail_n fall_v not_o but_o in_o summer_n or_o very_o hot_a weather_n for_o i_o have_v myself_o observe_v it_o within_o this_o twelve_o month_n to_o hail_v at_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o november_n and_o that_o when_o some_o frosty_a day_n have_v precede_v and_o when_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o weather_n be_v complain_v of_o nay_o the_o long_a shower_n of_o hail_n that_o either_o i_o or_o some_o other_o remember_v ourselves_o to_o have_v ever_o know_v i_o observe_v to_o fall_v about_o a_o week_n before_o the_o end_n of_o january_n on_o a_o night_n precede_v by_o a_o very_a frosty_a day_n which_o itself_o be_v precede_v by_o a_o sharp_a fit_a of_o frosty_a weather_n and_o here_o i_o must_v notpreter_n mit_fw-fr this_o circumstance_n that_o when_o the_o tedious_a shower_n be_v over_o there_o come_v to_o the_o house_n where_o i_o than_o be_v a_o maid_n that_o be_v servant_n to_o one_o of_o my_o domestic_n and_o relate_v to_o her_o master_n and_o other_o how_o she_o be_v for_o a_o good_a while_n mislead_v out_o of_o the_o beat_a way_n where_o the_o storm_n find_v she_o by_o a_o ignis_fw-la fatuus_fw-la which_o she_o follow_v till_o by_o its_o pass_v over_o a_o place_n where_o she_o find_v a_o unpassable_a hedge_n it_o both_o show_v she_o that_o she_o be_v out_o of_o her_o way_n
with_o our_o live_a body_n yet_o i_o fear_v they_o have_v too_o much_o ascribe_v to_o they_o when_o they_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o such_o exact_a instrument_n to_o measure_v heat_n and_o cold_a by_o that_o we_o neither_o can_v have_v nor_o need_n desire_v any_o better_o for_o not_o yet_o to_o mention_v some_o inconvenience_n in_o the_o contrivance_n of_o they_o which_o make_v they_o unapplicable_a to_o some_o purpose_n and_o less_o proper_a in_o other_o than_o thermoscope_n may_v be_v make_v even_o in_o divers_a case_n wherein_o they_o be_v presume_v to_o be_v unexceptionable_a their_o report_n be_v not_o to_o i_o i_o confess_v quite_o exempt_a from_o suspicion_n for_o in_o ordinary_a weather-glass_n some_o part_n of_o the_o liquor_n be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o external_n air_n it_o be_v subject_a to_o be_v impel_v more_o or_o less_o upward_o not_o only_o according_a as_o heat_n or_o cold_a affect_v the_o include_v air_n but_o according_a as_o the_o incumbent_a air_n happen_v to_o be_v heavy_a or_o light_a and_o though_o this_o be_v a_o thing_n not_o take_v notice_n of_o by_o those_o that_o have_v treat_v of_o weather-glass_n yet_o 〈◊〉_d what_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o manifest_v concern_v the_o weight_n and_o spring_n of_o the_o air_n and_o what_o we_o have_v probable_o 〈◊〉_d concern_v the_o vary_a height_n of_o the_o mercurial_a cylinder_n in_o the_o torrecellian_a experiment_n i_o see_v not_o why_o it_o shall_v experiment_n not_o much_o call_n in_o question_n the_o information_n we_o receive_v from_o common_a weather-glass_n in_o those_o case_n where_o the_o height_n or_o weight_n of_o the_o atmosphaerical_a pillar_n that_o press_v upon_o the_o water_n in_o the_o weatherglass_n be_v considerable_o long_a or_o short_a light_a or_o heavy_a then_o be_v usual_a for_o beside_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o thing_n we_o have_v experience_n on_o our_o side_n i_o may_v mention_v on_o this_o occasion_n a_o experiment_n i_o think_v on_o and_o also_o attempt_v last_o winter_n to_o show_v even_o upon_o a_o balance_n the_o vary_a gravity_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o place_n by_o hang_v a_o small_a metalline_a weight_n at_o one_o end_v of_o a_o pair_n of_o scale_n so_o strange_o exact_a that_o they_o will_v turn_v with_o far_o less_o than_o the_o 500_o part_n of_o a_o grain_n and_o counterpoise_v it_o at_o the_o other_o end_n with_o a_o hermetical_o seal_v glass_n bubble_n which_o be_v blow_v as_o large_a and_o as_o thin_a as_o can_v possible_o be_v procure_v of_o so_o small_a a_o weight_n may_v by_o its_o great_a disproportion_n in_o bulk_n to_o the_o metalline_a body_n lose_v more_o of_o its_o weight_n then_o that_o will_v upon_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n grow_v more_o heavy_a but_o the_o particular_a account_n of_o this_o attempt_n belong_v to_o another_o place_n the_o trial_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v more_o than_o hint_v here_o especial_o since_o it_o may_v suffice_v for_o our_o present_a purpose_n to_o allege_v that_o have_v find_v 4_o as_o we_o have_v already_o in_o other_o paper_n note_v that_o in_o a_o weatherglass_n where_o the_o water_n be_v not_o fence_v from_o the_o external_n air_n the_o weight_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n may_v make_v it_o alter_v considerable_o between_o the_o top_n and_o bottom_n even_o of_o a_o church_n or_o steeple_n though_o it_o appear_v by_o more_o certain_a thermoscope_n that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o differ_a temperature_n of_o the_o air_n as_o to_o cold_a and_o heat_n but_o the_o differ_a gravity_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n which_o be_v short_a and_o light_a at_o the_o top_n press_v less_o forcible_o upon_o the_o subjacent_a water_n and_o the_o include_v air_n as_o be_v more_o full_o make_v out_o in_o the_o treatise_n above_o relate_v to_o and_o have_v by_o the_o intervention_n of_o a_o learned_a acquaintance_n desire_v to_o have_v some_o experiment_n make_v of_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o air_n upon_o weather-glass_n in_o deep_a pit_n or_o mine_n where_o the_o atmosphaerical_a cylinder_n be_v long_o and_o heavy_a i_o receive_v information_n that_o a_o ingenious_a p._n physician_n who_o have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o try_v what_o i_o desire_v have_v find_v that_o in_o the_o bottom_n of_o one_o of_o those_o very_a deep_a pit_n the_o water_n in_o a_o common_a wether_n glass_n rise_v near_o three_o inch_n high_o than_o at_o the_o top_n in_o a_o shank_n or_o pipe_n of_o about_o thirty_o inch_n long_o and_o this_o notwithstanding_o the_o warmth_n that_o be_v usual_a in_o such_o deep_a place_n which_o seem_v not_o any_o thing_n near_o so_o plausible_o referable_a to_o any_o other_o cause_n as_o to_o the_o increase_v gravity_n of_o the_o atmosphaerical_a pillar_n incumbent_a on_o the_o water_n that_o pillar_n be_v heavy_a at_o the_o bottom_n then_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o pit_n by_o the_o weight_n of_o a_o aerial_a pillar_n equal_a in_o length_n to_o the_o pit_n perpendicular_a height_n or_o depth_n but_o these_o be_v not_o the_o only_a case_n wherein_o the_o differ_a gravity_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n may_v as_o well_o as_o heat_n and_o cold_a have_v a_o interest_n in_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o the_o liquor_n in_o common_a weather-glass_n for_o though_o you_o shall_v not_o remove_v they_o out_o of_o one_o place_n and_o though_o consequent_o it_o may_v seem_v that_o the_o atmosphaerical_a pillar_n that_o press_v upon_o the_o water_n must_v be_v still_o of_o the_o same_o length_n yet_o not_o to_o urge_v that_o that_o may_v alter_v unknown_a to_o we_o if_o retain_v its_o length_n it_o retain_v not_o its_o gravity_n we_o may_v be_v easy_o impose_v upon_o and_o take_v that_o ascension_n or_o subsidence_n of_o the_o liquor_n for_o the_o effect_n of_o a_o high_a or_o remiss_a degree_n of_o cold_a which_o may_v either_o total_o or_o at_o least_o in_o part_n and_o in_o what_o part_n we_o be_v leave_v to_o guess_v be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o increase_v or_o lessen_v weight_n of_o the_o atmosphaerical_a pillar_n happen_v either_o by_o the_o copious_a dispersion_n of_o vapour_n and_o other_o heavy_a steam_n through_o the_o air_n or_o upon_o other_o occasion_n not_o necessary_a to_o be_v here_o discourse_v of_o or_o by_o the_o precipitation_n of_o such_o vapour_n by_o rain_n or_o into_o dew_n or_o else_o by_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o occasion_n of_o the_o augment_a gravity_n or_o pressure_n of_o the_o air._n for_o we_o have_v often_o observe_v great_a variation_n to_o happen_v in_o the_o height_n of_o the_o mercurial_a cylinder_n in_o the_o torricellian_a experiment_n upon_o great_a rain_n and_o fog_n and_o other_o sudden_a and_o considerable_a mutation_n of_o the_o incumbent_n air._n but_o since_o i_o myself_o think_v fit_a notwithstanding_o the_o plausible_a ratiocination_n that_o lead_v i_o to_o this_o conjecture_n to_o examine_v it_o by_o experience_n i_o can_v scarce_o doubt_v but_o that_o other_o may_v have_v the_o like_a curiosity_n that_o i_o have_v and_o therefore_o because_o it_o may_v seem_v a_o paradox_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o of_o many_o to_o annex_v three_o or_o four_o trial_n i_o make_v to_o examine_v the_o propose_a doctrine_n especial_o we_o have_v be_v the_o first_o observation_n of_o this_o kind_n that_o for_o aught_o we_o know_v have_v be_v make_v by_o any_o and_o indeed_o other_o can_v scarce_o have_v well_o make_v such_o though_o they_o have_v light_v on_o the_o same_o thought_n for_o want_v of_o such_o seal_a weather-glass_n to_o make_v they_o with_o to_o omit_v then_o those_o that_o i_o make_v with_o a_o seal_a weatherglass_n and_o a_o ordinary_a one_o in_o which_o the_o water_n remain_v suspend_v beneath_o the_o include_v air_n i_o shall_v brief_o relate_v that_o in_o a_o room_n unfurnished_v with_o a_o chimney_n i_o keep_v two_o weather-glass_n which_o for_o more_o exactness_n sake_n i_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v of_o a_o length_n far_o great_a than_o ordinary_a so_o that_o the_o division_n of_o the_o one_o be_v half_a inch_n and_o those_o of_o the_o other_o not_o much_o less_o and_o yet_o be_v numerous_n the_o one_o of_o these_o which_o be_v furnish_v with_o good_a spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v seal_v the_o other_o not_o but_o this_o last_o i_o cause_v to_o be_v so_o make_v of_o the_o shape_n represent_v by_o the_o scheme_n that_o the_o air_n be_v shut_v up_o in_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o instrument_n not_o as_o in_o common_a weather-glass_n at_o the_o top_n the_o liquor_n may_v as_o well_o in_o this_o as_o in_o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n rise_v with_o heat_n and_o fall_v with_o cold._n in_o these_o thermoscope_n where_o the_o ascension_n and_o relapse_n of_o the_o liquor_n be_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o length_n of_o the_o pipe_n far_o more_o conspicuous_a then_o in_o vulgar_a weather-glass_n i_o observe_v with_o pleasure_n that_o the_o hermetical_a thermoscope_n if_o i_o may_v for_o distinction_n sake_n so_o call_v
limbeck_n may_v not_o during_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o year_n be_v of_o some_o use_n to_o we_o in_o make_v and_o judge_v of_o weather-glass_n for_o this_o liquor_n as_o we_o 〈◊〉_d also_o note_n have_v the_o peculiarity_n of_o lose_v its_o fluidity_n during_o almost_o all_o the_o winter_n and_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o spring_n and_o autumn_n too_o when_o the_o wether_n water_n or_o the_o time_n of_o the_o day_n be_v cold_a this_o liquor_n i_o say_v be_v such_o in_o case_n you_o very_o gentle_o thaw_v it_o and_o then_o put_v into_o it_o the_o ball_n of_o a_o weatherglass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n that_o will_v burn_v all_o away_o you_o suffer_v the_o oil_n to_o re-congeal_a leisurely_o of_o itself_o you_o may_v by_o observe_v the_o station_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o the_o thermoscope_n when_o the_o oil_n begin_v manifest_o to_o curdle_n about_o it_o be_v in_o some_o measure_n assist_v to_o make_v another_o weatherglass_n like_o it_o for_o if_o you_o put_v such_o rectify_a spirit_n of_o wine_n into_o a_o glass_n the_o cavity_n of_o who_o spherical_a and_o that_o of_o its_o cylindrical_a part_n be_v as_o near_o as_o may_v be_v equal_a to_o the_o correspondent_a cavity_n in_o the_o former_a glass_n you_o may_v by_o some_o heedful_a trial_n make_v with_o thaw_v and_o recongealed_a oil_n of_o aniseed_n bring_v the_o second_o weatherglass_n to_o be_v somewhat_o like_o the_o first_o and_o if_o you_o know_v the_o quantity_n of_o your_o spirit_n of_o wine_n you_o may_v easy_o enough_o make_v a_o estimate_n by_o the_o place_n it_o reach_v to_o in_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o instrument_n who_o capacity_n you_o also_o know_v whether_o it_o expand_v or_o contract_v itself_o to_o the_o 40_o the_o 30_o or_o the_o 20_o part_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d it_o be_v of_o when_o the_o weatherglass_n be_v make_v by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o same_o oil_n you_o may_v make_v some_o kind_n of_o estimate_n though_o a_o more_o uncertain_a one_o of_o the_o difference_n of_o two_o weather-glass_n of_o unequal_a bigness_n and_o though_o i_o know_v how_o much_o may_v be_v allege_v to_o show_v the_o uncertainty_n of_o this_o way_n of_o make_v a_o standard_n for_o weather-glass_n yet_o as_o what_o i_o have_v former_o represent_v may_v manifest_v i_o to_o be_v far_o enough_o from_o look_v on_o it_o as_o a_o exact_a standard_n of_o cold_a so_o perhaps_o the_o way_n propose_v may_v not_o be_v altogether_o useless_a in_o the_o make_n and_o compare_v weather-glass_n since_o in_o such_o case_n where_o we_o be_v not_o to_o expect_v to_o hit_v the_o mark_n itself_o it_o be_v of_o some_o advantage_n to_o be_v able_a to_o shoot_v less_o wide_a of_o it_o then_o otherwise_o we_o shall_v ii_o but_o not_o to_o insist_v any_o further_a on_o a_o difficulty_n which_o be_v so_o hardly_o 〈◊〉_d as_o that_o which_o occur_v about_o settle_v a_o perfect_a standard_n of_o cold_a there_o be_v unaccurateness_n in_o the_o measure_n of_o cold_a by_o weather-glass_n which_o may_v be_v avoid_v but_o be_v not_o for_o man_n be_v not_o wont_a to_o take_v care_n that_o the_o stem_n be_v even_o and_o cylindrical_a enough_o but_o be_v wont_n to_o make_v use_n of_o such_o as_o be_v much_o wide_a at_o the_o upper_a part_n near_o the_o bubble_n than_o otherwhere_o nor_o do_v they_o observe_v as_o they_o may_v a_o proportion_n betwixt_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o boar_n of_o the_o cylinder_n and_o that_o of_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o spherical_a bubble_n and_o divers_a other_o circumstance_n be_v common_o neglect_v which_o if_o well_o order_v will_v make_v much_o towards_o the_o certainty_n and_o instructiveness_n of_o the_o information_n afford_v we_o by_o weather-glass_n to_o which_o may_v be_v add_v that_o even_o in_o those_o where_o some_o part_n of_o the_o liquor_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o external_a air_n there_o may_v be_v make_v contrivance_n much_o more_o convenient_a in_o order_n at_o least_o to_o some_o particular_a purpose_n then_o that_o of_o the_o vulgar_a weatherglass_n some_o of_o which_o we_o have_v employ_v and_o other_o have_v be_v either_o skilful_o devise_v or_o also_o happy_o attempt_v by_o some_o eminent_o ingenious_a goddard_n member_n of_o the_o royal_a society_n and_o though_o that_o which_o we_o have_v already_o hook_n describe_v in_o another_o treatise_n be_v very_o simple_a yet_o it_o be_v much_o more_o commodious_a for_o several_a of_o the_o follow_a experiment_n of_o cold_a then_o that_o which_o be_v common_o in_o use_n for_o in_o this_o where_o the_o include_v air_n be_v as_o it_o be_v pendulous_a at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o glass_n it_o be_v very_o troublesome_a and_o difficult_a so_o to_o apply_v cold_a body_n and_o especial_o liquid_a one_o to_o it_o as_o therewith_o to_o measure_v their_o temper_n whereas_o the_o thermometer_n i_o speak_v of_o be_v make_v by_o the_o insertion_n of_o a_o cylindrical_a pipe_n of_o glass_n open_a at_o both_o end_n into_o a_o viol_n or_o bottle_n and_o by_o exact_o stop_v with_o seal_v wax_n or_o very_o close_o cement_v the_o mouth_n of_o the_o viol_n that_o the_o include_v air_n may_v have_v no_o communication_n with_o the_o external_n but_o by_o the_o new_o mention_v pipe_n in_o this_o kind_n of_o instrument_n i_o say_v by_o choose_v a_o viol_n as_o large_a as_o you_o please_v and_o fit_v it_o with_o a_o cylynder_n slender_a enough_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o part_n of_o the_o viol_n possess_v by_o include_v air_n and_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n in_o which_o the_o liquor_n be_v to_o play_v up_o and_o down_o may_v be_v easy_o make_v so_o great_a as_o to_o make_v the_o liquor_n in_o this_o instrument_n with_o the_o same_o degree_n of_o heat_n or_o cold_a rise_v or_o fall_v four_o or_o five_o or_o more_o time_n as_o much_o as_o the_o pendulous_a liquor_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v in_o a_o ordinary_a weatherglass_n where_o the_o cavity_n that_o lodge_v the_o air_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v much_o too_o small_a consider_v the_o bigness_n of_o the_o pipe_n whereinto_o the_o air_n must_v when_o it_o be_v rarify_v expand_v itself_o but_o it_o be_v not_o the_o great_a sensibility_n if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v of_o this_o very_a kind_n of_o weather-glass_n nor_o their_o not_o need_v frame_n that_o make_v i_o take_v notice_n of_o they_o in_o this_o place_n where_o i_o purposely_o pass_v by_o contrivance_n that_o i_o know_v to_o be_v more_o curious_a but_o this_o other_o quality_n which_o make_v they_o fit_a for_o divers_a of_o the_o follow_a experiment_n wherein_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o mention_v they_o namely_o that_o with_o little_a or_o no_o trouble_n and_o inconvenience_n we_o may_v employ_v liquor_n or_o other_o body_n to_o refrigerate_v the_o include_v air_n by_o immerse_v the_o viol_n if_o need_v be_v by_o a_o weight_n into_o the_o liquor_n to_o be_v examine_v and_o let_v it_o stand_v there_o as_o long_o as_o we_o please_v and_o so_o we_o may_v also_o measure_v the_o coldness_n of_o earth_n snow_n powder_a ice_n and_o other_o consistent_a body_n which_o may_v be_v heap_v about_o the_o viol_n or_o in_o which_o it_o may_v be_v bury_v iii_o i_o consider_v too_o that_o though_o man_n be_v wont_n confident_o enough_o to_o conclude_v that_o in_o case_n for_o instance_n the_o coldness_n of_o the_o weather_n make_v the_o liquor_n in_o a_o thermoscope_n yesterday_o a_o inch_n high_o than_o it_o be_v the_o day_n before_o and_o this_o day_n a_o inch_n high_o than_o it_o be_v yesterday_o the_o air_n must_v be_v this_o day_n as_o cold_a again_o as_o it_o be_v yesterday_o or_o at_o least_o that_o the_o increase_n of_o cold_a must_v be_v double_a to_o what_o it_o be_v yesterday_o and_o so_o in_o other_o proportion_n yet_o the_o validity_n of_o this_o collection_n may_v very_o just_o be_v question_v for_o though_o we_o shall_v grant_v that_o cold_a be_v that_o which_o of_o itself_o or_o by_o its_o own_o power_n contract_v the_o air_n yet_o how_o do_v it_o appear_v that_o a_o double_a degree_n of_o cold_a must_v produce_v a_o double_a degree_n of_o condensation_n in_o the_o air_n and_o not_o either_o more_o or_o less_o since_o beside_o that_o it_o be_v take_v for_o grant_v but_o not_o prove_v that_o the_o differ_a quantity_n of_o include_v air_n in_o several_a instrument_n and_o the_o differ_a bigness_n of_o the_o pipe_n and_o the_o differ_a degree_n of_o expansion_n wherein_o the_o include_v air_n may_v happen_v to_o be_v when_o the_o ascension_n of_o the_o water_n begin_v to_o be_v reckon_v may_v render_v this_o hypothesis_n very_o suspicious_a beside_o all_o this_o i_o say_v i_o be_o not_o incline_v to_o grant_v what_o philosopher_n have_v hitherto_o suppose_v that_o the_o condensation_n of_o the_o air_n and_o the_o ascension_n of_o the_o water_n be_v only_o or_o so_o much_o
down_o in_o the_o slender_a stem_n of_o a_o small_a weatherglass_n than_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n itself_o as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o show_v that_o when_o air_n be_v not_o force_v a_o bubble_n of_o it_o will_v not_o in_o several_a case_n so_o ready_o pass_v through_o a_o very_a narrow_a passage_n as_o will_v that_o grosser_n fluid_n water_n but_o all_o these_o difficulty_n not_o to_o call_v they_o extravagance_n which_o i_o have_v be_v mention_v about_o seal_v weather-glass_n i_o represent_v not_o to_o show_v that_o it_o be_v at_o least_o as_o yet_o worth_a while_n to_o suspect_v we_o so_o far_o as_o to_o employ_v all_o the_o diligence_n and_o invention_n that_o be_v 〈◊〉_d to_o prevent_v or_o silence_v the_o suspicion_n of_o a_o sceptic_a or_o that_o may_v be_v think_v upon_o in_o case_n the_o matter_n do_v require_v or_o deserve_v such_o extraordinary_a nicety_n but_o only_o to_o give_v man_n a_o rise_n to_o consider_v whether_o it_o will_v be_v amiss_o to_o take_v in_o when_o occasion_n present_v itself_o as_o many_o collateral_a experiment_n and_o observation_n as_o convenient_o we_o can_v to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o as_o well_o as_o our_o sensory_n and_o weather-glass_n in_o the_o dijudication_n of_o cold._n and_o perhaps_o a_o attentive_a enquiry_n purposely_o make_v will_v discover_v to_o we_o several_a other_o body_n natural_a or_o factitious_a which_o we_o may_v make_v some_o use_n of_o in_o estimate_v the_o degree_n of_o cold._a for_o though_o to_o give_v a_o instance_n 〈◊〉_d be_v think_v the_o liquor_n that_o be_v most_o susceptible_a of_o such_o a_o intensity_n of_o cold_a as_o will_v destroy_v or_o suspend_v its_o fluidity_n yet_o not_o here_o to_o repeat_v what_o we_o former_o deliver_v of_o the_o easy_a congealableness_n of_o oil_n of_o aniseed_n we_o have_v as_o we_o elsewhere_o note_v to_o another_o purpose_n distil_v a_o substance_n from_o benzoin_n which_o become_v of_o a_o fluid_a a_o consistent_a body_n and_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o state_n of_o fluidity_n again_o by_o very_o much_o lesser_a alteration_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a then_o will_v have_v produce_v ice_n or_o thaw_v it_o i_o can_v also_o here_o take_v notice_n of_o what_o i_o have_v sometime_o observe_v in_o amber-greese_a dissolve_v in_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n or_o in_o other_o sulphurous_a or_o resinous_n concretion_n dissolve_v in_o the_o same_o liquor_n for_o now_o and_o then_o though_o it_o seem_v a_o mere_a liquor_n in_o warm_a wether_n it_o will_v in_o cold_a weather_n let_v go_v part_n of_o what_o it_o swallow_v up_o and_o afterward_o redissolve_v it_o upon_o the_o return_n of_o warm_a weather_n some_o of_o these_o concretion_n as_o i_o have_v see_v in_o excellent_a amber-greese_a shoot_v into_o fine_a figure_v mass_n other_o be_v more_o rude_o congeal_v and_o i_o may_v also_o add_v what_o i_o have_v observe_v in_o chemical_a liquor_n not_o unskilful_o prepare_v out_o of_o urine_n hartshorn_n etc._n etc._n which_o will_v sometime_o seem_v to_o be_v total_o clear_a spirit_n and_o at_o other_o time_n will_v suffer_v a_o great_a or_o lesser_a proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o crystallise_v at_o the_o bottom_n according_a to_o the_o mutation_n of_o the_o wether_n in_o point_n of_o cold_a and_o heat_n such_o kind_n of_o instance_n i_o say_v i_o can_v mention_v but_o i_o shall_v rather_o choose_v to_o prosecute_v my_o example_n in_o that_o obvious_a of_o liquor_n water_n and_o add_v that_o even_o that_o may_v afford_v we_o other_o testimony_n of_o the_o increase_v or_o lessen_v cold_a of_o the_o air_n then_o that_o which_o it_o give_v we_o in_o common_a weather-glass_n for_o in_o some_o part_n of_o france_n the_o waterman_n observe_v that_o the_o river_n will_v 12._o bear_v boat_n heavy_a load_v in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n and_o i_o have_v upon_o inquiry_n be_v credible_o inform_v that_o seaman_n have_v observe_v their_o ship_n to_o draw_v less_o water_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o freeze_a region_n where_o yet_o the_o sea_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v less_o brackish_a than_o they_o do_v on_o our_o british_a sea_n which_o argue_v that_o water_n be_v thick_a and_o heavy_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n nay_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o not_o only_o in_o differ_v season_n of_o the_o year_n but_o even_o at_o several_a time_n of_o the_o same_o day_n i_o have_v often_o observe_v the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n to_o be_v regular_o enough_o so_o much_o great_a at_o one_o time_n of_o the_o day_n then_o at_o another_o that_o a_o glass_n bubble_n hermetical_o seal_v and_o poise_v so_o as_o to_o be_v exact_o of_o the_o same_o weight_n with_o its_o equal_a bulk_n of_o water_n as_o that_o liquor_n be_v constitute_v at_o one_o time_n of_o the_o day_n will_v about_o noon_n when_o the_o warmth_n that_o the_o summer_n sun_n produce_v in_o the_o air_n have_v somewhat_o rarify_v the_o water_n and_o thereby_o make_v it_o bulk_n for_o bulk_n somewhat_o light_a than_o before_o the_o bubble_n will_v sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n which_o for_o the_o better_a mark_v the_o experiment_n i_o keep_v in_o a_o glass-tube_n but_o when_o at_o night_n the_o coolness_n of_o the_o air_n have_v recondense_v the_o water_n and_o thereby_o make_v it_o heavy_a it_o begin_v by_o little_a and_o little_a to_o buoy_v up_o the_o bubble_n which_o usual_o by_o morning_n regain_v the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n and_o at_o other_o time_n of_o the_o day_n it_o not_o unfrequent_o happen_v that_o the_o bubble_n continue_v swim_v up_o and_o down_o betwixt_o the_o top_n and_o the_o bottom_n without_o reach_v either_o of_o they_o sometime_o stay_v so_o long_o in_o the_o same_o part_n of_o the_o tube_n that_o it_o much_o surprise_v divers_a of_o the_o virtuoso_n themselves_o who_o think_v the_o poise_v of_o a_o weight_n so_o nice_o not_o only_o a_o very_a great_a difficulty_n as_o indeed_o it_o be_v but_o a_o insuperable_a one_o but_o of_o this_o experiment_n i_o elsewhere_o say_v more_o and_o because_o about_o other_o weather-glass_n i_o have_v say_v so_o much_o already_o i_o think_v it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o sum_n up_o my_o thought_n concern_v the_o criteria_n of_o cold_a by_o represent_v the_o follow_a particular_n 1._o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o various_a and_o unheeded_a predisposition_n of_o our_o body_n the_o single_a and_o immediate_a information_n of_o our_o sense_n be_v not_o always_o to_o be_v trust_v 2._o that_o though_o common_a weather-glass_n be_v useful_a instrument_n and_o the_o information_n they_o give_v we_o be_v in_o most_o case_n preferable_a to_o those_o of_o our_o sense_n of_o touch_v in_o regard_n of_o their_o not_o be_v so_o subject_a to_o unheeded_a mutation_n yet_o even_o these_o instrument_n be_v subject_a to_o be_v wrought_v upon_o by_o the_o differ_a weight_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n as_o well_o as_o by_o heat_n and_o cold_a may_v upon_o that_o and_o perhaps_o some_o other_o account_n easy_o mis-inform_a we_o in_o several_a case_n unless_o in_o such_o case_n we_o observe_v by_o other_o instrument_n the_o present_a weight_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n 3._o that_o the_o seal_a weather-glass_n we_o have_v be_v mention_v be_v so_o far_o preferable_a to_o the_o common_a one_o as_o especial_o they_o not_o be_v obnoxious_a to_o the_o various_a pressure_n of_o the_o external_a air_n that_o there_o seem_v no_o need_n in_o most_o case_n to_o decline_v their_o report_n or_o postpose_v they_o to_o those_o of_o any_o other_o instrument_n but_o yet_o in_o some_o nice_a case_n it_o may_v be_v prudent_a where_o it_o may_v convenient_o be_v do_v to_o make_v use_n also_o of_o other_o way_n of_o examine_v the_o coldness_n of_o body_n that_o the_o concurrence_n or_o variance_n to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o such_o way_n of_o examination_n may_v either_o confirm_v the_o testimony_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n or_o excite_v or_o assist_v we_o to_o a_o further_o and_o severe_a inquiry_n 4._o that_o i_o will_v not_o have_v man_n too_o easy_o deter_v from_o devise_v and_o try_v various_a experiment_n if_o otherwise_o not_o unlikely_a or_o irrational_a about_o the_o estimate_v of_o cold_a by_o their_o appear_v disagreeable_a to_o the_o vulgar_a notion_n about_o that_o quality_n for_o i_o doubt_v our_o theory_n of_o cold_a be_v not_o only_o very_o imperfect_a but_o in_o great_a part_n ill_o ground_v and_o i_o shall_v never_o have_v venture_v at_o try_v to_o make_v seal_v weather-glass_n if_o i_o can_v have_v be_v withhold_v either_o by_o the_o grand_a peripatetic_a opinion_n that_o to_o shun_v a_o void_a water_n must_v remain_v suspend_v in_o glass_n where_o if_o it_o fall_v the_o air_n can_v succeed_v it_o or_o the_o general_a opinion_n even_o of_o philosopher_n as_o well_o new_a as_o old_a that_o air_n must_v be_v far_o easy_a than_o any_o visible_a liquor_n
which_o more_o proper_o belong_v to_o the_o consideration_n about_o heat_n where_o we_o have_v already_o handle_v it_o partly_o because_o our_o design_n in_o the_o follow_a collection_n be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o gather_v and_o set_v down_o observation_n that_o be_v obvious_a to_o any_o that_o be_v furnish_v with_o a_o mediocrity_n of_o attention_n as_o experiment_n purposely_o make_v in_o order_n to_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a and_o partly_o too_o because_o in_o this_o collection_n though_o we_o do_v as_o occasion_n serve_v take_v notice_n of_o some_o experiment_n and_o phaenomena_n that_o relate_v to_o cold_a in_o general_n or_o indefinite_o yet_o our_o chief_a work_n have_v be_v to_o find_v out_o and_o deliver_v the_o phaenomena_n of_o congelation_n or_o of_o that_o intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a which_o either_o do_v freeze_v the_o body_n it_o work_v upon_o or_o at_o least_o be_v capable_a of_o turn_v common_a water_n fit_o expose_v to_o it_o into_o ice_n and_o this_o may_v serve_v for_o a_o general_a advertisement_n about_o the_o ensue_a paper_n and_o consequent_o have_v premise_v it_o we_o shall_v without_o any_o further_a preamble_n proceed_v to_o the_o set_n down_o such_o thing_n as_o we_o have_v try_v and_o observe_v concern_v those_o matter_n beginning_n with_o those_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o title_n prefix_v to_o the_o first_o part_n or_o section_n of_o our_o history_n 1._o the_o body_n that_o be_v cold_a enough_o to_o freeze_v other_o be_v in_o this_o climate_n of_o we_o but_o very_o few_o and_o among_o the_o most_o remarkable_a be_v a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n which_o though_o little_o know_v and_o less_o use_v here_o in_o england_n be_v in_o italy_n and_o some_o other_o region_n much_o employ_v especial_o to_o cool_v drink_n and_o fruit_n which_o man_n may_v easy_o do_v by_o bury_v in_o this_o mixture_n glass_n or_o other_o convenient_a vessel_n fill_v either_o sole_o with_o wine_n or_o other_o drink_n or_o else_o with_o water_n that_o have_v immerse_v in_o it_o the_o fruit_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a 2._o the_o circumstance_n we_o be_v wont_n to_o observe_v in_o make_v and_o employ_v this_o mixture_n we_o shall_v hereafter_o in_o due_a place_n deliver_v and_o therefore_o here_o we_o shall_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o we_o can_v not_o find_v upon_o some_o trial_n that_o such_o glass_n fill_v with_o water_n as_o will_v be_v freeze_v easy_o enough_o by_o this_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v be_v in_o like_a manner_n freeze_v in_o case_n we_o employ_v snow_n alone_o without_o mingle_v any_o salt_n with_o it_o i_o deny_v not_o that_o it_o be_v very_o possible_a that_o in_o very_o cold_a country_n as_o well_o snow_n as_o beat_a ice_n may_v freeze_v water_n pour_v into_o the_o interval_n of_o its_o part_n but_o there_o be_v great_a odds_o betwixt_o water_n so_o intermingle_v with_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o only_o surround_v with_o it_o in_o a_o vessel_n where_o the_o water_n be_v as_o it_o be_v in_o one_o entire_a body_n and_o of_o a_o comparative_o considerable_a thickness_n and_o there_o be_v also_o a_o great_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o 〈◊〉_d air_n of_o frigid_a region_n and_o of_o england_n and_o perhaps_o too_o there_o may_v be_v some_o disparity_n betwixt_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n of_o ice_n and_o snow_n in_o those_o climate_n and_o in_o we_o and_o we_o must_v have_v a_o care_n that_o in_o case_n a_o vial_n full_a of_o water_n bury_v all_o night_n shall_v freeze_v we_o ascribe_v not_o the_o effect_n to_o the_o bare_a operation_n of_o the_o snow_n which_o may_v be_v entire_o or_o in_o great_a part_n due_a to_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n which_o will_v perhaps_o have_v perform_v the_o effect_n without_o the_o snow_n 3._o but_o though_o snow_n and_o salt_n mix_v together_o will_v freeze_v water_n better_o than_o snow_n alone_o yet_o we_o must_v not_o think_v that_o there_o be_v any_o such_o peculiar_a virtue_n in_o sea-salt_n to_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v but_o that_o there_o be_v divers_a other_o salt_n each_o of_o which_o concur_v with_o snow_n be_v capable_a of_o produce_v the_o like_a effect_n for_o we_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o we_o can_v freeze_v water_n without_o the_o help_n of_o sea_n salt_n by_o substitute_v in_o its_o place_n either_o nitre_n or_o alum_n or_o vitriol_n or_o shall_v ammoniac_a or_o even_o sugar_n for_o either_o of_o those_o be_v mingle_v with_o a_o due_a proportion_n of_o snow_n will_v serve_v the_o turn_n though_o they_o do_v not_o seem_v equal_o to_o advance_v the_o congeal_a power_n of_o the_o snow_n nor_o scarce_o any_o of_o they_o do_v do_v it_o so_o well_o as_o sea_n salt_n but_o of_o this_o elsewhere_o more_o 4._o when_o we_o have_v make_v the_o new_o mention_v trial_n some_o particular_a conjecture_n we_o have_v long_o have_v about_o the_o nature_n of_o salt_n invite_v we_o to_o try_v whether_o votwithstand_v the_o comminution_n and_o consequent_a change_n produce_v in_o salt_n by_o distillation_n the_o saline_n corpuscle_n that_o abound_v in_o the_o distil_a liquor_n of_o those_o concretes_n as_o well_o as_o in_o their_o solution_n will_v not_o likewise_o by_o be_v mix_v with_o it_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v water_n at_o least_o in_o small_a and_o slender_a glass_n this_o we_o first_o go_v about_o to_o try_v with_o good_a spirit_n of_o salt_n but_o we_o find_v as_o we_o fear_v that_o though_o it_o make_v a_o sufficient_o quick_a dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n it_o wrought_v upon_o yet_o its_o fluidity_n hinder_v it_o from_o be_v retain_v long_o enough_o by_o the_o snow_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o which_o it_o will_v fall_v before_o they_o have_v stay_v so_o long_o together_o as_o be_v requisite_a to_o freeze_v so_o much_o as_o a_o little_a essence-bottle_n full_a of_o common_a water_n 5._o wherefore_o we_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o a_o expedient_a whereby_o to_o try_v the_o operation_n not_o only_o of_o those_o spirit_n but_o of_o divers_a other_o body_n which_o be_v unapt_a for_o a_o due_a commixture_n of_o snow_n after_o the_o way_n new_o mention_v or_o of_o which_o we_o have_v too_o little_a or_o value_v they_o too_o much_o to_o be_v willing_a to_o spend_v quantity_n of_o they_o upon_o these_o trial_n and_o this_o way_n that_o remain_v to_o be_v mention_v we_o somewhat_o the_o better_a like_v because_o the_o experiment_n make_v according_a to_o it_o will_v also_o prove_v experiment_n of_o the_o transmission_n of_o cold_a through_o the_o extreme_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o glass_n and_o even_o in_o this_o way_n of_o try_v we_o do_v at_o first_o meet_v with_o a_o discouragement_n which_o lest_o it_o shall_v happen_v to_o other_o we_o shall_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o namely_o that_o have_v put_v a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o snow_n into_o a_o somewhat_o thick_a green_a glass_n vial_n though_o we_o copious_o 〈◊〉_d mix_v with_o it_o a_o somewhat_o weak_a spirit_n of_o salt_n be_v loath_a to_o employ_v the_o best_a we_o have_v and_o have_v well_o stop_v the_o vessel_n do_v careful_o 〈◊〉_d together_o and_o thereby_o agitate_v the_o mixture_n in_o it_o yet_o the_o glass_n appear_v only_o bedew_v upon_o the_o outside_n without_o have_v there_o any_o thing_n freeze_v but_o suspect_v that_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o glass_n may_v be_v that_o which_o hinder_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o include_v mixture_n we_o put_v snow_n and_o a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o the_o self_n same_o spirit_n of_o salt_n into_o a_o couple_n of_o thin_a vial_n one_o of_o which_o we_o close_v exact_o and_o the_o other_o negligent_o and_o have_v long_o shake_v they_o we_o find_v that_o what_o adhere_v to_o they_o on_o the_o outside_n be_v though_o but_o somewhat_o faint_o and_o thin_o freeze_v 6._o and_o as_o to_o this_o sort_n of_o experiment_n we_o shall_v here_o observe_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d all_o that_o the_o snow_n or_o ice_n include_v 〈◊〉_d with_o the_o saline_n ingredient_n whatever_o that_o be_v be_v always_o thaw_v within_o the_o glass_n and_o that_o consequent_o it_o be_v the_o condense_v vapour_n of_o the_o air_n or_o other_o liquor_n that_o adhere_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n which_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o in_o mention_v these_o experiment_n we_o often_o use_v the_o word_n freeze_v in_o a_o transitive_a sense_n to_o signify_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n upon_o other_o body_n 7._o this_o premise_a let_v we_o proceed_v to_o relate_v that_o we_o afterward_o take_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o mix_v it_o with_o snow_n in_o such_o a_o other_o vial_n as_o that_o last_o mention_v we_o find_v its_o freeze_a power_n far_o great_a than_o that_o of_o spirit_n of_o salt_n and_o lest_o it_o shall_v be_v pretend_v that_o in_o these_o experiment_n the_o cold_a be_v not_o transmit_v
to_o freeze_v liquor_n of_o more_o difficult_a conglaciation_n then_o fair_a water_n we_o take_v then_o some_o snow_n and_o mingle_v with_o it_o some_o of_o the_o new_o mention_v spirit_n of_o nitre_n in_o so_o lucky_o a_o proportion_n that_o it_o freeze_v very_o vigorous_o and_o very_o sudden_o insomuch_o that_o once_o almost_o as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v set_v to_o the_o ground_n it_o freeze_v the_o vial_n to_o the_o floor_n it_o be_v set_v on_o and_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o contain_v this_o mixture_n we_o wet_v with_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n which_o be_v freeze_v into_o pretty_a thick_a ice_n but_o yet_o not_o quite_o to_o forget_v that_o circumstance_n retain_v the_o salt_n taste_v of_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n and_o though_o this_o mixture_n will_v not_o discernable_o freeze_v spirit_n of_o nitre_n on_o the_o outside_n yet_o it_o transmit_v cold_a enough_o to_o freeze_v weak_a spirit_n of_o salt_n and_o to_o give_v we_o the_o pleasure_n of_o see_v some_o saline_n liquor_n present_o turn_v into_o figure_v ice_n as_o not_o only_o the_o last_o mention_v spirit_n exhibit_v some_o little_a as_o it_o be_v saline_n iceikles_n cross_v each_o other_o and_o quick_o vanish_v but_o which_o be_v far_o pretty_a have_v often_o observe_v that_o shall_v ammoniac_a be_v dissolve_v in_o water_n and_o the_o solution_n be_v put_v very_o slow_o to_o evaporate_v in_o part_n but_o not_o too_o much_o away_o the_o remain_a liquor_n will_v in_o the_o cold_a shoot_n into_o parcel_n ofsalt_n very_o pretty_o figure_v some_o of_o they_o resemble_v comb_n with_o tooth_n on_o both_o side_n and_o other_o resemble_v feather_n have_v observe_v this_o i_o say_v and_o be_v desirous_a to_o try_v whether_o the_o spirit_n of_o sal_fw-la ammoniac_a distil_v by_o the_o help_n of_o quick_a lime_n be_v put_v to_o congeal_v on_o the_o outside_n of_o a_o glass_n will_v not_o afford_v a_o resemble_o figure_v ice_n we_o find_v upon_o trial_n both_o that_o the_o mixture_n be_v able_a to_o freeze_v that_o subtle_a spirit_n and_o also_o that_o it_o shoot_v into_o branch_n almost_o like_o those_o exhibit_v by_o such_o salt_n undistil_v and_o it_o be_v not_o unpleasant_a to_o behold_v how_o upon_o the_o incline_v the_o glass_n so_o that_o the_o freeze_a mixture_n rest_v a_o little_a near_o any_o part_n of_o the_o spirit_n this_o liquor_n will_v shoot_v into_o such_o branch_n as_o we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o so_o nimble_o that_o the_o eye_n can_v plain_o discern_v they_o as_o it_o be_v to_o grow_v and_o hasty_o overspread_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o glass_n but_o those_o branch_n be_v wont_n quick_o to_o vanish_v i_o have_v almost_o forget_v to_o mention_v that_o i_o try_v the_o freeze_a with_o snow_n and_o divers_a fermented_a liquor_n undistil_v instead_o of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o though_o the_o experiment_n succeed_v not_o with_o small_a beer_n much_o less_o with_o water_n yet_o there_o be_v a_o glaciation_n though_o but_o slight_a produce_v not_o only_o by_o the_o addition_n of_o wine_n but_o even_o by_o that_o of_o moderate_o strong_a ale_n 18._o have_v observe_v that_o the_o liquor_n and_o other_o body_n that_o assist_v the_o snow_n to_o freeze_v be_v general_o such_o as_o hasten_v its_o dissolution_n we_o think_v it_o not_o altogether_o unworthy_a the_o trial_n to_o examine_v what_o will_v be_v the_o event_n of_o procure_v a_o speedy_a dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n by_o substitute_v body_n actual_o warm_a instead_o of_o potential_a hot_a one_o of_o this_o sort_n of_o trial_n i_o find_v among_o my_o note_n these_o two_o register_v 1._o into_o a_o single_a vial_n almost_o fill_v with_o snow_n there_o be_v pour_v a_o pretty_a quantity_n of_o well_o heat_a sand_n that_o it_o may_v dissolve_v the_o snow_n in_o many_o place_n at_o once_o without_o heat_n the_o ambient_fw-la air_n or_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n but_o though_o the_o solution_n of_o the_o snow_n seem_v to_o succeed_v well_o enough_o upon_o the_o shake_n of_o the_o vessel_n yet_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v only_o bedew_v not_o freeze_v 2._o into_o another_o single_a vial_n almost_o fill_v with_o snow_n we_o pour_v some_o water_n which_o we_o judge_v of_o a_o convenient_a warmth_n and_o we_o pour_v it_o in_o by_o a_o funnel_n that_o have_v but_o a_o slender_a orifice_n beneath_o that_o the_o warm_a water_n may_v fall_v into_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o snow_n without_o run_v to_o the_o side_n and_o take_v a_o convenient_a time_n to_o shake_v the_o glass_n we_o do_v by_o this_o way_n produce_v a_o very_a considerable_a degree_n of_o cold_a and_o much_o dew_n on_o the_o outside_n but_o be_v not_o satisfy_v that_o any_o of_o that_o dew_n be_v freeze_v though_o the_o success_n will_v have_v invite_v we_o to_o have_v make_v further_a trial_n in_o great_a glass_n if_o we_o have_v have_v any_o more_o snow_n at_o hand_n wherefore_o this_o experiment_n be_v to_o be_v further_o and_o more_o artificial_o try_v 19_o it_o be_v a_o common_a tradition_n not_o only_o among_o the_o vulgar_a but_o i_o presume_v upon_o their_o account_n among_o learned_a man_n that_o the_o oftentimes_o various_o and_o sometime_o pretty_o enough_o figure_v hoar_a frost_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o appear_v upon_o glass_n window_n in_o morning_n precede_v by_o frosty_a night_n be_v exsudation_n as_o it_o be_v that_o penetrate_v the_o glass-window_n be_v upon_o their_o come_n forth_o to_o the_o cold_a external_a air_n freeze_v thereby_o into_o various_o figure_v ice_n how_o groundless_a this_o conceit_n be_v may_v be_v easy_o discover_v if_o man_n have_v not_o so_o lazy_a a_o curiosity_n as_o not_o to_o try_v which_o they_o may_v do_v in_o a_o moment_n and_o without_o trouble_n whether_o the_o ice_n be_v according_a to_o the_o tradition_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o window_n and_o not_o contrary_a to_o it_o on_o the_o inside_n where_o indeed_o it_o be_v generate_v of_o the_o aqueous_a corpuscle_n that_o swim_v up_o and_o down_o in_o the_o air_n within_o the_o room_n be_v by_o the_o various_a motion_n that_o belong_v to_o the_o part_n of_o fluid_a body_n as_o such_o bring_v to_o pass_v along_o the_o window_n and_o there_o by_o the_o vehement_a cold_a of_o the_o neighbour_a external_a air_n communicate_v through_o the_o glass_n condense_v into_o dew_n and_o freeze_v into_o ice_n 20._o and_o because_o divers_a modern_a naturalist_n have_v teach_v i_o think_v erroneous_o that_o glass_n be_v easy_o enough_o pervious_a not_o only_o to_o air_n but_o to_o divers_a subtle_a liquor_n lest_o the_o favourer_n of_o this_o doctrine_n shall_v object_v that_o we_o have_v ill_o assign_v the_o natural_a cause_n of_o the_o ice_n appear_v on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n in_o the_o former_a experiment_n which_o according_a to_o they_o may_v rather_o proceed_v from_o the_o subtle_a but_o yet_o visible_a part_n of_o the_o excessive_o cold_a mixture_n of_o the_o snow_n and_o saline_a body_n penetrate_v the_o pore_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o settle_v on_o the_o outside_n of_o it_o to_o obviate_v this_o objection_n i_o say_v and_o to_o confirm_v what_o we_o have_v teach_v in_o another_o treatise_n about_o the_o wander_a of_o store_n of_o aqueous_a vapour_n through_o the_o air_n we_o will_v add_v the_o follow_a experiment_n purposely_o make_v to_o evince_v these_o truth_n 21._o at_o one_o time_n four_o ounce_n and_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n be_v enclose_v in_o a_o vial_n and_o thereby_o enable_v to_o condense_a the_o vapour_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n be_v by_o their_o accession_n increase_v 12._o grain_n another_o time_n a_o vial_n wherein_o snow_n weigh_v two_o ounce_n six_o drachm_n and_o a_o half_a be_v suffer_v to_o condense_a the_o vapid_a air_n the_o dew_n that_o partly_o adhered_a to_o it_o and_o partly_o fall_v from_o it_o make_v the_o whole_a weigh_v four_o grain_n more_o than_o the_o vial_n do_v when_o it_o be_v first_o put_v into_o the_o scale_n in_o which_o scale_n we_o find_v some_o water_n flow_v from_o the_o dew_n which_o give_v that_o increase_n of_o weight_n and_o here_o let_v i_o add_v by_o the_o way_n that_o the_o tip_n of_o this_o seal_a vial_n be_v break_v under_o water_n suck_v in_o a_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o it_o whether_o because_o of_o some_o little_a rarefaction_n of_o the_o air_n include_v in_o the_o seal_n or_o because_o of_o the_o infrigidation_n of_o that_o air_n by_o the_o snow_n or_o for_o both_o these_o reason_n or_o any_o other_o i_o shall_v not_o now_o dispute_v 22._o but_o other_o experiment_n to_o the_o same_o purpose_n we_o make_v wherein_o the_o increase_n of_o weight_n be_v more_o considerable_a and_o that_o the_o way_n we_o use_v may_v be_v the_o better_o understand_v and_o the_o conclusion_n build_v upon_o it_o the_o more_o undiscuss_v we_o will_v add_v a_o couple_n
of_o trial_n that_o we_o find_v among_o our_o note_n concern_v this_o matter_n in_o a_o single_a vial_n we_o seal_v up_o as_o much_o snow_n and_o salt_n as_o afterward_o when_o melt_v we_o find_v to_o weigh_v between_o five_o and_o six_o ounce_n after_o a_o while_n the_o salt_n beginning_n to_o melt_v the_o snow_n the_o dew_n on_o the_o outside_n begin_v to_o congeal_v and_o be_v rub_v off_o the_o hoar_a frost_n will_v quick_o begin_v to_o come_v again_o this_o vial_n for_o further_a trial_n be_v put_v into_o a_o pair_n of_o scale_n with_o a_o counterpoise_n after_o a_o while_n as_o the_o vapour_n that_o wander_v through_o the_o air_n in_o the_o warm_a room_n happen_v to_o be_v detain_v more_o and_o more_o upon_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o to_o be_v there_o freeze_v the_o scale_n wherein_o the_o glass_n be_v begin_v to_o be_v depress_v and_o to_o shrink_v low_a and_o low_o after_o which_o by_o add_v a_o little_a to_o the_o counterpoise_n we_o reduce_v they_o again_o to_o a_o equilibrium_n and_o yet_o after_o a_o while_n the_o scale_n that_o hold_v the_o vial_n subside_v again_o more_o and_o more_o till_o the_o include_v snow_n be_v melt_v so_o that_o to_o reduce_v the_o scale_n to_o their_o first_o equilibrium_n we_o be_v fain_o to_o add_v in_o all_o to_o the_o counterpoise_n a_o weight_n which_o we_o estimate_v to_o be_v about_o eight_o or_o ten_o grain_n for_o we_o have_v then_o no_o great_a weight_n by_o we_o the_o vial_n be_v take_v out_o there_o appear_v near_o half_a a_o small_a spoonful_n of_o liquor_n in_o the_o scale_n it_o stand_v in_o which_o procee_v from_o the_o thaw_n of_o the_o ice_n that_o be_v generate_v about_o it_o but_o in_o that_o part_n of_o the_o scale_n which_o be_v cover_v with_o the_o convex_a part_n of_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n there_o appear_v no_o wet_a a_o like_a or_o small_a quantity_n of_o snow_n and_o spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v seal_v up_o in_o a_o single_a vial_n the_o outside_n quick_o appear_v case_v with_o ice_n as_o high_a as_o the_o mixture_n reach_v within_o and_o this_o vial_n also_o be_v counterpoise_v in_o a_o pair_n of_o scale_n do_v by_o degree_n depress_v the_o scale_n that_o hold_v it_o till_o it_o have_v sink_v it_o very_o low_a and_o about_o seven_o grain_n do_v but_o reduce_v the_o scale_n to_o a_o equilibrium_n but_o the_o scale_n be_v somewhat_o rusty_a we_o can_v not_o make_v the_o trial_n with_o that_o exactness_n we_o desire_v 23._o but_o at_o other_o time_n when_o the_o experiment_n be_v more_o lucky_o though_o not_o more_o careful_o try_v with_o better_a scale_n the_o increase_n of_o weight_n from_o the_o condense_v vapour_n of_o the_o air_n be_v somewhat_o more_o considerable_a for_o i_o find_v in_o a_o short_a note_n that_o at_o one_o time_n a_o mixture_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o snow_n weigh_v three_o ounce_n and_o three_o quarter_n afford_v of_o condense_v vapour_n about_o 18._o grain_n and_o at_o another_o time_n a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o sal_fw-la gem_n weigh_v three_o ounce_n and_o seventy_o grain_n procure_v we_o 〈◊〉_d accession_n of_o water_n weigh_v about_o 20._o grain_n title_n ii_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v body_n dispose_v to_o be_v freeze_v 1._o it_o be_v almost_o endless_a to_o try_v particular_o which_o body_n be_v or_o be_v not_o capable_a of_o congelation_n and_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a will_v also_o in_o such_o experiment_n be_v as_o near_o as_o man_n can_v determine_v because_o many_o body_n will_v freeze_v in_o one_o degree_n of_o cold_a that_o will_v not_o in_o another_o wherefore_o we_o be_v willing_a to_o leave_v these_o trial_n to_o those_o that_o have_v more_o leisure_n and_o opportunity_n to_o prosecute_v they_o and_o shall_v only_o set_v down_o some_o and_o those_o somewhat_o various_a that_o we_o may_v not_o leave_v this_o part_n of_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a quite_o unfurnish_a and_o we_o must_v mention_v the_o few_o because_o be_v in_o the_o country_n we_o be_v not_o provide_v of_o divers_a of_o the_o body_n which_o we_o shall_v have_v expose_v 2._o in_o very_o cold_a snowy_a weather_n we_o try_v that_o beside_o common_a water_n urine_n beer_n ale_n milk_n vinegar_n and_o french_a and_o rhenish_a wine_n though_o these_o two_o last_v but_o slow_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n either_o total_o or_o in_o part_n but_o such_o instance_n will_v possible_o be_v think_v too_o obvious_a to_o be_v insist_v on_o therefore_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o not_o only_o we_o freeze_v a_o strong_a solution_n of_o gum_n arabic_a and_o another_o of_o white_a sugar_n in_o common_a water_n but_o that_o we_o take_v alum_n vitriol_n salt-petre_n and_o sea_n salt_n and_o make_v of_o each_o of_o they_o in_o a_o single_a vial_n as_o strong_a a_o solution_n as_o we_o can_v we_o also_o make_v a_o strong_a solution_n of_o verdegrease_n in_o fair_a water_n which_o be_v thereby_o deep_o colour_v all_o these_o we_o expose_v to_o the_o cold_a air._n the_o solution_n of_o alum_n nitre_n and_o verdegrease_n freeze_v without_o afford_v any_o notable_a phaenomena_n either_o in_o the_o figuration_n of_o the_o ice_n or_o otherwise_o of_o the_o solution_n of_o vitriol_n there_o remain_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n a_o pretty_a quantity_n unfrozen_a and_o of_o a_o clear_a substance_n who_o colour_n be_v very_o high_a of_o the_o vitriol_n whereas_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o same_o solution_n differ_v very_o little_a in_o colour_n from_o common_a ice_n 3._o but_o because_o it_o seem_v not_o so_o strange_a that_o these_o gross_a sort_n of_o saline_n body_n shall_v be_v turn_v into_o ice_n we_o think_v fit_a to_o try_v whether_o or_o no_o also_o divers_a salt_n free_v from_o the_o grosser_n part_n of_o their_o concretes_n by_o the_o fire_n be_v not_o likewise_o capable_a of_o congelation_n we_o expose_v therefore_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n in_o one_o small_a glass_n and_o spirit_n of_o urine_n in_o another_o to_z an_z intense_a cold_a and_o find_v that_o not_o only_o the_o former_a but_o the_o latter_a also_o freeze_v 4._o we_o take_v likewise_o some_o of_o the_o fiery_a lixiviate_v salt_n of_o pot_n ash_n and_o a_o single_a vial_n in_o which_o we_o put_v to_o two_o ounce_n of_o 〈◊〉_d a_o drachm_n of_o the_o alcaly_a and_o expose_v it_o to_o a_o very_a sharp_a air_n we_o do_v when_o we_o come_v to_o see_v the_o success_n of_o the_o trial_n find_v ice_n lie_v on_o the_o top_n in_o little_a stick_n something_o cross_v one_o another_o almost_o like_o the_o crystal_n of_o rock_v petre_n and_o beside_o these_o that_o lay_v level_v there_o be_v other_o that_o shoot_v downward_o in_o very_o great_a number_n 5._o we_o also_o find_v that_o oil_n of_o tartar_n per_fw-la deliquium_fw-la or_o at_o least_o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o the_o fix_a salt_n of_o tartar_n though_o it_o seem_v much_o to_o resist_v the_o 〈◊〉_d yet_o it_o be_v once_o by_o snow_n and_o salt_n bring_v to_o congelation_n appendix_n to_o the_o ii_o title_n since_o i_o write_v the_o present_a book_n concern_v cold_a except_v some_o of_o the_o appendix_n have_v once_o have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o a_o hour_n discourse_v with_o a_o ingenious_a man_n that_o not_o only_o live_v some_o year_n in_o muscovy_n but_o be_v and_o be_v still_o physician_n to_o the_o great_a monarch_n of_o that_o empire_n and_o have_v likewise_o at_o other_o time_n converse_v with_o navigator_n and_o some_o other_o credible_a person_n that_o have_v travel_v either_o to_o greenland_n terra_fw-la nova_fw-la or_o other_o gelid_a climate_n i_o propose_v they_o divers_a question_n by_o their_o answer_n to_o which_o i_o learn_v some_o particular_n which_o together_o with_o other_o that_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o voyages_n and_o other_o book_n i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o annex_v by_o way_n of_o appendix_n to_o the_o forego_n and_o some_o of_o the_o follow_a section_n or_o title_n about_o the_o freeze_a of_o common_a express_a oil_n i_o know_v not_o well_o what_o to_o determine_v for_o that_o they_o may_v by_o a_o very_a intense_a cold_a be_v deprive_v of_o their_o fluidity_n and_o be_v make_v capable_a of_o be_v cut_v into_o portion_n that_o will_v retain_v the_o figure_n give_v they_o my_o own_o trial_n invite_v i_o to_o believe_v but_o whether_o such_o oil_n will_v be_v turn_v into_o true_a by_o which_o i_o mean_v hard_a and_o brittle_a ice_n be_v a_o question_n scarce_o to_o be_v determine_v by_o any_o experiment_n we_o can_v make_v here_o in_o england_n where_o we_o can_v not_o reduce_v oil_n olive_n into_o ice_n and_o for_o the_o relation_n of_o those_o that_o have_v live_v in_o cold_a country_n i_o find_v they_o to_o disagree_v for_o when_o i_o ask_v the_o late_o mention_v doctor_n the_o question_n how_o far_o he_o have_v know_v oil_n congeal_v
these_o weather-glass_n be_v so_o exceed_o sensible_a even_o of_o the_o minute_n difference_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a as_o manifest_o to_o discover_v disparity_n which_o other_o thermoscope_n be_v not_o nice_a enough_o to_o give_v we_o any_o notice_n of_o only_o this_o advertisement_n we_o must_v add_v about_o they_o that_o when_o we_o use_v they_o to_o examine_v the_o coldness_n not_o of_o liquid_a but_o of_o consistent_a body_n we_o alter_v a_o little_a the_o figure_n of_o the_o wide_a end_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o instead_o of_o ma_v it_o a_o round_a bubble_n as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o describe_v we_o make_v it_o with_o a_o flat_a or_o flattish_a bottom_n that_o the_o whole_a instrument_n may_v thereon_o as_o on_o a_o basis_n stand_v of_o itself_o upright_o and_o so_o be_v still_o take_v up_o by_o the_o open_a and_o slender_a end_n for_o fear_v of_o rarify_n the_o include_v air_n which_o caution_n be_v here_o give_v once_o for_o all_o may_v be_v transfer_v with_o a_o pendulous_a drop_n in_o the_o pipe_n and_o place_v sometime_o on_o one_o and_o sometime_o on_o another_o of_o the_o solid_a body_n to_o be_v examine_v by_o it_o for_o if_o the_o body_n it_o be_v remove_v to_o be_v more_o or_o less_o cold_a than_o that_o it_o rest_v on_o before_o that_o coldness_n communicate_v through_o the_o glass_n to_o the_o air_n by_o which_o the_o pendulous_a drop_n be_v support_v that_o air_n expansion_n or_o contraction_n will_v manifest_o appear_v by_o the_o rise_n or_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o drop_n and_o thus_o we_o have_v take_v pleasure_n to_o remove_v it_o from_o one_o kind_n of_o wood_n to_o another_o from_o wood_n to_o metal_n and_o from_o metal_n to_o stone_n etc._n etc._n but_o the_o expedient_n that_o may_v be_v propose_v to_o improve_v these_o little_a instrument_n to_o the_o purpose_n we_o have_v be_v treat_v of_o and_o the_o caution_n that_o may_v be_v add_v to_o prevent_v man_n draw_v mistake_a inference_n from_o the_o information_n they_o seem_v to_o give_v they_o will_v take_v up_o more_o time_n than_o we_o be_v willing_a to_o spend_v npon_o a_o occasion_n that_o will_v not_o perhaps_o be_v think_v to_o deserve_v it_o nor_o much_o to_o require_v any_o other_o than_o those_o we_o shall_v by_o and_o by_o subjoin_v and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o the_o experiment_n promise_v at_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o title_n or_o section_n 2._o to_o make_v so_o much_o as_o a_o tolerable_a estimate_n of_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o such_o great_a degree_n as_o be_v not_o any_o of_o they_o too_o weak_a to_o congeal_v water_n be_v a_o thing_n which_o as_o we_o have_v not_o yet_o know_v to_o be_v attempt_v so_o it_o seem_v not_o easy_a to_o be_v perform_v for_o freeze_v have_v be_v common_o repute_v the_o ultimate_a effect_n or_o production_n of_o cold_a man_n have_v not_o be_v solicitous_a to_o look_v beyond_o it_o and_o though_o the_o disparity_n we_o find_v betwixt_o several_a fit_n of_o weather_n all_o of_o they_o frosty_a seem_v to_o be_v too_o manifest_a and_o frequent_a to_o be_v probable_o ascribe_v to_o nothing_o but_o the_o differ_a disposition_n of_o our_o body_n yet_o how_o to_o estimate_v that_o difference_n it_o be_v not_o so_o obvious_a for_o though_o we_o shall_v have_v recourse_n to_o common_a weather-glass_n yet_o they_o may_v easy_o deceive_v we_o since_o not_o only_o by_o estimate_v by_o they_o the_o cold_a day_n of_o one_o winter_n with_o the_o cold_a day_n of_o another_o but_o in_o judge_v of_o the_o coldness_n of_o any_o two_o day_n in_o the_o same_o fit_a of_o frosty_a weather_n there_o intervene_v time_n enough_o to_o make_v it_o doubtful_a whether_o the_o varied_a gravitation_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n produce_v not_o the_o change_n observe_v in_o the_o weatherglass_n beside_o that_o admit_v vulgar_a thermometer_n can_v not_o as_o they_o easy_o may_v misinform_v we_o they_o be_v employ_v only_o to_o give_v we_o a_o account_n of_o those_o degree_n of_o cold_a 〈◊〉_d nature_n of_o her_o own_o accord_n produce_v in_o the_o air_n but_o not_o to_o discover_v whether_o or_o no_o nature_n assist_v by_o art_n may_v not_o produce_v great_a and_o it_o will_v easy_o be_v grant_v that_o they_o be_v yet_o less_o make_v use_n of_o to_o help_v we_o to_o a_o estimate_n of_o this_o disparity_n and_o though_o some_o guess_n may_v be_v make_v by_o the_o operation_n of_o cold_a upon_o liquor_n expose_v to_o it_o yet_o some_o as_o water_n and_o very_o aqueous_a liquor_n will_v freeze_v too_o soon_o and_o other_o as_o vinous_a spirit_n will_v not_o at_o all_o that_o we_o have_v find_v here_o in_o england_n and_o though_o french-wine_n will_v sometime_o be_v bring_v to_o begin_v to_o freeze_v yet_o that_o happen_v but_o very_a seldom_o and_o in_o many_o winter_n not_o at_o all_o and_o leave_v too_o great_a a_o interval_n betwixt_o the_o degree_n necessary_a to_o congeal_v wine_n and_o sufficient_a to_o congeal_v water_n not_o to_o mention_v the_o uncertainty_n proceed_v from_o the_o differ_a strength_n of_o the_o wine_n 3._o upon_o these_o and_o other_o consideration_n we_o think_v it_o requisite_a to_o make_v use_n of_o a_o expedient_a who_o nature_n and_o use_n will_v be_v easy_o gather_v out_o of_o the_o follow_a experiment_n and_o though_o by_o a_o mischance_n that_o break_v my_o weatherglass_n i_o have_v be_v hinder_v from_o measure_v exact_o in_o what_o proportion_n to_o the_o whole_a bulk_n the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v contract_v by_o the_o surplusage_n of_o cold_a that_o be_v more_o than_o necessary_a to_o make_v water_n freeze_v yet_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o something_o of_o use_n to_o our_o present_a theme_n may_v be_v thence_o collect_v and_o especial_o the_o main_a thing_n design_v will_v manifest_o appear_v which_o be_v the_o intensity_n of_o cold_a produce_v by_o art_n beyond_o that_o which_o nature_n need_v to_o employ_v upon_o the_o glaciate_a of_o water_n 4._o a_o small_a seal_a weatherglass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n the_o ball_n be_v about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o large_a nutmeg_n and_o the_o cylindrical_a stem_n be_v very_o slender_a and_o about_o ten_o inch_n long_o the_o ball_n and_o part_n of_o the_o stem_n be_v immerse_v in_o a_o vessel_n of_o water_n half_o bury_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n when_o the_o water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n the_o bottom_n and_o the_o side_n but_o before_o the_o ice_n have_v reach_v the_o ball_n for_o fear_v it_o shall_v break_v it_o the_o tinct_a liquor_n be_v find_v subside_v to_o 5_o ⅔_n division_n be_v half_a inch_n and_o be_v take_v out_o thence_o and_o ice_n and_o salt_n be_v immediate_o apply_v to_o the_o ball_n the_o liquor_n fall_v low_a to_o about_o 1_o ½_o division_n and_o that_o it_o may_v not_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o the_o water_n though_o in_o part_n congeal_v remain_v warm_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n though_o uncongeal_v that_o have_v be_v refrigerated_a by_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n we_o will_v add_v this_o other_o experiment_n which_o we_o find_v in_o another_o of_o our_o note_n thus_o set_v down_o 5._o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n be_v 15._o keep_v in_o the_o water_n till_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v descend_v to_o 5_o ½_o be_v immediate_o remove_v into_o the_o same_o snow_n and_o salt_n that_o make_v the_o water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v it_o descend_v at_o the_o beginning_n very_o fast_o and_o afterward_o more_o slow_o till_o it_o come_v to_o the_o very_a bottom_n of_o the_o stem_n where_o it_o expand_v itself_o into_o the_o ball_n then_o be_v remove_v into_o the_o same_o glass_n of_o water_n whence_o it_o be_v take_v and_o which_o be_v well_o store_v with_o loose_a piece_n of_o ice_n it_o do_v nevertheless_o hasty_o ascend_v at_o the_o beginning_n and_o be_v soon_o after_o impel_v to_o the_o former_a height_n of_o five_o division_n and_o a_o half_a or_o thereabouts_o 6._o but_o perhaps_o some_o amends_o may_v be_v make_v for_o the_o disaster_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n by_o add_v that_o i_o find_v by_o another_o trial_n that_o the_o condensation_n of_o liquor_n by_o such_o cold_n as_o we_o be_v wont_n to_o have_v or_o can_v easy_o produce_v here_o be_v nothing_o near_o so_o great_a as_o one_o will_v imagine_v and_o though_o for_o want_n of_o a_o glass-ball_n furnish_v with_o a_o neck_n slender_a enough_o i_o can_v not_o make_v the_o experiment_n so_o much_o to_o my_o satisfaction_n as_o perhaps_o else_o i_o may_v have_v do_v yet_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o scale_n i_o make_v use_v of_o and_o some_o great_a care_n then_o possible_o every_o experimenter_n will_v have_v employ_v may_v make_v the_o follow_a observation_n luciferous_a 7._o we_o take_v then_o on_o a_o cold_a but_o not_o frosty_a day_n oil_n of_o turpentine_n as_o a_o liquor_n who_o be_v free_a from_o phlegm_n or_o
make_v much_o light_a by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n we_o may_v obtain_v the_o information_n we_o desire_v to_o which_o we_o shall_v add_v that_o we_o also_o recommend_v to_o some_o virtuoso_n that_o be_v likely_a to_o have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o gratify_v we_o that_o such_o a_o experiment_n may_v be_v procure_v to_o be_v make_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o summer_n in_o some_o part_n of_o italy_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o there_o not_o unfrequent_a conveniency_n of_o a_o conservatory_n of_o snow_n wherein_o the_o water_n may_v be_v reduce_v to_o freeze_v before_o the_o end_n of_o the_o same_o hour_n at_o who_o beginning_n the_o there_o warm_a air_n have_v give_v it_o its_o great_a expansion_n and_o so_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o density_n of_o the_o same_o parcel_n of_o water_n may_v be_v the_o more_o conspicuous_a but_o as_o i_o have_v not_o receive_v any_o account_n of_o my_o desire_n from_o abroad_o so_o come_v now_o 〈◊〉_d home_n to_o review_v the_o memorial_n i_o cause_v to_o be_v write_v of_o the_o new_o mention_v observation_n i_o find_v that_o through_o the_o negligence_n or_o mistake_n of_o a_o amanuensis_fw-la there_o must_v needs_o be_v a_o manifest_a oversight_n commit_v in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d down_o the_o number_n which_o my_o memory_n do_v not_o now_o enable_v i_o to_o repair_v and_o the_o season_n be_v now_o improper_a to_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n as_o well_o as_o the_o numerical_a parcel_n of_o water_n i_o have_v keep_v and_o i_o employ_v both_o time_n be_v throw_v away_o i_o think_v it_o may_v be_v sufficient_a if_o not_o too_o much_o to_o have_v thus_o particular_o intimate_v the_o way_n we_o take_v without_o ad_v the_o caution_n where_o with_o we_o proceed_v nor_o what_o trial_n we_o make_v to_o the_o same_o purpose_n with_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n since_o unlucky_a accident_n frustrate_v our_o attempt_n 11._o whether_o the_o make_n of_o these_o kind_n of_o trial_n with_o the_o water_n of_o the_o particular_a river_n or_o sea_n man_n be_v to_o sail_v on_o may_v afford_v any_o useful_a estimate_n if_o and_o how_o much_o ship_n and_o other_o vessel_n may_v on_o those_o 〈◊〉_d be_v safe_o load_v more_o in_o winter_n 〈◊〉_d in_o 〈◊〉_d may_v be_v a_o 〈◊〉_d of_o which_o i_o shall_v not_o in_o this_o place_n 〈◊〉_d any_o 〈◊〉_d notice_n then_o to_o intimate_v thus_o much_o that_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o water_n high_o refrigerated_a and_o that_o which_o be_v but_o of_o a_o usual_a degree_n of_o coldness_n be_v not_o so_o great_a as_o some_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d seem_v to_o have_v think_v for_o on_o a_o day_n which_o though_o make_v cold_a by_o snow_n intermingle_v with_o the_o rain_n that_o then_o fall_v be_v not_o a_o frost_n we_o take_v common_a water_n and_o weigh_v in_o it_o a_o glass_n bubble_n who_o weight_n in_o the_o air_n be_v 150._o grain_n and_o this_o bubble_n weigh_v in_o that_o water_n lose_v so_o much_o of_o its_o former_a weight_n as_o to_o weigh_v about_o 28_o â…_n grain_n and_o then_o by_o snow_n and_o salt_n reduce_v that_o water_n to_o such_o a_o degree_n of_o coldness_n that_o it_o begin_v to_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n about_o the_o inside_n of_o a_o small_a open_a glass_n that_o contain_v it_o we_o find_v the_o same_o bubble_n not_o to_o weigh_v at_o all_o above_o one_o eight_o part_n of_o a_o grain_n less_o than_o it_o do_v before_o so_o that_o if_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o the_o shrink_n and_o condensation_n of_o the_o water_n by_o the_o increment_n of_o weight_n it_o shrink_v but_o about_o a_o 230._o part_n of_o its_o former_a bulk_n and_o this_o according_a to_o a_o pair_n of_o scale_n that_o will_v turn_v with_o about_o the_o 32._o part_n of_o a_o grain_n which_o may_v keep_v we_o from_o wonder_v at_o what_o we_o late_o deliver_v concern_v the_o very_a inconsiderable_a subsidence_n of_o the_o water_n we_o expose_v to_o snow_n and_o salt_n in_o a_o small_a bolthead_n and_o it_o may_v also_o make_v that_o the_o more_o probable_a which_o we_o not_o long_o since_o relate_v about_o the_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n not_o lose_v much_o above_o a_o 100_o part_n of_o its_o bulk_n by_o be_v expose_v to_o such_o a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o make_v water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v whether_o we_o may_v from_o this_o and_o from_o the_o former_o recite_v experiment_n of_o the_o great_a subsidence_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o a_o seal_a weatherglass_n safe_o conclude_v these_o subtle_a distil_a liquor_n to_o be_v much_o more_o sensible_a than_o water_n of_o cold_a as_o well_o as_o of_o heat_n further_a trial_n will_v best_o resolve_v and_o these_o i_o have_v not_o now_o so_o much_o opportunity_n as_o i_o can_v wish_v to_o pursue_v 12._o but_o they_o that_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o prosecute_v experiment_n of_o this_o kind_n and_o other_o that_o relate_v to_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a may_v perchance_o be_v somewhat_o assist_v even_o by_o these_o relation_n and_o especial_o by_o those_o passage_n that_o mention_v the_o use_n of_o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o of_o those_o wherein_o a_o drop_n of_o liquor_n be_v keep_v pendulous_a for_o the_o former_a of_o these_o be_v not_o subject_a to_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n 〈◊〉_d nor_o as_o may_v be_v probable_o suppose_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n to_o be_v freeze_v by_o send_v the_o same_o weatherglass_n which_o may_v be_v make_v portable_a enough_o as_o i_o have_v try_v by_o transport_v one_o of_o they_o in_o a_o case_n that_o may_v be_v easy_o carry_v even_o in_o a_o pocket_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o one_o may_v make_v far_o better_a discovery_n of_o the_o differ_a degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o differ_v region_n and_o know_v somewhat_o near_o how_o much_o the_o air_n even_o of_o muscovy_n or_o norway_n or_o greenland_n itself_o be_v cold_a than_o that_o of_o england_n or_o any_o other_o country_n whence_o the_o weatherglass_n shall_v be_v send_v the_o instrument_n be_v accompany_v with_o a_o memorial_n of_o the_o degree_n it_o stand_v at_o when_o expose_v to_o such_o a_o cold_a as_o make_v water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v 13._o the_o other_o thermometer_n where_o a_o drop_n of_o liquor_n be_v keep_v pendulous_a may_v not_o only_o be_v employ_v in_o such_o case_n where_o the_o pipe_n and_o bubble_n can_v be_v erect_v upon_o the_o horizon_n but_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o outward_a air_n will_v indifferent_o impel_v the_o bubble_n lateral_o or_o upward_o upon_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o inward_a and_o that_o the_o bubble_n will_v not_o bare_o by_o its_o weight_n drop_v out_o of_o the_o invert_v instrument_n because_o of_o the_o resistance_n of_o the_o subjacent_a outward_a air_n for_o these_o cause_n i_o say_v such_o a_o thermoscope_n may_v as_o we_o have_v try_v be_v also_o use_v where_o the_o pipe_n shall_v be_v hold_v horizontal_a or_o incline_v or_o even_o perpendicular_o downward_o so_o that_o the_o flat_a part_n of_o the_o bubble_n may_v be_v apply_v to_o discover_v the_o coldness_n either_o of_o the_o wall_n or_o of_o the_o ceiling_n of_o a_o room_n or_o other_o body_n however_o situate_v and_o if_o the_o pipe_n be_v make_v long_o and_o even_o as_o sometime_o we_o employ_v one_o above_o a_o foot_n long_o not_o only_o sensible_a but_o great_a effect_n of_o very_a little_a disparity_n in_o the_o coldness_n of_o body_n to_o which_o the_o instrument_n be_v apply_v may_v with_o pleasure_n be_v observe_v and_o the_o same_o drop_n of_o liquor_n may_v be_v long_o enough_o preserve_v useful_a in_o the_o pipe_n but_o this_o advertisement_n i_o shall_v give_v that_o as_o sensible_a as_o this_o instrument_n appear_v to_o be_v of_o the_o nice_a difference_n of_o coldness_n as_o of_o heat_n yet_o they_o that_o shall_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o examine_v with_o it_o as_o i_o have_v do_v the_o temperature_n i_o say_v not_o of_o more_o resemble_v body_n but_o of_o liquor_n that_o may_v be_v think_v to_o have_v their_o part_n so_o differ_o agitate_a as_o common_a water_n high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o even_o rectify_v oil_n of_o turpentine_n i_o add_v not_o dephlegm_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n because_o of_o some_o odd_a phaenomena_n not_o here_o to_o be_v insist_v on_o will_v perhaps_o find_v the_o event_n so_o little_a in_o many_o case_n answer_v the_o expectation_n he_o will_v have_v have_v of_o uniform_o find_v great_a disparity_n in_o their_o actual_a coldness_n if_o he_o have_v not_o meet_v with_o this_o advertisement_n that_o he_o will_v not_o much_o wonder_n that_o a_o person_n who_o want_v not_o other_o employment_n for_o his_o time_n be_v willing_a to_o decline_v so_o tedious_a and_o nice_a a_o task_n title_n v._o experiment_n touch_v the_o tendency_n of_o cold_a upward_o
claret-wine_n and_o if_o thrust_v down_o into_o either_o of_o these_o liquor_n they_o nimble_o enough_o emerge_v 6._o whether_o or_o no_o chemical_a oil_n though_o like_v express_v oil_n they_o shrink_v with_o a_o moderate_a degree_n of_o cold_a will_v by_o congelation_n be_v like_v they_o contract_v or_o like_o aqueous_a liquor_n expanded_a we_o can_v not_o satisfy_v ourselves_o by_o experiment_n because_o we_o be_v unable_a to_o advance_v cold_a to_o a_o degree_n capable_a of_o bring_v such_o oil_n to_o congelation_n only_o we_o have_v thought_n to_o make_v a_o trial_n with_o oil_n of_o aniseed_n distil_v with_o water_n in_o a_o limbeck_n in_o regard_n that_o though_o it_o be_v a_o very_a subtle_a liquor_n and_o as_o chemist_n call_v it_o a_o essential_a oil_n and_o though_o in_o the_o summer_n time_n and_o at_o some_o other_o season_n if_o the_o weather_n be_v warm_a it_o will_v remain_v fluid_a yet_o in_o the_o winter_n when_o the_o air_n be_v cold_a it_o will_v if_o it_o be_v well_o draw_v and_o genuine_a easy_o enough_o lose_v its_o fluidity_n and_o therefore_o we_o think_v it_o may_v do_v well_o to_o pour_v some_o of_o it_o in_o moderate_a weather_n into_o a_o convenient_o shape_a glass_n and_o then_o to_o freeze_v it_o external_o by_o the_o application_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n that_o we_o may_v observe_v whether_o upon_o congelation_n it_o will_v shrink_v or_o be_v expanded_a and_o according_o though_o we_o be_v not_o provide_v with_o any_o quantity_n of_o this_o oil_n yet_o in_o weather_n that_o be_v not_o sharp_a we_o do_v by_o the_o help_n of_o some_o ice_n which_o we_o procure_v when_o the_o season_n make_v it_o a_o rarity_n surround_v a_o glass_n pipe_n fill_v with_o fluid_a oil_n of_o aniseed_n and_o find_v though_o the_o pipe_n be_v but_o short_a yet_o the_o enclose_a substance_n when_o it_o have_v lose_v its_o fluidity_n have_v considerable_o lose_v of_o the_o height_n which_o it_o reach_v to_o before_o 7._o and_o because_o the_o empyreumatical_a oil_n that_o be_v drive_v out_o of_o retort_v by_o somewhat_o violent_a fire_n seem_v to_o be_v of_o a_o nature_n differ_v enough_o from_o those_o essential_a oil_n as_o artist_n call_v they_o which_o be_v draw_v in_o limbeck_n by_o the_o help_n of_o water_n as_o well_o as_o fire_n and_o because_o we_o observe_v that_o some_o of_o the_o firm_a oil_n may_v be_v use_v in_o physic_n in_o much_o large_a dose_n then_o it_o be_v think_v safe_a to_o give_v the_o latter_a in_o conjecture_v from_o hence_o that_o probable_o empyreumatical_a oil_n may_v be_v less_o hot_a and_o so_o less_o indispose_v to_o congelation_n we_o think_v fit_a to_o make_v trial_n no_o body_n else_o in_o probability_n have_v do_v it_o whether_o the_o cold_a in_o our_o climate_n can_v be_v bring_v to_o freeze_v these_o oil_n and_o whether_o it_o will_v expand_v or_o condense_a they_o wherefore_o expose_v in_o convenient_o shape_v vessel_n some_o good_a oil_n of_o guajacum_fw-la that_o be_v diaphanous_a enough_o though_o very_o high_o colour_v to_o the_o great_a cold_a we_o can_v produce_v we_o attempt_v but_o in_o vain_a to_o deprive_v it_o of_o its_o fluidity_n all_o that_o we_o be_v able_a to_o effect_v be_v to_o make_v it_o very_o manifest_o shrink_v title_n ix_o experiment_n in_o consort_n touch_v the_o bubble_n from_o which_o the_o levity_n of_o ice_n be_v suppose_v to_o proceed_v 1._o since_o the_o first_o thing_n that_o make_v the_o modern_n suspect_v that_o water_n be_v expanded_a by_o freeze_a be_v the_o float_v of_o ice_n upon_o water_n it_o will_v not_o be_v 〈◊〉_d for_o confirmation_n of_o that_o argument_n to_o take_v some_o notice_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o ice_n in_o respect_n of_o water_n this_o be_v best_a observe_v in_o great_a quantity_n of_o ice_n for_o whereas_o in_o small_a fragment_n or_o plate_n the_o ice_n though_o it_o 〈◊〉_d not_o to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n will_v oftentimes_o sink_v so_o low_a in_o it_o as_o scarce_o to_o leave_v any_o part_n evident_o extant_a above_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n in_o vast_a quantity_n of_o ice_n that_o extancy_n be_v sometime_o so_o conspicuous_a that_o navigator_n in_o their_o voyage_n to_o island_n greenland_n and_o other_o freeze_a region_n complain_v of_o meeting_n with_o lump_n or_o rather_o float_v rock_n of_o ice_n as_o high_a as_o their_o main_a mast_n and_o if_o we_o shall_v meet_v with_o case_n wherein_o we_o may_v safe_o suppose_v the_o ice_n to_o be_v as_o solid_a as_o entire_a piece_n of_o ice_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v with_o we_o and_o not_o to_o be_v make_v up_o of_o icy_a fragment_n cement_v together_o with_o the_o interception_n of_o considerable_a cavity_n fill_v with_o air_n it_o will_v not_o be_v difficult_a for_o any_o that_o understand_v hydrostaticks_n to_o give_v a_o pretty_a near_o guess_n at_o the_o height_n of_o the_o extant_a part_n by_o the_o help_n of_o what_o we_o late_o observe_v of_o the_o measure_n of_o water_n expansion_n and_o by_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o immersed_a part_n which_o suppose_v that_o the_o ice_n be_v of_o a_o prismatical_a figure_n and_o float_v in_o a_o erect_a posture_n will_v in_o fresh_a water_n amount_v to_o about_o eight_o or_o nine_o time_n the_o length_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o prism_n superior_a to_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n 2._o but_o because_o perhaps_o the_o great_a disparity_n in_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a whereby_o water_n be_v in_o this_o and_o in_o those_o gelid_a climate_n turn_v into_o ice_n may_v breed_v a_o difference_n in_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o freeze_a water_n and_o because_o some_o other_o circumstance_n may_v be_v needful_a to_o be_v take_v into_o consideration_n about_o the_o height_n of_o float_a ice_n above_o water_n and_o these_o will_v be_v more_o proper_o take_v notice_n of_o under_o the_o follow_a title_n i_o shall_v only_o upon_o this_o head_n of_o the_o levity_n of_o ice_n subjoin_v the_o ensue_a transcript_n of_o one_o of_o our_o note_n concern_v that_o subject_n we_o find_v that_o piece_n of_o ice_n clear_a and_o free_a for_o aught_o the_o eye_n can_v take_v notice_n of_o from_o bubble_n will_v not_o be_v make_v to_o sink_v in_o spirit_n of_o wine_n once_o distil_v from_o brandy_n and_o it_o float_v likewise_o in_o strong_a spirit_n of_o wine_n draw_v from_o quick_a lime_n but_o if_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v well_o warm_v such_o ice_n as_o i_o mention_v will_v sink_v in_o it_o though_o as_o it_o grow_v cold_a the_o same_o ice_n will_v slow_o ascend_v and_o sometime_o remain_v for_o a_o while_n as_o if_o it_o be_v suspend_v without_o sensible_o rise_v or_o fall_v but_o all_o this_o while_n the_o ice_n thaw_v apace_o in_o the_o water_n whereinto_o it_o be_v dissolve_v do_v manifest_o seem_v to_o run_v down_o like_o a_o stream_n through_o the_o light_a body_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n the_o diversity_n of_o the_o refraction_n make_v this_o easy_a to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o yet_o common_a water_n though_o heat_v as_o hot_a as_o i_o can_v endure_v to_o hold_v the_o glass_n in_o my_o hand_n will_v not_o let_v the_o fragment_n of_o the_o same_o parcel_n of_o ice_n sink_v into_o it_o but_o in_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o in_o thrice_o rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n the_o ice_n will_v sink_v like_o a_o stone_n 3._o that_o the_o levity_n of_o ice_n in_o respect_n of_o water_n proceed_v from_o the_o bubble_n that_o be_v produce_v in_o it_o and_o make_v the_o water_n when_o congeal_v take_v up_o more_o room_n than_o when_o fluid_a have_v scarce_o be_v doubt_v by_o any_o that_o have_v consider_v the_o texture_n of_o ice_n as_o well_o as_o take_v notice_n of_o its_o levity_n but_o if_o this_o be_v the_o true_a and_o only_a reason_n we_o may_v conjecture_v that_o there_o must_v be_v great_a store_n of_o bubble_n in_o ice_n extreme_o minute_n and_o undiscerned_a by_o the_o naked_a eye_n for_o though_o in_o very_o many_o parcel_n of_o ice_n the_o bubble_n be_v as_o well_o conspicuous_a as_o numerous_a insomuch_o that_o they_o render_v the_o ice_n whitish_a and_o opacous_a yet_o we_o have_v observe_v that_o other_o piece_n will_v swim_v which_o yet_o be_v of_o a_o almost_o crystalline_a clearness_n and_o therefore_o we_o think_v fit_a to_o look_v upon_o some_o clear_a piece_n of_o ice_n in_o a_o microscope_n and_o we_o shall_v subjoin_v the_o event_n because_o that_o when_o we_o behold_v some_o of_o this_o ice_n in_o one_o of_o our_o microscope_n which_o have_v be_v count_v by_o several_a of_o the_o curious_a as_o good_a a_o magnifier_n as_o perhaps_o any_o be_v in_o the_o world_n we_o can_v not_o discover_v such_o store_n of_o bubble_n as_o it_o seem_v there_o shall_v appear_v upon_o the_o supposition_n that_o the_o adequate_a cause_n of_o the_o levity_n and_o expansion_n of_o freeze_a water_n be_v
hour_n have_v be_v divert_v by_o some_o occasion_n from_o take_v it_o soon_o out_o we_o find_v as_o we_o have_v conjecture_v that_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n continue_v perfect_o fluid_a as_o before_o yet_o the_o bubble_n total_o immerse_v in_o this_o heat_n chemical_a oil_n be_v freeze_v throughout_o not_o except_v that_o which_o be_v harbour_v in_o the_o little_a neck_n or_o stalk_v and_o when_o i_o come_v to_o lift_v it_o out_o of_o the_o liquor_n the_o glass_n be_v crack_v as_o we_o suppose_v by_o the_o cold_a the_o string_n bring_v up_o a_o little_a part_n of_o that_o which_o be_v near_a to_o it_o the_o rest_n in_o the_o form_n above_o mention_v stay_v behind_o and_o subside_v and_o that_o which_o be_v remarkable_a in_o this_o piece_n of_o ice_n be_v that_o when_o we_o have_v take_v it_o out_o it_o appear_v cleave_v very_o deep_a from_o the_o outside_n almost_o to_o the_o centre_n according_a to_o a_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o slender_a part_n of_o it_o almost_o as_o if_o one_o shall_v with_o a_o knife_n cut_v a_o pear_n in_o two_o from_o the_o stalk_n downward_o according_a to_o its_o whole_a length_n and_o these_o two_o piece_n be_v easy_o enough_o separable_a and_o to_o add_v that_o circumstance_n for_o trial_n sake_n we_o leave_v they_o divide_v in_o the_o same_o liquor_n and_o vessel_n with_o some_o thaw_v ice_n and_o salt_n about_o they_o for_o 14._o or_o 15._o hour_n without_o find_v they_o any_o thing_n near_o so_o much_o waste_v or_o resolve_v into_o water_n as_o most_o will_v have_v expect_v while_o the_o above_o mention_v bubble_n be_v expose_v to_o be_v freeze_v we_o likewise_o place_v by_o it_o in_o another_o vessel_n a_o glass-egg_n who_o ball_n and_o a_o little_a part_n of_o its_o stem_n we_o have_v fill_v with_o some_o of_o the_o very_a same_o parcel_n of_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o place_v about_o the_o side_n of_o this_o egg_n some_o ice_n and_o salt_n we_o observe_v as_o we_o expect_v that_o the_o liquor_n be_v after_o a_o little_a while_n make_v by_o the_o cold_a to_o subside_o about_o half_a a_o inch_n so_o that_o it_o be_v worth_a some_o philosopher_n consider_v why_o if_o according_a to_o the_o late_o mention_v atomical_a doctrine_n cold_a be_v make_v by_o the_o introduction_n of_o swarm_n of_o real_a and_o extend_v though_o atomical_a body_n they_o shall_v pervade_v the_o oil_n and_o contract_v it_o without_o freeze_a it_o but_o freeze_v the_o water_n without_o contract_v it_o but_o expend_v it_o rather_o 9_o a_fw-la small_a bubble_n of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o very_a little_a nutmeg_n fill_v with_o water_n and_o hermetical_o seal_v up_o be_v by_o a_o cork_n and_o a_o string_n suspend_v in_o spirit_n of_o wine_n so_o as_o to_o be_v surround_v therewith_o and_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n the_o same_o night_n in_o the_o stop_v glass_n be_v the_o next_o morning_n find_v altogether_o freeze_v though_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n itself_o be_v not_o at_o all_o so_o but_o another_o bubble_n by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o string_n cork_n and_o piece_n of_o lead_n careful_o suspend_v in_o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o sea-salt_n and_o expose_v at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o a_o like_a vessel_n with_o the_o former_a when_o they_o both_o come_v to_o be_v look_v upon_o appear_v to_o be_v no_o more_o freeze_v than_o the_o brine_n itself_o which_o be_v not_o so_o at_o all_o 10._o a_o glass_n bubble_n of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o small_a nutmeg_n fill_v with_o water_n and_o hermetical_o seal_v be_v immerse_v by_o a_o weight_n of_o lead_n fasten_v to_o it_o beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o a_o very_a salt_n brine_n but_o yet_o not_o so_o as_o to_o reach_v the_o bottom_n of_o the_o liquor_n or_o glass_n be_v expose_v all_o night_n to_o freeze_v in_o weather_n that_o be_v extraordinary_o cold_a but_o neither_o the_o imprison_a water_n nor_o the_o other_o appear_v to_o be_v at_o all_o freeze_a the_o like_a experiment_n we_o repeat_v another_o frosty_a night_n but_o without_o freeze_a either_o of_o the_o liquor_n but_o to_o show_v the_o usefulness_n of_o repeat_v experiment_n about_o cold_a if_o there_o be_v opportunity_n and_o especial_o in_o such_o case_n where_o the_o degree_n or_o some_o other_o circumstance_n may_v much_o vary_v the_o event_n we_o will_v add_v that_o have_v expose_v a_o bubble_n like_o that_o new_o mention_v and_o immerse_v in_o spirit_n of_o wine_n we_o find_v the_o next_o morning_n the_o water_n in_o the_o bubble_n turn_v into_o ice_n and_o have_v likewise_o expose_v such_o a_o bubble_n immerse_v in_o very_o strong_a brine_n to_o be_v freeze_v by_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n within_o about_o two_o hour_n after_o we_o find_v the_o bubble_n break_v as_o we_o suppose_v upon_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o water_n upon_o its_o grow_a ice_n and_o we_o also_o find_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o bubble_n with_o the_o ice_n stick_v to_o it_o and_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v crack_v with_o line_n run_v from_o a_o point_n almost_o like_o the_o pole_n and_o meridian_n in_o a_o globe_n whence_o we_o conclude_v the_o glass_n to_o have_v be_v as_o it_o be_v probable_a burst_v asunder_o upon_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n into_o ice_n and_o that_o the_o reason_n why_o there_o remain_v but_o a_o comparative_o little_a parcel_n of_o ice_n be_v probable_o that_o the_o salt_n water_n get_v in_o at_o those_o cranny_n or_o chink_n dissolve_v as_o much_o of_o the_o new_a make_v ice_n as_o in_o a_o little_a while_n it_o can_v easy_o reach_v beside_o 11._o we_o fill_v a_o glass_n bubble_n with_o fair_a water_n and_o have_v hermetical_o seal_v it_o we_o suspend_v it_o by_o a_o string_n fasten_v to_o the_o cork_n in_o the_o cavity_n of_o a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n well_o stop_v so_o that_o the_o bubble_n be_v every_o way_n at_o a_o good_a distance_n from_o the_o side_n bottom_n and_o top_n of_o the_o glass_n this_o we_o do_v to_o try_v whether_o a_o sufficient_a degree_n of_o cold_a at_o that_o distance_n will_v be_v free_o transmit_v through_o the_o glass_n without_o the_o intervention_n of_o a_o visible_a liquor_n and_o according_o we_o find_v the_o suspend_v bubble_n crack_v by_o the_o ice_n that_o fill_v it_o title_n xv._n experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v ice_n 1._o a_o great_a part_n of_o our_o present_a history_n be_v employ_v about_o deliver_v the_o phaenomena_n of_o congelation_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v expect_v that_o in_o this_o section_n where_o we_o treat_v of_o ice_n as_o a_o distinct_a part_n of_o our_o theme_n we_o shall_v deliver_v all_o those_o particular_n that_o have_v occur_v to_o we_o wherein_o ice_n be_v concern_v and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v restrain_v ourselves_o to_o the_o mention_n of_o those_o that_o belong_v to_o ice_n consider_v as_o it_o consist_v of_o entire_a and_o distinct_a portion_n of_o congeal_v water_n and_o though_o we_o shall_v deliver_v some_o few_o experiment_n of_o our_o own_o such_o as_o we_o have_v any_o opportunity_n to_o make_v yet_o much_o the_o great_a part_n of_o this_o section_n will_v fit_o enough_o be_v take_v up_o by_o collection_n out_o of_o traveller_n and_o navigator_n into_o those_o cold_o region_n that_o afford_v much_o considerabler_n or_o at_o least_o much_o strange_a observation_n concern_v ice_n then_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o so_o temperate_a a_o climate_n as_o we_o and_o what_o we_o have_v to_o deliver_v in_o this_o section_n will_v natural_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o one_o consist_v of_o our_o own_o experiment_n 〈◊〉_d the_o other_o contain_v some_o passage_n that_o we_o have_v select_v out_o of_o voyage_n or_o that_o have_v be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o relation_n of_o credible_a traveller_n and_o of_o these_o two_o sort_n of_o observable_n that_o which_o have_v be_v first_o mention_v shall_v be_v first_o treat_v of_o 2._o some_o that_o have_v be_v in_o the_o east_n indies_n inform_v we_o that_o in_o some_o part_n of_o those_o country_n they_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o great_a liar_n for_o affirm_v that_o in_o europe_n the_o fluid_a body_n of_o water_n be_v often_o without_o any_o artifice_n or_o endeavour_v of_o man_n turn_v in_o a_o few_o hour_n into_o a_o solid_a and_o compact_a body_n such_o as_o ice_n and_o certain_o if_o custom_n do_v not_o take_v away_o the_o strangeness_n of_o it_o it_o will_v to_o we_o also_o appear_v very_o wonderful_a that_o so_o great_a a_o change_n of_o texture_n shall_v be_v so_o easy_o and_o inartificial_o produce_v but_o how_o solid_a the_o body_n of_o ice_n be_v or_o rather_o how_o strong_a be_v the_o mutual_a adhesion_n of_o its_o part_n have_v not_o yet_o that_o we_o know_v of_o be_v attempt_v by_o experiment_n to_o be_v reduce_v to_o some_o kind_n of_o
nitre_n alone_o without_o speak_v of_o either_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o in_o the_o other_o place_n not_o only_o his_o word_n seem_v to_o import_v that_o contentam_fw-la notwithstanding_o the_o addition_n of_o the_o other_o ingredient_n the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n expire_a out_o of_o the_o mixture_n and_o penetrate_v into_o the_o water_n be_v they_o that_o make_v it_o freeze_v but_o the_o exigence_n of_o his_o discourse_n seem_v to_o require_v such_o a_o interpretation_n for_o to_o say_v it_o be_v the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n that_o be_v harbour_v in_o the_o ice_n or_o snow_n that_o freeze_v the_o water_n they_o invade_v be_v no_o better_a than_o to_o beg_v the_o question_n for_o beside_o that_o he_o ought_v to_o prove_v that_o there_o be_v multitude_n of_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o nitre_n lodge_v in_o snow_n and_o ice_n beside_o this_o i_o say_v since_o these_o two_o body_n be_v say_v to_o be_v water_n before_o they_o be_v congeal_v to_o grant_v what_o his_o explication_n suppose_v about_o ice_n and_o snow_n be_v to_o grant_v in_o effect_n that_o nitre_n alone_o without_o ice_n or_o snow_n can_v turn_v water_n into_o ice_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n that_o experience_n warrant_v we_o late_o to_o deny_v and_o if_o this_o be_v all_o that_o be_v mean_v by_o the_o experiment_n the_o mix_n of_o nitre_n with_o the_o ice_n or_o the_o snow_n will_v signify_v very_o little_a to_o evince_v what_o shall_v be_v prove_v for_o if_o instead_o of_o nitre_n you_o take_v sea-salt_n or_o the_o spirit_n of_o salt_n nay_o the_o inflammable_a part_n of_o wine_n the_o experiment_n will_v succeed_v and_o yet_o i_o think_v gassendus_fw-la will_v not_o have_v the_o corpuscle_n of_o these_o body_n to_o be_v frigorifick_a like_o those_o of_o nitre_n which_o yet_o they_o may_v be_v prove_v to_o be_v by_o the_o same_o argument_n which_o be_v employ_v to_o show_v that_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n which_o be_v add_v as_o a_o distinct_a ingredient_n to_o the_o ice_n or_o to_o the_o snow_n be_v the_o efficient_n of_o the_o congelation_n 25._o have_v thus_o examine_v gassendus_fw-la he_o experiment_n we_o will_v now_o as_o our_o next_o and_o last_o argument_n touch_v this_o subject_n subjoin_v our_o own_o as_o far_o as_o we_o can_v find_v any_o of_o they_o among_o our_o note_n some_o of_o which_o follow_v in_o these_o word_n 26._o as_o cold_a as_o they_o think_v salt-petre_a to_o be_v who_o teach_v its_o spirituous_a part_n to_o be_v the_o grand_a and_o catholic_n efficient_n of_o cold_a yet_o we_o find_v that_o it_o will_v dissolve_v ice_n ready_o enough_o as_o well_o as_o sea-salt_n etc._n etc._n be_v wont_a to_o do_v as_o we_o collect_v from_o this_o that_o roch_v petre_n mingle_v with_o ice_n will_v freeze_v the_o vapour_n wander_v in_o the_o air_n to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o single_a vial_n wherein_o we_o make_v the_o experiment_n which_o the_o ice_n alone_o will_v not_o have_v do_v and_o have_v place_v some_o 〈◊〉_d sie_a beat_a nitre_n of_o the_o same_o parcel_n in_o little_a heap_n here_o and_o there_o upon_o plate_n of_o ice_n we_o manifest_o find_v they_o to_o sink_v into_o the_o ice_n which_o argue_v their_o dissolve_v it_o and_o have_v put_v some_o of_o it_o upon_o a_o thick_a and_o smooth_a piece_n of_o ice_n we_o find_v that_o it_o have_v 〈◊〉_d a_o hole_n quite_o through_o it_o while_o the_o surround_v part_n of_o the_o ice_n remain_v of_o a_o good_a thickness_n 27._o we_o take_v a_o large_a single_a vial_n almost_o full_a of_o water_n and_o put_v it_o into_o as_o much_o roch_v petre_n as_o by_o keep_v it_o a_o good_a while_n by_o the_o fire_n side_n we_o can_v dissolve_v in_o it_o of_o which_o one_o mark_n be_v that_o there_o remain_v a_o pretty_a deal_n of_o salt_n entire_a 〈◊〉_d the_o bottom_n of_o the_o liquor_n this_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n during_o a_o extreme_o sharp_a night_n and_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o day_n the_o solution_n be_v 〈◊〉_d so_o hard_o to_o the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o liquor_n that_o have_v break_v the_o glass_n we_o can_v hardly_o break_v the_o include_v mass_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n there_o 〈◊〉_d pear_v some_o liquor_n with_o crystal_n of_o nitre_n well_o figure_v that_o seem_v to_o have_v shoot_v in_o it_o and_o argue_v the_o water_n to_o be_v sufficient_o impreguate_v with_o the_o salt_n 28._o as_o for_o the_o spirituous_a part_n of_o nitre_n so_o far_o forth_o as_o their_o temper_n as_o to_o heat_n or_o cold_a can_v be_v judge_v by_o distillation_n and_o by_o weather-glass_n they_o be_v not_o actual_o more_o cold_a than_o some_o other_o liquor_n and_o appear_v rather_o to_o be_v potential_o 〈◊〉_d then_o cold_a at_o least_o they_o seem_v indispose_v to_o turn_v water_n into_o ice_n since_o we_o have_v 〈◊〉_d that_o the_o spirit_n of_o nitre_n will_v ready_o enough_o turn_v ice_n into_o water_n 29._o these_o three_o forego_v 〈◊〉_d show_v that_o salt-petre_a be_v no_o such_o 〈◊〉_d derful_o cold_a body_n but_o that_o 〈◊〉_d be_v other_o cold_a as_o be_v able_a to_o freeze_v water_n which_o nitre_n can_v not_o congeal_v nay_o they_o manifest_a that_o nitre_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o efficient_a of_o ice_n do_v thaw_v and_o dissolve_v it_o and_o so_o seem_v at_o least_o in_o reference_n to_o it_o to_o be_v rather_o hot_a then_o cold_a 30._o i_o shall_v now_o add_v one_o note_n more_o to_o show_v it_o do_v not_o always_o make_v water_n so_o much_o as_o equal_o cold_a with_o the_o common_a air_n the_o experiment_n i_o find_v thus_o record_v 31._o we_o take_v a_o seal_a weatherglass_n 1._o and_o by_o a_o little_a pulley_n fasten_v to_o a_o frame_n suspend_v it_o in_o a_o solution_n of_o roch'd-petre_n as_o strong_a as_o we_o can_v make_v it_o without_o heat_n as_o appear_v by_o a_o pretty_a quantity_n of_o nitre_n that_o have_v continue_v some_o day_n undissolved_a in_o the_o vessel_n which_o be_v a_o beer-glass_n with_o a_o flat_a bottom_n after_o the_o ball_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n have_v be_v suspend_v in_o this_o liquor_n to_o try_v whether_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n be_v not_o at_o this_o time_n cold_o than_o the_o liquor_n it_o be_v a_o cloudy_a and_o windy_a day_n and_o betwixt_o the_o hour_n of_o 11._o and_o 12._o though_o both_o the_o weatherglass_n and_o it_o have_v stand_v some_o day_n in_o the_o same_o place_n i_o lift_v up_o the_o glass_n out_o of_o the_o water_n by_o the_o string_n it_o hang_v by_o that_o i_o may_v not_o touch_v it_o with_o my_o warm_a hand_n and_o find_v the_o liquor_n in_o the_o glass_n to_o descend_v by_o degree_n about_o two_o division_n which_o be_v eight_o of_o a_o inch_n and_o then_o by_o the_o string_n lift_v up_o the_o weatherglass_n and_o put_v again_o the_o solution_n of_o nitre_n under_o it_o the_o include_v liquor_n be_v impel_v up_o again_o two_o division_n and_o sometime_o two_o division_n and_o a_o half_a for_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o the_o more_o full_o i_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n several_a time_n and_o observe_v that_o the_o include_v liquor_n usual_o ascend_v the_o first_o division_n so_o fast_o that_o the_o eye_n can_v perceive_v its_o progress_n and_o that_o the_o ascent_n upon_o the_o immersion_n in_o the_o dissolve_v nitre_n be_v discernable_o quick_a than_o the_o descent_n upon_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n into_o the_o open_a air_n though_o the_o space_n both_o of_o the_o one_o and_o of_o the_o other_o be_v about_o either_o two_o division_n or_o two_o division_n and_o a_o half_a 32._o if_o it_o be_v here_o demand_v what_o then_o i_o think_v of_o the_o frigifactive_a virtue_n of_o nitre_n i_o must_v answer_v that_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o full_o satisfy_v myself_o concern_v it_o but_o thus_o much_o i_o be_o not_o willing_a to_o deny_v that_o among_o divers_a other_o body_n that_o upon_o several_a occasion_n exhale_v from_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n those_o corpuscle_n that_o be_v of_o a_o nitrous_a nature_n may_v be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n well_o qualify_v to_o refrigerate_v the_o air_n and_o i_o be_o not_o indispose_v to_o think_v that_o there_o may_v be_v store_n of_o little_a saline_a body_n of_o kin_n to_o nitre_n that_o especial_o at_o certain_a time_n 〈◊〉_d in_o great_a multitude_n to_o and_o fro_o in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n but_o that_o this_o aerial_a salt_n which_o some_o modern_n call_v volatile_a nitre_n shall_v be_v true_a and_o perfect_a salt-petre_a be_v more_o than_o i_o be_o sure_a of_o and_o that_o this_o salt_n alone_o shall_v be_v the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la be_v more_o than_o as_o yet_o i_o be_o convince_v of_o especial_o since_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v there_o may_v be_v in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n whence_o i_o have_v see_v many_o concretes_n dig_v out_o who_o very_a name_n and_o
outside_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n unknown_a even_o to_o chemist_n themselves_o divers_a other_o body_n beside_o salt-petre_a who_o steam_n may_v have_v a_o power_n of_o refrigerate_v the_o air_n as_o great_a in_o proportion_n to_o their_o quantity_n as_o those_o of_o salt-petre_a and_o since_o common_a salt_n in_o artificial_a glaciation_n be_v find_v to_o cooperate_v as_o powerful_o as_o salt-petre_a itself_o and_o since_o it_o be_v undeniable_o a_o body_n of_o which_o there_o be_v a_o vast_a quantity_n in_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n and_o which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o sea_n where_o it_o abound_v be_v exceed_o diffuse_v i_o see_v no_o great_a reason_n why_o we_o may_v not_o aswell_o esteem_v that_o kind_n of_o salt_n among_o the_o catholic_n efficient_n of_o cold_a and_o the_o rather_o because_o that_o the_o small_a corpuscle_n our_o eye_n discern_v of_o sea-salt_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v though_o not_o exact_o of_o a_o cubical_a figure_n which_o be_v that_o figure_n philoponus_n inform_v we_o the_o great_a democritus_n of_o old_a just_o admire_v by_o gassendus_fw-la assign_v to_o the_o atom_n of_o cold_a whereas_o according_a to_o gassendus_fw-la himself_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o nitre_n at_o least_o as_o far_o as_o sense_n have_v inform_v we_o be_v not_o the_o most_o convenient_o shape_v to_o produce_v cold_a since_o he_o labour_v to_o show_v that_o the_o figure_n of_o frigorifick_a atom_n be_v to_o be_v tetrahedrical_a or_o pyramidal_a whereas_o the_o crystal_n or_o grain_n great_a or_o small_a into_o which_o good_a salt-petre_a shoot_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v prismatical_a have_v their_o base_a sexangular_a but_o to_o return_v to_o what_o i_o be_v say_v concern_v the_o congeal_a of_o water_n with_o ice_n i_o shall_v subjoin_v that_o the_o same_o experiment_n countenance_n my_o conjecture_v that_o oftentimes_o it_o may_v not_o be_v emanation_n of_o one_o salt_n or_o other_o body_n but_o a_o peculiar_a and_o lucky_a conjunction_n of_o those_o of_o two_o or_o more_o sort_n of_o they_o that_o produce_v the_o intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a as_o we_o see_v that_o ice_n and_o snow_n themselves_o have_v their_o coldness_n advance_v as_o to_o its_o effect_n by_o the_o mixture_n either_o of_o sea-salt_n or_o nitre_n or_o spirit_n of_o wine_n or_o any_o other_o appropriate_v additament_n nay_o i_o may_v elsewhere_o have_v occasion_n to_o show_v that_o actual_a cold_a may_v be_v manifest_o promote_v if_o not_o generate_v by_o the_o addition_n of_o a_o body_n that_o be_v not_o actual_o cold._a but_o to_o all_o this_o i_o must_v add_v that_o i_o doubt_v whether_o any_o of_o those_o saline_a or_o terrestrial_a expiration_n either_o single_a or_o conjoin_v be_v the_o adequate_a cause_n of_o cold_a since_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v there_o may_v be_v other_o way_n of_o produce_v it_o beside_o the_o introduction_n of_o frigorifick_a whether_o atom_n or_o corpuscle_n of_o which_o we_o may_v have_v occasion_n to_o take_v some_o notice_n hereafter_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n have_v discourse_v thus_o long_o against_o the_o admit_v a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o take_v notice_n once_o more_o that_o my_o design_n in_o play_v the_o sceptic_a on_o this_o subject_n be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o reject_v other_o man_n probable_a opinion_n of_o a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la as_o absolute_o false_a as_o it_o be_v to_o give_v a_o account_n why_o i_o look_v upon_o they_o as_o doubtful_a title_n xviii_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o coldness_n and_o temperature_n of_o the_o air._n 1._o i_o have_v show_v in_o the_o former_a section_n that_o the_o air_n be_v not_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o yet_o i_o can_v ready_o yield_v my_o assent_n to_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o learned_a gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o who_o have_v write_v before_o and_o since_o he_o that_o the_o air_n be_v of_o itself_o indifferent_a that_o be_v neither_o cold_a nor_o hot_a but_o as_o it_o happen_v to_o be_v make_v either_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o by_o external_a agent_n for_o if_o we_o take_v cold_a in_o the_o obvious_a and_o receive_a acception_n of_o the_o word_n that_o be_v for_o a_o quality_n relative_a to_o the_o sense_n of_o a_o man_n who_o organ_n be_v in_o a_o good_a or_o middle_a temper_n in_o reference_n to_o cold_a and_o heat_n 〈◊〉_d be_o hitherto_o inclinable_a to_o think_v that_o we_o may_v rather_o attribute_v coldness_n to_o the_o air_n than_o either_o heat_n or_o a_o perfect_a neutrality_n as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold._a for_o to_o make_v a_o body_n cold_a as_o to_o sense_n it_o seem_v to_o be_v sufficient_a that_o its_o minute_n corpuscle_n do_v less_o agitate_v the_o small_a part_n of_o our_o organ_n of_o feel_v than_o they_o be_v wont_n to_o be_v agitate_a by_o the_o blood_n and_o other_o fluid_a part_n of_o the_o body_n and_o consequent_o if_o suppose_v the_o air_n devoid_a of_o those_o calorifick_a and_o frigorifick_a atom_n to_o which_o the_o learned_a man_n i_o be_v name_v ascribe_v its_o heat_n and_o cold_a it_o will_v constitute_v a_o fluid_a which_o either_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o minuteness_n of_o its_o part_n or_o their_o want_n of_o a_o sufficient_o vehement_a motion_n will_v less_o affect_v the_o sensory_a of_o feel_v than_o the_o internal_a liquor_n and_o spirit_n of_o the_o body_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v and_o so_o it_o will_v appear_v actual_o cold_a nor_o be_v it_o necessary_a that_o all_o liquor_n much_o less_o all_o fluid_n shall_v be_v as_o much_o agitate_a as_o the_o blood_n and_o vital_a humour_n of_o a_o humane_a body_n as_o we_o see_v to_o omit_v what_o in_o the_o last_o section_n be_v mention_v about_o new_o emit_v urine_n and_o to_o skip_v other_o obvious_a instance_n in_o those_o fish_n and_o other_o animal_n who_o blood_n and_o analogous_a juice_n be_v always_o and_o that_o in_o the_o state_n which_o pass_v for_o their_o natural_a state_n actual_o cold_a to_o our_o touch._n and_o i_o see_v no_o sufficient_a reason_n why_o we_o shall_v not_o conceive_v the_o air_n even_o in_o its_o natural_a state_n at_o least_o as_o far_o forth_o as_o it_o can_v be_v say_v to_o have_v a_o natural_a state_n to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o number_n of_o cold_a fluid_n for_o as_o to_o the_o main_a if_o not_o only_o argument_n of_o gassendus_fw-la and_o other_o namely_o that_o as_o we_o see_v the_o air_n to_o be_v easy_o heat_v by_o the_o action_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o fire_n so_o we_o see_v it_o as_o easy_o refrigerated_a by_o ice_n and_o snow_n and_o northerly_a wind_n and_o other_o efficient_n of_o cold_a and_o that_o heat_n and_o cold_a reign_n in_o it_o by_o turn_n in_o summer_n and_o in_o winter_n this_o only_o prove_v what_o i_o ready_o grant_v that_o the_o air_n be_v easy_o susceptible_a at_o several_a time_n of_o both_o these_o contrary_a quality_n but_o it_o do_v not_o show_v that_o one_o be_v not_o more_o connatural_a to_o it_o than_o the_o other_o as_o we_o see_v that_o the_o water_n may_v be_v easy_o deprive_v of_o its_o fluidity_n by_o the_o circumposition_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n and_o reduce_v to_o be_v fluid_a again_o by_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o fire_n and_o yet_o according_a to_o they_o as_o well_o as_o other_o fluidity_n not_o firmness_n be_v the_o natural_a quality_n of_o water_n but_o this_o be_v not_o that_o which_o i_o lie_v most_o weight_n upon_o for_o i_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v manifest_a and_o acknowledge_v by_o these_o learned_a man_n themselves_o that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n be_v adventitious_a to_o it_o and_o communicate_v by_o the_o beam_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o of_o the_o fire_n or_o by_o some_o other_o agent_n natural_o productive_a of_o heat_n as_o well_o in_o other_o body_n as_o the_o air_n and_o it_o be_v also_o evident_a that_o upon_o the_o bare_a absence_n for_o aught_o else_o that_o appear_v of_o the_o sun_n or_o extinction_n of_o the_o fire_n or_o removal_n of_o the_o other_o cause_n of_o heat_n the_o air_n will_v as_o it_o be_v of_o its_o own_o accord_n be_v reduce_v to_o coldness_n whereas_o that_o there_o be_v swarm_n of_o frigorifick_a atom_n diffuse_v through_o the_o air_n from_o which_o all_o its_o coldness_n proceed_v be_v but_o a_o hypothesis_n of_o their_o own_o far_o from_o be_v manifest_a in_o itself_o and_o not_o hitherto_o that_o i_o know_v of_o prove_v by_o any_o fit_a experiment_n or_o cogent_a reason_n and_o though_o in_o some_o case_n i_o be_o not_o adverse_a to_o the_o admit_v such_o corpuscle_n as_o may_v in_o a_o sense_n be_v style_v frigorifick_a yet_o i_o see_v not_o why_o we_o shall_v have_v recourse_n to_o they_o in_o case_n where_o such_o a_o bare_a cessation_n or_o lessen_v of_o former_a motion_n as_o may_v easy_o be_v ascribe_v to_o manifest_a cause_n may_v serve_v the_o turn_n as_o to_o a_o sensible_a for_o
i_o now_o consider_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o intenser_n coldness_n in_o the_o air_n without_o take_v they_o in_o and_o the_o opinion_n i_o incline_v to_o have_v at_o least_o this_o advantage_n that_o the_o air_n seem_v to_o be_v as_o rightful_o term_v cold_a as_o iron_n marble_n mercury_n crystal_n salt-petre_a and_o such_o other_o body_n which_o man_n unanimous_o look_v upon_o as_o such_o there_o be_v none_o of_o these_o to_o which_o the_o argument_n employ_v against_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n be_v not_o applicable_a save_v that_o the_o air_n be_v a_o fluid_a of_o a_o loose_a and_o fine_a texture_n do_v soon_o receive_v and_o lose_v the_o impression_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a and_o yet_o if_o a_o block_n of_o marble_n for_o instance_n or_o a_o iron_n bullet_n be_v remove_v into_o one_o of_o those_o empty_a space_n that_o gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o suppose_v to_o be_v beyond_o the_o bound_n of_o this_o world_n i_o see_v not_o why_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v rather_o cold_a than_o either_o warm_a or_o in_o a_o state_n of_o perfect_a neutrality_n since_o when_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o heat_n and_o those_o of_o cold_a have_v extricate_v themselves_o and_o be_v fly_v away_o into_o the_o neighbour_a vacuum_n the_o component_a particle_n of_o the_o stone_n or_o metal_n who_o implicate_v texture_n will_v hinder_v their_o dissilition_n remain_v much_o less_o agitate_a then_o our_o organ_n of_o feeling_n be_v by_o the_o warm_a blood_n and_o spirit_n that_o vivifie_v they_o must_v if_o apply_v to_o those_o sensory_n appear_v cold._n 2._o but_o i_o shall_v not_o upon_o this_o subject_n spend_v any_o far_a discourse_n since_o perhaps_o the_o dispute_n either_o may_v be_v or_o at_o least_o may_v easy_o be_v make_v verbal_n for_o in_o case_n those_o i_o argue_v with_o shall_v so_o explain_v their_o opinion_n as_o not_o to_o deny_v that_o in_o its_o own_o nature_n the_o air_n leave_v to_o its_o self_n may_v be_v repute_v cold_a in_o reference_n to_o the_o sensory_n of_o man_n who_o be_v warm_a animal_n but_o say_v that_o nevertheless_o compare_v it_o indefinite_o to_o other_o then_o humane_a body_n here_o below_o it_o be_v so_o easy_o susceptable_a of_o both_o the_o contrary_a quality_n that_o neither_o of_o they_o seem_v predominant_a in_o it_o and_o that_o when_o it_o be_v considerable_o either_o cold_a or_o hot_a it_o be_v make_v so_o by_o adventitious_a agent_n i_o shall_v not_o much_o contend_v with_o they_o especial_o if_o it_o can_v clear_o be_v make_v our_o that_o there_o be_v great_a quantity_n of_o such_o cold_a spirit_n as_o cabaeus_n and_o gassendus_fw-la suppose_v to_o be_v universal_o productive_a of_o cold_a more_o or_o less_o in_o all_o body_n where_o they_o get_v admission_n but_o of_o these_o cold_a spirit_n more_o perhaps_o elsewhere_o our_o principal_a business_n in_o this_o section_n be_v to_o deliver_v experiment_n and_o observation_n and_o because_o we_o shall_v mention_v but_o few_o of_o the_o former_a sort_n we_o will_v dispatch_v they_o first_o 3._o november_n the_o 20._o 1662._o we_o take_v a_o weatherglass_n fill_v to_o a_o convenient_a height_n with_o well_o rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o hermetical_o seal_v this_o we_o enclose_v in_o a_o glass_n receiver_n of_o a_o cylindrical_a form_n of_o about_o two_o inch_n diameter_n and_o about_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a high_a and_o have_v cement_v on_o the_o receiver_n we_o let_v it_o alone_o for_o some_o hour_n that_o it_o may_v perfect_o cool_v then_o draw_v out_o the_o air_n and_o watch_v it_o narrow_o we_o observe_v that_o the_o liquor_n in_o the_o weatherglass_n descend_v a_o little_a though_o but_o a_o very_a little_a upon_o the_o first_o exuction_n of_o the_o air_n and_o a_o little_a though_o it_o seem_v somewhat_o less_o upon_o the_o second_o but_o afterward_o we_o do_v not_o find_v it_o sensible_o to_o descend_v this_o subsidence_n of_o the_o liquor_n in_o all_o amount_v to_o about_o the_o length_n of_o a_o barley_n corn_n we_o attribute_v to_o the_o stretch_n of_o the_o glass_n by_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o include_v air_n when_o the_o ambient_fw-la be_v withdraw_v and_o according_o upon_o our_o allow_v a_o regress_n to_o the_o exclude_v air_n we_o see_v the_o spirit_n in_o the_o thermometer_n rise_v about_o half_a a_o barley-corn_n length_n to_o the_o place_n whence_o it_o begin_v to_o subside_o afterward_o we_o suck_v out_o and_o let_v in_o the_o air_n of_o the_o receiver_n as_o before_o with_o like_a success_n as_o to_o the_o descent_n and_o remount_v of_o the_o liquor_n 4._o n._n b._n we_o try_v with_o a_o very_a hot_a handkerchief_n apply_v in_o a_o convenient_a place_n to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o receiver_n whether_o the_o include_v weatherglass_n will_v receive_v impression_n from_o it_o the_o air_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v intermediate_v be_v remove_v but_o we_o do_v not_o find_v the_o liquor_n in_o the_o weatherglass_n sensible_o to_o swell_v either_o by_o this_o way_n or_o by_o cast_v upon_o it_o the_o concentrate_v beam_n of_o a_o candle_n traject_v through_o a_o double_a convex_a glass_n but_o when_o the_o air_n be_v readmit_v into_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o receiver_n than_o the_o same_o handkerchief_n heat_v a_o fresh_a and_o apply_v make_v the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n sensible_o though_o but_o little_o more_o to_o ascend_v of_o which_o yet_o it_o seem_v something_o difficult_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o nicety_n of_o the_o experiment_n to_o estimate_v with_o any_o thing_n of_o certainty_n the_o cause_n so_o that_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n till_o the_o experiment_n be_v repeat_v in_o air_n of_o differ_v temper_n to_o verify_v whether_o it_o be_v the_o withdraw_a of_o the_o wont_a pressure_n or_o the_o recess_n of_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o air_n that_o make_v the_o liquor_n include_v in_o the_o thermoscope_n subside_o and_o till_o the_o experiment_n be_v repeat_v with_o the_o further_a observation_n of_o other_o circumstance_n which_o reiteration_n of_o the_o trial_n we_o intend_v but_o be_v by_o intervening_a accident_n hinder_v the_o recite_v experiment_n will_v not_o afford_v much_o more_o than_o good_a hint_n towards_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air._n 5._o i_o have_v discourse_n elsewhere_o take_v notice_n that_o air_n include_v in_o vessel_n sufficient_o strong_a and_o well_o close_v be_v not_o sensible_o or_o at_o least_o not_o considerable_o condense_v by_o cold_a but_o when_o the_o air_n be_v not_o so_o include_v as_o not_o to_o be_v in_o some_o part_n or_o other_o expose_v to_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o outward_a air_n or_o atmosphere_n it_o will_v then_o by_o a_o degree_n of_o cold_a capable_a to_o freeze_v water_n be_v manifest_o reduce_v into_o a_o less_o room_n but_o how_o much_o this_o contraction_n or_o condensation_n of_o the_o air_n may_v amount_v to_o i_o do_v not_o there_o subjoin_v nor_o have_v the_o measure_n of_o it_o be_v that_o i_o know_v of_o attempt_v by_o any_o man_n wherefore_o we_o think_v fit_a to_o endeavour_v something_o in_o this_o kind_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v annex_v a_o brief_a account_n whereby_o it_o will_v appear_v upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n that_o in_o the_o climate_n we_o live_v in_o the_o cold_a do_v not_o so_o considerable_o condense_a the_o air_n as_o most_o man_n seem_v to_o have_v hitherto_o imagine_v 6._o and_o first_o it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o intimate_v that_o among_o other_o way_n we_o try_v to_o measure_v the_o shrink_n of_o the_o air_n by_o seal_v it_o up_o in_o glass_n furnish_v with_o long_a and_o very_a slender_a stem_n that_o by_o break_v off_o the_o tip_n of_o those_o glass_n immerse_v under_o water_n when_o by_o the_o cold_a air_n of_o a_o frosty_a night_n or_o the_o circumposition_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n the_o include_v air_n be_v high_o refrigerated_a the_o water_n may_v by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n upon_o it_o be_v impel_v into_o the_o cylindrical_a cavity_n of_o the_o break_a glass_n and_o by_o its_o great_a or_o lesser_a ascent_n therein_o show_v how_o much_o the_o internal_a air_n have_v be_v make_v to_o shrink_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o cold._n but_o this_o way_n for_o reason_n too_o long_o to_o be_v here_o deduce_v we_o find_v it_o troublesome_a and_o difficult_a to_o practice_v with_o any_o thing_n of_o certainty_n nor_o do_v we_o ever_o that_o i_o remember_v by_o this_o way_n bring_v the_o refrigerated_a air_n to_o lose_v above_o a_o 30._o part_n of_o its_o former_a dimension_n 7._o we_o will_v have_v try_v also_o to_o measure_v the_o condensation_n of_o the_o air_n by_o the_o ascent_n of_o water_n into_o the_o stem_n of_o a_o bolthead_n so_o invert_v that_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o stem_n may_v be_v under_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n and_o the_o bolt-head_n keep_v erect_v but_o this_o way_n we_o
18._o title_n where_o i_o recite_v the_o experiment_n of_o the_o infrigidating_a wind_n i_o shall_v more_o express_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o this_o circumstance_n that_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o bare_a wind_n as_o such_o who_o operation_n upon_o the_o air_n include_v in_o the_o ball_n of_o a_o weatherglass_n make_v the_o liquor_n to_o ascend_v we_o put_v a_o mark_n upon_o the_o height_n it_o stand_v at_o when_o we_o have_v a_o pretty_a while_n blow_v upon_o it_o and_o then_o without_o remove_v the_o bellows_o put_v ice_n and_o salt_n about_o the_o iron_n pipe_n of_o it_o by_o which_o mixture_n the_o air_n that_o be_v afterward_o blow_v through_o that_o pipe_n be_v so_o cool_v in_o its_o passage_n as_o to_o make_v the_o liquor_n very_o manifest_o to_o ascend_v even_o in_o a_o weatherglass_n where_o i_o do_v employ_v as_o i_o have_v elsewhere_o declare_v that_o i_o often_o do_v quicksilver_n instead_o of_o water_n or_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o lest_o the_o vicinity_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n shall_v be_v suspect_v to_o have_v cause_v this_o contraction_n of_o the_o include_v air_n we_o do_v sometime_o purposely_o intermit_v the_o move_n of_o the_o bellows_o without_o remove_v the_o weatherglass_n and_o though_o notwithstanding_o that_o vicinity_n the_o liquor_n will_v begin_v a_o little_a to_o subside_o yet_o when_o ever_o the_o cold_a spirit_n or_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o high_o refrigerated_a air_n be_v by_o the_o play_v of_o the_o bellows_o anew_o approach_v to_o or_o rather_o bring_v to_o touch_v in_o swarm_n the_o globular_a part_n of_o the_o instrument_n the_o mercury_n will_v manifest_o ascend_v and_o since_o we_o be_v speak_v of_o weather-glass_n i_o shall_v on_o this_o occasion_n subjoin_v that_o certain_a circumstance_n may_v also_o vary_v the_o success_n of_o another_o experiment_n somewhat_o of_o kin_n to_o that_o late_o repeat_v about_o the_o pendulous_a drop_n which_o be_v brief_o mention_v not_o far_o from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o first_o praeliminary_n discourse_n for_o though_o the_o common_a thermometer_n that_o be_v here_o wont_a to_o be_v sell_v in_o shop_n have_v usual_o the_o pipe_n of_o the_o bolthead_n very_o large_a in_o proportion_n to_o the_o ball_n and_o therefore_o be_v in_o that_o place_n say_v to_o be_v weather-glass_n not_o nice_a and_o though_o on_o such_o instrument_n in_o certain_a temperature_n of_o the_o air_n intimate_v by_o the_o word_n sometime_o employ_v in_o that_o passage_n the_o air_n blow_v out_o of_o a_o pair_n of_o bellows_o against_o some_o part_n of_o the_o include_v air_n will_v not_o especial_o at_o the_o beginning_n make_v the_o air_n sensible_o contract_v itself_o and_o the_o liquor_n ascend_v though_o at_o the_o very_a first_o and_o second_o blast_n the_o coldness_n of_o this_o artificial_a wind_n may_v be_v very_o sensible_a to_o the_o touch_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n intend_v to_o be_v teach_v in_o that_o passage_n yet_o have_v the_o curiosity_n with_o other_o bellows_o at_o another_o season_n of_o the_o year_n to_o blow_v long_o upon_o the_o ball_n of_o a_o not_o common_a but_o nice_a weatherglass_n of_o my_o own_o make_n furnish_v with_o a_o pipe_n that_o be_v very_o slender_a i_o divers_a time_n but_o not_o always_o find_v the_o tinct_a liquor_n manifest_o enough_o to_o ascend_v as_o if_o the_o wind_n consist_v of_o a_o more_o compress_v air_n do_v by_o contain_v a_o great_a number_n of_o cold_a particle_n in_o the_o same_o room_n more_o affect_v the_o internal_a air_n than_o the_o contact_n of_o the_o calm_a and_o lax_v outward_a air_n do_v before_o which_o disparity_n of_o event_n have_v give_v i_o the_o design_n of_o make_v further_a trial_n with_o differ_v thermoscope_n at_o other_o season_n of_o the_o year_n to_o see_v if_o i_o can_v bring_v the_o matter_n to_o some_o certainty_n by_o discover_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o contingency_n in_o which_o i_o afterward_o suspect_v that_o some_o light_a degree_n of_o warmth_n or_o coolness_n in_o the_o bellows_o themselves_o which_o as_o be_v unmanife_a to_o the_o sense_n escape_v unheeded_a may_v have_v a_o interest_n when_o i_o be_v about_o some_o of_o the_o former_a experiment_n i_o will_v willing_o have_v have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o try_v with_o a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n what_o difference_n there_o will_v be_v betwixt_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n in_o a_o frosty_a night_n in_o place_n where_o the_o air_n be_v keep_v calm_a by_o be_v shelter_v from_o the_o wind_n not_o by_o inhabit_a building_n but_o by_o some_o wall_n or_o other_o body_n whence_o any_o warm_a effluvium_n be_v least_o to_o be_v expect_v and_o betwixt_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o same_o air_n in_o place_n where_o cold_a wind_n especial_o northerly_a or_o easterly_a do_v free_o and_o strong_o blow_v but_o my_o occasion_n then_o confine_v i_o to_o a_o town_n i_o have_v not_o conveniency_n to_o make_v any_o secure_a observation_n of_o that_o nature_n and_o even_o in_o a_o more_o commodious_a place_n unless_o it_o be_v determine_v whether_o there_o be_v corpuscle_n proper_o and_o constant_o frigorifick_a upon_o who_o account_n some_o wind_n be_v so_o much_o cold_a than_o other_o there_o may_v arise_v more_o scruple_n about_o this_o matter_n than_o i_o must_v now_o stay_v to_o discuss_v there_o be_v one_o thing_n more_o that_o it_o may_v be_v be_v not_o impertinent_a to_o mention_v before_o i_o take_v leave_n of_o the_o xviii_o title_n for_o in_o confirmation_n of_o what_o be_v there_o deliver_v concern_v the_o vicissitude_n of_o these_o troublesome_a degree_n of_o cold_a and_o heat_n within_o the_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o same_o natural_a day_n complain_v of_o by_o the_o patriarch_n jacob_n and_o by_o olearius_n i_o shall_v add_v that_o have_v since_o have_v opportunity_n to_o inquire_v about_o such_o matter_n of_o a_o learned_a physician_n late_o come_v from_o the_o indies_n he_o assure_v i_o that_o notwithstanding_o the_o violent_a heat_n of_o the_o day_n he_o usual_o observe_v the_o night_n to_o be_v so_o very_o cold_a that_o he_o be_v persuade_v some_o positive_o frigorifick_a steam_n do_v in_o the_o night_n ascend_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n and_o make_v it_o very_o expedient_a if_o not_o necessary_a for_o those_o english_a that_o live_v in_o the_o warm_a part_n of_o america_n to_o imitate_v the_o native_n in_o keep_v fire_n under_o their_o hammack_n or_o hang_v bed_n i_o think_v it_o may_v be_v a_o luciferous_a experiment_n in_o relation_n to_o a_o hypothesis_n that_o may_v be_v propose_v about_o cold_a to_o try_v whether_o if_o two_o such_o liquor_n be_v provide_v as_o by_o be_v mix_v together_o will_v so_o far_o forth_o lose_v their_o fluidity_n as_o to_o obtain_v at_o least_o the_o consistence_n of_o a_o unguent_n this_o impediment_n put_v to_o the_o former_a confuse_a and_o great_a agitation_n of_o their_o part_n will_v produce_v any_o sensible_a degree_n of_o cold_a this_o i_o think_v fit_a to_o try_v by_o immerse_v for_o a_o competent_a time_n the_o ball_n of_o a_o tender_a seal_a weatherglass_n into_o each_o of_o the_o liquor_n apart_o and_o then_o into_o the_o soft_a mixture_n their_o coalition_n will_v compose_v to_o produce_v such_o a_o mixture_n more_o way_n than_o one_o it_o be_v not_o difficult_a for_o i_o by_o the_o help_n of_o some_o experiment_n i_o have_v provide_v to_o add_v to_o my_o history_n of_o fluidity_n and_o sirmness_n but_o though_o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o minium_n or_o calcine_v lead_n in_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n or_o a_o very_a strong_a infusion_n of_o good_a quicklime_n in_o water_n will_v either_o of_o they_o and_o one_o of_o they_o i_o do_v make_v use_n of_o though_o i_o have_v forget_v which_o coagulate_v a_o just_a proportion_n of_o good_a salad_n oil_n to_o name_n no_o other_o make_v by_o expression_n into_o such_o a_o consistence_n as_o i_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o yet_o for_o want_v of_o a_o seal_a thermoscope_n tender_a enough_o i_o can_v now_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n and_o till_o i_o do_v i_o dare_v not_o draw_v any_o conclusion_n from_o it_o though_o if_o i_o much_o misremember_v not_o when_o i_o show_v it_o a_o ingenious_a person_n neither_o he_o nor_o i_o can_v perceive_v that_o the_o liquor_n by_o be_v deprive_v of_o their_o fluidity_n have_v acquire_v any_o thing_n of_o coldness_n discoverable_a by_o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n it_o be_v much_o controvert_v among_o the_o curious_a whether_o water_n be_v capable_a of_o compression_n and_o divers_a have_v of_o late_o incline_v to_o the_o negative_a upon_o observe_v a_o want_n of_o cogency_n in_o the_o experiment_n that_o have_v be_v bring_v to_o evince_v the_o affirmative_a what_o trial_n and_o observation_n we_o long_o since_o make_v about_o this_o matter_n may_v be_v meet_v with_o in_o some_o of_o our_o other_o treatise_n wherefore_o i_o shall_v now_o subjoin_v that_o
i_o must_v free_o 〈◊〉_d that_o though_o in_o live_a creature_n and_o especial_o in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o perfect_a sort_n of_o animal_n i_o do_v in_o divers_a case_n allow_v argument_n draw_v from_o final_a cause_n yet_o where_o only_o inanimate_a body_n be_v concern_v i_o do_v not_o easy_o suffer_v myself_o to_o be_v prevail_v upon_o by_o such_o argument_n nor_o be_v there_o any_o danger_n that_o cold_a and_o heat_n who_o cause_n be_v so_o radicate_v in_o nature_n shall_v be_v lose_v out_o of_o the_o world_n in_o case_n each_o parcel_n of_o matter_n that_o happen_v to_o be_v surround_v with_o body_n wherein_o a_o contrary_a quality_n be_v predominant_a be_v not_o endow_v with_o a_o incomprehensible_a faculty_n of_o self_n invigoration_n and_o nature_n either_o do_v not_o need_v the_o help_n of_o this_o imaginary_a power_n or_o oftentimes_o have_v recourse_n unto_o it_o to_o very_o little_a purpose_n since_o we_o see_v that_o these_o quality_n subsist_v in_o the_o world_n and_o yet_o the_o facto_fw-la the_o bottle_n of_o water_n wine_n and_o other_o liquor_n that_o be_v carry_v up_o and_o down_o in_o the_o summer_n be_v regular_o warm_v by_o the_o ambient_fw-la air._n and_o in_o muscovy_n and_o other_o cold_a northern_a country_n man_n and_o other_o animal_n have_v oftentimes_o their_o vital_a heat_n destroy_v by_o the_o cold_a that_o surround_v they_o be_v thereby_o actual_o freeze_v to_o death_n and_o i_o somewhat_o wonder_n that_o the_o follower_n of_o aristotle_n shall_v not_o take_v notice_n of_o that_o famous_a experiment_n which_o he_o himself_o deliver_v where_o he_o teach_v that_o hot_a water_n will_v soon_o congeal_v then_o cold_a for_o if_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n be_v true_a it_o will_v sufficient_o manifest_v that_o the_o heat_n harbour_v in_o the_o water_n be_v destroy_v not_o invigorate_v by_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n that_o surround_v it_o so_o that_o themistius_n must_v i_o fear_v on_o this_o occasion_n take_v sanctuary_n in_o my_o observation_n and_o to_o keep_v aristotle_n from_o destroy_v his_o own_o opinion_n with_o his_o own_o experiment_n have_v best_o say_v as_o i_o do_v that_o it_o be_v not_o true_a and_o though_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v deny_v that_o white_a surround_v with_o black_a or_o black_a with_o white_a become_v thereby_o the_o more_o conspicuous_a yet_o it_o be_v acknowledge_v that_o there_o be_v no_o real_a increase_n or_o intention_n of_o either_o quality_n but_o only_o a_o comparative_a one_o in_o reference_n to_o our_o sense_n obtain_v by_o this_o collation_n nor_o do_v a_o pumice-stone_n grow_v more_o dry_a than_o it_o be_v in_o the_o fire_n or_o earth_n by_o be_v transfer_v into_o the_o air_n or_o water_n and_o consequent_o environ_v with_o either_o of_o those_o two_o fluid_n which_o themistius_n and_o his_o school_n teach_v we_o to_o be_v moist_a element_n neither_o will_v you_o expect_v to_o find_v a_o piece_n of_o dim_a glass_n become_v real_o more_o transparent_a though_o one_o shall_v set_v it_o in_o a_o frame_n of_o ebony_n though_o that_o wood_n be_v so_o opacous_a as_o to_o be_v black_a and_o whereas_o it_o be_v common_o allege_v as_o a_o proof_n of_o the_o power_n nature_n have_v give_v body_n of_o fly_v their_o contrary_n that_o drop_n of_o water_n fall_v upon_o a_o table_n will_v gather_v themselves_o into_o little_a globe_n to_o avoid_v the_o contrary_a quality_n in_o the_o table_n and_o keep_v themselves_o from_o be_v swallow_v up_o by_o the_o dry_a wood_n the_o cause_n pretend_v have_v no_o interest_n in_o the_o effect_n but_o little_a drop_n of_o water_n where_o the_o gravity_n be_v not_o great_a enough_o to_o surmount_v the_o action_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la fluid_fw-la if_o they_o meet_v with_o small_a dust_n upon_o a_o table_n they_o do_v as_o they_o roll_n along_o gather_v it_o up_o and_o their_o surface_n be_v cover_v with_o it_o do_v not_o immediate_o touch_v the_o board_n which_o else_o they_o will_v stick_v to_o and_o to_o show_v you_o that_o the_o globular_a figure_n which_o the_o drop_n of_o water_n and_o other_o liquor_n sometime_o acquire_v proceed_v not_o from_o their_o fly_v of_o dryness_n but_o either_o from_o their_o be_v every_o way_n press_v at_o least_o almost_o equal_o for_o in_o some_o case_n also_o they_o be_v not_o exact_o round_a by_o some_o ambient_fw-la fluid_fw-la of_o a_o disagree_a nature_n or_o from_o some_o other_o cause_n differ_v from_o that_o the_o school_n will_v give_v i_o shall_v desire_v you_o to_o take_v notice_n that_o the_o drop_n of_o water_n that_o swim_v in_o oil_n so_o as_o to_o be_v surround_v with_o it_o will_v likewise_o be_v globular_a and_o yet_o oil_n be_v a_o true_a and_o moisten_a liquor_n as_o well_o as_o water_n and_o the_o drop_n of_o quicksilver_n though_o upon_o a_o table_n they_o be_v more_o dispose_v than_o water_n to_o gather_v themselves_o into_o a_o round_a figure_n yet_o that_o they_o do_v it_o not_o as_o humid_a body_n be_v evident_a because_o quicksilver_n break_v into_o drop_n will_v have_v most_o of_o they_o globular_a not_o only_o in_o oil_n but_o in_o water_n and_o to_o show_v you_o that_o it_o be_v from_o the_o incongruity_n it_o have_v to_o certain_a body_n that_o its_o drop_n will_v not_o stick_v upon_o a_o table_n nor_o upon_o some_o other_o body_n but_o gather_v themselves_o into_o little_a sphere_n as_o if_o they_o design_v to_o touch_v the_o wooden_a plain_n but_o in_o a_o point_n to_o manifest_v this_o i_o say_v we_o need_v but_o take_v notice_n that_o though_o the_o same_o drop_n will_v retain_v the_o same_o figure_n on_o stone_n or_o iron_n yet_o they_o will_v ready_o adhere_v to_o gold_n and_o lose_v their_o globulousness_n 19_o upon_o it_o though_o gold_n be_v a_o far_o dry_a body_n than_o wood_n which_o as_o far_o as_o distillation_n can_v manifest_v must_v have_v in_o it_o store_n of_o humid_a part_n of_o several_a kind_n i_o mean_v both_o watery_a and_o unctuous_a but_o this_o may_v relish_v of_o a_o digression_n my_o task_n be_v only_o to_o examine_v the_o antiperistasis_n of_o cold_a and_o heat_n concern_v which_o i_o think_v i_o have_v very_o just_a cause_n to_o pronounce_v the_o vulgar_a conceit_n very_o unconsonant_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o inanimate_a being_n for_o the_o peripatetic_n talk_v of_o cold_a and_o heat_v surround_v by_o the_o opposite_a quality_n as_o if_o both_o of_o they_o have_v a_o understanding_n and_o foresight_n that_o in_o case_n it_o do_v not_o gather_v up_o its_o spirit_n and_o stout_o play_v its_o part_n against_o the_o opposite_a that_o distress_n it_o it_o must_v infallible_o perish_v and_o as_o if_o be_v conscious_a to_o its_o self_n of_o have_v a_o power_n of_o self_n invigoration_n at_o the_o presence_n of_o its_o adversary_n it_o be_v able_a to_o encourage_v itself_o like_o the_o hero_n in_o the_o poet_n that_o say_v nunc_fw-la animus_fw-la opus_fw-la est_fw-la aenea_fw-la nunc_fw-la pectore_fw-la firmo_fw-la which_o indeed_o be_v to_o transform_v physical_a agent_n into_o moral_a one_o 12._o eleuth_n the_o validity_n of_o the_o peripatetic_a argument_n draw_v from_o reason_n consider_v abstract_o from_o experience_n i_o shall_v leave_v themistius_n to_o dispute_v out_o with_o you_o at_o more_o leisure_n and_o since_o you_o well_o know_v that_o the_o only_a argument_n i_o allege_v to_o countenance_v antiperistasis_n be_v build_v upon_o experience_n as_o judge_v they_o either_o the_o best_a or_o the_o only_a good_a one_o i_o long_o to_o hear_v what_o you_o will_v say_v to_o the_o example_n that_o have_v be_v produce_v of_o that_o which_o you_o deny_v 13._o carneades_n that_o eleutherius_fw-la which_o i_o have_v to_o answer_v to_o the_o example_n that_o be_v urge_v either_o by_o the_o school_n or_o by_o you_o in_o favour_n of_o antiperistasis_n consist_v of_o two_o part_n for_o first_o i_o may_v show_v that_o as_o reason_n declare_v open_o against_o the_o common_a opinion_n so_o there_o be_v experiment_n which_o favour_v i_o and_o which_o may_v be_v oppose_v to_o those_o you_o have_v allege_v for_o the_o contrary_a doctrine_n and_o second_o i_o may_v represent_v that_o of_o those_o example_n some_o be_v false_a other_o doubtful_a and_o those_o that_o be_v neither_o of_o these_o two_o be_v insufficient_a or_o capable_a of_o be_v otherwise_o explicate_v without_o the_o help_n of_o your_o hypothesis_n but_o for_o brevity_n sake_n i_o shall_v not_o manage_v these_o two_o reply_n apart_o but_o mention_n as_o occasion_n shall_v serve_v the_o experiment_n that_o favour_n my_o opinion_n among_o my_o other_o answer_n to_o what_o you_o have_v be_v please_v to_o urge_v on_o the_o behalf_n of_o aristotle_n 14._o to_o begin_v then_o with_o that_o grand_a experiment_n which_o i_o remember_v a_o late_a champion_n for_o antiperistasis_n make_v his_o lead_a argument_n to_o establish_v it_o and_o which_o be_v so_o general_o urge_v on_o that_o occasion_n
i_o mean_v the_o heat_n of_o quicklime_n in_o cold_a water_n i_o confess_v i_o can_v but_o admire_v the_o laziness_n and_o credulity_n of_o mankind_n which_o have_v so_o long_o and_o general_o acquiesce_v in_o what_o they_o may_v so_o easy_o have_v find_v to_o be_v false_a this_o i_o say_v because_o i_o be_v possible_o the_o first_o that_o have_v have_v both_o the_o curiosity_n and_o boldness_n to_o examine_v so_o general_a and_o constant_a a_o tradition_n yet_o i_o doubt_v not_o that_o you_o will_v soon_o be_v bring_v to_o take_v it_o as_o well_o as_o i_o for_o as_o great_a as_o popular_a a_o error_n for_o to_o let_v you_o manifest_o see_v how_o little_a the_o incalescence_n of_o the_o quicklime_n need_v be_v allow_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la water_n if_o instead_o of_o cold_a water_n you_o quench_v it_o with_o hot_a water_n the_o ebullition_n of_o the_o liquor_n will_v not_o only_o be_v as_o great_a as_o if_o the_o water_n be_v cold_a but_o oftentimes_o far_o great_a as_o i_o have_v sometime_o for_o curiosity_n remove_v boil_v water_n from_o the_o fire_n and_o when_o the_o liquor_n have_v leave_v of_o boil_a but_o be_v yet_o scald_a hot_a i_o put_v into_o it_o a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o quicklime_n and_o after_o a_o while_n the_o water_n which_o as_o i_o say_v have_v cease_v from_o boil_a begin_v to_o boil_v afresh_o with_o so_o much_o vehemence_n and_o such_o large_a and_o copious_a bubble_n that_o it_o threaten_v to_o run_v over_o the_o pot_n of_o which_o before_o the_o effervescence_n a_o considerable_a part_n be_v leave_v unfilled_a and_o this_o be_v no_o more_o than_o what_o i_o may_v well_o look_v for_o hot_a water_n be_v much_o fit_a than_o cold_a to_o pervade_v nimble_o the_o body_n of_o the_o lime_n and_o hasty_o dissolve_v and_o set_v at_o liberty_n the_o igneous_a and_o saline_a part_n wherewith_o it_o abound_v and_o how_o much_o a_o great_a interest_n salt_n may_v have_v in_o such_o incalescency_n then_o cold_a i_o have_v also_o take_v pleasure_n to_o try_v by_o pour_v acid_n spirit_n and_o particular_o spirit_n of_o salt_n upon_o good_a quicklime_n for_o by_o this_o mean_n there_o will_v be_v a_o far_o great_a degree_n of_o heat_n excite_v then_o if_o i_o have_v instead_o of_o spirit_n of_o salt_n use_v common_a water_n and_o this_o whether_o i_o employ_v the_o spirit_n cold_a or_o hot_a for_o in_o either_o case_n so_o small_a a_o portion_n as_o about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o walnut_n of_o lime_n put_v into_o a_o small_a glass_n will_v by_o the_o addition_n of_o a_o little_a spirit_n of_o salt_n put_v to_o it_o by_o degree_n both_o hiss_n and_o smoke_n and_o boil_v very_o surprise_o and_o notwithstanding_o the_o small_a quantity_n of_o the_o matter_n will_v conceive_v so_o great_a a_o heat_n that_o i_o be_v not_o able_a to_o hold_v the_o glass_n in_o my_o hand_n and_o to_o show_v some_o friend_n how_o little_a heat_n excite_v in_o quicklime_n by_o cold_a water_n proceed_v bare_o from_o the_o coldness_n of_o that_o liquor_n i_o cause_v a_o parcel_n of_o good_a lime_n to_o be_v beat_v small_a and_o put_v one_o part_n of_o it_o into_o a_o glass_n vessel_n i_o drench_v it_o plentiful_o with_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n more_o than_o it_o will_v imbibe_n and_o the_o other_o portion_n of_o the_o lime_n i_o likewise_o drench_v with_o common_a water_n both_o these_o liquor_n have_v stand_v in_o the_o same_o room_n that_o they_o may_v be_v reduce_v by_o the_o same_o ambient_fw-la air_n to_o a_o like_a degree_n of_o coldness_n the_o event_n of_o this_o trial_n be_v what_o i_o look_v for_o that_o the_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n notwithstanding_o its_o actual_a coldness_n and_o the_o great_a subtlety_n and_o piercingness_n of_o part_n which_o it_o have_v in_o common_a with_o other_o chemical_a oil_n be_v of_o a_o incongruous_a texture_n seem_v not_o to_o make_v any_o dissolution_n of_o the_o powder_a lime_n and_o do_v not_o for_o several_a hour_n that_o i_o keep_v it_o produce_v that_o i_o perceive_v any_o sensible_a heat_n in_o the_o lime_n whereas_o to_o show_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o fault_n of_o the_o lime_n that_o part_n of_o it_o on_o which_o common_a water_n have_v be_v pour_v do_v after_o a_o little_a while_n conceive_v so_o strong_a a_o heat_n that_o it_o break_v a_o large_a openmouth'd-glass_n into_o who_o bottom_n it_o be_v put_v and_o not_o only_o grow_v so_o hot_a that_o i_o can_v not_o endure_v to_o hold_v it_o in_o my_o hand_n but_o send_v out_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o glass_n though_o that_o be_v considerable_o distant_a from_o the_o lime_n a_o copious_a white_a fume_n so_o hot_a that_o i_o can_v not_o well_o suffer_v the_o hold_n of_o my_o hand_n over_o it_o and_o to_o prevent_v a_o possible_a though_o invalid_a objection_n which_o i_o foresee_v may_v be_v draw_v against_o the_o experiment_n make_v with_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n from_o the_o oleaginous_a nature_n of_o that_o liquor_n i_o cover_v a_o piece_n of_o the_o same_o sort_n of_o quicklime_n i_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o with_o high_o rectify_a spirit_n of_o wine_n but_o though_o i_o leave_v they_o together_o all_o night_n yet_o i_o perceive_v not_o that_o the_o liquor_n have_v at_o all_o slack_v the_o lime_n which_o continue_v in_o a_o entire_a lump_n till_o upon_o the_o substitute_n of_o common_a water_n it_o do_v as_o i_o remember_v quick_o appear_v to_o be_v slack_v since_o it_o fall_v asunder_o into_o a_o kind_n of_o minute_n white_a powder_n which_o be_v bate_v the_o colour_n almost_o like_o mud_n and_o will_v easy_o by_o a_o little_a shake_n be_v disperse_v like_v it_o through_o the_o water_n 15._o eleutherius_fw-la i_o ingenious_o confess_v to_o you_o carneades_n that_o what_o you_o say_v surprise_v i_o for_o i_o think_v it_o superfluous_a to_o try_v myself_o so_o acknowledge_v a_o experiment_n be_v not_o able_a to_o imagine_v that_o so_o many_o learned_a man_n for_o so_o many_o age_n shall_v so_o unanimous_o and_o confident_o deliver_v a_o matter_n of_o fact_n of_o which_o if_o it_o be_v not_o true_a the_o falsity_n can_v be_v so_o easy_o discover_v 16._o carneades_n for_o my_o part_n eleutherius_fw-la i_o confess_v i_o be_o wont_a to_o doubt_v of_o what_o they_o teach_v that_o seldom_o or_o never_o doubt_v and_o i_o hope_v you_o will_v forgive_v i_o if_o have_v find_v a_o assertion_n so_o general_a and_o uncontrolled_a of_o a_o falsity_n so_o easy_a to_o be_v disprove_v i_o be_v inclinable_a to_o suspect_v the_o truth_n of_o their_o other_o inferior_a tradition_n about_o antiperistasis_n and_o of_o these_o i_o will_v mention_v the_o two_o chief_a i_o have_v meet_v with_o among_o the_o modern_n for_o be_v contrive_v experiment_n i_o presume_v you_o will_v easy_o believe_v they_o come_v not_o from_o aristotle_n nor_o the_o ancient_a schoolman_n that_o comment_v upon_o he_o 17._o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v the_o freeze_a a_o pot_n to_o a_o joynt-stool_n by_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n by_o the_o fire_n side_n in_o which_o case_n it_o be_v pretend_v that_o the_o fire_n do_v so_o intend_v the_o cold_a as_o to_o enable_v it_o to_o congeal_v the_o water_n that_o stagnate_v upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o stool_n betwixt_o that_o and_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o pot._n but_o how_o little_a need_n there_o be_v of_o antiperistasis_n in_o this_o experiment_n you_o may_v guess_v by_o this_o that_o i_o have_v purposely_o make_v it_o with_o good_a success_n in_o a_o place_n in_o which_o there_o neither_o be_v nor_o ever_o probable_o have_v be_v a_o fire_n the_o room_n be_v destitute_a of_o a_o chimney_n and_o this_o trial_n of_o i_o i_o can_v confirm_v by_o divers_a other_o experiment_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n but_o that_o this_o one_o be_v sufficient_a 18._o i_o proceed_v therefore_o to_o the_o other_o experiment_n which_o be_v deliver_v by_o very_o learned_a man_n and_o for_o who_o i_o have_v a_o great_a respect_n according_a to_o these_o if_o you_o take_v a_o somewhat_o large_a pot_n and_o have_v fill_v it_o almost_o with_o snow_n place_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o snow_n a_o vial_n full_a of_o water_n this_o pot_n be_v put_v over_o the_o fire_n the_o coldness_n of_o the_o snow_n will_v be_v so_o intend_v by_o the_o heat_n from_o which_o it_o fly_v into_o the_o water_n that_o it_o will_v turn_v that_o liquor_n into_o ice_n but_o though_o i_o several_a time_n try_v this_o experiment_n yet_o neither_o in_o earthen_a nor_o in_o silver_n vessel_n can_v i_o ever_o produce_v the_o promise_a ice_n and_o i_o remember_v that_o a_o eminent_o learned_a man_n that_o wonder_v to_o find_v i_o so_o diffident_a of_o what_o he_o say_v he_o know_v to_o be_v true_a ready_o undertake_v to_o convince_v i_o by_o a_o ocular_a proof_n but_o with_o
no_o better_a success_n than_o i_o have_v have_v before_o so_o that_o the_o argument_n may_v be_v plausible_o enough_o retort_v upon_o they_o that_o urge_v it_o 19_o and_o in_o case_n the_o trial_n shall_v succeed_v sometime_o or_o other_o for_o that_o it_o do_v not_o ordinary_o i_o have_v show_v already_o yet_o will_v there_o be_v no_o necessity_n of_o derive_v the_o effect_n from_o antiperistasis_n for_o though_o in_o such_o case_n the_o fire_n will_v contribute_v to_o the_o production_n of_o the_o effect_n by_o hasten_v the_o dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n yet_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o fire_n do_v but_o remote_o and_o by_o accident_n cause_v the_o production_n of_o ice_n since_o other_o agent_n will_v do_v the_o same_o thing_n that_o be_v qualify_v to_o make_v a_o quick_a dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n whether_o they_o be_v hot_a or_o no_o as_o i_o have_v try_v that_o spirit_n and_o crude_a salt_n of_o nitre_n will_v either_o of_o they_o by_o a_o due_a application_n bring_v snow_n by_o dissolve_v it_o to_o congeal_v water_n though_o the_o spirit_n and_o the_o nitre_n be_v general_o agree_v upon_o to_o actual_o cold_a and_o one_o if_o not_o both_o of_o they_o to_o be_v potential_o cold_a too_o 20._o have_v thus_o dispatch_v the_o experiment_n pretend_v to_o evince_v a_o antiperistasis_n i_o must_v now_o examine_v the_o observation_n that_o be_v allege_v to_o that_o purpose_n of_o which_o the_o principal_a if_o not_o the_o only_a be_v these_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o middle_a region_n of_o the_o air._n the_o increase_n of_o man_n stomach_n in_o winter_n the_o generation_n of_o hail_n and_o the_o heat_n and_o cold_a in_o cellar_n and_o other_o subterraneal_a place_n when_o the_o contrary_a quality_n reign_v in_o the_o air._n 21._o to_o begin_v with_o the_o first_o of_o these_o i_o will_v not_o now_o dispute_v whether_o the_o second_o region_n of_o the_o air_n have_v real_o that_o coldness_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v ascribe_v to_o it_o though_o our_o friend_n mr._n boyle_n seem_v to_o doubt_v whether_o that_o region_n be_v always_o and_o every_o where_o cold_a have_v be_v as_o strong_o prove_v as_o assert_v but_o pass_v over_o that_o question_n i_o see_v no_o need_n of_o implore_v the_o help_n of_o antiperistasis_n to_o keep_v the_o second_o region_n of_o the_o air_n for_o the_o most_o part_n cool_v for_o without_o at_o all_o take_n in_o the_o cause_n imagine_v by_o the_o school_n a_o obvious_a and_o sufficient_a one_o may_v be_v easy_o assign_v for_o the_o air_n be_v as_o to_z sense_n cold_a of_o its_o own_o nature_n so_o that_o when_o we_o feel_v it_o hot_a it_o be_v make_v so_o by_o some_o adventitious_a agent_n and_o that_o agent_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o sun_n who_o heat_v the_o air_n chief_o though_o not_o only_o by_o its_o reflect_a beam_n their_o heat_n be_v so_o languid_a by_o that_o time_n they_o arrive_v disperse_v at_o the_o second_o region_n of_o the_o air_n that_o they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o overpower_v its_o natural_a coldness_n increase_v perchance_o by_o some_o frigorifick_a spirit_n that_o may_v find_v a_o more_o commodious_a harbour_n there_o then_o in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n and_o whatever_o be_v the_o true_a cause_n of_o the_o coldness_n in_o the_o middle_a region_n of_o the_o air_n i_o can_v but_o admire_v to_o find_v that_o coldness_n so_o 〈◊〉_d ascribe_v to_o antiperistasis_n by_o themistius_n and_o his_o friend_n the_o aristotelian_o for_o according_a to_o they_o it_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o element_n of_o air_n to_o be_v as_o well_o hot_a as_o moist_a and_o according_a to_o the_o same_o peripatetic_n both_o the_o upper_a region_n of_o the_o air_n always_o and_o the_o low_a in_o summer_n be_v hot_a the_o former_a by_o the_o neighbourhood_n of_o the_o imaginary_a element_n of_o fire_n and_o the_o latter_a by_o the_o reflection_n of_o the_o sunbeam_n from_o the_o earth_n which_o two_o position_n be_v lay_v together_o i_o will_v fain_o learn_v of_o any_o aristotelian_a how_o antiperistasis_n come_v to_o take_v place_n here_o for_o according_a to_o they_o those_o body_n have_v their_o cold_a and_o heat_n increase_v by_o antiperistasis_n that_o be_v on_o both_o hand_n assail_v by_o body_n of_o a_o contrary_a quality_n to_o that_o which_o be_v natural_a to_o the_o surround_v body_n whereas_o the_o whole_a element_n of_o air_n and_o consequent_o the_o middle_a region_n be_v as_o they_o will_v persuade_v we_o hot_a of_o its_o own_o nature_n what_o shadow_n of_o probability_n be_v there_o that_o the_o high_a and_o low_a region_n by_o be_v hot_a shall_v make_v the_o middle_a region_n which_o be_v also_o natural_o hot_a intense_o and_o durable_o cold_a but_o though_o the_o objection_n be_v so_o clear_a that_o it_o need_v not_o to_o be_v insist_v on_o yet_o because_o it_o be_v but_o a_o argument_n ad_fw-la hominem_fw-la i_o shall_v add_v this_o for_o their_o sake_n that_o be_v not_o in_o this_o point_n peripatetic_n that_o it_o do_v not_o appear_v to_o i_o that_o if_o the_o air_n be_v natural_o rather_o cold_a then_o hot_a the_o second_o region_n must_v owe_v the_o intenseness_n of_o that_o quality_n to_o antiperistasis_n for_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o opinion_n i_o oppose_v be_v this_o that_o both_o the_o first_o and_o the_o three_o region_n be_v considerable_o hot_a i_o will_v glad_o find_v it_o prove_v as_o to_o the_o upper_a region_n i_o confess_v i_o have_v not_o find_v the_o assertion_n contradict_v but_o that_o as_o little_a convince_v i_o as_o the_o uncontrouledness_n of_o the_o tradition_n about_o quicklime_n that_o i_o late_o confute_v it_o be_v true_a there_o be_v two_o reason_n allege_v to_o evince_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o supreme_a region_n of_o the_o air_n but_o neither_o of_o they_o to_o i_o seem_v cogent_a for_o the_o first_o be_v that_o the_o vicinity_n of_o this_o region_n to_o the_o element_n of_o fire_n make_v it_o partake_v a_o high_a degree_n of_o heat_n but_o if_o we_o consider_v the_o distance_n of_o that_o element_n which_o they_o place_v contiguous_a to_o the_o orb_n of_o the_o moon_n and_o how_o little_a near_o to_o it_o the_o concave_a part_n of_o the_o upper_a region_n be_v than_o the_o convex_a of_o the_o middle_n we_o may_v easy_o conceive_v that_o in_o two_o distance_n that_o be_v both_o of_o they_o so_o immense_a so_o small_a a_o disparity_n can_v be_v much_o if_o at_o all_o more_o considerable_a than_o the_o great_a nearness_n of_o one_o side_n of_o a_o sheet_n of_o paper_n hold_v at_o three_o yard_n distance_n from_o a_o ordinary_a fire_n in_o comparison_n of_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o same_o paper_n or_o then_o the_o distance_n of_o a_o small_a wart_n and_o of_o the_o neighbour_a part_n of_o the_o face_n when_o a_o man_n come_v within_o 2._o or_o 3._o yard_n of_o the_o fire_n but_o it_o be_v not_o worth_a while_n to_o prosecute_v this_o consideration_n because_o the_o argument_n against_o which_o it_o be_v allege_v be_v build_v upon_o the_o groundless_a supposition_n of_o the_o element_n of_o fire_n a_o figment_n which_o many_o of_o themselves_o do_v daily_o grow_v ashamed_a of_o as_o indeed_o its_o existence_n be_v as_o little_a to_o be_v discover_v by_o reason_n as_o perceive_v by_o sense_n 22._o the_o other_o argument_n for_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o three_o region_n of_o the_o air_n be_v that_o fiery_a meteor_n be_v kindle_v by_o it_o but_o not_o now_o to_o question_v whether_o all_o meteor_n that_o shine_v and_o therefore_o pass_v for_o fiery_a be_v real_o kindle_v exhalation_n we_o see_v that_o in_o the_o low_a region_n of_o the_o air_n and_o in_o winter_n those_o fire_n that_o be_v call_v either_o helena_n or_o castor_n and_o pollux_n be_v generate_v in_o great_a storm_n and_o hang_v about_o the_o sail_n and_o shroud_n of_o ship_n nay_o do_v not_o we_o much_o more_o frequent_o see_v that_o lightning_n be_v produce_v at_o all_o season_n of_o the_o year_n for_o in_o warm_a country_n thousand_o have_v observe_v it_o to_o thunder_n and_o so_o have_v i_o in_o winter_n in_o the_o middle_a region_n of_o the_o air._n and_o since_o it_o be_v not_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o inferior_a part_n of_o the_o air_n that_o kindle_v those_o exhalation_n and_o if_o notwithstanding_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o second_o region_n fiery_a meteor_n may_v be_v frequent_o generate_v there_o i_o see_v no_o reason_n why_o the_o production_n of_o such_o meteor_n shall_v argue_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o three_o region_n of_o the_o air._n and_o if_o that_o region_n be_v not_o hot_a than_o it_o will_v i_o presume_v be_v easy_o grant_v that_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o second_o must_v very_o improper_o be_v attribute_v to_o such_o a_o antiperistasis_n as_o it_o be_v general_o ascribe_v to_o 23._o i_o come_v next_o to_o consider_v
14._o inch_n long_o furnish_v with_o good_a spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o have_v provide_v a_o open_a mouth_a glass_n of_o a_o convenient_a shape_n and_o size_n and_o fill_v it_o but_o to_o a_o due_a height_n that_o it_o may_v not_o afterward_o run_v over_o with_o common_a water_n i_o so_o order_v the_o matter_n that_o the_o stem_n of_o the_o thermoscope_n be_v support_v by_o the_o cork_n into_o which_o by_o a_o perforation_n or_o slit_v it_o be_v insert_v when_o the_o glass_n be_v stop_v by_o the_o cork_n the_o whole_a ball_n of_o the_o thermometer_n be_v immerse_v in_o the_o water_n that_o fill_v the_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n and_o do_v no_o where_o touch_v either_o the_o bottom_n or_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n so_o that_o the_o ball_n or_o bubble_n be_v every_o way_n surround_v with_o water_n the_o instrument_n be_v thus_o prepare_v we_o observe_v at_o what_o station_n the_o ambient_fw-la cold_a water_n have_v make_v the_o tinct_a spirit_n rest_n in_o the_o stem_n of_o the_o thermoscope_n and_o then_o have_v provide_v a_o fit_a proportion_n of_o warm_a water_n in_o a_o commodious_o shape_v vessel_n i_o remove_v the_o instrument_n into_o it_o and_o place_v it_o so_o as_o that_o the_o external_a warm_a water_n reach_v to_o a_o convenient_a height_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o open_a mouth_a glass_n but_o though_o i_o careful_o watch_v whether_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o external_a water_n will_v increase_v or_o strike_v inward_o the_o cold_a of_o that_o water_n which_o do_v immediate_o encompass_v the_o ball_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n yet_o i_o perceive_v no_o such_o matter_n the_o tinct_a spirit_n in_o the_o stem_n keep_v its_o station_n without_o sink_v beneath_o it_o till_o the_o heat_n after_o a_o while_n have_v by_o degree_n be_v diffuse_v through_o the_o former_o cold_a water_n by_o the_o intervention_n of_o that_o now_o warm_v the_o tinct_a spirit_n in_o the_o thermometer_n begin_v to_o ascend_v 56._o and_o to_o reduce_v the_o other_o part_n too_o of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o antiperistasis_n to_o the_o determination_n of_o a_o experiment_n the_o same_o thermoscope_n be_v place_v in_o the_o same_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n just_a after_o the_o former_a manner_n only_o instead_o of_o the_o cold_a water_n that_o which_o immediate_o surround_v the_o glass_n be_v warm_a and_o when_o the_o warmth_n have_v impel_v up_o the_o tinct_a spirit_n till_o its_o ascent_n begin_v to_o be_v very_o slow_a i_o immerse_v the_o instrument_n to_o a_o convenient_a depth_n in_o a_o vessel_n that_o contain_v high_o refrigerated_a water_n mingle_v with_o divers_a piece_n of_o ice_n but_o notwitstand_v my_o watchfulness_n it_o do_v not_o appear_v to_o i_o that_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o water_n that_o do_v immediate_o encompass_v the_o ball_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n be_v at_o all_o increase_v or_o intend_v by_o that_o liquor_n be_v besiege_v by_o water_n exceed_o cold_a for_o the_o languid_a motion_n of_o the_o tinct_a spirit_n upward_o be_v not_o hereby_o so_o much_o as_o sensible_o accelerate_a as_o it_o must_v have_v be_v considerable_o if_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o internal_a water_n have_v be_v so_o augment_v or_o strike_v inward_o by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_a as_o the_o school_n doctrine_n will_v have_v make_v one_o expect_v but_o rather_o the_o ascent_n be_v by_o the_o chillingness_n of_o the_o contiguous_a water_n quick_o check_v and_o the_o former_o ascend_v spirit_n be_v soon_o bring_v to_o subside_o again_o and_o to_o give_v myself_o the_o full_a satisfaction_n about_o some_o of_o the_o chief_a phaenomena_n of_o this_o and_o the_o former_a experiment_n i_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o observe_v they_o more_o than_o once_o postscript_n a_o sceptical_a consideration_n of_o the_o heat_n of_o cellar_n in_o winter_n and_o their_o coldness_n in_o summer_n the_o forego_v discourse_n of_o carneades_n seem_v to_o have_v sufficient_o shake_v the_o foundation_n of_o the_o vulgar_a doctrine_n of_o antiperistasis_n so_o far_o forth_o as_o it_o be_v superstruct_v upon_o the_o vulgar_a observation_n and_o phaenomena_n whereon_o man_n be_v wont_a to_o build_v it_o and_o it_o seem_v to_o have_v also_o make_v it_o high_o probable_a that_o in_o case_n some_o of_o the_o example_n wont_a to_o be_v produce_v in_o favour_n of_o antiperistasis_n shall_v prove_v historical_o true_a yet_o those_o phaenomena_n may_v more_o congruous_o to_o the_o wont_a proceed_n of_o nature_n be_v explicate_v by_o the_o detention_n of_o calorifick_a or_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o external_a cold_a or_o heat_n then_o to_o a_o certain_a inexplicable_a self_n invigoration_n which_o be_v common_o propose_v in_o such_o a_o way_n as_o invest_v inanimate_a body_n with_o the_o prerogative_n of_o free_a agent_n but_o though_o carneades_n his_o adversary_n seem_v not_o to_o have_v well_o make_v out_o the_o historical_a part_n of_o the_o receive_a doctrine_n concern_v cold_a yet_o upon_o a_o impartial_a survey_n of_o what_o have_v be_v allege_v on_o both_o side_n i_o free_o confess_v that_o to_o i_o some_o of_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n themselves_o seem_v not_o yet_o so_o clear_o determine_v as_o i_o can_v wish_v for_o as_o to_o the_o obvious_a phaenomena_n that_o nature_n do_v as_o it_o be_v of_o her_o own_o accord_n present_v we_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v but_o perfunctory_o consider_v and_o our_o sense_n only_o be_v the_o judge_n of_o they_o we_o may_v easy_o as_o carneades_n argue_v be_v impose_v upon_o by_o the_o unheeded_a predisposition_n of_o our_o organ_n and_o as_o for_o contrive_v and_o artificial_a experiment_n there_o scarce_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v any_o make_v fit_a to_o clear_v the_o difficulty_n that_o invite_v i_o to_o suspend_v my_o judgement_n as_o to_o the_o grand_a question_n of_o fact_n whether_o cellar_n and_o other_o subterraneous_a place_n be_v real_o hot_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n it_o be_v true_a that_o i_o have_v scarce_o meet_v with_o any_o point_n wherein_o the_o modern_a schoolman_n seem_v to_o have_v so_o much_o consult_v nature_n as_o in_o this_o of_o antiperistasis_n for_o inquire_v what_o have_v be_v write_v of_o that_o subject_n that_o may_v either_o confirm_v or_o oppose_v what_o have_v in_o the_o precedent_a dialogue_n be_v deliver_v about_o antiperistasis_n i_o find_v that_o the_o curiousness_n and_o importance_n of_o the_o subject_n have_v make_v two_o or_o three_o of_o those_o writer_n less_o negligent_a than_o i_o suspect_v but_o though_o i_o have_v late_o meet_v with_o in_o they_o a_o experiment_n or_o two_o that_o seem_v cogent_o to_o evince_v i_o do_v not_o say_v a_o antiperistasis_n in_o the_o sense_n of_o the_o school_n but_o that_o subterraneal_a place_n be_v real_o hot_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n yet_o i_o must_v for_o a_o while_n long_o continue_v my_o suspension_n of_o judgement_n which_o that_o even_o such_o person_n as_o be_v circumspect_a themselves_o may_v not_o think_v unreasonable_a i_o will_v brief_o subjoin_v the_o ground_n of_o my_o scepticism_n about_o this_o matter_n first_o then_o the_o learned_a jesuit_n zucchius_n who_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v far_o more_o industrious_a than_o other_o aristotelian_o and_o on_o some_o subject_n be_v careful_a to_o propose_v experiment_n though_o he_o be_v not_o so_o clear_a and_o happy_a in_o express_v his_o thought_n assure_v we_o somewhere_o that_o have_v keep_v a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n for_o three_o year_n together_o in_o a_o good_a cellar_n he_o find_v the_o water_n to_o rise_v by_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n in_o the_o summer_n and_o to_o be_v depress_v by_o the_o rarefaction_n of_o it_o in_o the_o winter_n which_o seem_v undeniable_o to_o infer_v that_o whatever_o be_v the_o reason_n of_o it_o the_o heat_n in_o subterraneal_a place_n be_v indeed_o great_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n and_o another_o recent_a schoolman_n who_o as_o i_o be_o tell_v be_v of_o the_o same_o order_n though_o the_o learned_a man_n publish_v his_o little_a book_n under_o one_o of_o his_o disciple_n name_n affirm_v that_o he_o find_v by_o a_o weatherglass_n that_o a_o well_o at_o the_o place_n where_o he_o live_v be_v cold_a in_o summer_n and_o hot_a in_o winter_n and_o these_o assertion_n of_o zucchius_n and_o the_o other_o jesuit_n do_v i_o confess_v restrain_v i_o for_o a_o while_n from_o yield_v a_o full_a assent_n to_o what_o carneades_n have_v deliver_v as_o to_o the_o matter_n of_o subterraneal_a cold_a and_o heat_n but_o on_o the_o other_o side_n i_o be_o not_o hitherto_o reduce_v by_o these_o experiment_n to_o declare_v with_o his_o adversary_n against_o he_o because_o of_o the_o follow_a scruple_n first_o then_o i_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v not_o universal_o true_a which_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v indefinite_o affirm_v and_o believe_v that_o cellar_n and_o other_o subterraneal_a place_n be_v hot_a in_o winter_n
possible_a cause_n of_o cold_a in_o those_o place_n that_o be_v near_o the_o pole_n or_o where_o the_o obliquity_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v great_a 4._o how_o water_n may_v be_v congeal_v by_o 7._o cold_a may_v be_v explain_v in_o this_o manner_n let_v a._n in_o the_o first_o figure_n represent_v the_o sun_n and_o b._n the_o earth_n a._n will_v therefore_o be_v much_o great_a than_o b._n let_v e._n f._n be_v in_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o aequinoctial_a to_o which_o let_v g._n h._n i._o k._n and_o l._n c._n be_v parallel_n last_o let_v c._n and_o d._n be_v the_o pole_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o air_n therefore_o by_o its_o action_n in_o those_o parallel_n will_v rake_v the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o that_o with_o a_o motion_n so_o much_o the_o strong_a by_o how_o much_o the_o parallel_a circle_n towards_o the_o pole_n grow_v less_o and_o less_o from_o whence_o must_v arise_v a_o wind_n which_o will_v force_v together_o the_o uppermost_a part_n of_o the_o water_n and_o withal_o raise_v they_o a_o little_a weaken_v their_o endeavour_n towards_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o from_o their_o endeavour_n towards_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n join_v with_o the_o endeavour_n of_o the_o say_a wind_n the_o uppermost_a part_n of_o the_o water_n will_v be_v press_v together_o and_o coagulate_v that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n will_v be_v skin_v over_o and_o harden_v and_o so_o again_o the_o water_n next_o the_o top_n will_v be_v harden_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n till_o at_o length_n the_o ice_n be_v thick_a and_o this_o ice_n be_v now_o compact_v of_o little_a hard_a body_n must_v also_o contain_v many_o particle_n of_o air_n receive_v into_o it_o as_o river_n and_o sea_n so_o also_o in_o the_o like_a manner_n may_v the_o cloud_n be_v freeze_v for_o when_o by_o the_o ascend_a and_o discend_v of_o several_a cloud_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o air_n intercept_v between_o they_o be_v by_o compression_n force_v out_o it_o rake_n and_o by_o little_a and_o little_o harden_v they_o and_o though_o those_o small_a drop_n which_o usual_o make_v cloud_n be_v not_o yet_o unite_v into_o great_a body_n yet_o the_o same_o wind_n will_v be_v make_v and_o by_o it_o as_o water_n be_v congeal_v into_o ice_n so_o will_v vapour_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v congeal_v into_o snow_n from_o the_o same_o cause_n it_o be_v that_o ice_n may_v be_v make_v by_o art_n and_o that_o not_o far_o from_o the_o fire_n for_o it_o be_v do_v by_o the_o mingle_v snow_n and_o salt_n together_o and_o by_o bury_v in_o it_o a_o small_a vessel_n full_a of_o water_n now_o when_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n which_o have_v in_o they_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o air_n be_v melt_v the_o air_n which_o be_v 〈◊〉_d out_o every_o way_n in_o wind_n rake_n the_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o as_o the_o wind_n by_o its_o motion_n rake_n the_o vessel_n so_o the_o vessel_n by_o the_o same_o motion_n and_o action_n congeal_v the_o water_n within_o it_o 5._o we_o find_v by_o experience_n that_o cold_a be_v always_o more_o remiss_a in_o place_n where_o it_o rain_v and_o where_o the_o weather_n be_v cloudy_a thing_n be_v alike_o in_o all_o other_o respect_n then_o where_o the_o air_n be_v clear_a and_o this_o agree_v very_o well_o with_o what_o i_o say_v before_o for_o in_o clear_a weather_n the_o course_n of_o the_o wind_n which_o as_o i_o say_v even_o now_o rake_v the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o it_o be_v free_a from_o all_o interruption_n so_o also_o it_o be_v very_o strong_a but_o when_o small_a drop_n of_o water_n be_v either_o rise_n or_o fall_v that_o wind_n be_v repel_v break_v and_o dissipate_v by_o they_o and_o the_o less_o the_o wind_n be_v the_o less_o be_v the_o cold_a 6._o we_o find_v also_o by_o experience_n that_o in_o deep_a well_n the_o water_n freeze_v not_o so_o much_o at_o it_o do_v upon_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n for_o the_o wind_n by_o which_o ice_n be_v make_v enter_v into_o the_o earth_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o laxity_n of_o its_o part_n more_o or_o less_o lose_v some_o of_o its_o force_n though_o not_o much_o so_o that_o if_o the_o well_o be_v not_o deep_a it_o will_v freeze_v whereas_o if_o it_o be_v so_o deep_a as_o that_o the_o wind_n which_o cause_v cold_a can_v reach_v it_o it_o will_v not_o freeze_v 7._o we_o find_v moreover_o by_o experience_n that_o ice_n be_v light_a than_o water_n the_o cause_n whereof_o be_v manifest_a from_o that_o which_o i_o have_v already_o show_v namely_o that_o the_o air_n be_v receive_v in_o and_o mingle_v with_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o water_n while_o it_o be_v congeal_v 8._o to_o examine_v now_o mr._n hobs_n theory_n concern_v cold_a we_o may_v in_o the_o first_o place_n take_v notice_n that_o his_o very_a notion_n of_o cold_a be_v not_o so_o accurate_o nor_o wary_o deliver_v i_o will_v not_o here_o urge_v that_o it_o may_v well_o be_v question_v whether_o the_o tend_v outward_o of_o the_o spirit_n and_o fluid_a part_n of_o the_o body_n of_o animal_n do_v necessary_o proceed_v from_o and_o argue_v heat_n since_o in_o our_o pneumatical_a engine_n when_o the_o air_n be_v withdraw_v from_o about_o a_o include_v viper_n to_o mention_v no_o other_o animal_n there_o be_v a_o great_a intumescence_n and_o consequent_o a_o great_a endeavour_n outward_o of_o the_o fluid_a part_n of_o the_o body_n than_o we_o see_v make_v by_o any_o degree_n of_o heat_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n wont_a to_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o sun_n this_o i_o say_v i_o will_v not_o insist_v on_o but_o rather_o take_v notice_n that_o though_o mr._n hobbs_n tell_v we_o that_o to_o cool_v be_v to_o make_v the_o exterior_a part_n of_o the_o body_n endeavour_v inward_o yet_o our_o experiment_n tell_v we_o that_o when_o a_o very_a high_a degree_n of_o cold_a be_v introdnce_v not_o only_o into_o water_n but_o into_o wine_n and_o divers_a other_o partly_o aqueous_a liquor_n there_o be_v a_o plain_a intumescence_n and_o consequent_o endeavour_v outward_o of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o refrigerated_a body_n and_o certain_o cold_a have_v a_o operation_n upon_o a_o great_a multitude_n and_o variety_n of_o body_n as_o well_o as_o upon_o our_o sensory_n he_o that_o will_v give_v a_o satisfactory_a definition_n of_o it_o must_v take_v into_o his_o consideration_n divers_a other_o effect_n beside_o those_o it_o produce_v on_o humane_a body_n and_o even_o in_o these_o he_o will_v not_o easy_o prove_v that_o in_o every_o case_n any_o such_o endeavour_n inward_o from_o the_o ambient_fw-la aetherial_a substance_n as_o his_o doctrine_n seem_v to_o suppose_v be_v necessary_a to_o the_o perception_n of_o cold_a since_o as_o the_o mind_n perceive_v divers_a other_o quality_n by_o various_a motion_n in_o the_o nervous_a or_o membranous_a part_n of_o the_o sentient_a so_o cold_a may_v be_v perceive_v either_o by_o the_o decrement_n of_o the_o agitation_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o object_n in_o reference_n to_o those_o of_o the_o sensory_a or_o else_o by_o some_o differ_a impulse_n of_o the_o sensitive_a part_n occasion_v by_o some_o change_n make_v in_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o blood_n or_o spirit_n upon_o the_o deadn_v of_o that_o motion_n or_o by_o the_o turbulent_a motion_n of_o those_o excrementitious_a steam_n that_o be_v wont_a when_o the_o blood_n circulate_v as_o nimble_o and_o the_o pore_n be_v keep_v as_o open_a as_o before_o to_o be_v dissipate_v by_o insensible_a transpiration_n 9_o it_o may_v afford_v some_o illustration_n to_o this_o matter_n to_o add_v that_o have_v inquire_v of_o some_o hysterical_a woman_n who_o complain_v to_o i_o of_o their_o distemper_n whether_o they_o do_v not_o sometime_o find_v a_o very_a great_a coldness_n in_o some_o part_n of_o their_o head_n especial_o at_o the_o top_n i_o be_v answer_v that_o they_o do_v so_o and_o one_o of_o they_o complain_v that_o she_o feel_v in_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o her_o head_n such_o a_o coldness_n as_o if_o some_o body_n be_v pour_v cold_a water_n upon_o it_o and_o have_v inquire_v of_o a_o couple_n of_o eminent_a physician_n of_o great_a practice_n about_o this_o matter_n they_o both_o assure_v i_o that_o many_o of_o their_o hysterical_a patient_n have_v make_v complaint_n to_o they_o of_o such_o great_a coldness_n in_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o head_n and_o some_o also_o along_o the_o vertebra_n of_o the_o neck_n and_o back_n and_o one_o of_o these_o experience_a doctor_n add_v that_o this_o happen_v to_o some_o of_o his_o patient_n when_o they_o seem_v to_o he_o and_o to_o themselves_o to_o be_v otherwise_o hot._n the_o noble_a 12._o avicen_n also_o some_o where_o take_v notice_n that_o the_o envenom_a bite_n of_o some_o kind_n of_o serpent_n creature_n too_o well_o
glass_n be_v break_v i_o expose_v another_o lesser_a tube_n with_o the_o same_o oil_n which_o become_v freeze_v throughout_o and_o require_v very_o much_o relaxation_n in_o the_o air_n to_o return_v to_o its_o former_a fluidity_n i_o have_v set_v a_o mark_n on_o these_o tube_n as_o on_o all_o the_o rest_n to_o observe_v their_o several_a rise_n and_o the_o oil_n of_o vitriol_n when_o coagulate_v sink_v more_o than_o half_a a_o inch_n below_o it_o and_o be_v dissolve_v at_o the_o fire_n return_v to_o its_o first_o station_n as_o you_o also_o see_v and_o this_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v peculiar_a to_o this_o oil_n alone_o all_o other_o liquor_n rise_v high_o than_o the_o mark_n i_o now_o come_v to_o my_o strong_a liquor_n of_o beer_n ale_n and_o wine_n i_o expose_v at_o the_o same_o time_n a_o flask_n of_o small_a beer_n and_o another_o of_o strong_a ale_n the_o former_a whereof_o be_v freeze_v throughout_o in_o 38._o hour_n but_o three_o pint_n of_o the_o ale_n continue_v unfrozen_a after_o six_o day_n continuance_n of_o very_a hard_a weather_n and_o the_o air_n then_o dispose_v to_o thaw_v i_o break_v the_o flask_n and_o with_o the_o unfrozen_a liquor_n make_v a_o excellent_a morning_n draught_n at_o four_o in_o the_o morning_n this_o ale_n in_o colour_n strength_n and_o quickness_n seem_v to_o i_o and_o the_o other_o three_o taster_n that_o sit_v up_o with_o i_o much_o better_a than_o when_o it_o be_v first_o put_v into_o the_o flask_n and_o by_o compare_v it_o with_o some_o other_o in_o the_o house_n of_o the_o same_o barrel_n we_o plain_o find_v the_o say_a difference_n after_o this_o i_o take_v the_o icy_a part_n of_o the_o ale_n and_o thaw_v it_o at_o a_o fire_n which_o be_v in_o all_o a_o pint_n of_o liquor_n though_o the_o flagon_n contain_v three_o pint_n of_o liquor_n be_v fill_v with_o that_o ice_n very_o pale_a and_o of_o a_o quick_a and_o alish_a taste_n very_o much_o resemble_v that_o drink_n which_o the_o brewer_n call_v blue_a john_n this_o ice_n be_v not_o so_o firm_a as_o that_o of_o water_n but_o full_a of_o bubble_n i_o assay_v the_o same_o a_o second_o time_n but_o can_v not_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o changableness_n of_o the_o wether_n attain_v so_o great_a a_o thickness_n of_o ice_n as_o in_o the_o former_a and_o in_o this_o also_o i_o find_v the_o same_o change_n as_o before_o a_o beer-glass_n of_o hull_n ale_n in_o 24._o hour_n contract_v a_o crust_n of_o ice_n as_o thick_a as_o a_o ½_o crown_n and_o proceed_v as_o in_o sea-salt_n water_n the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v the_o very_a same_o all_o the_o laminae_fw-la take_v off_o appear_v of_o the_o same_o colour_n and_o taste_v and_o the_o low_a ice_n be_v the_o most_o tender_a another_o glass_n of_o the_o same_o ale_n expose_v do_v not_o freeze_v throughout_o no_o crust_n be_v take_v off_o in_o five_o day_n when_o my_o own_o ale_n do_v in_o a_o like_a glass_n both_o be_v set_v out_o together_o now_o the_o taste_n and_o colour_n appear_v the_o same_o or_o at_o least_o have_v no_o sensible_a difference_n when_o they_o have_v be_v thaw_v of_o themselves_o and_o when_o first_o expose_v hull_n ale_n have_v a_o brackish_a taste_n claret_n very_o strong_a expose_v in_o a_o spoon_n in_o 35._o hour_n hard_o freeze_v become_v a_o ice_n all_o of_o it_o it_o be_v soft_a keep_v its_o former_a colour_n and_o taste_v soon_o discover_v to_o the_o tongue_n of_o one_o who_o know_v not_o whence_o it_o be_v its_o nature_n quality_n and_o kind_n canary_n at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o a_o spoon_n expose_v in_o 38._o hour_n acquire_v on_o its_o surface_n a_o exceed_o thin_a plate_n of_o ice_n as_o thin_a as_o the_o fine_a paper_n and_o proceed_v no_o far_o in_o four_o day_n follow_v neither_o claret_n nor_o canary_n will_v show_v the_o least_o sign_n of_o congelation_n in_o tube_n much_o less_o in_o bottle_n two_o ounce_n of_o the_o best_a spirit_n of_o wine_n expose_v in_o a_o earthen_a pan_n do_v all_o evaporate_v in_o less_o than_o 12._o hour_n but_o the_o same_o quantity_n of_o brandee_n leave_v near_o a_o spoonful_n of_o insipid_a ice_n without_o any_o taste_n of_o the_o spirit_n which_o cast_v into_o the_o fire_n flame_v not_o at_o all_o i_o can_v discern_v no_o bubble_n in_o this_o phlegmatic_a ice_n but_o have_v 〈◊〉_d it_o betwixt_o my_o eye_n and_o a_o candle_n it_o manifest_v many_o bubble_n by_o its_o shadow_n quaere_fw-la whether_o this_o may_v not_o turn_v to_o profit_v in_o cold_a country_n in_o rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n we_o now_o come_v to_o consistent_a body_n and_o shall_v begin_v with_o animal_n and_o their_o part_n two_o eye_n the_o one_o of_o a_o ox_n the_o other_o of_o a_o sheep_n in_o one_o night_n be_v both_o total_o freeze_v the_o three_o humour_n very_o hard_o not_o separable_a one_o from_o another_o neither_o of_o they_o diaphanous_a as_o natural_o they_o be_v and_o the_o crystalline_a be_v as_o white_a as_o that_o of_o a_o whiting_n boil_v the_o tunicle_n fat_a and_o muscle_n be_v also_o freeze_v as_o appear_v by_o their_o stifness_n and_o by_o put_v they_o into_o cold_a water_n the_o ice_n of_o the_o waterish_a and_o glassy_a humour_n seem_v to_o be_v make_v of_o flake_n a_o pint_n of_o sheep_n blood_n do_v freeze_v at_o the_o top_n and_o all_o the_o side_n of_o the_o dish_n wherein_o it_o be_v put_v and_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o serum_fw-la of_o the_o blood_n this_o ice_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o blood_n and_o thaw_v at_o the_o fire_n and_o then_o again_o expose_v congeal_v into_o a_o seem_a membranous_a substance_n and_o be_v take_v for_o such_o by_o some_o that_o see_v it_o and_o so_o continue_v in_o a_o warm_a season_n and_o appear_v in_o all_o respect_v a_o membrane_n this_o also_o be_v see_v and_o register_v in_o the_o journal_n the_o blood_n remain_v give_v i_o no_o sign_n that_o frost_n have_v take_v it_o i_o dissect_v a_o dog_n and_o a_o cat_n have_v lie_v dead_a in_o the_o open_a air_n and_o find_v their_o entrail_n nay_o the_o very_a heart_n stiff_a and_o some_o little_a ice_n in_o the_o ventricles_n of_o their_o heart_n and_o their_o vena_fw-la cava_fw-la milk_n soon_o freeze_v into_o most_o white_a flake_n of_o ice_n retain_v the_o proper_a taste_n of_o milk_n these_o flake_n be_v soft_a and_o manifest_a not_o many_o bubble_n several_a egg_n be_v expose_v and_o both_o yolk_n and_o white_a in_o one_o night_n be_v hard_o freeze_v they_o require_v a_o long_a time_n to_o freeze_v then_o apple_n do_v the_o best_a way_n to_o thaw_v they_o both_o be_v to_o lay_v they_o on_o newcastle-coal_n or_o in_o a_o deep_a cellar_n whether_o egg_n once_o freeze_v will_v produce_v chicken_n or_o no_o i_o can_v say_v but_o have_v be_v tell_v by_o good_a housewife_n they_o will_n some_o affirm_v that_o egg_n and_o apple_n put_v into_o water_n the_o ice_n will_v be_v thaw_v within_o they_o and_o the_o ice_n appear_v on_o the_o shell_n and_o skin_n it_o be_v true_a if_o you_o hold_v either_o of_o they_o near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n they_o will_v soon_o gather_v a_o very_a thick_a crust_n upon_o their_o outside_n but_o if_o you_o then_o break_v the_o one_o or_o cut_v the_o other_o you_o shall_v see_v they_o full_a of_o ice_n and_o the_o egg_n then_o poch_v will_v taste_v very_o tough_a so_o that_o this_o ice_n seem_v to_o be_v gather_v from_o without_o and_o not_o to_o come_v from_o within_o and_o beside_o if_o it_o do_v so_o they_o must_v needs_o lose_v their_o weight_n the_o contrary_a whereof_o will_v anon_o appear_v but_o for_o the_o more_o surety_n i_o proceed_v to_o this_o far_a experiment_n i_o immerse_v in_o my_o cistern_n a_o egg_n and_o a_o apple_n two_o foot_n deep_a into_o water_n and_o there_o suspend_v they_o with_o string_n tie_v about_o they_o to_o keep_v they_o from_o sink_v for_o the_o space_n of_o 24._o hour_n and_o then_o take_v they_o out_o and_o open_v they_o i_o can_v never_o observe_v in_o that_o time_n though_o i_o often_o look_v at_o they_o any_o ice_n on_o their_o outside_n and_o the_o one_o be_v break_v and_o the_o other_o cut_v be_v find_v both_o of_o they_o full_o within_o of_o ice_n the_o next_o order_n shall_v be_v vegetable_n and_o of_o they_o a_o 〈◊〉_d instance_n 〈◊〉_d of_o those_o which_o be_v of_o a_o bite_a or_o sour_a taste_n now_o for_o the_o first_o i_o employ_v the_o root_n of_o horse-raddish_n and_o onion_n for_o other_o edible_a root_n and_o plant_v every_o one_o know_v will_v freeze_v which_o 〈◊〉_d the_o frost_n have_v take_v they_o by_o their_o taste_n and_o ice_n be_v find_v betwixt_o each_o of_o the_o skin_n of_o the_o onion_n 〈◊〉_d the_o taste_n of_o the_o root_n yet_o i_o have_v observe_v beer_n wherein_o
horse-raddish_n and_o 〈◊〉_d have_v be_v infuse_v will_v not_o 〈◊〉_d so_o soon_o as_o other_o strong_a beer_n without_o they_o orange_n and_o lemon_n freeze_v have_v a_o tough_a and_o hard_a rind_n their_o icy_a juice_n lose_v much_o of_o their_o genuine_a taste_n they_o be_v both_o freeze_a hard_a in_o 26._o hour_n or_o a_o little_a more_o have_v a_o thick_a rind_n they_o as_o other_o fruit_n when_o thaw_v soon_o become_v rot_v and_o therefore_o the_o fruiterer_n keep_v they_o under_o ground_n in_o low_a cellar_n and_o cover_v they_o with_o straw_n as_o they_o do_v their_o apple_n which_o do_v expose_v in_o one_o night_n freeze_v throughout_o if_o you_o cut_v one_o of_o they_o through_o the_o middle_n it_o will_v have_v on_o both_o the_o plain_n a_o most_o pure_a thin_a ice_n hardly_o discernible_a by_o the_o eye_n but_o easy_o by_o the_o touch_n or_o by_o scrape_v it_o off_o with_o a_o knife_n the_o cores_fw-la of_o these_o apple_n soon_o turn_v brown_a and_o begin_v their_o corruption_n there_o oil_n expose_v do_v acquire_v the_o consistency_n of_o butter_n melt_v and_o cool_v again_o but_o in_o cave_n and_o cellar_n i_o can_v never_o see_v it_o more_o than_o candy_n strong_a white-wine_n vinegar_n do_v all_o soon_o freeze_v in_o a_o tube_n and_o without_o any_o apparent_a bubble_n and_o to_o conclude_v without_o mention_v nut_n bread_n butter_n cheese_n soap_n and_o many_o other_o thing_n which_o come_v under_o my_o trial_n it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o whatsoever_o have_v any_o waterish_a humidity_n in_o it_o be_v capable_a of_o congelation_n what_o be_v not_o you_o have_v in_o the_o next_o paragraph_n have_v now_o do_v with_o what_o will_v freeze_v i_o shall_v brief_o recount_v some_o thing_n whereon_o the_o cold_a have_v no_o such_o effect_n we_o mention_v before_o spirit_n of_o wine_n add_v to_o it_o such_o strong_a water_n as_o be_v make_v of_o it_o viz._n aqua_fw-la mariae_fw-la caelestis_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o canary_n wine_n in_o large_a vessel_n second_o the_o strong_a lees_n of_o soap-boiler_n and_o other_o make_v of_o other_o salt_n to_o which_o refer_v the_o spirit_n extract_v from_o salt_n vitriol_n salt_n petre_n aquafortis_n and_o spirit_n of_o sulphur_n which_o last_o precipitate_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o tube_n a_o small_a quantity_n of_o powder_n very_o like_a in_o colour_n to_o sulphur_n vivum_fw-la which_o be_v separate_v from_o the_o spirit_n for_o nothing_o of_o that_o evaporate_v crack_v between_o my_o tooth_n and_o taste_v like_o brimstone_n and_o be_v put_v into_o water_n make_v it_o as_o white_a as_o lac_n sulphuris_fw-la do_v but_o it_o will_v not_o flame_v perhaps_o because_o too_o much_o of_o its_o strong_a acid_a spirit_n be_v mix_v with_o it_o spirit_n of_o soot_n afford_v also_o a_o precipitation_n or_o sediment_n the_o spirit_n not_o congeal_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o tube_n of_o a_o yellowish_a colour_n but_o much_o bitter_a than_o the_o spirit_n its_o self_n and_o inflammable_a also_o but_o here_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o say_v spirit_n that_o will_v not_o freeze_v alone_o yet_o with_o the_o mixture_n of_o about_o 12._o part_n of_o water_n or_o less_o of_o ice_n or_o snow_n do_v freeze_v throughout_o except_o the_o spirit_n of_o salt_n of_o nitre_n and_o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la which_o will_v not_o freeze_v with_o those_o quantity_n of_o water_n ice_n and_o snow_n i_o intend_v to_o have_v try_v they_o with_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o the_o say_a ingredient_n but_o the_o weather_n fail_v i_o whether_o the_o salt_n water_n freeze_v in_o the_o sea_n i_o can_v experimental_o determine_v but_o shall_v add_v what_o be_v tell_v i_o by_o one_o that_o say_v he_o have_v dissolve_v ice_n in_o the_o northern_a sea_n and_o find_v it_o very_a salt_n the_o next_o propose_v be_v the_o figure_n of_o liquor_n freeze_v wherein_o i_o shall_v observe_v in_o general_a that_o most_o of_o the_o liquor_n differ_v one_o from_o another_o in_o their_o figure_n and_o be_v permit_v to_o freeze_v and_o thaw_v often_o they_o still_o return_v to_o the_o same_o figure_n most_o whereof_o be_v branch_v alum_n appear_v in_o lump_n salt_n petre_n tartar_n milk_n ale_n wine_n and_o sal_fw-la ammoniac_a in_o plate_n and_o other_o liquor_n mention_v to_o freeze_v into_o a_o very_a soft_a ice_n seem_v to_o be_v make_v up_o of_o small_a globuli_fw-la adhere_v each_o to_o other_o fair_a water_n kelp_n and_o the_o frit_n resemble_v a_o oaken_a leaf_n the_o leafy_a part_n be_v take_v away_o and_o the_o fibre_n only_o remain_v the_o interstitia_fw-la be_v fill_v up_o with_o smooth_a ice_n the_o middle_a rib_n if_o i_o may_v so_o say_v as_o in_o plant_n be_v much_o big_a than_o the_o lateral_a one_o all_o which_o seem_v but_o different_a 〈◊〉_d who_o point_n extend_v towards_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n contain_v the_o water_n and_o make_v acute_a angle_n with_o the_o middle_a rib_n towards_o the_o lesser_a end_n of_o the_o say_a leaf_n concern_v the_o figure_n of_o freeze_a urine_n i_o shall_v say_v nothing_o the_o accurate_a description_n of_o curious_a mr._n hook_n have_v so_o full_o and_o true_o perform_v that_o part_n of_o my_o task_n now_o as_o to_o the_o famous_a experiment_n of_o quercetan_n and_o affirm_v by_o many_o other_o chemist_n i_o make_v experiment_n in_o these_o follow_a vegetable_n rosemary_n rue_n scurvigrass_n mint_n and_o plantain_n wherewith_o i_o thus_o proceed_v i_o mix_v with_o ½_o a_o pint_n of_o their_o distil_a water_n ½_o or_o ¾_n of_o a_o ounce_n of_o their_o own_o salt_n the_o rosemary_n and_o rue_n be_v calcine_v and_o their_o salt_n extract_v with_o their_o own_o water_n and_o then_o be_v add_v to_o their_o salt_n their_o own_o distil_a water_n in_o the_o above_o mention_v proportion_n the_o glass_n wherein_o the_o rue_n and_o plantain_n be_v put_v be_v seal_v with_o hermes_n seal_v and_o the_o other_o glass_n leave_v open_a the_o effect_n be_v that_o neither_o of_o they_o show_v the_o least_o resemblance_n of_o the_o plant_n from_o which_o they_o be_v extract_v neither_o figure_n nor_o show_v of_o root_n stalk_n branch_n nor_o leaf_n but_o only_o a_o lump_n or_o heap_n of_o small_a globuli_fw-la much_o less_o of_o flour_n or_o seed_n beside_o the_o kelp_v freeze_v have_v many_o fibre_n which_o be_v make_v the_o most_o of_o it_o of_o alga_n marina_n who_o leaf_n be_v long_o and_o smooth_a without_o fibre_n in_o it_o this_o one_o thing_n i_o can_v pretermit_v that_o the_o scent_v water_n seem_v upon_o their_o thaw_v to_o have_v acquire_v and_o advance_v much_o in_o their_o scent_n and_o especial_o the_o rosemary_n who_o salt_n have_v no_o smell_n and_o its_o water_n but_o little_a yet_o thaw_v they_o 〈◊〉_d as_o strong_a almost_o as_o fresh_a leaf_n rub_v and_o smell_v too_o a_o large_a recipient_a be_v fill_v with_o water_n which_o be_v freeze_v throughout_o and_o the_o upper_a crust_n of_o the_o ice_n break_v there_o appear_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o it_o a_o multitude_n of_o thin_a laminae_fw-la of_o ice_n some_o more_o some_o less_o wide_a from_o which_o proceed_v stiriae_fw-la or_o tooth_n point_v inward_o and_o set_v at_o pretty_a equal_a distance_n so_o that_o the_o laminae_fw-la and_o stiriae_fw-la resemble_v very_o much_o so_o many_o comb_n place_v in_o no_o order_n some_o lie_v direct_o other_o oblique_o none_o transvers_o have_v interval_n betwixt_o each_o of_o they_o betwixt_o some_o of_o they_o i_o can_v put_v my_o finger_n without_o break_v the_o point_n of_o the_o stiriae_fw-la these_o comb_n be_v place_v round_o about_o a_o cavity_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o receiver_n sufficient_a to_o receive_v two_o of_o my_o finger_n in_o a_o flask_n fill_v competent_o with_o water_n when_o it_o be_v freeze_v there_o appear_v throughout_o the_o ice_n infinite_a silver-coloured_n bubble_n very_o like_a unto_o tailed_a hailshot_n of_o several_a size_n the_o large_a about_o ¼_n of_o a_o inch_n long_o where_o thick_a of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o great_a pins-head_n other_o much_o less_o in_o all_o dimension_n the_o point_n of_o they_o all_o look_v outward_o and_o the_o big_a part_n inward_o towards_o the_o centre_n where_o also_o be_v the_o large_a for_o there_o they_o will_v easy_o admit_v a_o little_a pin_n into_o all_o their_o cavity_n without_o the_o least_o resistance_n the_o figure_n of_o they_o be_v pretty_a regular_a first_o a_o small_a thread_n and_o then_o a_o head_n as_o big_a as_o a_o shot_n and_o thence_o gradual_o end_v in_o a_o point_n some_o of_o these_o be_v straight_o most_o a_o little_a crooked_a there_o be_v a_o cavity_n in_o the_o centre_n of_o this_o ice_n fill_v with_o unfrozen_a water_n from_o which_o i_o can_v find_v multitude_n of_o cavity_n of_o bubble_n not_o full_o form_v and_o in_o the_o more_o solid_a part_n of_o the_o ice_n cut_v you_o may_v discern_v they_o
cochanele_o be_v boil_v in_o water_n to_o a_o very_a high_a tincture_n and_o freeze_a and_o to_o twice_o four_o ounce_n of_o this_o decoction_n be_v add_v in_o one_o glass_n a_o little_a spoonful_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o in_o another_o as_o much_o sea_n salt-water_n all_o these_o be_v freeze_v throughout_o and_o every_o part_n of_o this_o ice_n seem_v to_o i_o of_o a_o equal_a colour_n though_o the_o edge_n as_o thin_a and_o near_o the_o light_n appear_v of_o a_o bright_a colour_n as_o they_o do_v unfrozen_a but_o the_o glass_n be_v break_v show_v no_o discernible_a difference_n in_o any_o of_o they_o neither_o as_o to_o colour_n nor_o taste_v the_o like_a trial_n be_v make_v with_o mad_v weed_n and_o indigo_n and_o the_o success_n be_v the_o same_o second_o i_o expose_v a_o pint_n porringer_n full_a of_o the_o decoction_n of_o soot_n which_o the_o air_n relax_v do_v only_o freeze_v a_o inch_n thick_a this_o continue_a above_o a_o week_n consistent_a in_o a_o thaw_v season_n and_o very_o solid_a some_o that_o see_v it_o judge_v it_o to_o be_v brown_a sugar_n candy_n the_o taste_n whereof_o be_v near_o if_o not_o altogether_o as_o strong_a as_o the_o uncongealed_a liquor_n remain_v at_o the_o bottom_n and_o in_o another_o trial_n when_o the_o whole_a be_v freeze_v no_o concentration_n be_v see_v but_o though_o it_o be_v not_o my_o hap_n to_o find_v this_o effect_n my_o trial_n have_v be_v make_v in_o vial_n square_a cylindrical_a or_o round_a yet_o mr._n hawk_o a_o worthy_a fellow_n of_o this_o society_n happy_o light_v on_o it_o as_o you_o may_v perceive_v by_o his_o relation_n and_o scheme_n of_o his_o glass_n hereunto_o annex_v some_o affirm_v as_o a_o effect_n of_o freeze_a a_o addition_n of_o weight_n make_v in_o the_o body_n freeze_v but_o this_o affirmation_n answer_v not_o my_o trial_n for_o in_o four_o egg_n and_o four_o apple_n full_o freeze_v i_o find_v the_o weight_n of_o they_o the_o same_o when_o freeze_a and_o thaw_v as_o they_o have_v before_o they_o be_v expose_v each_o of_o the_o egg_n and_o apple_n be_v weigh_v in_o this_o triple_a state_n both_o several_o and_o joint_o with_o the_o particular_a weight_n i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v you_o beside_o that_o freeze_a add_v no_o weight_n it_o be_v apparent_a in_o seal_a glass_n from_o whence_o nothing_o can_v expire_v and_o by_o exact_a ponderation_n of_o they_o i_o can_v not_o perceive_v any_o the_o least_o difference_n in_o weight_n in_o the_o say_v triple_a state_n this_o i_o try_v several_a time_n with_o as_o much_o exactness_n as_o possible_o i_o can_v and_o still_o find_v the_o same_o event_n another_o property_n of_o freeze_a be_v to_o render_v many_o body_n more_o friable_a and_o brittle_a as_o most_o wood_n as_o also_o iron_n and_o steel_n as_o every_o one_o know_v that_o have_v use_v crosbow_n in_o frosty_a season_n and_o so_o likewise_o the_o bone_n of_o animal_n and_o it_o be_v common_o observe_v by_o surgeon_n that_o more_o man_n break_v their_o leg_n and_o arm_n in_o such_o season_n then_o at_o any_o other_o time_n of_o the_o year_n especial_o such_o who_o have_v be_v taint_v with_o the_o lues_fw-la venerea_fw-la as_o hildanus_n somewhere_o note_n i_o shall_v now_o conclude_v the_o effect_n of_o freeze_a by_o range_v they_o into_o good_a and_o bad_a the_o good_a be_v the_o long_a preserve_a body_n most_o subject_a to_o putrefaction_n healthiness_n and_o confirm_v the_o tone_n of_o all_o animal_n and_o thicken_a the_o hair_n and_o fur_n of_o such_o as_o have_v they_o fatten_z some_z beside_o it_o exceed_o clear_v the_o air_n and_o other_o body_n as_o it_o be_v manifest_a by_o the_o stink_a seasalt-water_n before_o mention_v as_o also_o by_o this_o that_o follow_v namely_o i_o take_v six_o of_o the_o most_o musty_a stone-bottle_n i_o can_v procure_v and_o competent_o fill_v they_o with_o water_n which_o after_o freeze_a and_o thaw_v again_o become_v as_o sweet_a as_o ever_o they_o be_v before_o bad_a effect_n be_v the_o kill_a and_o destroy_v animal_n and_o vegetable_n by_o congeal_v and_o stop_v their_o vital_a and_o nourish_a juice_n render_v they_o total_o immovable_a it_o be_v observable_a that_o in_o greenland_n and_o nova_n zembla_n nothing_o but_o grass_n grow_v as_o also_o what_o be_v tell_v i_o by_o dr._n collins_n the_o present_a physician_n of_o the_o emperor_n of_o russia_n that_o no_o thorny_a plant_n nor_o thistle_n grow_v in_o that_o country_n and_o this_o present_a year_n most_o of_o the_o rosemary_n and_o sage_a about_o london_n be_v whole_o destroy_v beside_o most_o of_o the_o more_o tender_a plant_n my_o four_o proposal_n be_v the_o property_n and_o quality_n of_o ice_n some_o whereof_o my_o task_n engage_v i_o to_o enumerate_v only_o such_o be_v its_o slipperiness_n smoothness_n hardness_n whereby_o and_o by_o its_o bulk_n and_o motion_n it_o break_v down_o bridge_n etc._n etc._n its_o firmness_n and_o strength_n to_o bear_v carriage_n and_o burden_n its_o diaphaneity_n which_o be_v much_o less_o than_o the_o liquor_n of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v for_o i_o can_v never_o discern_v any_o object_n though_o but_o confuse_o a_o foot_n beyond_o the_o clear_a piece_n of_o ice_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o many_o bubble_n and_o luminous_a part_n within_o it_o which_o bubble_n show_v only_a shadow_n but_o the_o ice_n its_o self_n interpose_v betwixt_o your_o eye_n and_o a_o candle_n appear_v in_o many_o round_a circle_n from_o which_o proceed_v many_o ray_n of_o light_n four_o or_o five_o or_o more_o in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o star_n of_o about_o a_o ¼_n of_o a_o inch_n in_o diameter_n which_o so_o glase_v your_o eye_n you_o can_v scarce_o see_v any_o thing_n but_o bright_a light_n and_o shadow_n as_o for_o its_o penetration_n and_o thickness_n something_o have_v be_v say_v above_o to_o which_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o i_o have_v see_v the_o thames_n ice_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o eight_o inch_n or_o more_o near_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o river_n and_o on_o the_o side_n much_o more_o and_o in_o garden_n walk_v the_o earth_n freeze_v near_o two_o foot_n deep_a whereas_o on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o same_o walk_n on_o a_o rich_a mould_n the_o frost_n do_v not_o reach_n much_o above_o one_o foot_n and_o ¼_n and_o pipe_n of_o lead_n have_v be_v break_v above_o a_o foot_n under_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ground_n i_o shall_v not_o mention_v the_o huge_a mountain_n of_o ice_n find_v in_o the_o most_o northerly_a sea_n but_o proceed_v to_o its_o weight_n it_o be_v general_o know_v that_o ice_n swim_v upon_o the_o water_n but_o i_o have_v see_v snowball_n moisten_v only_o with_o water_n and_o then_o compress_v with_o a_o strong_a force_n and_o afterward_o freeze_v to_o sink_v beside_o the_o congeal_a oil_n of_o vitriol_n descend_v in_o water_n and_o common_a ice_n be_v frequent_o observe_v under_o water_n whether_o the_o solution_n of_o salt_n freeze_v will_v sink_v be_v by_o i_o forget_v to_o observe_v and_o whether_o coagulate_v oil_n will_v sink_v in_o unfrozen_a as_o bartholine_n affirm_v some_o affirm_v that_o snowball_n hard_o press_v without_o addition_n of_o water_n will_v sink_v but_o experience_n teach_v i_o the_o contrary_n as_o for_o its_o tactile_a quality_n every_o one_o know_v it_o be_v cold_a than_o water_n which_o you_o may_v increase_v by_o add_v salt_n unto_o it_o or_o rather_o snow_n smell_v it_o have_v none_o but_o it_o bind_v up_o that_o quality_n in_o all_o but_o most_o spirituous_a body_n which_o it_o also_o in_o some_o degree_n refract_v in_o they_o last_o ice_n yield_v both_o reflection_n and_o refraction_n whereof_o i_o shall_v speak_v when_o i_o come_v to_o its_o use_n my_o five_o head_n be_v let_n and_o help_v in_o freeze_a which_o i_o shall_v 〈◊〉_d dispatch_n those_o beside_o the_o north_n and_o north-east_n wind_n the_o absence_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o high_a part_n of_o house_n or_o mountain_n be_v the_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n than_o which_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o painful_o and_o unsufferable_o cold_a to_o my_o feel_n as_o be_v apparent_a by_o the_o trick_n of_o freeze_a with_o snow_n and_o salt_n by_o the_o fire_n side_n as_o also_o by_o the_o ingenious_a way_n of_o make_v cup_n of_o ice_n invent_v by_o a_o incomparable_a person_n add_v hereunto_o that_o water_n fall_v or_o throw_v upon_o ice_n or_o snow_n soon_o become_v congeal_v a_o mixture_n also_o of_o ice_n beat_v into_o powder_n and_o mix_v with_o common_a sea-salt_n which_o be_v best_a or_o with_o kelp_n alum_n vitriol_n or_o nitre_n and_o here_o note_v that_o vessel_n fill_v with_o water_n and_o set_v in_o these_o mixture_n begin_v their_o freeze_a at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o liquor_n and_o consequent_o be_v not_o so_o subject_a to_o be_v break_v as_o those_o be_v which_o be_v not_o set_v in_o these_o