spongy flesh of the tongue it self which affected with the quality of the Object doth presently so possess the nerve that is implanted in it that the kind and quality thereof by the force of the spirit How touching may be carryed into the common sense All parts endued with a nerve enjoy the sense of touching which is chiefly done when a tractable quality doth penetrate even to the true and nervous skin which lyeth under the Cuticle or scarf-skin we have formerly noted that it is most exquisite in the skin which invests the ends of the fingers The Object is every tractable quality whether it be of the first rank of qualities as Heat Cold Moisture Dryness or of the second as Roughness Smoothness Heaviness Lightness Hardness Softness Rarity Density Friability Unctuosity Grosness Thinness The Medium by whose procurement the instrument is affected is either the skin or the flesh interwoven with many Nerves Of motion The next Action is that Motion which by a peculiar name we call Voluntary this is performed and accomplished by a Muscle being the proper Instrument of voluntary Motion Furthermore every motion of a member possessing a Muscle is made either by bending and contraction or by extention Although generally there be so many differences of voluntary motion as there are kinds of site in place therefore Motion is said to be made upward downward to the right hand to the left forward and backward Hither are referred the many kinds of motions which the infinite variety of Muscles produce in the body How respiration may be a voluntary motion Into this rank of Voluntary Actions comes Respiration or breathing because it is done by the help of the Muscles although it be chiefly to temper the heat of the Heart For we can make it more quick or slow as we please which are the conditions of a voluntary Motion Lastly that we may have somewhat in which we may safely rest and defend our selves against the many questions which are commonly moved concerning this thing we must hold that Respiration is undergone and performed by the Animal faculty but chiefly instituted for the vital The third principal Action The principal Action and prime amongst the Voluntary is absolutely divided in three Imagination Reasoning and Memory Imagination is a certain expressing and apprehension which discerns and distinguisheth between the forms and shapes of things sensible or which are known by the senses Reasoning is a certain judicial estimation of conceived or apprehended forms or figures by a mutual collating or comparing them together Memory is the sure storer of all things and as it were the Treasury which the mind often unfolds and opens the other faculties of the mind being idle and not imployed But because all the fore-mentioned Actions whether they be Natural or Animal and Voluntary are done and performed by the help and assistance of the Spirits therefore now we must speak of the Spirits CHAP. X. Of the Spirits THe Spirit is a subtile and airy substance What a Spirit is raised from the purer blood that it might be a vehicle for the faculties by whose power the whole body is governed to all the parts and the prime instrument for the performance of their office For they being destitute of its sweet approach do presently cease from action and as dead do rest from their accustomed labours From hence it is that making a variety of Spirits according to the number of the faculties they have divided them into three as one Animal another Vital Spirits threefold another Natural The Animal hath taken his seat in the Brain for there it is prepared and made that The Animal Spirit from thence conveyed by the Nerves it may impart the power of sense and motion to all the rest of the members An argument hereof is that in the great cold of Winter whether by the intercepting them in their way or by the concretion or as it were freezing of those spirits the joynts grow stiff the hands numb and all the other parts are dull Why so called destitute of their accustomed agility of motion and quickness of sense It is called Animal not because it is the * Anima Life but the chief and prime instrument thereof wherefore it hath a more subtil and airy substance and enjoys divers names according to the various condition of the Sensories or seats of the senses into which it enters for that which causeth the sight is named the Visive you may see this by night rubbing your eys as sparkling like fire That which is conveyed to the Auditory passage is called the Auditive or Hearing That which is carried to the instruments of Touching is termed the Tactive and so of the rest This Animal spirit is made and laboured in the windings and foldings of the Veins and Arteries of the brain of an exquisit subtil portion of the vital brought thither by the Carotidae Arteriae How it is made or sleepy Arteries and sometimes also of the pure air or sweet vapour drawn in by the Nose in breathing Hence it is that with Ligatures we stop the passage of this spirit from the parts we intend to cut off An Humor which obstructs or stops its passage doth the like in Apoplexies and Palsies whereby it happens that the members situate under that place do languish and seem dead sometimes destitute of motion sometimes wanting both sense and motion The Vital spirit is next to it in dignity and excellency The Vital Spirit which hath its chief mansion in the left ventricle of the Heart from whence through the Channels of the Arteries it flows into the whole body to nourish the heat which resides fixed in the substance of each part which would perish in short time unless it should be refreshed by heat flowing thither together with the spirit And because it is the most subtil next to the Animal Nature lest it should vanish away would have it contained in the Nervous coat of an Artery which is five times more thick than the coat of the Veins as Galen out of Herophilus hath recorded It is furnished with matter from the subtil exhalation of the blood What the matter of it is and that air which we draw in breathing Wherefore as it doth easily and quickly perish by immoderate dissipations of the spirituous substance and great evacuations so it is easily corrupted by the putrefaction of Humors or breathing in of pestilent air and filthy vapours which thing is the cause of the so suddain death of those which are infected with the Plague This Spirit is often hindred from entring into some part by reason of obstruction fulness or great inflammations whereby it follows that in a short space by reason of the decay of the fixed and inbred heat the parts do easily fall into a Gangrene and become mortified The Natural spirit if such there be any hath its station in the Liver and Veins There is some
defluxion or falling down of humors into the part Or these evacuations are performed by much matter evacuated from an opened Bile or running Ulcer a Fistula or such like sores Or by sweats which are very good and healthful especially in sharp diseases if they proceed from the whole body and happen on the critical days By vomit The force of vomits which often violently draws these humors from the whole body even from the utmost joynts which purging medicines could not evacuate as we may see in the Palsie and Sciatica or Hip-gout By spitting as in all who are suppurated either in the sides or lungs By Salivation Salivation or a Phlegmatick flux by the mouth as in those who are troubled with the French-pox By sneezing and blowing the nose for by these the brain opprest with moisture disburdeneth its self whether it be done without or with the help of sternutatories and errhines wherefore children and such as have somewhat moist brains purge themselves often this way By hicket and belching The whole body is also purged by urine for by these the windiness contained in the stomach is often expelled By urine for by this not only Feavers but which is more to be admired the French-pox hath often been terminated and cured For there have been some troubled with the Pox in whom a flux of the vicious and venenate humor could not by Unctions of quicksilver be procured either from the mouth or belly yet have been wounderfully freed bv abundance of Urine both from danger of death and their disease By bleeding for nature hath often found a way for grievous diseases especially in young bodies by bleeding at the nose and by their courses in women By a flux or lask purgation sweats insensible evacuation and transpiration for so tumors the matter being brought to suppuration do sometimes vanish away and are dissolved both of their own accord as also by dissolving or discussing medicines We do the same by exercise diet hot-houses long sleep waking and shedding of tears By sucking as with Cupping-glasses and Hors-leeches in wounds made by venemous bitings We must observe three things in every evacuation In all such kinds of evacuations we must consider three things the quantity quality and manner of evacuation As for an example When an Empyema is opened the matter which runs out ought to be answerable in proportion to the purulent matter which was contained in the capacity of the breasts otherwise unless all the matter be emptyed there may happen a relapse the matter should be white soft equal and nothing stinking Lastly you must let it forth not all together and at one time but by little and little and at several times otherwise not a little quantity of the Spirits and heat doth flow out together with the unprofitable matter and so consequently a dissolution of all the powers CHAP. XVIII Of the Perturbations or Passions of the Mind Why the Passions of the mind are called Accidents Their force THe Perturbations are commonly called the Accidents of the Mind because as bodily accidents from the body so may these be present and absent from the Mind without the corruption of the subject The knowledg of these must not be lightly passed over by the Chirurgeon for they stir up great troubles in the bodies and yield occasion of many and great diseases of which things joy hope and love may give an apparent testimony For by these motions the heat and spirits are sometimes gently sometimes violently diffused over all the body for the enjoying of the present or hoped for good For then the heart is dilated as to embrace the thing beloved and the face is dyed with a rosie and lively colour For it is likely that the faculty it self is stirred by the object by whose power the Heart it self is moved From whence they have their force For it is first necessary before we be moved by any Passions that the senses in their proper seats in which they are seldom deceived apprehend the objects and straight as messengers carry them to the common sense which sends their conceived forms to all the faculties And then that each faculty as a Judge may afresh examin the whole matter how it is and conceive in the presented objects some shew of good or ill to be desired or shunned For What man that was well in his wits did ever fall into laughter unless he formerly knew or saw somewhat said or done The reason of Joy which might yield occasion of laughter Therefore Joy proceeds from the heart for the thing causing mirth or joy being conceived the faculty moves the heart which shaken and moved by the faculty which hath dominion over it is dilated and opened as ready to embrace the exhilarating object But in the mean time by the force of that dilatation it sends forth much heat and spirits together with the bloud into all the body A great part of which comming to the face dilates it the fore-head is smooth and plain the eyes look bright the cheeks become red as died with Vermilion the lips and mouth are drawn together and made plain and smooth some have their cheeks dented with two little pits which from the effects are called laughing cheeks because of the contraction or curling which the muscle suffer by reason of their fulness of bloud and spirits The effects of Joy all which to be brief is nothing but to laugh Joy recreates and quickens all the faculties stirs up the spirits helps concoction makes the body to be better liking and fattens it the heat bloud and spirits flowing thither and the nourishing dew or moisture watering and refreshing all the members from whence it is that of all the passions of the mind this only is profitable so that it exceed not measure for immoderate and unaccustomed joy carries so violently the bloud and spirits from the heart into the habit of the body that sodain and unlookt for death ensues by a speedy decay of the strength the lasting fountain of the vital humor being exhausted Which thing principally happens to those who are less hearty as women and old men Anger Anger causeth the same effusion of heat in us but far speedier than joy therefore the spirits and humors are so enflamed by it that it often causes putrid Feavers especially if the body abound with any ill humour Sorrow Sorrow or grief dries the body by a way quite contrary to that of Anger because by this the heart is so straitned the heat being almost extinct that the accustomed generation of spirits cannot be performed and if any be generated they cannot freely pass into the members with the bloud wherefore the vital faculty is weakned the lively colour of the face withers and decays and the body wastes away with a lingring Consumption Fear Fear in like sort draws in and calls back the spirits and not by little and little as in sorrow but sodainly and violently
vein which ariseth near to u. x y The double original of the left spermatical vein x From the Emulgent y From the hollow vein α The original of the spermatical arteries β Certain branches from the spermatick arteries which run unto the Peritonaeum γ The passage of the spermatical vessels through the productions of the Peritonaeum which must be observed by such as use to cut for the Rupture δ The spiry bodden hidie's entrance into the testicle it is called Corpus varicosum pyramidale ε The Parastatae ζ The stone or testicle covered with his inmost coat η The descent of the leading vessel called Vas deferens VV The bladder * The right gut ξ The glandules called prostatae into which the leading vessels are inserted Ï The muscle of the bladder στυ Two bodies of the yard σ and Ï„ and Ï… his vessels φχ The coat of the Testicle ψω The muscle of the Testicle ψ his vessels ω. For thus of three passages that is of the two leading vessels and one passage of the bladder there is one common one in men for the casting forth of seed and urine A Caruncle rising like a crest at the beginning of the neck of the bladder argues this uniting of the passages which receiving this same passage which is sufficiently large is oft-times taken by such as are ignorant in Anatomy for an unnatural Caruncle then especially when it is swoln through any occasion These leading vessels are two in number Their Number and Action on each side one Their action is to convey the seed made by the testicles to the Prostates and so to the neck of the bladder so to be cast forth at the common passage But if any ask whether that common passage made by the two leading vessels between the glandulous bodies be so obvious to sense or no We answer it is not manifest though reason compel us to confess that that way is perforated by reason of the spermatick gross and viscous matter carried that way But peradventure the reason why that passage cannot be seen is because in a dead carkass all small passages are closed and hid the heat and spirits being gone and the great appear much less by reason all the perforations fade and fall into themselves Yet certainly these passages must needs be very strait even in a living man seeing that in a dead they will not admit the point of a needle Wherefore we need not fear lest in searching whilst we thrust the Catheter into the Bladder it penetrate into the common passage of the leading vessels which runs within the Caruncle unless peradventure by some chance as a Gonorrhaea or some great Phlegmon This Caruncle must be observed and distinguished from a Hypersarcosis or fleshy excrescence it be much dilated besides nature For I have sometimes seen such passages so open that they would receive the head of a Spathern which thing should admonish us that in searching we take great care that we do not rashly hurt this Caruncle for being somewhat rashly handled with a Catheter it casts forth blood especially if it be inflamed But also the concourse of the spirits flowing with great violence together with the seed much helps forward such ejaculation thereof performed through these strait passages by the power of the imaginative faculty in the Act of generation After the leading vessels follow the Prostatae The Prostatae being glandulous Bodies of the same substance and temper that other Glandules are Their quantity is large enough their figure round Their quantity and figure and somewhat long sending forth on each side a soft production of an indifferent length They are composed of veins nerves arteries a coat which they have from the neighbouring parts and lastly their proper flesh which they have from their first conformation Number and site They are two in number situate at the root of the neck of the Bladder somewhat straitly bound or tied to the same to the leading vessels and the parts annexed to them But alwayes observe An Anatomical Axiom that every part which enjoyes nourishment life and sense either first or last hath connexion with the principal parts of the body by the intercourse of the vessels which they receive from thence The use of the Prostates is to receive in their proper Body the seed laboured in the testicles Their uses and to contain it there until it be troublesom either in quantity or quality or both Besides they contain a certain oily and viscid humour in their glandulous Body that continually distilling into the passage of the urine it may preserve it from the acrimony and sharpness thereof But we have observed also on each side other Glandules Rond in method med ad morbos which Rondeletius calls Appendices Glandulosae Glandulous dependences to arise from these prostates in which also there is seed reserved CHAP. XXIX Of the Ureters NOw it seems fit to speak of the Ureters Bladder and parts belonging to the Bladder The substance magnitude figure and composure of the Ureters Therefore the Ureters are of a spermatick white dense and solid substance of an indifferent bigness in length and thickness Their figure is round and hollow They are composed of two coats one proper consisting of right and transverse fibers which comes from the emulgent veins and arteries the other common from the Peritonaeum besides they have veins nerves and arteries from the neighbouring parts They be two in number on each side one Number and Site they are situate between the Kidneys out of whose hollow part they proceed and the Bladder But the manner how the Ureters insert or enter themselves into the Bladder and the Porus Cholagogus into the Duodenum exceeds admiration for the Ureters are not directly but obliquely implanted neer the orifice of the Bladder and penetrate into the inner space thereof for within they do as it were divide the membrane or membranous coat of the Body of the Bladder and insinuate themselves into that as though it were double But this is opened at the entrance of the urine but shut at other times the cover as it were falling upon it so that the humour which is faln into the capacity of the Bladder cannot be forced or driven back no not so much as the air blown into it can come this way out as we see in Swine's Bladders blown up and filled with air For we see it is the Air contained in these which fills them thus neither can it be pressed forth but with extraordinary force For as this skin or coat turned in by the force of the humour gives way so it being pressed out by the body contained within thrusts its whole body into the passage as a stopple like to this is the insertion of the Porus Cholagogus into the Guts The Ureters have connexion with the above-mentioned parts with the muscles of the loins Connexion upon which they run from the Kidneys to the Bladder
head one of the fundament and another of the yard or conduit of the bladder and furthermore in women one of the neck of the womb without the which they can never be made mothers or bear children When all these are finished nature that she might polish her excellent work in all sorts hath covered all the body and every member thereof with skin Exod. 20 qu â—2 Into this excellent work or Micrecâ—smâ—s so perfect God the author of nature and all things infuseth or ingrafteth a soul or life which St. Augustine proveth by this sentence of Moses If any man smite a woman with child so that thereby she â—e delivered before her natural time and the childe be dead being first formed in the wâ—mâ— let him die the death but if the child hath not as yet obtained the ful propertion and conformation of his body and members let him recompence it with mâ—ny Therefore it is not to be thought that the life is derived propagated or taken from Adam or our parents as it were an hereditary thing distributed unto all mankinde by their parents but we must beleive it to be immediately created of God even at the very instant time when the childe is absolutely perfected in the lineaments of his body and so given unto it by him The meâ—a in the womb liveth not as the childe So therefore the rude lumps of flesh called molae that engender in womens wombs and monsters of the like breeding and confused bigness although by reason of a certain quaking and shivering motion they seem to have life yet they cannot be supposed to be endued with a life or a reasonable soul but they have their motion nutriment and increase wholly of the natural and infixed faculty of the womb and of the generative or procreative spirit that is ingraffed naturally in the seed But even as the infant in the womb obtaineth not perfect conformation before the thirtieth day so likewise it doth not move before the sixtieth day at which time it is most commonly not perceived by women by reason of the smallness of the motion But now let us speak briefly of the life or soul wherein consisteth the principal original of every function in the body and likewise of generation CHAP. XI Of the life or soul The liâ—e goeth not into the mass of seed that doth engender the childe before the body of the childe and each part thereof hath his perfect proportrien and â—â—rm Why the life or soul doth not presently execute all his offices THe soul entreth into the body so soon as it hath obtained a perfect and absolute distinction and conformation of the members in the womb which in male-children by reason of the more strong and forming heat which is ingraffed in them is about the fourtieth day and in females about the fortie fifth day in some sooner and in some later by reason of the efficacie of the matter working and pliantness or obedience of the matter whereon it worketh Neither doth the life or soul being thus inspired into the body presently execute or performe all his functions because the instruments that are placed about it cannot obtain a firm and hard consistence necessary for the lively but especially for the more divine ministeries of the life or soul but in a long process of age or time Those instruments of the soule are vitiated either in the first conformation as when the form or fashion of the head is shaped upwards or pyramidal as was the head of Thersites that lived in the time of the Trojan war and of Triboulet and Tonin that lived in later years or also by some casualtie as by the violent handling of the midwife who by compression by reason that the seal is tender and soft hath caused the capacitie of the ventricles that be under the brain to be too narrow for them or by a fall stroak disorder in diet as by drunkenness or a fever which inferreth a lethargie excessive sleeepiness or phrensie 1. Coâ—c 12. Presently after the soul is entred into the body God endeth it with divers and sundry gifts hereof it commeth that some are endued with wisdom by the spirit others with knowledg by the same spirit others with the gift of healing by the same spirit others with power dominion and rule others with prophesie others with diversities of tongues and to others other endowments as it hath pleased the divine providence and bounty of God to bestow upon them against which no man ought to contend or speak For it is not meet that the thing formed should say unto him that formed it why hast then made me thus hath not the Potter power to make of the same lamp of clay one vessel to hâ—nor and another to dishonor It is not my purpose neither belongeth it unto me or any other humane creature to search out the reason of those things but only to admire them with all humility But yet I dâ—re affirm this one thing that a noble and excellent soul neglecteth elementary and a transitory things and is ravished and moved with the contemplation of ceâ—eâ—â—â—al which it cannot freely enjoy before it be separated from this earthly inclosure or prison of the body and be restored unto its original Therefore the soul is the inward Entelechia or perfection What the 〈◊〉 or life is or the primitive cause of all motions and functions both natural and animal and the true form of man The Antients have endevoured to express the obscure sence thereof by many descriptions For they have called it a celestiâ—â—l spirit and a superior incorporeal invisible and immortal essence which is to be comprehended of its self alone that is of the mind or understanding The life is in all the whole body and in every portion thereof The life or soul is simple and indâ—â—sible Divers names and the reason of divers â—â—mes thâ—t are given to humane forms Others have not doubted but that we have our souls inspired by the universal divine minde which as they are alive so they do bestow life on the bodies unto whom they are annexed or united And although this life be dispersed into all the whole body and into every portion of the same yet iâ— it void of all corporal weight or mixtion and it is wholly and alone in every several part being simple and invisible without all composition or mixture yet endued with many virtues and faculties which it doth utter in divers parts of the body For it feeleth imagineth judgeth remembreth understandeth and ruleth all our desires pleasures and animal motions it seeth heareth smelleth tasteth toucheth and it hath divers names of these so many and so great functions which it performeth in divers parts of the body It is called the soul or life because it maketh the body live which of it self is dead It is called the spirit or breath because it inspireth our bodies It is called reason because it discerneth 〈◊〉 from falshood as it
stricken with lightning fall on the contrary side only man falleth on the affected side if he be not turned with violence toward the coast or region from whence the lightning came If a man be stricken with lightning while he is asleep he will be found with eyes open contrariwise if he be stricken while he is awake his eyes will be closed as Pliny writeth Philip Commines writeth that those bodies that are stricken with lightning are not subject to corruption as others are Therefore in antient time it was their custom neither to burn nor bury them for the brimstone which the lightning bringeth with it was unto them in stead of salt for that by the driness and fiery heat thereof it did preserve them from putrefaction Signs of wounds given to a living or dead man Also it may be inquired in judgment Whether any that is dead and wounded received these wounds alive or dead Truly the wounds that ate made of a living man if he dye of them after his death will appear red and bloody with the sides or edges swoln or pale round about contrariwise those that are made in a dead man will be neither red bloody swoln nor puffed up For all the faculties and functions of life in the body do cease and fall together by death so that thenceforth no spirits nor blood can be sent or flow into the wounded place Therefore by these signs which shall appear it may be declared that he was wounded dead or alive Signs whether one be hanged alive or dead The like question may come in judgment when a man is found hanged whether he were dead or alive Therefore if he were hanged alive the impression or print of the rope will appear red pale or black and the skin round about it will bee contracted or wrinkled by reason of the compression which the cord hath made also oftentimes the head of the aspera arteria is rent and toâ—n and the second spondyl and the neck luxated or moved out of his place Also the arms and leggs will be pale by reason of the violent and sudden suffocation of the spirits moreover there will be a foam about his mouth and a foamy and filthy matter hanging out of his nostrils begin sent thither both by reason that the Lungs are suddenly heated and suffocated as also by the convulsion and concussion of the brain like as it were in the falling-sickness Contrariwise if he be hanged dead none of these signs appear for neither the print of the rope appears red or pale but of the same color as the other parts of the body are because in dead men the blood and spirits do not flow to the greived parts Whether one found dead in the water câ—me therein alive or dead Whosoever is found dead in the waters you shall know whether they were thrown into the water alive or dead For all the belly of him that was thrown in alive will be swollâ— and puffed up by reason of the water that is contained therein certain clammy excrements come out at his mouth and nostrils the ends of his fingers will be woâ—â— and excoriated because that he died striving and digging or scraping in the sand or bottom of the river seeking somewhat whereon he might take hold to save himself from drowning Contrarywise if he be thrown into the waters being dead before his belly will not be swoln because that in a dead man all the passages and conduits of the body do fall together and are stopped and closed and for that a dead man breaths not there appeareth no foam nor â—â—lthy matter about his mouth and nose and much less can the tops of his fingers be worn and excoriated for when a man is already dead he cannot strive against death But as concerning the bodies of those that are drowned those that swim on the upper part of the water being swoln or puffed up they are not so by reason of the water that is conteined in the belly but by reason of a certain vapor into which a great portion of the humors of the body are converted by the efficacy of the putrifying heat Therefore this swelling appeareth not in all men which do perish or else are cast out dead into the waters but only in them which are corrupted with the filthiness or muddiness of the water long time after they were drowned and cast on the shore But now I will declare the accidents that come to those that are suffocated and stifled or smothered with the vapor of kindled or burning charcoals Of such as are smothered by Charcoal and how you may fore-tel the causes thereof by the history following In the year of our Lord God 1575. the tenth day of May I with Robert Gleauline Doctor of Physick was sent for by Master Hamel an Advocate of the Court of Parliament of Paris to see and shew my opinion on two of his servants of whom the one was his Clerk and the other his Horse-keeper All his family supposed them dead because they could not perceive or feel their Arteries to beat all the extreme parts of their bodies were cold they could neither speak nor move their faces were pale and wan neither could they be raised up with any violent beating or plucking by the hair Therefore all men accounted them dead and the question was only of what kinde of death they died for their Master suspected that some body had strangled them others thought that each of them had stopped one anothers winde with their hands and others judged that they were taken with a sudden apoplexy But I presently inquired Whether there had been any fire made with coals in the house lately whereunto their master giving ear sought about all the corners of the chamber for the chamber was very little and close and at last found an earthen-pan with charcoal half burned which when we once saw we all affirmed with one voyce that it was the cause of all this misfortune and that it was the malign fume and venemous vapor which had smothered them as it were by stopping the passages of their breath Therefore I put my hand to the regions of their hearts where I might perceive that there was some life remaining by the heat and pulsation that I felt though it were very little wherefore we thought it convenient to augment and increase it Therefoâ—e first of all artificially opened their mouths which were very fast closed and sticking obstinately together and thereinto both with a spoon and also with a silver-pipe we put aqua vitae often distilled with dissolved hiera and triacle when we had injected these medicines often into their mouths they begâ—n to move and to stretch themselves and to cast up and expel many viscous excremental and filthy humors at their mouths and nostrils and their lungs seemed to be hot as it were in their throats Therefore then we gave them vomitories of a great quantity of Oxymel and beat them often
tamed desirous of sedition and novelty stubborn impatient of servitude as may be perceived by the sole example of the Inhabitants of Narbon a Province of France Those who dwell in poor and barren places are commonly more witty and diligent most patient of labors the truth of which the famous wits of the Athenians Ligurians and Romans and the plain country of the Boeotians in Greece of the Campanians in Italy and of the rest of the Inhabiters adjoyning to the Ligurian Sea approves CHAP. VIII Of the Faculties What a faculty is A Faculty is a certain power and efficient cause proceeding from the temperament of the part and the performer of some actions of the body There are three principal Faculties governing man's body 3. Faculties as long as it enjoys its integrity the Animal Vital and Natural The Animal is seated in the proper temperament of the Brain from whence it is distributed by the Nerves into all parts of the body which have sense and motion This is of three kinds for one is Moving another sensitive the third principal The sensitive consists in five external senses sight hearing taste smell and touch The moving principally remains in the Muscles and Nerves as the fit instruments of voluntary motion The Principal comprehends the Reasoning Faculty the Memory and Fantasie Galen would have the common or inward Sense to be comprehended within the compass of the Fantasie although Aristotle distinguish between them The Vital abides in the heart from whence heat and life is distributed by the Arteries to the whole body this is principally hindred in the diseases of the Breast as the Principal is when any disease assails the Brain The triple use of the Pulse the prime Action of the vital faculty is Pulsation and that continued agitation of the Heart and Arteries which is of threefold use to the body for by the dilatation of the Heart and Arteries the vital Spirit is cherished by the benefit of the Air which is drawn in by the contraction thereof the vapours of it are purged and sent forth and the native heat of the whole body is tempered by them both The natural faculty is threefold The last is the Natural faculty which hath chosen its principal seat in the Liver it spreads or carries the nourishment over the whole body but it is distinguished into three other faculties The Generative which serves for the generation and forming of the Issue in the womb the Growing or Increasing faculty which flourisheth from the time the Issue is formed until the perfect growth of the solid parts into their full dimensions of length heighth and bredth The nourishing faculty which as servant to both the other repairs and repays the continual efflux and waste of the threefold substance What Nutrition is for Nutrition is nothing else but a replenishing or repairing whatsoever is wasted or emptied This nourishing-faculty endures from that time the Infant is formed in the womb until the end of life It is a matter of great consequence in Physick to know the four other faculties Four other faculties attend upon the nourishing faculty which as servants attend upon the nourishing faculty which are the Attractive Retentive Digestive and Expulsive faculty The Attractive draws that juyce which is fit to nourish the body that I say which by application may be assimilated to the part This is that faculty which in such as are hungry draws down the meat scarce chewed and the drink scarce tasted into the gnawing and empty stomach The Retentive faculty is that which retains the nourishment once attracted until it be fully laboured and perfectly concocted And by that means it yields no small assistance to the Digestive faculty The necessity of the retentive faculty For the natural heat cannot perform the office of concoction unless the meat be embraced by the part and make some stay therein For otherwise the meat carried into the stomach never acquires the form of Chylus unless it stay detained in the wrinkles thereof as in a rough passage until the time of Chilification The Digestive faculty assimilates the nourishment being attracted and detained into the substance of that part whose faculty it is by the force of the inbred heat and proper disposition or temper of the part So the stomach plainly changes all things which are eat and drunk into Chylus and the Liver turns the Chylus into blood But the Bones and Nerves convert the red and liquid blood which is brought down unto them by the capillary or small veins into a white and solid substance Such concoction is far more laborious in a Bone and Nerve than in the Musculous flesh For the blood being not much different from its nature by a light change and concretion turns into flesh But this Concoction will never satisfie the desire of Nature and the parts unless the nourishment purged from its excrements put away the filth and dross which must never enter into the substance of the part Two excrements of every concoction Wherefore there do not only two sorts of excrements remain of the first and second Concoction the one thick the other thin as we have said before but also from the third Concoction which is performed in every part The one of which we conceive only by reason being that which vanisheth into Air by insensible transpiration The other is known sometimes by sweats sometimes by a thick fatty substance staining the shirt sometimes by the generation of hairs and nails whose matter is from fuliginous and earthly excrements of the third Concoction The work of the expulsive faculty Wherefore the fourth faculty was necessary which might yield no small help to nourishment it is called the Expulsive appointed to expel those superfluous excrements which by no action of heat can obtain the form of the part Such faculties serving for nutrition are in some parts two-fold as some common the benefit of which redounds to the whole body as in the ventricle liver and veins Others only attending the service of those parts in which they remain and in some parts all these four aswell common as proper are abiding and residing as in those parts we now mentioned some with the four proper have only two common as the Gall Spleen Kidnies and Bladder Others are content only with the proper as the Similar and Musculous parts who if they want any of these four faculties their health is decayed either by want of nourishment and ulcer or otherwise By what degrees the nourishment is assimilated The like unnatural affects happen by the deficiency of just and laudable nourishment But if it happen those faculties do rightly perform their duty the nourishment is changed into the proper part and is truly assimilated as by these degrees First it must flow to the part then be joyned to it then agglutinated and lastly as we have said assimilated Now we must speak of the Actions which arise from the faculties
doubt of the Natural Spirit It is more gross and dull than the other and inferior to them in the dignity of the Action and the excellency of the use The use thereof is to help the concoction both of the whole body as also of each several part and to carry blood and heat to them Besides those already mentioned Fixed Spirits there are other Spirits fixed and implanted in the similar and prime parts of the body which also are natural and Natives of the same place in which they are seated and placed And because they are also of an airy and fiery nature they are so joyned or rather united to the Native heat that they can no more be sepatated from it than flame from heat wherefore they with these that flow to them are the principal instruments of the Actions which are performed in each several part The radical Moisture And these fixed Spirits have their nourishment and maintenance from the radical and first-bred moisture which is of an airy and oily substance and is as it were the foundation of these Spirits and the inbred heat Therefore without this moisture no man can live a moment But also the chief Instruments of life are these Spirits together with the Native heat Wherefore this radical Moisture being dissipated and wasted which is the seat fodder and nourishment of the Spirits and heat how can they any longer subsist and remain Therefore the consumption of the natural heat followeth the decay of this sweet and substance-making moisture and consequently death Natural death which happens by the dissipating and resolving of natural heat But since then these kinds of Spirits with the natural heat is contained in the substance of each similar part of our body for otherwise it could not persist it must necessarily follow that there be as many kinds of fixed Spirits as of similar parts For because each part hath its proper temper and encrease it hath also its proper Spirit and also it s own proper fixed and implanted heat which here hath its abode as well as its Original Wherefore the Spirit and heat which is seated in the bone is different from that which is impact into the substance of a Nerve Vein or such other similar part because the temper of these parts is different as also the mixture of the Elements from which they first arose and sprung up Neither is this contemplation of Spirits of small account for in these consist all the force and efficacy of our Nature The use and necessity of the Spirits These being by any chance dissipated or wasted we languish neither is health to be hoped for the flour of life withering and decaying by little and little Which thing ought to make us more diligent to defend them against the continual efflux of the threefold substance For if they be decayed there is left no proper indication of curing the disease so that we are often constrained What the remedy for the dissipation of the Spirits all other care laid aside to betake our selves to the restoring and repairing the decayed powers Which is done by meats of good juyce easie to be concocted and distributed good Wines and fragrant smels What the remedy for oppression of the Spirits is But sometimes these Spirits are not dissipated but driven in and returned to their fountains and so both oppress and are opprest whereupon it happens we are often forced to dilate and spread them abroad by binding and rubbing the parts Hitherto we have spoke of those things which are called Natural because we naturally consist of them it remains that we now say somewhat of their Adjuncts and Associates by familiarity of Condition The Adjuncts and Associates to things Natural are Age of which by reason of the similitude of the Argument we were constrained to speak when we handled the Temperatures Sex Colour of which we have already spoken The conformation of the Instrumental parts Time whose force we have also considered Region Order of Diet and condition of Life CHAP. XI Of the Adjuncts of things Natural What sex is SEX is no other thing than the distinction of Male and Female in which this is most observable that for the parts of the body and the site of these parts there is little difference between them The nature of women but the Female is colder than the Male. Wherefore their spermatical parts are more cold soft and moist and all their natural actions less vigorous and more depraved Of Eunuchs The Nature of Eunuchs is to be referred to that of women as who may seem to have degenerated into a womanish nature by deficiency of heat their smooth body and soft and shrill voyce do very much assimilate women Notwithstanding you must consider that there be some Manly women which their manly voice and chin covered with a little hairiness do argue and on the contrary there are some womanizing or womanish men which therefore we term dainty and effeminate Of Hermaphodites The Hermaphrodite is of a doubtful nature and in the middle of both sexes seems to participate of both Male and Female Colour the bewrayer of the Temperament The Colour which is predominant in the habit and superficies of the body and lies next under the skin shews the Temperament of what kind soever it be for as Galen notes in Comment ad Aphor. 2. sect 1. Such a colour appears in us as the contained Humor hath Wherefore if a rosie hew colour the cheeks it is a sign the body abounds with blood and that it is carryed abroad by the plenty of Spirits But if the skin be dyed with a yellow colour it argues Choler is predominant if with a whitish and pallid hue Phlegm with a sable and duskie Melancholy So the colour of the Excrements which are according to Nature is not of the least consideration For thus if an Ulcer being broken send forth white matter it argues the soundness of the part from whence it flows but if sanious or bloody green blackish or of divers colours it shews the weakness of the solid part which could not assimilate by concoction the colour of the excrementitious humor The like reason is of unnatural Tumors For as the colour so the dominion of the Humor causing or accompanying the Swelling commonly is The perfection of the organical parts consists in four things The conformity and integrity of the Organical parts is considered by their figure greatness number situation and mutual connexion We consider the figure when we say almost all the external parts of the body are naturally round not only for shew but for necessity that being smooth and no way cornered they should be less obnoxious to external injuries We speak of Greatness when we say some are large and thick some lank and lean But we consider their Number when we observe some parts to abound some to want or nothing to be defective or wanting We insinuate Site and
Connexion when we search whether every thing be in its proper place and whether they be decently fitted and well joined together We have handled the varieties of the four seasons of the Year when we treated of Temperaments But the consideration of Region because it hath the same judgment that the Air shall be referred to that disquisition or enquiry which we intend to make of the Air amongst the things Not-natural Diet. The manner of life and order of Diet are to be diligently observed by us because they have great power either to alter or preserve the Temperament But because they are of almost infinite variety therefore they scarce seem possible to fall into Art which may prosecute all the differences of Diet and Vocations of life Wherefore if the Calling of Life be laborious as that of Husbandmen Mariners and other such trades it strengthens and dries the parts of the body Although those which labour much about Waters are most commonly troubled with cold and moist diseases although they almost kill themselves with labour Again those which deal with Metals as all sorts of Smiths and those which cast and work brass are more troubled with hot diseases as Feavers But if their Calling be such as they sit much and work all the day long sitting at home as shoomakers it makes the body tender the flesh effeminate and causeth great quantity of excrements A life as well idle and negligent in body as quiet in mind in all riotousness and excesses of Diet doth the same For from hence the body is made subject to the Stone Gravel and Gout That calling of life which is performed with moderate labour clothing and diet The commodities of an indifferent Diet. seems very fit and convenient to preserve the natural temper of the body The ingenious Chirurgion may frame more of himself that may more particularly conduce to the examination of these things Therefore the things natural and those which are near or neighbouring to them being thus briefly declared the Order seems to require that we make enquiry of things Not-natural CHAP. XII Of things Not-natural THe things which we must now treat of Why they are called things Not-natural have by the later Physitians been termed Not-natural because they are not of the number of those which enter into the constitution or composure of mans body as the Elements Humors and all such things which we formerly comprehended under the name of Natural although they be such as are necessary to preserve and defend the body already made and composed Wherefore they were called by Galen Preservers because by the due use of them the body is preserved in health Also they may be called Doubtful and Neuters for that rightly and fitly used they keep the body healthful but inconsideratly they cause diseases Whereby it comes to pass that they may be thought to pertain to that part of Physick which is of preserving health not because some of these things should be absolutely and of their own nature wholsom and others unwholsom but only by this that they are or prove so by their convenient or preposterous use Therefore we consider the use of such like things from four conditions Quantity Quality Occasion and Manner of using If thou shalt observe these thou shalt attain and effect this Galen 1. ad Glauconem That those things which of themselves are as it were doubtful shall bring certain and undoubted health For these four Circumstances do so far extend that in them as in the perfection of Art the Rules which may be prescribed to preserve health are contained But Galen in another place hath in four words comprehended these things Not-natural as things Taken Applyed Expelled and to be Done Things Taken are those which are put into the body either by the mouth or any other way Lib. de Sanitat tuenda as the air meat and drink Things applyed are those which must touch the body as the Air now mentioned affecting the body with a diverse touch of its qualities of heat cold moisture or driness Expelled are what things soever being unprofitable are generated in the body and require to be expelled To be Done are labour rest sleep watching and the like We may more distinctly and by expression of proper Names revoke all these things to six Which are Air. Meat and Drink Labour and Rest Sleep and Watching Repletion and Inanition or things to be expelled or retained and kept Perturbations of the Mind CHAP. XIII Of the Air. AIR is so necessary to life that we cannot live a moment without it if so be that breathing How necessary for Life the Air is and much more transpiration be not to be separated from life Wherefore it much conduceth to know what Air is wholsom what unwholsom and which by contrariety of qualities fights for the Patient against the disease or on the contrary by a similitude of qualities shall nourish the disease that if it may seem to burden the Patient by increasing or adding to the disease we may correct it by Art So in curing the wounds of the head especially in winter we labour by all the means we may to make the air warm For cold is hurtful to the Brain Bones and the wounds of these parts and heat is comfortable and friendly But also the Air being drawn into the body by breathing when it is hotter than ordinary doth with a new warmth over-heat the heart lungs and spirits and weaken the strength by the dissipation of the Spirits too much attenuated so being too cold in like manner the strength of the faculties faints and grows dull either by suppression of the vapors or by the inspissation or thickning of the Spirits Therefore to conclude That Air is to be esteemed healthful which is clear subtil and pure What Air is hurtful free and open on every side and which is far remote from all carion-like smels of dead carkases or the stench of any putrefying thing whatsoever the which is far distant from standing pools and fens and caves sending forth strong and ill vapors neither too cloudy nor moist by the nearness of some river Such an Air I say if it have a vernal temper is good against all diseases That Air which is contrary to this is altogether unhealthful as that which is putrid shut up and prest by the straitness of neighbouring Mountains infected with some noisom vapor And because I cannot prosecute all the conditions of Airs fit for the expelling of all diseases as which are almost infinite it shall suffice here to have set down what we must understand by this word Air. Three things are understood by the name of the Air. Physitians commonly use to understand three things by the name of Air The present state of the Air the Region in which we live and the season of the Year We spoke of this last when we treated of Temperaments Wherefore we will now speak of the two former
acutis commands those things to be always eaten in the morning which are fit to loosen the belly and in the evenings such as nourish the body Yet notwithstanding drink ought not to precede or go before meat but on the contrary meat must precede drink by the order prescribed by him The time of eating Neither ought we in our eating to have less care of the time than we have of the order for the time of eating of such as are healthful ought to be certain and fixt for at the accustomed hour and when hunger presses any sound man and which is at his own disposure may eat but exercise and accustomed labours ought to go before The profit of labour before meat for it is fit according to the precept of Hippocrates that labour precede meat whereby the excrements of the third concoction may be evacuated the native heat increased and the solid parts confirmed and strengthened which are three commodities of exercise very necessary to the convenient taking of meat But in sick persons we can scarce attend and give heed to these circumstances of time and accustomed hour of feeding for that Indication of giving meat to the sick is the best of all which is drawn from the motion of the disease We must not give meat in a fit of a Feaver and the declining of the fit for if you give meat in feavers specially the fit then taking the Patient you nourish not him but the disease For the meat then eaten is corrupted in the stomach and yields fit matter for the disease For meat as we noted before out of Hippocrates is strength to the sound and a disease to the sick unless it be eaten at convenient time and diligent care be had of the strength of the Patient and greatness of the disease Variety of meats But neither is it convenient that the meat should be simple and of one kind but of many sorts and of divers dishes dressed after different forms lest nature by the continual and hateful feeding upon the same meat may at the length loath it and so neither straitly contain it nor well digest it or the stomach accustomed to one meat taking any loathing thereat may abhor all other and as there is no desire of that we do not know so the dejected appetite cannot be delighted and stirred up with the pleasure of any meat which can be offered For we must not credit thâ—se superstitious or too nice Physitians who think the digestion is hindred by the much variety of meats Why variety of meats is good The matter is far otherwise for by the pleasure of what things soever the stomach allured doth require it embraces them more straitly and concocts them more perfectly And our nature is desirous of variety Moreover seeing our body is composed of a solid moist and airy substance and it may happen that by so many labours which we are compelled to undergo and sustain in this life one of these may suffer a greater dissipation and loss than another therefore the stomach is necessarily compelled to seek more variety Indications of feeding taken from the age lest any thing should be wanting to repair that which is wasted But also the age and season of the year yield Indications of feeding for some things are convenient for a young man some for an old some in summer some in winter Wherefore we ought to know what befits each age and season Children need hot moist and much nourishment which may not only suffice to nourish but increase the body Wherefore they worst endure fasting and of them especially those who are the most lively and spiritful With old men it is otherwise for because their heat is small they need little nourishment and are extinguished by much Wherefore old men easily endure to fast they ought to be nourished with hot and moist meats by which their solid parts now growing cold and dry may be heated and moistned as by the sweet nourishment of such like meats Middle-ag'd men delight in the moderate use of contraries to temper the excess of their too acrid heat Young people as temperate are to be preserved by the use of like things Indication from the time of the year The manner of Diet in Winter must be hot and inclining to driness Wherefore then we may more plentifully use rost-meats strong wines and spices because in the Winter-season we are troubled with the cold and moist air and at the same time have much heat inwardly for the inner parts according to Hippocrates are naturally most hot in the Winter and the Spring but feaverish in Summer so the heat of Summer is to be tempered by the use of cold and moist things and much drink In the temperate Spring all things must be moderate but in Autumn by little and little we must pass from our Summer to our Winter diet CHAP. XV. Of Motion and Rest HEre Physitians admonish us that by the name of Motion What Motion signifies we must understand all sorts of Exercises as walking leaping running riding playing at tennis carrying a burden and the like Friction or rubbing is of this kind which in times past was in great use and esteem neither at this day is it altogether neglected by the Physitians They mention many kinds of it Three kinds of Frictions but they may be all reduced to three as one gentle another hard a third indifferent and that of the whole body or only of some part thereof That Friction is called hard Hard. which is made by the rough or strong pressure of the hands spunges or a course and new linnen cloth it draws together condensates binds and hardens the flesh yet if it be often and long used at length it rarifies dissolves attenuates and diminishes the flesh and any other substance of the body and also it causeth revulsion and draws the defluxion of humors from one part to another Gentle The gentle Friction which is performed by the light rubbing of the hand and such like doth the contrary as softens relaxes and makes the skin smooth and unwrinckled yet unless it be long continued it doth none of these worthy to be spoken of The indifferent kinds Indifferent consisting in the mean betwixt the other two increaseth the flesh swels or puffs up the habit of the body because it retains the blood and spirits which it draws and suffers them not to be dissipated The benefit of Exercise is great The use of exercises for it increases natural heat whereby better digestion follows and by that means nourishment and the expulsion of the excrements and lastly a quicker motion of the spirits to perform their office in the body all the ways and passages being cleansed Besides it strengthens the respiration and the other actions of the body confirms the habit and all the limbs of the body by the mutual attrition of the one with the other whereby it comes to pass they
are not so quickly wearied with labour Hence we see that Country-people are not to be tired with labour If any will reap these benefits by Exercise What the fittest time for exercise it is necessary that he take opportunity to begin his exercise and that he seasonably desist from it not exercising himself violently and without discretion but at certain times according to reason Wherefore the best time for exercise will be before meat that the appetite may be increased by augmenting the natural heat all the excrements being evacuated lest nature being hungry and empty do draw and infuse the ill humors contained in the guts and other parts of the body into the whole habit the Liver and other noble parts Neither is it fit presently after meat to run into exercise lest the crude humors and meats not well concocted be carried into the veins The measure and bounds of exercise must be when the body appears more full the face looks red sweat begins to break forth we breath more strongly and quick and begin to grow weary if any continue exercise longer stiffness and weariness assails his joints and the body flowing with sweat suffers a loss of the spirituous and humid substance which is not easily repaired by which it becomes more cold and lean even to deformity The quality of exercise which we require is in the midst of exercise The quality of exercise so that the exercise must be neither too slow and idle neirher too strong nor too weak neither too hasty nor remiss but which may move all the members alike Such exercise is very fit for sound bodies But if they be distempered that sort of exercise is to be made choice of which by the quality of its excess may correct the distemper of the body and reduce it to a certain mediocrity For whom strong Exâ—cises are convenient Wherefore such men as are stuffed with cold gross and viscous humors shall hold that kind of exercise most fit for them which is more laborious vehement strong and longer continued Yet so that they do not enter into it before the first and second concoction which they may know by the yellowness of their urin But let such as abound with thin and cholerick humors chuse gentle exercises and such as are free from contention not expecting the finishing of the second concoction for the more acride heat of the solid parts delights in such half concocted juices which otherwise it would so burn up all the glutinous substance thereof being wasted that they could not be adjoyned or fastned to the parts For the repeating or renewing of exercise the body should be so often exercised as there is a desire to eat For exercise stirs up and revives the heat which lies buried and hid in the body for digestion cannot be well performed by a sluggish heat neither have we any benefit by the meat we eat unless we use exercise before The last part of exercise begun and performed according to reason is named * The ordering of the body which is performed by an indifferent rubbing and drying of members that so the sweat breaking forth the filth of the body and such excrements lying under the skin may be allured and drawn out and also that the members may be freed from stiffness and weariness At this time it is commonly used by such as play at Tennis But as many and great commodities arise from exercise conveniently begun and performed What 〈◊〉 moâ—â—ceed â—dleness so great harm proceeds from idleness for gross and vicious juyces heaped up in the body commonly produce crudities obstructions stones both in the reins and bladder the Gout Apoplexie and a thousand other diseases CHAP. XVI Of Sleep and Watching THat this our speech of Sleep and Watching which we now intend may be more plain we will briefly declare what commodity or discommodity they bring what time and what hour is convenient for both what the manner of lying must be and the choice thereof what the dreams in sleeping and what pains or heaviness and chearfulness after sleep may portend What sleep is Sleep is nothing else than the rest of the whole body and the cessation of the Animal faculty from sense and motion Sleep is caused when the substance of the brain is possessed and after some sort over-come and dulled by a certain vaporous sweet and delightsome humidity or when the spirits almost exhaust by performance of some labour cannot any longer sustain the weight of the body but cause rest by a necessary consequence by which means nature may produce other from the meat by concoction turned into blood The use of sleep Sleep fitly taken much helps the digestion of the parts because in the time of rest the heat being the worker of all concoction is carryed back to them together with the spirits Neither doth sleep only give ease to the wearyed members but also lessens our cares and makes us to forget our labors Fit time for sleep and the nature of the night The night is a fit time to sleep and to take our rest in as inviting sleep by its moisture silence and darkness For the heat and Spirits in the thick obscurity of night are driven in and retained in the center of the body as on the contrary by the daily and as it were friendly and familiar light of the Sun they are allured and drawn forth into the superficies and outward part of the body Sleep on the day-time from whence they leave sleeping and begin to wake Besides also which makes not a little to that opportunity and benefit which we look for from sleep the night season suffices for the work of just and perfect concoction Which is one reason amongst many that sleep on the day time may be hurtful For we are wakened from our sleep by the heat and spirits called forth to the skin either by the light or noise on the day time before that the concoction which was begun be finished But that sleep cannot but be light which comes without necessity of sleeping Wherefore the concoction being attempted but not perfected the stomach is filled with crudities distended with acid or four belchings and the brain troubled with gross vapors and excrementitious humidities There ought to be a moderation of our nights sleep From whence proceed pain and heaviness of the head and store of cold diseases But although sleep on the night time be wholsome yet it is fit that it be restrained within the limits of an indifferent time For that which exceeds hinders the evacuation of excrements both upwards and downwards but in the mean time the heat which is never idle draws from them some portion or vapor into the veins principal parts and habit of the body to become matter for some disease We must measure this time not by the space of hours but by the finishing the work of concoction which is performed in some sooner than in
hereupon the face grows sodainly pale the extreme parts cold all the body trembles or shakes the belly in some is loosed the voyce as it were stays in the jaws the heart beats with a violent pulsation because it is almost opprest by the heat strangled by the plenty of blood and spirits aboundantly rushing thither The hair also stands upright because the heat and bloud are retired to the inner parts Hiâ—pach lib. 4. 〈◊〉 Miâ— and the utmost parts are more cold and drie than a stone by reason whereof the utmost skin and the pores in which the roots of the hairs are fastned are drawn together Shame is a certain affection mixed as it were of Anger and Fear therefore Shame if in that conflict of as it were contending passions Fear prevail over Anger the face waxeth pale the blood flying back to the heart and these or these Symptoms rise according to the vehemency of the contracted and abated heat But if on the contrary Anger get the dominion over Fear the blood runs violently to the face the eyes look red and sometimes they even fome at the mouth There is another kind of shame which the Latins call Verecundia we Shamefastness Shamefastness in which there is a certain flux and reflux of the heat and blood first recoiling to the heart then presently rebounding from thence again But that motion is so gentle that the heart thereby suffers no oppression nor defect of spirits wherefore no accidents worthy to be spoken of arise from hence this affect is familiar to young maids and boys who if they blush for a fault committed unawares or through carelesness it is thought an argument of a vertuous and good disposition But an agony which is a mixt passion of a strong fear and vehement anger An agony involves the heart in the danger of both motions wherefore by this passion the vital faculty is brought into very great danger To these six Passions of the mind all other may be revoked as Hatred and Discord to Anger Mirth and Boasting to Joy Terrors Frights and Swoundings to Fear Envy Despair and Mourning to Sorrow By these it is evident how much the Passions of the mind can prevail to alter and overthrow the state of the body and that by no other means than that by the compression and dilatation of the heart they diffuse and contract the spirits blood and heat from whence happens the dissipation or oppression of the spirits The signs of these Symptoms quickly shew themselves in the face the heart Why the first signs of passions of the mind appear in the face by reason of the thinness of the skin in that part as it were painting forth the notes of its affections And certainly the face is a part so fit to disclose all the affections of the inward parts that by it you may manifestly know an old man from a young a woman from a man a temperate person from an untemperate an Ethiopian from an Indian a Frenchman from a Spaniard a sad man from a merry a sound from a sick a living from a dead Wherefore many affirm that the manners and those things which we keep secret and hid in our hearts may be understood by the face and countenance Now we have declared what commodity and discommodity may redound to the man from these fore-mentioned passions and have shewed that anger is profitable to none The use of passions of the mind unless by chance to some dull by reason of idleness or opprest with some cold clammy and phlegmatick humor and Fear convenient for none unless peradventure for such as are brought into manifest and extream danger of their life by some extraordinary sweat immoderate bleeding or the like unbrideled evacuatâ—on Wherefore it behoves a wise Chirurgeon to have a care lest he inconsiderately put any Patient committed to his charge into any of these passions unless there be some necessity thereof by reason of any of the fore-mentioned occasions CHAP. XIX Of things against Nature and first of the Cause of a Disease HAving intreated of things natural and not-natural What things against nature are What and how many the causes of diseases be The Primitive cause Internal antecedent now it remains we speak of things which are called against nature because they are such as are apt to weaken and corrupt the state of our body And they be three in number The Cause of a Disease a Disease and a Symptome The cause of a disease is an affect against nature which causes the disease Which is divided into Internal and External The External Original or Primitive comes from some other place and outwardly into the body such be meats of ill nourishment and such weapons as hostilely wound the body The Internal have their essence and seat in the body and are subdivided into antecedent and conjunct That is called an antecedent cause which as yet doth not actually make a disease but goes near to cause one so humors copiously flowing or ready to flow into any part are the antecedent cause of diseases The conjunct is that which actually causes the disease Internal conjunct and is so immediately joyned in affinity to the disease that the disease being present it is present and being absent it is absent Again of all such causes some are born together with us as the over-great quantity and malign quality of both the seeds and the menstruous blood from diseased Parents are causes of many diseases and specially of those which are called Hereditary Other happen to us after we be born by our diet and manner of life a stroke fall or such other like Those which be bred with us cannot be wholly avoided or amended but some of the other may be avoided as a stroke and fall some not as those which necessarily enter into our body as Air Meat Drink and the like But if any will reckon up amongst the internal inherent and inevitable causes the dayly The congenit or inevitable cause of death nay hourly dissipation of radical moisture which the natural heat continually preys upon I do not gainsay it no more than that division of Causes celebrated and received of Philosophers divided into Material Formal Efficient and Final for such a curious contemplation belongs not to a Chirurgeon whom I only intend plainly to instruct Wherefore that we have written may suffice him CHAP. XX. Of a Disease What a disease is and how various A Distemperature A Disease is an affect against Nature principally and by it self hurting and depraving the action of the part in which it resides The division of a Disease is threefold Distemperature ill Conformation and the Solution of Continuity Distemperature is a Disease of the similar parts dissenting and changed from their proper and native temper That digression from the native temper happens two ways either by a simple distemperature from the excess of one quality and this is fourfold Hot Cold Moist
Ventricles of the Heart where kept in by the density thereof they turn into yellowish moisture as we see it happens in an Alembeck The Consistence Nature would have the Pericardium of a dense and hard consistence that by the force thereof the Heart might be kept in better state for if the Pericardium had been bony it would have made the Heart like iron by the continual attrition on the contrary if it had been soft and fungous it would have made it spongy and soft like the Lungs CHAP. XI Of the Heart What the Heart is and of what substance THe Heart is the chief mansion of the Soul the organ of the vital faculty the beginning of life the fountain of the vital spirits and so consequently the continual nourisherer of the vital heat the first living and last dying which because it must have a natural motion of it self was made of a dense solid and more compact substance than any other part of the body The three sorts of fibers of the Heart The flesh thereof is woven with three sorts of fibers for it hath the right in the inner part descending from the basis into the point that they might dilate it and so draw the blood from the Hollow-vein into the receptacles thereof and the breath or air from the Lungs by the Arteria venosa it hath the transverse without which pass through the right at right angles to contract the Heart and so drive the vital spirits into the great Artery Aorta and the cholerick blood to the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa for their nourishment It hath the oblique in the midst to contain the air and blood drawn thither by the forementioned vessels until they be sufficiently elaborate by the Heart All these fibers do their parts by contracting themselves towards the original as the right from the point of the Heart towards the basis whereby it comes to pass that by this contraction of the fibers the Heart dilated becomes shorter but broader no otherwise than it is made more long and narrow by the contraction of the tranverse but by the drawing of the oblique it is lessened in that part which looks towards the Vertebra's which chiefly appears in the point thereof The Magnitude It is of an indifferent bigness but yet in some bigger in some less according to the diverse temper of cold or hot men as we noted in the Liver Figure The figure thereof is pyramidal that is it is broader in the basis and narrower at his round point Composition It is composed of the most dense flesh of all the body by the affusion of blood at the divisions and foldings of the vessels and there concrete as it happens also to the other entrails For the blood being there a little more dryed than that which is concrete for the making of the Liver turns into a fleshy substance more dense than the common flesh even as in hollow ulcers when they come to cicatrize The proper Vessels It hath the Coronal veins and arteries which it receives either on the right side from the Hollow vein or on the left from the basis at the entrance of the artery Aorta You cannot by your eye discern that the Heart hath any other nerves than those which come to it with the Pleura The Nerves Yet I have plainly enough observed others in certain Beasts which have great hearts as Swine they appeared seated under the fat which covers the vessels and basis of the Heart lest the humid substance of these parts should be dissolved and dissipated by the burning heat of the heart Whereby you may perceive that the heat of the Heart is different from the Elementary heat as that which suffers fat to grow about this entrail where otherwise it doth not concrete unless by cold or a remiss heat which thing is chiefly worth admiration The Heart is one alone situate most commonly upon the fourth vertebra of the Chest Number and site which is in the midst of the Chest Yet some think that it inclines somewhat to the left side because we there feel the motion or beating thereof but that happens by reason of its left ventricle which being it is filled with many spirits and the beginning of the Arteries it beats far more vehemently than the right It required that seat by the decree of Nature because that region is the most safe and armed besides it is here on every side covered as it were with the hands of the Lungs It hath connexion with the fore-mentioned Vertebra's but by the parts composing it Connexion with those parts from whence it hath them with the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa and lastly with all the parts of the body by the Arteries which it sends to them all It is of a hot and moist temper as every fleshy part is The action thereof is Temper and action first to prepare the blood in its right ventricle for the fit nourishment of the Lungs for from hence it is that Galen saith This right ventricle was made for the necessity of the Lungs Secondly to generate the vital spirits in its left ventricle for the use of the whole body What the vital spirit is But this spirit is nothing else than a certain middle substance between air and blood fit to preserve and carry the native heat wherefore it is named the Vital as being the author and preserver of life In the inner parts of the heart there present themselves to our consideration the ventricles and the parts contained in the ventricles and between them such are the Valvulae or Valves the Vessels and their mouths their distribution into the Lungs the wall or partition and the two productions or Ears of the Heart which because they are doubtful whether they may be reckoned amongst the external or internal parts of the heart I will here handle in the first place Therefore these Auriculae or Ears are of a soft and nervous substance The Auriculae Cordis or ears of the heart compact of three sorts of fibers that so by their softness they might the more easily follow the motions of the Heart and so break the violence of the matter entering the Heart with great force when it is dilated For otherwise by their violent and abundant entrance they might hurt the Heart and as it were overwhelm and suffocate it but they have that capacity which we see given by nature that so they might as it were keep in store the blood and air and then by little and little draw it forth for the use of the necessity of the Heart But if any enquire if such matters may be drawn into the Heart by the only force of the Diastole ad fugam vacui for avoiding of emptiness I will answer That that drawing in or attraction is caused by the heat of the Heart which continually draws these matters to it no otherwise than
ligaments cover the inner superficies but the gristles are placed without to resist the incursion of external injuries But we must note that by this communion of the inner coats of the Weazon and Gullet we reap this benefit in the commodiousness of the action that one of these parts being depressed the other is lifted up like a rope running in a wheel or pully For thus whilest the Gullet is deprest to swallow any thing the Weazon is lifted up and on the contrary when the Stomach rises up in vomitting The number and site the Weazon is deprest It is only one and that seated between the Larinx from which it takes its beginning and the Lungs in which it ends first dividing it self into two large branches The division of the Weazon through the Lobes of the Lungs the right and the left and besides each of these entring into the substance of the Lungs is again divided into two others to each of the Lobes one and to conclude these be subdivided into infinite others through the substance of the Lobes All these branches are gristlely even to the ends They are situate between the ends of the Arteria venosa and the Vena arteriosa that the entrance of the air into the Heart by the Arteria venosa might be speedier as also the passage out of the vapour by the Vena arteriosa Thus it hath connexion with these in the ends or utmost parts thereof but by the other parts compassing it with the members from whence it takes them The temperament thereof is cold and dry The action is to carry the air to The temper and action and vapours from the Lungs that by dilating but this by pressing the gristles together CHAP. XVIII Of the Gullet The substance THe OEsophagus or Gullet which is the passage of the meat and drink is of a middle substance between flesh and sinews because it consists of one nervous membrane and another fleshy The nervous is placed the innermost and is continued to the inner coat of the mouth even to the Lips whereby it comes to pass that the Lips tremble in diseases which are ready to be judged by a critical Vomitting and to the inner part of the Aspera Arteria Attractive force thereof it consists of right Fibers for the attraction of the meat which we see is sometimes so quick and forcible in hungry people that they have scarce time to chaw it before they find it to be pluckt down The composure as it were with a hand The fleshy Coat placed without is woven with transverse fibers to hasten the going of the meat into the Stomach and for expulsion in vomitting and breaking of wind These two Coats are continued with the two Coats of the Stomach and have the like site Besides the Gullet hath these parts composing it as a vein from the Gate and Hollow ascendent vein a nerve from the sixt Conjugation an Artery from that which creeps alongst the bottom of the Stomach with the Vena Gastrica or else from the Arteries ascending the hollow part thereof but also besides all these vessels it may have a third Coat from the Membrane investing the Ribs or Pleura The magnitude The Figure Site The magnitude of the Gullet is large enough yet some be bigger some less according to the variety of bodies The figure of it is round that so it might be more large to swallow meat and less subject to offence It is placed between the Back-bone and Weazon from the roots of the Tongue even to the Stomach But as it descends alongst the Back-bone when it comes to the fourth Vertebra of the Chest it turns to the right side to give way to the great Artery Aorta and the descendent Artery then it turns to the leftside to the Stomach or mouth of the Ventricle Nature hath fastened it to the Diaphragma with strong membranous ties lest that if it had lain upon the Artery it should have hindered the passage of the vital spirit to the lower parts It is only one and that tyed to the fore-mentioned parts both by its Vessels and Membranes It is of temper rather cold than hot as all those parts which are more nervous than fleshy are The Action thereof is to draw and carry down the meat Temper and action Why we cannot sup and blow at one time and to cast forth such things by vomit as trouble the Stomach Here you must note that whilest we swallow down the Gullet is drawn downwards and the Weazon upwards which is the cause that we cannot sup and blow swallow and breathe together at the same instant which we must think to happen by Gods singular Providence to whose Name be glory for everlasting Amen The End of the Fourth Book The Fifth BOOK Of the Animal parts contained in the HEAD CHAP. I. A General Description of the Head HAving hitherto declared two general parts of mans Body that is the Natural and Vital it is now fit to betake our selves to the last that is the Animal beginning with the Head Wherefore we will first define the Head then divide it into its parts thirdly describe each of these parts fourthly demonstrate them after the order they offer themselves to our sight in dissection The Head therefore is the seat of the senses the Palace and habitation of reason and wisdom What the head is Why seated in the highest place from whence as from a fountain infinite actions and commodities arise It is seated above the rest of the body that the Animal spirit from thence as from a Tower may govern and moderate the whole body and perform all actions according to the prescript of nature By the Head we understand all that which is contained from the Crown of the head to the first vertebra of the neck The best figure of the head is round lightly flatted on each side The figure extuberating something to the fore and hind-part thereof For from hence is taken an argument of the goodness of the senses on the contrary those which are exactly round or acuminate and sharp towards the top are not thought good The Head is divided into the face forehead temples the forepart the crown The division thereof and hind-part By the Face we understand whatsoever is contained between the Eye-brows and the lower part of the chin By the Forehead all the space from the eye-brows even to the Coronal Suture By the Temples whatsoever is hollowed from the lesser corner of the ey even to the ears By the Forepart of the Head whatsoever runs in length from the top of the forehead or the Coronal Suture even to the Suture Lambdoides and on each side to the Ossa petrosa the stony Bones or scaly Sutures By the Crown we signifie a certain point exquisitely in the midst of the Sagittal Suture which is sufficiently known By the Occiput or hind-part of the head that which is terminated by the Suture Lambdoides
Cervical veins and arteries enter in CHAP. XI Of the perforations of the External Basis of the Brain THere is a hole on each side at the Eye-brows by which passes a small nerve from the third conjugation coming out of the cavity of the Orb of the Eye and going by the forehead bone to the Eye-brows that it may give motion to the two muscles of the upper Eye-brow and fore-head Yet oftentimes the hole is but to be seen on one side oft-times there is a cleft in stead thereof other-whiles it is not perforated nor cleft at all The second is the perforation of the greater corner of the Eye by which a portion of the nerves of the third conjugation descends to the coat of the nose in this hole the Glandula Lachrymalis is seated The third is seated under the Eye that it may give way to the other portion of the nerves of the third conjugation going to the part of the face and the teeth of the upper Jaw The fourth is at the beginning of the Palat amongst the cutting or shearing-teeth through which a vein an artery and the coat of the Palat passes out In the fifth order are reckoned the perforations of the Palat by which the nerves descend from the fourth conjugation to give or cause the taste In the sixt order are ranked the holes of the Palat serving for the respiration and the flegm falling from the Brain by the Nostrils And there is a cleft under the yoke-bone ascending into the Orb of the Eye by which there is a way as well for the nerves of the third conjugation to the temporal muscles as also for certain veins and arteries But also there is noted another hole at the mamillary process which is not perforated in the judgment of the sense Besides there is thought to be another at the hind root of the same process by which a certain small vein passes from the Jugular to the Torcular But I have only noted these three passages by the way because there is so much variety in them that nothing can be certainly said of them CHAP. XII Of the Spinal Marrow or Pith of the Back What the Spinal Marrow is THe Spinal Marrow is like a River running from the fountain of the Brain This sends nerves for sense and motion to all the neigbouring parts under the head spreading its branches as from the body of a tree These branches as we shall hereafter shew are on each side thirty The coats of the Spinal Marrow This same Spinal Marrow is covered with the two membranes investing the Brain distinguished by no distance of place as in the Brain But also it hath another membrane added to these being very hard and dense which keeps it from being broken and violated by the violent bending of the body forwards and about The diseases of this marrow do almost cause the like Symptoms as the diseases of the Brain For they hurt the sense and motion of all the parts lying beneath them as for example If any of the vertebra's of the back-bone The diseases from the hurting of the spinal marrow be moved out of their place there follows a distortion or wresting aside of the Marrow but then especially if it happen that one of the vertebra's be strained so sharp and bitter a compression urges the marrow by reason of the bony body of the vertebra that it will either rend it or certainly hinder the passage of the spirit by it But by these same holes of the vertebra's the veins and arteries go to the spinal marrow for to give life and nourishment to it as the nerves by them pass forth into all the lower parts of the body Figure 1. sheweth the form of the spinal marrow properly so called with its membranes and the nerves proceeding from it Figure 2. the spinal marrow naked and bare together with its nerves as most part of Anatomists have described it The tenth Figure of the Spinal Marrow A The beginning of the spinal marrow where it fals out of the skull B the thickness thereof in the spondels or rack-bones of the loins C the division thereof into strings or hairy threds D the seven nerves of the neck From D. to E. or from 7. to 19. shew the nerves of the back From E. to F. the nerves of the loins From F. to G. the nerves of the Os sacrum or holy-bone H the end of the marrow IKL do shew how the nerves do issue from the marrow in strings MM the knots of the sinews made of the conjunction of those strings N O the membranes that invest the marrow Figure 2. A the beginning of the spinal marrow in the skull 3 4 5 6 7 these Characters shew according to Vesalius opinion how the conjugations of the nerves of the Brain do take their original skull from the marrow remaining yet without the B the egress of the spinal marrow out of the skull C the cords or strings whereinto it is divided D 7 the marrow of the neck and seven pair of sinews E 19 twelve pair or conjugations of nerves proceeding from the marrow of the Chest F 24 the marrow of the loins and 5 pair of sinews G 30 the marrow of the Holy-bone and 6 pair of sinews H the extremity or end of the spinal marrow The End of the Fifth Book The Sixth BOOK Treating of the MVSCLES and BONES and the other Extreme parts of the BODY The PREFACE PEradventure some may wonder that I have ended my Fifth Book of Anatomy before I have fully described all the parts of the Head the which seemed as it were only appointed for that purpose Therefore I must yeeld a reason of this my intention I have a desire in one Treatise and as it were at one breath to prosecute the Anatomy of the Muscles The description of the bones being unknown it must necessarily follow that the original and insertion of the Muscles must be so also Wherefore because the parts of the Head not yet described principally consist of the Muscles therefore I desired to comprehend them together with this same description of the extreme parts of the Body beginning at the upper part of the Face to wit the Eyes but having first described the bones of the face without the knowledg of which it is impossible to shew the original and insertion of the Muscles We have formerly noted that by the Face is meant whatsoever lyes from the Eye-brows even to the Chin. In which there is such admirable industry of Nature that of the infinite multitude of men you cannot find two so like but that they may be distinguished by some unlikeness in their faces also it hath adorned this part with such exquisite beauty that many have dyed by longing to enjoy the beauty desired by them The endowments of the Face This same face albeit it little exceeds half a foot yet it indicates and plainly intimates by the sodain changes thereof what affections and
spirits flow from the Brain as from a fountain which is also exhausted The horny-coat at his original that is in the parts next the Iris seemeth to be very nigh the Crystalline humor because all the coats in that place mutually cohere as touching one another but as it runs further out to the Pupilla so it is further distant from the Crystalline Which you may easily perceive by Anatomical dissection In what place Catarrhact or a Suffusion breeds and the operation of touching or taking away a Catarrhact for whereas a Catarrhact is seated between the horny-coat and Crystalline humor the needle thrust in is carryed about upwards downwards and on every side through a large and free space neither touching the horny-coat nor Crystalline humour by reason these bodies are severed by a good distance filled with spirit and a thin humour The use of it is that it may be like a Looking-glass to the faculty of Seeing carryed thither with the visive spirit 3 Vitreus seu Albugineus that is Glassie or like the white of an Egg. The third and last humor is the Vitreus the Glassie or rather Albugineous humor called so because it is like molten Glass or the white of an Egg. It is seated in the hind-part of the Crystalline humor that so it may in some sort break the violence of the spirit flowing from the Brain into the Crystalline humor no otherwise than the watry humor is placed on the fore-side of the Crystalline to hinder the violence of the light and colours entring that way This Glassie humor is nourished by the Net-like coat The veins of the Eye We have formerly spoken sufficiently of the Nerves of the Eye Wherefore it remains that we speak of the veins Some of these are internal carryed thither with the coats of the vessels of the Brain other some externall stretched over the external parts of the Eye as the Muscles and coat Adnata VVhat veins may be opened in what inflammations of the Eyes and by these veins inflammations and redness often happen in the external parts of the Eye for which the Vena pupis must be opened and Cupping-glasses and Horns must be applyed to the nape of the neck and shoulders as in the internal inflammations of the Eye the Cephalick-vein must be opened to avert and evacuate the morbifick humor CHAP. VII Of the Nose THe Nose is called in Greek Ris because the excrements of the Brain flow forth by this passages thou maist understand it hath divers substance by composition The quantity figure and site are sufficiently known to all But it is composed of the skin and muscles bones The Gristles of the Nose gristles a membrane or coat-nerves veins and arteries The skin and bones both contained and containing have formerly been explained as also the nerves veins and arteries The gristles of the Nose are six in number the first is double separating both the nostrils in the top of the Nose extended even to the bone Ethmoides The second lyes under the former The third and fourth are continued to the two outward bones of the Nose The fifth and sixth being very slender and descending on both sides of the Nose make the wings or moveable parts thereof Therefore the use of these gristles is that the Nose moveable about the end thereof should be less obnoxious to external injuries as fractures and bruises and besides more fit for drawing the air in and expelling it forth in breathing For Nature for this purpose hath bestowed four muscles upon the Nose on each side two one within and another without The muscles thereof The External taketh its original from the cheek and descending obliquely from thence and after some sort annexed to that which opens the upper lip is terminated into the wing of the Nose which it dilates The internal going on the inner side from the Jaw-bone ends at the beginning of the gristles that make the wings that so it may contract them The coat which inwardly invests the Nostrils and their passages is produced by the sive-like bones from the Crassa meninx as the inner coat of the Palat Throttle Weazon Gullet and inner Ventricle that it is no marvail if the affects of such parts be quickly communicated with the Brain This same coat on each side receives a portion of a nerve from the third conjugation through the hole which descends to the Nose by the great corner of the Eye The temper action and use The Nose in all the parts thereof is of a cold and dry temper The Action and profit thereof is to carry the air and oft-times smells to the mamillary processes and from thence to the four Ventricles of the Brain for the reasons formerly shewed But because the mamillary processes being the passages of the air and smels are double and for that one of these may be obstructed without the other therefore Nature hath also distinguished the passage of the Nose with a gristly partition put between that when the one is obstructed the air by the other may enter into the Brain for the generation and preservation of the animal spirit The two holes of the Nose at the first ascend upwards and then downwards into the mouth by a crooked passage lest the cold air or dust VVhy the nose was parted in two should be carryed into the Lungs But the Nose was parted into two passages as we see not only for the forementioned cause but also for helping the respiration and vindicating the smell from external injuries and lastly for the ornament of the face CHAP. VIII Of the Muscles of the Face NOw we must describe the Muscles of the Face pertaining as well to the lips as to the lower Jaw These are 18. in number on each side nine that is four of the lips Their number two of the upper and as many of the lower But there belong five to the lower jaw The first of the upper lip being the longer and narrower arising from the yoke-bone descends by the corner of the mouth to the lower lip that so it may bring it to the upper lip and by that means shut the mouth The other being shorter and broader passing forth of the hollowness of the cheek or upper jaw by which a portion of the nerves of the third conjugation descends to these two muscles and other parts of the face ends in the upper part of the same upper lip which it composes together with the fleshy pannicle and skin and it opens it by turning up the exterior fibers towards the Nose and shuts it by drawing the internal inwards towards the Teeth The first of the lower lip being the longer and slenderer entring out of that region which is between the external perforation of the upper jaw through which on the inner part of the same a nerve passeth forth to the same Muscles and the Muscle Masseter of which hereafter then ascending upwards by the corner of the mouth it ends in
he open not the Scrophulae A note to be observed in opening Scrophulous tumors Natural heat the cause of suppuration before that all the contained humor be fully and perfectly turned into pus or matter otherwise the residue of the humor will remain crude and will scarse in a long time be brought to maturation which precept must be principally observed in the Scrophulae also sometimes in other abscesses which come to suppuration For we must not assoon as any portion of the contained humors appear converted into pus procure and hasten the apertion For that portion of the suppurated humor causes the rest sooner to turn into pus which you may observe in inanimate bodies For fruits which begin to perish and rot unless we presently cut away the putrefying part the residue quickly becomes rotten there is also another reason The native heat is the efficient cause of suppuration it therefore the sore being opened diminished and weakned by reason of the dissipation of the spirits evacuated together with the humor will cause the remaining portion of the humor not to suppurate or that very hardly and with much difficulty Yet if the tumefied part be subject by its own nature to corruption and putrefaction as the fundament if the contained matter be malign or critical it will be far better to hasten the apertion The Chirurgical manner of curing Scrophulae There is also another way of curing the Scrophulae which is performed by the hand For such as are in the neck and have no deep roots by making Incision through the skin are pulled and cut away from those parts with which they were intangled But in the performance of this work we take especial care that we do not violate or hurt with our Instrument the Jugular Veins the Sleepy Arteries or Recurrent Nerves If at any time there be danger of any great efflux of bloud after they are plucked from the skin they must be tyed at their roots by thrusting through a needle and thred and then by binding the thred strait on both sides that so bound they may fall off by themselves by little and little without any danger The remainder of the cure may be performed according to the common rules of Art CHAP. XXIII Of the Feaver which happens upon an oedematous Tumor How an intermitting Quotidian happens upon oedematous tumor The cause of a Quotidian Feaver HAving shewed all the differences of oedematous tumors it remains that we briefly treat of the Symptomatical Feaver which is sometimes seen to happen upon them This therefore retaining the motion of the humor by which it is made is commonly of that kind which they name intermitting Quotidians Now the fit of a Quotidian comes every day and in that repetition continues the space of eighteen hours the residue of the day it hath manifest intermission The primitive causes of this Feaver are the coldness and humidity of the air encompassing us the long use of cold meats and drinks and of all such things as are easily corrupted as Summer-fruits crude fishes and lastly the omission of our accustomed exercise The antecedent causes are a great repletion of humors and these especially phlegmatick The conjunct cause is phlegm putrefying in the habit of the body and first region thereof without the great veins The Signs The signs of this Feaver are drawn from three things as first natural for this Feaver or Ague chiefly seizes upon those which are of a cold and moist temper as Old-men Women Children Eunuchs because they have abundance of phlegm and it invades Old-men by its own nature because their native heat being weak they cannot convert their meats then taken in a small quantity How children come to be subject to Quotidian Feavers into laudable bloud and the substance of the parts But it takes children by accident not of its self and their own nature for children are hot and moist but by reason of their voracity or greediness and their violent inordinate and continual motion after their plentiful feeding they heap up a great quantity of crude humors fit matter for this Feaver whereby it comes to pass that fat children are chiefly troubled with this kind of Feaver because they have the passages of their bodies strait and stopped or because they are subject to Worms they are troubled with pain by corruption of their meat whence ariseth a hot distemper by putrefaction and the elevation of putrid vapors by which the heart being molested is easily taken by this kind of feaver From things not natural the signs of this feaver are thus drawn It chiefly takes one in Winter and the Spring in a cold and moist region in a sedentary and idle life by the use of meats not only cold and moist but also hot and dry if they be devoured in such plenty that they overwhelm the native heat How phlegmatick humors happen to be generated by hot and dry meats For thus Wine although it be by faculty and nature hot and dry yet taken too immoderately it accumulates phlegmatick humors and causes cold diseases Therefore drunkenness gluttony crudity bathes and exercises presently after meat being they draw the meats as yet crude into the body and veins and to conclude all things causing much phlegm in us may beget a Quotidian Feaver But by things contrary to nature because this Feaver usually follows cold diseases the Center Circumference and habit of the body being refrigerated The Symptoms of Quotidians The symptoms of this Feaver are the pain of the mouth of the Stomach because that phlegm is commonly heaped up in this place whence follows a vomiting or casting up of phlegm the face looks pale and the mouth is without any thirst oftentimes in the fit it self because the Stomach flowing with phlegm the watery and thinner portion thereof continually flows up into mouth and tongue by the continuity of the inner coat of the ventricle common to the gullet and mouth The manner of the pulse and heat in a Quotidian It takes one with coldness of the extream parts a small and deep pulse which notwithstanding in the vigour of the fit becomes more strong great full and quick Just after the same manner as the heat of this Feaver at the first touch appears mild gentle moist and vaporous but at the length it is felt more acrid no otherwise than fire kindled in green wood which is small weak and smokie at the first but at the length when the moisture being overcome doth no more hinder its action it burns and flames freely Critical sweats The Urin. The Patients are freed from their fits with small sweats which at the first fits break forth very sparingly but more plentifully when the Crisis is at hand the urin at the first is pale and thick and sometimes thin that is when there is obstruction But when the matter is concoct as in the state it is red if at the beginning of the fit they
two ounces of Aqua vitae also sometimes by two or three grains of Musk dissolved in Muskadine given at the beginning of a particular fit towards the general declination of the disease after general purgations the humor and body being prepared and the powers strong And certainly an inveterate Quartain can scarse ever be discussed unless the body be much heated with meats and medicines Therefore it is not altogether to be disproved which many say that they have driven away a quartain by taken a draught of Wine every day assoon as they came forth of their beds in which some leaves of Sage had been infused all the night Also it is good a little before the fit to anoint all the Spine of the back with Oyls heating all the nervous parts such as are the Oyl of Rue Walnuts of the Peppers mixing therewith a little Aqua vitae but for this purpose the Oyl of Castoreum which hath been boyled in an Apple of Coloquintida the Kernels taken out upon hot coles to the Consumption of the half part mixing therewith some little quantity of the Powders of Pepper Pellitory of Spain and Euphorbium is excellent Certainly such like Inunctions are good not only to mitigate the vehemency of the terrible shaking but also to provoke sweats for because by their humid heat they discuss this humor being dull and rebellious to the expulsive faculty for the Melancholy is as it were the dross and mud of the bloud Therefore if on the contrary the Quartain Feaver shall be caused by adult choler What quartains must be cured with refrigerating things we must hope for and expect a cure by refrigerating and humective medicins such as Sorrel Lettuce Purslane broths of the decoction of Cowcumbers Gourds Mellons and Pompions For in this case if any use hot medicines he shall make this humor most obstinate by the resolving of the subtiler parts Thus Trallianus boasts that he hath cured these kinds of Quartain Feaver by the only use of refrigerating Epithemaes being often repeated a little before the beginning of the fit And this is the sum of the Cure of true and legitimate intermitting Feavers That is What bastard Agues are and how they must be cured of those which are caused by one simple humor whereby the Cure of those which they call Bastard intermitting Feavers may be easily gathered and understood as which are bred by a humor impure and not of one kind but mixt or composed by admixture of some other matter for example according to the mixture of divers humors Phlegmatick and Cholerick the Medicins must also be mixt as if it were a confused kind of Feaver of a Quotidian and Tertian it must be cured by a medicin composed of things evacuating flegm and choler CHAP. XXXII Of an Aneurisma that is the dilatation or springing of an Artery Vein or Sinew AN Aneurisma is a soft tumor yielding to the touch What it is made by the bloud and spirit poured forth under the flesh and Muscles by the dilatation or relaxation of an Artery Yet the Author of the definitions seems to call any dilatation of any veinous vessel by the name or an Aneurisma Galen calls an Aneurisma An opening made of the Anatomists of an Artery Also an Aneurisma is made when an Artery that is wounded closeth too slowly the substance which is above it being in the mean time agglutinated filled with flesh and cicatrized which doth not seldom happen in opening of Arteries unskilfully performed and negligently cured therefore Aneurisma's are absolutely made by the Anastomôsis In what parts they chiefly happen springing breaking Erosion and wounding of the Arteries These happen in all parts of the body but more frequently in the Throat especially in women after a painful travail For when as they more strongly strive to hold their breath for the more powerful expulsion of the birth it happens that the Artery is dilated and broken whence follows an effusion of bloud and spirits under the skin The signs are a swelling one while great another small with a pulsation and a colour not varying from the native constitution of the skin It is a soft tumor and so yielding to the impression of the fingers that if it paradventure be small it wholly vanisheth the Arterious bloud and spirits flying back into the body of the Artery but presently assoon as you take your fingers away they return again with like celerity Some Aneurismaes do not only when they are pressed but also of themselves make a sensible hissing if you lay your ear near to them by reason of the motion of the vital spirit rushing with great violence through the straitness of the passage Prognostick Wherefore in Aneurismaes in which there is a great rupture of the Artery such a noise is not heard because the spirit is carryed through a larger passage Great Aneurismaes under the Arm-pits in the Groins and other parts wherein there are large vessels admit no cure because so great an eruption of bloud and spirit often follows upon such an Incision that death prevents both Art and Cure A History Which I observed a few years ago in a certain Priest of Saint Andrews of the Arches Mr. John Maillet dwelling with a chief President Christopher de Thou Who having an Aneurisma at the setting on of the shoulder about the bigness of a Wall-nut Aneurismaes must not rashly be opened I charged him he should not let it be opened for if he did it would bring him into manifest danger of his life and that it would be more safe for him to break the violence thereof with double clothes steeped in the juyce of Night-shade and Housleek with new and wheyey cheese mixt therewith Or with Unguentum de Bolo or Emplastrum contra rupturam and such other refrigerating and astringent medicines if he would lay upon it a thin plate of Lead and would use shorter breeches that his doublet might serve to hold it too to which he might fasten his breeches in stead of a swathe and in the mean time he should eschew all things which attenuate and inflame the bloud but especially he should keep himself from all great straining of his voyce Although he had used his dyet for a year yet he could not so handle the matter but that the tumor increased which he observing goes to a Barber who supposing the tumor to be of the kind of vulgar Impostumes applyes to it in the Evening a Caustick causing an Eschar so to open it In the Morning such an abundance of bloud flowed forth from the tumor being opened that he therewith astonished implores all possible aid and bids that I should be called to stay this his great bleeding and he repented that he had not followed my direction Wherefore I was called but when I was scarse over the threshold How they must be cured he gave up his ghost with his bloud Wherefore I diligently admonish the Chirurgeon that he do not rashly
open Aneurismaes unless they be smal in an ignoble part not indued with large vessels but rather let him perform the cure after this manner Cut the skin which lies over it until the Artery appear and then separate it with your knife from the particles about it then thrust a blunt and crooked needle with a thred in it under it bind it then cut it off and so expect the falling off of the thread of it self whiles Nature covers the orifices of the cut Artery with the new flesh then the residue of the cure may be performed after the manner of simple wounds Those of the inward parts incurable The Aneurismaes which happen in the internal parts are incurable Such as frequently happen to those who have often had the unction and sweat for the cure of the French disease because being so attenuated and heated therewith that it cannot be contained in the receptacles of the Artery it distends it to that largeness as to hold a man's Fist Which I have observed in the dead body of a certain Taylor who by an Aneurisma of the Arterious vein suddenly whilst he was playing at Tennis fell down dead A History and vessel being broken his body being opened I found a great quantity of bloud poured forth into the capacity of the Chest but the body of the Artery was dilated to that largness I formerly mentioned and the inner coat thereof was boney For which cause within a while after I shewed it to the great admiration of the beholders in the Physitians School whilest I publiquely dissected a body there whilst he lived he said he felt a beating and a great heat over all his body the force of the pulsation of all the Arteries by the occasion whereof he often swounded Doctor Sylvius the Kings Professor of Physick at that time forbad him the use of Wine and wished him to use boyled water for his drink and Curds and new Cheeses for his meat and to apply them in form of Cataplasms upon the grieved and swoln part At night he used a Ptisan of Barly meal and Poppy-seeds and was purged now and then with a Clyster of refrigerating and emollient things or with Cassia alone by which medicines he said he found himself much better The cause of such a bony constitution of the Arteries by Aneurismaes is for that the hot and fervid bloud first dilates the Coats of an Artery then breaks them which when it happens it then borrows from the neighbouring bodies a fit matter to restore the loosed continuity thereof This matter whilest by little and little it is dryed and hardened it degenerates into a gristly or else a bony substance just by the force of the same material and efficient causes by which stones are generated in the reins and bladder For the more terrestrial portion of the bloud is dryed and condensed by the power of the unnatural heat contained in the part affected with an Aneurisma whereby it comes to pass that the substance added to the dilated and broken Artery is turned into a body of a bony consistence In which the singular providence of Nature the Hand-maid of God is shewed as that which as it were by making and opposing a new wall or bank would hinder and break the violence of the raging bloud swelling wich the abundance of the vital spirits unless any had rather to refer the cause of that hardness to the continual application of refrigerating and astringent medicines Which have power to condensate and harden Lib 4. cap. ult de praesaex pulsu A Caution in the knowing Aneurismaes as may not obscurely be gathered by the writings of Galen But beware you be not deceived by the fore-mentioned signs for sometimes in large Aneurismaes you can perceive no pulsation neither can you force the bloud into the Artery by the pressure of your fingers either because the quantity of such bloud is greater than which can be contained in the Ancient receptacles of the Artery or because it is condensate and concrete into clods whereupon wanting the benefit of ventilation from the heart it presently putrefies Thence ensue great pain a Gangrene and mortification of the part and lastly the death of the Creature The End of the Seventh Book The Eighth BOOK Of Particular TVMORS against NATVRE The Preface BEcause the Cure of Diseases must be varyed according to the variety of the temper not only of the body in general but also of each part thereof the strength figure form site and sense thereof being taken into consideration I think it worth my pains having already spoken of Tumors in general if I shall treat of them in particular which affect each part of the body beginning with those which assail the head Therefore the Tumor either affects the whole head or else only some particle thereof as the Eyes Ears Nose Gums and the like Let the Hydrocephalos and Physocephalos be examples of those tumors which possess the whole head CHAP. I. Of an Hydrocephalos or watry tumor which commonly affects the heads of Infants THe Greeks call this Disease Hydrocephalos as it were a Dropsie of the Head What it is The causes by a waterish humor being a disease almost peculiar to Infants newly born It hath for an external cause the violent compression of the head by the hand of the Midwife or otherwise at the birth or by a fall contusion and the like For hence comes a breaking of a vein or artery an effusion of the bloud under the skin Which by corruption becoming whayish lastly degenerateth into a certain waterish humor It hath also an inward cause which is the abundance of serous and acrid bloud which by its tenuity and heat sweats through the pores of the vessels sometimes between the Musculous skin of the head and the Pericranium sometimes between the Pericranium and the skull and sometimes between the skull and membrane called Dura mater Differences by reason of place and otherwhiles in the ventricles of the Brain The signs of it contained in the space between the Musculous skin and the Pericranium Signs are a manifest tumor without pain soft and much yielding to the pressure of the fingers The Signs when it remaineth between the Pericranium and the skull are for the most part like the fore-named unless it be that the Tumor is a little harder and not so yielding to the finger by reason of the parts between it and the finger And also there is somewhat more sense of pain But when it is in the space between the skull and Dura-mater or in the ventricles of the Brain or of the whole substance thereof there is a dulness of the senses as of the sight and hearing the tumor doth not yield to the touch unless you use strong impression for then it sinketh somewhat down especially in Infants newly born who have their skuls almost as soft as wax and the junctures of their Sutures lax both by nature as also
of the Peritonaeum being made more strait by reason of the future for the rest the wound shall be cured according to Art But before you undertake this work consider diligently whether the strength of the Patient be sufficient neither attempt any thing before you have foretold and declared the danger to the Patient's friends CHAP. XVI Of the Golden Ligature or the Punctus Aureus as they call it IF the Rupture will not be cured by all these means by reason of the great solution of the continuity of the relax'd or broken Peritonaeum and the Patient by the consent of his friends there present is ready to undergo the danger in hope of recovery the cure shall be attempted by that which they call the Punctus aureus or Golden tie For which purpose a Chirurgeon which hath a skilful and sure hand is to be imployed He shall make an Incision about the Share-bone into which he shall thrust a Probe like to the Cane a little before described and thrust it long-ways under the Process of the Peritonaeum and by lifting it up separate it from the adjoyning fibrous and nervous bodies to which it adheres then presently draw aside the spermatick vessels with the Cremaster or hanging muscle of the testicle which being done he shall draw aside the process it self alone by it self And he shall take as much thereof as is too lax with small and gentle mullets perforated in the midst and shall with a Needle having five or six threds thrust it through as near as he can to the spermatick vessels and Cremaster muscles But the Needle also must be drawn again in to the midst of the remnant of the process taking up with it the lips of the wound then the thred must be tyed on a strait knot and so much thereof must be left after the Section as may be sufficient to hang out of the wound This thread will of it self be dissolved by little and little by putrefaction neither must it be drawn out before that nature shall regenerate and restore flesh into the place of the ligature otherwise all our labour shall be spent in vain And lastly let the wound be cleansed filled with flesh and cicatrized whose callous hardness may withstand the falling of the gut or kall Another manner thereof There are some Chirurgeons who would perform this golden ligature after another manner They cut the skin above the share-bone where the falling down commonly is even to the process of the Peritonaeum and they wrap once or twice about it being uncovered a small golden wire and only straiten the passage as much as may suffice to amend the loosness of this process leaving the spermatick vessels at liberty then they twist the ends of the wire twice or thrice with small mullets and cut off the remnant thereof that which remains after the cutting they turn in lest with the sharpness they should prick the flesh growing upon it Then leaving the golden wire there they cure the wound like to other simple wounds and they keep the Patient some fifteen or twenty dayes in his Bed with his Knees something higher and his head something lower Many are healed by this means others have fallen again into the disease by reason of the ill twisting of the wire A Shews a crooked Needle having an eye not far from the point through which you may put the golden wire B B The golden wire put through the Eye of the Needle C The Mullets or Pincers to cut away the wast or superfluous ends of the wire D The spring of the mullets E The mullets to twist the ends of the wire together The third manner thereof There is also another manner of this golden tie which I judg more quick and safe even for that there is no external body left in that part after the cure Wherefore they wrap a leaden wire in stead of the golden which comes but once about the process of the Peritonaeum then twine it as much as need requires that is not too loosly lest it should leave way for the falling down of the Body neither too straitly lest a Gangrene should come by hindering the passage of the spirits and nourishment The ends thereof are suffered to hang out when in the process of time this contraction of the Peritonaeum seems callous then the wire is untwisted and gently drawn out And the rest of the cure performed according to Art But let not the Chirurgeon thrust himself upon his work rashly A thing to be noted without the advice of the Physitian for it divers times comes to pass that the Testicles are not as yet fallen down into the Cod by the two great sluggishness of Nature in some of a pretty growth but remains long in the groins causing a tumor with pain which thing may make a good Chirurgeon believe that it is an Enterocele Therefore whilst he labours by repelling medicines trusses to force back this tumor he encreaseth the pain and hinders the falling down of the testicles into the Cod. I observed this not long ago in a Boy A History which an unskilful Chirurgeon had long and grievously troubled as if he had had a rupture for when I had observed that there was but one Stone in the Cod and knew the Boy was never gelt I bid them cast away the Plaisters and Trusses and wisht his Parents that they should suffer him to run and leap that so the idling Stone might be drawn into the Cod which thing by little and little and without pain had the event as I fore-told That the reason of this affect may be understood we must know a man differs from a woman only in efficacy of heat but it is the nature of strong heat to drive forth as of cold to keep in Hence it is that the Stones in men hang forth in the Cod but in women they lie hid in the lower Belly Therefore it happens that in some males more cold by nature the Testicles are shut up some certain time until at length they are forc't down in the Cod by youthful heat But that we may return to our former Treatise of the Cod although that way of Curing Ruptures wants not pain danger yet it is safer than that which is performed by Gelding which by the cruelty thereof exposes to the to Patient manifest danger of death For the Gelders whilst they fear lest when the cure is finished the relaxation may remain pull with violence the process of the Peritonaeum from the parts to which it adheres together with it a nerve of the sixth conjugation which runs to the Stones they offer the same violence to the spermatick vessels by which things ensue great pain convulsion efflux of bloud inflammation putrefaction and lastly death as I have observed in many whom I have dissected having died a few dayes after their gelding Although some escape these dangers yet they are deprived of the faculty of
℞ Terebinth venetae ℥ vj. gummi elemi ℥ ij pulveris boli armeni sandrac Mastiches Myrrhae Aloes an ʒ ss incorporentur simul fiat medicamentum The wound was agglutinated within a few days A small hole remaining after the cure of great wounds but that there remained a certain little hole at the joyning of the lower jaw with the upper wherein you could scarse put the head of the pin out whereof nevertheless much serous and thin moisture flowed especially when he either eat or spake which I have also observed in many others But for staying of this waterish humidity I dropped Aqua fortis into the bottom of the ulcer and divers times put therein a little of the powder of burnt Vitriol Thus by Gods grace he recovered and became whole CHAP. XXVI Of the Wounds of the Nose How many wayes the nose may be hurt THe Nose many wayes suffers solution of continuity as by a wound fracture and contusion and it is sometimes battered and broken on the upper part which when it happens you shall restore the deprest Bones to their native seat and figure with the end of a Spatula or fit stick wrapped about with Tow Cotton or a linnen rag Then with pledgets dipped in an astringent medicine composed ex albumine ovi The cure of a broken nose Mastich bol armen sanguin drac alumine usto and applyed to the side of the Nose he shall labour to strengthen the restored Bones and then bind them with a convenient ligature which may not press them too much lest the nose should become flat as it happens too many through the unskifulness of Chirurgeons The uses of pipes in broken noses Then must you put little pipes into the nostrils The Figure of Pipes to be put into the Nostrils and these not exactly round but somewhat flat and deprest tyed to the night-cap on each side with a thred lest they should fall out By the help of these pipes the bones of the nose will be kept in their place and there will be passage forth for the matter and for inspiration and exspiration But if all the Nose or some portion thereof shall be wholly cut off we must not hope to restore it But if the Nose be so cut that as yet it adheres to much of the adjacent flesh from whence it may receive life and nourishment the sow it up For the lower part of the Nose it may be shaken deprest and wrested aside seeing it is gristly but it cannot be broken as the other which is of a bony nature CHAP. XXVII Of the Wounds of the Tongue How many ways the continuity of the the tongue may be loosed THe Tongue may be so wounded that either it may be wholly cut off and deprived of some portion of the substance or only slit long-ways or athwart The loss of the substance cannot be repaired because every part separated and pluckt from the living body from whence it had life spirit and bloud presently dyes For as Philosophers say à privatione ad habitum non est regressus But when it is cut or slit long-wayes or side-wayes it is easily restored by suture if so be that the cloven part yet adhere to the living body from whence it may draw both matter and form of life The cure of a cloven tongue Therefore a careful servant shall straitly hold with a soft and clean linnen cloth the body of the Tongue lest it should slip away by reason of its slipperiness whilst the Chirurgeon stitch it above and below when he thinks he hath sufficiently sowed it let him cut off the thred as neer to the knot as he can lest being left too long it might be tangled with the teeth as he eats and so cause a hurtful laceration or rending of the sowed parts In the mean time let the Patient eat Barley-Creams Almond-Milks Gellyes Cullisses and Broths and the yolks of Egges and let him often hold in his mouth Sugar of Roses and Syrup of Quinces for such things besides their nourishing faculty perform the part of an agglutinating and detergent medicine I have learned these things I have here set down neither from my Masters whom I have heard with attention nor by reading of Books but they have been such as I have tryed with happy success in many as in the son of Monsieur de Marigny President of the Inquisition in John Piet a Carpenter dwelling in the Suburbs of Saint German A History Nature oft doth strange things in the cures of diseases But most apparently in a child of three years old the son of the great Lawyer Monsieur Covet who fell with his chin upon a stone and so cut off a large piece of the end of his tongue which chanced to be between his teeth it hung but at a very small fiber of flesh so that I had very little or no hope to agglutinate and unite it which thing almost made me to pluck it quite away yet I changed that determination by considering the loss of the most noble action of speaking which would thereupon ensue and weighing the providence of Nature often working wonders and such things as exceed the expectation of the Physitian in curing diseases I also thought thus with my self the flesh of the Tongue is soft loose fungous and spongy neither is altogether spungy neither is altogether obvious to the external injuries of the air wherefore after that I had once or twice thrust through the Needle and Thred upwards and downwards and for the rest ordered the child to be used and dieted after the manner I lately mentioned he grew well within a short time and yet remain◠so speaking well and distinctly CHAP. XXVIII Of the Wounds of the Ears THe Ears are sometimes wholly cut off sometimes but in part How many ways the unity of ears may be violated otherwhiles they are only slit so that the rent portion as yet adhering to the rest is joyned with it in communion of life In this last case it is fit to use a suture but yet so that you touch not the gristle with your Needle for thence there would be danger of a Gangrene which happens to many by foolish curing therefore you shall take up and comprehend with your needle only the skin and that little flesh which encompasses the gristle How to sow a wounded Ear. You shall perform the rest of the cure with pledgets and ligatures artificially fitted and shall resist inflammation and other symptoms with fit medicines But you must take special care that no superfluous flesh grow in the auditory passage which may hinder the hearing wherefore you shall keep that passage free by stopping it with a piece of Spunge But you shall procure agglutination and consolidation of the gristly part and therefore next to a bone most dry with dry medicines But those who have their Ears quite cut off can do nothing but hide the deformity of their mis-hap
Of the differences causes signs and cure of an Hective Feaver A Hective Feaver is so called either for that it is stubborn and hard to cure and loose The reason of the name as things which have contracted a habit for Hexis in Greek signifies a habit or else for that it seises upon the solid parts of our bodies called by the Greeks Hexeis both which the Latin word Habitus doth signifie There are three kinds or rather degrees of this Feaver The differences thereof The first is when the hectick heat consumes the humidity of the solid parts The second is when it feeds upon the fleshy substance The third and uncurable is when it destroys the solid parts themselves For thus the flame of a Lamp first wastes the Oyl then the proper moisture of the weâ—k Which being done there is no hope of lighting it again what store of Oyl soever you pour upon it This Feaver very seldom breeds of it self but commonly follows after some other Wherefore the causes of a hective Feaver are sharp and burning Feavers not well cured The causes especially if their heat were not repressed with cooling Epithems applyed to the Heart and Hypochondria If cold water was not fitly drunk It may also succeed a Diary Feaver which hath been caused and begun by some long great and vehement grief or anger or some too violent labour which any of a slender and dry body hath performed in the hot Sun It is also oft-times caused by an ulcer or inflammation of the Lungs an Empyema of the Chest by any great and long continuing Phlegmon of the Liver Stomach Mesentery Womb Kidneyes Bladder of the Guts Jejunum and Colon and also of the other Guts if the Phlegmon succeed some long Diarrhoea Lienteria or Bloudy-flux whence a consumption of the whole body and at last a Hectick Feaver the heat becoming more acrid the moisture of the body being consumed The Signs This kind of feaver as it is most easily to be known so is it most difficult to cure the pulse in this feaver is hard by reason of the dryness of the Artery which is a solid part and it is weak by reason of the debility of the vital faculty the substance of the heart being assaulted But it is little and frequent because of the distemper and heat of the heart which for that it cannot by reason of its weakness cause a great pulse to cool it self it labours by the oftenness to supply that defect Why in hecticks the heat is more acrid after meat But for the pulse it is a proper sign of this feaver that one or two hours after meat the pulse feels stronger than usual and then also there is a more acrid heat over all the Patients body The heat of this flame lasts until the nourishment be distributed over all the Patients body in which time the dryness of the heart in some sort tempered and recreated by the appulse of moist nourishment the heat increases no otherwise than Lime which a little before seemed cold to the touch but sprinkled and moistned with water grows so hot as it smoaks and boyls up At other times there is a perpetual equality of heat and pulse in smalness faintness obscurity frequency and hardness without any exacerbation so that the patient cannot think himself to have a feaver yea he cannot complain of any thing he feels no pain which is another proper sign of an hectick feaver The cause that the heat doth not shew its self is it doth not possess the surface of the body that is the spirits and humors The signs of a hectick joyned with a putrid Feaver but lyes as buried in the earthy grosness of the solid parts Yet if you hold your hand somewhat long you shall at last perceive the heat more acrid and biting the way being opened thereto by the skin rarified by the gentle touch of the warm and temperate hand Wherefore if at any time in these kind of feavers the Patient feel any pain and perceive himself troubled with an inequality and excess of heat it is a sign that the hectick feaver is not simple but conjoyned with a putrid feaver which causeth such inequality as the heat doth more or less seise upon matter subject to putrefaction for a hectick feaver of it self is void of all equality unless it proceed from some external cause as from meat Certainly if an Hippocratique face may be found in any disease it may in this by reason of the colliquation or wasting away the triple substance In the cure of this disease you must diligently observe with what affects it is entangled and whence it was caused Wherefore first you must know The cure whether this feaver be a disease or else a symptom For if it be symptomatical A symptomatical hectick it cannot be cured as long as the disease the cause thereof remains uncured as if an ulcer of the guts occasioned by a Bloudy-flix shall have caused it or else a fistulous ulcer in the Chest caused by some wound received on that part it will never admit of cure unless first the fistulous or dysenterick ulcer shall be cured because the disease feeds the symptoms as the cause the effect An essentialâ— hectick But if it be a simple and essential hectick feaver for that it hath its essence consisting in an hot and dry distemper which is not fixed in the humors but in the solid parts all the counsel of the Physitian must be to renew the body but not to purge it for only the humors require purging and not the defaults of the solid parts Therefore the solid parts must be refrigerated and humected which we may do by medicins taken inwardly and applyed outwardly Things to be taken inwardly The things which may with good success be taken inwardly into the body for this purpose are medicinal nourishments For hence we shall find more certain and manifest good than from altering medicines that is wholly refrigerating and humecting without any manner of nourishment The benefit of medicinal nourishments For by reason of that portion fit for nutriment which is therewith mixed they are drawn and caryed more powerfully to the parts and also converted into their substance whereby it comes to pass that they do not humect and cool them lightly and superficially like the medicines which have only power to alter and change the body but they carry their qualities more throughly even into the innermost substance Of these things some are Herbs as Violets Purslain Bugloss Endive Ducks-meat or Water-lentil Mallows especially when the belly shall be bound Some are fruits as Gourds Cowcumbers Apples Prunes Raisons sweet Almonds and fresh or new Pine-Apple kernels in the number of seeds are the four greater and lesser cold seeds and these new for their native humidity the seeds of Poppies Berberies Quinces The flowers of Bugloss Violets Water-lillies are also convenient of all these things let Broth be
up and strengthen the native heat almost opprest by the aboundance of excrementitious humors Wherefore I used fomentations so that it could scarsely assimilate any nourishment and adjoyn it to the parts Then I fomented the affected part with Sage Rosemary Thyme Lavender Chamomile and Melilot-flowers and Red-rose leaves boyled in white Wine and Lye made of Oak-ashes adding thereto as much Salt and Vinegar as I judged requisite This fomentation did attenuate and draw forth the morbifick humor Now we used them long and often so to waste the humor more by drying up and breathing through the passages of the skin more thereof than fell into the part For this same purpose Mixed or round frictions as they term them we ordained that he should use frictions with hot linnen clothes and that these should be made from above downwards from below upwards and so on every side and somewhat long withal For a short friction draws more humor into the part than it can resolve I wished that each other day they should lay bricks heated hot in the fire about his leg thigh and soal of his foot but they were to be somewhat quenched and sprinkled with Wine and Vinegar with a smal quantity of Aqua vitae Much waterish moisture by this moist heat did sweat out of these parts A medicated Lye the tumor was lessened and the native heat by little and little restored Then stoups dipped in Lye made of Oak-ashes wherein Sage Rosemary Lavender Salt and Cloves were boyled some Aqua vitae added were applyed thereto but the rowlers were so gently and artificially wrapped about that he did easily endure them without any pain and that with such happy success that if they were omitted but for one day the tumor became very great But thick linnen boulsters were laid upon the lower cavities of the ulcer that so the sanies or filth might be more easily pressed forth But I had alwayes a special care that the orifices of the ulcers should be kept open with hollow Tents or Pipes put therein and sometimes this following cataplasm was applyed to resolve the tumor A discussing Cataplasm â„ž Far. hord fabar orobi an â„¥ v j. mellis com tereb an â„¥ ij flo chamaem melil ros rub an â„¥ ss pulv rad Ireos Flor. cyper Mast an Ê’ iij. oxymel simp quantum sufficit fiat cataplasma ad formam pultis satis liquida An emplastrum de Vigo without Mercury was applyed thereto whereby the pain was much asswaged and the tumor lessened yet were they not applyed before the parts were throughly heated by the fomentation frictions and evaporations for otherwayes this Emplaister could never have been activated by reason of the excessive coldness of the affected parts Neither did we omit catagmatick powders fit for the taking and drawing forth of broken bones He used a vulnerary potion for 15. days Also besides the particular frictions of the affected parts I appointed other general frictions of the whole body which was become very lean for by these bloud together with the spirit was drawn to the parts and the acrid and fuliginous vapours were breathed forth To conclude his feaver and pains being asswaged his appetite restored by feeding plentifully upon good meats according to his strength he in a short time became more lusty and lastly by the singular mercy of God recovered his health perfectly but that he could not very well bend his knee I thought good to recite these things not to glory or brag of the happy success of those Patients which have recovered by my means and the favour of God but that thus I may more fully and perfectly by familiar examples instruct young practioners in the operations of Chirurgery CHAP. XIII An Apologie concerning Wounds made by Gunshot THere lately came to my hands a Book written by a certain Physitian The occasion of writing this Apologie whereby he endeavours to disprove and overthrow that which I have hitherto writ of the cure of wounds made by Gunshot Assuredly if there were no other harm but the loss of my credit ensuing thereon I would willingly hold my peace and stop his mouth by modest silence But seeing the safety of so many men lies upon the judgment of this point I have thought good to withstand this errour left it to the great destruction of mankind spread and diffuse it self any further The use saith he of suppurative medicines The chief heads of our adversaries Treatise have killed many who have been but lightly wounded with Gunshot but acrid medicins as Aegyptiacum have killed more Neither is the counsel of Hippocrates to be observed in curing this sort of wounds who bids that every contused wound be brought to suppuration For seeing this is a new kind of wound it requires new and not anciently used medicines Now the temper of the air changed from the natural constitution ought not to indicate change of medicines but much less must Thunder and Lightning be compared to the shooting of Great Ordnance These are the chief heads of this his Book which because they dissent from the truth and those things I have formerly delivered I have thought good here to confute First All wounds masde by Gun-shot are contused seeing Leaden Bullets which are usually shot out of Guns are round obtuse and weighty they cannot wound the body without contusion and attrition Now no contusion can be cured without suppuration not only according to the opinion of Hippocrates but also of Galen and all others who have written of Physick Neither must we invent new remedies for these new kinds of wounds for the Laws of the sacred and divine Art of Physick are not obnoxious to change nor subject to the humor of men or times as the decrees of Kings and Emperours are For these are stablished with immutable necessity which constancy neither consuming time nor age nor tyranny can pervert Wherefore neither those who with great praise are Physitians to Kings and Princes I mean Jâ—ubert and Potallus think it lawful for them to depart from the rules of Hippocrates And this they not only do and follow in curing and doing the works of Art but much and highly commend confirm and propound to be diligently observed by all in their books which they have published concerning the cure of these kinds of wounds And yet these Physitians are such as daily conversant in Armies and Kings-houses have healed and daily cure as many wounded by Gunshot as this Physitian our Antagonist hath seen in all his life Neither only do these whom I have named thus cure these wounds but almost all that dress such kind of wounds do the like so that if there be nothing which may hinder or indicate to the contrary they presently apply suppuratives A suppurative medicine of tryed efficacy And I wonder that he hath not observed how his neighbour Doublet the Emperick cures desperate wounds of this nature with no other than a
years continuance or longer must necessarily foul the bone and make the scars hollow Whither also belongs this saying of the same party An Erisipelas is ill in the laying bare of a bone But this flowing venenate and gangrenous matter is somewhiles hot as in pestilent Carbuncles which in the space of four and twenty hours by causing an Eschar bring the part to mortification otherwhiles cold as we see it divers times happens in parts which are possest with a Gangrene no pain tumor blackness nor any other precedent sign of a Gangrene going before For John de Vigo saith that happened to a certain Gentlewoman of Genoa under his cure A notable History I remember the same happened to a certain man in Paris who supping merrily and without any sense of pain went to bed and suddainly in the night time a Gangrene seised on both his legs caused a mortification without tumor without Inflammation only his legs were in some places spred over with livid black and green spots the rest of the substance retaining his native colour yet the sense of these parts was quite dead they felt cold to the touch and if you did thrust your Lancet into the skin no bloud came forth A Council of Physitians being called they thought good to cut the skin and flesh lying under it with many deep scarifications which when I had done there came forth a little black thick and as it were congealed bloud wherefore this remedy as also divers other proved to no purpose for in conclusion a blackish colour coming into his face and the rest of his body he dyed frantick I leave it to the Reader 's judgment whether so speedy and suddainly cruel a mischief could proceed from any other than a venenate matter Simple cold may cause a Gangrene yet the hurt of this venenate matter is not peculiar or by its self For oft-times the force of cold whether of the encompassing air or the too immoderate use of Narcotick medicins is so great that in few hours it takes away life from some of the members and divers times from the whole body as we may learn by their example who travel in great Snows and over mountains congealed and hoar'd with frost and ice Hence also is the extinction of the native heat and the spirits residing in the part and the shutting forth of that which is sent by nature to aid or defend it For when as the part is bound with rigid cold and as it were frozen they cannot get nor enter therein Neither if they should enter into the part can they stay long there because they can there find no fit habitation the whole frame and government of nature being spoiled and the harmony of the four prime qualities destroyed by the offensive dominion of predominant cold their enemy whereby it cometh to pass that flying back from whence they first came they leave the part destitute and deprived of the benefit of nourishment life sense and motion A certain Briton an Hostler in Paris having drunk soundly after Supper A History cast himself upon a bed the cold air coming in at a window left open so took hold upon one of his legs that when he waked forth of his sleep he could neither stand nor go Wherefore thinking only that his leg was numb they made him stand to the fire but putting it very nigh he burnt the sole of his foot without any sense of pain some fingers thickness for a mortification had already possessed more than half his leg Wherefore after he was carryed to the Hospital the Chirurgeon who belonged thereto endeavoured by cutting away of the mortified leg to deliver the rest of the body from imminent death but it proved in vain for the mortification taking hold upon the upper parts be dyed within three days with troublesom belching and hickering raving cold sweat and often swounding Verily all that same Winter What parts are usually taken by a Gangrene proceeding of cold the cold was so vehement that many in the Hospital of Paris lost the wings or sides of their nostrils seised upon by a mortification without any putrefaction But you most note that the Gangrene which is caused by cold doth first and principally seise upon the parts most distant from the heart the fountain of heat to wit the feet and legs as also such as are cold by nature as gristly parts such as the nose and ears CHAP. XIII Of the Signs of a Gangrene THe signs of a Gangrene which inflammation or a phlegmon hath caused are pain and pulsation without manifest cause Sect. c. lib. de fractur the suddain changing of the fiery and red colour into a livid or black as Hippocrates shews where he speaks of the Gangrene of a broken heel I would have you here to understand the pulsifick pain What a pulsifick pain is not only to be that which is caused by the quicker motion of the Arteries but that heavy and pricking which the contention of the natural heat doth produce by raising a thick cloud of vapours from these humors which the Gangrene sets upon The signs of a Gangrene caused by cold are Signs of a Gangrene proceeding from cold if suddainly a sharp pricking and burning pain assaileth the part for penetrabile frigus adurit i piercing cold doth burn if a shining redness as if you had handled Snow presently turn into a livid colour if instead of the accidental heat which was in the part presently cold and numbness shall possess it as if it were shook with a quartain feaver Such cold Signs of Gangrene proceeding from strait bandages or ligatures c. if it shall proceed so far as to extinguish the native heat bringeth a mortification upon the Gangrene also oft-times Convulsions and violent shaking of the whole body are wondrous troublesome to the brain and the fountains of life But you shall know Gangrenes caused by too strait bandages by fracture luxation and contusion by the hardness which the attraction and flowing down of the humors hath caused little pimples or blisters spreading or rising upon the skin by reason of the great heat as in a combustion by the weight of the part occasioned through the defect of the spirits not now sustaining the burden of the member and lastly from this the pressing of your finger upon the part it will leave the print thereof as in an oedema and also from this that the skin cometh from the flesh without any manifest cause Now you shall know Gangrenes arising from a bite puncture aneurisma or wound in plethorick and ill bodies and in a part indued with most exquisite sense almost by the same signs as that which was caused by inflammation For by these and the like causes Signs of a Gangrene occasioned by a bite puncture c. there is a far greater defluxion and attraction of the humors than is fit when the perspiration being intercepted and the passages stopt the native
Whilst I more attentively intended these things another mischief assails my Patient to wit Convulsions and that not through any fault of him or me but by the naughtiness of the place wherein he lay which was in a Barn every where full of chinks and open on every side and then also it was in the midst of Winter raging with frost and snow and all sorts of cold neither had he any fire or other thing necessary for preservation of life to lessen these injuries of the air and place Now his joints were contracted his teeth set and his mouth and face were drawn awry when as I pitying his case made him to be carried into the neighbouring Stable which smoaked with much horse dung and bringing in fire in two chafendishes I presently anointed his neck and all the spine of his back shunning the parts of the Chest with liniments formerly described for convulsions then straight way I wrapped him in a warm linnen cloth Burying in hot horse-dung helps Convulsions and buried him even to the neck in hot dung putting a little fresh straw about him when he had stayed there some three dayes having at length a gentle scouring or flux of his belly and plentiful shut he begun by little and little to open his mouth and teeth which before were set and close shut Having got by this means some opportunity better to do my business I opened his mouth as much as I pleased by putting this following Instrument between his teeth A Dilater made for to open the mouth and teeth by the means of a Screw in the end thereof Now drawing out the Instrument I kept his mouth open by putting in a willow stick on each side thereof that so I might the more easily feed him with meats soon made as with Cows milk and rear egs untill he had recovered power to eat the convulsion having left him He by this means freed from the Convulsion I then again begun the cure of his arm and with an actual cautery seared the end of the bone so to dry up the perpetual afflux of corrupt matter It is not altogether unworthy of your knowledg that he said how that he was wondrously delighted by the application of such actual cauteries a certain tickling running the whole length of the arm by reason of the gentle diffusion of the heat by the applying the caustick which same thing I have observed in many others especially in such as lay upon the like occasion in the Hospital of Paris After this cauterizing there fell away many and large scales of the bone the freer appalse of the air than was fit making much thereto A fomentation for a Convulsion besides when there was place for fomentation with the decoction of red Rose leaves Wormwood Sage Bay-leaves flowers of Camomil Melilote Dill I so comforted the part that I also at the same time by the same means drew and took away the virulent Sanies which firmly adhered to the flesh and bones Lastly it came to passe that by Gods assistance these means I used and my careful diligence he at length rocovered Wherefore I would admonish the young Chirurgeon Monsters or miracles in diseases that he never account any so desperate as to give him for lost content to have let him go with prognosticks for as an ancient Doctor writes that as in Nature so in diseases there are also Monsters The End of the Twelfth Book The THIRTEENTH BOOK Of Vlcers Fistulaes and Haemorrhoides CHAP. I. Of the nature causes and differences of Ulcers HAving already handled and treated of the nature differences causes The divers acceptions of an Ulcer Sent. 34. sect 3. lib. de fract signs and cure of fresh and bloody wounds reason and order seem to require that we now speak of Ulcers taking our beginning from the ambiguity of the name For according to Hippocrates the name of Ulcer most generally taken may signifie all or any solution of Countinuity In which sence it is read that all pain is an Ulcer Generally for a wound and Ulcer properly so called as appears by his Book de Ulceribus Properly Sect. 1. prog as when he saith it is a sign of death when an Ulcer is dryed up through an Atrophia or defect of nourishment What an Ulcer properly is We have here determined to speak of an Ulcer in this last and proper signification And according thereto we define an Ulcer to be the solution of Continuity in a soft part and that not bloody but sordid and unpure flowing with quitture Sanies or any such like corruption associated with one or more affects against nature Lib. de constit Artis cap. 6. which hinder the healing and agglutination thereof or that we may give it you in fewer words according to Galens opinion An ulcer is a solution of Continuity caused by Erosion The causes of Ulcers are either internal or external The internal causes The internal are through the default of humours peccant in quality rather than in quantity or else in both and so making erosion in the skin and softer parts by their acrimony and malignity now these things happen either by naughty and irregular diet or by the ill disposition of the entrails sending forth and emptying into the habit of the body this their ill disposure The external causes are the excess of cold seising upon any part The external causes especially more remote from the fountain of heat whence followes pain whereunto succeeds an attraction of humors and spirits into the part and the corruption of these so drawn thither by reason of the debility or extinction of the native heat in that part whence lastly ulceration proceeds In this number of external causes may be ranged a stroak contusion the application of sharp and acrid medicins as causticks burns as also impure contagion as appears by the virulent Ulcers acquired by the filthy copulation or too familiar conversation of such as have the French disease How many and what the differences of Ulcers are you may see here described in this following Scheme A Table of the differences of Ulcers An Ulcer is an impure solution of continuity in a soft part flowing with filth and matter or other corruptition whereof there are two chief differences for one Is simple and solitary without complication of any other affect against nature and this varies in differences either Proper which are usually drawn from three things to wit Figure whence one Ulcer is called Round or circular Sinuous and variously spread Right or oblique Cornered as triangular Quantity and that either according to their Length whence an Ulcer is long short indifferent Breadth whence an Ulcer is broad narrow indifferent Profundity whence an Ulcer is deep superficiary indifferent Equality or inequality which consists In those differences of dimensions whereof we last treated I say in length breadth and profundity wherein they are either alike or of the same manner or else unlike and so
need required with a bole of Cassia with Rubarb I used also suppositories of Castle-soap to make me go to stool for if at any time I wanted due evacuation a preternatural heat presently seised upon my kidnies The causes of a feaver and abscess ensuing upon a fracture With this though exquisite manner of diet I could not prevail but that a feaver took me upon the eleventh day of my disease and a defluxion which turned into an abscess long flowing with much matter I think the occasion hereof was some portion of the humor supprest in the bottom of the wound as also by too loose binding by reason that I could not endure just or more strait binding and lastly scales or shivers of bones quite broke off and therefore unapt to be agglutinated for these therefore putrefying drew by consent the proper nourishment of the part into putrefaction and by the putredinous heat thence arising did plentifully administer the material and efficient cause to the defluxion and inflammation Signs of scales severed from their bones I was moved to think they were scales severed from their bone by the thin and crude sanies flowing from the wound the much swoln sides of the wound and the more loose and spongy flesh thereabouts To these causes this also did accrew one night amongst the rest as I slept the muscles so contracted themselves by a violent motion that they drew my whole leg upwards so that the bones by the vehemency of the convulsion were displaced and pressed the sides of the wound neither could they be perfectly composed or set unless by a new extension and impulsion which was much more painfull to me than the former My feaver when it had lasted me seven dayes at length enjoyed a crisis and end partly by the eruption of matter and partly by sweat flowing from me in a plenteous manner CHAP. XXVI What may be the cause of the convulsive twitching of broken Members THis contraction and as it were convulsive twitching Why the extream parts are cold when we sleep usually happens to fractured members in the time of sleep I think the cause thereof is for that the native heat withdraws its self while we sleep into the center of the body whereby it cometh to pass that the extream parts grow cold In the mean while nature by its accustomed providence sends spirits to the supply of the hurt part But because they are not received of the part evill affected and unapt thereto they betake themselves together and suddenly according to their wonted celerity thither from whence they came the muscles follow their motion with the muscles the bones whereinto they are inserted are together drawn whereby it comes to pass that they are again displaced and with great torment of pain fall from their former seat This contraction of the muscles is towards their original CHAP. XXVII Certain documents concerning the parts whereon the Patient must necessarily rest whilest he lies in his bed THose who have their leg or the like bone broken The natural faculties languish in the parts by idleness but are strengthened by action because they are hindred by the bitterness of pain and also wish for their cure or consolidation are forced to keep themselves without stirring and upon their backs in their beds for a long time together In the mean space the parts whereupon they must necessarily lye as the heel back holy-bone rump the muscles of the broken thigh or leg remain stretched forth and unmoveable set at liberty from their usual functions Whereby it comes to pass that all their strength decayes and growes dull by little and little Moreover also How and what Ulcers happen upon the fracture of the leg to the rump and heel by the suppression of the fuliginous and acrid excrements and want of perspiration they grow preternaturally hot whence defluxion an abscess and ulcer happen to them but principally to the holy-bone the rump and heel to the former for that they are defended with small store of flesh to the latter for that it is of more exquisite sense Now the ulcers of these parts are difficultly healed yea and oft-times they cause a gangrene in the flesh and a rottenness and mortification in the bones thereunder and for the The figure of a Casse AA Shews the bottom or belly of the Casse BB. The wings or sides to be opened and shut at pleasure C. The end of the wings whereto the sole or arch is fitted DD. The Arch. EE The sole FF An open space whereat the heel hangs forth of the Casse most part a continued feaver delirium convulsion and by that sympathy which generally accompanies such affects a hicketing For the heel and stomach are two very nervous parts the latter in the whole body therof and by a large portion of the nerves of the sixt conjugation but the other by the great tendon passing under it the which is produced by the meeting and as it were growing together of the three muscles of the calf of the leg All which are deadly both by dissipation of the native heat by the feaverish and that which is preternatural as also by the infection of the noble parts whose use the life cannot want by carrion-like vapours Remedies for the prevention of the foresaid Ulcers When as I considered all these things with my self and become more skilfull by the example of others understood how dangerous they were I wished them now and then to lift my heel out of the bed and taking hold of the rope which hung over my head I heaved up my self that so the parts pressed with continual lying might transpire and be ventilated Moreover also I rested these parts upon a round cushion being open in the middle and stuffed with soft feathers and laid under my rump and heel that they might be refreshed by the benefit and gentle breathing of the air and I did oft-times apply linnen cloathes spred over with unguentum rosatum for the asswaging of the pain and heat The use of a Lattin Casse Besides also I devised a Casse of Lattin wherein the broken leg being laid is kept in its place far more surely and certainly than by any Junks and moreover also it may all be moved to and again at the Patients pleasure This Cass will also hinder the heel from lying with all its body and weight upon the bed putting a soft and thick boulster under the calf in that place where the Cass is hollow besides also it arms and defends it against the falling down and weight of the bed clothes having a little arch made over and above of the same matter All which shall be made manifest unto you by the precedent figure Now it remains that I tell you what remedies I applyed to the abscess which happened upon my wound A suppurative medicine When therefore I perceived an abscess to breed I composed a suppurative medicine of the yolks of eggs common oyl
subject to generate this internal cause of defluxion If external occasions shall concur with these internal causes The error of Nurses in binding and lacing of Children the vertebrae will sooner be dislocated Thus Nurses whilest they too straitly lace the breasts and sides of girles so to make them slender cause the breast-bone to cast its self in forwards or backwards or else the one shoulder to be bigger or fuller the other more spare and lean The same error is committed if they lay children more frequently and long upon their sides than upon their backs or if taking them up when they wake they take them only by the feet or legs and never put their other hand under their backs never so much as thinking that children grow most towards their heads CHAP. XVIII Prognosticks of the Dislocated Vertebrae of the back IF in Infancy it happen that the vertebrae of the back shall be dislocated the ribs will grow little or nothing in breadth but run outwards before therefore the chest loseth its natural latitude Hipp. sent 6. sect 3. de art and stands out with a sharp point Hence they become asthmatick the lungs and muscles which serve for breathing being pressed together and straitned and that they may the easilier breathe they are forced to hold up their heads whence also they seem to have great throats Now because the Weazon being thus pressed the breath is carryed through a strait passage therefore they whease as they breathe and short in their sleep for that their lungs which receive and send forth the breath or air be of less bigness besides also they are subject to great distillations upon their lungs whereby it cometh to pass that they are shorter lived But such as are bunch-backed below the midriffe are incident to diseases of the kidneys and bladder and have smaller and slenderer thighs and legs and they more slowly and sparingly cast forth hair and have beards to conclude they are less fruitfull and more subject to barrenness than such as have their crookedness above their midriffe The Bunches which proceed from external causes are oft-times curable but such as have their original from an inward cause are absolutely uncurable unless they be withstood at the first with great care and industry Wherefore such as have it by kinde Why when the spine is luxated the parts belonging to the chest are nourished and grow the less never are helped Such as whilest they are yet children before their bodies be come to perfect growth have their spine crooked and bunching out their bodies use not to grow at the spine but their legs and arms come to their perfect and full growth yet the parts belonging to their breasts and back become more slender Neither is it any wonder for seeing the veins arteries and nerves are not in their places the spirits do neither freely nor the alimentary juices plenteously flow by these straitened passages whence leanness must needs ensue but the limbs shall thence have no wrong for that not the whole body but the neighbouring parts only are infected with the contagion of this evil When divers vertebrae following each other in order are together and at one time dislocated the dislocation is less dangerous Why the luxation of one vertebra is more dangerous than of many than if one alone were luxated For when one only vertebra is dislocated it carries the spinal marrow so away with it that it forces it almost into a sharp angle wherefore being more straitly pressed it must necessarily be either broken or hurt which is absolutely deadly for that it is the brains substitute But when divers vertebrae are dislocated at once it must of necessity be forced only into an obtuse angle or rather a semicircle by which compression it certainly suffers but not so as that death must necessarily ensue thereon Hereto may seem to belong that which is pronounced by Hippocrates Sent. 51. sect 3. lib. de art a circular moving of the vertebrae out of their places is less dangerous than an angular CHAP. XIX Of the dislocation of the Rump The signs THe rump oft-times is after a sort dislocated inwards by a violent fall upon the buttocks or a great blow in this affect the Patient cannot bring his heel to his buttocks neither unless with much force bend his knee Going to stool is painfull to him neither can he sit unless in a hollow chair The cure That this as it were dislocation may be restored you must thrust your finger in by the Fundament even to the place affected as we have said in a fracture then must you strongly raise up the bone and with your other hand at the same time join it rightly on the outside with the neighbouring parts Lastly it must be strengthened with the formerly mentioned remedies and kept in its place Now it will be recovered about the twentieth day after it is set During all which time the Patient must not go to stool unless sitting upon a hollow seat lest the bone as yet scarce well recovered should fall again out of its place CHAP. XX. Of the luxation of the ribs THe ribs may by a great and brusing stroak be dislocated Causes and fall from the vertebra whereto they are articulated and they may be driven inwards or sideways Of which kind of luxation though there be no particular mention made by the Ancients yet they confess that all the bones may fall or be removed from their seats or cavities wherein they are received and articulated The sign of a rib dislocated and slipped on one side is a manifest inequality Signs which here makes a hollowness and there a bunching forth but it is a sign that it is driven in when as there is only a depressed cavity where it is knit and fastned to the vertebrae Such dislocations cause divers symptomes as difficulty of breathing the hurt rib hindring the free moving of the chest a painfulness in bowing down or lifting up the body occasioned by a pain counterfeiting a pleurisie the rising or puffing up of the musculous flesh about the rib by a mucous and flatulent humour there generated the reasons whereof we formerly mentioned in our Treatise of Fractures To withstand all these the dislocation must be forthwith restored Cure then the puffing up of the flesh must be helped Wherefore if the dislocated rib shall fall upon the upper side of the vertebra the Patient shall be set upright hanging by his arms upon the top of some high door or window then the head of the rib where it stands forth shall be pressed down until it be put into its cavity Again if the rib shall fall out upon the lower side of the vertebra it will be requisite that the Patient bend his face downwards setting his hands upon his knees then the dislocation may be restored by pressing or thrusting in the knot or bunch which stands forth Gal. com ad sent 3. sect 1.
will be unwilling to shew all his body at once naked to the Surgeon but he may without any harm and with modesty lying on a bed in a little room wherein a stove is made have all his limbs annointed about the joynts and presently bound up either with stoups or carded cotten or brown paper CHAP. XII What cautions to be observed in rubbing or annointing the Patient The patient if it may be conveniently don must be anointed tasting HEe shall be annointed or rubbed over with the ointment in the morning the concoction and distribution of the meat being perfected which functions otherwise would not be well performed the powers of nature being distracted into several operations Yet if the patient shall be weak you may some hour before the unction give him some gelly the yolk of an egg or some broth made of meat boiled to pieces but very spareingly lest nature intent upon the concoction of solid meats In what places the body must be anointed or in great quantity should be drawn away from that which wee intend At first let only the joynts of the limbs be annointed as about the wrests elbows knees anckles shoulders But afterward if the patient shall be more strong and a greater commotion of the humors and body seem necessary the emunctories of the principal parts may also be annointed and the whole spine of the back yet haveing much care and alwayes shunning the principal and noble parts lest we should do as those butcherly Empericks do who equally and in like manner daub and rub over all the body from the soles of the feet to the crown of the head moreover diligent regard must be had of those parts which are seised upon by the symptoms of this disease that they may be more annointed and that it may be more throughly rubbed in Yet you may alwayes begin your annointing or rubbing at those parts which are less offended Where to begin the unction lest the humors should be drawn in greater measure to the grieved part And as Gentle frictions do not sufficiently open the pores of the skin so more strong and hard ones shut them up cause pain and more plentifully attract the morbifick matter Wherefore it will be more convenient to use moderate frictions takeing indication from the strength of the patient as that whereto we must still have the chief regard There is also another thing whereto the Physician and Surgeon must diligently attend as that which if it be not carefully prevented will either hasten the death of the patient or make him subject to a relapse that is the quantity of the remedies and unctions and the number of the frictions What it is that maketh the art of Physick conjectuâ—â— Which consideration together with that which is of the degrees of the temperaments of the whole body and each part thereof much troubles the minds of good Physicians and maketh the art conjectural It is far from being attained to by empericks Yet we must endeavor by method and reason that by the rule of indications so frequently mentioned we may attain to the knowledg thereof as near as may be For to have perfect knowledg hereof and to say that those need only four others five and othersom six more or fewer frictions at the beginning which Empericks commonly do is a thing both impossible and vain All these must be changed ordered according to the malignity and continuance of the disease and the condition of the affected bodies Verily we must so long use frictions and unctions until the virulent humors be perfectly evacuated by spitting salivation by stool urine sweat or insensible transpiration Which you may understand by the falling away drying up of the pustles ulcers and the ceasing of the pains and other sumptoms proper to this disease In manie by reason of the more dense and compact habit of the body nature is more slow in excretion Yet I have learnt by long experience Who must be rubbed over once who twice in a day and who but every other day that it is best to annoint and chafe such twice in a day to wit morning and evening six hours after meat For so you shall profit more in one day then by the single friction of three days But on the contrary I have often and with good success rubbed over but each other day more rate and delicate bodies giveing them one or two dayes rest to recollect their strength which by the to much dissolution of their spirits becoming too weak were not sufficient to expel the reliques of the morbifick matter And certainly about the end of the appointed friction especially when as the patient begins to flux at the mouth the bodies together with the noxious humors are made so fluid by the means of the precedent friction that one friction is then more efficacious then two were at the beginning Therefore as Galen bids when as the disease is great Lib. de vene sect and the strength of the patient infirm that we should part our blood-lettings and draw a little and a little at once so also here when as we shall observe nature stirred up and ready bent to any kinde of evacuation by the mouth stool or other like you ought not to use any unction or friction oftner then once in a day yea certainly it will be better to intermit for some few daies For thus Massa reports that there was a certain man who almost wasted with a consumption being continually afflicted with the most grievous pains of this disease and reputed in a desperate case by other Phisicians was notwithstanding at length recovered by him when as he had annointed him thirty seven times putting some time between for the recovery of his strength I my self have observed others who thus by the interposition of one or two dayes being rubbed over for fifteen or seventeen times have perfectly recovered Where you must take this course in resolved and weak bodies yet in the interim must you have a care that the frictions be not too weak and so few that the morbifick cause may not be touched to the quick Nature is not sufficiently able to expel the virulent matter Signs that the Crisis is nigh for in this kind of disease nature doth not of it self endeavour any crisis or excretion it requires the auxiliary forces of medicines by whose assistance it may expell all the malignity These are signs of such a crisis either at hand or already present if the patient be so restless so loath all things that he cannot remain in one place either standing or lying he can neither eat nor drink if he be oppressed with a continaal weariness almost ready to swound yet have a good and equal pulse and gripeings in his belly afflict him with bloudy and viscous dejections until at length nature after one or two dayes portion of the morbifick matter being spent be somwhat freed and all pains and symptoms so much
decoction of the lesser hous-leek and sebestens given with sugar before meat it is no less affectual to put wormseeds in their pap and in rosted apples and so to give them it Also you may make suppositories after this manner Supposâ—ory against the Ascarides and put them up into the fundament â„ž coralli subalbi rasurae eboris cornu cervi usti ireos an ℈ ii mellis albi â„¥ ii ss aquae centinodiae q. s ad omnia concorporanda fiant Glandes let one be put up every day of the weight of Ê’ii for children these suppositories are chiefly to be used for Ascarides as those which adhere to the right gut To such children as can take nothing by the mouth you shall apply cataplasms to their navels made of the powder of cummin-seeds the flower of Iupines wormwood southern-wood tansie the leaves of artichokes Rue the powder of coloquintida citron-seeds aloes ars-smart hors-mint peach-leaves Costus amarus Zedoaria sope and ox-gall Such cataplasms are oftimes spread over all the belly mixing therewith astringent things for the strengthening of the part as oil of myrtils Quinces and mastich you may also apply a great onion hollowed in the midst and filled with aloes and treacle and so rosted in the Embers then beaten with bitter almonds and an ox-gall Also you may make emplasters of bitter things as this which follows â„ž fellis bubuli succi absinth an â„¥ ii colocyn â„¥ i. terantur misceantur simul incorporentur cum farinâ lupinorum make hereof an emplaster to be laid upon the Navel Liniments and ointments may be also made for the same purpose to annoint the belly A plaster against the worms you may also make plasters for the navel of pillulae Ruf. annointing in the mean time the fundament with hony and sugar that they may be chased from above with bitter things and allured downwards with sweet things Or else take worms that have been cast forth dry them in an iron-pan over the fire then powder them and give them with wine or some other liquor to be drunk for so they are thought quickly to kill the rest of the worms Hereto also conduceth the juice of citrons drunk with the oil of bitter almonds or sallet-oil Also some make bathes against this affect of worm-wood galls peach-leavs boiled in water and then bathe the childe therein But in cureing the worms you must observe that this disease is oftimes entangled with another more grievous disease as an acute and burning fever a flux or scouring and the like in which as for example sake a fever being present and conjoined therewith if you shall give worm-seeds old Treacle myrrh aloes you shall increase the fever and flux for that bitter things are very contrary to these affects But if on the contrary in a flux whereby the worms are excluded you shall give corral and the flower of Lentils you shall augment the fever makeing the matter more contumacious by dry and astringent things Therefore the Physician shall be careful in considering whether the fever be a symptom of the worms or on the contrary it be essential A fever sometimes a symptom and sometimes a disease and not symptomatick that this being known he may principally insist in the use of such medicines as resist both affects as purgeing and bitterish in a fever and worms but bitter and somewhat astrictive things in the worms and flux CHAP. VI. A short description of the Elephantiasis or Leprosie and of the causes thereof THis disease is termed Elephantiasis because the skin of such as are troubled therewith is rough scabious wrinkled and unequal like the skin of an Elephant Yet this name may seem to be imposed thereon by reason of the greatness of the disease Some from the opinion of the Arabians have termed it Lepra or Leprosie but unproperly for the Lepra is a kinde of scab and disease of the skin which is vulgarly called Malum sancti manis which word for the present we will use as that which prevails by custome and antiquity Lib. 4. cap. 1. Lib. 2. cap. 11. Now the Leprosie according to Paulus is a Cancer of the whole body the which as Avicen adds corrupts the complexion form and figure of the members Galen thinks the cause ariseth from the error of the sanguifying faculty through whose default the assimulation in the flesh and habit of the body is depraved and much changed from it self and the rule of nature But ad Glauconem he defines this disease An effusion of troubled or gross blood into the veins and habit of the whole body This disease is judged great for that it partakes of a certain venenate virulency depraveing the members and comeliness of the whole body Now it appears There is a certain hidden virulency in the Leprosie that the Leprosie partakes of a certain venenate virulency by this that such as are melancholick in the whole habit of their bodies are not leprous Now this disease is composed of three differences of diseases First it consists of a distemper against nature as that which at the beginning is hot and dry and at length the ebullition of the humors ceasing and the heat dispersed it becomes cold and dry which is the conjunct cause of this symptom Also it consists of an evill composition or conformation for that it depraves the figure and beauty of the parts Also it consists of a solution of continuity when as the flesh and skin are cleft in divers parts with ulcers and chops The Leprosie hath for the most part three general causes that is the primitive antecedent and conjunctive The primitive cause of a Leprosie How they may be leprous from their first conformation The primitive cause is either from the first conformation or comes to them after they are born It is thought to be is him from the first conformation who was conceived of depraved and menstruous blood and such as inclined to melancholie who was begot of the leprous seed of one or both his parents for leprous persons generate leprous because the principal parts being tainted and corrupted with a melancholick and venenate juice it must necessarily follow that the whole mass of blood and seed that falls from it and the whole body should also be vitiated This cause happens to those that are already born by long staying and inhabiting in maritime countries whereas the gross and misty air in success of time induceth the like fault into the humors of the body for that acccording to Hippocrates such as the air is such is the spirit and such the homors Also long abideing in very hot places because the blood is torrified by heat but in cold places for that they incrassate and congealing the spirits do after a manner stupifie may be thought the primitive causes of this disease Thus in some places of Germany there are divers leprous persons but they are more frequent in Spain and over all Africa then in all the
obstructed by the thickness of this humor but they are depressed and flatted by reason of the rest of the face and all the neighboring parts swoln more then their wont add hereto that the partition is consumed by the acrimony of the corroding and ulcerating humor The seventh is the lifting up thickness and swelling of the lips the filthiness stench and corrosion of the gums by acrid vapors riseing to the mouth but the lips of leprous persons are more swoln by the internal heat burning and incrassating the humors as the outward heat of the Sun doth in the Moors The eighth sign is the swelling and blackness of the tongue and as it were varicous veins lying under it because the tongue being by nature spongeous and rare is easily stored with excrementitious humors sent from the inner parts unto the habit of the body which same is the cause why the glandules placed about the tongue above and below are swoln hard and round no otherwise then scrophulous or meazled swine Lastly all their face riseth in red bunches or pushes and is over-spread with a dusky and obscure redness the eies are fiery fierce and fixed by a melancholick chachectick disposition of the whole body manifest signs whereof appear in the face by reason of the fore-mentioned causes yet some leprous persons have their faces tinctured with a yellowish others with a whitish color according to the condition of the humor which serves for a basis to the leprous malignity For hence Physicians affirm that there are three sorts of Leprosies one of a reddish black colour consisting in a melancholick humor another of a yellowish green in a cholerick humor another in a whitish yellow grounded upon adust phlegm The ninth sign is a stinking of the breath as also of all the excrement s proceeding from leprous bodies by reason of the malignity conceived in the humors The tenth is a horsness a shaking harsh and obscure voice as it were comming out of the nose by reason of the lungs recurrent nerves and muscles of the throttle tainted with the grosness of a virulent and adust humor the forementioned constriction and obstruction of the inner passage of the nose and lastly the asperity and inequality of the Weazon by immoderate driness as it happens to such as have drunk plentifully of strong wines without any mixture This immoderate driness of the muscles serving for respiration makes them to be troubled with a difficulty of breathing The eleventh sign is very observable which is a morphew or defedation of all the skin with a dry roughness and grainy inequality such as appears in the skins of plucked geese with many tetters on every side a filthy scab and ulcers not casting off only a bran-like scurf but also scales and crusts The cause of this dry scab is the heat of the burning bowels and humors unequally contracting and wrinkling the skin no otherwise then as leather is wrinkled by the heat of the sun or fire The cause of the filthy scab and serpiginous ulcers is the eating and corroding condition of the melancholick humor and the venenate corruption it also being the author of corruption so that it may be no marvel if the digestive faculty of the liver being spoiled the assimilative of a malign and unfit matter sent into the habit of the body cannot well nor fitly perform that which may be for the bodies good The twelfth is the sense of a certain pricking as it were of Goads or needles over all the skin caused by an acrid vapor hindred from passing forth and intercepted by the thickness of the skin The thirteenth is a consumption and emaciation of the muscles which are between the thumb and fore-finger not only by reason that the nourishing and assimilating faculties want fit matter wherewith they may repair the loss of these parts for that is common to these with the rest of the body but because these muscles naturally rise up unto a certain mountainous tumor therefore their depression is the more manifest And this is the cause that the shoulders of leprous persons stand out like wings to wit the emaciation of the inward part of the muscle Trapozites The fourteenth sign is the diminution of sense or a numness over all the body by reason that the nerves are obstructed by the thickness of the melancholick humor hindring the free passage of the animal spirit that it cannot come to the parts that should receive sense these in the interim remaining free which are sent into the muscles for motions sake and by this note I chiefly make trial of leprous persons thrusting a somewhat long and thick needle some-what deep into the great tendon endued with most exquisite sense which runs to the heel which if they do not well feel I conclude that they are certainly leprous Now for that they thus lose their sense their motion remaining entire the cause hereof is that the nerves which are disseminated to the skin are more affected and those that run into the muscles are not so much and therefore when as you prick them somewhat deep they feel the prick which they do nor in the surface of the skin The fifteenth is the corruption of the extreme parts possessed by putrefaction and a gangrene by reason of the corruption of the humors sent thither by the strength of the bowels infecting with the like tainture the parts wherein they remain add hereto that the animal sensitive faculty is there decaied and as often as any faculty hath forsaken any part the rest presently after a manner neglect it The sixteenth is they are troubled with terrible dreams for they seem in their sleep to see divels serpents dungeons graves dead bodies and the like by reas n of the black vapors of the melancholick humor troubling the phantasie with black and dismal visions by which reason also such as are bitten of a mad dog fear the water The seventeenth is that at the beginning and increase of the disease they are subtill crafty and furious by reason of the heat of the humors and blood but at length in the state and declension by reason of the heat of the humors and blood and entrails decaying by little and little therefore then fearing all things whereof there is no cause and distrusting of their own strength they endeavor by craft maliciously to circumvent those with whom they deal for that they perceive their powers to fail them The eighteenth is a desire of venery above their nature both for that they are inwardly burned with a strange heat as also by the mixture of slatulencies therewith for whose generation the melancholick humor is most fit which are agitated and violently carried through the veins and genital parts by the preternatural heat but at length when this heat is cooled and that they are fallen into an hot and dry distemper they mightily abhor venery which then would be very hurtful to them as it also is at the beginning of the disease because
psilium-seeds quince-seeds and other things as are usually given in a Dysentery or bloody flux that such things may hinder the adhesion of the poyson to the coats of the Guts and by their unctuousness retund the acrimony of the poyson and mitigate it any thing shall already be ulcerated absolutely defend the found parts from the malign effects of the poyson But let this be a perpetual Rule That the poyson be speedily drawn back by the same way it entered into the body as if it entered by smelling in at the nostrils let it be drawn back by sneezing if by the mouth into the stomach let it be excluded by vomit if by the fundament into the belly then by glyster if by the privities into the womb then by metrenchites or injections made thereinto if by a bite sting or wound let revulsion be made by such things as have a powerful attractive faculty for thus we make diversions that by these we may not only hinder the poyson from assailing the heart but also that by this means we may draw it from within outwards Wherefore strong ligatures cast about the armes thighs and legs are good in this case Also large cupping glasses applied with flame to sundry parts of the body are good Also baths of warme water with a decoction of such things as resist poyson southern-wood calamint rue betony horehound penny-royal bayes scordium smallage scabious mints valerian and the like are good in this case Also sweats are good being provoked so much as the strength of the patient can endure But if he be very wealthie whom we suspect poysoned it will be safer to put him into the belly of an Ox Horse or Mule and then presently into another assoon as the former is colde that so the poyson may be drawn forth by the gentle and vaporous heat of the new killed beast yet do none of these things without the advice of a Physician if it may conveniently be had CHAP. VII How the corrupt or venemous Air may kill a Man THE air is infected and corrupted by the admixture of malign vapors By how many and what means the air may be infected either arising from the unburied bodies of such as are slain in great conflicts or exhaling out of the earth after earth-quakes for the air long pent up in the cavities and bowels of the earth and deprived of the freedom and commerce of the open air is corrupted and acquires a malign quality which it presently transferreth unto such as meet therewith How thunders and lightnings may infect the air Also there is a certain malignity of the air which accompanieth thunders and lightnings which savors of a sulphureous virulency so that whatsoever wilde beasts shall devour the creatures killed therewith they become mad and die immediately for the fire of lightning hath a far more rapid subtil and greater force then other fires so that it may rightly be termed a Fire of Fires An argument hereof is that it melteth the head of a spear not harming the wood and silver and gold not hurting the purse wherein it is contained Also the air is infected by fumigations which presently admitted into the body and bowels by the mouth and nose in respiration by the skin and arteries in perspiration doth easily kill the spirits and humors being first infected and then within a short space after the solid substance of the principal parts and chiefly of the heart being turned into their nature unless the man be first provided for by sneezing vomiting sweating purgeing by the belly or some other excretion Whether the vapor that ar seth from a burnt thing may poyson one For that poyson which is carried into the body by smell is the most rapid and effectuall by so much as a vapor or exhalation is of more subtil and quicklyer-pierceing essence then an humor Yet notwithstanding wilt thou say it is not credible that any be killed by any vapor raised by the force of fire as of a torch or warming-pan for that the venenate quality of the thing that is burnt is dissipated and consumed by thr force of the fire purging and cleansing all things This reason is falsly feigned to the destruction of the lives of careless people for sulphureous brands kindled at a clear fire do notwithstanding cast forth a sulpherous vapot Whether do not Lignum aloes and juniper when they are burnt in a flame smell less sweetly Pope Clement the seventh of that name the unkle of our Kings mother An history was poysoned by the fume of a poysonous torch that was carried lighted before him and died thereof Mathiolus telleth that there were two Mountebanks in the market-place of Sienna the one of which but smelling to a poisoned gillie-flower given him by the other fell down dead presently A certain man not long ago when he had put to his nose and smelled a little unto a pomander which was secretly poysoned was presently taken with a Vertigo and all his face swelled and unless that he had gotten speedy help by sternutatories and other means he had died shortly after of the same kinde of death that Pope Clement did The safest preservative against such poysons is not to smell to them moreover some affirm that there are prepared some poysons of such force that being annointed but on the saddle they will kill the rider and others that if you but annoint the stirrups therewith they will send so deadly poysonous a quality into the rider through his boots that he shall die thereof within a short time after which things though they be scarce credible because such poysons touch not the naked skin yet have they an example in nature whereby they may defend themselves For the Torpedo sends a narcotick and certainly deadly force into the arm and so into the body of the fisher the cords of the net being between them CHAP. VIII That every kinde of poyson hath its proper and peculiar Signs and Effects AS poysons are distinct in species so each species differs in their signs and effects neither is it possible to find any one kind of poyson which may be accompanied or produce all the signs and effects of all poysons otherwise Physicians should in vain have written of the signs and effects of each of them as also of their proper remedies and attidotes For what kinde of poison shall that be which shall cause a burning heat in the stomach belly liver bladder and kidneys which shall cause a hicketting which shall cause the whole body to tremble and shake which shall take away the voice and speech which shall cause convulsions shall weaken the pulsifick faculty which shall intercept the freedome of breathing which shall stupifie and cast into a dead sleep which shall together and at once cause a Vertigo in the head dimness in the sight a strangling or stoppage of the breath thirst bleeding fever stoppage of the urine perpetual vomitting redness lividness and paleness of the
into the bowels All things that resist poison must be given any way whatsoever as lemons oranges angelica-roots gentian tormentil burnet vervain cardus benedictus borage bugloss and the like Let all things that are afterwards set before the patient be meats of good juice such as ate veal kid mutton patridg pullets capons and the like CHAP. XVI Of the biting of a Viper or Adder and the symptoms and cure thereof THe remedies that were formerly mentioned against the bitings of mad dogs the same may be used against all venomous bites and stings yet nevertheless each poison hath his peculiar antidote Vipers or Adders as we vulgarly term them have in their gums The bites of vipers how virulent or the spaces between their teeth little bladders filled with a virulent sanies which is pressed out into the part that they bite with their teeth There forthwith ariseth a pricking pain The symptoâ— the part at the first is much swollen and then the whole body unless it be hindred gross and bloody filth sweats out of the wound little blisters rise round about it as if it were burnt the wound gnaws and as it were feeds upon the flesh great inflammation possesseth the liver and the guts and the whole body becomes very dry becoming of a pale or yellowish colour with thirst unquenchable the belly is griped by fits a cholerick vomiting molesteth them the stomach is troubled with a hicketting the patients are taken with often swoundings with cold sweat the fore-runner of death unless you provide by fit medicines for the noble parts before the poison shall invade them Matthiolus tells that he saw a country-man who as he was mowing a meadow An history by chance cut an Adder in two with his sithe which when he thought it was dead he took the one half whereon the head remained without any fear in his hand but the enraged creature turning about her head cruelly bit him by one of his fingers which finger as men usually do especially when as they think of no such thing he put into his mouth and sucked out the blood and poison and presently fell down dead When as Charls the ninth was at Montpelier An history I went into the shop of one Farges an Apothecary who then made a solemn dispensation of Treacle where not satisfying my self with the looking upon the Vipers which were there in a glass ready for the composition I thought to take one of them in my hands but whilst that I too curiously and securely handled her teeth which were in her upper jaw covered with a skin as it were a case to keep the poison in the beast catched hold of the very end of my fore-finger and bit me in the space which is between the nail and the flesh whence presently there arose great pain both by reason of the part endued with most exquisite sense as also by the malignity of the poison forthwith I exceeding straitly bound my finger above the wound that so I might press forth the blood and poison lest they should diffuse themselves further over the body Remedies for the bite of a viper I dissolved old Treacle in aqua vitae wherein I dipped and moistned cotton and so put it to the wound and within a few daies I throwly recovered by this only medicine You may use in stead of Treacle Mithridate and sundry other things which by reason of their heat are powerful drawers as a quill rosted in hot embers garlick and leeks beaten and applied barly-flowr tempered with vinegar hony and goats-dung and so applied like a pult is Some think it sufficient forthwith to wash and foment the wound with vinegar salt and a little honey Galen writes that the poison inflicted by the bite of a viper Lib. de theriac may be drawn forth by applying to the wound the head of a viper but othersome apply the whole viper beaten to mash CHAP. XVII Of the Serpent called Haemorrhous The Haemorrhous why so called THe Serpent Haemorrhous is so called because by biting he causeth blood to drop out of all the passages of the wounded body he is of a small body of the bigness of a viper with eies burning with a certain fiery brightness and a most beautiful skin The back of him as Avicen writes is spotted with many black spots his neck little and his tail very small the part which he bites forthwith grows blackish by reason of the extinction of the native heat which is extinguished by such poison which is contrary thereto in its whole substance Then follows a pain of the stomach and heart these parts being touched with the pestiferous quality of the poison These pains are seconded by vomiting the orifice of the ventricle being relaxed by a Diarrhaea the retentive faculty of all the parts of the belly being weakned and the veins which aâ—e spread through the guts Wonderful bleedings not being able to retain the blood contained in them For the blood is seen to slow out as in streams from the nose mouth ears fundament privities corners of the eies roots of the nails and gums which putrefie the teeth falling out of them Moreover there happens a difficulty of breathing and stoppage of the urine with a deadly convulsion The cure is forthwith to scarisie and burn the bitten part or else to cut it quite off if that it may be done without danger of life and then to use powerfully drawing Antidotes The figure of the Serpent Haemorrhous CHAP. XVIIII Of the Serpent called Seps The reason of the name and description of the Seps THe Serpent Seps is so called because it causeth the part which it bites forthwith to putrefie by reason of the cruel malignity of its poison It is not much unlike the Haemorrhous but that it curls or twines up the tail in divers circles Pausanias writes that this serpent is of an ash colour a broad head small neck big belly writhen tail and as he goes he runs aside like a crab But his skin is variegated and spotted with several colours like to Tapistry By the cruelty of his caustick and putrefying venom he burns the part which he hath bit with most bitter pain he causeth the shedding of the hairs and as Aetius addeth the wound at the first casteth forth manifest blood The symptoms but within a little while after stinking filth The putrefied affected parts wax white and the body all over becomes of the colour of that scurf which is termed Alphos so that by the wickedness of this putrefactive poison not only the spirits are resolved but also the whole body consumed as by fire a pestilent carbuncle and other putrid tumors arising from an hot and humid or suffocating constitution of the air Now for the remedies they must be such as are formerly prescribed against the bitings of a viper The figure of the Serpent Seps CHAP. XIX Of the Basiliske or Cockatrice THe Basilisk far exceeds all kinds
into a stove to supper whereas were divers of our acquaintance a certain woman knowing this mans nature lest that he should see her kitling which she kept and so should go away in chafe she shut her up in a cup-board in the same chamber But for all that he did not see her neither heard her cry A wonderful antipathy between a man and a Cat. yet within a little space when he had drawn in the air infected with the breath of the Cat that quality of temperament contrary or enemy to Cats being provoked he began to sweat to look pale und to crie out all of us admiring it Here lies a Cat in some corner or other The Antidote against the brains of a Cat. neither could he be quiet till the Cat was taken away But such as have eaten the brains of a Cat are taken with often Vertigoes and now and then become foolish and mad they are helped by procuring vomit and taking the Antidote against this poyson that is half a scruple of Musk dissolved and drunk in wine There be some who prescribe the confection Diamoscum to be taken every morning four hours before meat By this you may gather that it is not so fabulous that the common sort report that Cats will kill or harm children Cats dangerous for children for lying to their mouths with the weight of their whole bodies they hinder the passage forth of the fuliginous vapors and the motion of the chest and infect and stifle the spirits of tender infants by the pestiferous air and exhalation which they send forth CHAP. XXXV Of certain Poysonous Plants HAving described the poysons that come from living creatures Apium risus I come to speak of such as are from Plants beginning with the Sardonian herb which is also called Apium risus this is a kinde of Ranunculus or Crow-foot and as it is thought the round-leaved water Crow foot called Marsh-crow-foot or Spear-wort it taketh away the understanding of such as have eaten thereof and by a certain distention of the nerves contracts the cheeks so that it makes them look as if they laughed from this affect came that proverbial speech of the Sardonian laughter taken in evil part His Bezoar as one may term it is the juice of Balm His Antidote Napellus or Monks-hood The juice fruit and substance of Napellus taken inwardly killeth a man the same day or at the furthest in three dayes yea and such as escape the deadly force thereof by the speedy and convenient use of Antidotes fall into an hectick fever or consumption and become subject to the falling-sickness as Avicen affirmeth And hence it is that barbarous People poyson their arrows therewith For the lips are forthwith inflamed and the tongue so swells that by reason thereof it cannot be contained in the mouth but hangs out with great horrour their eies are inflamed and stand forth of their head and they are troubled with a Vertigo and swounding they become so weak that they cannot stir their legs they are swoln and puffed in their bodies the violence of Poyson is so great The Antidote thereof is a certain little creature like a * Our author deceived by the Arabians who it may be mistock the greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in stead thereof read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for a Flie a Mouse for there is no Mouse to be found but whole swarms of Flies which feed thereon you may â—â—â—de the deâ—â—â—pâ—â—â—â— of an Antidote made with 〈◊〉 in Lebels Sâ—â—p 〈◊〉 pag. 3â—â— Mouse which is bred and lives on the root of Napellus being dried and drunk in â—owcer to the weight of two crams In want hereof you may use the seed of Raddish or Turnips to drink and annoint the body also with oil of Scorpions Doricinum and Solanum Manicum or deadly Night-shade Doricinum and Solanum Manicum or deadly Night-shade are not much different in their mortal symptoms or effects Doricinum being drunk resembleth milk in taste it causeth continual hickeâ—â—ing it troubleth the tongue with the weight of the humor it causeth blood to be cast forth or the mouth and certain mucous matter out of the belly like that which cometh away in the bloody flux A remedy hereto are all shell-fishes as well crude as rosted also Sea-Lobtâ—â—s and Crabs and the broth or liquor wherein they are boyled being drunk Now the root of Solanum Manicum drunk in the weight of one dram in wine The symptoms causeth vain and not unpleasing imaginations but double this quantity causes a distraction or alienation of the minde for three dayes out four times so much kills The remedies are the same as there prescribed against Doricinum Hen-bane Hen-bane drunken or otherwise taken inwardly by the mouth causeth an alienation of the minde of like drunkenness this also is accompanied with an agitation of the body and exsolutition of the spirits like swounding But amongst others this is a notable symptom that the patients so dote that they think themselvs to be whipped whence their voice becomes so various that somtimes they bray like an Ass or Mule The antidote neigh like an Horse as Avicen writes The Antidote is pistick nuts eaten in great plenty treacle also and mithridate dissolved in sack also wormwood rue and milk Mushroms Of mushroms some are deadly and hurtful of their own kinde and nature as those which broken presently become of divers colours and putrefie such as Avicen saith those are which be found of a grayish or blewish colour others though not hurtfull in quality yet eaten in greater measure then is fitting become deadly for seeing by nature they are very cold and moist and consequently abound with no small viscosity as the excrementitious phlegm of the earth or trees whereon they grow they suffocate and extinguish the heat of the body as overcome by their quantity and strangle as if one were hanged and lastly kill Verily I cannot châ—se but pitty Gourmondizers who though they know that Mushroms are the seminary and gate of death yet do they with a greet deal of do most greadily devour them I say pittying them I will shew them and teach them the art how they may feed upon this so much defited dish without the endangering of their health Their Antidote Know therefore that Mushroms may be eaten without danger if that they be first boyled with wild pears but if you have no wilde pears you may supply that defect with others which are the most harsh either newly gathered or dried in the sun The leaves as also the bark of the same tree are good especially of the wilde for pears are their Antidote yet Conciliator gives another to wit garlick eaten crude whereunto in like sort vinegar may be fitly added so to cut and attenuate the tough viscous and gross humors heaped up and in danger to strangle one by the too plentiful eating of Mushroms Iâ— 5. epidemy as it
to overcome the contagion After moderate walking the patient must be put warm to bed and covered with many cloaths and warm brick-bats or tiles applied to the soles of his feet or in stead thereof you may use Swines bladders filled with hot water and apply them to the groins and arm-holes to provoke sweat for sweating in this disease is a most excellent remedy both for to evacuate the humors in the fever and also to drive forth the malignity in the pestilence although every sweat brings not forth the fruit of health For George Agricola saith that he saw a woman at Misnia in Germany that did sweat so for the space of three daies that the blood came forth at her head and brest and yet nevertheless she died A sudorifick potion This potion following will provoke sweat Take the roots of China shaved in thin pieces one ounce and half of Guaicum two ounces of the bark of Tamarisk one ounce of Angelica-roots two drams of the shavings of Harts-horn one ounce of Juniper-berries three drams put them into a viol of glass that will contain six quarts put thereto four quarts of running or river-water that is pure and clear macerate them for the space of one whole night on the ashes and in the morning boil them all in Balneo Mariae untill the half be consumed which will be done in the space of six hours then let them be strained through a bag and then strained again but let that be with six ounces of sugar of Roses and a little Treacle let the patient take eight ounces or fewer of that liquor and it will provoke sweat The powder following is also very profitable Take of the leavs of Dictamnus A sudorifick powder the roots of Tormentil Betony of each half an ounce of Bole-Armenick prepared one ounce of Terra Sigillata three drams of Aloes and Myrrh of each half a dram of Saffron one dram of Mastich two drams powder them all according to art and give one dram thereof dissolved in Rose-water or the water of wilde sorrel and let the patient walk so soon as he hath taken that powder then let him be laid in his bed to sweat as I have shewed before A distilled water against the Plague The water following is greatly commended against poyson Take the roots of Gentian and Cyperus of each three drams of Carduus Benedictus Burnet of each one handful of Sorrel seeds and Devils-bit of each two pugils of Ivy and Juniper-berries of each half an ounce of the flowers of Bugloss Violets and red-Roses of each two pugils powder them somewhat grosly then soak or steep them for a night in white wine and Rose-water then add thereto of Bole-Armenick one ounce of Treacle half an ounce distill them all in Balneo Mariae and keep the distilled liquor in a viol of glass well covered or close stopped for your use let the patient take six ounces thereof with Sugar and a little Cinnamon and Saffron then let him walk and then sweat as is aforesaid the treacle and cordial-water formerly prescribed Another are very profitable for this purpose Also the water following is greatly commended Take of Sorrel six handfuls of Rue one handful dry them and macerate them in vinegar for the space of four and twenty hours adding thereto four ounces of Treacle make thereof a distillation in Balneo Mariae and let the distilled water be kept for your use What means to be used in sweating and so soon as the patient doth think himself to be infected let him take four ounces of that liquor then let him walk and sweat He must leave sweating when he beginneth to wax faint and weak or when the humor that runs down his body begins to wax cold then his body must be wiped with warm cloaths and dried The patient ought not to sweat with a full stomach for so the heat is called away from performing the office of concoction also he must not sleep when he is in his sweat lest the malignity go inwardly with the heat and spirits unto the principal parts but if the patient be much inclined to sleep he must be kept from it with hard rubbing and bands tied about the extreme parts of his body and with much noise of those that are about him and let his friends comfort him with the good hope that they have of his recovery but if all this will not keep him from sleep dissolve Castoreum in tart vinegar and aqua vitae and let it be injected into his nostrils and let him be kept continually waking the first day and on the second and third even unto the fourth that is to say unto the perfect expulsion of the venom and let him not sleep above three or four hours on a day and a night In the mean time leâ— the Physician that shall be present consider all things by his strength for it is to be feared that great watchings will dissolve the strength and make the patient weak you must not let him eat within three hours after his sweating in the mean season as his strength shall require let him take the rinde of a preserved Citron eonserve of Roses bread tosted and steeped in wine the meat of preserved Myrabolane or some such like thing CHAP. XXIII Of Epithemes to be used for the strengthening of the principal parts THere are also some topick medicines to be reckoned amongst Antidotes Whereof they must be made which must be outwardly applyed as speedily as may be as cordial and hepatick Epithems for the safety of the noble parts and strengthening of the faculties as those that drive the venenate air far from the bowels they may be made of cordial things not only hot but also cold that they may temper the heat and more powerfully repercuss They must be applied warm with scarlet or a double linnen cloth or a soft spunge dipped in them if so be that a Carbuncle do not possess the regions of the most noble parts Repercussives not fit to be applied to Carbuncles for it is not fit to use repercussives to a Carbuncle You may make Epithems after the following forms â„ž aquar ros plantag solan an â„¥ iv aquae acetos vini granat aceti an â„¥ iii. santal rub coral rub pulveris an Ê’ iii. theriac vet â„¥ ss camph. ℈ â—i croci ℈ i. carioph Ê’ ss misce fiat epithema Or else â„ž aqu ros plantag an â„¥ x. aceti ros â„¥ iv caryoph sant rub coral rub pulveris pul diamargarit frigid an Ê’ i ss camphurae moschi an ℈ i. fiat epithema Or â„ž aquar rosar melissae an â„¥ iv aceti ros â„¥ iii. sant rub Ê’ i. caryophil Ê’ ss croci ℈ ii camphurae ℈ i. boli arm terra sigil zedoar an Ê’i fiat epithema Or else â„ž aceti ros aquae rosat an lb. ss camphuraeÊ’ ss theriac mithridat an Ê’i fiat epithema Or else aqu rosar nenuph buglos acetosae
aceti rosar an lb. ss sant rub ros rub anÊ’iii flor nenuph. violar camphur an Ê’ss methridat theriac an Ê’ii terantur misceantur simul omnia When you intend to use them take some portion of them in a vessel by its self wherewith let the affected bowel be fomented warm CHAP. XXIV Whether purging and blood-letting be necessary in the beginning of pestilent diseases SO soon as the heart is strengthened and corroborated with cordials and antidotes Reasons for and against blood-letting in the Plague we must come to phlebotomy and purging As concerning blood-letting in this case there is a great controversie among Physicians Those that wish it to be used say or affirm that the pestilent Fever doth infix it self in the blood and therein also the pestilent malignity taketh its seat and therefore it will soon infect the other humors unless that the blood be evacuated and the infection that remaineth in the blood be thereby taken away Contrariwise those that do not allow phlebotomy in this case alledg that it often cometh to pass that the blood is void of malignity when the other humors are infected with the venomous contagion If any man require my judgment in this doubtful question I say that the pestilence sometimes doth depend on the default of the Air this default being drawn through the passages of the body doth at length pierce unto the intrails as we may understand by the abscesses which break out The composing of this controversie one while behind the ears sometimes in the arm-holes and sometimes in the groins as the brain heart or liver are infected And hereof also come Carbuncles and other collections of matter and eruptions which are seen in all parts of the body by reason that nature using the strength of the expulsive faculty doth drive forth whatsoever is noisom or hurtful Therefore if the Physician will follow this motion of nature he must neither purge nor let blood lest that by a contrary motion that is by drawing in from without the motion of nature which proceeds outwardly from within should be troubled So we often see in those who are purged or let blood for such Buboes as come through unlawful copulation that the matter is thereby made contumacious and by drawing it inwardly it speedily causeth the French Pox. Wherefore When Bubes Carbuncles and other pestilent eruptions appear which come through the default of the air we ought to abstain from purging and phlebotomy but it is sufficient to fore-arm the heart inwardly and outwardly with Antidotes that are endued with a proper virtue of resisting the poison For it is not to be doubted but that when nature is debilitated with both kinds of evacuation and when the spirits together with the blood are exhausted the venomous air will soon pierce and be received into the empty body where it exerciseth its tyranny to the utter destruction thereof An history In the year of our Lord God 1566. in which year there was great mortality throughout all France by reason of the pestilence and pestilent diseases I earnestly and diligently inquired of all the Physicians and Chyrurgions of all the Cities through which King Charls the Ninth passed in his progress unto Bayon what success their patients had after they were let blood and purged whereunto they all answered alike that they had diligently observed that all that were infected with the Pestilence and were let bleed some quantity of blood or had their bodies somewhat strongly purged thence forwards waxed weaker and weaker and so at length died but others which were not let blood nor purged but took cordial Antidotes inwardly and applied them outwardly for the most part escaped and recovered their health for that kind of Pestilence took its original of the primitive and solitary default of the Air and not of the corruption of the humors When purging and bleeding may be used The like event was noted in the hoarsness that we spake of before that is to say that the patients waxed worse and worse by purging and phlebotomy but yet I do not disallow either of those remedies if there be great fulness in the body especially in the beginning and if the matter have a cruel violence whereof may be feared the breaking in unto some noble part For we know that it is confirmed by Hippocrates Aph. 22 sect 2. Aph. 10 sect 4. that what disease soever is caused by repletion must be cured by evacuation and that in diseases that are very sharp if the matter do swell it ought to be remedied the same day for delay in such diseases is dangerous but such diseases are not caused or inflicted upon mans body by reason or occasion of the pestilence but of the diseased bodies and diseases themselves commixed together with the pestilence therefore then peradventure it is lawful to purge strongly and to let a good quantity of blood least that the pestilent venom should take hold of the matter that is prepared and so infect it with a contagion whereby the pestilence taketh new and far greater strength especially as Celsus admonisheth us Cap. 7. lib. 3. where he saith that by how much the sooner those sudden invasions do happen by so much the sooner remedies must be used yea or rather rashly applyed therefore if the veins swell the face wax fiery red if the arteries of the temples beat strongly if the patient can very hardly breath by reason of a weight in his stomach if his spittle be bloody then ought he to be let blood without delay for the causes before mentioned It seems best to open the Liver-vein on the left arm whereby the heart and spleen may be better discharged of their abundant matter Why blood must be let on the left arm in the Plague yet blood-letting is not good at all times for it is not expedient when the body beginneth to wax stiff by reason of the coming of a Fever for then by drawing back the heat and spirits inwardly the outward parts being destitute of blood wax stiff and cold therefore blood cannot be let then without great loss of the strength and perturbation of the humors And it is to be noted that when those phlethorick causes are present there is one Indication of blood-letting in a simple pestilent Fever and another in that which hath a Bubo id est a Botch or a Carbuncle joined therewith For in one or both of these being joined with a vehement and strong burning Fever blood must be letten by opening the vein that is nearest unto the tumor or swelling against nature keeping the straitness of the fibres that this being open the blood might be drawn more directly from the part affected for all and every retraction of putrefied blood unto the noble parts is to be avoided because it is noisom and hurtful to nature and to the patient Therefore for example sake admit the patient be plethorick by repletion which is called Ad Vasa id
the humors may have a free passage forth for it is not to be looked for that they will come forth oâ— themselves With these inunctions they are wont to hasten the falling away of the Eschar Take of the mucilâ—ge of marsh-mallows and Line-seeds of each two ounces fresh butter or Hogs-grease one ounce the yelks of three eggs incorporate them together and make thereof an ointment butter Swines-grease oyl of Roses with the yelks of eggs performe the self same thing When the Eschar is fallen away we must use digestives As take of the juice of Plantaine Water-Betony and Smallage of each three ounces hony of Roses four ounces Venice-Turpentine five ounces Against eating Uâ—cers Barly-flower three drams Aloes two drams oyl of Roses four ounces Treacle half a dram make a mundificative according to Art Or Take of Venice-Turpentine four ounces syrup of dried Roses and Wormwood of each an ounce of the powder of Aloes Mastich Myrrh Barly-flower of each one dram of Mithridate half an ounce incorporate them together The unguent that followeth is very meet for putrefied and corroding ulcers Take red Orpiment one ounce of unquenched Lime burnt Alum Pomgranat-pills of each six drams of Olibanum Galls of each two drams of Wax and Oyl as much as shall suffice make thereof an unguent This doth mundifie strongly consume putrefied flesh and drie up virulent humidities that engender Gangrenes But there is not a more excellent unguent them Egyptiacum increased in strength The praise of Agyptiacum for besides many other vertues that it hath it doth doth consume and waste the proud flesh for there is neither oyl nor wax that goeth into the composition thereof with which things the vertue of sharp medicines convenient for such ulcers is delayed and as it were dulled and hindred from their perfect operation so long as the ulcer is kept open There have been many that being diseased with this disease have had much matter and venomous filth come out at their abscess so that it seemed sufficient and they have been thought well recovered yet have they died suddenly In the mean while when these things are in doing cordial medicines are not to be omitted to strengthen the heart And purgations must be renewed at certain seasons that nature may be every way unloaded of the burthen of the venenate humours CHAP. XXXII Of the Nature Causes and Signes of a Pestilent Carbuncle A Pestilent Carbuncle is a small tumor or rather a malign pustle hot and raging What a Carbuncle is consisting of blood vitiated by the corruption of the proper substance It often cometh to pass through the occasion of this untamable malignity that the Carbuncle cannot be governed or contained within the dominion of nature In the beginning it is scarce so big as a seed or grain of Millet or Pease sticking firmly unto the part and immovable The signs of a Carbuncle so that the skin cannot be pulled from the flesh but shortly after it increaseth like to a Bubo unto a round and sharp head with great heat pricking paid as if it were with needles burning and intolerable especially a little before night and while the meat is in concocting more then when it is perfectly concocted In the midst thereof appeareth a bladder puffed up and filled with sanious matter If you cut this bladder you shall finde the flesh under it parched burned and black as if there had bin a Burning cole laid there When so called whereby it seemeth that it took the name of Carbuncle but the flesh that is about the place is like a Rain-Bow of divers colours as red dark-green purple livid and black but yet alwaies with a shining blackness like unto stone-Pitch or like unto the true precious stone which they call a Carbuncle whence some also say it took the name Some call it a Nail because it inâ—erreth like pain as a nail driven into the flesh There are many carbuncles which take their beginning with a crusty ulcer without a pustle Symptoms of Caâ—buncles like to the burning of an hot Iron and these are of a black colour they increase quickly according to the condition of the matter whereof they are made All pestilent Carbuncles have a Fever joyned with them and the grieved part seemeth to be so heavy as if it were covered or pressed with lead tied hard with a ligature There cometh mortal swoundings faintings tossing turning idle talking raging gangrenes and mortifications not only to the part but also to the whole body by reason as I think of the oppression of the spirits of the part and the suffocation of the natural heat as we see also in many that have a pestilent Bubo For a Bubo and Carbuncle are tumors of a near affinity so that the one doth scarce come without the other How the Matter of a Bâ—bo and Carbuncle differ consisting of one kinde of matter unless that which maketh the Bubo is more gross and clammy and that which causeth the Carbuncle more sharp burning and raging by reason of its greater subtility so that it maketh an Eschar on the place where it is as we noted before CHAP. XXXIII What Prognosticks may be made in pestilent Buboes and Carbuncle Why it is deadly to have a sore come after the Fever SOme having the pestilence have but one Carbuncle and some more in divers parts of their body and in many it happeneth that they have the Bubo and carbuncle before they have any Fever which giveth better hope of health if there be no other malign accident therewith for it is a sign that nature is the victor and hath gotten the upper-hand which excluded the pestilent venom before it could come to assault the heart But if a Carbuncle Bubo come after the Fever it is mortal for it is a token that the heart is affected moved and incensed with the furious rage of the venom whereof presently cometh a feverish heat or burning and corruption of the humors sent as it were from the center unto the superficies of the body It is a good sign when the patients minde is not troubled from the beginning until the seventh day but when the Bubo or Carbuncle sinketh down again shortly after that it is risen it is a mortal sign especially if ill accidents follow it If after they are brought to suppuration they presently wax drie without any reason thereof it is an ill sign Those Carbuncles that are generated of blood have a greater Eschar then those that are made of choler because that blood is of a gross consistence and thereof occupieth a greater room in the flesh contrariwise a cholerick humor is more small in quantity and thin and it taketh little room in the upper part of the flesh only as you may see in an Erysipelas And I have seen Carbuncles whose Eschars were as broad and as large as half the back also I have seen others which going up by the shoulders to the throat did so eat
temperature of his inâ—ward parts so that disâ—ases are oft times hereditary the weakness of this or that entral being translated from the parent to the child Wherefore many diseases are heredetary How seed is to be understood to faâ—l from the whole body There are some which suppose this falling of the seed from the whole bodie not to â—e uâ—derstood according to the weight and matter as if it were a certain portion of all the bloud separated from the rest but according to the power and form that is to say the animal natural and vital spirits being the frâ—mers of formation and life and also the formative faculty to fall down from all the parts into the seed that is wrought or perfected by the Testicles for proof and confirmation whereof they alledge that many perfect sound absolute and well proportioned children are born of â—ame and decrepit Parents CHAP. I. Why the generative parts are endued with great pleasure What moveth a man to copulation A Certain great pleasure accompanieth the function of the parts appointed for generation and before it in living creatures that are of a lusty age when matter aboundeth in those parts there goeth a certain fervent or furious desire the causes thereof many of which the chiefest is That the kind may be preserved and kept for ever by the propagation and substitâ—tion of other living creatures of the same kind For brute beasts which want reason and therefore cannot be sol citous for the preservation of their kind never come to carâ—al copulation unless they be moved thereunto by a certain vehement provocation of unbridled lust and as it were by the stimulation of Venery But man that is endued with reason being a divine and most noble creature would never yield nor make his minde subject to a thing so abject and filthy as is carnal copulation but that the Venereous ticklings raised in those parts relax the severity of his minde or reason admonisheth him that the memory of his name ought not to end with his life but to be preserved unto all generations as far as may be possible by the propagation of hâ—s seed or issue Therefore by reason of this profit or commodity nature hath endued the genitals with a far more exact or exquisite sense then the other parts by sending the great sinews unto them and moreover she hath caused them to be bedewed or moistned with a certain whayish humor not much unlike the seed sent from the glandules or kernels called prostata situated in men at the beginning of the neck of the bladder but in women at the bottom of the womb this moisture hath a certain sharpness or biting for that kind of humors of all others can chiefly provoke those parts to their function or office and yeeld them a d lectable pleasure while they are in execution of the same For even so whayish and sharp humors when they are gathered together under the skin if they wax warm tickle with a certain pleasant itching and by their motion infer delight but the nature of the genital parts or members is not stirred up or provoked to the expulsion of the seed with these provocations of the humors abounding either in quantity or quality only but a certain great and hot spirit or breath contained in those parts doth begin to dilate it self more and more which causeth a certain incredible excess of pleasure or voluptuousness wherewith the genitals being replete are spread forth or distended every way unto their ful greatness The yard is given to men whereby they may cast out their seed directly or straitly into the womans womb and the the neck of the womb to women whereby they may receive that seed so cast forth by the open or wide mouth of the same neck and also that they may cast forth their own seed sent through the speâ—matick vessels unto their testicles The cause of folding of the spermatick vessels these spermatick vessels that is to say the vein lying above and the artery lying below do make many flexions or windings yet one as many as the other like unto the tendâ—ils of vines diversly platted or folded together and in those folds or bendings the blood and spirit which are carried unto the testiles are concocted a longer time and so converted into a white seminal substance The lower of these flexions or bowings do end in the stones or testicles But the testicles forasmuch as they are loose thin and spongeous or hollow receiving the humor which was begun to be concocted in the fore-named vessels concoct it again themselves but the testicles of men concoct the more perfectly for the procreation of the issue and the testicles of women more imperfectly because they are more cold less weak and feeble Wâ—mens testicles more imperfect but the seed becommeth white by the contact or touch of the testicles because the substance of them is white The male is such as engendreth in another and the female in her self by the spermatick vessels which are implanted in the inner capacity of the womb Why many men and women abhor venerous copulation But out of all doubt unless nature had prepared so many allurements baits and provocations of pleasure there is scarce any man so hot and delighted in venerous acts which considering and marking the pâ—ace appointed for humane conception the loathsomness of the filth which daily falleth down into it and wherewithall it is humected and moistned and the vicinity and nearness of the great gut under it and of the bladder above it but would shun the embraces of women Nor would any women desire the company of man which once premeditates or fore-thinks with her self on the labour that she should sustain iâ— bearing the burthen of her childe nine moneths and of the almost deadly pains that she shall suffer in her delivery Men that use too frequent copulation Why the str ngury ensueth immoderate copulation oftentimes in stead of seed cast forth a crude and bloody humor and sometimes meer blood it self and oft-times they can hardly make water but with great pain by reason that the clammy and oily moisture which nature hath placed in the glandules called prostatae to make the passage of the urine slippery and to defend it against the sharpness of the urine that passeth through it is wasted so that afterward they shall stand in need of rhe help of a Surgeon to cause them to make water with ease and without pain by injecting of a little oyl out of a Syringe into the conduit of the yard What things necessary unto generation For in generation it is fit the man cast forth his seed into the womb with a certain impetuosity his yard being stiff and distended and the woman to receive the same without delay into her womb being wide open lest that through delay the seed wax cold and so become unfruitful by reason that the spirits are dissipated and consumed The yard is
concoct the same as may be seen in the ejaculatory spermatick vessels for which use also the length of the navel is half an ell so that in many infants that are somewhat grown it is found three or four times doubled about their neck or thigh As long as the child is in his mothers womb he taketh his nutriment only by the navel The childe in the womb taketh his nutriment by his navel not by his mouth and not by his mouth neither doth he enjoy the use of eyes ears nostrils or fundament neither needeth he the functions of the heart For spirituous blood goeth unto it by the artertes of the navel and into the Iliack arteries and from the Iliack arteries unto all the other arteries of the whole body for by the motion of these only the infant doth breath Therefore it is not to be supposed that the air is carried or drawn in by the lungs unto the heart in the body of the child How the childe breatheth but contrariwise from the heart to the lungs For neither the heart doth perform the generation or working of blood or of the vital spirits For the issue or infant is contented with them as they are made and wrought by his mother Which untill it hath obtained a full perfect and whole description of his parts and members cannot be called a child but rather an embryon or an imperfect substance CHAP. IX Of the ebullition or swelling of the seed in the womb and of the concretion of the bubbles or bladders or the three principal entrails IN the six first dayes of conception the new vessels are thought to be made and brought forth of the eminences or cotyledons of the mothers vessels and dispersed into all the whole seed as they were fibres or hairy strings Those as they pierce the womb so do they equally and in like manner penetrate the tunicle Chorion And it is carried this way being a passage not only necessary for the nutriment and conformation of the parts but also into the veins diversly woven and dispersed into the skin Chorion For thereby it cometh to pass that the seed it self boileth and as it were fermenteth or swelleth not only through occasion of the place but also of the blood and vital spirits that flow unto it and then it riseth into three bubbles or bladders like unto the bubbles which are occasioned by the rain falling into a river or channel full of water These three bubbles or bladders are certain rude or new forms The three bladders or concretions of the three principal entrails that is to say of the liver heart and brain All this former time it is called seed and by no other name but when those bubbles arise it is called an embryon or the rude form of a body untill the perfect conformation of all the members When the seed is called an embryon on the fourth day after that the vein of the navel is formed it sucketh grosser blood that is of a more full nutriment out of the Cotyledons And this blood because it is more gross easily congeals and curdles in that place where it ought to prepare the liver fully and absolutely made For then it is of a notable great bigness above all the other parts and therefore it is called Parenchyma Why the liver is called Parenchyma because it is but only a certain congealing or concretion of blood brought together thither or in that place From the gibbous part thereof springeth the greater part or trunk of the hollow vein called commonly vena cava which doth disperse his small branches which are like unto hairs into all the substance thereof and then it is divided into two branches whereof the one groweth upwards the other downwards unto all the particular parts of the body In the mean season the arteries of the navel suck spirituous blood out of the eminences or Cotyledons of the mothers arteries whereof that is to say of the more fervent and spirituous blood the heart is formed in the second bladder or bubble being endued with a more fleshie sound and thick substance as it behooveth that vessel to be which is the fountain from whence the heat floweth and hath a continual motion In this the virtue formative hath made two hollow places one on the right side another on the left In the right the root of the hollow vein is infixed or ingraffed carrying thither necessary nutriment for the heart in the left is formed the stamp or root of an artery which presently doth divide it self into two branches the greater whereof goeth upwards to the upper parts and the wider unto the lower parts carrying unto all the parts of the body life and vital heat CHAP. X. Of the third Bubble or Bladder wherein the head and the brain is formed THe far greater portion of the seed goeth into this third bubble that is to say Why the greater portion of seed goeth into generation of the head and brain yeelding matter for the conformation of the brain and all the head For a greater quantity of seed ought to go unto the conformation of the head and brain because these parts are not sanguine or bloody as the heart and liver but in a manner without blood bony marrow cartilaginous nervous and membranous whose parts as the veins arteries nerves ligaments panicles and skin are called spermatick parts because they obtain their first conformation almost of seed only although that afterwards they are nourished with blood as the other fleshie and musculous parts are But yet the blood when it come unto those parts degenerateth and turneth into a thing somewhat spermatick by virtue of the assimulative faculty of those parts All the other parts of the head form and fashion themselves unto the form of the brain when it is formed and those parts which are situated and placed about it for defence especially are hardened into bones Why the head is placed on the top of the body The head as the seat of the senses and mansion of the minde and reason is situated in the highest place that from thence as it were from a lofty tower or turret it might rule and govern all the other members and their functions and actions that are under it for there the soul or life which is the rectress or governess is situated and from thence it floweth and is dispersed into all the whole body Nature hath framed these three principal entrals as props and sustentations for the weight of all the rest of the body for which matter also she hath framed the bones The first bones that appear to be formed or are supposed to be conformed are the bones called ossa Ilium conneâ—ed or united by spondyls that are between them then all the other members are framed and proportioned by their concavites and hollownesses which generally are seven that is to say two of the ears two of the nose one of the mouth and in the parts beneath the
is madded with an earnest desire of knowing things to come or else because disdaining poverty he affects and desires from a poor estate to become rich on the sudden It is the constant opinion of all both antient and modern as well Philosophers as Divines that there are some such men which when they have once addicted themselves to impious and divelish Arts can by the wondrous craft of the Devil do many strange things and change and corrupt bodies and the health life of them and the condition of all mundane things Also experience forceth us to confess the same for punishments are ordained by the laws against the professors and practisers of such Arts but there are no laws against those things which neither ever have been nor never came into the knowledg of men for such things are rightly judged and accounted for impossibilities which have never been seen nor heard of Beford the birth of Christ there have been many such people Exod. cap. 22. Levit. cap. 19. for you may finde in Exodus and Leviticus laws made against such persons by Moses by whom God gave the Law to his people The Lord gave the sentence of death to Ochawas by his Prophet for that he turned unto these kinde of people We are taught by the Scriptures that there are good and evil spirits and that the former are termed Angels but the later devils for the law is also said to be given by the ministry of Angels and it is said that our bodies shall rise again at the sound of a trumpet Hebr. 1.14 Gal 3 19. 1 Thes 4 16. and at the voice of an Arch-Angel Christ said that God would send his Angels to receive the Elect into the heavens The history of Job testifieth that the Devil sent fire from heaven and killed his sheep and cattel and raised windes that shook the four corners of the house and overwhelmed his children in the ruines thereof The history of Achab mentioneth a certain lying spirit in the mouth of the false Prophets Sathan entring into Judas moved him to betray Christ Job 13. Mar. 16 34. Devils who in a great number possessed the body of a man were called and obtained of Christ that they might enter into Swine whom they carried headlong into the Sea In the beginning God created a great number of Angels that those divine and incorporeal spirits might inhabit heaven and as messengers signifie Gods pleasure to men and as ministers or servants perform his commands who might be as over-seers and protectors of humane affairs Yet of this great number there were some who were blinded by pride and thereby also cast down from the presence and heavenly habitation of God the Creator The power of evil spirits over mankinde The differences of devils These harmful and crafry spirits delude mens mindes by divers jugling tricks and are alwaies contriving something to our harm and would in a short space destroy mankinde but that God restrains their fury for they can only do so much as is permitted them Expelled heaven some of them inhabit the air others the bowels of the earth there to remain until God shall come to judg the world and as you see the clouds in the air somewhiles to resemble centaures otherwhiles serpents rocks towers men birds fishes and other shapes so these spirits turn themselves into all the shapes and wondrous forms of things as oft-times into wilde-beasts into serpents toads owls lapwings crows or ravens goats asses dogs cats wolves buls and the like Moreover they oft-times assume and enter humane bodies as well dead as alive whom they torment and punish yea also they transform themselves into angels of light The delusions of devils They feign themselves to be shut up and forced by Magical rings but that is only their deceit and craft they wish fear love hate and oft-times as by the appointment and decree of God they punish malefactors for we read that God sent evil angels into Egypt there to destroy They houl on the night they murmure and rattle as if they were bound in chains they move benches tables counters props cupbords children in the cradles play at tables and chess turn over books rell mony walk up and down rooms and are heard to laugh to open windows and doors cast sounding vessels as brass and the like upon the ground break stone-pots and glasses and make other the like noises Yet none of all these things appear to us when as we arise in the morning neither finde we any thing out of its place or broken They are called by divers names as Devils Their titles and names evil Spirits Incubi Succubi Hobgoblins Fairies Robin-good-fellows evil-Angels Sathan Lucifer the father of lies Prince of darkness and of the world Legion and other names agreeable to their offices and natures CHAP. XIV Of the subterrene Devils and such as haunt Mines What the Devils in Mines do LEwis Lavater writes that by the certain report of such as work in Mines that in some Mines there are seen spirits who in the shape and habit of men work there and running up and down seem to do much work when notwithstanding they do nothing indeed But in the mean time they hurt none of the by-standers unless they be provoked thereto by words or laughter For then they will throw some heavy or hard thing upon him that hurt them or injure them some other way The same author affirms that there is a silver Mine in Rhetia out of which Peter Briot the Governour of the place did in his time get much silver In this Mine there was a Devil who chiefly on Friday when as the Miners put the Mineral they had digged into tubs kept a great quarter and made himself exceeding busie and poured the Mineral as he listed out of one tub into another It happened one day that he was more busie then it used to be so that one of the Miners reviled him and bad him be gone on a vengeance to the punishment appointed for him The Devil offended with his imprecation and scoff so wrested the Miner taking him by the head twining his neck about he set his face behinde him yet was not the workman killed therewith but lived and was known by divers for many years after CHAP. XV. By what means the Devils may deceive us Devils are spirits OUr mindes involved in the earthy habitation of our bodies may be deluded by the Devils divers waies fot they excel in purity and subtilty of essence in the much use of things besides they challenge a great preheminence as the Princes of this world over all sublunary bodies Whereof it is no marvel if they the teachers and parents of lyes should cast clouds and mists before our eyes from the beginning and turn themselves into a thousand shapes of things and bodies that by these juglings and tricks they may shadow and darken mens mindes CHAP. XVI Of Succubi and Incubi The reason
faculties whereof I now purpose to treat The first faculty common to all the rest and as it were their foundation flows from the four first qualities of the prime bodies or elements that is heat coldness driness and moisture and this either simple or compound as one or two of these prime qualities exceed in the temper of the medicine as may appear by this following The simple quality is either to Heat Cool Humect or Drie The compound arising from two joyned qualities either heats and dries Heats and moistens Cools and dries Cools and moistens Heat moderate Heats Attenuates Rarifies Opens the passages Digests Suppurates Immoderate Inflames and burns Bites whence follows Violent attraction Rubrification Consumption Colliquation An eschar Mortification Cold moderate Cooleth Condenseth Obstructeth Immoderate Congeals Stupifies Mortifies Moisture moderate Humects Lubricates Levigates and mitigates Glues Immoderate Obstructs lifts up into a flatulent tumor especially if it be a vaporous humidity Driness moderate Dries Ratifies Attenuates Immoderate Bindes Contracts or shrinks Causeth chops and scails The effect of these qualities is distinguished and as Galen observes digested into these orders 5. simp 1. de aliment which we term Degrees so that by a certain proportion and measure they may serve to oppugn diseases as the same Galen affirms For to a disease for example hot in the second degree no other medicine must be used then that which is cold in the like degree Wherefore all simple medicines are Hot Cold Moist or Drie in the beginning middle or extreme of the first second third or fourth degree The Heat Coldness Moisture Driness of the first second third fourth degree is either Obscure Manifest Vehement or Excessive An example of heat distinguished thus by degrees may be thus Warm water is temperate Examples of the degrees of heat that which is a little hotter is the first degree of heat if manifestly hot it is in the second degree but if it heat more vehemently it may be thought to come to the third but it scald then we know that it hath arrived to the fourth degree of heat Such also is the distinction of coldness moisture and driness by degrees Wherefore it will be worth our labour to give you examples of certain in medicines distinguished in their order and degree by which you may the more easily give conjecture of the rest Simple Medicines hot in the First degree Absinthium Althaea Amygdala dulcia Beta Brassica Chamaemelum Ladanum Semen Lini Saccarum Ervum sive Orebus Vinum novum For old is judged hot in the second or third degree as it is more or less years old Second degree Ammoniacum Artemisia Anethum Foenugraecum Mastiche Salvia Marrubium Melâ—ssa Aplum Chamaepytis Crocus â—icus Thus. Myrrha Mel. Nux moschata Pix utraque tum arida corpâ—ribus particulisque solidioribus aptior tum liquida delicatioribas Scylla Sarcocolla Bryonia Sal. Opopanax Ammi Third degree Abrotanum Agnus castus Anisum Asarum Aristolichia Chamaedrys Sabina Calamintha Cinnamonum Iris. Juniperus Hyssopus Origanum Sagapenum Chelidonium majus Ruta sativa Fourth degree Allum Caepa Euphorbium Nasturtium Pyrethrum Sinapi Tithymalli Anacardi Chelidâ—nium miâ—us Galeno Yet outs by reason of the gentleness of the air and moisture of our soil is not so acrid Ruta sylvestris This as all wilde and not cultivated things becomes more strong and acrid then the Garden-Rue Simples cold in the First degree Atriplex Hordeum Cydonia mala Malva Pyra Pruna Rosa Viola Second degree Acacia Cucurbita Cucumis Mala granata acida dulcia enim temperata sunt potius Plantago Polyganum Solanum hortense nam id quod somniferum dicitus vi refrigerandi ad papaver accedit Third degree Hyoscyamus Solanum somniferum Portulaca Sempervivum Mandragora Fourth degree Cicuta Papaveris genera omnia excepto Corniculato huic enim incidendi abstergendi vim attribuit Gal. Certe nitrosum salsum gustu percipitur quo fit ut calidae siccae sit naturae Opium Simples moist in the First degree Buglâ—ssum Viola Malva Rapum Spinacia Second degree Ammoniacum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Melones Portulaca Simples drie in the First degree Thus. Chamaemelon Brassica Sarcocolla Crecus Faba Faenugraecum Hordeum integrum Second degree Artemesia Pix arida Orobus Plantago Balaustia Nux moschata Lens Mastiche Mel. Sal. Anethum Myrrha Third degree Abrotonum ustum Absinthium Myrtus Acetum Aloe Milium Cuminum Sanguis draconâ—s Galla. Sabina Fourth degree Piper Allium Nasturtium Sinapi Euphorbium The effects of the first qualâ—ties by accident Those we have mentioned have of themselves and their own nature all such qualities yet do they prâ—â—â—e far other effects by accident and besides their own nature in our bodies by reason of which they are termed accidental causes This shall be made manifest by the following examples External heat by accident refrigerates the body within because it opens the passageâ— and potes and calls forth the internal heat together with the spirits and humors by sweats whence it follows that the digestion is worse and the â—ppetite is diminished The same encompassing heat also humects by accident whilest it diffuses the humors concrete with cold for thus Venery is thought to humect The like may be said of Cold for that it heats not by its proper and native but by an adventitious force whereof you may make trial in Winter when as the ambient cold by shutting the pores of the body hinders the breathing foâ—th and dissipation of the native heat Whence it is inwardly doubled and the concoction better performed and the appetite strengthned This same Cold also drie by accident when as it by accident repercusses the humor that was ready to flow down into any part and whilst it concretes that which is gathered in the part for thus by the immoderate use of repercussers an oedematous tumor proceeding from gross and viscid phlegm degenerates into a schirrus Driness and Moisture because they are more passive qualities shew their effects by not so manifest operations as heat and cold do but in comparison of them they are rather to be judged as matter or a subject CHAP. IV. Of the second faculties of Medicines WEe term those the second faculties of Medicines which have dependence upon the first which are formerly mentioned as it is the part of Heat to Rarifie Attract Open Attenuate Levigate Cleanse Of Cold to Condense Repercuss Shut up Incrassate Exasperate Constipate Of Moisture to Soften Relax Of Driness to Harden Stiffen Hence we term that an attractive medicine which hath an attractive faculty as on the contrary that a repercussive that repels a detergent that which cleanses viscous matter We call that an Emplastick medicine which not only shuts up the pores of the body but reduces the liquid bodies therein contained to a certain equality and substance Thus also emollients relaxers and the rest have their denominations from their effects as we shall declare hereafter CHAP. V. Of the third faculties of
violently on the last spondil of the back and first of the loyns both with the hand and knee for unto this place the orifice of the stomach is turned that by the power of the vomitory medicine and concussion of the stomach they might be constrained to vomit Neither did our purpose fail us for presently they voided clammy yellow and spumous phlegm and blood But we not being contented with all this blowed up into their nostrils out of a Goose-quil the powder of Euphorbium that the expulsive faculty of the brain might be stirred up to the expulsion of that which oppressed it therefore presently the brain being shaken or moved with sneesing and instimulated thereunto by rubbing the chymical oyl of Mints on the palate and on the cheeks they expelled much viscous and clammy matter at their nostrils Then we used frictions to their arms legs and back-bones and ministred sharp glysters by whose efficacy the belly being abundantly loosened they began presently to speak and to take things that were ministred unto them of their own accord and so came to themselves again In the do ng of all these things James Guillemeau Surgeon unto the King of Paris and John of Saint Germanes the Apothecary did much help and further us In the afternoon that the matter being well begun might have good success John Hauty and Lâ—â—is Thibaut both most learned Physicians were sent for unto us with whom we might consâ—lt on other things that were to be done They highly commended all things that we had done already thought it very convenient that cordials should be ministred unto them which by ingendring of laudable humors might not only generate new spirits but also attenuate and putrifie those that were cloudy in their bodies The rest of our consultation was spent in the inquity of the cause of so diâ—e a mischance For they said it was no new or strange thing that men may be smothered with the fume and cloudy vapor of burning coals For we read in the works of Fulgosius Volaterenus and Egnatius Lib. 9. cap. 12. lib. 23. An history that as the Emperor Jovinian travelled in winter-time towards Rome he being weary in his journey rested at a village called Didastances which divideth bithynia from Galatia where he lay in a chamber that was newly made and plaisted with lime wherein they burnd many coals for to dry the work or plaistering that was but as yet green on the walls or roofs of the chamber Now he dyed the very same night being smothered or strangled with the deadly and poysonous vapor of the burned charcoal in the midst of the night this happened to him in the eighth moneth of his reign the thirtieth year of his age and on the twentieth day of August But what need we to amplifie this matter by the antient histories seeing that not many years since three servants died in the house of John Bigine goldsmith who dwelt at the turning of the bridge of the Change by reason of a fire made with coals in a close chamber without any chimney where they lay And as concerning the causes these were alledged Many were of opinion that it happened by the default of the vapor proceeding from the burned coals which being in a place void of all air or winde infers such like accidents as the the vapor or must of new wine doth that is to say pain and giddiness of the head For both these kindes of vapor besides that they are crude like unto those things whereof they come can also very suddenly obstruct the original of the Nerves and so cause a convulsion by reason of the grossness of their substance Sect. 5. Aph. 5. For so Hippocrates writing of those accidents that happen by the vapor of new wine speaketh If any man being drunken do suddenly become speechless and hath a convulsion he dieth unless he have a fever therewithall or if he recover not speech again when his drunkenness is over Even on the same manner the vapor of the coals assaulting the brain caused them to be speechless unmoveable and void of all sense and had died shortly unless by ministring and applying warm medicines into the mouth and to the nostrils the grossness of the vapor had been attenuated and the expulsive facultie moved or provoked to expel all those things that were noisome and also although at the first sight the Lungs appeared to be greived more then all the other parts by reason that they drew the malign vapor into the body yet when you consider them well it will manifestly appear that they are not grieved unless it be by the sympathy or affinity that they have with the brain when it is very grievously afflicted The proof hereof is because presently after there followeth an interception or defect of the voice sense and motion which accidents could not be unless the beginning or original of the nerves were intercepted or letted from performing its function being burthened by some matter contrary to nature The occasion of the death of such as have the apoplexy And even as those that have an apoplexy do not dye but for want of respiration yet without any offence of the Lungs even so these two young mens deaths were at hand by reason that their respiration or breathing was in a manner altogether intercepted not through any default of the Lungs but of the brain and nerves distributing sense and motion to the whole body and especially to the instruments of respiration Others contrariwise contended and said that there was no default in the brain but conjectured the interception of the vital spirits letted or hindred from going up into the brain from the heart by reason that the passages of the Lungs were stopped to be the occasion that sufficient matter could not be afforded for to preserve and feed the animal spirit Which was the cause that those young men were in danger of death for want of respiration without which there can be no life For the heart being in such a case cannot deliver it self from the fuliginous vapors that encompass it by reason that the Lungs are obstructed by the grossness of the vapor of the coals whereby inspiration cannot well be made for it is made by the compassing air drawn into our bodies but the air that compasseth us doth that which nature endeavoureth to do by inspiration for it moderateth the heat of the heart and therefore it ought to be endued with four qualities The first is that the quantity that is drawn into the body be sufficient The second is that it be cold or temperate in quality The third is that it be of a thin and mean consistence The fourth is that it be of a gentle benign substance But these four conditions were wanting in the air which those two young men drew into their bodies being in a close chamber Conditions of the air good to breath in For first it was little in quantity by reason that small quantity that
was contained in that little close chamber was partly consumed by the fire of coals no otherwise then the air that is contained in a cupping-glass is consumed in a moment by the flame so soon as it is kindled Furthermore it was neither cold nor temperate but as as it were inflamed with the burning fire of coals Thirdly it was more gross in consistence then it should be by reason of the admixtion of the grosser vapor of the coals for the nature of the air is so that it may be soon altered and will very quickly receive the forms and impressions of those substances that are about it Lastly it was noisome and hurtful in substance and altogether offensive to the aiery substance of our bodies For Charcoals are made of green wood burnt in pits under ground and then extinguisht with their own fume or smoak as all Colliers can tell These were the opinions of most learned men although they were not altogether agreeable one unto another yet both of them depended on their proper reasons For this at least is manifest that those passages which are common to the brest and brain were then stopped with the grossness of the vapors of the coals whereby it appeareth that both these parts were in fault for as much as the consent and connexion of them with the other parts of the body is so great that they cannot long abide sound and perfect without their mutual help by reason of the loving and friendly sympathy and affinity that is between all the parts of the body one with another Wherefore the ventricles of the brain the passages of the Lungs and the sleepy Arteries being stopped the vital spirit was prohibited from entring into the brain and consequently the animal spirit retained and kept in so that it could not come or disperse it self thorough the whole body whence happeneth the defect of two of the faculties necessary for life It many times happeneth and is a question too frequently handled concerning womens maiden-heads whereof the judgment is very difficult Of the signs of virginity Yet some antient women and Midwives will brag that they assuredly know it by certain and infallible signs For say they in such as are virgins there is a certain membrane of parchment like skin in the neck of the womb which will hinder the thrusting in of the finger if it be put in any thing deep which membrane is broken when first they have carnal copulation as may afterwards be perceived by the free entrace of the finger Besides such as are defloured have the neck of their womb more large and wide as on the contrary it is more contract strait and narrow in virgins But how deceitful and untrue these signs and tokens are shall appear by that which followeth for this membrane is a thing preternatural and which is scarce found to be in one of a thousand from the first conformation Now the neck of the womb will be more open or strait according to the bigness and age of the party For all the parts of the body have a certain mutual proportion and commensuration in a well-made body Joubertus hath written that at Lectaure in Gascony Lib. de error popul a woman was delivered of a childe in the ninth year of her age and that she is yet alive and called Joan de Parie being wife to Videau Bechâ— the receiver of the amercements of the King of Navare which is a most evident argument that there are some women more able to accompany with a man at nine years old then many other at fifteen by reason of the ample capacity of their womb and the neck thereof besides also this passage is enlarged in many by some accident as by thrusting their own fingers more strong thereinto by reason of some itching or by the putting up of a Nodule or Pessary of the bigness of a mans yard for to bring down the courses Aph. 39. sect 5. Neither to have milk in their brests is any certain sign of lost virginity For Hippocrates thus writes But if a woman which is neither with childe nor hath had one have milk in her brests then her courses have failed her Moreover Aristotle reports that there be men who have such plenty of milk in their breasts that it may be sucked or milked out Cardan writes that he saw at Venice one Antony Bussey some 30. years old Lib. 4. de hist animal c. 20. Lib 12 de subtilitate who had milk in his brest in such plenty as sufficient to suckle a childe so that it did not only drop but spring out with violence like to a womans milk Wherefore let Magistrates beware lest thus admonished they too rashly assent to the reports of women Let Physicians and Chirurgions have a care lest they do too impudently bring Magistrates into an error which will not redound so much to the judges disgrace as to theirs But if any desire to know whether one be poysoned let him search for the symptoms and signs in the foregoing and particular treatise of poysons But that this doctrine of making reports may be the easier I think it fit to give presidents in imitation whereof the young Chirurgion may frame others The first president shall be of death to ensue a second of a doubtful judgement of life and death the third of a impotency of member the fourth of the hurting of many members I A. P. Chirurgion of Paris A certificatâ— of death this twentyeth day of May by the command of the Counsel entred into the house of one John Brossey whom I found lying in bed wounded on his head with a wound in his left temple piercing the bone with a fracture and effracture or depression of the broken bone scales and meninges into the substance of the brain by means whereof his pulse was weak he was troubled with raving convulsion cold sweat and his appetite was dejected Whereby may be gathered that certain and speedy death is at hand In witness whereof I have signed this Report with my own hand By the Coroners command I have visited Peter Lucey whom I found sick in bed Another in a doubtful case being wounded with a Hilbert on his right thigh Now the wound is of the bredth of three fingers and so deep that it pierces quite through his thigh with the cutting also of the vein and artery whence ensued much effusion of blood which hath exceedingly weakned him and caused him to swound often now all his thigh is swoln livid and gives occasion to fear worse symptoms which is the cause that the health and safety of the party is to be doubted of By the Justices command I entred into the house of James Bertey to visit his own brother In the loss of a member I found him wounded in his right arm with a wound of some four fingers bigness with the cutting of the tendons bending the leg and of the veins arteries and Nerves Wherefore I
in the interspaces of the muscles and in the substance of them Likewise to the bones which caused a great corruption in the whole thigh from whence the vapors did arise and were carried to the heart which caused the syncope and the fever and the fever an universal heat through the whole body and by consequent depravation of the whole Oeconomy Likewise that the said vapors were communicated to the brain which caused the Epilepsie and trembling and to the stomach disdain and loathing and hindered it from doing its functions which are chiefly to concoct and digest the meat and to convert it into Chylus which not being concocted they ingender crudities and obstructions which makes that the parts are not nourished and by consequent the body dryes and grows lean and because also it did not do any exercise for every part which hath not his motion remaineth languid and atrophiated because the heat and spirits are not sent or drawn thither from whence follows mortification And to nourish and fatten the body frictions must be made universally through the whole body with warm linnen cloths above below and on the right side and left and round about to the end to draw the blood and spirits from within outward and to resolve any fuliginous vapors retained between the skin and the flesh thereby the parts shall be nourished and restored as I have heretofore said in the tenth book treating of the wounds of Gun-shot and we must then cease when we see heat and redness in the skin for fear of resolving that we have already drawn by consequent make it become more lean As for the ulcer which he hath upon his rump which came through his two long lying upon it without being removed which was the cause that the spirits could not flourish or shine in it by the means of which there should be inflammation aposteme and then ulcer yea with loss of substance of the subject flesh with a very great pain because of the nerves which are disseminated in this part That we must likewise put him in another soft bed and give him a clean shirt and sheets otherwise all that we could do would serve for nothing because that those excrements and vapors of the matter retained so long in his bed are drawn in by the Systole and Diastole of the Arteries which are disseminated through the skin and cause the spirits to change and acquire an ill quality and corruption which is seen in some that lye in a bed where one hath swet for the Pox who will get the Pox by the putrid vapors which shall remain soaking in the sheets and coverlets Now the cause why he could in no wise sleep and was as it were in a consumption t was because he ate little and did not do any exercise and because he was grieved with extreme pain For there is nothing that abateth so much the strength as pain The cause why his tongue was drye and fowl was through the vehemency of the heat of the fever by the vapors which ascended through the whole body to the mouth For as we say in a common proverb When the oven is well heat the throat feels it Having discoursed of the causes and accidents I said they must be cured by their contraries and first we must appease the pain making apertions in the thigh to evacuate the matter retained not evacuating all at a time for fear lest by a sudden great evacuation there might happen a great decay of spirits which might much weaken the patient and shorten his dayes Secondly to look to the great swelling and cold of his leg fearing lest it should fall into a Gangrene and that actual heat must be applied unto him because the potential could not reduce the intemperature de potentia ad actum for this cause hot briks must be applied round about on which should be cast a decoction of nerval herbs boyled in wine and vineger then wrapt up in some napkin and to the feet an earthen bottle filled with the said decoction stopt and wrapt up with some linnen cloths also that fomentations must be made upon the thigh and the whole Leg of a decoction made of Sage Rosemary Tyme Lavander flowers of Cammomile Melilot and red-Roses boiled in white-wine and a Lixivium made with Oke-ashes with a little Vineger and half an handful of salt This decoction hath vertue to attenuate incise resolve and drye the gross viscous humor The said fomentations must be used a long while to the end there may be a great resolution for being so done a long time together more is resolved then attracted because the humor contained in the part is liquified the skin and the flesh of the muscles is rarified Thirdly that there must be applied upon the rump a great emplaster made of the red desiccative and unguentum Comitissae of each equal parts incorporated together to the end to appease his pain and drye up the ulcer also to make bim a little down-pillow which might bear his rump aloft without leaning upon it Fourthly to refresh the heat of his kidnies one should apply the unguent called Refrigerans Galeni freshly made and upon the leaves of water-Lillies Then a napkin dipt in Oxucrate wrung and often renewed and for the corroboration and strengthening of his heart a refreshing medicine should be applied made with oyl of nenuphar and unguent of Roses and a little saffron distilled in Rose-vineger and Triacle spread upon a piece of Scarlet for the Syncope which proceeded from the debilitation of the natural strength troubling the brain Also he must use good nourishment full of juice as rere eggs Damask-prunes stewed in wine and sugar also Panado made of the broth of the great pot of which I have already spoken with the white fleshly parts of Capons and Patridg-wings minced small and other rost-meat easie of digestion as Veal Goat Pigeon Partridg and the like The sauce should be Orenges Verjuice Sorrel sharp Pomgranats and that he should likewise eat of them boiled with good herbs as Sorrâ—l Lettuce Purslain Succory Bugloss Marigolds and other the like At night he might use cleansed Barly with the juice of Nenuphar and Sorrel of each two ounces with five or six grains of Opium and of the four cold seeds bruised of eath half an ounce which is a remedy nourishing and medicinal which will provoke him to sleep that his bread should be of Messin neither too new nor too stale and for the great pain of his head his hair must be cut and rub his head with Oxyrrhâ—dinum luke-warm and leave a double-cloth wet therein upon it likewise should be made for him a frontal of oyl of Roses Nenuphar Poppies and a little opium and Rose-vineger and a little Champhire and to renew it sometimes Moreover one should cause him to smell to the flowers of Henbane and Nenuphar bruised with vineger Rose-water and a little Camphir wrapped in a handkercher which shall be often and a long time
propagation of the third pair of the nerves it runs out through the middle of the said muscles returning from the hinder to the fore patts and so is distributed into all the skin of the head as far as to the top of the crown t. 2. f. 1. Η as also to the ears The other branch which is the slenderer is inserted into the great strait muscles and the lower oblique ones that extend the head Galen makes mention of these branches lib. 4. de locis affect which place we shall not think much to transcribe hither it making very much to the illustration of the use of this kinde of learning Not long since sayes he they ulcerated the head of a certain man by laying on medicines vehemently heating thinking by this means his sense that was greatly impaired might be recovered But we cured this very man having found out the seat of the disease as well from other accidents as from the primitive or procatarctick causes For we diligently examined him about every one of them and found that this was one when he had walked in much rain caused by a violent wind his cloak was wet about his neck so that he felt himself affected with a vehement cold in that part so then if you know that four nerves ascend from the first rack of the back-bone to the head from which the skin about it receives its sense you will easily find out the seat of the disease that therefore being healed the skin of the head was healed also as having no primary disease The third pair tab 1. 3. issues out of the common hole in the sides The third pair which is betwixt the second and third rack-bones and presently after it gets out is cleft into two branches of which the more forward one tab 1. l. is subdivided into four propagations The first t. 2. It s fore-branch Κ goes to the first bending muscle of the neck or the long one the second t. 1. L. runs down and being united with a sprig of the fourth pair tab 1. Q ends in the muscles that lye under the gullet The third tab 1. Μ. climbs up and joining with the thicker branch of the second pair but now mentioned tab 2 f. 1 F is spent upon the skin of the hinder part of the head The fourth tab 1. Πis imparted to the transverse muscles or to the first pair of the extenders of the neck and to that which lifts up the shoulder-blade of which two muscles that tends in the transverse processes of the neck this begins therein and at length it is digested into the square muscle that draws down the cheeks which is called by Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It s hinde◠branch The hinder branch tab 2. f 1. Ο is implanted into the second pair of muscles that extend the chest The fourth pair tab 1. numb †The fourth pair The fore-branch Its propagations issues out of the common hole of the third and fourth rack-bones and like the third pair is divided into two unequal branches The more forward and greater tab 1. Ρ is cleft into three other twigs of which the first tab 1. Q is joined with another branch of the third pair tab 1. L and goes to the first long pair of muscles that bend the neck Another tab 1. R goes to the transverse muscle or first of those which extend the neck and to the first of the shoulder-blade called Cucullaris the cowl-muscle The third tab 1. S being smaller then the other and joined with a surcle of the fifth pair and another branch of the sixth pair near to the mediastinum or membran that parts the chest in the middle and above the Pericardium passes on downward that out of these three principles the nerve of the midriff may be made up The hinder branch tab 2. f 1. Τ goes toward the spine or ridge under the muscles which are placed thereabout The hinder branch to which also it affords a good number of branches and from thence being led downward between the muscles on both sides of the neck it is carried to the square muscle that draws down the cheeks In this place it is worth our labour to inquire what may be the reason A question that they who are troubled with a Resolution or deprivation of motion in the whole body have nevertheless the motion of their midriff for a while free some make answer that this happens because although no spirits are sent over from the brain yet they may be diffused out of the marrow of the back But these men beg the question when we suppose that no spirits come from hence because we see that all the muscles of the whole body to which nerves are sent from the marrow of the back are resolved or deprived of motion Therefore I thought fit to seek out for another answer and to say that the midriff has two motions one that is voluntary which we use whilst we breath strongly another natural one when the fibres are extended and contracted of themselves A man therefore is preserved by this natural motion when we see that breathing is little and weak and as much as suffices that the lungs may be moved a little The fifth pair tab 1. numb 5. goes out betwixt the fourth and fifth rack-bones and The fifth nerve Its fore-branch like the two last fore-going is cleft into two branches The forwarder of them tab 1. U issues forth some propagations The first tab 1. betwixt U and 6 goes to the muscles that bend the neck Another tab 1. Χ together with propagations of the fourth and sixth pairs sometimes also of the seventh to wit then when the branch of the fourt is wanting descends near to the side of the gullet through the sore part of the rack-bones of the neck and is implanted into the midriff and so makes the midriff nerve The third t. 1. Υ is carried through the upper part and outside of the arm to the second muscle of the arm to wit that which lifts τ up called Deltoides from whence little branches are sent over to the first and second that is to the cowl-muscle the lifter up of the shoulder-blade The fourth propagation t. 1. b at the neck of the shoulder-blade is cleft into two of which the former tab 1. c goes into the muscle Deltoides at that part where it arises from the clavicle or canal-bone the latter and thicker tab 1. d is inserted into the fourth pair of muscles of the bone hyoides called coracohyoideum and from thence imparts a small branch to the upper muscle over the shoulder-blade called super scapularis and to the muscle Deltoides where it arises from the spine of the shoulder-blade The binder branch The sixth pair It s fore-branch The binder branch tab 2 f 1. e is writhen toward the back-bone and distributed in the same manner as the hinder branch of the fourth pair is The sixth pair