Spirits Therefore now wee must speake of the Spirits CHAP. X. Of the Spirits THe spirit is a subtile and Aery substance raised from the purer blood that it might be a vehicle for the faculties by whose power the whole body is governed to all the parts and the prime instrument for the performance of their office For they being destitute of its sweet approch doe presently cease from action and as dead do rest from their accustomed labours From hence it is that making a variety of Spirits according to the number of the faculties they have divided them into three as one Animall another Vitall another Naturall The Animall hath taken his seate in the braine for there it is prepared and made that from thence conveyed by the Nerves is may impart the power of sence and Motion to all the rest of the members An argument heereof is that in the great Cold of Winter whether by the intercepting them in their way or by the concretion or as it were freezing of those spirits the joynts grow stiffe the hands numme and all the other parts are dull destitute of their accustomed a gillity of motion and quicknesse of sense It is called Animall not because it is the Life but the cheife and prime instrument thereof wherfore it hath a most subtile and Aery substance and enjoyes divers names according to the various condition of the Sensoryes or seates of the senses into which it enters for that which causeth the sight is named the Visive you may see this by night rubbing your eyes as sparkling like fire That which is conveyed to the Auditorie passage is called the Auditive or Hearing That which is carried to the Instruments of Touching is termed the Tactive and so of the rest This Animall spirit is made and laboured in the windings and foldings of the veines and Arteryes of the braine of an exquisite subtile portion of the vitall brought thither by the Carotidae Arteriae or sleepy Arteryes and sometimes also of the pure aire or sweete vapour drawne in by the Nose in breathing Hence it is that with Ligatures we stoppe the passage of this spirit from the parts we intend to cut off An Humor which obstructs or stopps its passage doth the like in Apoplexies and Palsies whereby it happens that the members scituate under that place doe languish and seeme dead sometimes destitute of motion sometimes wanting both sence and motion The Vitall spirit is next to it in dignitie and excellency which hath its cheife mansion in the left ventricle of the Heart from whence through the Channells of the Arteryes it flowes into the whole body to nourish the heate which resides fixed in the substance of each part which would perish in short time unlesse it should be refreshed by heat flowing thither together with the spirit And because it is the most subtile next to the Animall Nature lest it should vanish away would have it conteined in the Nervous coat of an Artery which is five time more thicke than the Coate of the veines as Galen out of Herophilus hath recorded It is furnished with matter from the subtile exhalation of the blood and that aire which we draw in breathing Wherefore it doth easily and quickly perish by immoderate dissipations of the spirituous substance and great evacuations so it is easily corrupted by the putrifaction of Humors or breathing in of pestilent aire and filthy vapours which thing is the cause of the so suddaine death of those which are infected with the Plague This spirit is often hindred from entring into some part by reason of obstruction fulnesse or great inflammations whereby it followes that in a short space by reason of the decay of the fixed and inbred heat the parts doe easily fall into a Gangrene and become mortified The Naturall spirit if such there be any hath its station in the Liver and Veines It is more grosse and dull than the other and inferior to them in the dignitie of the Action and the excellencie of the use The use thereof is to helpe the concoction both of the whole body as also of each severall part and to carry blood and heate to them Besides those already mentioned there are other spirits fixed and implanted in the simular and prime parts of the body which also are naturall and Natives of the same place in which they are seated and placed And because they are also of an Aery and fiery nature they are so joyned or rather united to the Native heate that they can no more be separated from it than flame from heate wherefore they with these that flow to them are the principall Instruments of the Actions which are performed in each severall part And these fixed spirits have their nourishment and maintenance from the radicall and first-bred moisture which is of an Aery and oyly substance and is as it were the foundation of these Spirits and the inbred heat Therefore without this moisture no man can live a moment But also the Cheife Instruments of life are these Spirits together with the native heate Wherefore this radicall Moisture being dissipated and wasted which is the seate fodder and nourishment of the Spirits and heate how can they any longer subsist and remaine Therefore the consumption of the naturall heate followeth the decay of this sweet and substance-making moisture and consequently death which happens by the dissipating and resolving of naturall heate But since then these kinde of Spirits with the naturall heate is conteined in the substance of each simular part of our body for otherwise it could not persist it must necessarily follow that there be as many kinds of fixed Spirits as of simular parts For because each part hath its proper temper and encrease it hath also its proper spirit and also it s owne proper fixed and implanted heat which heere hath its abode as well as its Originall Wherefore the spirit and heate which is seated in the bone is different from that which is impact into the substance of a Nerve Veine or such other simular part because the temper of these parts is different as also the mixture of the Elements from which they first arose and sprung up Neither is this contemplation of spirits of small account for in these consist all the force and efficacy of our Nature These being by any chance dissipated or wasted wee languish neither is any health to be hoped for the floure of life withering and decaying by litle and litle Which thing ought to make us more diligent to defend them against the continuall effluxe of the threefold substance For if they be decayed there is left no proper Indication of curing the disease so that we are often constrained all other care laid aside to betake our selves to the restoring and repayring the decayed powers Which is done by meats of good juyce easie to be concocted and distributed good Wines and fragrant smells
is nothing but to laugh Ioy recreates and quickens all the faculties stirres up the spirits helpes concoction makes the body to bee better likeing and fattens it the heate bloud and spirits flowing thither and the nourishing dew or moisture watering and refreshing all the members from whence it is that of all the Passions of the minde this onely is profitable so that it exceed not measure for immoderate and unaccustomed joy carries so violently the bloud and spirits from the heart into the habit of the body that sodaine and unlookt for death ensues by a speedy decay of the strength the lasting fountaine of the vitall humour being exhausted Which thing principally happens to those who are lesse heartie as women and old-men Anger causeth the same effusion of heate in us but farre speedier than joy therefore the spirits and humors are so inflamed by it that it often causes putrid feavers especially if the body abound with any ill humor Sorrow or griefe dries the body by a way quite contrary to that of anger because by this the heart is so straitened the heate being almost extinct that the accustomed generation of spirits cannot be performed and if any be generated they cannot freely passe into the members with the bloud wherefore the vitall facultie is weakened the lively colour of the face withers and decaies and the body wastes away with a lingering consumption Feare in like sort drawes in and calls backe the spirits and not by little and little as in sorrow but sodainely and violently hereupon the face growes sodainely pale the extreame parts cold all the body trembles or shakes the belly in some is loosed the voice as it were staies in the jawes the heart beate with a violent pulsation because it is almost opprest by the heate strangled by the plentie of bloud and spirits abondantly rushing thither The haire also stands upright because the heate and bloud are retired to the inner parts and the utmost parts are more cold and drie than stone by reason whereof the utmost skinne and the pores in which the rootes of the haires are fastened are drawne together Shame is a certaine affection mixed as it were of Anger and Feare therefore if in that conflict of as it were contending passions Feare prevaile over Anger the face waxeth pale the bloud flying backe to the heart and these or these Symptomes rise according to the vehemency of the contracted and abated heat But if on the contrary Anger get the dominion over Feare the bloud runnes violently to the face the eyes looke red and sometimes they even some at the mouth There is another kinde of shame which the Latines call Verecundia wee Shamefastnesse in which there is a certaine fluxe and refluxe of the heate and bloud first recoiling to the heart then presently rebounding from thence againe But that motion is so gentle that the heart thereby suffers no oppression nor defect of spirits wherefore no accidents worthy to be spoken of arise from hence this affect is familiar to young maid es and boyes who if they blush for a fault committed unawares or through carelesnesse it is thought an argument of a vertuous and good disposition But an agony which is a mixt passion of a strong feare and vehement anger involves the heart in the danger of both motions wherefore by this passion the vitall facultie is brought into very great danger To these sixe Passions of the minde all other may be revoked as Hatred and Discord to Anger Mirth and Boasting to Ioy Terrors Frights and Swoundings to Feare Envy Despaire and Mourning to Sorrow By these it is evident how much the passions of the minde can prevaile to alter and overthow the state of the body and that by no other meanes than that by the compression and dilatation of the heart they diffuse and contract the spirits bloud and heate from whence happens the dissipation or oppressions of these spirits The signes of these Symptomes quickly shew themselves in the face the heart by reason of the thinnesse of the skinne in that part as it were painting forth the notes of its affections And certainely the face is a part so fit to disclose all the affections of the inward parts that by it you may manifestly know an old man from a young a woman from a man a temperate person from an untemperate an Ethiopian from an Indian a Frenchman from a Spaniard a sad man from a merry a sound from a sicke a living from a dead Wherefore many affirme that the manners and those things which we keepe secret and hid in our hearts may be understood by the face and countenance Now wee have declared what commoditie and discommoditie may redound to man from these forementioned passions and have shewed that anger is profitable to none unlesse by chance to some dull by reason of idlenesse or opprest with some cold clammy and phlegmaticke humor and feare convenient for none unlesse peradventure for such as are brought into manifest and extreme danger of their life by some extraordinary sweat immoderate bleeding or the like unbridled evacuation Wherefore it behoves a wise Chirurgion to have a care lest he inconsiderately put any Patient committed to his charge into any of these passions unlesse there bee some necessitie thereof by reason of any of the forementioned occasions CHAP. XIX Of things against Nature and first of the Cause of a Disease HAving intreated of things naturall and not naturall now it remaines wee speake of things which are called against nature because that they are such as are apt to weaken and corrupt the state of our body And they bee three in number The cause of a disease a Disease and a Symptome The cause of a disease is an affect against nature which causes the disease Which is divided into Internall and Externall The Externall originall or primitive comes from some other place and outwardly into the body such be meates of ill nourishment and such weapons and hostilely wound the body The Internall have their essence and seate in the body and are subdivided into antecedent and conjunct That is called an antecedent cause which as yet doth not actually make a disease but goes neare to cause one so humors copiously flowing or ready to flow into any part are the antecedent causes of diseases The conjunct cause is that which actually causes the disease and is so immediately joined in affinitie to the disease that the disease being present it is present and being absent it is absent Againe of all such causes some are borne together with us as the over-great quantitie and maligne qualitie of both the seedes and the menstruous bloud from diseased Parents are causes of many diseases and specially of those which are called Hereditary Other happen to us after wee bee borne by our diet and manner of life a stroke fall or such other like Those which bee bred with
these varicous bodyes are called Parastatae Assisters because they superficially assist and are knit to the testicles according to their length or long-wayes Out of the Parastatae proceed the Vasa ejaculatoria or leading vessels being of the same substance as their progenitors that is solid white and as it were nervous Their quantity is indifferent their figure round and hollow that the seed may have a free passage through them yet they seeme not to be perforated by any manifest passage unlesse by chance in such as have had a long Gonnorrbaea They have like temper as the Parastats betweene which and the Prostates they are seated immediatly knit with them both as both in the coat and the other vessels with the parts from whence they take them But we must note that such like vessels comming out of the parastats ascend from the botom of the stones even to the top in which place meeting with the preparing vessels they rise into the belly by the same passages and bind themselves together by nervous fibers even to the inner capacity of the belly from whence turning backe they forsake the preparing that so they may run to the bottome of the share-bone into the midst of two glandulous bodies which they call prostats scituate at the neck of the bladder that there meeting together they may grow into one passage For thus of three passages that is of the 2 leading vessels and 1 passage of the bladder there is one common one in men for the casting forth of seed and urine A Caruncle rising like a crest at the beginning of the neck of the bladder argues this uniting of the passages which receiving this same passage which is sufficiently large is oft times taken by such as are ignorant in anatomy for an unnaturall Caruncle then especially when it is swolne through any occasion These leading vessels are two in number on each side one Their action is to convey the seed made by the testicles to the Prostats and so to the necke of the bladder so to be cast forth at the common passage But if any aske whether that common passage made by the two leading vessels betweene the two glandulous bodyes be obvious to sense or no We answer it is not manifest though reason compell us to confesse that that way is perforated by reason of the speâ—maticle grosse and viscous matter carryed that way But peradventure the reason why that passage cannot be seene is because in a dead carcasse all small passages are closed and hid the heat and spirits being gone and the great appeare much lesse by reason all the perforations fade and fall into themselves Yet certainely these passage must needs be very straite even in a living man seeing that in a dead they will not admit the point of a needle Wherefore we need not feare least in searching whilest we thrust the Catheter into the bladder it penetrate into the common passage of the leading vessels which runnes within the Caruncle unlesse peradventure by some chance as a Gonnorrâ—aea or some great Phlegmon it be much dilated besides nature For I have sometimes seene such passages so open that they would receive the head of a Spatherne which thing should admonish us that in searching we take great care that we doe not rashly hurt this Caruncle for being some what rashly handled with a Catheter it casts forth blood especially if it be inflamed But also the concourse of the spirits flowing with great violence together with the seed much helps forward such ejaculation thereof performed through these straite passages by the power of the imaginative faculty in the Act of generation After the leading vessels follow the Prostatae being glandulous bodyes of the same substance and temper that other Glandules are Their quantity is large enough their figure round and some what long sending forth on each side a soft production of an indifferent length They are composed of veines nerves arterics a coate which they have from the neighbouring parts and lastly their proper flesh which they have from their first conformation They are two in number scituate at the roote of the necke of the bladder some what straitly bound or tyed to the same to the leading vessels and the parts annexed to them But alwaies observe that every part which enjoyes nourishment life and sense either first or last hath connexion with the principall parts of the body by the intercourse of the vessels which they receive from thence The use of the Prostats is to receive in their proper body the seed laboured in the testicles and to containe it there untill it be troublesome either in quantity or quality or both Besides they containe a certaine oily and viscide humor in their glandulous body that continually distilling into the passage of the urine it may preserve it from the acrimony and sharpnesse thereof But wee have observed also on each side other Glandules which Rondeletius calls Appendices glandylosae Glandulous dependances to arise from these Prostats in which also their is seed reserved The 10. figure where in those things shewed in the former figure are more exactly set forth aa A part of the Midriffe and of the Peritonaum with the ribs broken bb cc The Convex or gibbous part of the Liver marked with bb the hollow or concavous part with cc. d e The right and left ligaments of the Liver f The trunke of the gate veire g The trunke of the hollov veine h l The fatty veines both left and right i The ascent of the great â—â—ery above the hollow veine and the division thereof k The Caliacall artery n n The emulgent vessels oo pp The fat tunicles or coates torne from both the kidneys qq The ureters that goe unto the bladder t u. The right spermaticall veine which ariseth neare to u. x y. The double originall of the left spermaticall veine x. from the emulgent y from the hollow veine α The originall of the spermaticall arteries β Certaine branches from the spermaticke arteries which runne unto the Peritonaeum γ The passage of the spermaticall vessels through the productions of the Peritonaeum which must be observed by such as use to cut for the Rupture δ The spirie bodden bodies entrance into the testicle it is called Corpus varicosum pyramidale The Parastatae ζ The stone or testicle covered with his inmost coate 〈◊〉 The descent of the leading vessell called Vas deferens V y. The Bladder * The right gut ξ The glandules called prostatae into which the leading vessels are inserted Ï The muscle of the bladder Ï‚Ï„Ï… Two bodies of the yard 〈◊〉 and Ï„ and ν his vessels φχ. The coat of the Testicle 〈◊〉 The muscle of the Testicle ψ. his vessels ω. CHAP. XXX Of the Vreters NOw it seemes sit to speak of the Vreters bladder and parts belonging to the bladder Therefore the Vreters are of a spermaticke white dense and solid substance or
the same decoction for such heat which is actuall resuscitateth strengtheneth the heat of the part which in this disease is commonly very languid Then the Patient shall go into a Bathing-tub which is vailed or covered over just as we have described in our Treatise of Bathes that so he may receave the vapour of the following Decoction â„ž Fol. Salviae Lavend Lauri major Absinth Thym. Angelicae Rutae ana M. ss Florum Chamaem Melil Anethi Anthos ana P. ij Baccar Laur. Iuniper Conquassatar ana â„¥ j. Caryophyl Ê’ ij Aquae fontanae Vini albi ana lb. iv Let them be all put in the Vessell mentioned in the Treatise lately described for use The patient shall keepe himselfe in that Bathing-tub as long as his strength will give him leave then let him be put into his bed well covered where he shall sweat againe bee dried and rest Then let him be presently anointed with the following ointment which Leonellus Faventinus much commends â„ž Olei Laurini de Terebinth ana â„¥ iij. Olei Nardini petrolei ana â„¥ j Vini malvatici â„¥ iv Aqua vitae â„¥ ij Pyrethri Piperis Synap Granor. lunip Gummi hederae anacard Ladani puri an â„¥ j. ss Terantur misceantur omnia cum Olets Vino bulliant in vasi duplici usque ad Vini consumptionem facta forti expressione adde Galbani Bdillit Euphorbil Myrrhae Castorei adipis ursi Anatis Ciconiae an Ê’ij Make an ointment in forme of a liniment adding a little wax if need shall require Or you shall use the following remedy approved by many Physitions â„ž Myrrhae aloes Spicaenardi Sanguinis draconis thuris opopanacis Bdellii Carpobalsami amemi sarcocollae eroci mastio gumml arabici styrac liquidae ladani castorei ana â„¥ ij Moschi Ê’ j. aquae vitae â„¥ j. Terebinthinae venetae ad pondus omnium pulverabuntur pulverisanda gummi eliquabuntur cum aqua vitae aceti tantillo And let them all be put in fit vessels that they may be distilled in Balneo Mariae and let the spine of the back and paralytick limbes be anointed with the liquor which comes from thence I have often tried the force of this following Medicine â„ž rad Angel Ireos floren gentian cyperi ana â„¥ j. Calami aromat Cinam Caryophil nucis Mosch macis ana Ê’ ij Salviae major Iuae arthriticae Lavend rorism satureiae puleg. calament mentastri ana M. ss florum chamaem melil hyperic anthos staechad ana P. j. Concisa omnia contundantur in Aqua vit Vini malvat. an lb. ij infundantur And let them be distilled in Balneo Mariae like the former let the affected parts be moistened with the distilled liquor of which also you may give the patient a spoone full to drinke in the morning with some Sugar For thus the stomach will be heated and much phlegme contained therein as the fuell of this disease will be consumed You must also appoint exercises of the affected parts and frequent and hard frictions with hot linnen clothes that the native heat may be recalled and the excrements contained in the parts digested You may also use the Chymicall oyles of Rosemary Tyme Lavander Cloves Nutmegs and lastly of all spices the maner of extracting whereof we shall hereafter declare in a peculiar Treatise CHAP. XIV Of Sowning SOwning is a suddaine and pertinacious defect of all the powers but especially the Vitall In this the Patients lie without motion and sense so that the Ancients thought that it differed from death onely in continuance of time The cause of sowning which happens to those that are wounded is bleeding which causeth a dissipation of the spirits or feare which causeth a suddaine and joint retirement of the spirits to the heart Whence followes an intermission of the proper duty as also of the rest of the faculties whilest they being thus troubled are at a stand Also Sowning happens by a putrid and venenate vapour carried to the heart by the Arteries and to the Braine by the Nerves by which you may gather that all sowning happens by three causes The first is by dissipation of the spirits and native heat as in great bleeding And then by the oppression of these spirits by obstruction or compression as in a feare or tumult For thus the spirits fly back hastily from the surface and habit of the body unto the heart and center Lastly by corruption as in bodies filled with ill humors and in poysonous wounds The signes of Sowning are Palenes a dewy and sudden sweat arising the failing of the pulse a sudden falling of the body upon the ground without sense motion a coldnesse possessing the whole body so that the Patient may seeme rather dead than alive For many of these who fall into a sowne dye unlesse they have present helpe Therefore you shall helpe them if when they are ready to fall you sprinckle much cold water in their face if that the sowning happen by dissipation of the spirits or if they shall be set with their faces upwards upon a bed or on the ground as gently as may be and if you give them bread dipt in wine to hold and chew in their mouths But if it be caused by a putrid vapour and poysonous aire you shall give them a little Mithridat or Treacle in Aqua vitae with a spoone as I usually do to those which have the plague or any part affected with a Gangreene or sphacell But if the patients cannot be raised out of their sownes by reason of the pertinatious oppression and compression of the spirits about the heart you must give them all such things as have power to diffuse callforth and resuscitat the spirits such as are strong wines to drink sweet perfumes to smell You must call them by their owne name lowd in their eare and you must pluck them somewhat hard by the haires of the Temples and neck Also rub the temples nostrils wrests and palmes of the Hands with Aquavitae wherin Cloves Nutmegs and Ginger have beene steeped CHAP. XV. Of Delirium i. Raving Talking idly or Doting DOting or talking idly here is used for a symptome which commonly happeneth in feavers caused by a wound and inflammation and it is a perturbation of the phantasie and function of the mind not long induring Wherefore such a doting happens upon wounds by reason of vehement paine and a feaver when as the nervous parts as the joynts stomach and middriffe shall be violated For the Ancients did therefore call the Middriffe Phrenae because when this is hurt as if the mind it selfe were hurt a certaine phrensie ensues that is a perturbation of the Animall faculty which is imployed in ratiocination by reason of the community which the Diaphragma hath with the Braine by the nerves sent from the sixth Conjugation which are carried to the stomach Therefore doting happens by too much bleeding which
the motion But now let us speake briefly of the life or soule wherein consisteth the principall originall of every function in the body and likewise of generation CHAP. XI Of the life or soule THE soule entreth into the body so soone as it hath obtained a perfect and absolute distinction and conformation of the members in the wombe which in male children by reason of the more strong and forming heate which is engraffed in them is about the fortieth day and in females about the forty fifth day in some sooner and in some later by reason of the efficacy of the matter working and plyantnesse or obedience of the matter whereon it worketh Neither doth the life or soule being thus inspired into the body presently execute or performe all his functions because the instuments that are placed about it cannot obtaine a firme and hard consistence necessary for the lively but especially for the more divine ministeries of the life or soule but in a long processe of age or time Those instruments of the soule are vitiated either in the first conformation as when the forme or fashion of the head is sharpe upwards or piramydall as was the head of Thersites that lived in the time of the Trojan warre and of Triboulet and Tonin that lived in later yeares or also by some casualty as by the violent handling of the mydwife who by compression by reason that the scull is then tender and soft hath caused the capacity of the ventricles that be under the braine to be too narrow for them or by a fall stroake disorder in diet as by drunkennesse or a feaver which inferreth a lithargie excessive sleepinesse or a phrensie Presently after the soule is entred the body God endueth it with divers and sundry gifts hereof it commeth that some are endued with wisedome by the spirit others with knowledge by the same spirit others with the gift of healing by the same spirit others with power dominion and rule others with prophesie others with diversities of tongues and to others other endowments as it hath pleased the divine providence and bounty of God to bestow upon them against which no man ought to contend or speake For it is not meet that the thing formed should say unto him that formed it why hast thou made mee on this fashion hath not the Potter power to make of the same lumpe of clay one vessell to honour and another to dishonour it is not my purpose neither belongeth it unto mee or any other humane creature to search out the reason of those things but onely to admire them with all humility But yet I dare affirme this one thing that a noble and excellent soule neglecteth elementary and transitory things and is ravished and moved with the contemplation of celestiall which it cannot freely enjoy before it bee separated from this earthly enclosure or prison of the body and be restored unto its originall Therefore the soule is the inward Entelechia or perfection or the primative cause of all motions and functions both naturall and animall and the true forme of man The Ancients have endeavoured to expresse the obscure sense thereof by many descriptions For they have called it a celestiall spirit and a superiour incorporeall invisible an immortall essence which is to bee comprehended of its selfe alone that is of the minde or understanding Others have not doubted but that wee have our soules inspired by the universall divine minde which as they are alive so they doe bestow life on the bodies unto whom they are annexed or united And although this life bee dispersed into all the whole body and into every portion of the same yet is it voyd of all corporall weight or mixtion and it is wholly and a lone in every severall part being simple and indivisible without all composition or mixture yet endued with many vertues and faculties which it doth utter in divers parts of the body For it feeleth imagineth judgeth remembreth understandeth and ruleth all our desires pleasures and animall motions it seeth heareth smelleth tasteth toucheth and it hath divers names of these so many and so great functions which it performeth in divers parts of the body It is called the soule or life because it maketh the body live which of it selfe is dead It is called the spirit or breath because it inspireth our bodies It is called reason because it discerneth truth from falshood as it were by a certaine divine rule It is termed the minde because it is mindfull of things past in recalling and remembring them and it is called the vigour or courage because it giveth vigour and courage to the sluggish weight or masse of the body And lastly it is called the sense understanding because it comprehendeth things that are sensible and intelligible Because it is incorporeall it cannot occupie a place by corporeall extension although notwithstanding it filleth the whole body It is simple because it is but one in essence not encreased nor diminished for it is no lesse in a Dwarfe than in a Gyant and it is like perfect and great in an infant as in a man according to its owne nature But there are three kindes of bodies informed by a soule whereby they live the first being the most imperfect is of plants the second of brute beasts and the third of men The plants live by a vegitative beasts by a sensitive and men by an intellective soule And as the sensitive soule of brute beasts is endued with all the vertues of the vegetative so the humane intellective comprehendeth the vertues of all the inferior not separated by any division but by being indivisibly united with reason and understanding into one humane forme and soule whereon they depend But because we have sayd a little before that divers functions of the life are resident and appeare in divers parts of the body here in this place omitting all others wee will prosecute those only which are accounted the principall The principall functions of a humane soule according to the opinion of many are foure in number proceeding from so many faculties and consequently from one soule they are these The common Sense Imagination Reasoning and Memory And they thinke that the common or interior sense doth receive the formes and images of sensible things being carryed by the spirit through the passage of the nerves as an instrument of the externall senses as it were a messenger to goe between them and it serves not onely to receive them but also to know perceive and discerne them For the eye wherein the externall sense of seeing consisteth doth not know white or blacke Therefore it cannot discerne the differences of colours as neither the tongue tastes nor the nose savours nor the eares sounds nor lastly the hands their touching quality yea the eye doth not of it selfe perceive that it seeth nor the nose that it smelleth nor the eares that they heare nor the tongue that it
or dead Truely the wounds that are made on a living man if he dye of them after his death will appeare red and bloody with the sides or edges swollne or pale round about contrary wise those that are made in a dead man will bee neither red bloody swollne nor puffed up For all the faculties and functions of life in the body doe cease and fall together by death so that thenceforth no spirits nor blood can be sent or flow unto the wounded place Therefore by these signes which shall appeare it may be declared that hee was wounded dead or alive The like question may come in judgement when a man is found hanged whether he were dead or alive Therefore if he were hanged alive the impression or print of the rope will appeare red pale or blacke and the skinne round about it will be contracted or wrinkled by reason of the compression which the cord hath made also often times the head of the aspera arteria is rent and torne and the second spondile and the necke luxated or mooved out of his place Also the armes and legges will be pale by reason of the violent and sodaine suffocation of the spirits moreover there will be a foame about his mouth and a foamie and filthy matter hanging out at his nosethrills being sent thither both by reason that the Lungs are sodainely heated and suffocated as also by the convulsive concussion of the braine like as it were in the falling sicknesse Contrariwise if he be hanged dead none of these signes appeare for neither the print of the rope appeares red or pale but of the same colour as the other parts of the body are because in dead men the blood and spirits doe not flow to the greeved parts Whosoever is found dead in the waters you shall know whether they were throwne into the water alive or dead For all the belly of him that was throwne in alive will be swollen and puffed up by reason of the water that is contained therein certaine clammie excrements come out at his mouth and nosethrills the ends of his fingers will be worne and excoriated because that hee dyed striving and digging or scraping in the sand or bottome of the river seeking somewhat whereon hee might take hold to save himselfe from drowning Contrariwise if he be throwne into the waters being dead before his belly will not be swollne because that in a dead man all the passages and conduites of the body doe fall together and are stopped and closed and for that a dead man breathes not there appeareth no foame nor filthy matter about his mouth and nose and much lesse can the toppes of his fingers be worne and excoriated for when a man is already dead he cannot strive against death But as concerning the bodies of those that are drowned those that swimme on the upper part of the water being swollne or puffed up they are not so by reason of the water that is contained in the belly but by reason of a certaine vapour into which a great portion of the humors of the body are converted by the efficacy of the putryfying heate Therefore this swelling appeareth not in all men which doe perish or else are cast out dead into the waters but onely in them which are corrupted with the filthinesse or muddinesse of the water long time after they were drowned and are cast on the shore But now I will declare the accidents that come to those that are suffocated and stifled or smoothered with the vapour of kindled or burning charcoales and how you may foretell the causes thereof by the history following In the yeere of our Lord God 1575. the tenth day of May I with Robert Greauline Doctor of Physicke was sent for by Master Hamell an advocate of the Court of Parlament of Paris to see and shew my opinion on two of his servants of whom the one was his Clarke and the other his Horse-keeper All his family supposed them dead because they could not perceive or feele their Arteries to beate all the extreame parts of their bodyes were cold they could neither speake nor move their faces were pale and wanne neither could they bee raised up with any violent beating or plucking by the haire Therefore all men accounted them dead and the question was onely of what kind of death they dyed for their master suspected that some body had strangled them others thought that each of them had stopped one anothers winde with their hands and others judged that they were taken with a sodaine apoplexie But I presently enquired whether there had beene any fire made with Coales in the house lately whereunto their master giving care sought about all the corners of the chamber for the chamber was very little and close and at last found an earthen panne with charcoale halfe burned which when we once saw we all affirmed with one voyce that it was the cause of all this misfortune and that it was the maligne fume and venemous vapour which had smothered them as it were by stopping the passages of their breath Therefore I put my hand to the regions of their hearts where I might perceive that there was some life remaining by the heat and pulsation that I felt though it were very little wherefore we thought it convenient to augment and encrease it Therefore first of all artificially opened their mouthes which were very fast closed and sticking obstinately together and thereinto both with a spoone and also with a silver pipe we put aqua vitae often distilled with dissolved hiera and treacle when we had injected these medicines often into their mouthes they began to moove and to stretch themselves and to cast up and expell many viscous excrementall and filthy humors at their mouth and nostrells and their Lungs seemed to be hot as it were in their throates Therefore then we gave them vomitories of a great quantity of Oxymel and beate them often violently on the last spondill of the backe and first of the loynes both with the hand and knee for unto this place the orifice of the stomacke is turned that by the power of the vomitory medicine and concussion of the stomacke they might be constrained to vomit Neither did our purpose faile us for presently they voided clammie yellow and spumous fleame and blood But wee not being content with all this blowed up into their nostrells out of a Goose quill the powder of Euphorbium that the expulsive faculty of the braine might be stirred up to the expulsion of that which oppressed it therefore presently the braine being shaken or mooved with sneesing and instimulated thereunto by rubbing the chymicall oyle of mints on the pallate and on the cheekes they expelled much viscous and clammie matter at their nostrells Then we used frictions of their armes legges and backe-bones and ministered sharpe glisters by whose efficacie the belly being abundantly loosened they beganne presently to speake and to take things that were
runs when he goes being compared to the slow and womanish pace of the Spaniard which is the cause that Spaniards are delighted with French servants for their quicke agillity in dispatching busines The Easterne people are specially endued with a good firme and well tempered wit not keeping their counsels secret and hid For the haste is of the nature of the Sunne and that part of the day which is next to the rising of the Sunne is counted the right-side and stronger and verily in all living things the right side is alwayes the more strong and vigorous But the Westerne people are more tender and effeminate and more close in their cariage and minde not easily making any one partaker of their secrets For the West is as it were subjct to the Moone because at the change it alwaies inclines to the West wherby it happens that it is reputed as nocturnall sinister and opposite to the East and the West is lesse temperate and wholsome Therefore of the windes none is more wholsome than the Eastwinde which blowes from the west with a most fresh and healthfull gale yet it seldome blowes and but onely at Sun-set The Northerne people are good eaters but much better drinkers witty when they are a litle moistened with wine and talkers of things both to be spoken and concealed not very constant in their promises and agreements but principall keepers and preservers of shamefastnes and chastity farre different from the inhabitants of the South who are wonderfull sparing sober secret and subtle and much addicted to all sorts of wicked Lust Aristotle in his Problemes saith that those nations are barbarous and cruell both which are burnt with immoderate heate and which are opprest with excessive cold because a soft temper of the Heavens softens the Manners and the minde Wherfore both as well the Northerne as Scythians and Germans and the Southerne as Africans are cruell but these have this of a certaine naturall stoutnes and souldierlike boldnes and rather of anger than a wilfull desire of revenge because they cannot restraine by the power of reason the first violent motions of their anger by reason of the heat of their blood But those of a certaine inbred and inhumane pravity of manners wilfully and willingly premeditating they performe the workes of cruelty because they are of a sad and melancholy nature You may have an example of the Northerne cruelty from the Transilvanians against their seditious Captaine George whom they gave to be torne in peeces alive and devoured by his Soldiers being kept fasting for three dayes before for that purpose who was then unbowelled and rosted and so by them eaten up The Cruelty of Hannibal the Captaine of the Carthaginians may suffise for an instance of the Southerne cruelty He left the Romane Captives wearied with burdens and the lenght of the way with the soles of their feet cut off But those he brought into his tents joyning brethren and kinsmen together he caused to fight neither was satisfied with blood before he brought all the victors to one man Also we may see the cruell nature of the Southerne Americans who dip their children in the blood of their slaine enemies then sucke their blood and banquet with their broken and squeased Limbs And as the Inhabitants of the South are free from divers Plethoricke diseases which are caused by aboundance of blood to which the Northerne people are subject as Feavers Defluxions Tumors Madnesse with laughter which causeth those which have it to leape and dance The people commonly terme it S. vittus his Evill which admits of no remedy but Musicke So they are often molested with the Frensie invading with madnesse and fury by the heat whereof they are often so ravished and carried besides themselves that they foretell things to come they are terrified with horrible dreames and in their fits they speake in strange and forraigne tongues but they are so subject to the scurfe and all kind of scabbs and to the Leprosie as their homebread disease that no houses are so frequently mett withall by such as travell through either of the Mauritania's as Hospitalls provided for the Lodging of Lepers Those who inhabit rough and Mountainous places are more brutish tough able to endure labour but such as dwell in plaines especially if they be moorish or fennish are of a tender body and sweate much with a litle labour the truth of which is confirmed by the Hollanders and Frizlanders But if the plaine be such as is scortched by the heate of the Sunne and blowne upon by much contrariety of windes it breeds men who are turbulent not to be tamed desirous of sedition and novelty stubborne impatient of servitude as may be perceived by the sole example of the inhabitants of Narbon a province of France Those who dwell in poore and barren places are commonly more witty and diligent and most patient of labours the truth of which the famous witts of the Athenians Ligurians and Romanes and the plaine country of the Boeotians in Greece of the Campanians in Italy and of the rest of the inhabiters adjoyning to the Ligurian sea approves CHAP. VIII Of the Faculties A Faculty is a certaine power and efficient cause proceeding from the temperament of the part and the performer of some actions of the body There are three principall Faculties governing mans body as long as it enjoyes its integrity the Animall Vitall and Naturall The Animall is seated in the propertemperament of the Braine from whence it is distributed by the Nerves into all parts of the body which have sense and motion This is of three kinds for one is Moving another sensative the third principall The sensative consists in the five externall senses sight hearing taste smell and touch The Moving principally remaines in the Muscles and nerves as the fit instruments of voluntary motion The Principall comprehends the Reasoning faculty the Memory and Fantasie Galen would have the Common or inward sense to be comprehended within the compasse of the Fantasie although Aristotle distinguisheth betweene them The Vitall abides in the Hart from whence heat and life is distributed by the Arteryes to the whole body this is principally hindered in the diseases of the Brest as the Principall is when any disease assailes the Braine the prime action of the vitall faculty is Pulsation and that continued agitation of the Heart and Arteryes which is of threefold use to the body for by the dilatation of the Heart and Arteryes the vitall spirit is cherished by the benefit of the Aire which is drawne in by the contraction thereof the vapours of it are purged and sent forth and the native heat of the whole body is tempered by them both The last is the Naturall faculty which hath chosen its principall seate in the Liver it spreads or carries the nourishment over the whole body but it is distinguished into 3. other faculties The
But sometimes these Spirits are not dissipated but driven in and returned to their fountaines and so both oppresse and are opprest whereupon it happens we are often forced to dilate and spread them abroad by binding and rubbing the parts Hitherto wee have spoke of these things which are called Naturall because we naturally consist of them it remaines that we now say somewhat of their Adjuncts and associates by familiarity of Condition The Adjuncts and Associates to things Naturall are Age of which by reason of the similitude of the Argument wee were constrained to speake when we handled the Temperatures Sexe Colour of which we have already spoken The Conformation of the instrumentall parts Time whose force we have also considered Region Order of Diet and Condition of life CHAP. XI Of the Adjuncts of things Naturall SExe is no other thing than the distinction of Male and Female in which this is most observable that for the parts of the body and the fire of these parts their is litle difference betweene them but the Female is colder than the Male. Wherefore their spermaticall parts are more cold soft and moyst and all there naturall actions lesse vigorous and more depraved The Nature of Eunuches is to be referred to that of weomen as who may seeme to have degenerated into a womanish nature by deficiency of heate their smooth body and soft and shirle voyce doe very much assimulate weomen Notwithstanding you must consider that there be some Manly weomen which their manly voyce and chinne covered with a litle hairinesse doe argue and on the contrary there are some womanizing or womanish men which therefore we terme dainty and effeminate The Hermaphrodite as of a doubtfull nature and in the middle of both sexes seemes to participate of both Male and Female The Colour which is predominante in the habite and superficies of the body and lyes next under the skinne shewes the temperament of what kinde soever it be for as Galen notes in Comment ad Aphor 2. sect 1. Such a colour appeares in us as the contained humor hath Wherefore if a rosie hew coloure the cheekes it is a signe the body abounds with blood and that it is carryed abroad by the plenty of Spirits But if the skinne be dyed with a yellow colour it argues Choler is predominante if with a whitish and pallide hew Phlegme with a sable and dusky Melancholy So the colour of the excrements which are according to Nature is not of the least consideration For thus if an ulcer being broken send forth white matter it argues the soundnesse of the part from whence it flowes but if sanious or bloody greene blackish or of divers colours it shewes the weaknes of the solide part which could not assimulate by concoction the colour of the excrementitious humor The like reason is of unnaturall Tumors For as the colour so the Dominion of the Humor causing or accompanying the swelling commonly is The Conformitie and integrity of the Organicall parts is considered by their figure greatnesse number situation and mutuall connexion Wee consider the figure when wee say almost all the externall parts of the body are naturally round not onely for shew but for necessitie that being smooth and no way cornered they should be lesse obnoxious to externall injuries wee speake of Greatnesse when wee say some are large and thicke some lancke and leane But wee consider their number when we observe some parts to abound some to want or nothing to be defective or wanting Wee insinuate site and connexion when wee search whether every thing be in its proper place and whether they be decently fitted and well joyned together We have handled the varyeties of the foure seasons of the yeare when we treated of Temperaments But the consideration of Region because it hath the same judgment that the Aire shall be referred to that disquisition or enquiry which we entend to make of the Aire amongst the Things not naturall The Manner of life and order of Diet are to be diligently observed by us because they have great power either to alter or preserve the Temperament But because they are of almost infinite variety therefore they scarse seeme possible to fall into Arte which may prosequute all the differences of Diet and vocations of life Wherefore if the Calling of Life be laborious as that of husbandmen Marriners and other such trades it strengthens and dryes the parts of the body Although those which labour much about Waters are most commonly troubled with cold and moyst diseases although they almost kill themselves with labour Againe those which deale with Mettalls as all sorts of Smithes and those which cast and worke brasse are more troubled with hotte diseases as feavers But if their Calling be such as they sit much and worke all the day long sitting at home as shooemakers it makes the body tender the flesh effeminate and causeth great quantity of excrements A life as well idle and negligent in body as quiet in minde in all riotousnes and excesses of Dyet doth the same For from hence the body is made subject to the stone gravell and Gout That calling of life which is performed with moderate labour clothing and dyet seemes very fit and convenient to preserve the naturall temper of the body The Ingenious Chirurgeon may frame more of himselfe that may more particularly conduce to the examination of these things Therefore the things naturall and those which are neere or Neighbouring to them being thus briefly declared the Order seemes to require that wee make enquiry of Things not Naturall CHAP. XII Ofthings not Naturall THe things which wee must now treate of have by the latter Physitions beene termed Not naturall because they are not of the number of those which enter into the constitution or composure of mans body as the Elements Humors and all such things which we formerly comprehended vnder the name of Naturall Although they be such as are necessary to preserue and defend the body already made and composed Wherefore they were called by Galen Preservers because by the due use of them the body is preserved in health Also they may be called doubtfull and Neuters for that rightly and fitly used they keepe the body healthfull but inconsiderately they cause diseases Whereby it comes to passe that they may be thought to pertaine to that part of Phisicke which is of preserving health not because some of these things should be absolutely and of their owne nature wholsome and others unwholsome but onely by this that they are or prove so by their convenient or preposterous use Therefore we consider the use of such like things from 4 conditions quantitie quality occasion and manner of using if thou shalt observe these thou shalt attaine and effect this that those things which of themselves are as it were doubtfull shall bring certaine and undoubted health For these 4. Circumstances doe so farre extend that
in them as in the perfection of Arte the Rules which may be prescribed to preserve health are contained But Galen in another place hath in 4. words comprehended these things not Naturall as things Taken Applyed Expelled and to be Done Things Taken are those which are put into the body either by the mouth or any other way as the Aire meate and drinke Things Applyed are these which must touch the body as the Aire now mentioned affecting the body with a diverse touch of its qualityes of heat cold moysture or drynesse Expelled are what things soever being unprofitable are generated in the body and require to be expelled To be Done are labour rest sleepe watching and the like We may more distinctly and by expression of proper names revoke all these things to sixe which are Aire Meat and Drinke Labour and Rest Sleepe and Watching Repletion and Inanition or things to be expelled or retained and kept Perturbations of the Minde CHAP. XIII Of the Aire AIre is so necessary to life that we cannot live a moment without it if so be that breathing and much more transpiration be not to be separated from life Wherefore it much conduceth to know what Aire is wholsome what unwholsome and which by contrariety of qualities fights for the Patient against the disease or on the contrary by a similitude of qualities shall nourish the disease that if it may seeme to burden the Patient by increasing or adding to the disease we may correct it by Arte. So in curing the wounds of the head especially in Winter we labour by all the means we may to make the aire warme For cold is hurtfull to the Braine Bones and the wounds of these parts and heat is comfortable and friendly But also the aire being drawne into the body by breathing when it is hotter than ordinarie doth with a new warmth overheate the heart lungs and spirits and weaken the strength by the dissipation of the spirits too much attenuated so being too cold in like manner the strength of the faculties faints and growes dull either by suppression of the vapoures or by the inspissation or thickning of the spirits Therefore to conclude that Aire is to be esteemed healthfull which is cleere subtile and pure free and open on every side and which is farre remote from all carrion-like smells of dead carkasses or the stench of any putrifying thing whatsoever the which is farre distant from standing pooles and fennes and caves sending forth strong and ill vapours neither too cloudy nor moist by the nearenesse of some river Such an Aire I say if it have a vernall temper is good against all diseases That aire which is contrary to this is altogether unhealthfull as that which is putrid shut up and prest by the straitnesse of neighbouring mountaines infected with some noysome vapour And because I cannot prosecute all the conditions of aires fit for the expelling of all diseases as which are almost infinite it shall suffice here to have set downe what we must understand by this word Aire Physitions commonly use to understand three things by the name of Aire The present state of the Aire The Region in which wee live and the season of the yeare Wee spoke of this last when wee treated of Temperaments Wherefore wee will now speake of the two former The present state of the Aire one while for some small time is like the Spring that is temperate otherwhiles like the Summer that is hot and drie otherwhiles like the Winter that is cold and moist and sometimes like the Autumne which is unequall and this last constitution of the Aire is the cause of many diseases When upon the same day it is one while hot another cold we must expect Autumnall diseases These tempers and varieties of constitutions of the Aire are chiefely and principally stirred up by the windes as which being diffused over all the Aire shew no small force by their sodaine change Wherefore we will briefly touch their natures That which blowes from the East is called the East-winde and is of a hot and drie nature and therefore healthfull But the Westerne winde is cold and moist and therefore sickly The South winde is hot and moist the Author of putrifaction and putride diseases The North winde is cold and drie therefore healthy wherefore it is thought if it happen to blow in the dogge-dayes that it makes the whole yeare healthfull and purges and takes away the seedes of putrifaction if any chance to be in the aire But this description of the foure windes is then onely thought to be true if we consider the windes in their owne proper nature which they borrow from these Regions from which they first proceede For otherwise they affect the aire quite contrarie according to the disposition of the places over which they came as snowie places Seaes Lakes Rivers Woods or sandy plaines from whence they may borrow new qualities with which they may afterwards possesse the aire and so consequently our bodies Hence it is we have noted the Westerne winde unwholsome and breeding diseases by reason of the proper condition of the Region from whence it came and such that is cold and moist the Gasconies finde it truly to their so great harme that it seldome blowes with them but it brings some manifest and great harme either to their bodies or fruits of the earth And yet the Greekes and Latines are wont to commend it for healthfulnesse more than the rest But also the rising and setting of some more eminent stars doe often cause such cold windes that the whole aire is cooled or infected with some other maligne qualitie For vapours and exhalations are often raised by the force of the stars from whence windes cloudes stormes whirlewindes lightnings thunders haile snow raine earthquakes inundations and violent raging of the sea have their original The exact contemplation of which things although it be proper to Astronomers Cosmographers and Geographers yet Hippocrates could not omit it but that he must speake somthing in his book De aëre aquis where he touches by the way the description of the neighbouring Regions and such as hee knew From this force of the aire either hurtfull or helping in diseases came that famous observation of Gnido of Caulias That wounds of the head are more difficult to cure at Paris than at Avignion and the plaine contrarie of wounds of the legges for the aire of Paris compared to that of Avignion is cold and moist wherefore hurtfull and offensive to the wounds of the head On the contrary the same aire because it obscures the spirits incrassates the bloud condensates the humors and makes them lesse fit for defluxions makes the wounds of the legges more easie to be healed by reason it hinders the course of the humors by whose defluxion the cure is hindered But it is manifest that hot and drie places make a greater dissipation of the naturall heate
the Winter season we are troubled with the cold and moist aire and at the same time have much heate inwardly for the inner parts according to Hippocrates are naturally most hot in the Winter and the Spring but feaverish in Summer so the heat of Summer is to be tempered by the use of cold and moist things and much drinke In the temperate Spring all things must be moderate but in Autumne by little and little we must passe from our Summer to our Winter diet CHAP. XV. Of Motion and Rest HEre Physitians admonish us that by the name of Motion we must understand all sorts of exercises as walking leaping running riding playing at tennis carrying a burden and the like Friction or rubbing is of this kinde which in times past was in great use and esteeme neither at this day is it altogether neglected by Physitians They mention many kinds of it but they may be all reduced to three as one gentle another hard a third indifferent and that of the whole body or onely of some part thereof The friction is called hard which is made by the rough or strong pressure of the hands spunges or a course and new linnen cloth it drawes together condensates bindes and hardens the flesh yet if it bee often and long used at length it rarifies dissolves attenuates and diminishes the flesh and any other substance of the body and also it causeth revulsion and drawes the defluxion of humors from one part to another The gentle friction which is performed by the light rubbing of the hand and such like doth the contrarie as softens relaxes and makes the skinne smooth and unwrinckled yet unlesse it be long continued it doth none of these worthy to be spoken of The indifferent kinds consisting in the meane betwixt the other two increaseth the flesh swells or puffes up the habite of the body because it retaines the bloud and spirits which it drawes and suffers them not to be dissipated The benefit of exercise is great for it increases naturall heate whereby better digestion followes and by that meanes nourishment and the expulsion of the excrements and lastly a quicker motion of the spirits to performe their offices in the bodie all the wayes and passages being cleansed Besides it strengthens the respiration and the other actions of the body confirmes the habite and all the limbes of the body by the mutuall attrition of the one with the other whereby it comes to passe they are not so quickly wearied with labour Hence we see that Country people are not to be tired with labour If any will reape these benefits by exercise it is necessary that he take opportunity to beginne his exercise and that he seasonably desist from it not exercising himselfe violently and without discretion but at certaine times according to reason Wherefore the best time for exercise will be before meate that the appetite may be encreased by augmenting the naturall heate all the excrements being evacuated lest nature being hungry and empty doe draw and infuse the ill humors contained in the guts and other parts of the body into the whole habite the liver and other noble parts Neither is it fit presently after meate to runne into exercise left the crude humors and meats not well concocted be carried into the veines The measure and bounds of exercise must be when the body appeares more full the face lookes red sweat beginnes to breake forth we breathe more strongly and quicke and begin to grow weary if any continue exercise longer stifnesse and wearinesse assayles his joints and the body flowing with sweate suffers a losse of the spirituous and humid substance which is not easily repaired by which it becomes more cold and leane even to deformitie The qualitie of exercise which we require is in the midst of exercise so that the exercise must be nether too slow and idle neither too strong nor too weake neither too hasty nor remisse but which may move all the members alike Such exercise is very fit for sound bodies But if they be distempered that sort of exercise is to be made choise of which by the qualitie of its excesse may correct the distemper of the body and reduce it to a certaine mediocritie Wherefore such men as are stuffed with cold grosse and viscous humors shall hold that kinde of exercise most fit for them which is more laborious vehement strong and longer continued Yet so that they doe not enter into it before the first and second concoction which they may know by the yellownesse of their urine But let such as abound with thinne and cholericke humors chuse gentle exercises and such as are free from contention not expecting the finishing of the second concoction for the more acride heate of the solid parts delights in such halfe concocted juices which otherwise it would so burne up all the glutinous substance thereof being wasted that they could not be adjoyned or fastened to the parts For the repeating or renewing of exercise the body should bee so often exercised as there is a desire to eate For exercise stirres up and revives the heate which lies-buried and hid in the body For digestion cannot be well performed by a sluggish heate neither have we any benefit by the meate we eate unlesse wee use exercise before The last part of exercise begun and performed according to reason is named the ordering of the body which is performed by an indifferent rubbing and drying of the members that so the sweat breaking forth the filth of the body and such excrements lying under the skinne may be allured and drawne out and also that the members may be freed from stifnesse and wearinesse At this time it is commonly used by such as play at tennis But as many and great commodities arise from exercise conveniently begunne and performed so great harme proceeds of idlenesse for grosse and vicious juyces heaped up in the body commonly produce crudities obstructions stones both in the reines and bladder the Goute Apoplexie and a thousand other diseases CHAP. XVI Of Sleepe and Watching THat this our speech of Sleepe and Watching which we now intend may be more plaine we will briefely declare what commoditie or discommoditie they bring what time and what houre is convenient for both what the manner of lying must bee and the choise thereof what the dreames in sleeping and what paines or heavinesse and cheerefulnesse after sleepe may portend Sleepe is nothing else than the rest of the whole body and the cessation of the Animall facultie from sense and motion Sleepe is caused when the substance of the braine is possessed and after some sort overcome and dulled by a certaine vaporous sweete and delightsome humidity or when the spirits almost exhaust by performance of some labour cannot any longer sustaine the weight of the body but cause rest by a necessary consequence by which meanes nature may produce other from the
Galen in the place before mentioned Cacochymia that is an evill juyce whether the Repletion proceede of a Cholericke Melancholicke Phlegmaticke or serous humor Now Inanition or evacuation is no other thing than the expulsion or effusion of humors which are troublesome either in quantitie or qualitie Of evacuations some are universall which expell superfluous humors from the whole body such are purging vomiting transpiration sweats phlebotomie Some particular which are performed onely to evacuate some part as the braine by the nose palate eyes eares the lungs by the weazon the stomacke by vomite and stoole the guts by stoole the liver and the spleene by urine and ordure These evacuations are sometimes performed by nature freeing it selfe of that which is troublesome to it otherwhiles by the Art of the Physition in imitation of nature And againe one of these is good and requisite when onely the humor which is hurtfull either in quantitie or qualitie is evacuated The other not requisite or immoderate when the profitable humors together with the unprofitable are expclled But what evacuations soever these be they are performed and done either by the scratching and rubbing of the skinne as when a cholericke salt or serous humor or some windinesse lying betweene the skinne and the flesh cause itehing For by scratching the skinne it gets passage out which is manifest by the effluxe of a serous matter burning or causing scabbs and ulcers if the humor be somewhat grosse but insensible and not so manifest if it be windinesse the skinne by that rubbing being rarefied and the grosse flatulency attenuated Wherefore they doe ill who hinder their Patients from scratching unlesse they scratch so cruelly and hard that there may bee danger by reason of the great heate and paine thereby caused of some defluxion or falling downe of humors into the part Or these evacuations are performed by much matter evacuated frow an opened Bile or running ulcer a Fistula or such like sores Or by sweats which are very good and healthfull especially in sharpe diseases if they proceede from the whole body and happen on the criticall dayes By vomit which often violently drawes these humors from the whole body even from the utmost joints which purging medicins could not evacuate as wee may see in the Palsie and Sciatica or Hip-goute By spitting as in all who are suppurated either in the sides or lungs By Salivation or a Flegmaticke fluxe by the mouth as in those who are troubled with the French Pockes By sneesing and blowing the nose for by these the braine opprest with moisture disburdeneth its selfe whether it be done without or with the helpe of sternutatories and errhines wherefore children and such as have somewhat moist braines purge themselves often this way By hicket and belching for by these the windinesse contained in the stomacke is often expelled By urine for by this not onely Feavers but which is more to bee admired the French-Pockes hath often beene terminated and cured For there have beene some troubled with the Pockes in whom a fluxe of the vicious and venenate humor could not by unctions of quicksilver be procured either from the mouth or belly yet have beene wonderfully freed by aboundance of urine both from danger of death and their disease By bleeding for nature hath often found a way for grievous diseases especially in young bodies by bleeding at the nose and by their courses in women By a â—uxe or laske purgation sweats insensible evacuation and transpiration for so tumors the matter being brought to suppuration doe sometimes vanish away and are dissolved both of their owne accord as also by dissolving or discussing medicins We doe the same by exercise diet hot-houses long sleepe waking and shedding of teares By sucking as with cupping glasses and horse-leaches in wounds made by venemous bitings In all such kinds of evacuations wee must consider three things the quantity quality and manner of evacuation As for an example when an Empyema is opened the matter which runnes out ought to bee answerable in proportion to the purulent matter which was contained in the capacity of the breasts otherwise unlesse all the matter bee emptied there may happen a râ—…e the matter should be white soft equall and nothing stinking Lastly you must let it forth not altogether and at one time but by little and little and at severall times otherwise not a little quantitie of the spirits and heate doth flow out together with the unprofitable matter and so consequently a dissolution of all the powers CHAP. XVIII Of the Perturbations or Passions of the minde THe Perturbations are commonly called the accidents of the minde because as bodily accidents from the body so may these be present and absent from the minde without the corruption of the subject The knowledge of these must not be lightly passed over by the Chirurgion for they stir up great troubles in the bodies and yeeld occasion of many great diseases of which things Ioy Hope and Love may give a apparent testimony For by these motions the heate and spirits are sometimes gently sometimes violently diffused over all the body for the enjoying of the present or hoped for good For then the heart is dilated as to embrace the thing beloved and the face is died with a rosy and lively colour For it is likely that the facultie it selfe is stirred by the object by whose power the heart it selfe is moved For it is first necessary before wee be moved by any Passions that the senses in their proper seates in which they are seldome deceived apprehend the objects and strait as messengers carrie them to the common sense which sends their conceived formes to all the faculties And then that each facultie as a Iudge may a fresh examine the whole matter how it is and conceive in the presented objects some shew of good or ill to bee desired or shunned For what man that was well in his wits did ever fall into a laughter unlesse he formerly knew or saw somewhat said or done which might yeeld occasion of laughter Therefore Ioy proceeds from the heart for the thing causing mirth or joy being conceived the facultie moves the heart which shaken and moved by the faculty which hath dominion over it is dilated and opened as ready to embrace the exhilarating object But in the meane time by the force of that dilatation it sends forth much heate and spirits together with the bloud into all the body A great part of which comming to the face dilates it the forehead is smooth and plaine the eyes looke bright the cheekes become red as died with Vermilion the lips and mouth are drawen together and made plaine and smoth some have their cheekes dented with two little pits which from the effects are called laughing cheekes because of the contraction or curling which the muscles suffer by reason of their fulnesse of bloud and spirits all which to be briefe
spirits so consequently the continuall nourisher of the vitall heate the first living and last dying which because it must have a naturall motion of it self was made of a dense solide and more compact substance than any other part of the body The flesh thereof is woven with three sorts of fibers for it hath the right in the inner part descending from the basis into the point that they might dilate it and so draw the blood from the hollow veine into the receptacles thereof and the breath or aire from the lungs by the Arteria venosa it hath the transverse without which passe through the right at right angles to contract the Heart and so drive the vitall spirits into the great Artery Aorta and the cholericke blood to the Lungs by the vena arteriosa for their nourishment It hath the oblique in the midst to containe the Aire and blood drawne thither by the forementioned vessels untill they be sufficiently claborate by the heart All these fibers doe their parts by contracting themselues towards their originall as the right from the point of the heart towards the basis whereby it comes to passe that by this contraction of the fibers the heart dilated becomes shorter but broader no otherwise than it is made more long and narrow by the contraction of the transverse but by the drawing of the oblique it is lessened in that part which lookes towards the vertebra's which chiefly appeares in the point thereof It is of an indifferent bignes but yet in some bigger in some lesse according to the diverse temper of Cold or hot men as wee noted in the liver The figure thereof is Pyramidall that is it is broader in the basis and narrower at his round point It is composed of the most dense flesh of all the body by the affusion of blood at the divisions and foldings of the vessels and there concrete as it happens also to the other Entrailes For the blood being there a litle more dryed than that which is concrete for the making of the Liver turnes into a fleshy substance more dense than the common flesh even as in hollow ulcers when they come to a cicatrize It hath the Coronall veines and arteryes which it receives either on the right side from the hollow veine or on the left from the basis at the entranc of the Artery Aorta You cannot by your Eye discerne that the Heart hath any other Nerves than those which come to it with the Pleura Yet I have plainely enough observed others in certaine beasts which have great Hearts as swine they appeared seated under the fat which covers the vessels and basis of the heart lest the humid substance of these parts should be dissolved and dissipated by the burning heat of the Heart Whereby you may perceive that the heat of the heart is different from the Elementary heat as that which suffers fat to grow about this Entraile where otherwise it doth not concrete unlesse by cold or a remisse heat which thing is chiefly worth admiration The Heart is one alone scituate most commonly upon the fourth Vertebra of the Chest which is in the midst of the Chest Yet some thinke that it inclines some-what to the left side because we there feele the motion or beating thereof but that happens by reason of its left ventricle which being it is filled with many spirits and the beginning of the arteryes it beats far more vehemently than the right It required that seat by the decree of Nature because that Region is the most safe and armed and besides it is here on every side covered as it were with the hands of the Lungs It hath connexion with the fore mentioned Vertebra's but by the parts composeing it with those parts from whence it hath them with the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa and lastly with all the parts of the body by the Arteries which it sends to them all It is of a hot and moist temper as every fleshy part is The action thereof is first to prepare the blood in its right ventricle for the fit nourishment of the Lungs for from hence it is that Galen saith this right ventricle was made for the necessity of the lungs Secondly to generate the vitall spirits in its left ventricle for the use of the whole body But this spirit is nothing els than a certaine middle substance between aire and blood fit to preserve and carry the native heat wherefore it is named the vitall as being the author and preserver of life In the inner parts of the heart there present themselves to our consideration the ventricles and the parts contained in the ventricles and between them such are the Valvulae or valves the vessels and their mouthes their distribution into the lungs the wall or partition and the two productions or Eares of the heart which because they are doubtfull whether they may be reckoned amongst the externall or internall parts of the heart I will here handle in the first place Therefore these Auriculae or Eares are of a soft and nervous substance compact of three sorts of fibers that so by their softnesse they might the more easily follow the motions of the heart and so breake the violence of the matters entring the heart with great force when it is dilated For otherwise by their violent and abundant entrance they might hurt the heart and as it were overwhelme and suffocate it but they have that capacity which we see given by nature that so they might as it were keep in store the blood and aire and then by litle and litle draw it forth for the use or necessity of the heart But if any enquire if such matters may be drawne into the heart by the only force of the Diastole ad fugam vacui for avoiding of emptinesse I will answere that that drawing in or attraction is caused by the heat of the heart which continually drawes these matters to it no otherwise than a fire drawes the adjacent Aire and the flame of a candle the tallow which is about the weake for nourishments sake Whilest the heart is dilated it drawes the aire whilest it is drawne togeather or contracted it expells it This motion of the heart is absolutely naturall as the motion of the Lungs is animall Some adde a third cause of the attraction of the heart to wit the similitude of the whole substance But in my judgment this rather takes place in that attraction which is of blood by the venae coronales for the proper nourishment of the heart than in that which is performed for attraction of matters for the benefit of the whole body These eares differ in quantity for the right is far more capacious than the left because it was made to receive a greater aboundance of matter They are two in number on each side one scituate at the Basis of the heart The greater at
expulsion in vomiting and breaking of winde These two coats are continued with the two coats of the stomacke and have the like site Besides the Gullet hath these parts composing it as a veine from the Gate and Hollow ascendent veine a nerve from the sixt conjugation an Artery from that which creepes alongst the bottome of the stomacke with the vena Gastrica or else from the Arteryes ascending the hollow part therof but also besides all these vessels it may have a third coat from the membrane investing the Ribs or Pleura The magnitude of the Gullet is large enough yet some be bigger some lesse according to the variety of bodyes The figure of it is round that so it might be more large to swallow meat and lesse subject to offence It is placed betweene the backe bone and the weazon from the roots of the tongue even to the stomacke But as it discends alongst the backe bone when it comes to the fourth Vertebra of the Chest it turnes to the right side to give way to the great Artery Aorta and the descendent Artery then it turnes to the left side to the stomacke or mouth of the ventricle Nature hath fastened it to the Diaphragma with strong membranous tyes lest that if it had laine upon the Artery it should have hindred the passage of the vitall spirit to the lower parts It is onely one and that tyed to the forementioned parts both by its vessels and membranes It is of temper rather cold than hot as all those parts which are more nervous than fleshy are The Action thereof is to draw and carry downe the meat and to cast forth such things by vomit as trouble the stomacke Here you must note that whilest we swallow downe the Gullet is drawne downewards and the weazon upwards which is the cause that wee cannot sup and blow swallow and breathe together at the same instant which wee must thinke to happen by Gods singular providence to whose name be glory for everlasting Amen The End of the fourth Booke THE FIFTH BOOKE OF THE ANIMALL parts contained in the Head CHAP. I. A Generall description of the Head HAving hitherto declared two generall parts of mans body that is the Naturall and vitall it is now fit to betake our selves to the last that is the Animall beginning with the head Whrefore we will first define the head then divide it into its parts thirdly describe each of these parts fourthly demonstrate them after the order they offer themselves to our sight in dissection The head therefore is the seat of the senses the Pallace and habitation of reason and wisedome from whence as from a fountaine infinite actions and commodities arise It is seated above the rest of the body that the Animall spirit from thence as from a tower may governe and moderate the whole body and performe all actions according to the praescript of nature By the head we understand all that which is contained from the Crowne of the head to the first vertebra of the neck The best figure of the head is round lightly flatted on each side extuberating something to the fore and hinde part thereof For from hence is taken an argument of the goodnesse of the senses on the contrary those which are exactly round or acuminate and sharp towards the top are not thought good The head is devided into the face forehead temples the forepart the crowne and hinde part By the face we understand whatsoever is contained between the Eye-browes and the lower part of the chin By the forehead all the space from the eye-browes even to the Coronall future By the temples whatsoever is hollowed from the lesser Corner of the eye even to the eares By the forepart of the head whatsoever runnes in length from the top of the forehead or the Coronall suture even to the suture lambdoides and on each side to the Ossa petrosa the stony bones or scaly sutures By the Crowne we signifie a certaine point exquisitely in the midst of the Sagittall future which is suffyciently knowne By the Occiput or hindepart of the head that which is terminated by the suture lambdoides and the first vertebra of the neck Of all these parts there be some simple some compound besides some are containing some contained Of the containing some are common to all the parts of the head as the skinne the fleshy pannicle and pericranium others are proper to certaine parts as the fleshy panicle to the neck face forehead and skin covering the Cranium the common coat of the muscles to the fat and face The skull and both the Meninges to the braine The parts contained are the substance of the braine the foure ventricules and the bodyes contained in them the nerves the mamillary processes the Plexus Choroides or Rete Admirabile the Glandula Basilaris and others of which we will speak hereafter Wee must now speak of the containing parts beginning with the skinne for the order of teaching requires that we take our Exordium from the more simple but first we will say some thing of the haires The haire is nothing els than an excrement generated and formed of the more grosse and terrene portion of the superfluities of the third concoction which could not be wasted by insensible transpiration The benefite of it is that consuming the grosse and fuliginous or sooty excrements of the braine it becomes a cover and ornament for the head This haire of the head and eye-browes have their originall from the first conformation of the infant in the wombe the rest of the haires of the body arise and grow forth as the body growes and becomes more dry of which sort are the haires which cover the Chin armeholes groines and other parts of our bodyes CHAP. II. Of the musculous skinne of the Head commonly called the hairy scalpe and of the Pericranium THe skinne which covers the Scull and is covered with the haire is farre more fleshy thick hard and dry than any other part of the body especially which wants haire The skinne hath almost the like condition of quality as those parts have which it doth simply cover but is as it were lost in them or growne into one with them as in the lips and forehead with the fleshy pannicle wherefore it is there called musculous in other places it adheres to the gristles as on the sides of the nosethrilles and corners of the Eyes whereupon it is there called gristlely It hath connexion with the Pericranium because joined to it it receives nerves from the first and second vertebra of the necke and from the third conjugation of the braine which are disseminated through all its substance whereby it comes to passe that the wounds contusions and impostumes that happen in or upon this skinne are not to be neglected The Pericranium but I suppose it should be the Periostium is a most thin membrane which next and immediately covers all
scituate under the pituitary glandule by which the spettle is evacuated Sixthly that hole which is in the wedge bone made for the entrance of the internall sleepy Arteries composing the wonderfull Net and then passing into the braine by a great slit That perforation which we reckon in the seventh place is commonly double made for the entrance of one of the branches of the internall Iugular veine The eight hole is some-what long of an ovall figure by which part of the third conjugation and all the fourth conjugation passes forth The ninth are the auditory passages The tenth are very small holes and give way to the veine and artery going to the auditory passage above the for a men coecum In the eleaventh place are reckoned the perforations which yeild passage forth to the sixth paire of nerves to part of the sleepy Arteries and of the internall jugular In the twelvth those which yeild a way out to the seventh conjugation The great hole of the Nowle bone through which the spinall marrow passes is reckoned the thirteenth The fourtenth is that which most commonly is behinde that great hole by which the Cervicall veines and arteries enter in CHAP. XI Of the perforations of the externall Basis of the Braine THere is a hole on each side at the Eye-browes by which passes a small nerve from the third conjugation comming out of the cavity of the Orbe of the eye and going by the forehead bone to the eye-browes that it may give motion to the two muscles of the upper eye-brow and forehead Yet oftentimes the hole is but to bee seene on one side oft times there is a cleft instead thereof otherwhiles it is not perforated nor cleft at all The second is the perforation of the greater corner of the eye by which a portion of the nerves of the third coniugation descends to the coate of the nose in this hole the Glandula Lachrymalis is seated The third is seated under the eye that it may give way to the other portion of the nerves of the third coniugation going to the parts of the face and the teeth of the upper jaw The fourth is at the beginning of the pallate amongst the cutting or shearing teeth through which a veine an artery and the coate of the pallate passes out In the fifth order are reckoned the perforations of the pallate by which the nerves descend from the fourth coniugation to give or cause the taste In the sixt order are rancked the holes of the pallate serving for respiration and the flegme falling from the braine by the nosethrils And there is a cleft under the yoake bone ascending into the Orbe of the eye by which there is a way as wel for the nerves of the third coniugation to the Temporall muscles as also for certaine veines and arteryes But also there is noted another hole at the mammillary processe which is not perforated in the iudgement of the sense Besides there is thought to be another at the hinde roote of the same processe by which a certaine small veine passes from the Iugular to the Torcular But I have onely noted these three passages by the way because there is so much variety in them that nothing can be certainely said of them CHAP. XII Of the Spinall Marrow or Pith of the Backe THe spinall Marrow is like a River running from the fountaine of the braine This sends nerves for sense and motion to all the neighbouring parts under the head spreading its branches as from the body of a tree These branches as we shall hereafter shew are on each side thirty This same spinall marrow is covered with the two membranes investing the braine distinguished by no distance of place as in the braine But also it hath another membrane added to these being very hard and dense which keeps it from being broken and violated by the violent bending of the body forewards and about The diseases of this marrow doe almost cause the like Symptomes as the diseases of the braine For they hurt the sense and motion of all the parts lying beneath them as for example If any of the vertebra's of the back bone be moved out of their place there followes a distortion or wresting aside of the Marrow but then especially if it happen that one of the vertebra's be strained so sharpe and bitter a compression urges the marrow by reason of the bony body of the vertebra that it will either rend it or certainely hinder the passage of the spirit by it But by these same holes of the vertebra's the veines and arteryes goe to the spinall marrow for to give life and nourishment to it as the nerves by them passe forth into aâ—… the lower parts of the body Figure 1. sheweth the forme of the spinall marrow properly so called with its membranes and the nerves proceeding from it Figure 2. The spinall marrow naked and bare together with its nerves as most part of Anatomists have described it The tenth figure of the spinall marrow A The beginning of the spinall marrow where it fals out of the skull B The thicknesse thereof in the spondels or rack-bones of the loynes C The division thereof into strings or hairy threds D the seven nerves of the necke From D to E or from 7 to 19 shew the nerves of the backe From E to F the nerves of the loynes From F to G the nerves of the os sâ—crum or holy bone H the end of the marrow I K L do shew how the nerves doâ— issue from the marrow in strings M M the knots of the sinewes made of the conjunction of those strings N O the membranes that invest the marrow Figure 2. A The beginning of the spinall marrow in the scull 3 4 5 6 7 These Characters shew according to Vesalius opinion how the conjugations of the nerves of the braine doe take their originall from the marrow remaining yet within the Skull B The egresse of the spinall marrow out of the skull C The cords or strings whereinto it is divided D 7 The marrow of the necke and seven paire of sinewes E 19 twelve paires or conjugations of nerves proceeding from the marrow of the Chest F 24 The marrow of the loynes and 5. paire of sinewes G 30. the marrow of the holy-bone and 6 paire of sinewes H the extremity or end of the spinall marrow The End of the Fifth Booke THE SIXTH BOOKE TREATING OF the Muscles and Bones and the other Extreme parts of the Body The Preface PEradventure some may wonder that I have ended my fifth booke of Anatomie before I have fully described all the parts of the head the which seemed as it were onely appointed for that purpose Therefore I must yeeld a reason of this my intention I have a desire in one Treatise and as it were at one breath to prosequute the Anatomy of the Muscles Wherefore because the parts of the head not yet described principally consist of the Muscles therefore
should be tinctured with any colour as those which should be the instruments of sight lest they might beguile us in seeing as Red and greene spectacles doe for that is true which wee have read written by the Philosopher That the Subject or matter appointed for the reception of any forme should want all impression thereof Hence Nature hath created a formelesse matter the humors of the eyes without colours waxe without any figure the minde without any particular knowledge of any thing that so they might be able to receive all manner of formes The figure of the Crystalline humor is round yet somwhat flatted on the foreside but yet more flatted behinde that so the objects might be the better retained in that as it were plane figure and that they might not fly backe as from a Globe or round body in which they could make but short stay lest it might be easily moved from its place by the force of any thing falling or hitting against it because that body which is exactly round touches not a plane body but onely in a point or pricke Halfe this humor swims in the Glassy humor that so it may be nourished from it by transposition of matter or rather seeing it is encompassed on every side with the fist coate that the matter cannot easily be sent from the one into the other by the benefit of the vessels produced even unto it as well by the Net-like coate as by the Grapye but it is filled with a bright spirit on the forepart which lyes next to the waterish humor and the space of the Apple of the eye Of which thing this is an argument that as long as a man remaines alive wee see the eye every way full and swollne but lanke and wrinkled when he is dead besides also one of the eyes being shut the Pupilla of the other is dilated by the spirit compelled to fly thither And also for the same cause the horny coate is wrinkled in very old men and the Pupilla is straitned by the wrinkles subsiding into themselves which is the cause that they see litle or not at all for by age and successe of time the humor is consumed by litle and litle the implanted spirit vanishes away and smaller quantitie of spirits now from the braine as from a fountaine which is also exhausted The Horny coate at his originall that is in the parts next the Iris seemeth to be very nigh the Crystalline Humor because all the coates in that place mutually cohere as touching one another but as it runnes further out to the Pupilla so it is further distant from the Cristalline Which you may easily perceive by Anatomicall dissection and the operation of touching or taking away a Catarrhact for whereas a Catarrhact is seated betweene the horny coate and Crystalline humor the needle thrust in is carried about upwards downewards and on every side through a large and free space neither touching the horny coate nor Crystalline humor by reason these bodies are severed by a good distance filled with spirit and a thin humor The use of it is that it may be like a looking glasse to the facultie of seeing carried thither with the visive spirit The third and last humor is the Vitreus the glassie or rather Albugineous humor called so because it is like molten glasse or the white of an Egge It is seated in the hind part of the Crystalline humor that so it may in some sort breake the violence of the spirit flowing from the braine into the Crystalline humour no otherwise than the watry humor is placed on the foreside of the Crystalline to hinder rhe violence of the light and colours entering that way This glassie humor is nourished by the net-like coate The figure of the eye Table 3. figure 1. sheweth the Membranes and humors of the eye by lines drawne after the manner of a true eye Figure 2. sheweth the horny coate with a portion of the Opticke Nerve Figure 3. sheweth the same divided by a transuerse section Figure 4. sheweth the Vvea or Grapy coate with a portion of the Opticke Nerve Figure 5. The Grapy coate of a mans eye Figure 6. The Horny Grapy and the Choroides Figure 7. The interior superficies of the Grapy coate Figure 8. The Posterior part of the horny coate together with the said Net coate separated from the Eye Figure 9. The coate of the vitreous or glassy humor called Hyaloides Figure 10. Three humors joyned together Figure 11. The forward part of the Christalline Figure 12 The Christalline humor covered yet with his coate Figure 14. The Christalline of a mans eye Figure 15 His Coate Fig. 16 The watery humor disposed upon the Christalline round about Fig. 17. The hairy processes beamingly sprinckled through the foreside of the coate of the glassy humor Fig. 18 The foreside of the glassy humor Fig. 19. The place of the watery humor Fig. 20. The glassy humor containeing or comprehending the Chrystalline The explication of the first Figure by it selfe a The Christalline humor b The Glassie humor c The watery humor d The utmost coate called Adnata e The darke part of the horny Tunicle which is not transparant f The Grapy coate called Vvea g The Net-like coate called Retiformis h The coate of the glassy humor cald Hyaloides i The coate of the Christalline k k The hairy processes cald Processus ciliares l The impression of the Grapy coate where it departeth from the thick coate m The horny coate a part of the thick coate n n The fat betwixt the Muscles o The optick Nerve p The Dura meninx q The Pia Mater or thin Meninx r r The Muscles The explication of the other 19. figures together a 2 4 8 The Optick Nerve b 2 4 The thin Meninx cloathing the Nerve c 2 3 The thick Meninx cloathing the nerve d 8. the posterior part of the horny coate e 8. The coate called Retina gathered together on an heape f 23. The rainebow of the eye g 2 3 The lesser circle of the eye or the pupilla h 2 3. Vessels dispersed through the Dura Meninx i 3 6 The grapy coate but i in the 3. Fig. sheweth how the vessels doe joyne the hard membrane with the grapy coate k 6. The horny or hard membrane turned over ll 3. 4 Certaine fibres and strings of vessels whereby the grapy coate is tyed to the horny m m 4 5. The impression of the grapy coate where it recedeth or departeth from the horny coate n n 4 5 6 7 The pupilla or apple of the eye o o 7 The Ciliar or hairie processes p 7 The beginning of the Grapic coate made of a thinne membrane dilated but p in the 17. figure sheweth the ciliar processes sprinckled through the fore part of the glassie humor r 9 The bosome or depression of the glassie humor receiveing the Christalline s 12. 15. The bredth of the coate of the Christalline t 12 13 14 16 The posterior
flesh and cicatrized which doth not seldome happen in opening of Arteries unskilfully performed and negligently cured therefore Aneurismaes are absolutely made by the Anastomasis springing breaking Erosion and wounding of the Arteries These happen in all parts of the body but more frequently in the throat especially in women after a painfull travaile For when as they more strongly strive to hold their breath for the more powerfull expulsion of the birth it happens that the Artery is di ated and broken whence followes an effusion of bloud and spirits under the skin The signes are a swelling one while great another small with a pulsation and a colour not varying from the native constitution of the skinne It is a soft tumor and so yeelding to the impression of the fingers that if it peradventure be small it wholy vanisheth the Arterious bloud and spirits flying backe into the body of the Artery but presently assoone as you take your fingers away they returne againe with like celerity Some Aneurismaes doe not onely when they are pressed but also of themselves make a sensible hissing if you lay your eare neare to them by reason of the motion of the vitall spirit rushing with great violence through the straitnes of the passage Wherefore in Aneurismaes in which there is a great rupture of the Artery such a noyse is not heard because the spirit is carryed through a larger passage Great Aneâ—rismaes under the Arme pits in the Groines and in other parts wherein there are large vessells admit no cure because so great an eruption of blood and spirit often followes uppon such an incision that death prevents both art and Cure Which I observed a few yeares agoe in a certaine preist of Saint Andrewes of the Arches M. Iohn Maillet dwelling with the chiefe President Christopher de Thou Who having an Aneurisma at the setting on of the shoulder about the bignes of a Wall-nut I charged him hee should not let it be opened for if it did it would bring him into manifest danger of his life and that it would be more safe for him to breake the violence thereof with double clothes steeped in the juyce of Night-shade and Houselike with new and whayey cheese mixt therewith Or with Vnguentum de Bolo or Emplastrum contra rupturam and such other refrigerating and astringent medicines if hee would lay upon it a thin plate of Lead and would use shorter breeches that his doublet might serve to hold it too to which hee might fasten his breeches instead of a swathe and in the meane time he should eschew all things which attenuate and inflame the blood but especially he should keepe himselfe from all great straining of his voyce Although he had used this Diet for a yeare yet he could not so handle the matter but that the tumor increased which he observing goes to a Barber who supposing the tumor to be of the kinde of vulgar inpostumes applies to it in the Evening a Causticke causing an Eschar so to open it In the Morning such an abundance of blood flowed forth from the tumor being opened that he therewith astonished implores all possible ayde and bidds that I should be called to stay this his great bleeding and he repented that he had not followed my directions Wherefore I am called but when I was scarce over the thre should he gave up his ghost with his blood Wherefore I diligently admonish the young Chirurgion that hee do not rashly open Aneurismas unlesse they be small in anignoble part and not indued with large vessells but rather let him performe the cure after this manner Cut the skinne which lyes over it untill the Artery appeare and then separate it with your knife from the particles about it then thrust a blunt and crooked needle with a thred in it under it binde it then cut it off and so expect the falling off of the thred of it selfe whiles nature covers the orifices of the cut Artery with new flesh then the residue of the cure may be performed after the manner of simple wounds The Aneurismaes which happen in the internall parts are uncurable Such as frequently happen to those who have often had the unction and sweat for the cure of the French disease because the blood being so attenuated and heated therewith that it cannot be contayned in the receptacles of the Artery it distends it to that largenesse as to hold a mans fist Which I have observed in the dead body of a certaine Taylor who by an Aneurisma of the Arâ—erious veine suddenly whilest hee was playing at Tennis fell downe dead the vessell being broken his body being opened I found a great quantity of blood powred forth into the Capacity of the Chest but the body of the Artery was dilated to that largenesse I formerly mentioned and the inner Coate thereof was bony For which cause within a while after I shewed it to the great admiration of the beholders in the Physitions Schole whilest I publiquely dissected a body there the whilst he lived said he felt a beating and a great heate over all his body by the force of the pulsation of all the Arteryes by occasion whereof hee often swounded Doctor Syluius the Kings professor of Physicke at that time forbad him the use of Wine and wished him to vse boyled water for his drinke and Crudds and new Cheeses for his meate and to apply them in forme of Cataplasmes upon the grieved and swolne part At night he used a ptisan of Barley meale and Poppy-seedes and was purged now and then with a Clyster of refrigerating and emollient things or with Cassia alone by which medicines hee said hee found himselfe much better The cause of such a bony constitution of the Arteries by Aneurismaes is for that the hot and fervid blood first dilates the Coates of an Artery then breakes them which when it happens it then borrowes from the neighbouring bodies a fit matter to restore the loosed continuity thereof This matter whilest by litle and litle it is dried and hardened it degenerats into a Gristely or else a bony substance just by the force of the same materiall and efficient causes by which stones are generated in the reines and bladder For the more terrestriall portion of the blood is dried and condensed by the power of the unnaturall heat contayned in the part affected with an Aneurismae whereby it comes to passe that the substance added to the dilated and broken Artery is turned into a body of a bony consistence In which the singular providence of nature the handmaide of God is shewed as that which as it were by making and opposing a new wall or bancke would hinder and breake the violence of the raging blood swelling with the abundance of the vitall spirits unlesse any had rather to refer the cause of that hardnesse to the continuall application of refrigerating and astringent medicines Which have power to condensate and harden as may
Gascoine in the battell at Saint Laurence had his upper jaw cut overthwart even to his mouth to the great disfiguring of his face The wound had many wormes in it and stanke exceedingly because he could get no Chirurgion untill three dayes after he was hurt Wherefore I washed it with a decoction of wormewood Aloes and a little Aegyptiacum both to kill the wormes and to fetch away all the putride matter I discussed the tumor with a dissolving fomentation and cataplasime I joyned together the lippes of the wound with the last described suture But I applyed this following medicine to the whole part ℞ Terebinth venet a ℥ vj. gumml elemi ℥ ij pulver is boli armeni san drac Mastiches myrrhae aloes an ʒss incorporentur simul fiat medicamentum The wound was agglutinated within a few dayes but that there remained a certaine little whole at the joyning of the lower jaw with the upper wherein you could scarse put the head of a pinne out whereof neverthelesse much serous and thinne moysture flowed especially when he either eate or spake which I have also observed in many others But for staying of this watrish humidity I dropped Aqua fortis into the bottome of the ulcer and divers times put therein a little of the powder of burnt vitriole Thus by Gods grace he recovered and became whole CHAP. XXVI Of the wounds of the Nose THe Nose many wayes suffers solution of continuity as by a wound fracture and contusion and it is sometimes battered and broken on the upper part which when it happens you shall restore the deprest bones to their native seat and figure with the end of a spatula or fit sticke wrapped about with towe cotton or a linnen ragge Then with pledgets dipped in an astringent medicine composed ex albumine ovi mastich bole armeno sanguine drac Alumine ufto and applyed to the side of the nose hee shall labour to strengthen the restored bones and then binde them with a convenient ligature which may not presse them too much lest the nose should become flat as it happens to many through the unskilfulnesse of Chirurgions Then must you put little pipes into the nose-thrills and these not exactly round but somewhat flat and deprest tyed to the night-cappe on each side with a thred least they should fall out By the helpe of these pipes the bones of the nose will be kept in their place and there will be pastage forth for the matter and for inspiration and exspiration But if all the nose or some portion thereof shall bee wholy cut off wee must not hope to restore it But if the Nose bee so cut that as yet it adheres to much of the adjacent flesh from whence it may receive life and nourishment then sow it up For the lower part of the nose it may be shaken deprest and wrested aside seeing it is gristly but it cannot be broken as the other which is of a bony nature The Figure of pipes to be put into the Nose-thrills CHAP. XXVII Of the Wounds of the tongue THe tongue may bee so wounded that either it may bee wholely cut off and deprived of some portion of the substance or onelyslit long wayes or atwhart The losse of the substance cannot bee rapaired because every part separated and pluckt from the living body from whence it had life spirit and blood presently dyes For as the Philosophers say A privatione ad habitum non est regressus But when it is cut or slit longwayes or sidewayes it is easily restored by suture if so bee that the cloven part yet adhere to the living body from whence it may draw both matter and forme of life Therefore a carefull servant shall straitly hold with a soft and cleane linnen cloth the body of the tongue least it should slip away by reason of its slipperinesse whilst the Chirurgion stitch it above and below when he thinkes hee hath sufficiently sowed it let him cut off the threed as neere to the knot as he can least being left too long it might bee tangled with the teeth as hee eates and so cause a hurtfull laceration or rending of the sowed parts In the meane time let the patient eate barly creames almond milkes Gelleyes cullisses and broathes and the yolkes of egges and let him often hold in his mouth Sugar of Roses and syrupe of Quinces for such things besides their nourishing faculty performe the part of an aggluttinating and detergent medicine I have learned these things I have here set downe neither from my Masters whom I have heard with attention nor by reading of bookes but they have beene such as I have tryed with happy successe in many as in the sonne of Monsieur de Marigny president of the Inquisition in Iohn Piet a Carpenter dwelling in the suburbs of Saint German But most apparently in a child of three yeeres old the sonne of the great Lawyer Monsier Couet who fell with his chin upon a stone and so cut off a large peece of the end of his tongue which chanced to be betweene his teeth it hung but at a very small fiber of flesh so that I had very little or no hope to agglutinate and unite it which thing almost made me to plucke it quit away yet I changed that determination by considering the losse of the most noble action of speaking which would thereupon ensue and weighing the providence of nature often working wonders and such things as exceed the expectation of the physition in curing diseases I also thought thus with my selfe the flesh of the tongue is soft loose 〈◊〉 and spungie neither is it altogether obvious to the externall injuries of the ayre wherefore after that I had once or twise thrust through the needle and thred upwards and downewards and for the rest ordered the child to be used and after the manner I lately mentioned he grew well within a short time and yet remaines so speaking well and distinctly CHAP. XXVIII Of the Wounds of the Eares THe eares are sometimes wholly cut off sometimes but in part otherwhiles they are onely slit so that the rent portion as yet adhearing to the rest is joyned with it in communion of life In this last cafe it is fit to use a suture but yet so that you touch not the gristle with your needle for thence there would be in danger of a gangraene which happens to many by foolish curing therefore you shall take up and comprehend with your needle only the skin and that little flesh which encompasses the gristle You shall performe the rest of the cure with pledgets and ligatures artificially fitted and shall resist inflammation and other symptomes with fit medicines But you must take speciall care that no superfluous flesh grow in the auditory passage which may hinder the hearing wherefore you shall keepe that passage free by stopping it with a peece of spunge But you shall procure
begun by some long great and vehement or anger or some too violent labour which any of a slender and dry body hath performed in the hot sunne It is also oft time caused by an ulcer or inflammation of the Lungs an empyema of the Chest by any great and long continuing Phlegmon of the liver stomacke mesentery wombe kidneyes Bladder of the guts Iejunam and Colon and also of the other Guts of if the Phlegmon succeed some long Diarrhoea Lienteria or bloody flix whence a consumption of the whole body and at last a hecticke feaver the heate becomming more acride the moysture of the body being consumed This kinde of feaver as it is most easely to bee knowne so is it most difficulty to cure the pulse in this feaver is hard by reason of the drynesse of the Artery which is a solide part and it is weake by reason of the debility of the vitall faculty the substance of the heart being assaulted But it is little and frequent because of the distemper and heate of the heart which for that it cannot by reason of its weakenesse cause a great pulse to coole its selfe it labours by the oftennesse to supply that defect But for the pulse it is a proper signe of this feaver that one or two houres after meate the pulse feeles stronger than usuall and then also there is a more acride heate over all the patients body The heate of this flame lasts untill the nourishment bee distributed over all the patients body in which time the drynesse of the heart in some sort tempered and recreated by the appulse of moyst nourishment the heate increases no otherwise than lime which a little before seemed cold to the touch but sprinkled and moystned with water growes so hot as it smoakes and boyled up At other times there is a perpetuall equallity of heate and pulse in smallnesse faintnesse obscurity frequency and hardnesse without any excerbation so that the patient cannot thinke himselfe to have a feaver yea hee cannot complaine of any thing hee feeles no no paine which is another proper signe of an hecticke feaver The cause that the heate doth not shew its selfe is it doth not possesse the surface of the body that is the spirits and humours but lyes as buried in the earthy grossenesse of the solide parts Yet if you hold your hand somewhat you shall at length perceive the heate more acride and biting the way being opened thereto by the skinne rarifyed by the gentle touch of the warme and temperate hand Wherefore if at any time in these kinde of feavers the Patient feele any paine and perceive himselfe troubled with an inequality and excesse of heate it is a signe that the hecticke feaver is not simple but conjoyned with a putride feaver which causeth such inequality as the heate doth more or lesse seace upon matter subjecte to putrefaction for a hecticke feaver of its selfe is void of all equality unlesse it proceede from some externall cause as from meate Certainely if an Hippocratique face may be found in any disease it may in this by reason of the colliquation or wasting away the triple substance In the cure of this disease you must diligently observe with what affects it is entangled and whence it was caused Wherefore first you must know whether this feaver be a disease or else a symptome For if it be symptom aticall it cannot be cured as long as the disease the cause thereof remaines uncured as if an ulcer of the guts occasioned by a bloody flixe shall have caused it or else a fistulous ulcer in the Chest caused by some wound received on that part it will never admit of cure unlesse first the fistulous or dysenterick ulcer shall be cured because the disease feedes the symptomes as the cause the effect But if it be a simple and essentiall hecticke feaver for that it hath its essence consisting in an hot and dry distemper which is not fixed in the humors but in the solide parts all the counsell of the Physition must be to renue the body but not to purge it for onely the humors require purging and not the defaults of the solide parts Therefore the solide parts must bee refrigerated and humected which wee may doe by medicines taken inwardly and applyed out-wardly The things which may with good successe bee taken inwardly into the body for this purpose are medicinall nourishments For hence we shall finde more certaine and manifest good than from altering medicines that is wholly refrigerating and humecting without any manner of nourishment For by reason of that portion fit for nutriment which is therewith mixed they are drawne and carried more powerfully to the parts and also converted into their substance whereby it comes to passe that they doe not humect and coole them lightly and superficially like the medicines which have onely power to alter and change the body but they carry their qualities more throughly even into the innermost substance Of these things some are herbes as violets purssaine buglosse endive ducks-meat or water lentill mallowes especially when the belly shall be bound Some are fruits as gourds cowcumbers apples prunes raisons sweete almonds and fresh or new pine-apple kernells In the number of seedes are the foure greater and lesser cold seedes and these new for their native humidity the seedes of poppyes berberries quinces The floures of buglosse violets water lillies are also convenient of all these things let broth be made with a chicken to bee taken in the morning for eight or nine dayes after the first concoction For meates in the beginning of the disease when the faculties are not too much debilitated hee shall use such as nourish much and long though of hard digestion such as the extreame parts of beasts as the feete of Calves Hoggs feete not salted the flesh of a Tortois which hath lived so long in a garden as may suffice to digest the excrementitious humidity the flesh of white Snailes and such as have beene gathered in a vineyard of frogs river Crabs Eeles taken in cleere waters and welcooked hard egges eaten with the juice of Sorrell without spices Whitings and stockfish For al such things because they have a tough and glutiuons juice are easily put gluti nated to the parts of our body neither are they so easily dissipated by the feaverish heat But when the patient languisheth of a long hectick he must feede upon meats of easiy digestion and these boyled rather than roasted for boyled meats humect more and roasted more easily turne into choler Wherefore hee may use to eate Veale Kid Capon Pullet boyled with refrigerating and humecting hearbes hee may also use Barly creames Almond milkes as also bread crummed and moystened with rose water and boyled in a decoction of the foure cold seedes with sugar of roses for such a Panada cooles the liver and the habite of the whole body and nourisheth withall The Testicles wings
vitae into these incisions so to restraine and amend the purrifaction represse the spongie loose and soft flesh resolve the oedematous and flatulent tumor asswage the paine and stirre up and strengthen the native heate almost opprest by the aboundance of excrementitious humors so that it could scarsely assimulate any nourishment and adjoyne it to the parts Then I fomented the affected part with Sage Rose-mary Time Lavander Chamomile and Melilot flowres and red-rose leaves boyled in white wine and lye made of Oake-ashes adding thereto as much salt and vineger as I judged requisite This fomentation did attenuate and draw forth the morbificke humour Now we used them long and often so to waste the humour more by drying up and breathing thorow the passages of the skinne more thereof than fell into the part For this same purpose we ordained that he should use frictions with hot linnen clothes and that these should be made from above downwards from below upwards and so on every side and somewhat long withall For a short friction drawes more humour into the part than it can resolve I wished that each other day they should lay bricks heated hot in the fire about his leg thigh soale of his foot but they were to besomewhat quenched sprinkeld with wine and vineger with a small quantity of aqua vitae Much watrish moisture by this moist heat did sweat out of these parts the tumour was leslened and the native heat by little and little restored Then shoupes dipped in lye made of Oake-ashes wherein Sage Rosmarie Lavender salt and cloaves were boyled some aqua vitae added were applyed thereto but the rowlers were so gently and artificially wrapped about that he did easily endure them without any paine and that with such happy successe that if they were omitted but for one day the tumor became very great But thicke linnen boulsters were layd upon the lower cavities of the ulcers that so the sanies or filth might be more easily pressed forth But I had alwayes a speciall care that the orifices of the ulcers should be kept open with hollow Tents or pipes put therein and sometimes this following cataplasme was applyed to resolve the tumor â„ž Far. hord fabar orobi an â„¥ vj. mellis com tereb an â„¥ ij flo chamam melil ros rub an â„¥ ss pulv rad Ireos Flor. cyper Mast an Ê’iij oxymel simp quantum sufficit fiat cataplasma ad formam pultis satis liquidae And Emplastrum de Vigo without mercury was applyed thereto whereby the paine was much asswaged and the tumor lessened yet were they not applyed before the parts were throughly heated by the fomentation frictions and evaporations for otherwayes this Emplaster could never have beene activated by reason of the excessive coldnesse of the affected parts Neither did we omit catagmaticke powders fit for the taking and drawing forth of broken bones He used a vulnerary potion for 15 dayes Also besides the particular frictions of the affected parts I appointed other generall frictions of the whole body which was become very leane for by these blood together with the spirit was drawne to the parts and the acride and fuliginous vapours were breathed forth To conclude his feaver and paines being asswaged his appetite restored by feeding plentifully upon good meates according to his strength he in a short time became more lusty and lastly by the singular mercy of God recovered his health perfectly but that he could not very well bend his knee I thought good to recite these things not to glory or bragge of the happy successe of those patients which have recovered by my meanes and the favour of God but that thus I may more fully and perfectly by familiar examples instruct young practitioners in the operations of Chirurgery CHAP. XIII An Apologie concerning Wounds made by Gunshot THere lately came to my hands a booke written by a certaine Physition whereby he endeavours to disproove and overthrow that which I have hitherto writ of the cure of wounds made by Gunshot Assuredly if there were no other harme but the losse of my credit ensuing thereon I would willingly hold my peace and stoppe his mouth by modest silence But seeing the safety of so many men lyes upon the judgement of this point I have thought good to withstand this error least it to the great destruction of mankind spread and diffuse it selfe any further The use saith he of suppurative medicines have killed many who have beene but lightly wounded with Gunshot but acride medicines as Aegyptiacum have killed more Neither is the counsell of Hippocrates to be observed in curing this sort of wounds who bids that every contused wound be brought to suppuration For seeing this is a new kinde of wound it requires new and not anciently used medicines Now the temper of the ayre changed from the naturall constitution ought not to indicate change of medicines but much lesse must thunder and lightening bee compared to the shooting of Great Ordinance These are the chiefe heads of this his booke which because they dissent from the truth these things I have formerly delivered I have thought good heere to confute First seeing Leaden bullets which are usually shot out of Guns are round obtuse and weighty they cannot wound the body without contusion and attrition Now no contusion can be cured without suppuration not onely according to the opinion of Hippocrates but also of Galen and all others who have written of Physicke Neither must we invent new remedies for these new kindes of wounds for the lawes of the sacred and divine Art of Physicke are nor obnoxious to change nor subject to the humor of men or times as the decrees of Kings and Emperours are For these are stablished with immutable necessitie which constancie neither consuming time nor age nor tyranny can pervert Wherefore neither these who with great prayse are Physitions to Kings and Princes I meane Ioubert and Botallus think it lawfull for them to depart from the rule of Hippocrates And this they not only doe and follow in curing and doing the workes of Art but much and highly commend confirme and propound to be diligently observed by all in their bookes which they have published concerning the cure of these kinds of wounds And yet these Physitions are such as daily conversant in Armies and Kings houses have healed and daily cure as many wounded by Gunshot as this Physition our Antagonist hath seene in all his life Neither onely doe these whom I have named thus cure these wounds but almost all that dresse such kind of wounds doe the like so that if there bee nothing which may hinder or indicate to the contrarie they presently apply suppuratives And I wonder that hee hath not observed how his neighbour Doublet the Empericke cures desperate wounds of this nature with no other than a suppurative medicine composed of Lard the yolke of an Egge Turpentine and a little
potus Let him take it in the morning for foure or five dayes In steed hereof you may make a potion of one dramme of Sperma ceti dissolved in buglosse or some other of the waters formerly mentioned and halfe an ounce of syrupe of Maiden-haire if the disease yeeld not at all to these formerly prescribed medicines it will be good to give the patient for nine dayes three or foure houres before meate some of the following powder â„ž rhei torrefacti rad rub majoris centaurei gentianae aristolo rotundae an â„¥ ss give Ê’j heereof with syrupe of Venegar and Carduus water They say that the water of greene Walnuts distilled by an Alembicke is good to dissolve congealed and knotted blood Also you may use bathes made of the decoction of the rootes of Orris Elecampane Sorrell Fennell Marsh-mallowes Water-ferne or Osmund the waterman the greater Comfery the seeds of Faenugreeke the leaves of Sage Marjerome the floures of Camaemile Melilore and the like For a warme bath hath power to rarifie the skin to dissolved the clotted blood by cutting the tough mitigating the acride humors by calling them forth into the surface of the body and relaxing the passages thereof so that the rebellious qualities being orecome there ensues an easie evacuation of the matter by vomit or expectoration if it flote in the stomacke or be conteined in the chest but by stoole Vrine if it lye in the lower parts by sweates and transpiration if it lye next under the skin Wherefore bathes are good for those who have a Peripneumonia or inflammation of their Lunges or a Pleurisie according to the minde of Hippocrates if so be that they be used when the feaver begins to be asswaged for so they mitigate paine helpe forwards suppuration and hasten the spitting up of the purulent matter But we would not have the patient enter into the bath unlesse he have first used generall remedies as blood-letting and purging for otherwise there will be no small danger least the humors diffused by the heate of the bath cause a new defluxion into the parts affected Wherefore doe not thou by any meanes attempt to use this or the like remedy having not first had the advice of a Physition CHAP. III. How we must handle Contusions when they are joyned with a wound EVery great Contusion forthwith requires blood-letting or purging or both and these either for evacuation or revulsion For thus Hippocrates in a contusion of the Heele gives a vomitory potion the same day or else the next day after the heele is broken And then if the Contusion have a wound associating it the defluxion must be stayed at the beginning with an oyntment made of Bole Armenicke the whites of egges and oyle of roses and smyrtles with the pouders of red roses Allome and mastich At the second dressing apply a digestive made of the yoalke of an egge oyle of violets and Turpentine This folfowing Cataplasme shal be applyed to the neare parts to help forwards suppuration â„ž rad althae lilio an â„¥ iiij sol malv. violar senecionis an M. ss coquantur complete passentur per setaceum addendo butyrirecentis olei viol an â„¥ iij. farinae volatilis quant sufficit fiat cataplasma ad formam pultis liquidae Yet have a care in using of Cataplasmes that you do not too much exceede for too frequent and immoderate use of them makes wounds plegmonous sordide and putride Wherefore the wound after it is come to suppuration must be cleansed filled with flesh and cicatrized unlesse haply the contused flesh shall be very much torne so that the native heate forsake it for then it must be cut away But if there be any hope to agglutinate it let it be sowed and other things performed according to Art but the stitches must not be made so close together as when the wound is simple and without contusion for such wounds are easily inflamed and swell up which would occasion either the breaking of the thred or flesh or tearing of the skinne CHAP. IV. Of these Contusions which are without a wound IF the skinne being whole and not hurt as farre as can be discerned the flesh which lyes under it be contused and the blood poured forth under the skin make an Ecchymosis then the patient must be governed according to Art untill the maligne symptomes which commonly happen be no more to be feared Wherfore in the beginning draw blood on the opposite side both for evacuation and revulsion The contused part shall be scarified with equall scarifications then shall you apply cupping-glasses or hornes both for evacuation of the blood which causes the tumor and Tension in the part as also to ventilate and refrigerate the heate of the part least it turne into an Abscesse Neither must we in the meane while omit gentle purging of the belly The first topicke medicines ought to bee astrictives which must lye some short while upon the part that so the Veines and Arteries may be as it were straitned and closed up and so the defluxion hindred as also that the part it selfe may be strengthened This may be the forme of such a remedy â„ž Albumina everum nu iij. olei myrtini rosacei an â„¥ j. boli armeni sanguin dracon an â„¥ ss nucum cupress gallarum pul aluminis usti an Ê’ij incorporentur omnia addendo aceti parum fiat medicamentum Then you shall resolve it with a fomentation Cataplasme and discussing emplaisters CHAP. V. By what meanes the contused part may be freed from the feare and imminent danger of a Gangreene GReat Contusions are dangerous even for this cause for that a Gangreene and mortification sometimes followes them which Hippocrates teacheth to happen when as the affected part is growne very hard and liquide Wherefore when the part growes livide and blacke and the native colour thereof by reason of the affluxe of the concreate blood is almost extinct chiefely to ease the part of that burden cupping glasses and hornes shall be applyed to the part it selfe being first scarified with a Lancet or else the following Instrument termed a Scarificator which hath 18 little wheeles sharpe and cutting like a razour which may be straitened and slacked by the pins noted by D. and P. This instrument is to be commended for that it performes the operation quickly and gently for it makes 18 incisiones in the space that you make one with a Lancet or knife A Scarificator A. Shewes the cover B. The Boxe or Case Then shall you foment the part with strong Venegar wherein the roootes of radish or of Dragons Cuckow-pint Saelomons Seale Auripigmentum and the like have beene boyled for such acride things doe powerfully heat resolve and draw the concreate blood from the inner part of the body unto the skinne which by its setling in the part affected prohibits the entrance of the vitall spirits
proceede from any other than a venenate matter yet the hurt of this venenate matter is not peculiar or by its selfe For oft times the force of cold whether of the encompassing ayre or the too immoderate use of Narcoticke medicines is so great that in a few houres it takes away life from some of the members and diverse times from the whole body as we may learne by their example who travell in great snowes and over mountaines congealed and horrd with frost yce Hence also is the extinction of the native heate and the spirits residing in the part and the shutting forth of that which is sent by nature to ayde or defend it For when as the part is bound with rigide cold and as it were frozen they cannot get nor enter therein Neither if they should enter into the part can they stay long there because they can there finde no fit habitation the whole frame and government of nature being spoyled and the harmony of the foure prime qualities destroyed by the offensive dominion of predominant cold their enimy whereby it commeth to passe that flying back from whence they first came they leave the part destitute and deprived of the benefit of nourishment life sense and motion A certaine Briton an Hostler in Paris having drunke soundly after supper cast himselfe upon a bed the cold ayre comming in at a window left open so tooke hold upon one of his legges that when he waked forth of his sleepe he could neither stand nor goe Wherefore thinking onely that his leg was numbe they made him stand to the fire but putting it very nigh he burnt the sole of his foote without any sense of paine some fingers thicknesse for a mortification had already possessed more than halfe his legge Wherefore after he was carried to the Hospitall the Chirurgion who belonged thereto endeavoured by cutting away of the mortified legge to deliver the rest of the body from imminent death but it proved in vaine for the mortification taking hold upon the upper parts he dyed within three dayes with thoublesome belching and hicketting raving cold sweate and often swounding Verily all that same winter the cold was so vehement that many in the Hospitall of Paris lost the wings or sides of their nose-thrills seazed upon by a mortification without any putrefaction But you must note that the Gangreene which is caused by cold doth first and principally seaze upon the parts most distant from the heart the fountaine of heate to wit the feete and legges as also such as are cold by nature as gristly parts such as the nose and eares CHAP. XIII Of the signes of a Gangreene THe signes of a Gangreene which inflammation or a phlegmon hath caused are paine and pulsation without manifest cause the sudden changing of the fyery and red colour into a livid or blacke as Hippocrates shewes where hee speakes of the Gangreene of a broken heele I would have you here to understand the pulsificke paine not onely to be that which is caused by the quicker motion of the Arteries but that heavy and pricking which the contention of the unaturall heate doth produce by raising a thicke cloud of vapours from these humours which the Gangreene sets upon The signes of a Gangreene caused by cold are if suddenly a sharpe pricking and burning paine assaileth the part for penetrabile frigus adurit i peircing cold doth burne if a shining rednesse as if you had handled snow presently turne into a livid colour if in stead of the accidentall heate which was in the part presently cold and numbenesse shall possesse it as if it were shooke with a quartain feaver Such cold if it shall proceede so farre as to extinguish the native heate bringeth a mortification upon the Gangreene also oft times convulsions and violent shaking of the whole body wondrous troublesome to the braine and the fountaines of life But you shall know Gangreenes caused by too streight bandages by fracture luxation and contufion by the hardnesse which the attraction and flowing downe of the humors hath caused little pimples or blisters spreading or rising upon the skinne by reason of the great heate as in a combustion by the weight of the part occasioned through the defect of the spirits not now sustaining the burden of the member and lastly from this the pressing of your finger upon the part it will leave the print thereof as in an aedema and also from this that the skinne commeth from the flesh without any manifest cause Now you shall know Gangreenes arising from a bite puncture aneurisma or wound in plethoricke and ill bodies and in a part indued with most exquisite sence almost by the same signes as that which was caused by inflammation For by these and the like causes there is a farre greater defluxion and attraction of the humors than is fit when the perspiration being intercepted and the passages stopt the native heate is oppressed and suffocated But this I would admonish the young Chirurgion that when by the forementioned signes hee shall finde the Gangreene present that hee doe not deferre the amputation for that hee findes some sense or small motion yet residing in the part For oft times the affected parts are in this case mooved not by the motion of the whole muscle but onely by meanes that the head of the muscle is not yet taken with the Gangreene with mooving it selfe by its owne strength also mooves its proper and continued tendon and taile though dead already wherefore it is ill to make any delay in such causes CHAP. XIIII Of the Prognostickes in Gangreenes HAving given you the signes and causes to know a Gangreene it is fit wee also give you the prognosticke The fearcenesse and malignity thereof is so great that unlesse it be most speedily withstood the part it selfe will dye and also take hold of the neighbouring parts by the contagion of its mortification which hath beene the cause that a Gangreene by many hath beene termed an Esthiomenos For such corruption creepes out like poyson and like fire eates gnawes and destroyes all the neighbouring parts untill it hath spred over the whole body For as Hippocrates writes Lib. de vulner capitis Mortui viventis nulla est proportio i There is no proportion betweene the dead and living Wherefore it is fit presently to separate the dead from the living for unlesse that be done the living will dye by the contagion of the dead In such as are at the point of death a cold sweat flowes over all their bodyes they are troubled with ravings and watchings belchings and hicketing molest them and often swoundings invade them by reason of the vapours abundantly and continually raysed from the corruption of the humors and flesh and so carryed to the bowells and principall parts by the Veines Nerves and Arteries Wherefore when you have foretold these things to the friends of the patient then make haste
give him for lost content to have let him goe with prognosticks for as an ancient Doctor writes That as in Nature so in diseases there are also Monsters The end of the Twelfth Booke OF VLCERS FISTVLA'S AND Haemorrhoides THE THIRTEENTH BOOKE CHAP. I. Of the nature causes and differences of Vlcers HAving already handled and treated of the nature difference causes signes and cure of fresh and blood wounds reason order seeme to require that we now speake of Vlcers taking our beginning from the ambiguity of the name For according to Hippocrates the name of Vlcer most generally taken may signifie all or any solution of Continuity In which sense it is read that all paine is an Vlcer Generally for a wound and Vlcer properly so called as appeares by his Booke de Vlceribus Properly as when hee saith it is a signe of death when an Vlcer is dryed up through an Atrophia or defect of nourishment Wee have here determined to speake of an Vlcer in this last and proper signification And according thereto wee define an Vlcer to bee the solution of Continuity in a soft part and that not bloody but â—ordide and unpure flowing with quiâ—â—ure Sauies or any such like corruption associated with one or more affects against nature which hinder the healing and agglutination thereof or that we may give you it in fewer words according to Galens opinion An ulcer is a solution of Continuity caused by Erosion The causes of Vlcers are either internall or externall The internall are through the default of humors peccant in quality rather than in quantity or else in both and so making erosion in the skinne and softer parts by their acrimonie and malignitie Now these things happen eyther by naughty and irregular diet or by the ill disposition of the entrailes sending forth and emptying into the habite of the body this their ill disposure The externall causes are the excesse of cold seazing upon any part especially more remote from the fountaine of heate whence followes paine whereunto succeeds an attraction of humors and spirits into the part and the corruption of these so drawne thither by reason of the debility or extinction of the native heate in that part whence lastly ulceration proceeds In this number of externall causes may be ranged a stroake contusion the application of sharpe and acrid medicines as causticks burnes as also impure contagion as appeares by the virulent vlcers acquired by the filthy copulation or too familiar conversation of such as have the French disease How many and what the differences of Vlcers are you may see here described in this following Scheme A Table of the differences of Vlcers An Vlcer is an impure solution of continuity in a soft part flowing with filth and matter or other corruption whereof there are two chiefe differeÌ„ces for one Is simple and solitary without complication of any other affect against nature and this varies in differences either Proper which are usually drawne from three things to wit figur whence one Vlcer is called Round or circular Sinuous and variously spread Right or oblique Cornered as triangular Quantity that eyther according to their Length whence an Vlcer is long short in different Breadth whence an Vlcer is broad narrow indifferent Profundity whence an Vlcer is deepe superficiary indifferent Equalitie or inequality which consists In those differences of dimensions whereof we last treated I say in length breadth and profundity wherein they are either alike or of the same manner or else unlike and so of a different manner Or common and accidentall these drawne either From their time whence an Vlcer is tearmed new old of short or long cure and â—uration From their appearance whence one is called an apparent Vlcer another a hidden and occult Vlcer From their manner of generation as if it be made by a heavy brusing cutting pricking or corroding thing whence a cut torne and mixt Vlcer From their site whence an Vlcer before behind above below in the head taile or belly of a Muscle From that part it seazes upon whence an vlcer in the flesh and skin or feeding upon the gristles or bones such as these of the nose the palate of the mouth and eares From other common accidents whence a Telephian Vlcer that is such an Vlcer as Telephus had A Chironian which needs the hand and art of Chiron A Canckrous which resembles a Cancer Is compound and many and various wayes complicated as With the cause whence an Vlcer Is Cacochymicke Catarrhoicke or venenate that is with a Cachochymia or Repletion of ill humors a Catarrhe or poison cherishes or feeds With the disease as from Distemper whether simple or compound whence an Vlcer is Hot. Cold. Day Mâ—…st Mixt. Swelling or Tumor whence a Phlegmonous Erysipelous Oedematous Scirrhous Cancrous Vlcer Solution of continuitie or any other discommoditie whence a rough callous fistulous cavernous sinuous Vlcer with luxation facture c. With the Symptome whence According eating painefull sordid and virulent Vlcer With the cause and disease With the cause and Symptome Examples whereof may be taken from that we have formerly delivered With the disease and Symptome With the cause disease and Symptome CHAP. II. Oâ— the signes of Vlcers THere are various signes of Vlcers according to their differences For it is the signe of a putride Vlcer if it exhale a noy some grievous stinking and carion-like vapour together with filthy matter An eating Vlcer is knowne by the eating in hollownesse and wearing away of the part wherein it resides together with the adjoyning parts A sordide Vlcer may be knowne by the grossenesse and viscidity of the excrements it sends forth and by the loose and spongy softnesse or the crusted inequality of the flesh which growes over it A cavernous Vlcer by the streghtnesse of the orifice and largenesse and deepenesse of the windings within A fistulous Vlcer if to the last mentioned signes there accrew a callous hardnesse of the lips or sides of the Vlcer A cancrous Vlcer is horrible to behold with the lips turned backe hard and swollne flowing with virulent and stincking corruption and sometimes also with bloody matter together with the swelling and lifting up of the adjacent veines An untemperate or as they terme it a distempered Vlcer is such as is nourished by some great distemper whether hot or cold moist or dry or compounded of these An ill naâ—â—red or maligne Vlcer is knowne by the difficulty of curing and rebellious contumacy to remedies appointed according to art and reason Wee know a catarrhous Vlcer if the matter which feeds it flow to it from some varices thereunto adjoyning or dilated swollne and broken-veines or from some entraile or from the whole body being ill affected An Apostumatous Vlcer is perceived by the presence of any tumor against nature whose kind may be found out by sight and handling Telephian Vlcers are such as affected Telephus and Chironian in
they terme it whereof this is the composition â„ž aquaecoctae lb. vi sacc albis â„¥ iiii succ lim â„¥ i. agitentur transvasentur saepius in vasis vitreis I was purged when neede required with a bole of Cassia with Rubarbe I used also suppositories of Castle soape to make me goe to stoole for if at any time I wanted due evacuation a preternaturall heat presently seized upon my kidneyes With this though exquisite manner of diet I could not prevaile but that a fever tooke mee upon the eleventh day of my disease and a defluxion which turned into an Abscesse long flowing with much matter I thinke the occasion hereof was some portion of the humor supprest in the bottome of the wound as also by too loose binding by reason that I could not endure just or more strait binding and lastly scales or shivers of bones quite broke off and therefore unapt to be agglutinated for these therefore putrefying drew by consent the proper nourishment of the part into putrefaction and by the putredinous heat thence arising did plentifully administer the materiall and efficient cause to the defluxion and inflammation I was moved to thinke they were scales severed from their bone by the thin and crude sanies flowing from the wound the much swolne sides of the wound and the more loose and spongie flesh thereabouts To these causes this also did accrew one night amongst the rest as I slept the muscles so contracted themselves by a violent motion that they drew my whole Legge upwards so that the bones by the vehemency of the convulsion were displaced and pressed the sides of the wound neyther could they be perfectly composed or set unlesse by a new extension and impulsion which was much more painefull to mee than the former My fever when it had lasted with me seven dayes at length enjoyed a Crisis and end partly by the eruption of matter and partly by sweat flowing from me in a plenteous manner CHAP. XXVI What may be the cause of the convulsive twitching of broken members THis contraction and as it were convulsive twitching usually happens to fractured members in the time of sleepe I thinke the cause thereof is for that the native heat withdraws its selfe while we sleepe into the center of the body whereby it commeth to passe that the extreme parts grow colde In the meane while nature by its accustomed providence sends spirits to the suply of the hurt part But because they are not received of the part evill affected and unapt thereto they betake themselves together and suddenly according to their wonted celerity thither from whence they came the muscles follow their motion with the muscles the bones whereinto they are inserted are together drawne whereby it comes to passe that they are againe displaced and with great torment of paine fall from their former seate This contraction of the muscles is towards their originall CHAP. XXVII Certaine Documents concerning the parts whereon the Patient must necessarily rest whilest he lyes in his bed THose who have their Legge or the like bone broken because they are hindered by the bitternesse of paine and also wish for their cure or consolidation are forced to keep themselves without stirring and upon their backes in their beds for a long time together In the meane space the parts whereupon they must necessarily lye as the heele backe holy-bone rumpe the muscles of the broken thigh or legge remaine stretched forth and unmoveable set at libertie from their usuall functions Whereby it comes to passe that all their strength decayes and growes dull by little and little Moreover also by the suppression of the fuliginous and acride excrements and want of perspiration they grow preternaturally hote whence defluxion an abscesse and ulcer happen to them but principally to the holy-bone the rumpe and heele to the former for that they are defended with small store of flesh to the latter for that it is of more exquisite sense Now the ulcers of these parts are difficulty healed yea and oft-times they cause a gangrene in the flesh and a rottennesse and mortification in the bones there-under and for the most part a continued fever delirium convulsion and by that sympathie which generally accompanies such affects a hicketing For the heele and stomacke are two very nervous parts the latter in the whole bodie thereof and by a large portion of the nerves of the sixth conjugation but the other by the great tendon passing under it the which is produced by the meeting and as it were growing together of the three muscles of the calfe of the legge All which are deadly both by dissipation of the native heat by the feverish and that which is preternaturall as also by the infection of the noble parts whose use the life cannot want by carrion-like vapours When as I considered all these things with my selfe and become more skilfull by the example of others understood how dangerous they were I wished them now and then to lift my heele up out of the bed and taking hold of the rope which hung over my head I heaved up my selfe that so the parts pressed with continuall lying might transpire and be ventilated Moreover also I rested these parts upon a round cushion being open in the middle and stuffed with soft feathers and layd under my rumpe and heele that they might be refreshed by the benefit and gentle breathing of the ayre and I did oft-times apply linnen clothes spred over with unguentum rosatum for the asswaging of the paine and heat Besides also I devised a Casse of Lattin wherein the broken legge being layd is kept in its place farre more surely and certainely than by anie Junks and moreover also it may all be moved to and againe at the Patients pleasure This Casse will also hinder the heele from lying with all its bodie and weight upon the bed putting a soft and thicke boulster under the calfe in that place where the Casse is hollow besides also it armes and defends it against the falling downe and weight of the bed-clothes having a little arch made over and above of the same matter All which shall bee made manifest unto you by the following figure The figure of a Casse A A. Shew the bottome or belly of the Casse B B. The wings or sides to be opened and shut at pleasure C. The end of the wings whereto the sole or arch is fitted D D. The Arch. E E. The Sole F F. An open space whereat the heele hangs forth of the Casse Now it remaines that I tell you what remedies I applyed to the Abscesse which happened upon my wound When therefore I perceived an Abscesse to breed I composed a suppurative medicine of the yoalks of egges common oyle turpentine and a little wheat floure and I used it untill it was opened then to cleanse it I used this following remedie â„ž syrupi rosati terebinth venetae an â„¥ ii
and so to apply one on each side of the dislocated vertebrae and so with your hands to presse them against the bunching forth vertebrae untill you force them backe into their seats just after the manner you see it here delineated In the meane while have a care that you touch not the processes which stand up in the ridge of the Spine for they are easily broken You may know that the vertebrae are restored by the equall smoothnesse of the whole Spine It is fit after you have restored it to binde up the part and lay splints or plates of Lead neatly made for that purpose upon it but so that they may not presse the crists or middle processes of the vertebrae which I formerly mentioned but only the sides then the Patient shall be layd upon his backe in his bed and the splints long kept on lest the vertebrae should fall out againe CHAP. XVII A more particular inquirie of the Dislocation of the Vertebrae proceeding from an internall cause THe vertebrae are in like sort luxated by the antecedent cause as wee have formerly said which is caused by the naturall imbecillitie of the parts principally of the nervous ligament by which all the vertebrae are bound each to other this ligament comes not to the spinall marrow but onely bindes together the vertebrae on their outsides For besides the two membranes proceeding from the two Meninges of the Braine wherewith the marrow is covered there is a third strong and nervous coate put upon it lest whilest the spine is diversly bended the bended marrow should bee broken This third coate arises from the pericranium as soone as it arrives at the first vertebrae of the necke Now that Ligament wherewith we said the joynts of the vertebrae were mutually knit and fastened is encompassed with a tough and glutinous humor for the freeâ—r motion of the vertebrae Sometimes another cold crude grosse and viscide humor confused and mixed herewith by great defluxions and catarrhes begets a tumor which doth not only distend the nerves proceeding forth of the holes of the vertebrae but also distends the ligaments wherewith they are bound together which so distended and as it were drawne aside do draw together with them the vertebrae one while towards the right side another while to the left somewhiles inwards otherwhiles outwards and thus move them out of their seats and dislocate them A dislocated vertebra standing forth and making a bunch is termed in Greeke Cyphosis Those thus affected we may call Bunch-backt But when it is depressed it is named Lordosis Such we may terme Saddle-backt But when the same is luxated to the right or left side it maketh a Scoliosis or Crookednesse which wresting the spine drawes it into the similitude of this letter S. Galen addes a fourth default of the vertebrae which is when their joynts are moved by reason of the loosenesse of their ligaments the vertebrae yet remaining in their places and he cals it a Seisis or shaking They also note another defect peculiar to the Spinall marrow which is when as it the vertebrae being not moved whereto it adheres is plucked and severed from them this disease is occasioned by a fall from on high by a great stroake and by all occasions which may much shake and consequently depresse the spinall marrow or by any other meanes remove or put it forth of its place Scarce any recovers of this disease for many reasons which any exercised in the art may easily thinke upon But let us returne to the internall cause of Luxations Fluid and soft bodies such as Childrens usually are very subject to generate this internall cause of defluxion If externall occasions shall concurre with these internall causes the vertebrae will sooner be dislocated Thus Nurses whilst they too straitly lace the breasts and sides of girles so to make them slender cause the breast-bone to east its selfe in forwards or backwards or else the one shoulder to bee bigger or fuller the other more spare and leane The same error is committed if they lay children more frequently and longupon their sides than upon their backs or if taking them up when they wake they take them only by the feete or legges and never put their other hand under their backs never so much as thinking that children grow most towards their heads CHAP. XVIII Prognosticks of the Dislocated Vertebrae of the backe IF in Infancie it happen that the vertebrae of the backe shall bee dislocated the ribbs will grow little or nothing in breadth but runne outwards before therefore the chest loseth its naturall latitude and stands out with a sharpe point Hence they become asthmaticke the lungs and muscles which serve for breathing being pressed together and straitened and that they may the easâ—ier breathe they are forced to hold up their heads whence also they seeme to have great throats Now because the weazon being thus pressed the breath is carried through a strait passage therefore they whease as they breath and snort in their sleepe for that their lungs which receive and send forth the breath or ayre be of lesse bignesse besides also they are subject to great distillations upon their lungs whereby it commeth to passe that they are shorter lived But such as are bunch-backed below the midriffe are incident to diseases of the kidneyes and bladder and have smaller and slenderer thighes and legges and they more slowly and sparingly cast forth haire and have beards to conclude they are lesse fruitfull and more subject to barrennesse than such as have their crookednesse above their midriffe The Bunches which proceede from externall causes are oft times cureable but such as have their originall from an inward cause are absolutely uncureable unlesse they be withstood at the first with great care industrie Wherefore such as have it by kinde never are helped Such as whilest they are yet Children before their bodies bee come to perfect growth have their Spine crooked and bunching out their bodies use not to grow at the Spine but their legges and armes come to their perfect and full growth yet the parts belonging to their breasts and backe become more slender Neither is it any wonder for seeing the veines arteries and nerves are not in their places the spirits doe neither freely nor the alimentarie juices plenteously flow by these straitned passages whence leannesse must needs ensue but the limbs shall thence have no wrong for that not the whole bodie but the neighbouring parts onely are infected with the contagion of this evill When divers vertebrae following each other in order are together and at one time dislocated the dislocation is lesse dangerous than if one alone were luxated For when one only vertebrae is dislocated it carries the Spinall marrow so away with it that it forces it almost into a sharpe angle wherefore being more straitly pressed it must necessarily bee eyther broken or hurt which is absolutely deadly for that it is
than those in whom the matter of the disease is become knotty whereof Ovid thus speaketh Tollere nodosam nescit medicina podagram Physicke cannot the knotty Goute to heale These reasons have induced many to believe that the essence of this disease is unknowne for there is a certaine occult and inexplicable virulency the author of so great malignity and contumacy Which Avicen seemes to acknowledge when hee writes that there is a certaine kinde of Goute whose matter is so acute and maligne that if it at any time bee augmented by the force of anger it may suffice to kill the party by suddaine death Therefore Galen himselfe writes that Treacle must bee used in all Arthriticall and gouty affects and as I think for no other reason than for that it dries wastes and weakens the malignity thereof Gordonius is of the same opinion but addeth withall that the body must be prepared and purged before wee use Treacle Therefore the matter of the gout is a thin and virulent humour yet not contagious offending in quality rather than quantity causing extreme paines and therfore instigating the humours together with the caliginous and flatulent spirits prepared or ready for defluxion upon the affected parts Therefore as the bitings of Aspes and stingings of Waspes cause cruell pain with sudden swelling and blistering which is by the heat of the humours which the poyson hath tainted and not by the simple solution of continuity seeing that we daily see Shoo-makers and Taylors pricking their flesh with aules and needles without having any such symptome Thus the virulencie of the gout causeth intolerable tormenting paine not by the abundance because it happens to many who have the gout no signe of defluxion appearing in the joints but onely by a maligne and inexplicable quality by reason whereof these paines doe not cease unlesse abated by the helpe of medicines or nature or both The recitall of the following histories will give much light to that unexplicable and virulent malignity of the matter causing the gout Whilest King Charles the ninth of happy memory was at Burdeaux there was brought to Chappellaine and Castellan the Kings Physicians and Taste a Physician of Burdeaux Nicholas Lambert and my selfe Surgeons a certaine Gentle woman some forty yeares old exceedingly troubled for many yeares by reason of a tumor scarce equalling the bignesse of a pease on the outside of the joynt of the left Hippe one of her tormenting fits tooke her in my presence shee presently beganne to cry and â—oare and rashly and violently to throw her body this way and that way with motions and gestures above a womans yea a mans nature For shee thrust her head between her legges laid her feete upon her shoulders you would have said shee had beene possessed of the Divell This fit held her some quarter of an houre during all which time I heedfully observed whether the grieved part swelled any bigger than it was accustomed whether there happened any new inflammation but there was no alteration as farre as I could gather by sight or feeling but onely that shee cryed out more loudly when as I touched it The fit passed a great heate tooke her all her body ranne downe with sweat with so great wearinesse and weakenesse of all her members that shee could not so much as stirre her little finger There could bee no suspicion of an Epileptick fit for this woman all the time of her agony did perfectly make use of all her senses did speake discourse and had no convulsion Neither did shee spare any cost or diligence whereby shee might bee cured of her disease by the helpe of Physicians or famous Surgeons she consulted also witches wizzards and charmers so that shee had left nothing unattempted but all art was exceeded by the greatnesse of the disease When I had shewed all these things at our consultation wee all with one consent were of this opinion to apply a potentiall Cautery to the grieved part or the tumour I my selfe applyed it after the fall or the Eschar very blacke and virulent sanies flowed out which freed the woman of her paine and disease for ever after Whence you may gather that the cause of so great evill was a certaine venenate malignity hurting rather by an unexplicable quality than quantity which being overcome and evacuated by the Cautery all paine absolutely ceased Upon the like occasion but on the right arme the wife of the Queenes Coach-man at Amboise consulted Chappellaine Castellaâ— and me earnestly craving ease of her paine for shee was so grievously tormented by fits that through impatiency being carelesse of her selfe shee endeavoured to cast her lelse headlong out of her chamber window for feare whereof shee had a guard put upon her Wee judged that the like monster was to be assaulted with the like weapon neither were we deceived for using a potentiall cautery this had like successe as the former Wherefore the bitternesse of the paine of the gout is not occasioned by the onely weakenesse of the joints for thus the paine should be continuall and alwaies like it self neither is it from the distemper of a simple humour for no such thing happens in other tumours of what kinde soever they be of but it proceeds from a venenate maligne occult and inexplicable quality of the matter wherfore this disease stands in need of a diligent Physician and a painfull Surgeon CHAP. III. Of the manifest causes of the Gout ALthough these things may be true which we have delivered of the occult cause of the gout yet there be and are vulgarly assigned others of which a probable reason may bee rendred wherein this malignity whereof wee have spoken lies hid and is seated Therefore as of many other diseases so also of the gout there are assigned three causes that is the primitive antecedent and conjunct the primitive is two fold one drawn from their first originall and their mothers wombe which happens to such as are generated of gouty parents chiefly if whilest they were conceived this gouty matter did actually abound and fall upon the joynts For the seed falls from all the parts of the body as saith Hippocrates and Aristole affirmes lib. de gener animal Yet this causes not an inevitable necessity of having the gout for as many begot of sound and healthfull parents are taken by the gout by their proper primary default so many live free from this disease whose fathers notwithstanding were troubled therewith It is probable that they have this benefit and priviledge by the goodnesse of their mothers seed and the laudible temper of the womb wherof the one by the mixture the other by the gentle heat may amend and correct the faults of the paternall seed for otherwise the disease would become hereditary and gouty persons would necessarily generate gouty for the seed followeth the temper and complexion of the party generating as it is shewed by Avicen Another primitive cause is
part thereof much troubles and exerciseth the mindes of good Physitians and maketh the art conjecturall it is so farre from being attained to by Empericks Yet we must endeavour by method and reason that by the rule of indications so frequently mentioned we may attaine to the knowledge thereof as neare as may bee For to have perfect knowledge hereof and to say that those need only foure others five and other some sixe more or fewer frictions at the beginning which Emperickes commonly doe is a thing both impossible and vaine All these must bee changed and ordered according to the malignity and continuance of the disease and the condition of the affected bodies Verily wee must so long use frictions and unctions untill the virulent humours bee perfectly evacuated by spitting and salivation by stoole urine sweat or insensible transpiration Which you may understand by the falling away drying up of the pustles and ulcers and the ceasing of the paines and other symptomes proper to this disease In many by reason of the more dense and compact habite of the body nature is more slow in excretion Yet I have learnt by long experience that it is best to anoint and chafe such twice in a day to wit morning and evening sixe houres after meate For so you shall profit more in one day than by the single frictions of three dayes But on the contrary I have often and with good successe rubbed over but each other day more rare and delicate bodies giving them one or two dayes rest to recollect their strength which by the too much dissolution of their spirits becomming too weak were not sufficient to expell the relicks of the morbifick matter And certainly about the end of the appointed friction especially when as the patients begin to fluxe at the mouth the bodies together with the noxious humors are made so fluid by the means of the precedent frictions that one friction is then more efficacious than two were at the beginning Therefore as Galen bids when as the disease is great and the strength of the patient infirme that wee should part our blood-lettings and draw a little and a little at once so also here when as we shall observe nature stirred up and ready bent to any kinde of evacuation by the mouth stoole or other like you ought not to use any unction or friction oâ—â—ner than once in a day yea certainely it will bee better to intermit for some few dayes For thus Massa reports that there was a certaine man who almost wasted with a consumption being continually afflicted with the most grievous paines of this disease reputed in a desperate case by other physitians was notwithstanding at length recovered by him when as hee had anointed him thirty seven times putting sometime between for the recovery of his strength I my self have observed others who thus by the interposition of one or two dayes being rubbed over some fifteene or seventeene times have perfectly recovered Wherefore you must take this course in resolved and weake bodies yet in the interim must you have a care that the frictions bee not too weak and so few that the morbifick cause may not be touched to the quick for in this kinde of disease nature doth not of it selfe endeavour any Crisis or excretion it requires the auxiliary forces of medicines by whose assistance it may expell all the malignity These are signes of such a Crisis either at hand or already present if the patient be so restlesse so loath all things that hee cannot remaine in one place either standing or lying he can neither eat nor drinke if he be oppressed with a continuall wearinesse almost ready to swoune yet have a good and equall pulse and gripings in his belly afflict him with bloody viscous dejections untill at length nature after one or two dayes portion of the morbifick matter being spent be somwhat freed and all paines and symptomes so much abated as the excretions have proceeded But whereas medicines are not sufficient in number or strength there followes an unperfect Crisis which leaves behind it some relicks of the morbifick matter which like leven do so by little little infect the whole mass of the humors that oft-times after ten years space the disease riseth as out of an ambush or lurking hole and becomes farre worse than before But wee must in like maner have a care lest these medicines that are either given inwardly or applyed outwardly be not too strong for by causing such colliquation of the radicall moisture and solid parts many have been brought into an incurable consumption In others â—ordid and putride ulcers have thence arisen in the mouth which having eaten a great part of the pallate and tongue have degenerated into a deadly Cancer In others hereupon the tongue hath so swelled up that it hath filled the whole capacity of the mouth so that it could not be bended to any part of the mouth for chawing whereupon they have by little and little beene famished In other some there hath beene caused so great colliquation of humours that for a whole moneth after tough and filthy slaver hath continually flowed out of their mouths Other some have the muscles of their jawes relaxed others troubled with a convulsion so that during the rest of their lives they can scarce gape Others by losing a portion of their jaw have lost some of their teeth But you must not alwaies so long anoint and chafe the body untill a fluxe of the mouth or belly appeare For you may finde sundry persons who if you should anoint or rub them to death you cannot bring them to fluxe at the mouth yet these will recover notwithstanding excretion being made either by insensible transpiration or evacuation of urine or some gentle fluxe of the belly either procured by art or comming of it selfe In which case I have observed that many have received much good by a purging decoction of Guajacum administred according to the quantity of the peccant humor and given for some dayes in the morning adding thereto white wine if the body abounded with tough and viscide humours Dysenteryes or bloody-fluxes caused by unctions may be helped by Glysters wherein much hogs-grease is dissolved to rotund the acrimony caused by the medicine and humor which nourisheth the Dysentery Also new Treacle dissolved in new milke is thought wonderfully to mitigate this symptome CHAP. XIII Of the third manner of Cure which is performed by cerates and emplasters as the substitutes of unctions FOr that sundry by reason of the name abhorre the use of friction which is performed by the forementioned ointments therefore there is found out another manner of cure by cerates and emplasters as substitutes of Frictions but that usually is somewhat slower for which purpose it is not needfull onely to use the things which are described by Vigo but you may also devise other which are more or lesse anodyne emollient attenuating
sugar before meate it is no lesse effectuall to put wormeseeds in their pap and in roasted apples and so to give them it Also you may make suppositories after this manner and put them up into the fundament â„ž coralli subalbi rasurae eboris cornu cerviusti ireos an ℈ ii mellis albi â„¥ ii ss aquae centiâ—odiae q. s adomnia concorporanda fiant Glandes let one be put up every day of the weight of Ê’ ii for children these suppositories are chiefly to bee used for Ascarides as those which adhere to the right gut To such children as can take nothing by the mouth you shall apply cataplasmes to their navells made of the pouder of cummin seeds the floure of lupines worme-wood southerne wood tansie the leaves of Artichokes rue the pouder of coloquintida citron seeds aloes arsemart horse mint peach leaves Costus amarus Zedoaria sope and oxegall Such cataplasmes are oft times spred over all the belly mixing therewith astringent things for the strengthening of the part as oile of myrtles Quinces and mastich you may also apply a great onion hollowed in the midst and filled with Aloes and Treacle and so roasted in the embers then beaten with bitter almonds and an oxe gall Also you may make emplasters of bitter things as this which followes â„ž fellis bubuli sucei absinthii an â„¥ ii colocyn â„¥ i. terantur misceantur simul incorporentur cum farina lupinorum make hereof an emplaster to be laid upon the Navell Liniments and ointments may bee also made for the same purpose to anoint the belly you may also make plasters for the navell of Pillulae Ruff. anointing in the meane time the fundament with hony and sugar that they may bee chafed from above with bitter things and allured downewards with sweete things Or else take wormes that have beene cast forth dry them in an iron pan over the fire then pouder them and give them with wine or some other liquor to bee drunke for so they are thought quickly to kill the rest of the wormes Hereto also conduceth the juice of citrons drunke with the oile of bitter almonds or sallade oile Also some make bathes against this affect of wormewood galls peach leaves boiled in water and then bathe the childe therein But in curing the wormes you must observe that this disease is oft times entangled with another more grievous disease as an acute and burning feaver a fluxe or scouring and the like in which as for example sake a feaver being present and conjoyned therewith if you shall give wormseeds old Treacle myrrhe aloes you shall encrease the feaver and fluxe for that bitter things are very contrary to the cure of these affects But if on the contrary in a fluxe whereby the wormes are excluded you shall give corrall and the floure of Lentiles you shall augment the feaver making the matter more contumacious by dry and astringent things Therefore the Physician shall be carefull in considering whether the feaver bee a symptome of the wormes or on the contrary it bee essentiall and not symptomaticke that this being knowne hee may principally insist in the use of such medicines as resist both affects as purging and bitterish in a feaver and wormes but bitter and somewhat astrictive things in the wormes and fluxe CHAP. VI. A short description of the Elephantiasis or Leprosie and of the causes thereof THis disease is termed Elephantiasis because the skinne of such as are troubled therewith is rough scabious wrinckled and unequall like the skin of an Elephant Yet this name may seem to be imposed thereon by reason of the greatnesse of the disease Some from the opinion of the Arabians have termed it Lepra or Leprosie but unproperly for the Lepra is a kinde of Scab and disease of the skinne which is vulgarly called Malum sancti manis which word for the present we will use as that which prevailes by custome and antiquity Now the Leprosie according to Paulus is a Cancer of the whole body the which as Avicen addes corrupts the complexion forme and figure of the members Galen thinkes the cause ariseth from the errour of the sanguifying faculty through whose default the assimulation in the flesh and habite of the body is depraved and much changed from it selfe and the rule of nature But ad Glauconem hee defines this disease An effusion of troubled or grosse blood into the veines and habit of the whole body This disease is judged great for that it partakes of a certaine venenate virulency depraving the members and comelinesse of the whole body Now it appeares that the Leprosie partakes of a certaine venenate virulency by this that such as are melancholicke in the whole habit of their bodies are not leprous Now this disease is composed of three differences of diseases First it consists of a distemper against nature as that which at the beginning is hot and dry and at length the ebullition of the humours ceasing and the heat dispersed it becomes cold and dry which is the conjunct cause of this symptome Also it consists of an evill composition or conformation for that it depraves the figure and beauty of the parts Also it consists of a solution of continuity when as the flesh and skin are cleft in divers parts with ulcers and chops the leprosie hath for the most part 3. generall causes that is the primitive antecedent conjunct the primitive cause is either from the first conformation or comes to them after they are born It is thought to be in him from the first conformation who was conceived of depraved corrupt menstruous blood such as enclined to melancholly who was begot of the leprous seed of one or both his parents for leprous persons generate leprous because the principall parts being tainted and corrupted with a melancholy and venenate juice it must necessarily follow that the whole masse of blood and seed that falls from it and the whole body should also be vitiated This cause happens to those that are already born by long staying inhabiting in maritime countries whereas the grosse and misty aire in successe of time induceth the like fault into the humours of the body for that according to Hippocrates such as the aire is such is the spirit and such the humours Also long abiding in very hot places because the blood is torrified by heate but in cold places for that they incrassate and congealing the spirits doe after a manner stupefie may bee thought the primitive causes of this disease Thus in some places of Germany there are divers leprous persons but they are more frequent in Spaine and overall Africa then in all the world beside and in Languedoc Provence and Guyenne are more than in whole France besides Familiarity copulation and cohabitation with leprous persons may be reckoned amongst the causes thereof because they transferre this disease to their familiars by their breath sweat and spittle left on the
the gums by acride vapours rising to the mouth but the lips of Leprous persons are more swolne by the internall heat burning and incrassating the humours as the outward heat of the Sun doth in the Moores The eighth signe is the swelling blacknesse of the tongue and as it were varicous veins lying under it because the tongue being by nature spongious and rare is easily stored with excrementitious humours sent from the inner parts unto the habit of the body which same is the cause why the grandules placed about the tongue above and below are swolne hard round no otherwise than scrophulous or meazled swine Lastly all their face riseth in red bunches or pushes and is over-spread with a duskie and obscure redness the eies are fiery fierce and fixed by a melancholick chachectick disposition of the whole body manifest signes whereof appeare in the face by reason of the forementioned causes yet some leprous persons have their faces tinctured with a yellowish others with a whitish colour according to the condition of the humor which serves for a Basis to the leprous malignity For hence Physicians affirme that there are three sorts of Leprosies one of a redish black colour consisting in a melancholick humour another of a yellowish greene in a cholericke humour another in a whitish yellow grounded upon adust phlegme The ninth signe is a stinking of the breath as also of all the excrements proceeding from leprous bodies by reason of the malignity conceived in the humours The tenth is a hoarsnesse a shaking harsh and obscure voyce comming as it were out of the nose by reason of the lungs recurrent nerves and muscles of the throttle tainted with the grossenesse of a virulent and adust humour the forementioned constriction obstruction of the inner passage of the nose and lastly the asperity and inequality of the weazon by immoderate drynesse as it happens to such as have drunk plentifully of strong wines without any mixture This immoderate drinesse of the muscles serving for respiration makes them to bee trouled with a difficulty of breathing The eleventh signe is very observable which is a Morphew or defaedation of all the skin with a dry roughnesse and grainy inequality such as appears in the skins of plucked geese with many tetters on every side a filthy scab and ulcers not casting off onely a branlike scurfe but also scailes and crusts The cause of this dry scab is the heat of the burning bowels humours unequally contracting and wrinkling the skin no otherwise than as leather is wrinkled by the heat of the Sun or fire The cause of the filthy scab serpiginous ulcers is the eating and corroding condition of the melancholy humour and the venenate corruption it also being the author of corruption so that it may be no marvell if the digestive faculty of the liver being spoyled the assimulative of a maligne and unfit matter sent into the habit of the body cannot well nor fitly performe that which may be for the bodies good The twelfth is the sense of a certain pricking as it were of goads or needles over all the skin caused by an acride vapour hindred from passing forth and intercepted by the thicknesse of the skin The thirteenth is a consumption and emaciation of the muscles which are betweene the thumbe and fore-finger not onely by reason that the nourishing and assimulating faculties want fit matter wherewith they may repaire the losse of these parts for that is common to these with the rest of the body but because these muscles naturally rise up unto a certaine mountanous tumor therefore their depression is the more manifest And this is the cause that the shoulders of leprous persons stand out like wings to wit the emaciation of the inner part of the muscle Trapezites The fourteenth signe is the diminution of sense or a numnesse over all the body by reason that the nerves are obstructed by the thicknesse of the melancholick humour hindring the free passage of the animal spirit that it cannot come to the parts that should receive sense these in the interim remaining free which are sent into the muscles for motions sake and by this note I chiefly make tryall of leprous persons thrusting a somewhat long and thick needle somewhat deep into the great tendon endued with most exquisite sense which runs to the heel which if they do not well feele I conclude that they are certainly leprous Now for that they thus lose their sense their motion remaining entire the cause hereof is that the nerves which are disseminated to the skin are more affected and those that run into the muscles are not so much therefore when as you prick them somewhat deep they feel the prick which they do not in the surface of the skin The fifteenth is the corruption of the extreme parts possessed by putrefaction and a gangrene by reason of the corruption of the humours sent thither by the strength of the bowels infecting with the like tainture the parts wherein they remain adde hereto that the animal sensitive faculty is there decayed and as often as any faculty hath forsaken any part the rest presently after a manner neglect it The sixteenth is they are troubled with terrible dreames for they seeme in their sleep to see divels serpents dungeons graves dead bodies and the like by reason of the black vapours of the melancholie humour troubling the phantasie with black and dismall visions by which reason also such as are bitten of a mad dog feare the water The seventeenth is that at the beginning and in the increase of the disease they are subtle crafty and furious by reason of the heat of the humours bloud but at length in the state and declension they become crafty and suspicious the heat and burning of the bloud and entrailes decaying by little and little therefore then fearing all things whereof there is no cause distrusting of their owne strength they endeavour by craft maliciously to circumvent those with whom they deal for that they perceive their powers to faile them The eighteenth is a desire of venery above their nature both for that they are inwardly burned with a strange heat as also by the mixture of flatulencies therewith for whose generation the melancholick humour is most fit which are agitated violently carried through the veins and genitall parts by the preternaturall heat but at length when this heate is cooled and that they are fallen into a hot and dry distemper they mightily abhor venery which then would bee very hurtfull to them as it also is at the beginning of the disease because they have small store of spirits and native heat both which are dissipated by venery The nineteenth is the so great thicknesse of their grosse and livide bloud that if you wash it you may finde a sandy matter therein as some have found by experience by reason of the great adustion and
glasses applyed with much flame to sundry parts of the body are good Also bathes of warme water with a decoction of such things as resist poyson as southerne wood calaminte rue betony horehound penny royall bayes scordium smallage scabious mints valerian and the like are good in this case Also sweates are good being provoked so much as the strength of the patient can endure But if he be very wealthy whom we suspect poysoned it will be safer to put him into the belly of an oxe horse or mule and then presently into another assoone as the former is cold that so the poyson may bee drawne forth by the gentle and vaporous heate of the new killed beast yet doe none of these things without the advise of a Physitian if it may conveniently be had CHAP. VII How the corrupt or venemous Ayre may kill a Man THE aire is infected and corrupted by the admixture of maligne vapours either arising from the unburied bodies of such as are slaine in great conflicts or exhaling out of the earth after earth-quakes for the aire long pent up in the cavities and bowells of the earth and deprived of the freedome and commerce of the open aire is corrupted and acquires a maligne quality which it presently transferreth unto such as meet therewith Also there is a certaine malignity of the aire which accompanieth thunders and lightnings which favoures of a sulphureous virulency so that whatsoever wilde beastes shall devoure the creatures killed therewith they become madde and dye immediately for the fire of lightning hath a farre more rapid subtle and greater force than other fires so that it may rightly be termed a Fire of Fires An argument hereof is that it melteth the head of a spear not harming the wood and silver and gold not hurting the purse wherein it is conteined Also the aire is infected by fumigations which presently admitted into the body and bowels by the mouth and nose in respiration by the skinne and arteries in perspiration doth easily kill the spirits and humours being first infected and then within a short space after the solid substance of the principall parts chiefly of the heart being turned into their nature unlesse the man be first provided for by sneesing vomiting sweating purging by the belly or some other excretion For that poyson which is carryed into the body by smell is the most rapid effectuall by so much as a vapor or exhalation is of more subtle quicklier piercing essence than an humor Yet not withstanding wilt thou say it is not credible that any can be kild by any vapor raised by the force of fire as of a Torch or a Warming-pan for that the venenate quality of the thing that is burnt is dissipated and consumed by the force of the fire purging and cleansing all things This reason is falsly faigned to the destruction of the lives of carelesse people for sulphureous brands kindled at a cleere fire doe notwithstanding cast forth a sulphureous vapour Whether doe not Lignum aloes and Juniper when they are burnt in a flame smell lesse sweetly Pope Clement the seventh of that name the Uncle of our Kings Mother was poysoned by the fume of a poysonous Torch that was carryed lighted before him and dyed thereof Mathiolus telleth that there were two Mountebanks in the market place of Sicnna the one of which but smelling to a poysoned gilly-flower given him by the other fell downe dead presently A certaine man not long ago when he had put to his nose and smelled a little unto a pomander which was secretly poysoned was presently taken with a Vertigo and all his face swelled and unlesse that hee had gotten speedy helpe by sternutatories and other meanes hee had died shortly after of the same kinde of death that Pope Clement did The safest preservative against such poysons is not to smell to them moreover some affirme that there are prepared some poysons of such force that being anointed but on the saddle they will kill the rider others that if you but anoint the stirrops therwith they will send so deadlie poysonous a qualitie into the rider through his boots that he shall die therof within a short time after which things though they be scarce credible because such poysons touch not the naked skin yet have they an example in nature whereby they may defend themselves For the Torpedo sends a narcoticke and certainelie deadlie force into the arme and so into the bodie of the Fisher the cords of the net being between them CHAP. VIII That every kinde of Poyson hath its proper and peculiar Signes and Effects AS poysons are distinct in species so each species differs in their signes and effects neither is it possible to find anie one kinde of poyson which may be accompanied or produce all the signes and effects of all poysons other-wise Physitians should in vaine have written of the signes and effects of each of them as also of their proper remedies antidotes For what kind of poyson shall that be which shall cause a burning heat in the stomack bellie liver bladder kidneies which shall cause a hicketting which shall cause the whole body to tremble and shake which shall take away the voice and speech which shall cause convulsions shall weaken the pulsificke facultie which shall intercept the freedome of breathing which shall stupesie and cast into a dead sleepe which shall together and at once cause a Vertigo in the head dimnesse in the sight a strangling or stoppage of the breath thirst bleeding feaver stoppage of the urine perpetuall vomiting rednesse lividnesse and paleness of the face resolution of the powers and manie other things all which are caused by all sorts of poyson Lastly no bodie will denie but that hot poysons may kill more speedily than cold for that they are more speedily actuated by the native heat CHAP. IX The Effects of Poysons from particular venemous things and what Prognosticks may thence bee made IT is the opinion of Cornelius Celsus and almost of all the antients That the bite of everie beast had some virulencie but yet some more than othersome They are most virulent that are inflicted by venemous beasts as Aspes Vipers Water-snakes and all kindes of Serpents Basiliskes Dragons Toads Mad dogges Scorpions Spiders Bees Waspes and the like They are lesse maligne which are of creatures wanting venome as of Horses Apes Cats Dogges not mad and manie other things which though of their owne nature they are without poison yet in their bites there is something more dolorisicke and ill natured than in common wounds inflicted by other occasions I beleeve that in their slaver or sanies there is something I know not how to terme it contrarie to our nature which imprints a maligne qualitie in the ulcer which also you may observe in the tearings or scratchings of such creatures as have sharpe clawes as Lions and Cats Moreover manie affirme that they have found by
poyson forthwith I exceeding straitly bound my finger above the wound that so I might presse forth the blood and poyson lest they should diffuse themselves further over the body I dissolved old treacle in aqua vitae wherein I dipped and moistened cotton and so put it to the wound and within a few dayes I throughly recovered by this onely medicine You may use in stead of Treacle Mithridate and sundry other things which by reason of their heat are powerfull drawers as a squill rosted in hot embers garlicke and leeks beaten and applyed barly floure tempered with vinegar hony and goats dung and so applyed like a pultis Some thinke it sufficient forthwith to wash and foment the wound with vinegar salt and a little hony Galen writes that the poyson inflicted by the bite of a viper may bee drawne forth by applying to the wound the head of a viper but othersome apply the whole viper beaten to mash CHAP. XVII Of the Serpent called Haemorrhous THE Serpent Haemorrhous is so called because by his biting hee causeth blood to droppe out of all the passages of the wounded bodie hee is of a small bodie of the bignesse of a viper with else burning with a certaine fierie brightnesse and a most beautifull skinne The backe of him as Avicen writes is spotted with manie blacke and white spots his necke little and his taile verie small the part which he bites forthwith growes blackish by reason of the extinction of the native heat which is extinguished by such poison which is contrarie thereto in its whole substance Then followes a paine of the stomacke and heart these parts being touched with the pestiferous qualitie of the poison These paines are seconded by vomiting the orifice of the ventricle being relaxed by a Diarrhaea the retentive facultie of all the parts of the bellie being weakened and the veines which are spred through the guts not being able to retaine the blood conteined in them For the blood is seen to flow out as in streams from the nose mouth eares fundament privities corners of the eies rootes of the naile and gums which putrefie the teeth falling out of them Moreover there happens a difficultie of breathing and stoppage of the urine with a deadlie convulsion The cure is forthwith to scarifie and burne the bitten part or else to cut it quite off if that it may be done without danger of life and then to use powerfullie drawing Antidores The figure of the serpent Haemorrhous CHAP. XVIII Of the Serpent called Seps THe Serpent Seps is so called because it causeth the part which it bites forthwith to putrefie by reason of the cruell malignitie of its poyson It is not much unlike the Haemorrhous but that it curles or twines up the taile in divers circles Pausanias writes that this serpent is of an ash-colour a broad head small necke bigge bellie writhen taile and as he goes hee runs aside like a crabbe But his skin is variegated and spotted with severall colours like to Tapistrie By the crueltie of his causticke and putrefying venome hee burnes the part which he hath bit with most bitter paine he causeth the shedding of the haires and as Aëtius addeth the wound at the first casteth forth manifest blood but within a little while after stinking filth The putrefyed affected parts waxe white and the bodie all over becomes of the colour of that scurfe which is termed Alphos so that by the wickednesse of this putrefactive poison not onely the spirits are resolved but also the whole bodie consumed as by fire a pestilent carbuncle and other putride tumours arising from a hot and humide or suffocating constitution of the aire Now for the remedies they must be such as are formerly prescribed against the bitings of a viper The Figure of the Serpent Seps CHAP. XIX Of the Basiliske or Cockatrice THe Basiliske far exceeds all kinds of Serpents in the curstness of its poyson Therefore it is affirmed by Nicander that into what place soever he comes other venemous creatures do forthwith flie thence for that none of them can so much as endure his hissing for he is thought to kill all things even with this not with his biting and touch only besides if any of them hasten to get anie meate or drinke and perceive that the Basiliske is not farre from thence he flies back and neglects the getting of nourishment necessarie for life Galen writes that the Basilisk is a yellowish serpent with a sharpe head and three risings distinguished with white spots and rising up in forme of a crowne by reason whereof hee is stiled the King of Serpents Certainely the violence of his poyson in killing men is so great that he is therefore thought to kill men and other creatures by his sight onely Solinus affirmes that the body of a dead Basiliske hath wondrous faculties Wherefore the inhabitants of Pergamum in ancient times gave a mightie price for one to hang upon the joistes of the temple of Apollo so to drive away the Spiders and Birds lest they should there weave their webs or the other build their nests in that sacred place Verily no ravenous creature will touch their carkasse but if constrained by hunger they doe touch it then they forthwith fall downe dead in the same place and this happens not onely by eating their body but also by devouring the bodies of such beasts as are killed by their bitings They kill the trees and shrubs by which they passe not onely by their touch but even with their breath Amongst the westerne Aethiopians is the fountaine Nigris neer which there is a serpent called Catablepas small in bodie and slow having a great head which it scarce can carrie but that it lies alwaies upon the ground otherwise it would kill abundance of people for it forthwith kills all that see the eyes thereof the Basiliske hath the same force he is bred in the province of Cyrene of the length of some twelve fingers with a white spot in his head resembling a crowne he chaseth away all serpents with his hisse Weasels are the destruction of such monsters thus it pleased nature that nothing should be without its equall they assaile them in their dennes being easily knowne by the barrennesse or consumption of the soile These kill them also by their sent and they die and the fight of nature is ended thus nature to the magnanimous Lion lest there should be nothing which he might fear hath opposed the weake creature the Cocke by whose crowing onely he is terrefied and put to flight Erasistratus writes that a golden yellownesse affects the bitten part of such as are hurt by a Basiliske but a blacknesse and tumour possesseth the rest of the body all the flesh of the muscles within a while after falling away piece-meale An antidote against this must be made of a dramme of Castoreum dissolved in wine and drunken or else in
it is of the same colour as the hair of the land-hare is it hath a hole in the head out of which hee putteth a certaine peece of flesh and pluckes it backe againe when as he is seene Paulus Aëtius Pliny Galen and Nicander are of one opinion and agree in this that if a woman big with child do too earnestly look upon one she will vomit presently after abort They which have drunk this poyson saith Dioscorides are troubled with paine in the belly and their urine is stopped If they doe make water then is it bloody they run downe with stinking sweat which smels of fish a cholericke vomiting sometimes mixed with blood ensues thereon Aëtius writes that all their bodies turne yellow their faces swell and their feete but chiefly their genitall member which is the cause they cannot make water freely Galen writes that it is the property of the Sea-hare to exulcerate the Lungs Their Antidote is Asses milke Muskedine or honyed Wine continually drunken or a decoction of the roots and leaves of Mallowes It is good for the falling away of the haire I have here given you the figure thereof out of Rondeletius his book of fishes The figure of a Sea-Hare CHAP. XXXIV Of the Poyson of Cats NOt onely the braine of a Cat being eaten is poysonous and deadly to man but also their haire their breath yea and their very presence to some prove deadly For although any hair devoured unawares may be enough to choake one by stopping the instruments of respiration yet the haires of cat by a certaine occult propertie are judged most dangerous in this case besides also their breath is infected with a certain hurtfull malignitie For Mathiolus saith that he knew some who being so delighted with Cats that they could never go to bed without them have by so often drawing in the aire with their breath fallen into a consumption of the Lungs which occasioned their death Moreover it is manifest that the very sight of their eies is hurtfull which appeares by this that some but seeing or hearing them presently fall downe in a sowne yet I would not judge that to happen by the malicious virulency of the Cat but also by the peculiar nature of the party and a quality generated with him and sent from heaven When as saith Mathiolus a certaine Germaine in winter time came with us into a stove to supper where as were divers of our acquaintance a certaine woman knowing this mans nature lest that hee should see her kitling which shee kept and so should goe away in a chafe she shut her up in a cupboard in the same chamber But for all that hee did not see her neither heard her cry yet within a little space when hee had drawne in the aire infected with the breath of the Cat that quality of temperament contrary or enemy to Cats being provoked he began to sweat to looke pale and to cry out all of us admiring it Here lies a Cat in some corner or other neither could he be quiet untill the Cat was taken away But such as have eaten the braines of a Cat are taken with often Vertigoes and now and then become foolish and mad they are helped by procuring vomit and taking the Antidote against this poyson that is halfe a Scruple of Muske dissolved and drunke in wine There bee some who prescribe the confection Diamoschâ—m to bee taken every morning foure houres before meat By this you may gather that it is not so fabulous that the common sort report that Cats will kill or harme children for lying to their mouthes with the weight of their whole bodies they hinder the passage forth of the fuliginous vapours and the motion of the Chest and infect and stifle the spirits of tender infants by the pestiferous aire and exhalation which they send forth CHAP. XXXV Of certaine poysonous Plants HAving described the poysons that come from living creatures I come to speake of such as are from Plants beginning with the Sardonian herb which is also called Apium risus this is a kinde of Ranunculus or Crow-foote and as it is thought the round leaved water Crow-foote called Marsh-crow-foote or speare-wort it taketh away the understanding of such as eate thereof and by a certaine distention of the nerves contracts the cheekes so that it makes them looke as if they laughed from this affect came that proverbiall speech of the Sardonian laughter taken in evill part His Bezoar as one may terme it is the juice of Balme The juice fruit and substance of Napellus taken inwardly killeth a man the same day or at the furthest in three dayes yea and such as escape the deadly force thereof by the speedy and convenient use of Antidotes fall into a hecticke feaver or consumption or become subject to the falling sicknesse as Avicen affirmeth And hence it is that barbarous people poyson their arrowes therewith For the lippes are forthwith inflamed and the tongue so swells that by reason thereof it cannot bee conteined in the mouth but hangs out with great horrour their eyes are enflamed and stand forth of their head and they are troubled with a Vertigo and sowning they become so weake that they cannot stirre their legges they are swollen and puffed in their bodies the violence of the poyson is so great The Antidote thereof is a certaine little creature like a Mouse which is bred and lives on the root of Napellus being dryed and drunke in pouder to the weight of two drammes In want hereof you may use the seed of Raddish or Turneps to drinke and anoint the body also with the oile of Scorpions Dorycinum and Solanum Manicum or deadly night-shade are not much different in their mortall symptomes or effects Dorycinum being drunke resembleth milk in tast it causeth continuall hicketting it troubleth the tongue with the weight of the humour it causeth blood to bee cast forth of the mouth and certaine mucous matter out of the belly like that which commeth away in the bloody fluxe A remedy hereto are all shell Fishes as well crude as roasted also sea-lobsters and crabbes and the broth or liquor wherein they are boyled being drunke Now the root of Solanum manicum drunke in the weight of one dram in wine causeth vaine and not unpleasing imaginations but double this quantity causeth a distraction or alienation of the minde for three dayes but foure times so much kills The remedies are the same as these prescribed against Dorycinum Henbane drunken or otherwise taken inwardly by the mouth causeth an alienation of the minde like drunkenness this also is accompanied with an agitation of the body and exolution of the spirits like sowning But amongst others this is a notable symptome that the patients so dote that they thinke themselves to be whipped whence their voice becomes so various that somtimes they bray like an asse or mule neigh like
Antidotes inwardly and applyed them outwardly for the most part escaped and recovered their health for that kind of Pestilence tooke its originall of the primitive and solitary default of the Aire and not of the corruption of the humours The like event was noted in the hoarsenesse that we spake of before that is to say that the patients waxed worse and worse by purging and phlebotomie but yet I doe not disallow either of those remedies if there be great fulnesse in the body especially in the beginning and if the matter have a cruell violence whereof may bee feared the breaking in unto some noble part For wee know that it is confirmed by Hypocrates that what disease soever is caused by repletion must be cured by evacuation and that in diseases that are very sharpe if the matter do swell it ought to be remedied the same day for delay in such diseases is dangerous but such diseases are not caused orinflicted upon mans body by reason or occasion of the pestilence but of the diseased bodies and diseases themselves commixed together with the Pestilence therefore then peradventure it is lawfull to purge strongly and to let a good quantity of bloud lâ—st that the pestilent venome should take hold of the matter that is prepared and so infect it with a contagion whereby the Pestilence taketh new and farregreater strength especially as Celsus admonisheth us where he saith that By how much the sooner those sudden invasions doe happen by so much the sooner remedies must be used yea or rather rashly applyed therefore if the veines swell the face waxe fiery red if the arteries of the temples beat strongly if the patient can very hardly breathe by reason of a weight in his stomacke if his spittle be bloudy then ought he to bee let bloud without delay for the causes before mentioned It seems best to open the liver veino on the left arme whereby the heart and the spleene may be better discharged of their abundant matter yet bloud-letting is not good at all times for it is not expedient when the body beginneth to waxe stiffe by reason of the comming of a Feaver for then by drawing backe the heat and spirits inwardly the outward parts being destitute of bloud waxe stiffe and cold therefore bloud cannot bee letten then without great losse of the strength and perturbation of the humours And it is to be noted that when those plethoricke causes are present there is one Indication of bloud-letting in a simple pestilent Feaver and another in that which hath a Bubo idest a Botch or a Carbuncle joined ther with For in one or both of these being joyned with a vehement strong burning Feaver bloud must be letten by opening the veine that is nearest into the tumour or swelling against nature keeping the straightness of the fibres that this being open the bloud might be drawn more directly from the part affected for all and every retraction of putrefied bloud unto the noble parts is to be avoyded because it is noysome and hurful to nature and to the patient Therefore for example sake admit the patient be plethoricke by repletion which is called Advasa idest unto the vessels and Advires idest unto the strength and there withall he hath a tumour that is pestilent in the parts belonging unto his head or necke the bloud must bee let out of the cephalick or median veine or out of one of their branches dispersed in the arme on the grieved side But if through occasion of fatte or any other such like cause those veines doe not appeare in the arme there bee some that give counsell in such a case to open the veine that is betweene the fore-finger and the thumbe the hand being put into warme water whereby that veine may swell and be filled with bloud gathered thither by meanes of the heate If the tumour be under the arme-hole or about those places the liver veine or the median must be opened which runneth alongst the hand if it be in the groine the veine of the hamme or Saphena or any other veine above the foote that appeareth well but alwaies on the grieved side And phlebotomie must bee performed before the third day for this disease is of the kind or nature of sharpe diseases because that within foure and twenty houres it runneth past helpe In letting of bloud you must have consideration of the strength You may perceive that the patient is ready to swoune when that his forehead waxeth moyst with a small sweate suddenly arising by the aking or paine at the stomacke with an appetite to vomit and desire to goe to stoole gaping blacknesse of the lippes and sudden alteration of the face unto palenesse and lastly most certaincly by a small and slow pulse and then you must lay your finger on the veine and stop it untill the patient come to himselfe againe either by nature or else restored by art that is to say by giving unto him bread dipped in wine or any other such like thing then if you have not taken bloud enough you must let it goe againe and bleed so much as the greatnesse of the disease or the strength of the patient will permit or require which being done some one of the Antidotes that are prescribed before will be very profitable to be drunk which may repaire the strength and infringe the force of the malignity CHAP. XXV Of purging medicines in a pestilent disease IFyou call to minde the proper indications purging shall seeme necessary in this kinde of disease and that must bee prescribed as the present case and necessity requireth rightly considering that the disease is sudden and doth require medicines that may with all speede drive out of the body the hurtfull humour wherein the noy some quality doth lurke and is hidden which medicines are diverse by reason of the diversity of the kinde of the humour and the condition or temperature of the patient For this purpose sixe graines of Scammonie beaten into powder or else tenne graines are commonly ministred to the patient with one dram of Treacle Also pils may be made in this forme Take of Treacle and Mithridate of each one dram of Sulphur vivum finely powdred halfe a dram of Diagridium foure graines make thereof Pils Or Take three drams of Aloes of Myrrhe and Saffron of each one dram of white Hellebore and Asarabacca of each foure scruples make thereof a masse with old Treacle and let the patient take foure scruples thereof for a dose three houres before meate Ruffus his pils may be profitably given to those that are weake The ancient Physicians have greatly commended Agarick for this disease because it doth draw the noysome humours out of all the members and the vertues thereof are like unto those of Treacle for it is thought to strengthen the heart and to draw out the malignity by purging To those that are strong the weight of two drams may be given and to those
pound of Linseeds and Faenugreek of each one ounce of Fennell-seeds and Anise-seeds of each halfe an ounce of the leaves of Rue Sage Rosemary of each one handfull of Chamomill and Melilote flowers of each three handfuls boyle them all together and make thereof a decoction for a fomentation use it with a spunge according to Art Also after the aforesaid scarification wee may put Hens or Turkies that lay egs which therefore have their fundaments more wide and open and for the same purpose put a little salt into their fundaments upon the sharpe top of the Bubo that by shutting their bils at severall times they may draw and suck the venome into their bodies farre more strongly and better than cupping-glasses because they are endued with a naturall property against poyson for they eat and concoct Toads Efts and such like virulent beasts when one hen is killed with the poyson that she hath drawne into her body you must apply another and then the third fourth fift and sixt within the space of half an houre There be some that will rather cut them or else use whelps cut asunder in the midst and applyed warme unto the place that by the heate of the creature that is yet scarce dead portion of the venome may be dissipated and exhaled But if neverthelesse there be any feare of a Gangrene at hand you must cut the flesh with a deeper scarification not onely avoyding the greater vessels but also the nerves for feare of convulsion and after the scarification and a sufficient flux of bloud you must wash it with Aegyptiacum Treacle and Mithridate dissolved in sea-water Aquavitae and Vinegar For such a lotion hath vertue to stay putrefaction repell the venome and prohibite the bloud from concretion but if the Gangrene cannot be avoyded so cauteries may be applied to the part especially actual because they do more effectually repel the force of the poison strengthen the part Presently after the impression of the hot iron the eschar must bee cut away even unto the quicke flesh that the venemous vapours and the humours may have a free passage forth for it is not to bee looked for that they will come forth of themselves With these inunctions they are wont to hasten the falling away of the Eschar Take of the mucilage of Marsh-mallowes and Linseeds of each two ounces fresh butter or Hogs-grease one ounce the yolks of three egges incorporate them together and make thereof an ointment butter Swines grease oyle of Roses with the yolks of egges performe the selfe same thing When the Eschar is fallen away we must use digestives As take of the juice of Plantaine water-Bettony and Smallage of each three ounces hony of Roses foure ounces Venice Turpentine five ounces Barly-slower three drams Aloes two drams oyle of Roses foure ounces Treacle halfe a dram make a mundificative according to Art Or Take Venice Turpentine foure ounces Syrupe of dryed Roses and Wormewood of each one ounce of the powder of Aloes Mastick Myrthe Barly-flower of each one dram of Mithridate halfe an ounce incorporate them together This unguent that followeth is very meet for putrefied and corroding ulcers Takered Orpiment one ounce of unquenched Lime burnt Alome Pomgranate pills of each sixe drams of Olibanum Galls of each two drams of Waxe and Oile as much as shall suffice make thereof an unguent This doth mundifie strongly consume putrefied flesh and dry up virulent humidities that engender Gangrenes But there is not a more excellent unguent than Aegyptiacum encreased in strength for besides many other vertues that it hath it doth consume and waste the proud flesh for there is neither oyle nor waxe that goeth into the composition thereof with which things the vertue of sharpe medicines convenient for such ulcers is delayed and as it were dulled and hindered from their perfect operation so long as the ulcer is kept open There have bin many that being diseased with this disease have had much matter venemous filth come out at their abscesses so that it seemed sufficient and they have bin thought wel recovered yet have they dyed suddenly In the mean while when these things are in doing cordial medicines are not to be omitted to strengthen the heart And purgations must be renewed at certaine seasons that nature may be every way unloaded of the burthen of the venenate humors CHAP. XXXII Of the Nature Causes and Signes of a pestilent Carbuncle APestilent Carbuncle is a small tumour or rather a maligne pustle hot and raging consisting of bloud vitiated by the corruption of the proper substance It often commeth to passe through the occasion of this untameable malignity that the Carbuncle cannot be governed or contained within the dominion of nature In the beginning it is scarce so big as a seed or grain of Millet or a Pease sticking firmly unto the part and immoveable so that the skinne cannot be pulled from the flesh but shortly after it encreaseth like unto a Bubo unto a round and sharpe head with great heat pricking paine as if it were with needles burning and intolerable especially a little before night and while the meate is in concocting more than when it is perfectly concocted In the midst thereof appeareth a bladder puffed up and filled with sanious matter If you cut this bladder you shall finde the flesh under it parched burned and blacke as if there had bin a burning cole layed there whereby it seemeth that it took the name of Carbuncle but the flesh that is about the place is like a Rainebow of divers colours as red darke green purple livid and black but yet alwaies with a shining blacknesse like unto stone pitch or like unto the true precious stone which they call a Carbuncle whereof some also say it tooke the name Some call it a Naile because it inferreth like paine as a naile driven into the flesh There are many Carbuncles which take their beginning with a crusty ulcer without a pustle like to the burning of a hot iron and these are of a blacke colour they encrease quickly according to the condition of the matter whereof they are made All pestilent Carbuncles have a Feaver joyned with them and the grieved part seemeth to be so heavie as if it were covered or pressed with lead tyed hard with a ligature there commeth mortall swounings faintings tossing turning idle-talking raging gangrenes and mortifications not onely to the part but also to the whole bodie by reason as I thinke of the oppression of the spirits of the part the suffocation of the naturall heat as we see also in many that have a pestilent Bubo For a Bubo and Carbuncle are tumours of a near affinity so that the one doth scarce come without the other consisting of one kinde of matter unlesse that which maketh the Bubo is more grosse and clammy and that which causeth the Carbuncle more sharpe burning and raging by reason of its greater subtlety so
weakeness of this or that entrall being translated from the parent to the childe There are some which suppose this falling of the seed from the whole body not to be understood according to the weight and matter as if it were a certaine portion of all the blood separated from the rest but according to the power and forme that is to say the animall naturall and vitall spirits being the framers of formation and life and also the formative faculty to fall down from all the parts into the seed that is wrought or perfected by the Testicles for proofe and confirmation whereof they alledge that many perfect sound absolute and well proportioned children are borne of lame and decrepit parents CHAP. I. Why the generative parts are endued with great pleasure A Certaine great pleasure accompanieth the function of the parts appointed for generation and before it in living creatures that are of a lusty age when matter aboundeth in those parts there goeth a certaine fervent or furious desire the causes thereof are many of which the chiefest is That the kind may be preserved and kept for ever by the propagation and substitution of other living creatures of the same kinde For brute beasts which want reason and therefore cannot bee solicitous for the preservation of their kinde never come to carnall copulation unlesse they be moved thereunto by a certaine vehement provocation of unbridled lust and as it were by the stimulation of venery But man that is endued with reason being a divine and most noble creature would never yeeld nor make his minde subject to a thing so abject and filthy as is carnall copulation but that the venerous ticklings raised in those parts relaxe the severity of his mind or reason admonish him that the memory of his name ought not to end with his life but to be preserved unto all generations as farre as may be possible by the propagation of his seed or issue Therefore by reason of this profit or commodity nature hath endued the genitall parts with a far more exact or exquisite sense than the other parts by sending the great sinewes unto them and moreover she hath caused them to be bedewed or moistened with a certain whayish humour not much unlike the seed sent from the glandules or kernells called prostatae situated in men at the beginning of the necke of the bladder but in women at the bottome of the wombe this moisture hath a certaine sharpenesse or biting for that kinde of humour of all others can chiefly provoke those parts to their function or office and yeeld them a delectable pleasure while they are in the execution of the same For even so whayish and sharpe humours when they are gathered together under the skinne if they waxe warme tickle with a certaine pleasant itching and by their motion inferre delight but the nature of the genitall parts or members is not stirred up or provoked to the expulsion of the seed with these provocations of the humours abounding either in quantity or quality onely but a certaine great and hot spirit or breath conteined in those parts doth begin to dilate it selfe more and more which causeth a certaine incredible excesse of pleasure or voluptuousnesse â—…erewith the genitalls being replete are spread forth or distended every way unto their full greatnesse Tâ—… yard is given to men whereby they may cast out their seed directly or straightly into the womans wombe and the necke of the wombe to women whereby they may receive that seed so cast forth by the open or wide mouth of the same necke and also that they may cast forth their owne seed sent through the spermaticke vessels unto their testicles these spermaticke vessels that is to say the veine lying above and the artery lying below do make many flexions or windings yet one as many as the other like unto the tendrills of vines diversly platted or foided together and in these folds or bendings the blood and spirit which are carryed unto the testicles are concocted a longer time and so converted into a white seminall substance The lower of these flexions or bowings doe end in the stones or testicles But the testicles for as much as they are loose thin and spongeous or hollow receiving the humour which was begun to be concocted in the forenamed vessels concoct it again themselves but the testicles of men concoct the more perfectly for the procreation of the issue the testicles of women more imperfectly because they are more cold lesse weake and feeble but the seed becommeth white by the contact or touch of the testicles because the substance of them is white The male is such as engendereth in another and the female in her selfe by the spermaticke vessels which are implanted in the inner capacity of the womb But out of all doubt unlesse nature had prepared so many allurements baits and provocations of pleasure there is scarce any man so hot or delighted in venereous acts which considering and marking the place appointed for humane conception the loathsomnesse of the filth which daily falleth downe unto it and wherewithall it is humected and moistened and the vicinity and neerenesse of the great gut under it and of the bladder above it but would shun the embraces of women Nor would any woman desire the company of man which once premeditates or forethinkes with her selfe on the labour that shee shall sustaine in bearing the burthen of her childe nine moneths and of the almost deadly paines that she shall suffer in her delivery Men that use too frequent copulation oftentimes in stead of seed cast forth a crude and bloody humor and sometimes also meere blood it selfe and oft times they can hardly make water but with great pain by reason that the clammy and oily moisture which nature hath placed in the glandules called prostatae to make the passage of the urine slippery to defend it against the sharpenesse of the urine that passeth through it is wasted so that afterward they shal stand in need of the help of a Surgion to cause them to make water with ease without pain by injecting a little oile out of a siringe into the conduit of the yard For generation it is fit the man cast forth his seed into the wombe with a certaine impetuosity his yard being stiffe and distended and the woman to receive the same without delay into her wombe being wide open lest that through delay the seed waxe cold and so become unfruitfull by reason that the spirits are dissipated and consumed The yard is distended or made stiffe when the nervous spongeous and hollow substance thereof is replete and puffed up with a flatulent spirit The womb allures or drawes the masculine seed into it selfe by the mouth thereof and it receives the womans seed by the hornes from the spermatick vessels which come from the womans testicles into the hollownesse or concavity of the womb that so it
for in so doing on the twentieth day you shall finde the Chicke perfectly formed with the navell That little skin that so compasseth the infant in the wombe is called the secundine or Chorion but commonly the after-birth This little skinne is perfectly made within sixe dayes according to the judgment of Hippocrates as profitable and necessary not onely to containe the seeds so mixed together but also to sucke nutriment through the orifices of the vessels ending in the wombe Those orifices the Greekes doe call Cotyledones and the Latines Acetabula for they are as it were hollowed eminences like unto those which may bee seene in the feete or snout of a Cuttle fish many times in a double order both for the working and holding of their meate Those eminences called Acetabula doe not so greatly appeare in women as in many brute beasts Therefore by these the secundine cleaveth on every side unto the wombe for the conservation nutrition and encrease of the conceived seede CHAP. VII Of the generation of the navell AFter the woman hath conceived to every one of the aforesaid eminencies groweth presently another vessell that is to say a veine to the veine and an artery to the artery these soft and yet thin vessels are framed with a little thin membrane which being spread under sticketh to them for to them it is in stead of a membrane and a ligament and a tunicle or a defence and it is doubled with the others and made of the veine and artery of the navell to compasse the navell These new small vessels of the infant with their orifices doe answer directly one to one to the cotyledones or eminences of the womb they are very swall and little as it were the hairy fibres that grow upon roots that are in the earth and when they have continued so a longer time they are combined together that of two they are made one vessell until that by continuall connexion all those vessels go and degenerate into two other great vessels called the umbilicall vessels or the vessels of the navell because they do make the navell and do enter into the childs body by the hole of the navell Here Galen doth admire the singular providence of God and Nature because that in such a multitude of vessels and in so long a passage or length that they go or are produced the vein doth never confound it selfe nor stick to the artery nor the artery to the veine but every vessell joyneth it selfe to the vessell of its owne kinde But the umbilicall veine or navell veine entering into the body of the child doth joyne it self presently to the hollow part of the liver but the artery is divided into two which joine themselves to the two iliack arteries along the sides of the bladder are presently covered with the peritonaum by the benefit thereof are annexed unto the parts which it goes unto Those small veines and arteries are as it were the rootes of the child but the veine and artery of the navell are as it were the body of the tree to bring down the nutriment to nourish the child For first we live in the wombe the life of a plant and then next the life of a sensitive creature and as the first tunicle of the child is called Chorion or Allantoides so the other is called Amnios or Agnina which doth compasse the seed or child about on every side These membranes are most thin yea for their thinnesse like unto the spiders web woven one upon another and also connexed in many places by the extremities of certaine small and hairy substances which at length by the adjunction of their like do get strength wherby you may understand what is the cause why by divers and violent motions of the mother in going and dancing or leaping and also of the infant in the wombe those membranes are not almost broken For they are so conjoyned by the knots of those hairie substances that betweene them nothing neither the urine nor the sweate can come as you may plainely and evidently perceive in the dissection of a womans body that is great with child not depending on any other mans opinion be it never so old or inveterate yet the strength of those membranes is not so great but that they may bee soone broken in the birth by the kicking of the child CHAP. VIII Of the umbilicall vessels or the vessels belonging to the navell MAny of the ancient Writers have written that there are five vessels found in the navell But yet in many nay all the bodies I sought in for them I could never finde but three that is to say one veine which is very large so that in the passage thereof it will receive the tagge of a poynt and two arteries but not so large but much narrower because the childe wanteth or standeth in need of much more bloud for his conformation and the nutriment or increase of his parts than of vitall spirit These vessels making the body of the navell which as it is thought is formed within nine or tenne dayes by their doubling and folding make knots like unto the knots of a Franciscan Friers girdle that staying the running bloud in those their knotty windings they might more perfectly concoct the same as may be seene in the ejaculatory spermatick vessels for which use also the length of the navell is halfe an ell so that in many infants that are somewhat growne is is found three or foure times doubled about their neck or thigh As long as the childe is in his mothers wombe hee taketh his nutriment onely by the navell and not by his mouth neither doth hee enjoy the use of eyes eares nostrils or fundament neither needeth hee the functions of the heart For spirituous bloud goeth unto it by the arteries of the navell and into the iliack arteries and from the iliack arteries unto all the other arteries of the whole body for by the motion of these onely the infant doth breathe Therefore it is not to bee supposed that aire is carryed or drawne in by the lungs unto the heart in the body of the childe but contrariwise from the heart to the lungs For neither the heart doth performe the generation or working of bloud or of the vitall spirits For the issue or infant is contented with them as they are made and wrought by his mother Which untill it hath obtained a full perfect and whole description of his parts and members cannot be called a child but rather an embrion or an imperfect substance CHAP. IX Of the ebullition or swelling of the seed in the wombe and of the concretion of the bubbles or bladders or the three principall entralls IN the sixe first dayes of conception the new vessels are thought to bee made and brought forth of the eminences or cotylidons of the mothers vessels and dispersed into all the whole seede as they were fibres or hairy strings Those as they
Chamaemelum Brassica Sarcocolla Crocus Faba Faenugraecum Horaâ—â—m integrum Second degree Artemisia Orobus Balaustia Lens Mastiche Mel. Sal. Anethum Myrrha Pix arida Plantago Nux moschata Third degree Abrotonum ustum Absinthium Acetum Milium Sanguis draconis Galla. Myrtus Aloe Cuminum Sabina Fourth degree Piper Allium Nasturtium Sinapi Euphorbium Those we have mentioned have of themselves and their own nature all such qualities yet doe they produce farre other effects by accident and besides their owne nature in our bodies by reason of which they are termed accidentall causes This shall be made manifest by the following examples Externall heat by accident refrigerates the body within because it opens the passages and pores and cals forth the internall heate together with the spirits and humours by sweats whence it followes that the digestion is worse and the appetite is diminished The same encompassing heate also humects by accident whilest it diffuses the humours concrete with cold for thus Venery is thought to humect The like may be said of Cold for that it heates not by its proper and native but by an adventitious force whereof you may make tryall in Winter when as the ambient cold by shutting the pores of the body hinders the breathing forth and dissipation of the native heat Whence it is inwardly doubled and the concoction better performed and the appetite strengthened This same cold also dries by accident when as it by accident repercusses the humour that was ready to flow down into any part and whilst it concretes that which is gathered in the part for thus by the immoderate use of repercussers an oedematous tumour proceeding from gross and viscide phlegme degenerates into a scirrhus Drinesse and moisture because they are more passive qualities shew their effects by not so manifest operations as heate and cold doe but in comparison of them they are rather to be judged as matter or a subject CHAP. IV. Of the second faculties of Medicines WEe terme those the second faculties of Medicines which have dependance upon the first which are formerly mentioned as it is the part Of Heate to Rarefie Attract Open Attenuate Levigate Cleanse Of Cold to Condense Repercusse Shut up Incrassate Exasperate Constipate Of Moisture to Soften Relaxe Of Drinesse to Harden Stiffen Hence we terme that an attractive medicine which hath an attractive faculty as on the contrary that a repercussive that repels a detergent that which cleanses viscous matter We call that an Emplasticke medicine which not only shuts up the pores of the body but reduces the liquid bodies therein contained to a certaine equality of substance Thus also emollients relaxers and the rest have their denominations from their effects as we shall declare hereafter CHAP. V. Of the third faculties of Medicines THe third faculty of medicines depends for the most part upon the first and second faculties sometimes conjoyned otherwhiles separate Also sometimes it followes neither of these faculties but a certaine property and inexplicable quality which is only knowne by experience Now the operations of this third faculty are to agglutinate to fill with flesh to cicatrize to asswage paine to move or stay the urine milke seed the courses sweats vomits and performe such like operations in or about the body Thus the generation of flesh is produced by the concourse of two faculties that is of drying and cleansing But drinesse and astriction produce a glutinating and cicatrizing faculty A hot and attenuating faculty causeth sweats moves urine the courses and the like in the body but contrary faculties retarde and stop the same To mitigate paine proceeds only from the first faculty to wit from heate or a moderately heating faculty to procure rest from cold onely or coldnesse joyned with some moisture But to procure vomit proceeds neither from the first nor second faculty but from a certaine occult and essentiall property which is naturally implanted in Agaricke and other nauscous and vomitory medicines CHAP. VI. Of the fourth faculty of Medicines THe fourth faculty of medicines is not of the same condition with those that are formerly mentioned for it depends not upon them or any other manifest or elementary quality but on an occult property of the whole substance by meanes whereof it workes rather upon this than that part upon this rather than that humour Wherefore Physitians cannot by any reason finde out this faculty but only by experience as we have said a little before of medicines procuring vomit Hence it is that names are given to those medicines from those parts that they chiefly respect For they are termed Cephalicks which respect the head as Betony Marjerome Sage Rosemary Staechas Pneumonicks which respect the Lungs as Liquorice sweet Almonds Orris Elecampane Cordials that strengthen the heart as Saffron Cinamon Citrons but chiefly their rindes Buglosse Corall Ivory Stomaticall which respect the stomacke and the orifice thereof as Nutmegs Mint Anise Masticke Pepper Ginger Hepaticks which respect the Liver as Wormwood Agrimony Spikenard Succory Sanders Spleniticks which have relation to the spleene as Time Epithymum Broome flowers Cetrach Capers the barke of their rootes the barke of Tamariske Diureticks such as respect the kidneyes and urenary passages as the rootes of Smallage Asperagus Fennell Butchers brome the foure greater cold seeds Turpentine Plantaine Saxifrage Arthniticks or such as strengthen the joynts as Cowslips Chamaepytis Elecampane Calaminte Hermodactiles and the like To this ranke may be referred purging medicines which furnished with a specificke property shew their efficacy on one humour more than another humour and that impact more in one part than in another For thus Agricke chiefly drawes phlegme from the head and joynts Rubarbe drawes choller chiefly from the Liver and hurts the kidneyes But let us here forbeare the consideration of such things as not appertaining to Surgery But some medicines of this kinde are furnished with one simple faculty othersome with more and those contrary whereof your taste may give you sufficient notice for Rubarbe at the first touch of the tongue is found acride and hot but when you come to chaw and throughly to taste it you shall find it to partake of an earthy astriction Therefore because tastes give notice of the faculties of medicines therefore I have thought good to treat of them briefly CHAP. VII Of Tastes TAste as Galen delivers according to Aristotle and Theophrastus is a certaine concoction of moisture in drinesse caused by meanes of heate which we know or discerne by the tongue well tempered and fittingly furnished with spittle and his nerves There are nine differences of tastes for there are three judged hot to wit the acride bitter and salt three cold the acide austere and acâ—rbe three temperate the sweet the oily or fat and the insipide Now they are thought so many according to the different degrees of concoction for it appeares greater in hot tastes and as it were a certaine assation but lesse in cold
call Restauratives othersome are composed of both such as are these restaurative waters which are also mixed with medicinall things others are purging as the distilled water of greene and fresh Rubarbe othersome serve for smoothing the skinne and others for smell of which sort are those that are destilled of aromaticke things To distill Rose water it will be good to macerate the Roses before you distill them for the space of two or three dayes in some formerly distilled Rosewater or their pressed out juice luting the vessell close then put them into an Alembecke closely luted to his head and his receiver and so put into a Balneum Mariae as wee have formerly described The distilled Alimentary liquors are nothing else than those that wee vulgarly call Restauratives this is the manner and art of preparing them Take of Veale Mutton Kid Capon Pullet Cocke Partridge Pheasant as much as shall seeme fit for your purpose cut it small and least it should acquire heate or empyreuma from the fire mixe therewith a handfull of French Barley and of red Rose leaves dry and fresh but first steeped in the juice of Pomegranats or citrons and Rosewater with a little Cinnamon as much But if you desire that this restaurative should not onely bee alimentary but also medicinall you shall adde thereto such things as shall resist the disease such as are Cordiall pouders as of El. Diamargarit frigid De Gemmis Aromaticum Rosat Conserve of Buglosse Borrage roots hearbes seeds and other things of that kind But if it be in a pestiferous season Treacle Mithridate and other Antidotes shall be added each of these shall be laid in rankes or orders one over another which is vulgarly termed stratum super stratum in a glasse Alembeck and distilled in balneo Mariae with the heate of Ashes or else of warme sand as the following figure shewes The delineation of a Balneum Mariae which may also serve for to distill with Ashes A. Shewes the Fornace with the hole to take forth the Ashes B. Shewes another Fornace as it were set in the other now it is of Brasse and runs through the midst of the kettle made also of brasse that so the conteined water or ashes may bee the more easily heated C. The kettle wherein the water ashes or sand are conteined D. The Alembecke set in the water ashes or sand with the mouthes of the receivers E. The bottome of the second brasse Fornace whose top is marked with B. which containes the fire There may be made other restrauratives in shorter time with lesse labour and cost To this purpose the flesh must be beaten and cut thinne and so thrust through with a double thred so that the pieces thereof may touch each other then put them into a Glasse and let the thred hang out so stop up the glasse close with a linnen cloth Cotton or Towe and lute it up with paste made of meale and the whites of egges then set it up to the necke in a kettle of water but so that it touch not the bottome but let it be kept upright by the formerly described meanes then make a gentle fire thereunder untill the contained flesh by long boyling shall bee dissolved into juyce and that will commonly be in some foure houres space This being done let the fire be taken from under the kettle but take not forth the glasse before the water be cold least it being hot should be broken by the suddaine appulse of the cold aire Wherefore when as it is cold let it be opened and the thred with the peeces of flesh be drawne forth so that onely the juyce may be left remaining then straine it through a bagge and aromatize it with Sugar and Cinnamon adding a little juyce of Citron Verjuice or Vinegar as it shall best like the patients palate After this manner you may quickely easily and without great cost have and prepare all sorts of restauratives aswell medicated as simple But the force and faculty of purging medicines is extracted after a cleane contrary manner than the oyles and waters are drawne of Aromaticke things as Sage Rosemary Time Aniseedes Fennell Cloves Cinnamon Nutmegs and the like For the strength of these as that which is subtile and ayery flies upwards in distillation but the strength of purging things as Turbith Agaricke Rubarbe and the like subside in the bottome For the purgative faculty of these purgers inseparably adheres to the bodies and substances Now for sweet waters and such as serve to smooth the skinne of the face they may be distilled in Balneo Mariae like as Rose water CHAP. VIII How to distill Aqua vitae or the spirit of wine TAke of good White or Clarret wine or Sacke which is not sowre nor mustie nor otherwise corrupt or of the Lees that quantity which may serve to fill the vessell wherein you make the distillation to a third part then put on your head furnished with the nose or pipe and so make your distillation in Balneo Mariae The oftner it is distilled or as they tearme it rectified the more noble and effectuall it becomes Therefore some distill it seven times over At the first distillation it may suffice to draw a fourth or third part of the whole to wit of 24. pints of Wine or Lees draw 6. or 8. pints of distilled liquor At the second time the halfe part of that is 3. or 4. pints At the third distillation the halfe part againe that is two pints so that the oftner you distill it over the lesse liquor you have but it will be a great deale the more efficacious I doe well like that the first distillation bee made in Ashes the second in Balneum Mariae To conclude that aqua vitae is to be approoved of neither is it any oftner to be distilled which put into a spoone or saucer and there set on fire burnes wholly away and leaves no liquor or moisture in the bottome of the vessell if you drop a drop of oyle into this same water it incontinently falls to the bottome or if you drop a drop thereof into the palme of your hand it will quickly vanish away which are two other notes of probation of this liquor The faculties and effects of aqua vitae are innumerable it is good against the epilepsie and all cold diseases it asswages the paines of the teeth it is good for punctures and wounds of the Nerves faintings sownings gangreenes and mortification both of its flesh as also put to other medicines for a vehicle There is this difference betweene the distilling of wine and Vinegar wine being of an ayery and vaporous substance that which is the best and most effectuall in it to wit the aiery and fiery liquor comes from it presently at the first distillation Therefore the residue that remaines in the bottome of the vessell is of a cold dry and acrid nature on the contrary the water that comes first from Vinegar being distilled
ministered unto them of their owne accord and so came to themselves againe In the doing of all these things Iames Guillemeau Chirurgion unto the King and of Paris and Iohn of Saint Germanes the Apothecary did much helpe and further us In the afternoone that the matter being well begunne might have good successe Iohn Hautie and Lewis Thibaut both most learned Phisitions were sent for unto us with whom we might consult on other things that were to be done They highly commending all things that we had done already thought it very convenient that cordialls should be ministered unto them which by ingendering of laudable humors might not onely generate new spirits but also attenuate and purifie those that were grosse and cloudy in their bodies The rest of our consultation was spent in the enquirie of the cause of so dire a mischance For they sayd that it was no new or strange thing that men may be smothered with the fume and cloudy vapour of burning coales For we reade in the workes of Fulgosius Volateranus and Egnatius that as the Emperour Iovinian travelled in winter time toward Rome he being weary in his journey rested at a Village called Didastanes which divideth Bithynia from Galatia where he lay in a chamber that was newly made and plaistered with lime wherein they burnt many coales for to dry the worke or plaistering that was but as yet greene on the walls or roofe of the chamber Now he dyed the very same night being smothered or strangled with the deadly and poysonous vapour of the burned charcoale in the midst of the night this happened to him in the eighth moneth of his reigne the thirtyeth yeere of his age and on the twentyeth day of August But what neede we to exemplifie this matter by the ancient histories seeing that not many yeeres since three servants dyed in the house of Iohn Bigâ—ne goldsmith who dwelleth at the turning of the bridge of the Change by reason of a fire made of coales in a close chamber without a chimney where they lay And as concerning the causes these were alleaged Many were of opinion that it happened by the default of the vapour proceeding from the burned coales which being in a place voyd of all ayre or wind inferres such like accidents as the vapour of muste or new wine doth that is to say paine and giddinesse of the head For both these kindes of vapour besides that they are crude like unto those things whereof they come can also very suddainely obstruct the originall of the Nerves and so cause a convulsion by reason of the grossnesse of their substance For so Hippocratâ—s writing of those accidents that happen by the vapour of new wine speaketh If any man being drunken doe suddainely become speechlesse and hath a convulsion he dyeth unlesse he have a feaver therewithall or if he recover not his speech againe when his drunkennesse is over Even on the same manner the vapour of the coales assaulting the braine caused them to be speechlesse unmoveable and voyde of all sense and had dyed shortly unlesse by ministring and applying warme medicines into the mouth and to the nosethrells the grossnesse of the vapour had beene attenuated and the expulsive faculties mooved or provoked to expell all those things that were noysome and also although at the first sight the Lungs appeared to be greeved more than all the other parts by reason that they drew the maligne vapour into the body yet when you consider them well it will manifestly appeare that they are not greeved unlesse it be by the simpathy or affinity that they have with the braine when it is very greevously afflicted The proofe hereof is because presently after there followeth an interception or defect of the voyce sense and motion which accidents could not bee unlesse the beginning or originall of the nerves were intercepted or letted from performing its function being burthened by some matter contrary to nature And even as those that have an apoplexie doe not dye but for want of respiration yet without any offence of the Lungs even so these two young mens deathes were at hand by reason that their respiration or breathing was in a manner altogether intercepted not through any default of the Lungs but of the braine and nerves distributing sence and motion to the whole body and especially to the instruments of respiration Others contrariwise contended and sayd that there was no default in the braine but conjectured the interception of the vitall spirits letted or hindered from going up unto the braine from the heart by reason that the passages of the Lungs were stopped to be the occasion that sufficient matter could not be afforded for to perserve and feed the animall spirit Which was the cause that those young men were in danger of death for want of respiration without the which there can be no life For the heart being in such a case cannot deliver it selfe from the fuliginous vapour that encompasseth it by reason that the Lungs are obstructed by the grossnesse of the vapour of the coales whereby inspiration cannot well bee made for it is made by the compassing ayre drawne into our bodyes but the ayre that compasseth us doth that which nature endeavoureth to doe by inspiration for it moderateth the heate of the heart and therefore it ought to bee endued with foure qualities The first is that the quantity that is drawne into the body bee sufficient The second is that it be cold or temperate in quantity The third is that it be of a thinne and meane consistence The fourth is that it be of a gentle and benigne substance But these foure conditions were wanting in the ayre which these two young men drew into their bodyes being in a close chamber For first it was little in quantity by reason that small quantity that was contained in that little close chamber was partly consumed by the fire of coales no otherwise than the ayre that is conteined in a cupping glasse is consumed in a moment by the flame so soone as it is kindled Furthermore it was neither cold nor temperate but as it were enflamed with the burning fire of coales Thirdly it was more grosse in consistence than it should bee by reason of the admixtion of the grosser vapour of the coales for the nature of the ayre is so that it may bee soone altered and will very quickly receive the formes and impressions of those substances that are about it Lastly it was noysome and hurtfull in substance and altogether offensive to the aiery substance of our bodies For Charcoale are made of greene wood burnt in pits under ground and then extinguished with their owne fume or smoake as all Colliers can tell These were the opinions of most learned men although they were not altogether agreeable one unto another yet both of them depended on their proper reasons For this at least is manifest that those passages which are common to the breast and braine were
then stopped with the grossenesse of the vapour of the coales whereby it appeareth that both these parts were in fault for as much as the consent and connexion of them with the other parts of the body is so great that they cannot long abide sound and perfect without their mutuall helpe by reason of the loving and friendly sympathy and affinitie that is betweene all the parts of the body one with another Wherefore the ventricles of the braine the passages of the lungs and the sleepie Arteries being stopped the vitall spirit was prohibited from entring into the braine and consequently the animall spirit retained and kept in so that it could not come or disperse its selfe through the whole body whence happened the defect of two of the faculties necessary for life It many times happeneth and is a question too frequently handled concerning womens madenheads whereof the judgement is very difficult Yet some ancient women and Midwives will bragge that they assuredly know it by certaine and infallible signes For say they in such as are virgins there is a certaine membrane or parchment-like skin in the necke of the womb which will hinder the thrusting in of the finger if it be put in any thing deepe which membraine is broken when first they have carnall copulation as may afterwards be perceived by the free entrance of the finger Besides such as are defloured have the necke of their womb more large and wide as on the contrary it is more contracted straite and narrow in virgins But how deceitfull and untrue these signes and tokens are shall appeare by that which followeth for this membraine is a thing preternaturall and which is scarce found to be in one of a thousand from the first conformation Now the necke of the womb will be more open or straite according to the bignesse and age of the party For all the parts of the body have a certaine mutuall proportion and commensuration in a well made body Ioubertus hath written that at Lectoure in Gasconye a woman was delivered of a child in the ninth yeare of her age and that she is yet alive and called Ioane du Perié being wife to Videau Beche the receiver of the amercements of the King of Navare which is a most evident argument that there are some women more able to accompany with a man at nine yeares old than many other at fifteene by reason of the ample capacity of their wombe and the necke thereof Besides also this passage is enlarged in many by some accident as by thrusting their owne fingers more strongly thereinto by reason of some itching or by the putting up of a Nodule or Pessarie of the bignesse of a mans yard for to bring downe the courses Neither to have milke in their breasts is any certaine signe of lost virginity For Hippocrates thus writes But if a woman which is neyther with child nor hath had one have milke in her breasts then her courses have failed her Moreover Aristotle reports that there be men who have such plenty of milke in their breasts that it may be sucked or milked out Cardan writes that he saw at Venice one Antony Bussey some 30. yeares old who had milke in his breasts in such plenty as sufficed to suckle a child so that it did not onely drop but spring out with violence like a womans milke Wherefore let Magistrates beware least thus admonished they too rashly assent to the reports of women Let Physitions and Chirurgions have a care least they doe too impudently bring magistrates into an errour which will not redound so much to the judges disgrace as to theirs But if any desire to know whether one be poysoned let him search for the Symptomes and signes in the foregoing and particular treatise of poysons But that this doctrine of making Reports may be the easier I thinke it fit to give presidents in imitation whereof the young Chirurgion may frame others The first president shall be of death to ensue a second of a doubfull judgement of life and death the third of an impotency of a member the fourth of the hurting of many members I A. P. Chirurgion of Paris this twentieth day of May by the command of the Counsell entred into the house of Iohn Brossey whom I found lying in bed wounded on his head with a wound in his left temple piercing the bone with a fracture and effracture or depression of the broken bone scailes and mâ—ninges into the substance of the braine by meanes whereof his pulse was weake he was troubled with raving convulsion cold sweate and his appetite was dejected Whereby may bee gathered that certaine and speedy death is at hand In witnesse whereof I have signed this Report with my owne hand By the Coroners command I have visited Peter Lucey whom I found sicke in bed being wounded with a Halbard on his right thigh Now the wound is of the bredth of three fingers and so deepe that it pierces quite through his thigh with the cutting also of a veine and Artery whence ensued much effusion of blood which hath exceedingly weakned him and caused him to swound often now all his thigh is wollâ—e livide and gives occasion to feare worse symptomes which is the cause that the health and safety of the party is to be doubted of By the Iustices command I entred into the house of Iames Bertey to visite his owne brother I found him wounded in his right harme with a wound of some foure fingers bignesse with the cutting of the tendons bending the legge and of the Veines Arteries and Nerves Wherefore I affirme that he is in danger of his life by reason of the maligne symptomes that usually happen upon such wounds such as are great paine a feaver inflammation abscesse convulsion gangreene and the like Wherefore he stands in neede of provident and carefull dressing by benefit wherof if he escape death without doubt he will continue lame during the remainder of his life by reason of the impotency of the wounded part And this I affirme under my hand We the Chirurgions of Paris by the command of the Senate this twentieth day of March have visited Master Lewis Vertâ—man whom wee found hurt with five wounds The first inflicted on his head in the middle of his forehead bone to the bignesse of three fingers and it penetrates even to the second table so that we were forced to plucke away three splinters of the same bone The other was atwhart his right cheeke and reacheth from his eare to the midst of his nose wherefore wee stitched it with foure stitches The third is on the midst of his belly of the bignesse of two fingers but so deepe that it ascends into the capacity of the belly so that we were forced to cut away portion of the Kall comming out thereat to the bignesse of a wallnut because having lost its naturall colour it grew blacke and putrified The fourth was
of an hand and he said he felt there a great paine and smarting and likewise in his reines inso much that hee could not take any rest night or day neither had hee any appetite to eate but to drinke enough it was told mee hee fell often into faintings and swoonings and sometimes as it were into an Epilepsie and had often-times desire to vomit with such a trembling that hee could not carry his hands to his mouth Seeing and considering all these great accidents and the forces much abated truly I was much grieved to have gone to him because me thought there was little appearance that he could escape Notwithstanding to give him courage and good hope I told him that I would quickly set him on foote by the grace of God and the Physitions and Chirurgions helpe Having seene him I went a walking into a Garden where I prayed to God that hee would give me the grace to cure him and that hee would give a blessing to our hands and medicaments to combate against so many complicated maladies I bethought in my minde the wayes I must keepe to doe it They called mee to dinner I entred into the kitehin where I saw taken out of a great pot halfe a Mutton a quarter of Veale three great peeces of Beefe and two Pullets and a great peece of Bacon with great store of good Hearbes Then I said to my selfe this broth was full of juice and of good nourishment After dinner all the Physitions and Chirurgions assembled we entred into conference in the presence of Monsieur the Duke of Ascot and some Gentlemen that did accompany him I began to tell the Chirurgions that I mervailed much they had made no apertions in the Marquesses thigh which was all apostemated and the matter which issued out was very foule and stinking which shewed it had a long time lurked there and that I had found with my probe a Caries in the bone and small scales which were already separated they made mee answer hee would never give consent and likewise it was almost two monthes since they could winne him to put on cleane sheets on his bed neither dust one scarce touch the coverlet he fee lt so great paine Then said I for to cure him we must touch other things than the coverlet of the bed Each one said what hee thought best of the Lords greefe and for conclusion held it altogether deplorable I told them there was yet some hope because of his youth and that God and nature doe sometime such things which seeme to Physitions and Chirurgions to bee impossible My consultation was that all these accidents were come by reason of the bullet hitting neare the joynt of the knee which had broken the Ligaments tendons and aponeureses of the muscles which tye the sayd joynt together with the Os femoris also nerves veines and arteries from whence had followed paine inflammation aposteme and ulcer and that wee must begin the cure by the disease which was the cause of all the sayd accidents that is to say to make apertions to give issue to the matter reteined in the interspaces of the muscles and in the substance of them Likewise to the bones which caused a great corruption in the whole thigh from whence the vapors did arise and were carryed to the heart which caused the sincope and the feaver and the feaver an universall heate through the whole body and by consequent depravation of the whole Occonomie Like-wise that the said vapours were communicated to the braine which caused the Epilipsie and trembling and to the stomacke disdaine and loathing and hindred it from doing his functions which are cheefely to concoct and disgest the meate and to convert it into Chyluâ— which not being well concocted they ingender crudities and obstructions which makes that the parts are not nourished and by consequent the body dryes and growes leane and because also it did not doe any exercise for every part which hath not his motion remaineth languid and atrophiated because the heate spirits are not sent or drawne thither from whence followes mortification And to nourish and fatten the body frictions must be made universally through the whole body with warme linnen cloathes above below on the right side and left and round about to the end to draw the blood and spirits from within outward and to resolve any fuliginous vapours retained betweene the skinne and the flesh thereby the parts shall be nourished and restored as I have heretofore sayd in the tenth booke treating of wounds of Gunshot and wee must then cease when we see heate and rednesse in the skinne for feare of resolving that wee have already drawne and by consequent make it become more leane As for the Vlcer which he had upon his rumpe which came through too long lying upon it without being remooved which was the cause that the spirits could not florish or shine in it by the meanes of which there should bee inflammation aposteme and then ulcer yea with losse of substance of the subject flesh with a very great paine because of the nerves which are disseminated in this part That wee must likewise put him into another soft bed and give him a cleane shirt and sheets otherwise all that wee could doe would serve for nothing because that those excrements and vapors of the matter retained so long in his bed are drawne in by the Systole and Diastole of the Arteries which are disseminated through the skin and cause the spirits to change and acquire an ill quality and corruption which is seene in some that shall lye in a bed where one hath sweate for the Pox who will get the Pox by the putrid vapours which shall remaine soaked in the sheets and coverlets Now the cause why he could in no wise sleepe and was as it were in a consumption t' was because he eate little and did not doe any exercise and because hee was grieved with extreame paine For there is nothing that abateth so much the strength as paine The cause why his tongue was dry and fowle was through the vehemence of the heate of the feaver by the vapors which ascended through the whole body to the mouth For as we say in a common proverbe when an Oven is well heate the throate feeles it Having discoursed of the causes and accidents I sayd they must be cured by their contraries and first we must appease the paine making apertions in the thigh to evacuate the matter retained not evacuating all at a time for feare least by a sodaine great evacuation there might happen a great decay of spirits which might much weaken the patient and shorten his dayes Secondly to looke unto the great swelling and cold in his Legge fearing least it should fall into a Gangreene and that actuall heate must bee applyed unto him because the potentiall could not reduce the intemperature de potentiâ— ad actum for this cause hot brickes must bee applyed round about on which should bee cast