in the Anatomie they be the first paire of senewes that appeare of al seuen And it is shewed by Galen that these senews be hollowe as a reede for two causes The fyrst is that the visible spirit might passe freely to the Eyes The second is that the forme of visible thinges mighte freely be presented to the common wits Nowe marke the gooing foorth of these senewes When these senewes goo out from the substaunce of the Brayne he cōmeth through the Piamater of whose substaunce he taketh a Pannicle or a Cote and the cause why he taketh that Pannicle is to keepe him from noying and before they enter into the skul they meete and are vnited into one senewe the length of halfe an inche and then they depart agayne into two and eche goeth into one eye entring through the brayne panne and these senews be called Nerui optici And three causes I finde why these Nerues are ioyned in one before they passe into the Eye First if it happen any diseases in one eye the other should receyue all the visible spirite that before came to bothe The seconde is that all thinges that we see shoulde not seeme two for if they had not beene ioyned together euery thing shoulde haue seemed two as it doth to a worme and to other beastes The thirde is that the Senewe might stay and helpe the other But heerevpon Lamfranke accordeth muche saying that these two Senewes come together to the Eyes and take a Panikle both of Piamater and of Duramater and when they enter into the Orbyt of the Eye there the extremities are spread abroade the which are made of three substances that is to say of Du ramater of Piamater and of Nerui optici There be ingendred thrée Tunikles or Cotes as thus Of the substāce that is taken from Duramater is ingendred the fyrst cote that is called Secondina and of Nerui optici is ingendred the third cote that is called Retina and eche of them is more subtiller then other goeth about the humours without meane And it is to be vnderstoode that eche of these three Tunicles be deuided and so they make sire That is to say iij. of the partes of the brayne and three of the parts outwardes and one of Pericranium that couereth the bones of the head whiche is called Coniunctiua And thus you maye perceyue the springing of them as thus Of Duramater springeth Sclirotica and Cornua of Piamater springeth Secondina Unia and of Nerui optici springeth Coniunctiua No we to speake of the humors whiche be three and their places are the middle of the Eyes Of the whiche the fyrst is Humor Uitrus because he is lyke glasse in colour very cleare redde liquit or thinne and he is in the inward side next vnto the brayne and it is thin because the nutritiue blood of the Crystalline might passe as water through a sponge should be clensed and made pure and also that the visible spirite mighte the lightlyer passe through him from the Brayne And he goeth about the Cristaline humour vntil he méete with Albuginus humour which is set in the vttermost parte of the Eye And in the myddest of these humours Uitrus and Albuginus is set the Crystalline humour in whiche is set principally the syght of the Eye And these humours be separated and inuolued with the Pannicles aforesayde betweene euery Humour a Panicle And thus is the Eye compound and made But to speake of euery Humour and euery Pannicle in his due order and course it would aske a long processe and a long Chapter and this is sufficient for a Chirurgion Nowe to begin at the Nose You shall vnderstande that from the Brayne there commeth ij Senews to the holes of the brayne pan where beginneth the concauitie of the Nose and these two be not properly senewes but organes or instrumentes of smelling and haue heades lyke teates or pappes in whiche is receyued the vertue of smelling and representing it to the common wittes Ouer these two is set Colatorium that we cal the Nose thrils and it is set betweene the Eyes vnder the vpper parte of the Nose And it is to be noted that this concauitie or ditche was made for two causes The fyrst is that the ayre that bringeth foorth the spirite of smelling might reste in it tyll it were taken of the organ or instrument of smelling The seconde cause is that the superfluities of the Brayne might be hydden vnder it vntill it were clensed And from his cōcauitie there goeth two holes down into the mouth of which there is to be noted three profites The fyrste is that when a mans mouth is close or when he eateth or sleepeth that then the ayre might come through them to the Lunges or els a mans mouth should alwayes be open The seconde cause is that they helpe to the relation of the forme of the Nose for it is sayd a man speaketh in his Nose when any of these holes be stopped The thirde cause is that the concauitie might be clensed by them when a man snuffeth the Nose or draweth into his mouth inwardly The Nose is a member consimple or official appearing without the face somewhat plicable because it shoulde the better be clensed And it is to be perceyued that it is compounde and made of shinne and Lazartus fleshe and of two bones standing in maner trianglewise whose extremities be ioyned in one part of the Nose with the Coronal bone and the nether extremities are ioyned with two grystles and another that diuideth the Nose thrilles within and holdeth vp the nose Also there be two concauities or holes that if one were stopped the other should serue Also there is in the Nose two Muskles to helpe the working of hys office And Galen sayth that the Nose shapeth the Face moste for where the Nose lacketh sayth he al the rest of the face is the more vnseemely The Nose should be of a meane bignes and not to exceede in length or breadth nor in highnesse For Aristotle sayth yf the Nose thrills be too thinne or to wyde by great drawing in of ayre it betokeneth great straightnes of hart and indignation of thought And therefore it is to be noted that the shape of the members of the body betokneth and iudgeth the affections and wyll of the Soule of man as the Philosopher sayth The temples be called the members of the head and they haue that name because of continuall mouing And as the science of the Anatomie meaneth the spirite vital is sente from the hart to the brayne by Arteirs and by veynes and nutrimental blood where the vessels pulsatiues in the temples be lightly hurt Also the temples haue dentes or holes inwardely wherin he taketh the humour that cōmeth from the brayne and bringeth the eyes asléepe and if the sayde holes or dentes be pressed and wroung then by trapping of the humour that continueth he maketh the teares to fal from the Eye The Chéeks are the sideling
agayne c. The other Arterye that hath two cotes is called vena Arterialis or the great Artery that ascendeth and dissendeth and of him springeth al the other Arteirs that spreade to euery member of the body for by him is vnified and quickneth al the members of the body For the spirite that is reteyned in them is the instrument or treasure of al the vertue of the soule And thus it passeth vntil it come to the Brayne there he is turned into a further digestion and there he taketh another spirite and so is made animal and at the Lyuer nutrimental and at the Testikles generatiue and thus it is made a spirite of euery kinde so that he beeing meane of all maner of operations and workinges taketh effect Two causes I fynde why these Arteirs haue two cotes One is that one cote is not sufficient nor able to with stande the violent mouing and steering of the spirite of lyfe that is caryed in thē The seconde cause is that the thing that is caried about from place to place is of so precious a treasure that it had the more neede of good keeping And of some Doctors this Arteir is called the Pulsatiue veyne or the beating veyne for by him is perceyued the power might of the Hart. c. Wherfore God and Nature haue ordeyned that the Arteirs should haue two cotes Also there is in the Harte three Pelikels opening and closing the gooing in of the Harte blood and spirite in conuenient time Also the Hart hath two little Eares by whome commeth in and passeth out the ayre that is prepared for the Lunges Also there is founde in the Hart a Cartilaginus auditament to helpe and strength the selfe Harte Also the Harte is couered with a strong Pannikle which is called of some Capsula cordes or Pericordium the which is a strong case vnto whome commeth Nerues as to other inwarde members And this Panicle Pericordiū springeth of the vpper Pannicle of the Midriffe And of him springeth another Panikle called Mediastinum the which departeth the Brest in the middest and kéepeth that the Lunges fal not ouer the Hart. Also there is an other Pannikle that couereth the Ribbes inwardly that is called Plura of whom the Midriffe taketh his beginning And it is sayde of many Doctors that Duramater is the originall of all the Pannicles within the body and thus one taketh of another c. ¶ The Anatomie of the Lunges THE Lunges is a member spermatike of his fyrst creation and his natural complexion is colde and dry and in his accidental complexion he is colde and moyste lapped in a Nerueous Pannikle bicause it should gather togeather the softer substaunce of the Lunges and that the Lunges might féele by the meanes of the Pannicle that whiche he mighte not feele in him selfe Nowe to proue the Lunges to be colde and drye of kinde it appeareth by hys swift steering for he lyeth euer wauing ouer the hart and about the harte And that he is colde and moyst in rewarde it appeareth wel that he receyueth of the brayne many cold matters as Cataries and Rumes whose substance is thinne Also I fynde in the Lunges three kinds of substaunce One is a Ueyne comming from the Liuer bringing with him the Crude or rawe parte of the Chylle to féede the Lunges Another is Arterea venalis comming from the hart bringing with him the spirite of lyfe to nourishe him with The third is Trachia arteria that bringeth in ayre to the Lunges and it passeth through al the left part of them to doo his office The Lunges is deuided into fiue Lobbes or Pellikels or fiue portions that is to say three in the right side and two in the left side And it was done for this cause that if there fel any hurt in the one part the others shoulde serue and doo their office And three causes I finde why the Lunges were principally ordeyned First that they should drawe colde winde and refreshe the hart The seconde that they shoulde chaunge and alter and purifie the ayre before it come to the hart least the hart were hurte and noyed with the quantitie of the ayre The thirde cause is that they shoulde receyue from the harte the fumous superfluities that he putteth foorth with hys breathing c. Behinde the Lunges towarde the Spondels passeth Mire or Isofagus of whom it is spoken of in the Anatomie of the necke And also there passeth both Ueynes and Arteirs and al these with Trachia arteria doo make a Stoke replete vnto the Gullet with Pannikles and strong Lygaments and Glandulus fleshe to fulfil the voyde places And last of al is the Midriffe and it is an official member made of two Pannikles and Lazartus flesh and his place is in the middest of the body ouerth wart or in bredth vnder the region of the spirituall members departing them from the matrix And thrée causes I finde why the Midriffe was ordeyned First that it should diuide the spirituals from the nutrates The seconde that it should kéepe the vital colour or heate to dissende downe to the nutrates The last is that the malicious fumes reared vp from the nutrates should not noye the spirituals or vytals c. The wombe is the region or the citie of al the Intrils the whiche reacheth from the Midriffe downe vnto the share inwardly and outwardly from the Reynes or Kydnes downe to the bone Pecten about the priuie partes And thys wombe is compounde and made of two thinges that is to say of Syfac Myrac Syfac is a Paunicle and a member spermatike official sensible senowy compoūd of subtil Wyl and in complexion colde and drye hauing his beginning at the inner Pannicle of the Midriffe And it was ordeyned because it shoulde conteyne and bind together al the Intrals and that he defende the Musculus so that he oppresse not the natural members And that he is strong and tough it is because he should not be lightly broken and that those thinges that are conteyned goo not foorth as it happeneth to them that are broken c. Myrac is cōpound and made of foure things that is of skin outwardly of fatnes of a carnous pannicle and of Musculus fleshe And that it is to be vnderstanded that all the whole from Sifac outwarde is called Myrac it appeareth wel by the wordes of Galen where he commaundeth that in al woundes of the wombe to fewe the Sifac with the Myrac and by that it proueth that there is nothing without the Sifac but Myrac And in this Myrac or vtter parte of the wombe there is noted eyght Muscles two Longitudinals proceeding from the sheelde of the Stomacke vnto Os Pecten two Latitudinales comming from the backe wardes to the wombe and foure Tranuerse of the which two of them spring from the Ribbes on the right side and go to the left side to the bones of the Haunches or of Pecten and the other two spring from the Ribbes on the
Arteir and where as is a little Ueine there is a little Arteir For whersoeuer there goeth a veine to geue nutriment there goeth an Arteir to bring the spirite of lyfe Wherfore it is to be noted that the Arteires lye more deeper in the flesh then the Ueines doo for they cary and kepe in them more precious blood then doth the Ueine and therefore he hath neede to be further from daungers outwardly and therefore God and nature haue ordeyned for him to be closed in two cotes where the Ueine hath but one c. The Brest or Thorax is the Arke or Chest of the spiritual members of man as sayth the Philosopher where it is to be noted that there be soure thinges conteyning and eyght conteyned as thus The foure conteyning are the Skinne Musculus fleshe the Pappes and the Bones The partes conteyned are the Hart the Lunges Panikles Ligamentes Nerues Ueines Arteirs Mire or Isofagus Nowe the skinne and the fleshe are knowen in their Anatomie It is to be noted that the fleshe of the Pappes differeth from the other fleshe of the body for it is white glandulus spongeous and there is in thē both Nerues Ueines and Arteirs and by them they haue Coliganes with the hart the lyuer the brayne and the generatiue members Also there is in the brest as old Authors make mention lxxx or xc Muskles for some of them be common to the necke some to the shoulders and to the spades some to Diafragma or the Mydriffe some to the Ribbes some to the Backe some to the brest it selfe But I fynde certayne profitablenes in the creation of the Paps aswel in man as in woman for in man it defendeth the spirituals from annoyannce outwardly and another by their thicknes they comfort the natural heate in defience of the spirites And in women there is the generation of milke for in women there commeth from the Matrix into their Brestes manye Ueines which bring into them menstrual blood the whiche is turned through the digestiue vertue from red colour into white like the colour of the Pappes euen as Chylley comming from the stomocke to the Lyuer is turned into the colour of the Lyuer Nowe to speake of the bones of the Brest They be sayde to be triple or threefolde and they be numbred to be seuen in the Brest before and their length is according to the breadth of the brest and their extremities or endes be grystlie as the ribbes be And in the vpper ende of Thorax is an hole or a concauitie in which is set the foote of the Furklebone or Canel bone and in the nether ende of Thorax agaynst the mouth of the stomache hangeth a gristle called Ensiforme and this grystle was ordeyned for two causes One is that it shuld defende the stomacke from hurte outwardly The seconde is that in time of fulnes it should geue place to the stomacke in time of neede when it desireth c. Now to speake of the parts of the backe behindefoorth There be xij Spondels through whom passeth Mynuca of whō springeth xij payre of Nerues brnging both feeling and mouing to the Muscles of the Brest aforesayde And here it is to be noted that in euery syde there be xij Rybbes that is to say vij true and. v. false because these v. be not so long as the other vij be and therefore be called false Rybbes as it may be perceiued by the sighte of the Eye Likewise of the partes that be inwardly and fyrst of the Hart because he is the principal of al other members and the beginning of life he is set in the middest of the brest seuerally by him selfe as Lord and King of al members And as a Lorde or King ought to be serued of his subiectes that haue their liuing of him So are al other members of the body subiectes to the Hart for they receyue their liuing of him and they doo seruice many wayes vnto him agayne The substaunce of the Hart is as it were Lazartus fleshe but it is spermatike and an official member and the beginning of life and he geueth to euery member of the body both blood of life and spirite of breath and heate for if the Hart were of Lazartus fleshe his mouing and steering should be voluntarie and not natural but the contrarie is true for it were impossible that the Hart should be ruled by Wyl onely and not by nature The Harte hath the shape and forme of a Pyneapple and the brode ende thereof is vpwardes and the sharpe ende is downewardes depending a little towardes the left side And here it is to be noted that the Hart hath blood in his substaunce whereas al other mēbers haue it but in their Ueines Arteirs also the hart is bounde with certayne Ligamentes to the backepart of the brest but these Lygamentes touche not the substaunce of the Hart but in the ouerpart they spring foorth of him and is fastened as is aforesayde Furthermore the Hart hath two Uentrikles or concauities and the left is hyer then the right and the cause of this holownesse is this for to keepe the bloud for his nourishing and the ayre to abate and temper the great heate that he is in the which is kept in his concauities Nowe here it is to be noted that to the right Uentrikle of the harte commeth a veyne from the great veyne called Venakelis that receyueth al the substaunce of the blood from the Lyuer And this veine that commeth frō venakelis entreth into the hart at the right Uentrikle as I sayde before and in him is brought a great portion of the thickest blood to nourishe the Hart with the residue that is left of this is made subtil through the vertue of the hart and then this blood is sent into a concauitie or pytte in the myddest of the Harte betweene the two Uentrikles and therein it is made hote and pured and then it passeth into the left Uentrikle and there is ingendred in it a spirit that is clearer brighter and subtiller then any corporal or bodely thing that is ingendred of the foure Elementes For it is a thing that is a meane betweene the body and the soule Wherfore it is likened of the Philosophers to be more liker heauēly thinges then earthly thinges Also it is to be noted that from the left Uentrikle of the Hart springeth two Arteirs The one hauing but one cote and therefore it is called Arterea venalis and this Arteir carieth blood frō the Hart to the Lungs the which blood is vaporous that is tried and left of the Harte and is brought by this Artery to the Lunges to geue hym nutriment and there he receyueth of the Lunges ayre and bringeth it to the hart to refreshe him with Wherefore Galen sayth that he fyndeth that mans harte is natural and frendly to the Lungs for he geueth him of his owne nutrimental to nourishe him with and the Lunges rewarde him with ayre to refreshe him with
greefes from withoutfoorth and therefore God hath set them farre from the hart Héere I note the saying of Haly Abbas of the comming of smal Arteirs from the hart of whom sayth he is made a marueylous net or caule in the which caule is inclosed the Brayne and in that place is layde the spirite of feeling from that place hath the spirite of feeling his fyrst creation and from thence passeth to other members c. Furthermore ye shal vnderstād that the brayne is a member colde and moyst of complexion thinne and meanely viscous and a principal member and an official member and spermatike And fyrst why he is a principal member is because he is the gouernour or the treasurie of the fyue wittes And why he is an official member is because he hath the effect of féeling and stering And why he is colde and moyst is that he shoulde by his coldnes and moystnes abate and temper the exceeding heate and drought that commeth from the harte Also why it is moyst is that it shoulde be the more indifferenter and abler to euery thing that shoulde be reserued or gotten into him Also why it is soft is that it should geue place and fauour to the vertue of stering And why it is meanely viscous is that his senewes should be strong and meanely toughe and that they shoulde not be letted in their working throughe his ouermuche hardnes Heere Galen demaundeth a question whiche is this Whether that feeling and mouing bee brought to Nerues by one or by diuers or whether the aforesayde thing be brought substancially or radically The matter sayth he is so harde to searche and be vnderstoode that it were much better to let it alone and passe ouer it Aristotle intreating of the Brayne sayth The Brayne is a member cōtinually mouing and ruling al other members of the body geuing vnto them both feeling and mouing for if the Brayne be let al other members be let and if the Brayne be wel then al other members the body be the better disposed Also the brayne hath this propertie that it moueth and followeth the mouing of the Moone for in the waxing of the Moone the Brayne followeth vpwardes and in the wane of the Moone the brayne discendeth downwardes and vanisheth in substaunce of vertue for then the Brayne shrinketh togeather in it selfe and is not so fully obedient to the spirit of feeling And this is proued in menne that be lunatike or madde and also in men that be epulentike or hauing the falling sicknesse that be moste greeued in the beginning of the newe Moone and in the latter quarter of the Moone Wherefore sayth Aristotle when it happeneth that the Brayne is eyther too drye or too moyst then can it not worke his kinde for then is the body made colde then are the spirites of lyfe melted and resolued away and then foloweth féeblenes of the wittes and of al other members of the body and at the laste death ¶ Heereafter foloweth the Anatomie of the Face THE Front or the Forhead conteyneth nothing but the Skinne and Musculus fleshe for the panicle vnderneth it is of Pericranium and the bone is of the Coronal bone Howebeit there it is made broade as yt there were a double bone whiche maketh the forme of the Browes It is called the Forhead or Front from one Eare to the other and from the rootes of the Eares of the head before vnto the browes But the cause why the Browes were set and reared vp was that they shoulde defende the Eyes from noyaunce withoutfoorth And they be ordeyned with heare to put by the humour or sweat that commeth from the head Also the Browes do helpe the Eyeliddes and do beautifie and make fayre the face for he that hath not his Browes heyred is not séemely And Aristotle sayth that ouer measurable Browes betokeneth an enuious man Also high browes and thicke betokeneth hardnes and browes with little heare betokeneth cowardnes and meanly sigfieth gentlenes of hart Incisions about these partes ought to be done according to the length of the body for there the Muscle goeth from one Eare to the other And there if any incision should be made with the length of the Muscle it might happen the Browe to hang ouer the Eye without remedie as it is many times seene the more pitie The browes be called Supercilium in Latin and vnder is the Eye liddes whiche is called Cilium and is garnished with heyres Two causes I finde why the eye liddes were ordeyned The fyrst is that they shoulde kéepe and defende the Eye from duste and other outwarde noyances the seconde is when the eye is wéery or heauy then they should be couered and take rest vnderneath them Why the heyres were ordeyned in them is that by them is addressed the formes or similitudes of visible thinges vnto the apple of the eye The Eare is a member semely and grystlye able to be folden without and is the orgayne or instrument of hearing It is of complexion colde and drye But why the eare was set vp out of the head is this that the soundes that be very fugitiue should lurke and abyde vnder his shadowe tyl it were taken of the instrumentes of hearing Another cause is that it should keepe the hole that it standeth ouer from thinges falling in that might hinder the hearing The senewes that are the Orgayns or Instrumentes of hearing spring each from the Brayne from whence the seuen payre of senewes do spring when they come to the hole of the Eare there they writhe lyke a wyne presse and at the endes of them there be like the head of a worme or like a little teat in whiche is receyued the sounde and so caried to the common wittes The Eyes be nexte of nature vnto the Soule for in the Eye is seene and knowen the disturbances gréefes gladnes and ioyes of the Soule as loue wrath and other passions The Eyes be the instrumentes of sight And they bee compounde and made of ten things that is to say of seuen Tunicles or Cotes and of three humours Of the whiche sayth Galen the Brayne and the head were made for the Eye that they might be in the hyest place as a beholder in a towre as it was rehearsed in the Anatomie of the head But diuers men holde diuers opinions of the Anatomie of the Eyes for some men accompt but three tunikles and some sixe But in conclusion they meane all one thing For the very truth is that there be counted and reckoned seuen Tunikles that is to say Sclirotica Secondyna Retyna Vnia Cornua Arania and Coniunctiua and these three humours That is to say humor Vitrus humor Albigynus and humor Crystallinus It is to be knowen howe and after what maner they spring You shal vnderstande that there springeth of the brayny substaunce of his formost Uentrikles two senewes The one from the right side and the other from the left and they be called the fyrst payre for