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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
spirit_n	begin_v	year_n	zeal_n	19	3	8.0962	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57667	Pansebeia, or, A view of all religions in the world with the severall church-governments from the creation, to these times : also, a discovery of all known heresies in all ages and places, and choice observations and reflections throughout the whole / by Alexander Ross.	Ross, Alexander, 1591-1654.; Haestens, Henrick van.; Davies, John, 1625-1693.	1655 (1655)	Wing R1972_pt1; Wing R1944_pt2; ESTC R216906	502,923	690

Father of Christ and author of the Gospel but Moses Law they rejected and the old Testament as proceeding from the other god to wit of justice The Cerdonians also denyed the Resurrection of the flesh and Humanity of Christ Affirming that he was not born of a Virgin nor suffered but in shew Marcion by birth a Paphlagonian neer the Euxin Sea was Cerdons Scholar whose opinions he preferred to the Orthodox Religion out of spleen because his Father Bishop Marcion excommunicated him for Whoredom and because he could not without true repentance be received again into the Church therefore he professed and maintained Cerdons Heresies at Rome in the time of M. Antoninus Philosophus 133. years after Christ but he refined some points and added to them some of his own phansies With Cerdon he held two contrary gods and denied Christs Incarnation of the Virgin and therefore blotted his Genealogy out of the Gospel affirming his body to be from heaven not from the Virgin He denied that this world by reason of the Ataxie and Disorder in it could be the work of the good god He rejected the Old Testament and the Law as repugnant to the Gospel which is false for their is no repugnancy He denied the Resurrection and taught that Christ by descending into hell delivered from thence the souls of Cain Esau the Sodomites and other reprobates translating them into heaven He condemned the eating of flesh and the married life and renewed baptism upon every grievous fall into sin If any of the Catechumeni died some in their name were baptised by the Marcionites They also baptised and administred the Eucharist in presence of the Catechumeni against the custom of the Church They permitted Women also to baptize They condemned all Wars as unlawfull and held transanimation with the Pythagoreans Q. 15. What was the Religion of Apelles Severus and Tatianus A. Apelles whose scholars were called Apellitae was Marcions Disciple and a Syrian by birth He flourished under Commodus the Emp●ror about 150. years after Christ. He taught that there was but one chief God to whom was subordinat a fierie God who appeared to Moses in the bush who made the world and gave the Law to the Israelites and was their God He gave to Christ a body compacted of the Stary and Elementary substance and appeared in the shape onely of man This body when he ascended he left behind him every part thereof returning to their former principles and that Christs spirit is onely in heaven He rejected the Law and Prophets and denied the Resurrection Severus author of the Severians was contemporarie with Apelles under Commodus 156. years after Christ. He used the company of one Philumena a Strumpet and Witch He taught his disciples to abstain from Wine as being poyson begot of Satan in the form of a Serpent with the Earth The world he said was made by certain Powers of Angels which he called by divers barbarous names He hated Women and Marriage denied the Resurrection the Old Testament and Prophets using in stead of them certain Apocryphall Books Tatianus a bad Scholar of a good Master Iustin Martyr was a Mesopotamian by birth and lived under M. Antoninus Philosophus 143. years after Christ his disciples were called Tatiani from him and Encratitae from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 temperance or continence for they abstain from Wine Flesh and Marriage They were called also Hydro-Paristatae users of Water for in stead of Wine they made use of Water in the Sacrament They held that Adam was never restored to mercy after his fall And that all men the sons of Adam are damned without hope of salvation except the Tatiani They condemned the Law of Moses the eating of flesh and the use of wine and held Procreation of Children to be the work of Satan yet they permitted though unwilingly Monogamy or the marrying once but never again they denied that God made male and female and that Christ was the seed of David Q. 16. Of what Religion were the Cataphrygians A. Montanus disciple to Tatianus who was his contemporary was author of this Sect who for a while were from him called Montanists but being ashamed of his wicked life and unhappy end they were afterward from the Country where he was born and which was first infected with his heresie called Cataphrygians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they were named also Tascodragitae because they used in praying to thrust their forefingers into their Nostrills to shew their devotion and anger for sin Tascus in their Language signifieth a long slick or slaff and Druggus their Nose as if you would say Perticonasati as the interpreter of Epiphanius translates it They loved to be called Spirituales because they bragged much of the gifts of the Spirit others that were not of their opinion they called naturual men This Heresie began about 145. years after Christ and lasted above 500. years He had two Strumpets which followed him to wit Prisca and Maximilla these forsook their Husbands pretending zeal to follow Montanus whereas indeed they were notorious Whoors they took upon them to prophesie and their dictates were held by Montanns as divine oracles but at last he and they for company hanged themselves He blasphemously held himself not onely to be in a higher measure inspired by the Holy Ghost then the Apostles were but also said that he was the very Spirit of God which in some small measure descended on the Apostles he condemned second marriages and yet allowed Incest He trusted altogether to Revelations and Enthusiasmes and not to the Scripture In the Eucharist these wretches mingled the Bread with Infants Blood they confounded the persons of the Trinity affirming the Father suffered Q. 17. What was the Religion of the Pepuzians Quintilians and Artotyrites A. These were disciples of the Cataphrygians Pepuzians were so called from Pepuza a town between Galatia and Cappadocia where Montanus dwelt and Quintillians from Quintilla another whorish Prophetesse and companion to Prisca and Maximilla They held Peprza to be that new Ierusalem fore told by the Prophets and mentioned in the Epistle to the Hebrews and in the Revelatien In this they said we should enjoy life eternal They perferred Women before Men affirming that Christ assumed the form of a Women not of a Man And that he was the author of their wicked Tenets They commended Eve for eating the forbidden fruit saying that by so doing she was the author of much happinesse to man They admitted Woman to Ecclesiastical functions making Bishops and Priests of them to preach and administer the Sacraments They mingled also the Sacramental Bread with humane Blood The Artotyritae were so called from offering Bread and Cheefe in the Sacrament in stead of Wine because our first Parents offered the fruits of the Earth and of sheep and because God excepted Abels sacrifice which was the fruits of his sheep of which Cheese cometh therefore they held cheese

substance communicated from parents to Children and not a quality or affection These wicked opinions raged in the world 340. years after Manes was excoriated alive for poysonning the Persian Kings Son these Hereticks were three Sects to wit Manichees Catharists or Puritans and Macarii or blessed Q. 25. What was the Religion of the Hierarchites Melitians and Arrians A. The Hierachites so called from Hieracha an Egyptian and a Monk who lived shortly after Origen under Gallienus 234. years after Christ taught that married people could not enjoy heaven nor infants because they cannot merit they admitted none into their Church but those that lived single They denied that Paradise in which man was created had any earthly or visible being They held Melchisedeck to be the Holy Ghost and denied the Resurrection The Meletians so called from Meletius a Theban Bishop in Egypt who because he was deposed for offering to Idols in spleen he taught the Novatian Heresie in denying pardon of sins to those that fell though they repented rejected all from their communion who in time of persecution fell from Christ though they afterward repented They used Pharisaical washings and divers other Judaical ceremonies and in their humiliations to appease Gods anger with dancing singing and gingling of small bells This Heresie began under Constatine the Emperour 286. years after Christ. The Arrians so called from Arrius a Lybian by birth and a Presbyter of Alexandria by Profesion were called also Exoucontji for saying that Christ was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 created of nothing This heresie brake out under Constantine 290. years after Christ and over-run a great part of the Christian world They held Christ to be a creature and that he had a mans body but no humane soul the divinity supplying the room thereof They held also the holy Ghost a creature proceeding from a creature to wit Christ. The Arrians in their Doxolegier gave glory not to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Ghost but to the Father by the Son in the Holy Ghost They rebaptized the Orthodox Christian and baptized onely the upper parts to the Novel thinking the inferiour parts unworthy of baptisme Q. 26. What was the Religion of the Audians Semi-arrians and Macedonians A. The Audiani so called from Audaeus a Syrian who appeared under Valentinian the Emperour 338. yeares after Christ were named afterwards Anthropormorphytae for ascribing to God a humane body these as afterward the Denatists forsook the Orthodox Church because some wicked men were in it They held darknesse fire and water eternal and the Original of all things They admitted to the Sacrament all sorts of Christians even such as were profane and impenitent The Semi-arrians were those who neither would have Christ to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the same individual essence with the Father as the Orthodox Church held nor yet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of a like essence but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of a different Essence but of a like Will and so they taught that Christ was not God in Essence but in Will only and Operation This Heresie also held that the Holy Ghost was Christs creature It began under Constantius the Emperour 330. years after Christ. The chief author thereof was one-eyed Acatius Bishop of Cesaraea Palestina successor to Eusebius hence they were called Acatiani The Macedonians so called from Macedonius Bishop of Constantinople held that the holy Ghost was a creature and the servant of God but not God himselfe and withal that by the holy Spirit was meant only a power created by God and communicated to the creatures This Heresie sprung up or rather being sprung up long before was stifly maintained under Constantius the Son of Constantine 312. years after Christ and was condemned in the second Oecumenical councel at Constantinople under Theodosius the great These Hereticks were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fighters against the spirit Q. 27. Of what Religion were the Aerians Aetians or Eunomians and Apollinarists A. The Aerians so called from Aerius the Presbyter who lived under Valentinian the first 340. years after Christ held that there was no differance between a Bishop and a Presbyter that Bishops could not ordain that the dead were not to be prayed for that there should be no set or anniversary fasts and with the Encratites or Apotactitae admitted none to their communion but such as were continent and had renounced the world They were called Syllabici also as standing captiously upon Words and Syllabies They are said also to condemn the use of flesh the Aetians were called so from Aetius a Deacon whose successor was Eunomius about the year of Christ 331. under the Emperor Constantius he was Bishop of Cyzicum whose disciples were called Eunomians and Anomei for holding that Christ was no way like the Father They were called also Eudoxiani Theophron●ani When they were banished they lived in holes and caves and so were called Troglodytae and Gothici because this heresie prevailed much among the Goths by means of Vlphillas their Bishop These hereticks held that God could be perfectly here comprehended by us that the Son was neither in power essence or will like the Father and that the Holy Ghost was created by the Son that Christ also assumed onely mans body but not his soul. They permitted all kind of licentiousnesse saying that faith without good works could save The Eunomians did rebaptise the Orthodox professors and baptised in the name of the Father uncreated the Son created and the Holy Ghost created by the Son The Apollinarists so called from Apollinaris Presbyter in Laodicea divided Christs humanity in affirming that he assumed mans body and a sensitive soul but not the reasonable or intellective soul of man because that was supplied by the divinity from this division they were named Dupla●es and Dim●iritae In stead of the Trinity they acknowledge onely three distinct degrees of power in God the greatest is the Father the lesser is the Son and the laest of all the Holy Ghost They held that Christs flesh was consubstantial with his divinity and that he took not his flesh from the Virgin but brought it from Heaven They held that Christ had but one will that mens souls did propagate other souls that after the Resurrection the ceremonial Law should be kept as before This heresie brake out 350. years after Christ under Valens the Emperor Q. 28. What did the Antidicomarianites Messalians and Metangismonites professe A. The former of these were so called because they were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 adversaries to Maries Virginity Whence they were named Antimaritae and Helvidians from Helvidius the author who lived under Theodosius the great 355. years after Christ. These held that Mary did not continue a Virgin after Christ was born but that she was known by Ioseph whereas she was indeed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a perpetual Virgin The Messalians were so

is yet to come therfore must make both confession of their faith and of their s●●s They pray that their death may be a sufficient expiation for their sins and that they may have a share in Paradise and in the life to come Q. How do they use their dead A. When the Party dieth his kindred tear off a little piece of their garments because Iacob tore his garments when he heard of Iosephs death They mourn also seven days because Ioseph did so for his father All the water in the house they pour out into the streets They cover his face and bow his thumb that it resembleth the Hebrew Shaddai that so they may terrifie Satan from comming near the Corps His other fingers are stretched out to shew that now he holds the world no longer having forsaken it They wash the body with warm water and anoint the head with wine and the yolk of an egg and cloath him with the white surplice he wore on the day of Reconciliation and then they Coffin him When the Corps is carried out of the house they cast a shell after him signifying that all sorrow should be now cast out of that house In the Church yard a prayer or two is said then the Corps is buried the next of kin casteth in the first earth In their return they cast grasse over their heads either to signifie their frailty and mortality For all flesh is grass or else their hope of the Resurrection When they enter the Synagogue they skip to and fro and change their seat seven times The Mourners go bare-foot seven days abstain from wine and flesh except on Sabbaths and Festivals They bath not in 33. days nor pare their nails They burn candles for seven days together thinking that the departed souls return to the place where they left the body and bewail the losse thereof They beleeve that no Jew can be partaker of the Resurrection who is buried out of Canaan except God through hollow passages of the earth convey his body thither grounding this conceit upon Iacobs desire to Ioseph that he should bury him in Canaan and not in Egypt They borrowed diverse Gentile customs in their Funerals as cutting or tearing their skin hiring of women to sing and minstrils to play also shaving going bare footed and bare-headed with dust on their heads washing anointing and embalming besides beautifying of their Sepulchres and adding of Epitaphs c. they used also burning of the dead as may be seen in 1 Sam. 31. 12. and Amos 6. 10. they bury apart by themselves and not with those of another Religion Their common Epitaph is Let his soul be in the bundle of life with the rest of the just Amen Amen Selah Other vain opinions and ceremonies they have but not to our purpose Of which see Munster Buxt●rfius Margarita Galatin Hospinian Fagius D. Kimchi Aben Esra c. The Contents of the second Section The Religions of the ancient Babylonians of the making worshipping of images and bringing in Idolatry 2. Of Hierapolis and gods of the Syrians 3. Of the Phenicians 4. Of the old Arabians 5. Of the ancient Persians 6. Of the Scythians 7. Of the Tartars or Cathaians and Pagans 8. The Religions of the Northern Countries neer the Pole Three-ways whereby Satan deludes men by false miracles The fear of his Stratagems whence it proceeds His illusions many our duty thereupon 9. Of the Chinois 10. Of the ancient Indians 11. Of Siam 12. Of Pegu. 13. Of Bengala 14. Of Magor 15. Of Cambaia 16. Of Goa 17. Of Malabar Pagan Idolaters believe the immortality of the Soul 18. Of Narsinga and Bisnagar 19. Of Japan 20. Of the Philippina Islands 21. Of Sumatra and Zeilan 22. Of the ancient Egyptians 23. Of the modern Egyptian Religions SECT II. Quest. WHat kinde of Religious or rather Superstitious government was there among the Ancient Babylonians Answ. They had their Priests called Chaldeans and Magi who were much addicted to Astrology a●d Divination and had their Schools for education of the Youth in this knowledge They worshipped divers gods or idols rather the two chief were Belus or Bel or Baal by whom they meant Iupiter the other was Astaroth or Astarte by which Iuno was understood They were bound also by their superstitious discipline to worship the Sun and so was the King to offer to him every day a white horse richly furnished They worshipped also the Fire under the name of Nego and and the Earth by the name of Shaca To this Goddesse they kept a feast for five dayes in Babylon where during that time the Servants were Masters and the Masters Servants They worshipped also Venus for maintaining of whose service the women prostituted themselves to strangers and received much money thereby to this purpose they sat and exposed themselves at the Temple of Venus which they call Militta Their Priests used to have their Processions and to carry their Idols on their shoulders the people before and behinde worshipping The Priests also there used to shave their heads and beards and to stand in their Temple with Axes Scepters and other Weapons in their hands and Candles lighted before them They held a Divine Providence but denied the Creation Ninus was the first Idolater who after the death of his Father Belus set up his Image and caused it to be adored with divine honours here at Babylon and in the rest of his dominions Thus we see that the making of images and the worshipping of them was the invention of the Gentiles for indeed they were men whom the Pagans affirmed to be gods and every one according to his merits and magnificence began after his death to be worshipped by his friends but at length by the perswasion of evil spirits they esteemed those whose memories they honoured to be lesser gods this opinion and idolatry was fomented by the Poets and not onely a preposterous love and a vain admiration of the worth and merits of dead men brought in idolatry but likewise Deisidemonia or a foolish and preposterous fear primus in orbe Deos fecit timor for the Gentiles did fear their Religion would be in vain if they did not see that which they worshipped they would therefore rather worship stocks and stones then an invisible Deity but it is ridiculous saith Seneca Gen● posito simulachra adorare suspicere fabros vero qui illa secerunt contemnere to worship and admire the image and to slight the image maker whereas the Artificer deserves more honour then the Art Against this madnesse the Prophet Isaiah speaketh chap. 44. men cut down trees rinde them burn a part of them make ready their meat and warm themselves by the fire thereof but of the residue he maketh a god an idol and prayeth to it but God hath shut their eyes from sight and their heart from understanding Divers ways they had in worshipping of their Idols sometimes by bowing the head sometimes by bending the knee

VVine which are used in the dedication have mystical significations The VVater and VVine represent the two Sacraments of Baptisme and the Eucharist Oyle sheweth our spiritual unction Salt that wisdome which should be in us Ashes our mortification Hysop our purity and sanctification and the Incense our prayers Q. 12. What else is Observable in the dedication of Churches A. 1. They hold that no Church is to be dedicated till it be endowed for he that buildeth a Church is or should be like a Husband that marrieth a Maid on whom he ought to bestow a joynter 2. That the Feast of dedication which from the Greeke they call Encaenia ought to be kept every year for so it was kept among the Jewes which if it had been unlawful Christ would not have honoured it with his presence 3. They say that the dedication of Churches is a terror to evil spirits and incitment to devotion and reverence a meanes to move God to hear our prayers the sooner a testimony of our zeal that Christians are not in this point inferiour to Jewes and Gentiles who would not presume to make use of their Temples for prayer and sacrifice till first by their Priests they had consecrated and dedicated them to their Deities 4. That what is in the dedication of Churches visibly acted ought to be in us invisibly effected namely that if Churches be holy we should not be profane shall they be consecrated to the service of God and not we shall their Churches be filled with hallowed Images and our souls defiled with unhallowed imaginations shall the Church be called the house of prayer and our bodies which ought to be the Temples of the Holy Ghost denns of Theeves we are lively stones but those of Churches are dead we are capable of grace and holinesse so are not Churches for it is confessed on all sides that Temples by consecration are not made capable of actual holinesse but onely made more fit for divine service Is it not a great shame that in their Churches lights continually shine and in the Temples of the holy Ghost there is nothing but darknesse That they should burne incense on their Altars and we be quite destitute of Zeale and Devotion in our hearts They make use of outward unction but we use neither the outward unction of the Church not the inward of the spirit VVhen we see them make use of Salt and Holy VVater we should be careful to have salt within us and that water of the spirit without which we cannot be regenerated 5. They teach that Churches may be rededicated if they are burned down or fallen down and built again or if it be doubtful whither they have been consecrated heretofore but if they be polluted by adultery or such like uncleannesse they are only to be purified with holy water 6. That Churches must not be consecrated without Masse and the Reliques of some Saint and that onely by the Pope or a Bishop not by a Priest or any inferiour order and that gifts or presents which they call Anathemata be given to the new Church after the example of Constantine the Great who endowed with rich presents and ornaments the Church which he built at Ierusalem to the honour of our Saviour Q. 13. How doe they Dedicate or Consecrate their Altars A. The Bishop having blessed the water makes with the same four Crosses on the four Hornes of the Altar to shew that the Crosse of Christ is preached in all the four corners of the earth Then he goeth about the Altar seven times and besprinkleth it seven times with holy water and hysop this is to signifie the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost and the seven-fold shedding of Christs Blood to wit 1. VVhen he was circumcised 2. When he sweat blood in the Garden 3. When he was scourged 4. When he was crowned with thorns 5. When his hands 6. When his feet were nailed to the Crosse. 7. When his side was lanced The Bishop also makes a Crosse in the middle of the Altar to shew that Christ was crucified in the middest of the earth for so Ierusalem is seated At this consecration is used not onely water but salt also wine and ashes to represent four things necessary for Christianity namely Purity Wisdom Spiritual joy and Humility The Altar must not be of wood or any other materiall but of stone to represent Christ the Rock on which the Church is built the Corner Stone which the builders refused the stone of offence at which the Jewes stumbled and the little stone cut out of the mountain without hands this stone Altar is anointed with oyle and chrisme so was Christ with the graces of the spirit and the oyle of gladnesse above his fellowes This anointing also of the stone Altar is in initation of Iacobi anointing the stone on which he sleept So the remainder of the holy water is poured out at the foot of the Altar because the Priests of old used to pour out the blood of the Sacrifice at the foot of their Altar The holy Reliques are layed up in a Coffin with three graines of incense as the Manna of old was layd up in the Ark our hearts should be the Coffins in which the vertuous lives of the Saints with faith in the Trinity or with the three Cardinal vertues Faith Hope and Charity should be carefully kept These Reliques are layed under the Altar because Revel 6. the souls of these who suffered for Christ were seen by Saint Iohn under the Altar It is also to be observed that as the Altar is besprinkled with water so it is anointed in five places with oyle and then with chrisme to signifie the five wounds of Christ which did smell more fragrantly than any Balsame and by which we are healed the five sences also are hereby signified which ought to be sanctified After unction incense is burned to shew that prayers and supplication follow sanctification At last after the Altar and all that belong to it are hallowed the Altar is covered with white Masse is said and Tapers lighted to shew that our holinesse and devotion must be accompanied with good works which must shine before men here if we would shine like stars in the Firmament hereafter Q. 14. What else do they consecrate besides Temples and Altars A. Besides these they consecrate all the ornaments of the Altar the Patinae for making the body of Christ the Corporal for the covering thereof the Chalice for the blood the Linnen with which the Altar is covered the Eucharistial or Pix where Christs body is kept representing Christs sepulchre the Censer Incense and Capsae that is Chests or Coffins wherein the bones of the Saints are kept They consecrate also their Crosses and Images and Easter Tapers their Fonts First-fruits holy Water Salt Church-yards Bells c. Every one of which have their peculiar prayers besides washing crossing anointing incense c. They hold that Bells succeeded the Jewish