Heart and the swelling thereof by reason of the Ebullition which afterward falls by reason of the inbred heavyness of the heart as parts puft up with wind do of their own accord settle when the wind is out and the heaving of the Earth caused by repletion and blowing up of wind settles again by the peculiar heavyness of the Earth Caspar Hofman flies to the inaequality of the boyling blood which is like boyling water part whereof ascends and part descends Others do interpret the matter with greater subtilty saying that the blood is changed into an Airie spirit Primerose saies that blood just as Milk Honey and very many things besides doth exceeding swel and rise so as to become nothing but a kind of Spirit or light Air. Leichnerus saith that of one grain of good blood a great quantity of Cordial Balsam is made even as by one grain of Odoriferous Gum cast upon a Cole an whole Chamber is filled with a delitious smel But many difficulties stand in the way of this Opinion 1. No boyling is of it self equal but the Pulse is somtimes equal 2. The Pulse should be greater according as the Boyling is greater But the boyling of the blood is greatest in burning Fevers by reason of the extremity of bubbling heat and the various nature of the Blood yet is the Pulse in such cases very smal and in Putrid Fevers it is evermore little in the beginning according to Galen 3. In live Anatomies if you wound the heart or the Arteries near the heart pure blood leaps out abundantly not frothy nor boyling nor heaving and it continues as it came forth Nor can it in a moment of time either boyl in the Heart or Leave boyling if it did boyl Yea and if in two Vessels you shall receive the veiny blood out of the Cava near the heart and the Arterial blood out of the Aorta near its orignal you shall find no difference neither at the first nor afterwards This Harvey Walaeus and as many as have made trial can witness with me 4. It cannot all be turned into pure spirit by the heart nor ought it so to be Not the former because there is not so much heat in a sound heart nor can the blood taken out of the Arteries set over a great fire be all extenuated as Conringius hath observed Not the latter because the parts for whose nourishment it is ordained are not meerly spiritual 5. Plunging into cold water would asswage the boyling But the Arm being hard bound till it swel and grow red again and then thrust into most cold Water or Snow when you unbind the same you shall perceive how much the Blood returning to the Heart doth cool the same as Harvey hath taught us The most subtile Renatus des Crates and Cornelius Hogelandius and Henricus Regius who tread in his footsteps with equal commendation do after another manner demonstrate the motion of the Heart to proceed from a Drop or two of blood rarified when the Ventricles of the Heart are not distended with blood of necessity two large drops do fall thereinto one out of the Cava into the right Ventricle another out of the venosa Arteria into the left because those two Vessels are alwaies full and their Mouths towards the Heart are open which drops because of their aptness to be dilated and the heat of the Heart and the remainders of blood therein burning presently they are set on fire and dilated by rarefaction by which the Valves through which the drops entred are shut and the Heart is distended But because of the straitness of the Ventricles the blood rarifying more and more cannot there abide therefore at the same moment of time it opens in the right Ventricle the three Valves of the Vena Arteriosa which look from without inwards and being agitated by heat it breaks out through the said Vena Arteriosa and by distending the same and al its branches and driving on the blood makes them beat the Pulse but in the left ventricle it opens the three valves of Arteria magna looking from without inwards and through them breaks into the great Artery which it widens and drives the next blood warmed and exâ—…led by the former pulsations into the rest of the Arteries of the whole body that they might be thereby distended And so they conceive the Diastole is caused And they say the reason of the Systole is because the blood being expelled out of the ventricles of the Heart the Heart is in part evacuated and the blood it self in the Arteries cooled wherefore of necessity the heart and Arteries must flag and sink whereupon way is again made for two drops more to enter that so the Diastole may be repeated I dare not deny a light Rarefaction from a gentle heat such as we observe in the opening of a Vein and I grant that it may be somtimes praeternaturally augmented but that a few drops should be rarified into so great a bulk as to cause the motion of the Heart and that they should be cooled in the Arteries many Arguments besides those before those opposed to the Ebullition of the blood do disswade 1. Living Dissections in which neither when the Heart nor when the Arteries are wounded does the blood come out drop by drop or rarified but pure such as the Ear had forced out 2. The Heart being cut in pieces or pricked is seen to pulse without any rarefaction of blood which is but imaginary 3. In strong Dogs the point of the Heart being cut off Walaeus observed that when by reason of the Efflux of Blood it was not half full it was nevertheless erected but not filled by rarefaction but when it was contracted that portion of blood which remained in the Heart was cast out to the distance of more then four Feet It is in vain to call in the outward Coldness of the Air as an assistant cause for the blood in the Heart doth not grow cold in a moment the heat thereof being yet Vigorous as a boyling pot taken from the fire and uncovered doth not immediately cease to boyl but after some time 4. Jacobus Back doth elegantly devince the same from the structure of the heart and its Vessels For the Musculous flesh of the heart being firme and strong is unapt to rise and fall by the bare Rarefaction of the blood A more vehement action is requisite to move this vast bulk Also the Arteries of the heart should have had a greater Orifice and the rarefied blood being to go forth would require a larger space then then was necessary for its entrance 5. A Confusion would arise in the motions of the Heart and valves as he observes The Diastole of both of them would be performed in the same time and so the valves should be useless both which is repugnant to experience Moreover the valves must be both shut and open in the Systole of the Arterie 6. That it should be cooled in the Arteries neither
all the rest do not fall in one moment And therefore we may suspect that the Diastole of the Arteries is caused by the impulse of blood and by their own proper dilatation and that both these causes contribute to the bloods motion Hence also it appears that this same impulse of the Blood is made only by the Heart nor does one part of the Arteries drive it into another for that part which drives by constriction that cannot in the same moment be dilated but all the Arteries are dilated in a moment And thus the blood is moved through the Arteries and out of the Arteries into the Veins out of the lesser Veins into the greater and the Vena cava it self the blood is moved also by Impulse For any Vein being bound in living Creatures it falls in and growes lank towards the Heart and it is filled in that part which is more remote from the Heart And this same Pulsion to the Heart seems to happen from any part of a Vein for a Vein bound or compressed in a living Arm it is not only sttretched in the part remoter from the Heart but also in the rest there of nearer the Heart it falls in and is emptied which nearer part if you also tie that also will be distended beyond the Ligature and will swell Now this Pulsion is caused by the Fibres whereof the Veins are constituted We conceive nevertheless that the veins do also draw least they should receive the blood without choice and that they may draw to themselves that which is most useful howbeit they seem to receive the blood more by Pulsion then by traction or drawing because the veins being bound are wonderfully distended In the Vena cava there is a certain Store-house of Blood wherein blood is treasured up for future Uses when it is more plentiful then that all of it need be sent unto the Heart And all these are Causes of the Natural motion of the blood To which the causes of the motion of the Chyle are not unlike for the Stomach contracting it self by its Fibres squeezes out as much Chyle as is digested And by that pressure it seems also to open the Pylorus for there seems not to be any spontaneous motion in the Pylorus such as is in the Stomach or the Guts The Chyle staies not long in the Guts but is presently driven out by the constriction of the transverse Fibres and while many fibres and which mutually follow one another do act the Chyle is pressed nor can it all slip downwards whereupon some of the pressed chyle slips into the milkie Veins yet least that the Chylus should slip too soon to the Fundament it is stopped by the constriction of the lower transverse Fibre and being thus shut and compressed above and beneath it is pressed through the wrinkled Coat of the Gut as it were through a strainer into the milkie Veins Now this same constriction of the transverse Fibres happens in all the thin or small Guts and in all the thick or round Guts in a certain order and at certain distances of time That the Chyle is moved through the milkie Veins into the Veins of the Portae into the Liver and somtimes also into the Vena cava by pulse a Ligature does shew It is also likely that Chyle is drawn out of the Guts and milkie Veins for it is moved more swiftly out of them then the Guts or Venae lacteae do seem to drive or force the same The Chylus in the Ramus mesentericus Vena partae and Vena cava being mingled with the blood is moved by the same cause which there as we have said does move the blood Now the Chylus is carried by peculiar Veins rather then by the Mesaraicks which contain blood because the Mesaraicks being to admit blood were to have their mouths opened into the Guts through which the blood would easily have slipt into the Guts Nor could the drawing Faculty prevent that inconveniency which is here much obscurer and much weaker then the expulsive Faculty As this Motion of the Chylus so also the circular motion of the blood hath its uses and conveniences of which the principal seem to be these That by the continual passage therof through the Heart the blood is also continually heated and whiles som blood goes through seldomer other blood oftner there is found in the Veins blood of all Qualities which while it is carryed into all parts and Nature unlocks and offers all the treasure to them they may be the better heated and receive that Nourishment which may be most convenient to feed and strengthen them But this motion does also contribute much to the preservation of the blood in its integrity free from corruption or putrefaction for Vitium capiunt ni moveantur aquae Unstirred waters easily corrupt which is also most true of the blood as we may daily see when the Vessels are obstructed It contributes also to the perfection of the Blood whilest by continual motion it is rarified and attenuated But it makes chiefly towards it perfection in that the blood is somtimes attenuated grows hot and is rarisied in the Heart and somtimes again it is condensed and congeales as it were in the Habit of the Body For no part in the Body is horter then the Heart and none less hot then the Habit of the Body And therefore there happens a certain Circulation as it were not unlike to that whereby the Chymists make their Spirits most subtile and perfect For the blood which is attenuated by heat after it is condensed by cold is able to persist in that thinness nor does it return to its old thickness from which degree of thinness in tract of time it attains to a greater by means of heat in which being again condensed by cold it comes to continue and so at last it becomes most fit for the making of vital Spirits For this end the blood is moved circularly but hath it not therefore elsewhere another motion Out of the smallest Arteries the blood is carried right out into the flesh that it may constitute the nameless humor the Ros Gluten and Cambium nor does it return hither from whence it came least the blood flowing through the least should hinder these humors from being gleued and assimilated to the parts It flows also somtimes chiefly because it is driven out of the Arteries into the flesh and frequently also the chief moving cause is attraction for the bones cannot without attraction receive the thicker part of the humor for their nourishment and leave the remaining thinner part thereof unfit to nourish them in the Vessels TABLE III. The FIGURE Explained AAAA The vulgar mesaraick Vein and Arteries derived from the Gate-vein called Porta BBBB The milkie Veins discovered by Asellius C. The Glandule or Kernel in the Centre of the Mesentery which Asellius calls the Pancreas or Sweetbread to which all the Branches
was it wholly scirrhous but his Liver hard and round as a ball and full of Flegm like Potters-clay and his Spleen was found so small that it hardly weighed an ounce CHAP. XIV Touching the Liver ANd so much may suffice to have said touching the Organs destined to primary Digestion or Chylification we come now to those which are any waies assisting the second Concoction or Sanguification And the Principal of these is the Liver The Liver is an Organick Part seated in the Lower Belly just under the Diaphragma or Midriff on the right side being the Organ of Blood-making and the beginning of the Veins It hath its Name in Greek from a Word that signifies want or Indigency because it supplies the want of the Parts of the Body the Latins cal it Jecur as if you would say juxta Cor near the Heart 'T is called the Principle or Beginning of the Veins because therein the Roots of two of the greatest Veins appear dispersed viz. of the Cava and Portae as Roots implanted in the Earth The milkie Veins are supposed to arise from the Pancreas Yet Trunks and Branches of them are also to be seen in the Liver Now the Roots of Trees dispersed in the Earth do grow together into a Trunk without the Earth The Vena arteriosa of the Heart is in truth an Artery And the Arteria venosa is a Vein and may owe its Original to the Liver because in a Child in the Womb it is joyned with the cava and opens it self thereinto by an Anastomosis And besides it carries Blood to the Heart but brings none from it if there be any force in this Argument The Liver is commonly but one in Number seldom two And more seldom is the Liver quite wanting as in Matthias Ortelius It is situate in the lowest Belly under the Septum transversum which also Hippocrates and Aristotie acknowledged by the Ribs and for the greater part in the right Hypochondrium a fingers breadth distant there from that the motion thereof might not be hindered Therefore a Swelling in the Liver causes shortness of breath In Birds it lies equally on both sides As also for the most part in Dogs which have a thin and long Spleen In Man it seldom changes its place so as the Liver should be in the left the Spleen in the right side which Gemma and Spererius have observed It rests lightly upon the former and upper part of the Stomach especially on the right side for otherwise some part thereof reaches to the left side also and somtimes the greatest part the Spleen being very small But some conceive that Aristotle was ignorant of the Situation of the Liver because the said Huper de to Diazoma c. which they interpret above the Septum is the Liver seated But the Philosoper is thus to be translated It is placed on the other side or beyond the Septum transversum for Huper with an Accusative signifies beyond but with a Genetive it signifies above And by reason of the Midriff to which it was to give way it hath its upper and outward Figure sufficiently round convex or gibbous even and smooth where also there is an oblong Cavity behind at the Passage of Vena cava And because of the Stomach it hath received a Figure which is hollow on the inner and lower side which is termed its simous or saddle side and it is more uneven then the other having in it two hollownesses One on the right hand for the Gall-bladder another on the left for the Stomach to pass by So that the Liver is on the right side of an ample roundness but on the left it is narrow and sharp The XVI TABLE The Explication of the FIGURES FIG I. Expresses the Liver taken out of the Body and especially the hollow side thereof AAA The Liver in its hollow side cloathed with its Coat and ragged Nap. B. The Vena Portae and its Egress out of the hollow side of the Liver CC. Two Trunks of Vena Cava by the tuberant or bossie part of the Liver D. The going forth of the Navil-Vein from out the Liver EE The Gall-bladder seated in the hollow part of the Liver F. The Gall-passage called Cysticus Felleus G. The other Gall-passage called Hepaticus H. An Artery which comes from the Ramus Caeliacus to the hollow part of the Liver I. A branch of this Artery which enters the Liver KK Another branch of the same Artery which goes unto the Gall-bladder L. A Nerve of the sixt pair which goes unto the Liver M. A smal Lap or Scollup stretched out unto the Call by which the Liver being full of water is somtimes emptied NN. Certain Eminencies of the Liver anciently termed Portae the Gates a. The bottom of the Gall-bladder hanging without the Liver d. The common Channel made up by the passages of Ramus Hepaticus FIG II. Shews the Vessels of the Liver freed from the Parenchyma or Fleshy substance thereof with the Gall-bladder AA A portion of Vena Cava BB. A portion of the Trunk of Vena Porta passing forth of the Liver CC. The Gall-bladder DD. The Navil-Vein ending into a branch of Vena Porta EEEEEEE The branches of Vena Porta dispersed through the whole Parenchyma of the Liver FFFF The branches of Vena Cava especially those which are distributed through the upper parts of the Liver and joyned in sundry places with the branches of Porta GGGG The most remarkable Anastomoses or joyning together of the Mouths of Vena Cava and Porta HHHH The extremities of the said Veins called Capiliary Veins because of their smalness a. The Meatus Cysticus or passage into the Gall-bladder page 33 The Greatness and thickness thereof is remarkable and exceeding great in a man as is his Brain not only for Nutrition as in brutes but for the breeding of Animal Spirits which are often dissipated and they are bred of the Vital Spirit as it is bred of Blood Yet it is greater then ordinary in bodies that are of a cold Complexion and in fearful Persons and great Eaters to augment the Heat of the Heart In persons dead of a Comsumption I have somtimes seen an exceeding great Liver four or five times bigger then ordinary and somtimes again very exceeding little And others have found a very small Liver and somtimes no Liver or the Liver consumed away and a great and strong Spleen performing its Office Rhasis and Abensina gather the greatness of the Liver from the length of a bodies singers It is compassed with a thin Membrane springing from one of the Membranes of the Veins which hath its Original from the Peritonaeum In this there arise little bladders of water from whence the Dropsie come Witness Platerus I have seen of these bladders in a she Goat many in number whiteish which being cut open were found to contain within a single coat or skin wheyish Humor with snotty Flegm and another yellow substance
purged the one unmixt and simple the other mixed and thick which I collect contrary to what Hofman asserts out of the fourth Book of the Use of the Parts 12. and 13. and from the fifth Book Chap. the 6. For the Channel poures out thick and dreggy choler but the Bladder such as is more thin and yellow For the larter bordering upon the Vena porta sucks more plentifully out of the Spirituous and Arterial Blood the former being placed at the Roots of the Cava draws a less quantity of Choler and such as is more thick because that blood is thicker The Vesica biliaria or Gall-bladder called also folliculus Fellis is a Vessel long and round fashioned like a Pear hollow furnished with a double Membrane the one whereby it is fastned to the Liver from the Peritonaeum which is also the same wherewith the Liver is covered without Fibres and wherewith that part only is covered which hangs without the Liver The other proper and more thick but strong having all manner of Fibres which a certain Crust encompasses bred of the Excrements of its third Digestion to keep off the sharpness of the Gall. This Gall-bladder is small compared Its Greatness to the Spleen and Kidneys Being two fingers breadths in deepness but the more cholerick any person is the greater is this Gall-bladder observed to be 'T is divided into the Bottom and the Neck The Bottom is round and seated lowermost viz. when the Liver is in its Natural Situation it is died with a yellow color and sometimes black viz. when the Choler being over long kept is burned The Neck being harder then the bottom looks upward grows long and narrow until it end into a very small and narrow passage At the Neck is observed first a certain peculiar hollowness and also certain little Valves or Membranes somtimes two otherwhiles three which hinder the Regress of Choler Regius proves that they are sometimes opened by Spirits through a Nerve inserted into the liver and so let Choler return into the Liver which appears by anger and the sudden boyling of the blood in angry persons by admixtion of burnt Choler Howbeit by pressing or squeezinâ— and blowing we cannot force any Choler back And if the force of the Spirits were so great they might as easily open and shut the valves of the Heart when they are in the Arteries more plentiful then ordinary They pierce indeed by their fineness the valves when they are shut but they carry not the blood with them Choler truly may by some other means be inflamed which is every where among hot blood Finally the valve would be broken by the violence of Spirits and greater danger might follow thereby then if the Gall-bladder were broken an Example whereof Salmuth relates The Gall-bladder hath received very many small Passages furnished with sundry little twigs sowed up and down in the Liver between the Roots of Cava and Porta which afterwards being joyned into one passage do carry pure Choler into the Gall-bladder and the Gall-bladder having disgorged it self into the Gut is daily filled again and so it continues that course Contrary to the Opinion of Arnisoeus that the Bladder is filled with Choler which being hindred by the Chylus from descending by the Porus biliarius into the Guts does drive back again into the Bladder For I have often seen Waloeus demonstrate how that the Bladder being never so little squeezed with a mans hand even when the Guts are full of Chyle Choler is easily squirted into the Guts It hath two very small Veins to nourish it Also it hath very small Arteries from the Coeliaca to nourish and preserve Heat It is not therefote nourished with Choler as Joubertus conceives It hath a little diminutive Nerve scarce visible from a little Branch of the sixt pare which crawls up and down the Coat of the Liver It s use is to receive yellow excrementitious Choler pure and thin not the Excrement mingled with the Blood as the Kidneys do and to retain it some while and then to expel it Now touching the use of this Choler Learned men are of sundry minds Some with Aristotle will allow it no use only it was a thing could not be avoided and is drawn away that the Blood may not be defiled which Opinion Conringius maintains Others attribute more to Choler and make it useful to the whole Body 1. In that it 〈…〉 â—iver according to Italy-Abbas and â—…sina and by that means comforts â—…e second Digestion and helps the Natural Heat of the Liver like fire under a kettle Yea it heats the whole Body if we will credit Nemesius especially the Stomach to further its Digestion If that be true we must understand it of a moderate quantity thereof otherwise an over great Heat of Choler would burn the Stomach 2. Ofkin to these is the Opinion of Helmont that it is the balsom of the Liver and the whole Blood brought from the Liver to the Mesentery and that therefore the Gall precedes in the work of Sanguification and the Liver follows also he sayes it hath the constitution of a necessary Bowel But how should it come into the Liver since Anatomy doth teach that this humor is brought out of the Liver but not carried back thither For the way is too long through the Mesentery where by reason of its acrimony it makes hast out or the edge thereof is blunted And of what â—hall it be bred if it go before the Concoction of Blood There are few Veins and Arteries dispersed there abouts but store of Choler is collected That the Action of the Liver goes before that of the Gall Children in the Womb do shew in whom the Liver is full of blood before the Bladder swell with Gall or be so much as lightly colored therewith 3. Their Opinion is not much unlike who conceive that Choler preserves the neighbouring Parts and the Liver it self from corruption which Zerbus would therefore prove because when the Gall-bladder is removed from the Liver the substance thereof where the Gall-bladder lay does presently dissolve and melt 4. A greater number of Authors will have it to serve to expel the Excrements of the Belly by strengthening the Guts with its Heat or provoking them to Expulsion by its Acrimony For although the Choler-passage be implanted into the beginning of the Gut Jejunum or into the Duodenum yet it hath an easie passage to the Colon and Ileum That it passes through the Jejunum is manifest from its yellow color and the quick passage of the Chyle there through Howbeit it ought to be moderate in quantity otherwise the Belly is dried and made costive or too much loosned 5. I add that it makes the Dung liquid and apt to pass to which intent Painters use it to temper their colors The other Receptacle of Choler is the Canalis or Porus biliarius the Choler-passage which is found even in those Animals which have no
hand Vein arises from the Trunk of Vena cava a little below the Rise of the Emulgent The left springs from the Emulgent for otherwise it should go over the Aorta and there would be danger of breaking or â—ather least by the Pulse of the Artery the motion of the blood in the Vein should be in some sort stopped and hindered Therefore it hath its Rise seldom from the Cava and somtimes from both places Both the Seminal Arteries do arise from the Arteria magna or great Artery Almost two fingers breadths distance from the Emulgents These Vessels are in Men greater then in Women and the Arteries are larger then the Veins because very much Heat and Vital Spirit and Arterial blood are requisite for to make the Seed Somtimes one Artery is wanting and somtimes both peradventure in such as cannot ingender These Vessels are somwhat distant one from the other they are obliquely carried above the Ureters to the Groyns but in their progress these Veins and Arteries are joyned by infinite Anastomoses so that the Arteries are so coupled within the Coat of the Veins as if they were but one Vessel and they are knit together by a Membrane arising from the Peritonaeum and are afterwards carried to the beginning of the Stone like the tendrils of a Vine being so interwoven that a curious eye cannot distinguish a Vein from an Artery The XXII TABLE This TABLE comprehends the Kidneys Bladder Yard and Seminary Vessels as they are wont to be shewed taken out of the Body The FIGURE explained AA The Auxiliary Kidneys or Deputy-kidneys BB. The true Kidneys CC. The Emulgent Veins DD. The Emulgent Arteries EE The Spermatick Veins FF The Spermatick Arteries GG The trunk of Vena cava divided into the Iliack Branches HH The trunk of the great Artery divided in like manner IIII. The Ureters KK The Vessels which prepare the Seed LL. The same Vessels where they make the Vasa pampiniformia MM. The Stones covered with all their Coats NN. The Vessels which carry away the Seed going behind the Bladder O. The Piss-bladder P. The Neck of the said Bladder QQ The Kernels called Prostatae RR. The Muscles which raise the Yard SS Two other Muscles which widen the Piss-pipe T. The Body of the Yard V. The Fore-skin covering the Nut of the Yard page 54 These Praeparatory Vessels of Generation when they come unto the Stone are not changed into the carrying Vessels as if one continued body with them as many imagine But they pierce through the proper Coat of the Stone and are spred through the substance thereof and so obliterated The use of the Spermatick Arteries is to carry Blood and Spirit to the Stones and in those various interweavings to prepare the same by a vertue which they fetch from the stones by reason of its long stay and accurate Concoction and sifting in those crooked Mazes that it may becom Seed and may nourish the Stones for which nourishments sake in those that are not yet of ripe age these Arteries carry blood before they can labor and make Seed Now the use of the Spermatick Veins closely interwoven with the Arteries about the Stones and joyned to them by mutual Anastomoses is to carry back that blood which remains superfluous after the Stones are nourished and the Seed made unto the left Emulgent or to the Vena â—…ediately on the right side where the Sâ—…in is commonly propagated from tâ—… there anâ— need to fear least this return of the blood through the Veins should withdraw matter from the Seed or that the generating Spirit should return upwards from the stones For by reason of the intricate mixture and intertexture of the Vessels no part goes back save what the stones dismiss as not necessary for themselves nor the whole Body And therefore we do for the most part find the Arteries which bring the blood greater and the Veins which carry it back lesser because the Stones do not return so much as they receive And that the Spirit is retained the silent course of the blood through the Veins is a token Which blood verily is retained in the stones from flowing back by the same power whereby it is retained in other Parts of the Body CHAP. XXII Concerning the Stones THe Stones or Testicles so called as witnessing the courage and strength of a man without which a man was no sufficient witness in the Roman Court are also called Didâ—â—â—i or Gemelli Twins because commonly They are in Number two Seldom one great one and no more as in Sylla and Cotta Witness Aâ—rianus seldomer three as in Agathocles the Tyrant of Sicilie and some Families of Italy of the Colci especially at Bergoma and others at Paris according to the Observation of Fernelius which is also proper to a renowned Family in Germany and four which Aristotle partly observed and Riolanus the Father so small that they proved barren because either they do not sufficiently digest the matter of Seed or they do not easily receive the same because of the straitness of their passages They are seated externally in Men without the Abdomen under the Belly at the Root of the Yard in their Cod or Covering 1. For Chastities sake if we believe Aristotle For such live-wights as have their Stones hid within their Body are very lecherous do often couple and get many young ones 2. That by reason of the longer passage the greater stay of the Seminal matter may cause the better preparation 3. Laurembergius would have them nearer that external place wherein they were to generate viz. the Womb. But that nearness doubtless helps nothing to Generation though the nearness of the Yard does Nor do we find this observed in many Animals which generate out of themselves That the Stones have lain hid in the Cavity of the Abdomen until Puberty or Ripeness of Age fit for Generation Martinus Rulandus proves in two Histories Pareus in one and Riolanus in a story not unlike In which kind of persons if the Yard should also lie hid we should ever and anon have an appearing change of Sexes The Epididymides rest athwart upon the Stones and compass them as it were being a kind of little Stones oblong round white and wreathed but at both ends somwhat sharp of which see the following Chapter Their Magnitude in men does commonly answer that of a small Hens Eg. And in men the Stones are greater then in women The Figure of the Stones is Oval Which Figure varies somtimes by reason of the neighboring Vessels more or less turgent And therefore some say the right Testicle is more full vein'd and it is thought to be more hot and have seed better digested Whence Hippocrates calls it the Boygetter because it receives more pure and hot blood and Spirits out of the great Vessel viz. the great Artery The left Stone is thought to contain colder Seed more wheyish and and weak because for the most
ordinary Course of Nature Smetius in his Miscellanies Fontanus in his Physica Cabrolius Hofmannus de Generatione and others do testifie Now the place wherein the Seed is bred is not any large Cavity in the Stone but certain very small Vessels therein formed covered with a very delicate thin Coat as Vesalius rightly teaches Now these following Authors after Aristotle have taken away the faculty of Seed-making from the Stones viz. Fallopius Cabrolius Posthius Casparus Hofmannus Caesar Cremoninus Adrianus Spigelius Regius and others because the Matter of Seed does not go into the Stones nor is there ever any Seed found in them But they wil have them principally to be Receptacles for the wheyish Humor which flows in with the Blood which they collect from their glandulous substance and the largeness of the left Stone But they are confuted by Eunuchs and gelt persons whose Stones being cut out or bruised they become unable to engender Also Seed hath been frequently observed in the Stones Witness Dodonaeus in his 39. Observation touching a Spanish Soldier Hofman de Generatione Chap. 18. Carpus and Riolanus It is indeed not to be found in some Bodies because it was not bred by reason of some sickness or Imprisonment or upon Death the Spirits being dissipated a watry Liquor appears instead thereof Nor can the Seed come to the Vasa deferentia otherwise then by the Testicles which begin at the Stones as the praeparatory Vessels end in them by the Observation of very many Anatomists and why the left Stone is greater then the right another reason is alleadged by learned men Also the Stones seems to give strength and courage to Mens bodies as may be seen in gelded persons who are changed well-near into Women in their Habit of Body Temperament Manners c. And doubtless the stones do exceedingly sympathize with the upper Parts of the Body especially with the Heart For we see that cordial and cooling Epithems in fainting Fits and bleeding at the Nose being applied to the Stones do help as if they were applied to the very Heart and Part affected The Cause hereof is hard to tell Jaccbinus Laurentius Hofmannus conceive that it comes to pass by reason of Passions of the Mind which are joyned with fleshly Lust But Eunuchs also are lustful for they are great Lovers of Women And Eunuchs are often transported with anger and other Passions of the Mind but they receive not never the more the Habit of Men. Galen seems to have been of Opinion that a Spirit was bred in the Stones and diffused thence al the Body over But glandulous Bodies of the number of which the Stones are are unfit to engender an hot Spirit nor are there any Passages about the Stones for the distribution of that new Spirit according to the Opinion of Galen Nor is therefore the Opinion of Mercatus allowable viz. that those Spirits are not indeed bred there but that the Vital Spirits are collected in the Stones in great quantity that from them they may return back into the whole Body for those which are there collected are collected to engender Seed But the Opinion of Thomas a Vega does better please me til I shall find a more probable viz. that a Seminal Air is raised up in the Generation of Seed which thus changes the whole Body The flesh truly of ungelt Creatures hath a rammish tast of the Seed which the flesh of such as are gelt hath not This Vapor or Air of the Seed is carried to the Heart either by the inner Pores of the Body or by the Veins which reconveigh to the Heart the superfluities of the generated Seed Helmont imagines the Stones do act by a ruling power at a distance as the stomach does upon the Womb the Womb upon the upper Parts and that without any right waies or marks which nevertheless an Anatomist seeks to find if it be possible Vestingus ingeniously makes the reason of the change of voice temperament strength c. in persons guelded to be the oppression of their inbred Heat by plenty of Matter which ought to turn to Seed Now their Sympathy with the Heart depends partly upon the Nerves partly for we hold the Circulation in the Stones from the foresaid Veins returning back to the Heart by which both the vertues of Cordials ascend and of cooling Medicaments even as we apply Cordials and Coolers to the Hands with like success Chap. XXIII Of the Vasa deferentia the Ejaculatoria the Parastatae Seminal Bladders and the Prostatae WEE have propounded the Spermatick praeparatory Vessels above which end into the Stones to which they carry Matter to make Seed Now there are other Vessels which begin at the Stones and end at the Root of the Yard whither they carry and there squirt out the Seed which hath been made in the Stones And these are termed Vasa deferentia or Vessels that carry away the Seed and they are two in number on each side one Now we divide these Vessels into the Beginning Middle and End The Beginning are termed Parastatae as if you would say idle attenders upon the stones ceremonious waiters also Corpora varicosa or variciformia because they are twisted and wreathed like those crooked black Veins called Varices Galen in his Interpretation of hard words used by Hippocrates calls them Epididymides because they rest upon the stones which nevertheless others distinguish by a peculiar use as that they prepare the seed and the Parastatae do add more perfection thereto Others invert the Matter and perswade themselves that the Parastatae prepare the seed and the Epididymides finish it which Opinion of theirs they have received I know not how well from the ancient Physitians And they are oblong Vessels placed upon the stones white thick and round a little depressed and solid growing narrow by little and little As for their Substance t is of a middle nature betwixt that of the stones and that of the Vasa deferentia For their substance is softer then the latter and harder then the former because they are glandulous within and fungous and externally membranous As to their Original the Opinion of Spigelius and other late Anatomists does against all former Authority thus determine viz. that they arise by continuation from the Seminary Vessels so that both the Praeparatory Vessels and the Parastatae and the Out-carrying Vessels are but one continued Body receiving divers Names according to its different Parts and their respective Offices and Situations But Walaeus conceives that it is more suitable to what appears in Dissection to say that these Vessels do not arise from the praeparatory Vessels but are rather mixed with them fastned to and opened into them and that as he supposes to the end that the blood forced in by the Praeparatory Vessels may deposite that Matter which it contains fit to breed seed into the little branches of the Vasa deferentia But the rest of the blood which is unfit for Nutrition and Generation
be seen Pores or little Holes which seem to be the ends of the deferent Vessels ending at the Neck Columbus found those Vessels implanted like the teeth of a comb full of Blood By this Orifice the womb draws the Seed into it which being conceived it is said to be shut so close that the point of a needle cannot enter And therefore Physitians do vainly squirt Liquors thereinto with a Syringe and Whores endeavor in vain to draw out the Conception But it is opened in Superfoetation in the Ejection of a bad Conception without hurt to the Child which somtimes happens in the Emission of Seed but it is especially opened after a wonderful manner at the time of Child-birth when it ought to be widened according to the greatness of the Child so that the wideness is in a manner equal from the bottom of the womb to the Privity whereout the Child passes And this saies Galen we may wonder at but we cannot understand And he admonishes us upon this occasion that it is our duty to acknowledg the Wisedom and Power of him that made us But this Orifice as well as the womb does chiefly consist of wrinkled Membranes which being smoothed out will admit of unimaginable Dilatation Chap. XXX Of the greater Neck of the Womb. IN the Bottom of the Womb we have observed three things the Bottom it self the lesser Neck and the Orifice In the greater Neck also three things are to be noted The Neck it self the Hymen and the Mouth of the Bladder Of the Hymen we shall treat in the following Chapter The Neck or Channel of the womb is by Aristotle also somtimes called Matrix and the Door of the Womb Fallopius calls it Sinus pudoris the Privity It is a long Channel being hollow even when the Child is in the womb admitting both a Probe and a mans finger as may be seen in such as are new born It is situate between the external and the internal Mouth receiving the Yard like a sheath It s Figure The Neck is somwhat writhen and crooked also it is shorter and straiter when it is loose and fals together that the internal parts may not be refrigerated But it is straight and widened 1. In carnal Copulation 2. In the monthly Flux 3. In the time of Child-birth when it is exceedingly stretched according to the Shape of the Child whence also proceeds the exceeding great pains of women in travel and then as also during their Courses women are very much cooled It s Magnitude The length thereof is eight fingers breadth commonly or seven so as to be as long as a Mans longest finger It is as wide as the Intestinum rectum or Arse-gut But the longitude and latitude of this part are so various that it is hard to describe them For in carnal Copulation it accommodates it self to the length of the Yard and this Neck becomes longer or shorter broader or narrower and swells sundry waies according to the lust of the woman And when that happens the Caruncles swell with Spirits which fill them as appears in Cows and Bitcheâ—… desire Copulation but the Channel is made narrower and less as also in the Act of Generation that it may more close embrace the Yard and therefore its Substance is of an hard and nervous flesh and somwhat spungy like the Yard that it may be widened and contracted within the upper part is wrinkled when it is not distended but being widened it is more slippery and smooth Howbeit in the Neck of the womb also when it is distended there are many orbicular wrinkles in the beginning of the channel near the Privity most of all in the fore part next the Bladder less towards the Intestinum rectum on which it rests and they serve for the greater Titillation caused by the rubbing of the Nut of the Yard against the said wrinkles And in young Maids these wrinkles are straiter and the Neck narrower through which the Menstrual blood is voided also in grown persons that are yet Virgins But the wrinkles are worn out and the sides become callous by reason of frequent rubbing 1. In old women 2. In such as have used much Copulation or have frequently bore Children 3. In those that have been troubled with a long Flux of the Courses or of the Whites And in all these the substance does also become harder so that it becomes at last gristley as it were old women and such as have born many Children But in young Maidens it is more soft and delicate The Use of the Neck is to receive the Yard being raised and to draw out the Seed Finally beyond the middle towards the end of the Neck in the fore and upper part not far from the Privity comes the Insertion of the Bladder into sight that the Urin may there be voided by the common Passage It is as long as a knucle of ones finger without fleshy or rather covered with a fleshy Sphincter Pinaeus observes that it is black within of the same substance with the Piss-pipe in Men as any man may see now Riolanus that told us so Wierus hath noted in his Observations that the outer extremity of the Neck of the Bladder does not in all women appear in the same place in many t is seen above the outer straits of the neck of the womb under the Nymph in some few it lies hid inwardly in the upper part of the Privity But the entrance into the Bladder is sound on the back-side when the Membrane called Hymen is there of which we are now to speak Chap. XXXI Of the Membrane called Hymen THe Hymen or Membrane called Eugion is by others called the closure of Virginity and the Flower of Virginity because where it is there is a sign of Virginity Now whether or no there is any sign of Virginity ought not to be doubted For all Men find that marry Virgins that there is somwhat that hinders their Yard from going in unless it be thrust forward with great force and strength Whence Terence saies the first Copulation of a Virgin is exceeding painful And at that time for the most part blood issue with great pain more or less which Blood is also called â—…er of Viro. For by reason of the widening of the strait Neck of the Womb and the tearring of the Hymen all Virgins have pain and a Flux of blood in their first Copulation Younger Virgins have more pain and less Flux of blood because of the driness of the Hymen and the smallness of their Vessels but those that are older and have had their Courses have less pain and greater flux of blood for the contrary causes But if her Courses flow or have flowed a little before the Yard is easily admitted by reason of the Relaxation of those Parts whence there is little or no pain and little or no flux of blood And therefore Maids ought not to be married at that season least the
milk is not the Womb where milk was never observed nor do the Dugs breed milk by that vertue thereof which it self wants nor of the Veins or Arteries unless it be the nearest can the vertue be communicated from the Dugs For as for what Baronius relates of St. Paul how when he was beheaded not blood but milk ran from his Neck either it was a miracle if true or a serous humor flowed out which sometimes flows from the Arm when a Vein is opened and I have seen it very like to milk or finally the Liquor of Kernels being cut did resemble milk But the true efficient cause of the milk is that same kernelly flesh of the Dugs unto which there is none like in the whole body Now it works this moderate Concoction by the propriety of its substance and by reason of its proper temperament Aulus Gellius conceives the milk becomes white by Reason of plenty of heat and spirit Book 12. Chap. 1. But I am more enclined to believe that milk is white because it is assimilated to the Dugs that are of the same color Somtimes therefore though it happen seldom milk may be bred in Virgins and in Women not with Child according to the Observation of Bodinus in his Theatre of Nature of Joachinus Camerarius in Schenkius of Petrus Castellâ—s touching one Angela of Messina of A. Benedictus and Christopher a Vega concerning a Girle of Bridges and of others In Scania in our Country a maid was lately accused to have plaid the Whore because she had milk in her Dugs which nevertheless she proved to be a propriety of her Family by producing her young brother who likewise had milk in his Breasts Infants new born shed a wheyish milky liquor out of their Nipples These examples are confirmed by the Authority oâ— Hypocrates in the 39. Aphorism of his fifth Section where Women have milk though neither with Child nor lately delivered And this happens when the Dugs are filled with abundance of spirituous blood and suppression of Courses be joyned thereto for then the Glandulous substance digests more then is necessary to nourish the Woman Yea in men that are fleshy large-dug'd and cold of constitution a milky humor and as it were milk is frequently seen especially if their Nipples be frequently suck'r and their Dugs rubbed as the examples of many do testfie Aristotle writes of a certain Hee-goat in the I stand Leâ—…s who yeilded so much milk that Câ—rds were made thereof Matthiolus tels us that in sundry places of Bohemia three Goat-Bucks were found that gave milk by which persons that had the Falling-sickness were Cured Others have seen Men out of whose Dugs store of milk came Aben-sina saw so much milk milked from a Man that a Cheese was made thereof C. Schenkius relates that Laurentius Wolfius had store of milk in his Breasts from his youth till he was fifty years old Jo. Rhodius had such an Host in England and Santorellus knew a Calabrian who his Wife being dead and he unable to give wages to a Nurse did nourish his own Child with his own milk Walaeus saw a Flemming of like Nature who being even forty years of Age could milk abundance of milk out of huge Dugs which he had A. Benedictus relates the story of a Father that gave his Son suck And Nicolaus Gemma Vesalius M. Donatus Aqua-pendens H. Eugubius Baricellus do witness the same thing and I have allready told you as much of a Boy of Scania in our Countrey of Denmarke and Cardan saw a man thirty four years old out of whose Dugs so much milk did run as would have suffised to suckle a Child They relate how that in the new world all men well-near abound with milk Now that this was true milk which we have related did run from men is hence apparent because it was as fit to nourish children as that of Women III. The use of the Dugs in Women is to adorne them and render them the more delectable to Men. IV. They serve to receive Excrementious moisture Whereupon their Dugs being cut off Women incur sundry Diseases because the blood which ascends finding no Vessels to receive it runs hastily into the principal parts the Heart Lungs c Which danger I conceive the Amazones did study to avoid by their so vehement exercising themselves in warfare Some cut the Dug off when it is cancered but the operation is dangerous by reason of the bleeding which follows CHAP. II. Of the Intercostal or Rib-between Muscles SUndry Muscles which we meet within the Chest shall be first of all explained in the fourth Book by reason of the Method of Section But the Intercostal or Rib-between Muscles so called because they are interwoven between the Ribs must be explained in this place Now they are totally fleshy forty four in number on each side two and twenty eleven external and as many internal For evermore between two Ribs two Muscles rest one upon another and there are eleven Intervals or Spaces between the Ribs Others have done ill to make their Number sixty eight For in the Intervals of the true Ribs they have made divers Muscles lying hid between the boney parts of those Ribs differing from those which are found between the Gristley parts The External ones arise from the lower parts of the upper Ribs and descending obliquely towards the back-parts they are inserted into the upper parts of the lower Ribs The Internal contrary wiâ—e The External end at the Cartilages The Internal fil the spaces both of the Ribs and Gristles They have oblique Fibres and mutually cross one the other like this Leâ—â—â— X because the Muscles are otherwise short because of the smalness of the Intervals Hence in the opening such as have a suppuration in their Chest Section is to be made straight according to the Course of the Fibres nor overthwart They have received sundry Vessels Veins from the Azygos and upper Intercostal Arteries from both the Intercostals Nerves from the sixt pare joyned to them which proceed from the Marrow of the Back Their use is to Dilate and Contract the Chest the external imitate the drawing of the Subclavius By raising the Ribs and straitning the Chest and help towards Exspiration The internal draw away the Ribs and by enlarging the Chest help the Drawing in of the breath Galen contrarywise makes the external serve for drawing in and the internal for blowing out of the Air whose opinion is favored by Vestingius Others with Vesalius will have the external Muscles to thrust the lower Ribs upwards and the internal ones to draw the upper Muscles downwards that they might so mutually assist one another in straitning of the Chest But we should rather think that when the Internal ones are quiet the External do act by themselves Fallopius Arantius Riolanus do account them only to be fleshy Ligaments of the Ribs whereby they are knit one to another because the Ribs cannot be moved of
hang the Heart and Heart-bag dangling in so free a posture as to strike against no part of the Chest III. To sustaine the Vessels running through the same as also the Midriff in Mankind least it should by the weight of the Bowels be drawn too much downwards The II. TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE represents the Brest-bone cut off and lifted up also the Mediastinum and the Lungs with the Midriff FIG I. AAA The inner surface of the Brest-bone and the Gristles interwoven therein BB. The Dug-Veins and Arteries descending beneath the Brest-bone C. The Glandulous Body called Thymus DDDD The sides of the Mediastinum pluckâ— asunder EE The distance between the two Membranes of the Mediastinum which is caused by its forcible separation from the Brest-bone F. The Protuberancy of the Mediastinum where the Heart is seated GG The Lungs HH The Midriff I. Cartilago Ensiformis the Sword-like Gristle FIG II. A. The left Nerve of the Midriff B. The right Nerve thereof C. The upper Membrane of the Midriff a little separated D. The naked substance of the Midriff E. The Hole for the Gullet to descend through F. The hole or the Vena Cava GGG The Membranous part or Centre of the Midriff HHH The Portions or Appendices thereof between which the great Artery descends FIG III. Represents that same Glandulous Body seated by the Larynx AAA The Glandules or Kernels which naturally breed upon the Larynx B. A portion of the jugular Vein out of which two smal twigs proceeding do spread themselves through the substance of the Glandules or Kernels page 94 Blood-conveighing Vessels do pass through this Thymus or Sweet-bread howbeit in the substance thereof being dissected we cannot manifestly disscerne any The use therefore of the Thymus is 1. To underprop those great Vessels which ascend that way as the Vena Cava Arteria magna and their branches passing along to the Arms and Shoulder-blades 2. Also for safeguard as is usual and that the Vessels may not be hurt by touching upon the bones 3. That it may be as it were a cover and fence for the Heart for I have seen it as a Bulwork to the Heart which the Heart of a Child in the Womb stands in need of because as yet it stirs not And therefore it hath a large Thymus as a Sturgeon also hath and other Creatures which live in the Water by reason of the external cold Chap. V. Of the Heart-bag and the Humor contained therein THe Pericardium which some term the Coat Case Box Chamber Cover of the Heart or Heart-bag c. is a Membrane compassing the whole Heart whose Figure it therefore Emulates as also its Magnitude But it is so far distant from the Heart as is necessary for the Hearts motion and the reception of the Liquor contained in this Bag. Columbus assures us that a Scholar of his had no Pericardium It arises at the Basis from the Coates which compass the Vessels of the Heart which proceed from the Pleura for this Coat is not between the Basis of the Heart and the Pericardium where for their sakes It hath five Holes viz. for the ingate and outgate of the Vena Cava and for the letting out of the other three Vessels It s Situation is more to the left side then the right and more to the fore then the hinder part of the Body It is knit circularly to the Mediastinum with very many Fibres and to the neighbouring parts but especially the Nervous circle of the Midriff it cleaves exceeding close which is a thing peculiar to Mankind For herein a Man differs from Dogs and Apes and in all other Creatures likewise the difference holes It s External Surface is Fibrous the Internal slippery and both void of fat It s Substance is thick and hard and so much harder then the Lungs as it is softer then a bone Its Vessels It hath smal Veins below from the Phrenick Vessels above from the Axillary It hath no Arteries that can well be seen peradventure because it is so near the Heart Yet doubtless it hath some although hard to be discerned It hath very smal Nerves from the left Recurrent and the little twigs of the Septum It s Use is I. To be a firme tabernacle for the Heart that in its motion it might not strike against the hard parts of the Body II. To contain a wheyish or Watry Humor like Urin to see to though neither sharpe nor Salt transparently clear in some like water wherein flesh hath been washt Guil. Toletus in Burgensis calls it a flegmatick Humor of an unpleasing tast And because of this Liquor Galen resembles the Heart to a Bladder This Humor is found in all Animals naturally constituted both living and dead yea and in the Child in the Womb as appears by the dissection of bodies both living and dead But in some more in others less in persons that are in a Consumption it is very little and inclining to yellowness In persons Pleuritick it is now and then of a quittorish nature according to the Observation of Salmuth In dead bodies t is more plentyful Because then very many Spirits are in the cooled parts of the body condensed into water In Women Children and aged persons t is more plentyful by reason of the debility of their heat If it happen to be in two great a quantity Palpitation of Heart and a suffocating death follows therefrom if it be quite consumed a Consumption of the body happens But that it may be bread a fresh when it is spent we see clearly in those whose Heart-bag being wounded the said Liquor hath run out for in Johannes Saviolus his Heart-bag being wounded with a Dagger water issued at every Pulse of his Heart out of the wound yet was he happily cured by the Renowned Veslingus Whence this water should have its original the opinions of learned men are different I. The first Opinion is of those who will have it to be sent out of the Vessels of the Heart seeing Blood-letting cures the Panting of the Heart proceeding from the Super abundance of this Liquor And they conceive that this waterish Liquor is forced out by the fervent heat of the Heart as in a stick of wood when it burns the sap runs out Of kin to this is the Opinion of Nicolas Massa which will have it to proceed from the strainings of the blood which come from the Liver to the Ear of the Heart And Hofman is much of his mind who maintaines that it is part of that wheyish moisture which ascends to the Heart with the blood but because the motion thereof is perpetual there would no smal danger arise from so large an Afflux of Humors I let pass how that the stronger persons whose blood is moved most swiftly have less quantity of this Water then those that are weaker II. Others and among them Hippocrates seems to make one
that it will bear wounds for a season Paraeus tells of one wounded in the Heart who ran two hundred paces Jacotius tells of an Hart that carried an old arrow fixed in its Heart which is confirmed by Thomas à Vega and Alexandrius Galen saw an Hare wounded in the Heart run a darts cast after the wound received Of a Student at Ingolstade Sennertus and Iohnstonus tells us who had both the ventricles of his Heart peirced through with a weapon and Nicholas Mullerus of a Souldier who lived fifteen daies after he had received a wound in his Heart of which he hung up a Table at Groeningen He recounts many like examples seen by himself and Tulpius tells us of one that lived two daies being wounded in the right ventricle Glandorpius tells us after Sanctorius that the Heart of a Rabbit was pierced with a sharp Instrument and yet it lived many months after Wee must therefore note 1. That the Heart can endure Diseases but because it lies far from the way of medicines it cannot hold out so well as other parts 2. That as Galen tells us if the wounds do pierce into the belly thereof the party or Creature wounded dies of necessity but if they be in the Substance thereof it may live a day and a night but then Inflammation arising death follows 3 That the right Ventricle does more easily bear an hurt because upon the left depends the life of the whol Body 4. Both Ventricles may endure a small time after they are hurt if the Vessels that continue the motion of the blood be undamnified The Heart is one in Number Theophrastus writes that in Paphlagonia Partridges have two Hearts an example whereof Galen relates in a man in his anatomical administrations It is situate in the middle of the body not considering the leggs as it is in brutes in which the Heart is in the middle for moveableness and Securities sake and in the middle of the Chest likewise where it is on all sides compassed with the Lungs Now the Heart in respect of its basis is exactly in the middle that nourshing blood and spirit might more commodiously be distributed into the whole body Howbeit the Motion thereof is more discernable in the left side 1 Because in its left Ventricle the vital spirit is contained and from thence arises the Arteria magna hence the common people imagin that a Mans Heart resides in his left Side but Practitioners applie Cordials to the left side 2 Because the point of the Heart enclines towards the left side under the left nipple that it may give way to the Diaphragma now to the right hand it could not decline by reason of the Vena cava which ascends there through the middest of the Chest Sometimes the upper part of the Heart enclines to the left side and such persons are left handed if we beleive Massa those whose Heart is exactly in the middle use both hands alike As to its Magnitude In a man proportionably the Heart is greater then in other Creatures as also the brain and Liver According to the common Course of Nature it equalls six fingers breadths in length and four in breadth Otherwise the greatness of the Heart differs according to the Difference of the Age and Temperament For persons cold of Constitution and fearfull have great Hearts but such as are more hot and confident have little Hearts Of which see Donatus Hence Aristotle saies of fearfull Creatures as the Hare Deer Mouse Hyena Ass Weazel c. that they have a great Heart considering the proportion of their bodies The Philosiphers of AEgypt in ancient times as appears by Herodotus in his Euterpe have dreamed these things of the greatnes of the Heart That the Heart of such Persons as are not wasted by any violent disease does every yeer grow two drams heavier till they become fifty yeers old so that a man of fifty yeers Age his Heart weighs an hundred drams but from the fiftyeth year to the hundredth by a retrograde or back motion it looses every yeer two drams till it vanish away and the party die It s Figure is conick because it ends in a point It s upper part by reason of the full vessels therein is broad and round although not exactly and is called the Root and Head and Basis of the Heart the lower part being sharper is called conus mucro vertex cuspis and apex Cordis the cone point top of the Heart Hippocrates calls it the end and taile On the foreside the Heart is more bossie on the hinder side more flat In the contractions the whole Heart is longer as some hold but broader and more drawn together according to others in its Dilatations or Widenings it is greatest and of a globous figure of which I shall speak more exactly hereafter It s Connexion is to the Mediastinum and the Midriff by the Pericardium but to other parts by its Vessels they are joyned to the Basis the point being free and hanging dangling like a bell in the Steeple that it may the more easily be drawn back to its Basis or moved to the Sides It s Substance is first membranous like a Bladder in the Child in the Womb afterward from the mothers blood there grows flesh or a solid thick and compacted parenchyma 1. That it might endure the perpetuity of the Motion for a fence and that it might more forcibly drive the blood to places far distant in the whole Body 2 Least the subtile and lightfull Spirits contained even in the moveable blood should exhale together with the inbred heat In the right side the wall is less thick because it sends blood only to the Lungs which have their venal blood not so subtile The strength of the left side is greater by reason of stronger motion to drive on the blood to supply the necessity of the whole body In the point the flesh is thicker and harder not so much because it ought not to be moved as Riolanus conceives as because it is free contracting the whole Heart in a brief manner and destiture of Vessels and Ears In its Basis it is not so much softer as thinner whose Vessels and Ears do recompence what it wants of firmness Now this flesh hath all kinds of Fibres so mingled one with another and so compact that they cannot be easily discerned partly for strength partly for motion For all these Fibres being stretched in the Systole of the Heart they draw together the Ventricles and the inner sides to help the Protrysion or thrusting forward of the blood This substance is cloathed with a Coat hardly separable for the greater firmness to which it grows in respect of the matter not of the efficient Cause There is Fat about the Pasis of the Heart but hardly about the Cone or sharpe End thereof because it is moistned by the liquor of the Heart-bag 1. To anoint the Veins about the Heart 2. And to moisten the
it beats in the Child in the Womb before the Child hath received the Animal faculty And Galen did rightly deny that the heart was a Muscle 1. Because it hath all kind of Fibres 2. Because a Muscle is the Instrument of voluntary motion But if any one shall say the heart is a Muscle subservient to natural motion I shall oppose such an improper manner of speaking And so that of Hippocrates may be true that the heart is a muscle For he defines a Muscle to be flesh made up into an Orbicular shape Others conceive that being long boyled it resembles a Muscle and that then it is not one but divers Muscles by reason of divers motions contracted into themselves Others grant it to be a Muscle of a nature by it self as the Midrifl which is perpetually moved Walaeus most rightly of all others calls it not a Muscle but saies it is contracted in its motion like a Muscle by Fibres interwoven in the flesh and especially in the Ventricles like the temporal Muscle in such as chew their meat The Temperament of the heart in respect of active Qualities is hot yea the hottest of al the parts of the Body How beit with a gentle and light-ful heat not scorching and burning if it be rightly disposed And therefore t is no wonder that in live dissections somtimes we feel so little heat in the heart with our Finger especially when our Skin is thick we hold it but a little while and the external Air is not rightly prepared before hand It communicates the same heat to other parts and renders ths Arterial blood fit to nourish which heat being asswaged in the Veins by reason of the long jorney it must of necessity run back again to the heart that it may be refurnished and restored with the same heat But vain is the opinion of Averroes that the heart is cold because of the cold parts which it contains viz. its Vessels and Valves Unless haply he ment the heart void of Spirit as many will have it Those whose heart is hotter then ordinary have their Breast rough with hair and the parts near their Hypochondria and those men are angryly inclind and daring Seldom is the heat of the heart so great as that it self should thereby become rough with hair such as Pliny and Valerius Maximus tell us was found in Aristomenes a Micenian and in Hermogenesâ— a â—…cian Coelius Rodiginus relates and Benevenius Zâ—… Lusitanus and Murelus avouch that they saw such â—â—â—â—ry heart in certain Famous Theives Now such 〈…〉 are audacious in the highest degree extream 〈…〉 crasty and for the most part wicked Riolaâ—â—â— â—â—us that the matter of these haires is the thiâ—â—â—or things of that wheyish humor which is in the Heart-bag But I am more apt to beleive that it is the plenty of Fuliginous Excrements springing from an hot heart As to the passive Quallities the Heart is moist viz. more moist then the Skin but drier then the Muscles because harder for the parts of the bodie look how much softer they are then the Skin by so much are they moister then it It is a most rare Case for a mans Heart to be so solid dense and compact as that it will not burn such as was the Heart of Germanicus the son of Drusus or cartilaginous such as Riolanus observed in a wicked fellow The primary Use of the Heart 1. According to Harvey Baccius and other of his followers is no other then to be the Instrument of the Soul to force and urge the venal blood received from the Ears into the Arteries by whose assistance it dispenses Nutriment to the whole body and is rather joyned as an Assistant to the Ears that being of greater force it may supply the defect of the Ears But this is a secondary use of the Heart For 1. Nutriment was to be prepar'd filled with vital heat which it has not else where save from the heart 2. Nature might have provided for this passage of the blood by some other member not so laboriously framed 3. The necessity of the Heart would not be so great as it is 4. It is a signe that some farther thing is performed iâ— the Heart in that venal blood does not nourish before it enters the Heart Now the primary action of the Heart is to be II. The Fountain of Heat whence it is spred into the whole body whereby the parts are animated and sustained Swowneing teaches so much and other defects of the Heart in which the heat of the Heart being intercepted the Members of the Body begin to flag and being destitute of heat become stupid And therefore cordials do good in such cases which stir up the languishing and nummed heat of the Heart Also the Dissection of living Creatures does shew that the Heart is hot yea that the heart of a Creature being taken out and newly dead a warm finger or some other warm thing being laid upon it is seen to come to its self again and to stir which the Lord Bacon Constantine Harvey and others have observed in a Dove an Eele a Salmon and a Man It is therefore the Fountain of Heat both in respect of its Substance and of the Blood contained in it I joyn both together For the Heat springs not from the blood alone as Harvey would have it for the Heart in an Egg and a Child in the Womb before it is perfect and hollowed with ventricles is hot and moves and the same heat remains in Hearts taken out of the Body and cut up The blood which flows thither from the Coronary Vessels flowes thither for Nutritions sake and to preserve the Heat Nor are the rest of the sanguine parts therefore judged to be hotter then other parts because they more abound with any heat but because they have Arteries full of arterial blood and depend upon the influence of the heart wherewith the blood is heated So that unless all the blood did pass through the heart the parts would never grow hot and the further the blood goes from the heart by so much the sloer in its motion and the colder it growes That the coldness of the heart makes the parts of the Bodie cold though full of blood the slowness of the Pulse is a sign Nor do the Blood and Heart grow hot only from the motion of the Heart as the followers of Des Cartes wil have it for 1. they grant that the fiery atomes or indivisible particles of fire are excited and put into action by motion though they are only brought into play but not produced by the said motion 2. Many things are moved without waxeing hot as water unless they have an inbred principle of heat 3. Before motion there was heat proceeding from the seminary original which is afterwards preserved by continual motion III. Not so much to make as to perfect the Blood It makes Arterial Blood and perfects the venal or that which is contained in the
right bunching full of hollownesses and holes which some suppose to be the third ventricle of Aristotle which hollownesses or Caves are more large towards the right side but their utmost ends towards the left side are hardly discernable Helmont describes them to be triangular whose Cone ending in the left ventricle is easily stopped but the Basis of the said triangle in the right ventricle is never stopped save in Death But I have seen them Circular so that they could easily admit a Pease but obtuse towards the left Hand That they are open is the opinion of the Ancients and of many Anatomists which follow them Gassendus saw Payanus at Ajax shew the Septum of the Heart to have through-fares by reason of sundry windings and crooked Conâ—-holes as it were and that by lightly putting in his Probe without any violence which he wreathed gently and turned it upwards and downwards and to the sides And although by a Probe breaking the tender flesh of the Septum we may easily make a way yet we may not doubt of the Eyewitness of Gassendus nor of the Dexterity of Payanus seeing I also of late found the partion of a Sows Heart in many places obliquely perforated with manifest great Pores which were open of themselves without the use of a Probe so as to admit a large Pease but when I put in my Probe it brought me to the left ventricle where a thin Membrane as it were an Anastomosis was placed hindering any regress Riolanus also hath seen it bored through towards the point where it is most thin Walaeus in the Partition of an Oxes Heart did somtimes find a Cavity in the upper part according to the length of the Heart open into the left ventricle about the point of the Heart the length and breadth of a Mans Fore-finger which he conceives to be the third Ventricle mention'd by Aristotle Yet are they not alwaies open in dead bodies because in living bodies they are kept open by the continual agitation of the Heart which ceasing they are not so visible to the Eye-sight even as we see no manifest passages when the sweat breaks out plentifully through the Skin nor when the seed breakes out of the Kernels and Spermatick vessels into the Urinary passage nor the Pores by which the Empyema or out of the blood out of the vena Arteriosa peirces into the Arteria venosa through the substance of the Lungs or the blood in the Liver out of the branches of Porta into the Cava Caelsus is in the right where he saies that nothing is more foolish then to think that look what and how it is in a living Man so it must needs be in one that is dying Yea that is dead Whence many as Columbus Spigelius Hofman Harvey c. have denyed that any thing passes through this Septum or Partition But it is no wonder that they make a doubt of it For I. They are so crooked and winding that a Probe cannot easily pass through them Howbeit these Pores become more conspicuous in the Heart of an Ox long boyled as Bauhinus Riolanus my self with others can witness And you are to observe in opposition to Hofman and Plempius that deny it that in the boyling a moderation must be used and that the Fibres in living Bodies do never stick so close together but that they leave Pores as the Nerves do shew finally that the quickest-sighted Anatomists can see no Membrane in the boyled Hearts of Oxen. II. In dead Bodies all passages fall in and shrink together III. That an extream straitness was requisite in the End because the thinnest part of the Blood is strained as it were in that part And in the mean time because these holes are not in vain therfore The Use of the Septum or Partition of the Heart is that the thinner blood may pass there-through into the lef ventricle for the Generation of vital blood and spirit which is afterwards distributed through the Arteries into the whole Body for to preserve and stir up the life and natural heat But the thicker and greater part of the blood by a natural and ordinary way and not a violent only is communicated to the Arteria venosa through the vena Arteriosa by mediation of the Lungs that in the left ventricle it may be mingled with that which sweats through the Septum The thicker part is ordained to nourish the Lungs and that it may return back to the left ventricle t is tempered with Air. The thinner part passing through the Septum nourishes the same in its passage because the external Coronary vessels do only creep through and in that long and dangerous journey through the Lungs it would vanish away and come to nothing By this way only such as dive deep into the Sea and those that are hanged for a smal while do live a while and come to themselves after the motion of their Lungs is ceased The Motion of the Septum or Partition doth help forward this passage which that it is moved according to the motion of the Ventricles I have these signs and tokens Because 1. It is furnished with Circular Fibres as well as the Walls in a boyled Heart such in a manner as are in the Sphincter Muscle as Harvey testifies which seeing them move the Ventricles they must as well move the Septum 2. A certain Palpitation is felt if you put in your Finger into a living Heart according to the observation of Walaeus 3. In Creatures ready to die when the motion of the left ventricle ceases the Septum follows the motion of the right Ventricle as the same Harvey observes and if the right Ventricle be wounded Riolanus tells us that the motion remains in the Septum in his Observations Yet the same Riolanus in another place being wiser denies that it is moveable unless towards the Basis where it is soft gives way a little and that so it ought to be that the passage may be maintained because when the Ventricles are dilated above the through-far'd Septum and straitned again like Bellows the little holes would be shut up But there is no fear For in the Systole when the point is drawn back to the Basis the Pores are opened in the Septum moved upwards that the blood may at once pass both the Septum and the Lungs Contrarywise in the Diastole because the Heart is distended long waies the pores are drawn back with the Septum and are shut up until the Heart be filled As to the Heart-vessels there are found four remarkeable ones going out of the Heart which Hippocrates calls the Fountanes of Humane Nature Into the right Ventricle are inserted two Veins the Vena Cava and Vena Arteriosa into the left as many Arteries Arteria Venosa and Arteria Magna Before all which are placed within eleven Valves or little dores made of the Tunicles of their Vessels widened and stretched out The Veins which bring in to the Heart viz. the
their voice shril in grown persons t is wider and therefore their voice is bigger To which also the length or shortness of the Larynx doth contribute and if plenty of Air or Spirit be drawn and expelled the Voice becomes big if little it becomes smal And therefore according to Galen there are two causes of a great Voice the Largeness of the Aspera arteria and the strong blowing out of the air and Hippocrates saies both these are caused by great hear And therefore in his Book of the Seed he teaches us that the stones do contribute to the formation of the Voice Hence Males when they grow of ripe years change their voice A Guelded Horse looses his neighing A Capon leaves his crowing or crows after a weaker fashion different from his former crowing The Parts of the Larynx or about the Larynx are Gristles Muscles Membranes Vessels and Kernels Its Muscles do first of all offer themselves which move the Gristles which the Larynx is possest of that it may be moved with a voluntary motion seeing we utter our Speech as we please our selves Now the Muscles of a Mans Larynx are but thirteen four common and nine proper though some make twenty other eighteen others fourteen The IX TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE Represents the Larynx with its Muscles and Gristles FIG I. A. The Gristle cal'd Shyroides or Scutiformis Sheild-fashioned BBBB A Pair of common Muscles called Sternothyroides CC. Another pair of common Muscles called Hyothyroides FIG II. A. The Epiglottis lying yet hid under the Scutiformis B. The Scutiformis or Sheild-fashion'd Gristle CC. Its Process DD. Two Muscles proper to the Larynx of which that on the left Hand is removed from its place that the Ring-fashion â— Gristle E. may be seen F. The Extuberancy of the Ring-fashon'd Gristle or Cartilago Annularis G. A portion of the Aspera Arteria FIG III. AAA The Bone Hyoides with three Extuberancies B. The Epiglottis CC. The Sheild-fashion'd Gristle hollow on the Back-side DD. The two Muscles cal'd Cucullares or the hinder pair of the Cricoarythenoides so called E. The hinder and Membranous part of the Aspera Arteria FF The Muscles cal'd Arytenoides by some the ninth pair FIG IV. A. The Concave part of Cartilago Scutiformis dilated B. The third pair of proper Muscles cal'd Cricoarythenoides laterale C. The first pair of proper Muscles D. The fourth pair cal'd Thyroarythenoides internum EE Insertion of the recurrent Nerve FF The hinder and Membranous part of the Aspera Arteria FIG V. AA The Cartilago Thyroides or Scutiformis BB. The inferior processes thereof C. It s Concave Part. FIG VI. A. The inside of the Cartilago Annularis B. It s lower and fore-side C. It s hinder and upper-side FIG VII A. B. The Cartilago Arythenoides according to its hinder side joyned as yet to the Annularis C. The broader and Back-part of the Annularis FIG VIII IX Shews the Gristles which constitute the Arythenoides Separate from the Annularis page 122. The Common are those which are implanted into the Larynx and yet do not arise therefrom The Proper have both their original and termination in the Larynx The first pair of the common called by the Ancient Sternothyroides being lower more arises within from the Breast-bone its original being broad and fleshy and going a long by the Wezand it is inserted beneath into the sides of the Sheild-fashion'd Gristle It s Use is to straiten the Chink of the Larynx by drawing down the Scutiformis The second Pair called Hyothyroides being the uppermore arises from the lower side of the Os hyoides being broad and fleshy and touches the Scutiformis being implanted into the Basis of the said Scutiformis It s Use is to widen the Chink by lifting up the Scutiformis Spigelius and Vestingius assign contrary offices to these for they will have the first pair to widen and the second to straiten the Chink of the Larynx Others do here add a third pair which Columbus nevertheless and Casserius do account but one Muscle But this is rather Musculus Deglutitorius or a Swallowing muscle because arising from the Scutiformis tis wrapped about the Gullet It is judged by contracting the sides of the Scutiformis to straiten the Chink but it is no Servant to the Larynx unless by accident The first proper Pair arises on the foreside from the lowest part of the Scutiformis as the Insertion of the Nerves doth shew and ends at the Annularis And therefore this pair may be termed Thyrocricoides but not as most Anatomists will have it Cricothyroides Some will have it to arise from the fore-side of the Cricoides and to end into the lowest side of the Scutiformis If it be broad and spred out side-waies it may be divided into two pair the foremore and the side pair and so Riolanus divides it But it is for the most part single and smal enough It s Use is to draw the Cartilago Annularis to the Scutiformis lightly because it is almost immoveable so that they may be joyned together and kept in that posture Others who differ about its original will have it to widen the Chink or the Scutiformis The second Pair rises from the back side of the Annularis with a fleshy orignal and is implanted into the lower part of the Glottalis or Arytaenoides with a Nervous end opening the Larynx by drawing asunder the two Gristles called Arytaenoides And therefore they are called Par Cricoarythenoides posticum Casserius cals them Par Cucullare The third pair Cricoarythenoides laterale arises above from the sides of the Annularis and is inserted at the sides of the Glottalis into the joynt there where it is not touched by the former and opens the Larynx with the same oblique carriage of the Gristles The fourth pair called Thyroarytenoides being inward and very broad proceeds from the Scutiformis viz. from its inner and fore part and from the Cricoides likewise as Riolanus suspects and ends into the sides of the Glottalis or the Arytaenoides which while it contracts and draws to the Thyroides it shuts the Larynx by a straight passage When this pair is inflamed in a Sqâ—…ie it makes the Disease deadly because it exactly shurs the Chink The ninth Muscle which others term Quintum par Arytenoides arises from the hinder line of the Guttalis and being carried along with transverse Fibres it is inserted into the sides thereof shutting the Larynx while it straitens the Cartilago Arytaenoides For it is to be noted that all the proper Muscles of the Larynx are ordained either to contract or widen the Chink which that it may be the more conveniently accomplished some of them widen and straiten the Thyroides others the Arytaenoides which Gristles do compass the Chink which being drawn in or widenest the Chink is withal made narrower or wider Whence it appears that I have not unskillfully propounded the Muscles of the Larynx as Riolanus upbraides me The
interjuncture of the little Toe and sometime from one of the toes next the little toe and by and by becoming fleshy and so continuing it is carried athwart over the first joints of the fingers and with a short and broad tendon it is implanted into the first joynt of the Great-toe a little inwards The Use hereof is to secure our walking when we pass through rough wayes full of round flints or over any other small slippery or rowling passage For by help of this muscle the foot does accommodate it self to the figure of the Bodies we tread on and layes hold thereon as it were that it might make its passage more stead-fast The Abductor of the little toe sticking in the outside of the foot broad and vast arising from the same part of the heel is inserted into the outside of the first Interjuncture I have observed a peculiar bender of the little toe long round arising from the head of the Tibia and divided with two tendons about the insertion of the toe Finally a fleshy mass is to be observed in the sole of the foot as well as in the Palm of the hand wherewith our footing is fastened as with a cushion and the tendons of the muscles do lie hidden in a soft Pillow THE FIRST MANUAL Concerning the Veins Answering to the FIRST BOOK OF THE Lower Belly ABove in the Proaem of this Anatomical work I promised four Books and four little Books or Manuals Four Books touching the three Cavities and the Limbs Four Manuals viz. touching the Veins Arteries Nerves and Bones Now every Manual answers to its Book Because from the lower Cavity namely the principal part thereof the Liver arise the Veins from the Heart in the middle Cavity the Arteries from the Marrow in the third Cavity the Nerves and to the Limbs the Bones do answer And even as the Bones joyned together do make a peculiar Fabrick or Skeleton representing the form of the whol Animal so also do the Veins Arteries and Nerves And Gulielmus Fabricius Hildanus a Famous Chyrurgeon hath such a Frame of all the Veins of the Body artificially separated and at Padua by the Instruction of Ad. Spigelius and John Veslingius and John Leonicenus such Frames of the Veins Arteries and Nerves seperated from the body are commonly to be seen at Padua and the like is to be seen here at Hafnia acurately made and explained in four very great Tables in the Custody of the renowned D. D. Henricus Fuiren my Cosin Germane The Veins Arteries and Nerves are Organs or common vessels of the Body through which some spirit with or without Blood is carried from some principal member into sundry parts of the Body Chap. 1. Of a Vein in General AVein is a common Organ round long hollow like a channel or Conduit pipe fit to carry or bring back Blood and Natural Spirit The term Vein was by the Ancients given both to Veins and Arteries but they cal'd the Arteries pulsing Veins and the Veins not pulsing Veins and some called Vein the greater Vein and an Artery the lesser Vein and the Aorta The Efficient of a Vein is the proper vein-making power or faculty The Matter according to Hippocrates is a clammy and cold portion of the Seed And this is the principle of a Veins Original But the Principle of Dispensation from whence the Veins arise is the Liver not to speak of some ancient triflers who would derive the Veins from the Brain and not the Heart as Aristotle would have it For 1. Blood is made in the Liver And therefore 't is like the original and rise of the Veins is there and that the first sanguisication is not made in the Heart is apparent because there are no passages to conveigh the Chylus to the Heart again there are no receptacles for the Excrements of the first concoction placed by the Heart But all these requisites are found in the Liver 2. Blood is carried from the Liver to the Heart but not from the Heart immediately to the Liver For Blood cannot go out of the Heart into the Liver because of the Valves though mediately when it runs back out of the Arteries it may be carried thither 3. Fishes have no right Ventricle in their Hearts in which they would have Blood to be made and out of which they would have the Veins to arise and the Fishes have both Veins and Blood 4. The Vena portae touches not the Heart but the Liver which the Cava also touches which two Veins are the greatest in the whole body But according to Aristotle all Veins ought to be continued with the Heart You wil say the Vena arteriosa does not touch the Liver I answer neither ought if so to do because it hath the substance of an Artery and therefore arises from the Heart But Arteria Venosa is a Vein in substance and use and in the Child in the womb was continued with the Cava 5. In the Child in the womb the Navil-vein with Blood goes into the Liver not into the Heart 6. If the Veins should arise from the Heart they would pulse as the Arteries do for the whole Heart pulses 7. Sanguification is never hurt but when the Liver is hurt as in a Dropsie c. These are the chief reasons for this Opinion but many other reasons of other men against Aristotâ—â— I reject as weak and easily refuted as also many weak reasons of the Peripateticks against this Opinion which we assert which any one may easily answer if he be at least but lightly skilled in Anatomy The End and Vse of a Vein is I. According to the Opinion of the Ancientâ— to carry Blood and Natural Spirit with the Natural faculty from the Liver into all parts of the Body to nourish the same But Nature hath revealed otherwise to their Posterity for neither do the Veins carry any thing from the Liver to nourish the parts with nor is the Venal Blood useful for nutrition But they bring back all the Blood only to the Heart by Circulation either mediately by the â—iver as the Mesaraick Veins or immediately as the Cava and that either from the whole body from the smallest branches to the greatest by the upper and lower branch or from the Liver whether it be there generated or is derived from the Mesaraicks and Arteries And that they bring the Blood to the Heart as to the Centre and that they bring it from the smallest parts as from the Circumference is evidently provided by ocular Inspection Experiments and Reason 1. In Blood-letting the Arm being bound above the Elbow beyond the Ligature the Vein swels not nor if you should open a Vein would the Blood flow out which is to be observed in opposition to the Authority of Scribonius Larguâ— unless very little or if there were some Anastomosis of a Vein with an Artery in some parts above But on this side the Ligature under the Elbow both the Veins of the
that renowned man allows in case of necessity the Jejunum being obstructed it may so be done And so much may suffice touching the History so the Venae Lacteae to which there is hardly any thing remainning to be added unless the cause of their sudden disappearing which is sufficiently controverted which is not to be imputed to the spiritual disposition of the Chylus which suddenly vanishes away as Asellius did at first beleive because the Chylus being drawn out of the Veins does keep its colour a very long time not vanishing away but becoming waterish But to that which did afterward seem probable to Asellius viz. the strong drawing of the Liver in so great Anxiety of the Ainmal all this may be attributed by which the spirits being consumed they need new Blood and Chyle speedily to be digested And hence a reason may be rendred why the Venae lacteae in a man hang'd at Amsterdam cut up by Dr. Tulpiuâ— remained visible many daies after such as have bin divers times sâ—en by Veslingius at Padua and Folius at Venice For by reason of the pains broke off by choaking there could be no drawing of the Liver For whereas in a Girle ten months old Veslingus found these Veins swelling I ascribe that to a like weakness of the Liver or the thickness of the milkie humor I also saw at Hafnia the last yeer the milkey veins in Sueno Olai of Vardberg who was immediately choak'd with a peice of neats-tongue having before eaten and drank plentifully visible in the Mesentery because respiration being hindred by the bit of tongue and his heart being suffocated there was no necessity for the Liver to draw any Chylus But P. Laurembergius as a man ignorant of this Anatomy does vainly imagine with himselfe that these veins do disappear because of the recourse of the Chylus to the Guts the Valves being loose and flaggie for 1 Do all you can you shall never bring the Chylus back in dead bodies into the Guts 2 If a vein be tied in the middle so that a passage is left open on both sides both towards the Liver and the Guts where it looks to the Liver it is emptie but it swells exceedingly towards the Guts and if it be left in that posture for some daies together the Chyle will not slip back into the Guts CHAP. IV. Of the Haemorrhoid Veins THe Haemorrhoidal Veins are those which are in the Fundament or Intestinum rectum and are also extrinsecally visible which in some men at set times do open of their own accord and void forth dreggie Blood which evacuation does much conduce to Health These Veins are not of one kind as the Ancients and many later writers have Imagined But some are termed internal which arise from the Vena portae others external from the Cava with which the haemorrhoidal Arteries are associated through which the Humors to be evacuated are carryed The Ancients knew only the Internal ones as being commended in melancholick and spleenetick diseases and they may be opened about the fundament or leeches may be applied to them whereas otherwise no branches of the Vena portae which lies concealed within do go out to the skin which can be opened The internal and external Haemorrhoid Veins differ one from another I In their Original For the Internal arises as was said before From the Vena portae and descends along the end of the Colon under the right gut the end whereof or Fundament it circularly embraces with certain smal twigs It arises sometimes from the Ramus splenicus from whence is the Vas breve But seldome which Casserius once observed from the Spleen it self Veslingus observed it twice or thrice and therefore Robert Flud is out who condemns the opening of the Haemorrhoid Veins because they void not from the Spleen but rather from the Mesenterie to the great dammage of the Guts and Stomach But the external Haemorrhoides arise from the Hypogastriâ—k branch of the Cava II By their Insertion For the internal is inserted into the substance of the Intestinum rectum which is membranous and required thick Blood made in the Spleen and communicated by the Arteria Coeliaca or Splenica The external are inserted into the Musculous Substance of the Fundament which required purer Blood elaborated in the Heart and brought hither by the branches of the Arteries III In Number the Internal is one in number the external is threefold IV In the Quality of the Blood contained The Blood of the inner is thick and black the Blood of the outer is thinner and redder V In their Use The internal empty the Vena portâ— successively but first the Spleenick Arteries and help the Obstructions of the Spleen the external empty the Vena Cava the Liver by accident but primarily the great Arterie and the Heart yea their evacuation cures diseases springing from Blood of the Head Chest c. Which Hippocrates hints in his Aphorismes and therefore the internal are said to cure the Cacochymia or badness of Humors the external the Pleâ—horia or fullness of good Blood VI In the plentiful profusion of Blood The flux of the internal ones is not so plentiful that of the external is sometimes so large that men die by the extremity thereof or fal into greivous diseases VII In the Evacuation of the external ones there is no Paine nor Gripeing of the Eelly and some times also no paine in the Fundament but in the flux of the inner Haemorrhoides there is greivous paine VIII The Internal do alone descend unaccompanyed with the Arteries howbeit either the Arteries are hidden or they depend of Arteries in the upper-more The external descend with the Arteries to the Muscles of the Fundament manifestly and therefore the external are more properly called Vasa Haemorrhoidalia to include the Arteries with the Veins Chap. V. Of the ascending Trunk of Vena Cava especially of the Vena sine pari VEna Cava called also Vena magna and maxima the great vein and the greatest vein by the Ancients because of its exceeding largness and by Aurelianus Venae crassa the thick Vein is the largest Vein in our whole Body and the Mother of all other Veins which do not proceed from the Vena Portae coming out of the bunching or convex side of the Liver and therefore by Hippocrates termed the Liver vein haveing spread many Veins through the upper part of the Liver which about the top are collected into one Trunk it is presently divided into the upper or ascendent and the lower and descendent Trunks The Ascendent Trunk peirces the Midrif is spread about through the Chest Neck Head and Arms. Now it is carried undivided as far as to the Jugulum Mean while four branches arise there from 1 Phreniâ—â—s or the Midrif vein on each side one whence also branches are sent to the Pericardium and Mediastinum That Quittor in such as have the Empyema is carried by this Vein to the Kidnies
spinal Marrow The figure of the Nerves is long round and smooth like Conduit pipes but without any hollowness as the Veins and Arteries have because the later with Spirit were to carry Blood but the Nerves carry only Spirit Riolanus the Father excepts the Nerves of the Privity manifestly hollow which nevertheless his Son excuses to have been meant of the hollow Ligaments of the Privity who is better verst in Anatomy than his Father was and so also Laurentius spoke Severinus in his Zootome saies the Nerves of a Bulls pizzle are hollow Galen also adds the Optick Nerves which he will have to be hollow and perforated sensibly and manifestly for the discerning whereof he conceives three things are necessary viz. That 1. The Animal be great 2. That it be cut up as soon as killed 3. That the Air be cleer and bright Plempius doth also require three things more that the Nerve be cut asunder with a most sharp Knife that it be not squeezed nor stretched and that it be cut beyond the growing together of the two Nerves Cornclius Gemma subscribes to Galen who attributes rather a passage to be seen like a prick in the inner substance of the Nerves Others conceive the porosity is better seen in the optick Nerves being boiled Fallopius saies that Galen thought thus because in the Bodies of Apes which he dissected all Nerves are pervions Howbeit Spigelius admits only certain passages in the beginnings of Nerves where they grow together and soon after towards the Eyes it vanishes I also saw a Cavity and Publickly did shew the same in a dead body after they were joyned and before they entred into the Eye But Vesalius Eustachius and Coiterus deny these Nerves to have any Cavity against Galen and so do others and produce experiments which succeed not unless the conditions aforesaid be observed All the rest of the Nerves do want a manifest Cavity but they have Pores through which the subtile spiritâ— paâ—s least we should grant penetration of bodies which is impossible These pores are double according to Hogeland lesser and greater through the former subtil aerial bodies pass to move the parts by the later bodies less subtil Neither of them is discernable to the Sense Nor are there two sorts of Spirits in the Brain I am rather apt to believe that according to the Indigence of every part and the pleasure of the will and the Imagination sometimes more spirit passes through the greater sometimes less through the lesser which the more plentiful or scanty influx of the Spirit doth make Moreover all the Nerves do consist none excepted of many nervous fibres or filaments which grow mutually together by little Membranes I my self with Johannes Leonicenus a right diligent Anatomist have observed the Trunk of Nerves neer the Hips if it be dissected to shew a Cavity as it were consisting of an infinite contexture of fibres like little Worms whereas elsewhere it is one continued body with cohaering and continued fibres The Substance of the Nerves is thought to be threefold the internal white and marrowish by which as the Centre the action is performed from the marrow of the Brain but more compact and thickned and an external being a twofold coat the outer harder proceeding from the Dura Mater the inner finer from the Pia Mater Which Membranes do the same for the Nerves which the Dura and Pia Mater do for the Brain Howbeit this distinction of Substances is to be searcht out rather by Reason than by Sense Cartefius supposes that there are Valves in the Nerves which stop the Spirit that it may not flow back otherwise the parts cannot be moved But it seems to me the Spirits may not be retained in the parts which the Soul that directed the Spirit as far as to the Valve shall direct it into the very parts For no Anatomist as yet hath observed any Valves Nor can subtile Spirits be stopped by Valves Nor would Apoplexies or Palsies so easily happen if the Spirits could be detained in the parts by Valves Besides Valves H. Regius introduces likewise a circulation of the animal Spirits in the Nerves For after they are distributed from the Brain to the whole Body he conceives part is dissipated by insensible Transpiration and part being insinuated into the Veins is mingled with the Blood and returns with it into the Heart and thence again into the Brain and Nerves He proves this by the example of a Snail enclosed in a glass in which the spirits through its transparent Body are seen to move and pass from the Tail through the Belly to the Head and from the Head through the Back to return to the Tayl and from thence to the Head again But some doubts with-hold me from assenting to this witty conjecture because 1. Walaeus searching out the Motion of the Animal spirits with all his diligence could finde nothing but the motion and distention of the Muscles For the Nerves being bound do not swell nor are distended and being cut â—sonder they shew no other motion but that they are contracted into themselves 2. There is no need that the spirits should run back to the Veins because being subtile they are easily consumed and by his own Confession do insensibly exhale 3. New spirit is evermore supplied from the Brain which may supply the Defect of that which is consumed 4. The Veins need none because they possess that spirit which is proper to the Blood nor are they moved with animal motion 5. The Nerves themselves are not moved by Systole and Diastole nor of themselves as was said because it appears not when they are bound and they move with a voluntary motion by the Muscles and not by the arteries because they are smaller and go not into them finally the Nerves are unfit for such a motion because of their Slipperiness 6. In a Snail the Spirit aforesaid is instead of Blood which Snails have not 7. I have seen those who had their senses perfect and the motion of all their parts free to the last gasp whose Pulse did nevertheless intermit for certain daies where there was no regress of the Spirits to the Veins freely passing nevertheless from the Brain to the parts of the Body as long as there was any left It is now to be observed that all the Nerves are not alike hard or soft whence Galen reckons some Nerves soft others hard the former he calls sensitive the later motive Now the Nerve become harder 1. Because of their Production as being to go a great wavâ— or through some hard Body or by a crooked way And by how much they are further from the Brain by so much the harder they are Hence the short Nerves as those of the Sight Taste Hearing are soft and those of the Smelling softest of all 2. For use for hard Nerves are held to be fitter for motion soft ones for sense And therefore the Organs of the Senses have received soft Nerves that they
To God our Creator be Praise Honour and Glory who hath form'd and fashion'd us so wonderfully FINIS TWO EPISTLES OF Johannes Walaeus Concerning the Motion of the Chyle And the BLOOD To Thomas Bartholinus The Son of CASPAR BARTHOLINUS THE FIRST EPISTLE Concerning the Motion of the Chyle and Blood TO Thomas Bartholinus the Son of Caspar THe chief men in Church and Commonwealth have in all Ages contended about Primacy but learned Men have in no Age more ambitiously striven who should seem most learned then at this present time And to attain their desire very many are not afraid to assist themselves by Calumnies and other worse Arts. No man can publish in Print or communicate to his Friend any writing which some account excellent but he presently meets with a Detractor who will prick cut and tear him most cruelly Now for a man to seek nothing else by his Cares and Labours but Envy and Vexation of Mind is extream madnesse These Causes have I confess hindred me from satisfying your frequent Request and besides because I am not willing to determine of those things which long experience of years cannot either prove or sufficiently limit Howbeit you continue your Request and I am much ashamed alwaies to deny you Also a certain learned Man hath imposed a necessity upon me in a manner to discover to others my opinion concerning the Motion of the Blood For certain Theses having been disputed concerning the Motion of the Blood my self being President of the Dispute though the Defendant truly professeth in his said Theses that they are his own yet he hath undertaken to tax and blame them as if they were mine And although that young man need not be ashamed of those Theses yet I would not have another mans Theses though disputed when I was President to be accounted mine Neither can he be ignorant of the Reason who is acquainted with my Liberty in Disputing or the Custome of our University Now therefore take my Opinion of the Motion of the Blood as follows That some hot blood which leaps out of the great Arteries being opened is thinner more rare and of a more bright colour than that which flows out of the Veins when they are opened yet I will not therefore say that the Arterial Blood differs formally from the Venal Blood for the Arterial Blood may differ as aforesaid from the Venal because it comes reaking hot as it were from the fire and abounds with greater store of Spirits as we see boyling Milk differs from it self being cooled for the same reason for that Blood which is in the smaller Arteries and so farther from the Heart is observed to differ less from the venal Blood And when we have taken Blood out of the greater Arteries yea out of the Heart it self of a living Creature and from the same Creature have taken some out of the Veins and have let then both grow cold and congeal we could never observe any difference betwixt them So that we can see no other but that the Arterial Blood is of the same kinde with the Venal Some few will have that the venal Blood is of two kinds one which is contained in the Vena cava another in the Vena porta But we cannot see any difference of these Bloods either when they are included in their vessels or when they are let out and that Reason doth teach as much we shall see anon Besides these we may likewise conceive another sort of Blood which being made of Chyle in the Liver hath not received any further perfection in the Heart And we are little concerned to know the Nature thereof because we see it continues such but a very little while So that we are to enquire into the motion of only one sort of Blood Now the Blood may be moved either in that part of the Vein or Artery wherein it is contained or out of that part into another In one part of a Vein or Artery the Blood is not discerned to move up and down like boyling water neither when it is received into a Vessel nor when let out of a living and hot Body nor yet in the Artery it self if it being on either hand tied shall be opened in the upper part betwixt the two Ligatures Yeâ— when we have many times cut off the point of a living Heart and set it upright we have found the Blood to be hot but never to boyl But that the Blood is moved from one part of an Artery or Vein into another is a thing very manifest For Blood is contained in the Veins of the furthest parts of the Body which seeing it is not bred there it must needs come from some other place And it is evident enough that in living Creatures the Blood flows out of the Vena Cava into the Heart and out of the Heart into the Aorta But that this same whole Motion of the Blood may be by us the better understood I conceive our best way will be to begin at the very Fouâ—tain and Original thereof I have often seen solid Meat in Dogs hold the same order in the Stomach just as it was eaten by the Beasts unless the Stomach being distended with too much Drink did make the Meat to float and so to change its order and situation The Meat which the Stomach receives although it be but two ounces it evidently imbraces the same round about just as we see folded purses contract themselves about a Bullet or round Ball within them also the upper and lower Orifice are both shut which by making an hole near the same and putting in your little finger it is easie to try But the lower Orifice notwithstanding when we finde it perfectly shut seems rather to be fallen together than straitly closed that upon the smallest pressure it may let the Chylus pass by Also many times when the Stomach and its Orifices are weak they fail in their natural closeness and upon searching are found looser The meat retained in the Stomach as thoroughly moistened with the Liquor of our food Drink and Spittle and it quickly becomes porous and Spungie because as is most likely the said Liquor hath drawn out and suckt into it self some of the substance of the Meat A while after it is cut and torn as it were into very small particles both that of thin and that of gross Substance yea in Dogs the very shells themselves of Eggs which doth questionless proceed from some acid sharp humour that hath in it a dissolving power So we finde by experience that the Stomach burthened with the quantity or grossness of meat doth find it self eased by taking a little Vinegar Juice of Citrons Oyl of Sulphur or Vitriol Nor let any man assign the Cause thereof to Spittle or Choler belching back into the Stomach when he shall see Bread steeped some hours in hot Spittle or the Gall of an Ox by them not dissolved moreover in
abated by little and little of their pulse yea and sometimes intermitted and afterward the red colour of the bound Arm was changed into black and blew and therefore I presently undid the Ligature being frighted with this Example A certain Country-man being wounded in the inside of his Arm about the Cubit when the Village Chirurgeon could not stop the blood he bound the Arm extream close about the Wound whence followed an exceeding Inflammation of the lower part of his Arm and such a swelling that deep pits were seen in the place of his fingers joynts and within eighteen hours the lower part of his Arm was gangrenaâ—ed and sphacelated which Christianus Regius an expert Chirurgeon did cut off in the presence of my self and Eâ—aldus Screvelius an excellent Physitian Moreover they object if the venal Blood comes out of the Arteries how can the arterial Blood differ so much from the venal But we must know that it differs less from the venal Blood then most men imagine who from the violence wherewith the arterial Blood leaps forth do collect the great plenty of Spirits therein and the great rarity or thinness thereof whereas that Leaping proceeds from the Force wherewith the Heart drives the Blood through the arteries for an Arterie being opened below or beyond the ligature the Blood comes out only dropping And the difference between these two bloods is caused by the greater or less quantity of Heat and Spirits according as the Blood is more or less remote from the Heart the fountain of Heat For the Blood which is near the Heart differs much from that which is far off in the smallest arteries which you can hardly distinguish from that which is in the small veins And the smaller veins have more thin and hot Blood then the great ones which any one may easily try in opening veins of the Arm and Foot Yea and if the Vein be opened with a double Ligature on each side the orifice as I said before the Blood will come out hotter then with a single Ligature Now that the Blood does not go out of the smaller veins into the greater they endeavour to prove by womens monthly purgations which according to their judgment are gathered one whole month together in the Veins about the Womb and if they are carried from the Womb unto the Head they conceive that they do not pass through the Vena cava and the Heart Howbeit the common and true opinion is that about the time of the usual flux the blood begins to be moved to the Womb from which motion of the humors pains of the sides and loines are wont to arise about that time And I know by Experience that about the time of the menstrual Flux if the Pulse of the Heart and arteries can be made greater the Courses will flow the better because the Blood will through the arteries be driven more forcibly into the Womb. It may nevertheless fall out that the Courses may be collected and make an Obstruction in the Womb and that then the Blood may not return into the greater veins that motion being stopped but that is besides nature And when the menstrual blood is carried out of the Womb into the Head the way is not inconvenient through the Vena cava the Heart and the ascending branch of the Arteria Aorta and that they do indeed pass through the Heart those palpitations and light faintings do seem to argue which are wont to attend upon the Courses stopped But should we not conceive it to be a dangerous thing if all the ill humors in our bodies must pass into and through the Heart But we must know that our bodies are so framed as that they may be most convenient for us when we are in Health and not when we are sick Moreover the Humor which putrifies by reason of obstruction and is very bad comes not to the Heart because its way is stopped up Nor is the Heart so weak as to be corrupted by an evil Humor which stayes not long therein for those great Physitians Galen Hollerius Laurentius have observed that the Quittor of such as have an Empyema and other sharp and stinking Humors do critically and without any bad symptomes pass through the left ventricle of the Heart which many times makes for the good of the sick Persons in whom that bad Humor passing through the Heart is often vanquished by the Vigour and Vertue hereof The other Objections which they make do only respect the Causes of this motion or certain Circumstances wherein men are wont more freely to dissent yet let us breifly consider whether or no they have in them any weight wherewith to burthen our Opinion They say that at every contraction of the Heart the blood is not driven out by half ounces nor by drams nor by scruples out of the Heart of a Man for three Causes first because that blood is too spirituous but I have already shewed that it is not so spirituous as men imagine commonly secondly because those little Valves of the Heart do only gape a little and then are close shut again which also doth not agree with experience for an Arteric being cut off from the heart great streams of Blood do issue from the Heart Thirdly that the Arteries are too full then to be able to admit half an ounce a dram or a scruple of Blood But that is too inconsiderately avouched for when the Heart contracts it self all the arteries in the body are enlarged and that on all sides as I have divers times perceived with my hand holding the naked arterie betwixt my fingers And who will now say that all the Arteries of the Body being dilated cannot admit of a Scruple a Dram yea half an Ounce of blood more then they have Also they deny that in the child in the Womb the blood out of the Vena Cava does through the Vessels of the heart united enter into the Arteria Aorta and go from thence out of the umbilical Arteries into the umbilical Vein and return back by it into the Heart because they think this great absurdity will follow that one Vein should carry the mothers blood and withal so much blood as the two umbilical arteries do bring in As if Rivers did not frequently carry as much water in one Channel as many Brooks are able to bring in And here the umbilical Vein when it is but one is much greater then the Arterie There is often but one arterie or there are two veins that the arteries may as much as may be answer to the veins In brute Beasts sayes Fallopius a rare Anatomist there are allwayes two Veins and two Arteries which with the Vrachus or pis-pipe do reach as far as the Navil and the Veins do presently grow into one before they enter into the Abdomen which does reach to the Gates of the Liver as I have observed in all Sheep Goats and Cows whose young ones I have
dissected But if they speak of the Child in a Womans Womb I avouch that sometimes I have not seen the two umbilical Arteries but only one Arterie and one Vein ascending together with the Vrachus to the Navil where the Arterie is again divided into two which afterwards go unto the sides of Os sacrnm And that indeed those Vessels of the Heart are united in a Child in the Womb that the blood may pass that way out of the Vena Cava into the Aorta Waterfowl as the Duck Goose and such like do seem to teach us which because they cannot often breath under the water noâ— dilate their Lungs nor consequently admit the blood that way they have those unions of the vessels of the Heart when they are grown up Which also Harvey notes in his 6. Chapter Also they deny the frequent Anastomoses of the Veins and Arteries for if such there were they say tumors would not arise by Fluxion and Congestion of Humors As if Rivers though they have outlets receiving over-great plenty of water may not overflow the neighbouring fields nor can the blood shed out of the Vessels because it congeals easily return into them again Moreover Tumors are many times caused for as much as by reason of Obstruction the bloods passage is stopped and because by heat and pain it is drawn into the flesh Now those Tumors seem rather to favour the Doctrine of the bloods circular motion because they happen through cold bruising and all stoppage of the passages of the Body and because with Aqua vitae or some such medicine the Humors and the Tumors being often made fluid it is by this motion of the blood drawn into the Veins and the Tumor by that means sooner cured then by repulsion revulsion concoction or dissipation Touching the Cause of the Bloods motion difficulties do also present themselves unto us and when we deny that the blood according to the Course of Nature is so suddenly and vehemently rarified in the Heart as to be able to move the Heart the blood of the whole Body and the Arteries themselves those famous men the Ring-leaders of this opinion do suppose that they do hereby prove it In that while we are cold all the Veins of our Body are contracted and can hardly be seen where as afterwards when we grow hot they do so swell that the blood contained in them seems to take up ten times so much space as before it did As for me this truly is my Opinion and thus I perswade my self that seeing they have now divers times so diligently endeavored in Publick to perswade men to embrace this their Opinion of Rarifaction and have diffected and lookt into the Hearts of Living Creatures nor have yet dared to say that they could sensibly perceive any such Rarifaction of the blood in the Heart I say my Opinion is that they could not indeed and in truth observe any such Rarifaction of the blood in the Heart and as they would in this place maintain And it will be easie for him that is a little verst in live Dissections to see that there is no such rarifaction And therefore though it might be proved that such a Rarifaction of the blood does sometimes happen praeternaturally yet ought not the cause of the Natural motion of the Heart Blood and Arteries be therefore attributed thereunto Yet in the Example which they propound I do not see what certainty there is that the blood by reason of its Rarifaction does possess ten times more space then before For might not that same Tumor of the external Veins easily arise because whereas before the veins were contracted and straitned through cold they could not receive much blood and therefore they could not swell Which cold and straitning of the vessels being afterwards taken away and the Veins being loosned by heat they might admit much blood which is driven into them by the heart and so appear full and swelling That this is not the least cause of the tumor of the Veins persons that are feauerish seem to teach us who if they thrust their arms into the cold have not their Veins so swelling but if they keep them warm under the cloaths they have them very full and swole which tumor if it came from Rarifaction it ought to be in both cases alike seeing that in them the bloods Rarifaction proceeds from an internal cause Nor do I conceive that it is also void of Question and undoubted that when we are first cold and afterwards grow hot the inner Veins as well as the outer do swell For it is much to be suspected that the inner parts do possess less blood and heat before because by that cold wherewith before they were not hurt if when we are so heated we drink cold drink they are wonderfully weakened Doubtless as the inner veins are oftentimes the treasury of the blood wherein the blood is stored up for future uses so may the external Veins be the like treasury and they appear to be when they so swell as aforesaid These men themselves when they observed that this also was much against their Opinion that we asserted that the blood was manifestly poured out at the constriction of the Heart they avouch that that is not the constriction but the dilatation of the heart which we mean But that we were deluded by a certain appearance because in our constriction there was a constriction only at the Basis but about the tip a true Dilatation which Invention when others saw that it could not hold least they also should seem to desert their cause they invented that there is a constriction indeed in the Cavity of the whole Ventricle but in the pits and passages of the sides especially in Dogs there is a certain kind of Extension and true Dilatation But truly the upper part of the Heart is not seen to be dilated when the lower is contracted save when the Creature is dying and that the waving motion of the Heart is caused by the impulse of the blood Nor can we observe one Dilatation or Constriction of the Pits another of the â—avity of the Ventricles Only a certain progressive motion is observed in a large Heart because the Dilatation or constriction doth evidently begin at the basis and sensibly proceeds to the tip although 't is performed all welnear in a moment And that I might be perfectly assured that the Heart was contracted within likewise on all sides having cut off the tip of each Ventricle â— put my thumb and fore-finger into the living heart of a Dog and a Rabbit and I manifestly felt the sides of the Heart to press my fingers to the middle partition equally in the middle tip and Basis and that the pits in greater Beasts became to Sense not bigger but lesser And soon after the Constriction abating that the sides of the heart above beneath and in the middle were loosned and the pits did feel evidently larger But in
the Septum or partition wall it self no motion is felt save that the Spirits seeking egress make a kind of Palpitation when in Creatures at the last gaspe the motion of the right Ventricle ceases the Septum follows the motion of the right Ventricle Now they would have it nevertheless that naturally the blood is poured out in the widening of the heart and not in the Constriction or straitning thereof because in the wounded Heart of Living Creatures the blood is seen to come out when the Heart is dilated And this is sometimes true but that which they thence collect our very Senses teach us to be untrue For either the Dog or other creature is placed with its Head and breast elevated and the belly low and so the wound is inflicted into the Heart in which case seeing the blood which enters through the Vena cava and Arteria venosa into the Heart is higher then any wound of the Heart it as soon as it is entred which is at the beginning of the Dilatation flows out not because of the Pulse but of its own heaviness and therefore it is not by any force made to flie out to some distance as it happens in the Pulse of the Arteries But if as it ought to be the dog be laid on his back his head and belly resting on the same plane and the wounded Heart be raised with a mans fingers as long as there is any strength in the Heart it sooner by Constriction casts out the blood it hath received at a distance then the whole Heart is filled or widened But when the strength of the heart decayes and that it seldom straitens it self or not at all because the Earlets are more strong and do still continue pulsing even when the Heart quite gives over the blood being driven by the Earlets enters the heart is there collected and when more is come in then the Heart can contain it goe out at the wound not with violence as it must do to cause Pulsation but with a gentle motion drop after drop So that our Sense can perceive no strong motion of the blood save in the Hearts Constriction Now they will have the blood to return through the Veins into the Heart only because the blood being forcibly driven to the Parts as water poured into an horn does regurgitate or abound back upwards and so is carried back unto the Heart But I have already shewed tokens that the blood is either drawn or driven by all the parts of the Veins besides which I have also these following in that the Heart being taken out of the body the motion of the blood and that swift enough is still seen in the Veins And if a Vein yea a milkie one be tied in two places that same Ligature being only loosned which is nearest the Heart while the parts are yet hot the Chvle will still be moved to the Liver the blood unto the Heart which could neither by any step be driven from the Heart through the Arteries nor from the Guts through the Venae lacteae nor would it by its own fluidity more rather upwards then downwards But let us answer the remaining objections They suppose if the blood should be moved so swiftly that the Veins and Arteries could not conveniently be nourished But a dog can quench his thirst drinking at the River Nilus and running as he drinks but here the parts stay at the brook side and whatever they have drawn from the blood they treasure up in their own substance least it should be washed away by the running by of the humor Also they conceit this Motion is not useful for the blood Seeing it may sufficiently be conserved since it abounds with native heat by respiration and transpiration Yet most certain it is that the blood is yet more ventilated if it be speedily moved and its smallest Particles also agitated with this motion So the water of a lake or standing pool though it be gently moved and fanned on the Surface yet is it corrupted when in the mean while Rivers that are totally and in all parts agitated are found to continue most uncorrupt and wholsom These are the things most excellent Bartholine which I thought fit to joyn to the former that I might satisfie those who cannot receive a new opinion wherin they observe any difficulty or obscurity who many times have neither mind nor time to enquire exactly into the bowels thereof But in my Judgment we ought not to deny things manifest although we cannot resolve such as are difficult But I never was disposed to contend and quarrel with any man about words There are very many excellent things about which time may be spent which many times also is not sufficient for our necessary occasions Also from a Scoffer that seeks after her Knowledge does hide her self away but to him that is studious of the truth she comes to meet and presents her self to his view Farewel most Learned Bartholine From the University of Leyden in Holland the Kalends of December 1640. FINIS The Subject of Anatomy Why Anatomy treats chiefly of the Body of Man The Dissection of other Animals is useful to an Anatomist and why The division of the whol Body of Man â— What a Part is What is the proper acceptation of the worâ— Part. What is ment by the Action of a Part. What by the â—â—â— Which Part of the Body is first generated Why the Vessels were to be made before the Bowels Division of the Parts In respect of their End The principal Parts The Beginning or principle of Radication The Original of Dispensation Parts subservient or ministring In respect of their Matter A similar part what it is and how manifold How many sorts of Flesh there are The Number of the Similar Parts What a Spermatical Part is What a Sanguine Part. What a dissimilar part is Organical parts conâ—… a vision â—â— This whole Work divided into four Books and four Petty Books or Manuals The division of the Body according to the Regions The Reason of the Order Why Dissection is begun in the lower Belly What the lower Belly is The Parts of the lower Belly and their Names All the Parts which aâ—e to be examined in this Book The Scarf-skin What it is Whether the Scarf-skin be made of seed Or of Blood Or of the Excrement of concoction Laurentius and Archangelus confuted The true matter of the Scarf-skin The Efficient Cause thereof Vse The color of the Scarf-skin It s number It s Connexion What the Skin is Piccolhomine â—s refuted Galens Opinion touching the matter of the skin Aristotles Opinion The Opinion of others The true matter of the skin AScar what it is The efficient cause of the skin The Action of the skin It s Vse It s Connexion Its Vessels What fat is The difference between Pinguedo and Adeps Fat is not a part of the Body what parts have Fat and what not It is not made of Chyle