humors and vapors are elevated in the brain which often happens in Fevers and Delitiums The same causes also for the most part have a power of stirring up the common sense and besides those principally grief which in what part of the body soever it is when it violently affects the sense of touching it also stirs up the common sense which once moved irritates also the rest of the senses and so it is necessary that over much watchfulness must ensue Cause of too much sleep The causes of too much sleep and first the cauâ—es of non-natural are all those things that hinder the spirits from being sent forth to the external parts Non-natural in due manner and season such are those which dissipate and consuâ—ne the heat of the spirits beyond measure or they are called back too much into the internal parts or hinder the spirits that they cannot go out to the remote parts as too much exercise paines taking too much watching baths and such like which fill the braine with halituous vapours Moreover the causes of a preter-natural and diseased sleep so called are also against nature namely Preternatural those things which detaine the spirits against nature so that they cannot freely passe to the Organs of the senses The cause of a Coma Coma and Cataphora or a dead sleep is a plentiful vapor whether cold and moist or hot and moist either generated in the brain or sent thither out of the whole body or part of it but principally stupifactive rendring the animal spirits heavy and drowsie When there is too greedy desire of sleep Coma vigil the same stupifactive vapor is the cause but because hot and sharp vapours are mingled with it and many various and absurd imaginations are brought to the fancy the sleep is troubled and interrupted The causes of immoderate dreams are impure vapours Of immoderate dreams black and melancholy arising from food and humors causing exhalations of the same nature and stirring up the animal spirits or a distemper of the brain stirring the vapors ascending from the inferiour parts and spirits in the brain A natural extasie hath for the most part the same causes Of an extasic for those which are troubled therewith have in their deep sleep various shapes and images represented to their fantafie about which the imagination being too much busied and fixed the rest of the senses ceasing when they awake they account those dreams by reason of the too much intentiveness of the fantasie for truths and think and say to themselves that those things did really happen The cause of such as walk in their sleep Sleep walkers is a stronger imagination from an internal object represented by a dream the fantasie being violently affected stimulates the desire and thence the motive faculty to perform something the senses for the most part being bound and the rational faculty obscured but the imagination doth depend either on some vehement diurnal disease which hath gone before or on the disposition of the spirits which the vapours thicken which are not onely mingled with the spirits but also have force of binding all the spirits and set before you many cleare dreames The memory Abolishing and diminishing of the mentory fantasie as the imagination is either abolished or diminished principally through the fault of the instrument which is the brain through its too cool a distemper thereof whereunto belongs not onely innate heat but default of spirits the default of innate heat is either native and contracted from our birth or happening afterwards from our birth Heat is deficient to those who have too great heads or a brain weak and cold by nature and mixt with too much moisture or a head too little and therefore little brains or a figure too concise the figure also it self of the head may hinder these actions After a mans birth the native heat is deficient through old age and what other causes soever which may destroy and debilitate the innate heat and may cause foul spirits whether they be internal and diseases and vitious humors or external as cold meat moist thick corrupt and impure air over-much watching stroaks and wounds of the head Besides the defect and cold distemper of the native heat the memory also is weakned yea and taken away sometimes by too much moisture of the brain the same also is hurt sometimes by external error namely through the fault of objects whilest in certain diseases it is confounded and distracted by almost innumerable objects which may likewise happen to such as are well who whilest they are busied in telling any story by reason of some object happening by chance they are so called aside that they cannot make an end of their story But the reasonable faculty is not diminished nor abolished of its self nor by reason of its instrument but because the fantasie is hurt and sometimes the memory and sometimes both The depravation of the imagination and ratiocinatination happens in divers kinds of Deliriums and all have their rise from some default of the animal spirits which being ill disposed represent objects so disposed to the fantasie and whereas for the most part the imagination and ratiocination are both affected in a Delirium and the imagination useth a corporeal Organ with its Spirits but the ratiâ—â—ination useth none but onely beholdeth fantasms In every Delirium the next cause of the hurt of the imagination is the vitiousnesse of the animal spirits but the depravation of the rational faculty is caused by the fantasms The imagination and understanding hurt called Paraphrosune hath its beginning from hot vapours which in burning Fâ—ve s and inflammations of the interiour parts are elevated to the brain and disturb the animal spirits yet moderately which thing also may happen if any one should take in his meat or drink that which may trouble the spirits On this manner commeth sottishness and such as is caused by Wine the weed Darnel Hops and such like A Frensie is caused by a hot Tumor of the Brain and its Membranes from whence the hot vapours being advanced continually trouble and stir the spirits in the brain A Frenzy The cause of offending the imagination in Melancholy Of Melancholy is dark animal spirits but the causes of depraving of the rational faculty are dusky fantasms but the animal spirits are become dark and black two ways first when the spirits themselves are pure in their own nature but some strange foul and blackish matter is mingled with them Secondly when the spirits themselves are darkish in their own nature and geneâ—ate such the former is caused three wayes the first is when the matter dark and impure clouding the spirits is contained in the vessels in the head Secondly when the matter is communicated to the brain from the whole body and principally from the greater veins Thirdly when it is transmitted principally from the Hypocondries which is thence named Hypocondriacal Melancholy the
the Vital Spirits should be carried from the heart of the Child to the exterior parts thereof namely the Secondines and the Urine-passage which is carried from the bottom of the bladder unto the Navel The time from the conception to the bringing forth Physitians divide into two parts the first is called the time of formation from the conception till the time when first the Child begins to move the second the time of adorning which is the time from its motion till its coming forth Of adorning Hippocrates in his book of the Nativity of a Child makes the time of Females formation to be two and fourty dayes but males thirty dayes which is to be conceived from their more imperfect formation but afterwards nature more elaborately frames the parts which are not framed in males till three months nor in females till the fourth month When all the members are framed and rendred more firm the Infant begins to spring and kick in males in the third in females in â—e fourth month as t is commonly reported so that the time of â—rmation being doubled is the time of quickning The time of motion the time of moâ—â—on being trebled is the time of bringing forth Yet one quickning 〈◊〉 more obscure another more manifest which about the middle of time of a Womans going with Child as all Women commonly perswade themselves is first perceived The time that Women go with Child although it be uncertain and various yet for the most part The time of birth it is nine months end or the beginning of the tenth month that a natural birth happens for the most part such Children as live come into the World at that time and that time for humane birth is most natural But before half a years time experience tells us that a Child can hardly be brought forth and live and if it so happen that before the scaventh month be ended a Child be borne and live it is a great rarity and very strange But in the seaventh month because the perfection is finished of all the parts the Child may live and especially which as Hippocrates in his book of beginnings says is of two hundred and ten dayes that is about the end of the seaventh month brought forth But Hippocrates says that a Child borne in the eighth month cannot live Yet others say that some that are borne in the eighth month may live After the tenth month the Child being great wants nourishment and roome to be in although we read some are delivered after the tenth month yet that is seldome The time of legitimate birth For a legitimate birth according to the Law of Nature is then when there is not roome enough for the Child to live and move in nor aliment enough to satisfy him for then 't is time to shake off his shackles those tunicles and indeavour to make away for its own birth and the Mother finds paines and the womb strives to put out that bagg and by its expulsive faculty sends forth the young which thing the Voluntary endeavour of the mother much helpeth which is done by her contracting her Spirits and depression of her Midriff and squeesing the muscles of the paunch CHAP. XI Of the Vital Faculty THE Vital faculty which Physitians call the second faculty although some would refer it to the Animal The Vital faculty differs from the other faculries some to the Natural faculty and others think it to be mixed of them both Yet since it differs not only from those actions which are performed by the natural and Animal faculties but also goes forth by its own organs nor doth it move hither and thither by the assistance of the Animal Spirits but by its own proper Spirits which from thence are called Vital Spirits it is deservedly to be esteemed a peculiar faculty diâ—â—inct from the Vegetable and Animal faculties There are three sorts of Vital faculties Its actions are three and so many motions of the heart wherein they relide The first is the generation of the Vital Spirit and heat The second is the Pulse The third is the Irascible faculty The first to wit Generation of Vital Spirits A Pulse It s definition Of Dilating Of Contracting is the generation of the Vital Spirits and influent heat The second without the which the first cannot perform its office is the Pulse namely the motion of the heart and of the Arteries consisting in dilating and contracting that so the Vital Spirits may be generated and distributed and the natural heat may be preserved in its natural harmony By Dilatation the heart is filled and attracts to its self air with blood from the right Ventricle by the Venous Artery which goes from thence to the heart and attracts from the lungs air and blood by help of the Arterial Vein into the left Ventricle of the heart for the generation and refreshing and restauration of the Vital Spirits and heat By the Systole or Contraction of the Heart it distributeth the Vital Spirits and Arterious blood through and by the help of the great Artery into the whole body and sends the fuliginous excrements to the Lungs by the Arterial Vein In like manner the Dilatation of the Artery through its little Orifices terminating in the skin attracts to it self ambient air to form and cool its heat the Orifices that are terminated neer the Heart draw from it the hottest and thinnest blood full of Vital Spirit But as the mouths of the Arteries with the Orifices of the Veins do draw the purest and finest Spirits to fostet and cherish their heat but by Contraction they expâ—l fuliginous excrements which action is called a steaming through or transpiration which is made through the hidden Pores of the skin and by the Latines is called Transpiratio In the third place the Irascible faculty belongeth to the Vital faculty The Irascible faculty from whence Anger Joy Fear Sadness and terrour and other passions of the mind arise And that its residence is in the Heart is most evident because the motion of the Heart and the Pulse of the Arteries are most evidently changed in the passions of the mind Respiration is also added to the Vital faculty as principally necessary to further its action Breathing and hath the same end and purpose as the Pulse hath and is instituted for the benefit of the Heart It is performed principally by the Lungs and the Lungs are as it were the fan or bedows of the Heart and are the primary Instruments of breathing and are indued with a peculiar power of moving themselves even as the Heart is differing only from the Animal faculty Nor are the Lungs moved only by the motion of the breast but by their proper force and power The motion fo the Lungs And although the motion of the Lungs and Breasts are made together yet neither are the cause of the others motion but they therefore move together because they conspire to bring one
blood necessary for the forming of the young be deficient or very little Generation is depraved when the young are very weak or when monsters are generated which comes to passe through the foul Seed of the Father or theâ— imagination of the Mother Lastly Abortion the causes of abortion are either too great bignesse of fruit or defect of necessary nourishment or humours which are contained in the Membranes which when they are broken are poured into the Womb putrifie and become sharp and stimulate the expultrix or by a breaking and loosening of the vessels by which the Child adheres to the Womb. CHAP. II. Of the Causes of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hindrance of respiration THe Symptomes which happen about the vital faculty Causes of the Palpitation of the heart or as hath been said Palpitation of heart swooning and sudden deprivation of the senses the causes of the Palpitation of the heart are first things troublesome to the heart meeting with it which it desires to remove from it namely vapours either in plenty or quality either manifest or occult or both troubling the heart putrid humours sharp hot abundantly rushing into the heart or pressing it also tumours and fleshy excrescencies and callous flesh bred about the heart or Worms molesting it in the Chest thereof moreover some moderate defect of the vital Spirits through want too great evacuations passions of the mind vehement griefe too much exercise which the heart strives by more vehement pulsation to restore and strengthen Thirdly preternatural heat encreased not onely consumes and scatters the Spirits but also enflames them which that nature may restore temperate and coole it appointeth this motion of the heart The causes of Sypothymy are defect and want of vital Spirits Of Sypothymy which either are not generated whether by defect of matter namely of air and blood or the debility of the generative faculty and from disease of the heart or being generated or taken away and destroyed whilest either they are suffocated or dispersed or corrupted by some occult or malignant qualities These causes if they are very grievous produce swooning The changes of Pulses shall be spoken of in their due place Respiration is hurt first when the moving faculty is hurt The cause of Respiration hurt Faculty of Luâ—gs hurt Of the Brest and that either of the Lungs or Brests the faculty of the Lungs is hurt either by its selfe when its temperament is destroyed and the innate heat is deficient as in such as are dying or it is hindered and hurt by accident when the brest by what means soever becomes straiter and the Lungs have not space wherein to dilate themselves The faculty of the Brest is said to be hindered by its self or by accident by its selfe when the animal spirits necessary to motion is wanting or because it decayes as in such as are dying or its influx is not made as in an Apoplexy or it is not received through default of the Nerves carrying the animal Spirits to the Muscles of the Brest and Midriff but 't is hurt by accident when by reason of the pain of the side or parts adjacent or matter and blood contained in the Brest or Wind or Tumours or something in the Panch the Brests and Midriff cannot freely be moved or when the Bowels in the Panch hanging about the Midriffe are obstructed exceedingly and swell so that by their weight between breathing the Midriff suffers not them to move freely Secondly Of Instruments Respiration is hindered by reason of the Organs when there is any Organick Disease or solution of continuity in the Lungs Midriff Muscles of the Brest and Panch the Wind-pipe Thirdly In regard of use when the custome of breathing is changed namely when it is too violent through the fiety heat kindled in the Lungs and Heart Lastly Of Air. Respiration is hindered by reason of the sharpness which we draw in in breathing if it be not fit for cooling and fanning of the heat The difference of an Astma and an Orthopnae The causes of an Astma and shortnesse of breath which are peculiar diseases of shortness of breath is this when a man constantly breaths with great difficulty without a Fever such as do those who after a violent â—ace and exercise stop The immediate cause is straitness of the mouths of the Lungs or the use encreased by reason of the narrowness of the Pipe of the Lungs but that straitness is caused by stoppages or pressure of the Lungs or of the Wind-pipe of the Lungs and both obstruction and compression are caused fiâ—st by thick and viscid humours but sometimes by thin and serous humours but in great plenty Moreover a Crude Tumour or by some swelling or gravel sticking in the â—ungs which cause obstructions when they stick in the Pipe of the Lungs but compression when they are in the substance of the Lungs or its Veins and Arteries This matter sometimes is gathered by little and little through its weaknesse sometimes it flows from elsewhere and most commonly it is thought to flow from the head by the vulgar but to me it seems more probable to flow through the Arterious Veins from the Liver into the Lungs whilest crude humours are generated therein or abound in a venemous kind which even that shews that in an Astma the cough is not alwayes present which neverthelesse perpetually accompanies a Catarrh and because these that are troubled with an Astma have always an ill habit of body and the signs of debility of the Liver A Crude Tumor may consist not onely in the Wind-pipes but without it which when it happens and consisteth about the smooth Arteries yet it presses the rough Arteries and respiration is thereby hurt and the Heart is drawn into consent and an uneven pulse is produced CHAP. III. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses SInce order requires that we speak of the causes of the Symptomes of the Animal faculty first of all the the sight is hurt divers ways by reason of diseases of parts constituting the eyes and the default of the optique and spirits The Tunicle called Cornea which comes in the fiâ—st place since it is transparent and void of colour that it may permit the passing through of visible species if it lose its transparency Faults of the Cornea or be affectd with a stange colour it hinders the sight it loseth its diaphanity if it be thicker and become more dense or be moistned or pustules or little skins cover it It grows thicker and more dense by drying and that either the whole which disease is called Caligo or else some part is become white which is called an Albugo Caligo Albugo which spot if it be perfectly white and darkning so that it permit no passage for visible species and cover the whole Pupil it causeth blindness but if it be not perfectly white nor hinders all the passage
the Optique Spirits where we also conclude the errors of the Optique Neâ—ves if they are deficient in the brain Diseases of the visive spirits and of the Optique Nerve being hurt through cold distemper compression obstruction and then for the most part the other senses both internal and external are affected or at least that part of the braine is affected from whence the Optique Nerves have their oâ—iginal and then the sight onely is taken away or by default of the Nerve Optique it self which is its narrowness or by rupture which proceeds from obstruction of the Optique Nerves compression percussion a stroak by chance contorsion or by any violent motion whatsoever Lastly the cause of Splendor and Glittering of the Eyes is reflection of the Rayes of the internal light Causes of glittering eyes by reason of the Object a more thick body or vapours or thick humours if they are mingled with the Christaline or vitrious humours or cover them The hearing is hindered through default of the Organ of hearing Causes of deafness or of the spirits and first of all if the external eares are wanting sounds and articulate voices seem like the warbling or purling of Waters or singing of Grashoppers Secondly if the auditory passage either wholly or in part br hindered either from an external cause as a little Stone a Kernel Water or an internal cause as a Tubercle an Ulcer and such like and so either deafnesse is occasioned or hearing diminished or depraved Thirdly if the Membrane which they call the Drum is too thick or moistened too much or is loosened whether it be from the first birth or afterwards from internal or external causes the hearing is hurt Also if it be too much dryed by any grievous diseases or old age deafness doth arise But if it be broken either by internal force as by the violent putting in of an ear-picker or by an extream shrill sound or is eroded by an Ulcer deafness is occasioned Fourthly if the other parts of the ear be not rightly constituted and the air implanted be impure or deficient or the Nerve being dilated is cooled or is made thicker or affected with a Tumor or those three little bones either are not well framed by nature or are moved by some violence out of their places or the internal passages are filled with vapors and humors flowing contrary to Nature or the Arteries passing under the ears are filled with too much spirit and heat and too much agitated or lastly the auditory Nerue either is not rightly framed from our first beginning or is obstructed and compressed by a humor according to the diversity of the disease the hearing is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished or depraved Lastly the hearing is hurt through default of the Spirits either through the straitness of the passages of the braine as in an Apoplexy or through its perturbation as in an Epilepsie or through cold distemper by reason whereof difficulty of hearing is occasioned The smelling is hurt through default of the Organs Causes of smelling hurt or Spirits or some external error the faults of the Organs are the narrowness of the Adaequate senses and external Nostrils whether from compression or constipation or obstruction of the Scive-like bone and its Membrane as happens in such as are great or by the distemper of the chief Organ of smelling the mammillary precess but especially moist distemper or obstruction of the same from matter flowing which happens in Catarrhs and according to the variety of these diseases the smelling is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished the smelling is offended by reason of the animal spirits if either they are deficient which are in those which are ready to dye or are hindered from flowing as in an Apoplexy an Epilepsie and such like diseases of the brain Lastly the smelling is depraved through some external errors whilest a vapour or some filthy and stinking matter sticks in the wayes through which the smell passes for here it is infected by the foul smell thereof to that things having no ill smell seem to the sense of smelling to stink The taste also is hurt through default of spirits Cause of taste hurt or by some disease of the Organs or some external error The taste is hurt by reason of spirits when they are deficient which useth to happen to such as are dying or the taste cannot flow to the Organ either through straitness of that part of the brain from whence the Nerves appointed for the taste arise or from obstruction compression or wounds of the said Nerves The taste is hurt through default of the tongue as of an instrument whilest it is troubled with cold and moist distemper or cold and moist matter is poured on it or whilest it is dryed or is troubled with Pustuls or an Ulcer and according to the magnitude of diseases the taste is either wholly abolished or diminished Lastly the taste is depraved by external error or from external causes as from something taken into the mouth whose savour is not easily taken away or from an internal cause as a humour or a vapour wherewith the tongue is imbued being communicated from the stomach the Lungs the Brain and other parts to the tongue Lastly Cause of fieling hurt for what belongs to the causes of hindering the touch insensibility and dulness happens through defect and diminition of the animal spirits of the Oâ—gan touching this come to pass either because the animal spirits are not generated through imbecility of the native heat which happen to them in years or defect of matter by reason of great evacuation or whilest they are resolved or scattered or cooled or stupified by a Narcottique Medicine or when they cannot flow to it through the narrowness of the Nerves obstruction constipulation compression solution of continuity of the same The proximate cause of pain is solution of Unity in a membranous part Cause of pain whether it be occasioned by some primary quality or secondary whereof this stirreth up solution of continuity not so manifest but rather contemplable by reason but that is manifest which therefore is properly called solution of Unity Lastly Itching itching is stirred up from thiâ— salt and sharp Exerements collected in the skin moving man to scratch CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses OVer much watching is occasioned by too much effusion of the animal spirits Causes of too much watching to the Organs of the senses through defect of restraint of the first sense and too much irritation of the common sense the bond of the first sense or sweet exhalations are defective either because they are not generated in the body which comes to pass by long fasting or the use of meats which do not produce such exhalations or because they are consumed scattered and called away from the brain which comes to pass in a hot and dry distemper either of the whole body or of the brain and when hot
latter is occasioned two wayes either when the vital spirits are generated vitious and impure in the heart which when the matter of the animal spirit is such in the braine 't is necessary that there be generated in such black animal spirits in the braine or because although the vital spirit be good and pure neverthelesle the constitution of the brain is vitious which changeth the pure vital spirit into a black animal spirit The cause of mad Love is sorrow and conti nual solitation Of mad Love to which anger is often joined arising through the desire of a fair thing whether it be really so or seem so to be for although the amorous herb Philtra may stir up desire to lust yet that desire is not terminated in any definite person nor can the mind of a man be compelled to love that which he is unwilling to love and that Philtra doth not cause love but madnesse also as experience often teacheth The cause of madness is a hot and fiery disposition of the animal spirits Madnssâ—e such hot and fiery spirits proceed from a hot distemper of the braine or hot vapours mingled therewith which black Choller will set foreward sometimes in the veins of the head only other times in the whole body especially in those that are great with child and when it resides about the womb whether they are generated of fervent blood or adust colour or dryed Melancholy The disease which causeth men to think that they are turned into Wolves is called Lycanthropie Lycanthropie if it proceed from a natural cause and not from the Devil It ariseth from the depravation of the imagination and ratiocination and the blood of living creatures being drunk may be very powerful to cause the same yet for the most part it becomes from poyson communicated to us by the biting of any mad living creature or by the froth of their mouths thrown upon us by spittle by receiving their breath with our mouths by eating the flesh of ravenous animals whence Wolf-madness also Dog-madness and Badger-madness do arise as Hydrophobie which is when one is distractedly timerous of waters which neverthelesse may be occasioned without the biting of any mad animal by poyson in mans body but principally is occasioned by terror of the observations of Physitians do witness and then the disease is not to be referred to madness because those Symptomes which are proper to those that are bitten with mad creatures do not appear in these but onely the diâ—eased are adverse to all liquid things and neither can swallow liquid things but also at the sight and noise of them they fall in danger of swooning and death which nature is peculiar to this poyson nor can any other cause be rendered from manifest qualities But the disease of Tarantators Of Tarantulas and a company of S. Viti occasioned by the venemous biting of a Tarantula and the Chorea of S. Viti so called hath its rise from a venemous and malignant humour somewhat like to the venom of a Taâ—antula begotten in mans body and indeed is the cause of the Symptomes of the rest of the poysons in general but because they dance in this manner that is proper to this poyson onely neither can there be rendered any manifest cause thereof but here it is necessary to fly to that sanctuary of ignorance and to say that this poyson is destroyed in an occuâ—â— manner by the force of musick and this little creature is harmoneous and delights in musick CHAP. V. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the mooving faculty IN the first place the cause of a Palsie Cause of the Palsie or deprivation of motion in one part or more is the defect of animal spirits in the Organs appointed for motion the spirits are deficient when they are not sent out by the Nerves from the braine as happens in an Apoplexy sometimes also this disease is called a Palsie for although they are emitted yet through the ill disposition of the part they cannot exercise motion and sense therein they are not admitted through default of the Nerves and spinal Marrow namely when they endure some cold distemper and moist especially yet sometimes hot and dry or are dull or are cut or knockt or beaten or are made narrower or by obstruction or compression by reason of some humor or tumor or tubercle whether they are in the Nerves themselves as after wounds of the Nerves and contusions of the same scars do arise or in the parts neer thereunto by some contusion by a stroak or a fall by a sudden relaxation made of the Vertabres or being bound Besides a Palsie there are other impotencies of motion Cause of taking away motion the cause whereof besides that of the Nerves even now explained in a Palsie is the fault of the part instituted for motion a vitious disposition and disease namely if the bones in the joynts which are framed for them cannot move oâ— cannot rightly be removed out of their place through ill conformation fracture relaxation if the ligaments which come about the joints and continue in motion in a natural state are broken cut asunder eroded attenuated or become softer or on the contrary are dryed hardned and filled witk a hard and knoty substance if the Muscles and their Tendones are cooled too much and their native heat be as it were dulled or moistned by some humour contrary to nature or on the other side if they are dryed and hardned if any tumor knot bunch hard flesh ariseth in them if they are wounded if the Tendones are so stretched out by violent motion that they become longer then they were or wont to be or as it were broken with bonds or if a painful tumor be in a Muscle The cause of Lazinesse is the reception of trouble in the Muscles and parts appointed for animal motion Of Laziness but since this slownesse is two-fold voluntary and against our wills the one comes without much exercise and labour from vitious humours burning the parts appointed for motion the other which is also called Excicrative comes after too much labour and motion the parts serving for motion being dried and the spirits consumed The cause of trembling is the imbecility of the motive faculty Of Trembling which cannot keep the member in that part wherein it is placed The faculty is become weak through the faintnesse of the strength and some defect of animal spirits whether they are not generated by reason of some distemper of the brain or defect of the vital spirits either scattered or consumed both which may be occasioned by too large evacuations long fasting watchings long and tedious sicknesse too much Venery or through diseases of the Nerves as distemper especially cold contracted by what meanes soever or want or losse of sense is occasioned by stupifactives or by straitnesse but lesse then in a Palsie The cause of Convulsion is the irritation of the expulsive faculty Of
generated in the parts themselves or drawn or sent from elsewhere CHAP. VI. Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt THe cause of a Vertigo is inordinate and circular motion of the animal spirits in the brain Of a vertigo but the causes which perform this circular motion in the brain are internal or external internal is an inordinate motion of a flatulent spirit moving the animal spirits circularly and exhibiting a false representation of the moving of external things and of its own body but this flatulent spirit takes the occasion of its motion either from its selfe seeing that every spirit by nature is moveable and fluid especially if it be hotter and more fervent then ordinary or moved by somewhat else whereas hereafter shall be shewen which the straitness of the vessels or of the Pores of the brain occasioneth for if both the flatulent spirits and animal spirits are moved in passages that are obstructed they return back and move circularly they are generated either in the brain whence a Vertigo by Idiopathy ariseth or are sent from elsewhere upward either from the whole body as in some Fevers or from some part as the Stomach Spleen Womb whence it is called a Vertigo by Sympathy the external and manifest causes are whatsoever humors can suddenly turn into and dissolve into vapours or stir up an inordinate and circular motion with winds and spirits such as when the constitution of the air is suddenly altered immoderate and untimely exercise emptinesse baths anger turning round of the body the beholding of bodies swiftly turning round or otherwise moving with violence looking down from a high place shaking of the head a fall and such like The cause of an Incubus or riding of the Mare Of an Incubus is a thick vapour ascending from the lower parts of the body and obstructing the hinder parts neer the Spinal marrow and hindering the passages of the spirits to the muscles of the brest whence respiration is hindered which when a man perceives in his sleep considering various causes he faineth and adviseth with himselfe and even from this or that he imagineth himselfe to be oppressed and suffocated in his dream This vapor is elevated from thick flegm or a Melancholy humor residing in the Hypocondries or proceeds from surfetting or swelling by lying supine or flat on the back in children also a vapour of the same nature is occasioned by worms A Lethargy commonly proceeds from a flegmatick humor thickning in the brain Of a Lethargy and so the matter of its selfe is cold yet by accident it happens to be hot but it is impossible that out or flegm only putrified both a fever and a deep sleep should arise for this humor is neither apt of its selfe to admit of putrefaction especially in the head neither if it should admit of it can it utter so much as will diffuse the heat over the whole body and kindle a Fever and heart the Heart especially if it putrifie without the substance of the Brain or its vessels in its bosomes and turnings but it is more agreeable to reason that this drousinesse either is not a primary disease of the brain but occasioned from stupifactive and pituitous vapors rendring the animal spirits dull and are the Symptomes of a Fever which are called companions namely of a continued Quotidian of a bastard Tertian and Semitertian or if it be a primary disease of the Brain it doth not seem to have its beginning only from putrified flegm but rather from a petuitous inflammation of the Brain or from an inflammation arising from the blood mixt with flegm In both these Lethargies there is present great heavinesse and hurt of memory by reason of stupifactive and pituitous vapors but a delirium by reason of vapors risen out of the putrid humors troubling the animal spirits The cause of a Carus is either the straitnesse of the Brain by compression Of a Carus or obstruction neer the bottom thereof from cold humors or a moistning cooling and repletion of the Brain from a câ—ld and pituitous humor and an alteration of the spirits by the same or a stupefactive power rendring the animal spirits unfit for the actions of the senses and motions wherewith not â—nly stupefactive medicines are endued but also some poysons humors in certain Fevers Smoaks and Vapors of Coals new Wine and new strong Beer c. A Catoche hath its beginning from a cold and dry vapour A Caroche endued with a peculiar force of fixing the animal spirits rushing into the brain and in some sort stopping the spirits rendring them immovable and as it were congealing them which for the most part is stirr'd up by a Melancholy humor such also is the force in a Thunderbolt and it is sometimes taken from the vapors ascending out of the earth in an Earthquake and breaking out of their cells but the spirits serving for imagination and ratiocination are rather fixed and stopt then those which lately were disperst into the members of the body which is apparent from hence that although those that are Cataleptick move no member yet if they are moved by another the power of moving exerciseth its selfe and being struck they fall down and moreover spreading their eye-lids they keep their eyes open The immediate cause of an Apoplexy is a flowing of the animal spirits into the organs of the body Of an Apoplexy hindering sense and motion but the influx of the animal spirits is hindered either by the passages through which they should flow into the organs of sense and motion or the narrownesse of the beginning of the Nerves or through the unaptnesse of the animal spirits themselves or by too great a quantity or perturbation of the same The straitnesse of the passages of the animal spirits is made when the beginning of the Nerves in the bottom of the brain is so shut that the passage and way for the animal spirits and motion into the organs of all the external senses are intercepted a few onely resisting which flow from the Cerebellum which scarce suffice for the motion of the brest which striveth exceedingly for respiration The beginning of the Nerves cause this straitnesse first the flegmatick humor poured into these places performs it by obstruction or compression which the Antients took for the principal nay some for the only cause of an Apoplexy Secondly blood poured out of its vessels by a stroak or any other cause whatsoever into the basis of the Brain and pressing the beginning of the Nerves Thirdly placing of flegm when the vessels of the Braine their being plenty of blood are filled and stretched that the substance of the Brain is compressed and the Pores and passages being made narrower a free ingress for the animal spirits into the Nerve is hindered Fourthly a blow or fall violently pressing the Brain it self and so the beginning of the Nerves rendring the animal spirits slow as it
were degenerated from their nature and are made altogether unfit to perform animal actions bring forth vapors which contain in them a stupefactive power moreover the effusion of animal spirits by deep wounds and troubling of them by a stroak and by a great fal and commotion of the Brain may take away all sense and motion from a man but that Apoplexy which ariseth from a pituitous and stupefactive power is the chief and is understood for the most part when mention is made of a perfect Apoplexy to wit which is occasioned by its sefe when the other Apoplexies by reason of the differences of causes either are occasioned by some external and violent cause as by a stroak by a fall or they follow other diseases An Epilepsie is occasioned from a vaporous and thin matter Of an Epilepsie whether by its acrimony or venomous and malignant quality vellicating and molesting the Brain and all the Nerves and together afflicting the animal spirits darkning and troubling of them and there are to help this matter forward not onely certain humours corrupted in a peculiar manner and fit for an Epileptical disposition but also parts of the body corrupted in like manner as Worms After-birth and such like An imperfect Epilepsie hath the same cause with the perfect Epilesie but mote gentle and less store of humours which otherwise could not vellicate all the Nerves yet may trouble them all but cannot trouble and darken the animal spirits in the Brain CHAP. VII Of the causes of Symptomes which happen to qualities changed ANd these are the causes of the actions hurt Causes of colour changed or of the first kind of Symptomes which conâ—ist in the actions hurt the second kind or colour of the whole body or of its parts changed contrary to nature are humors of the body such are the colours of the whole body or its parts as are the humors in them so in the yellow Jaundice by reason of yellow choller effused into the body the whole body is coloured with the yellow choller in a Dropsie by stegm it waxeth pale The teeth grow black either through default of aliment Causes of change of the colour of teeth or when any slimy matter flowing from the Stomach Brain or elsewhere or also from meat left behind sticks to the teeth and putrifying corrupts and make them black The Nailes change their colour through peccant matter nourishing them Of Nails Fifthly Of stinking smells smells and exhalations are breathed out of the whole body when hot and moist bodies produce plenty of crude humours which when they cannot be overcome by heat become putrid and send forth a stinck from the whole body A stink is sent out of the mouth Of stinking breath when either many crudities are heaped together in the Stomack which are corrupted and send forth putrid and stinking exhalations by the Pallate or when filthy vapours exhale from the putrifaction in the Lungs or when such matter cleaves to the Teeth Gums or Pallate and infects the air which is breathed out with its stink The smell of the Arm-pits which they call Goats smel Stink of the Arm-pits proceeds from excrementitious humors which are sent from the heart and internal parts in such aboundance to these places and emunctories that all of them cannot easily be discussed but corrupt and send forth filthy smells The faetid smell of the Groin comes from the same cause namely Of the Groin too great plenty of excrements which are sent out from the Liver and Veins to those emunctories The foul smell of the Nostrils is caused by excrementitious humours there collected and putrifying by a Polipus a Canker or an Ulcer in the Nostrils Of the Nostrils The ears stink by an Imposthume and Ulcer in the internal Ear or by vitious humours sent out of the Brain Of the Ears Lastly Of the Feet the Feet send forth an ill smell when the moist excrements in them which are of a hot and moist constitution and given to surfeit are collected and putrifie in the Feet being drawn thither by their motion especially when they are covered with such garments that they cannot freely expire vapours The câ—uses of tactil qualities changed Of tactil qualities changed appears by those things which are spoken of the Causes of Diseases when sometimes they are referred to the rank of Diseases sometimes to the number of Symptomes namely as sometimes the actions are hindered by them sometimes they hinder not the actions but onely cause trouble to the touch CHAP. VIII Of the causes of Symptomes in those things that are sent forth and retained AS for what belongs to excretion and those things which in their whole kind are contrary to nature Causes of excrements contrary to nature and may be generated in the body as stones worms since the same belongs to the causes of Diseases they are spoken of before in the second Part and the ninth Chapter but artificial things as instruments of Iron Knives and such like cannot be generated in mans body but by the inchantments of the Devil are insinuated into the body or are fitted to parts without through which they cannot come back and are there shewen as it were going back If those things which are wont to be cast forth naturally are cast out another way â—â—eressions through unaccustomed passages which comes to passe because the accustomed ways either are grown together or obstructed or some way or other shut for then nature by reason of plenty of matter which it was wont to evacuate through the usual ways they being shut it wearied seeks new ways either more open or otherwise to which some pricking humor leads it or which it chuseth of its own accord Thirdly the effusion of blood contrary to nature through what place soever happens because the Veins and Arteries are opened contrary to nature Of bleeding contrary to nature for those reasons which before in the Second part and thirteenth Chapter are explained and particularly sweating of Blood happens through the thinnesse of the Blood rarity and laxity of the skin and debility of the retentive faculty Small paâ—cels are cast out of the body when from any internal part which was wont to be evacuated that way or in that way by an Ulcer Putrifaction and eroded by a sharp humour and separated from the body As for the causes of excretions offending in quality hot ordure is cast out if choller and hot humours are mingled If the Liver and Guts are too hot if hot meats are used The siege is cold by the extinguishing of the native heat the use of cold meats and the mixture of cold humours Moist Excrements are cast out either through crudity when the meat is not concocted or by obstruction of the Meseraik Veins Causes of excretions peccant in quality Hot. Cold. Moist Hard. by reason whereof the Chyle cannot passe to the Liver and therefore being mingled with the ordure
with Musick lacivious and principally love neatness and ornaments of the body Those under Mercury are rather little in body then great in face somewhat pale they have little eyes Mercurians and those buried within their orbs thin lips and nose and youthful face in manly years very thin beard quick voice light spirits whence they are wise subtile studious of sects and subtile things prevalent in memory eloquent but unconstant and sometimes also crafty deceitful witty lyars Those under the Moon are great in body fat thick Lunar white unstable and sometimes delighted with one thing and sometimes with another CHAP. III. Of the signs of the constitution of the brain NOw follows that which belongs to the constitution or parts and first of the Brain although a just constitution of the Brain be necessary to perform animal actions proper to the Brain yet to perform them a right composition and conformation of the head and of the brain depending thereon do much avail wherefore following Galen in the art of Physick we will propound in the first place certain signs of the constitution of the brain drawn from the figure and magnitude of the head A little head if the body be great is an ill sign A little head for the brain also in such a head is little because it will generate but few animal spirits or if it doth generate animal spirits enough yet they cannot be moved well enough in so narrow a â—oom but either being pen'd in they stick or being stir'd up they move too violent whence the animal actions are the weaker and those that have such a body are unstable and do many things inconsiderately the brain also in a little head for the most part is intemperate and dry and it argues unaptness and debility of hear and of matter in their formation and especially a little head is naught if it also have an ill shape A great head if it be well shaped A great head and have the joining parts as to wit the neck the spine of the back and all the Nerves correspondent it signifies the brain is well constituted and is a token that the formative vertue is powerful which can rightly inform and elaborate plentiful matter but if that be wanting it signifies only plenty of matter but weak power which is unfit for such matter and therefore is no token of a good constitution of the head and such for the most part are dull and unapt The natural and best figure of the head is most like to a sphear The best figure of the heaâ— gently prest on each side so that that compression may be lengthned from the ears towards the forepart and those which have that excell in wit judgment and memory are strong in body but those which differ from that best figure are generally accounted Phoxa that is vitious figure namely to wit wherein the anterior part or posterior or both of them are deficient in their excellency so that either behind or before or upward such heads seem ugly but if some excellency be deficient and the rest well raised up or grows narrow at top Galen calls it aâ—â—itious formation of growing sharp and those which have this figure of the head are the most unwise impudent fraudulent and most basely corrupted with other vices that there be a rising up of the hinder part of the head and the other bones answer to it is a good sign for much good matter is present if it have a handsome figure also not else but if in a thin too long and a weak neck the hinder part onely riseth up in greatnesse or is deformed 't is an ill sign and signifies onely plenty of unprofitable matter and weaknesse of the formative faculty The former part of the head the hinder part not being altogether deficient in rising up if it be more lifted up is a good figure and all the senses are well and therefore 't is no ill sign but on the contrary if that magnitude be joyned with a deformed figure and the senses are weak it signifies imbecility of the formative faculty those whose fore-heads are low have weak senses and are stupid yet they often have good memories and strength of body on the other side those whose hinder parts of the head are not raised enough up have all their senses whole but are destitute of memory and strength of body but those that lack raising up before and behind and the head riseth much in the middle are called Oxucephaloi sharp pointed those are unfit for all animal actions and weak through the narrownesse of the brain if the head grow great neer the ears on each side it is a token of unfit matter and of a weak motive faculty But for what belongs to the constitution of the brain Signs of â— temperate brain they manifestly shew themselves by their animal actions and those things that follow them namely a temperate brain doth perform all animal actions well unlesse there be any fault in the organs of the external senses it easily resists external hurts and injuries Its excrements are moderate in all and are cast out at convenient places especially the Palate their sleep is moderate their hair in Infants are yellowish in Boyes more yellow in young Men yellow in figure indifferent betwixt curled and strait nor doth it soon fall off nor they become bald Those which have a hot brain are changeable in their opinions Of a hot swift in motion ripe in their wits they use little sleep and not very sound the excrements of their heads are few and concocted so that no error be committed in their dyet they are easily offended by hot things their face is redder and veins apparent in their eyes their hair soone grows and soon falls away 't is strong thick and curled and for the most part tends to blacknesse These which have a cold brain Of a cold their senses are slower and weaker and their apprehension memory and wit dull and the motion of their body not so lively and quick They are moderately inclined to sleep they abound with excrements of the brain although they are not full of braines from without they are easily offended by cold things which easily occur especially by the north wind those parts which are neer their heads are neither so warm to those that touch them nor so red to those that behold them and the veins which are in their eyes are not so discernable their hair is strait and reddish at middle age bred more slowly yet they are lasting first they are thin but age coming on they are more burley Those which have a dry brain have sharp senses Of a dry piercing and subtile they are very watchful and have very few excrements strong hair and often curled which do so soon grow and soon fall away and are hurt by drying things Those which have moist braines their senses are duller and more turbulent Of a moist they are
is a signe it comes from the stomack or that it is not the substance it self but that which it contained in it and is familiar to it that is so ejected so meat drink or chile cast out by reason of a wound shews that the stomack is proforated or that the guts are too thin and if the stomack be hurt the sick wil belch much if the guts the wind goes out by the seat urine flowing out through an Ulcer or wound shews that the bladder uriters or reins are hurt but which of these parts are affected the scituation of the wound discovers The dreggs of the belly ejected through a wound or the smel of the dung perceived in the wound shews that the guts especially the thick are hurt So also of other parts But seeing that the same things may often come forth from many parts the quality of the excrement and manner of its coming out shews which is the part affected if the blood be thinner hotter more florid and comes out leaping it shews that the arterie is cut but if it be thicker and comes out without leaping or dauncing it shews that the veins are hurt blood that comes from the paunch shewing like that wherein meat hath been washed shews that the liver is affected if any come forth only by spitting it shews that the mouth or parts next to it are affected unless perhaps it flow from the head into the mouth if by spittle the chaps or larynx are affected if by cough the wind-pipe or lungs so that it doth not raise a cough by defluxion from the head if by vomit the throat and stomack so that it come not into the stomack from the liver or spleene or other parts adjacent The quantity also of excrements afford signes if much blood is cast out it is a Token of an affect of the lungs if little of the wind pipe That blood which flows from the reins is more from the bladder less Moreover order in excrements is a token of the place affected if first blood and afterwards dreggs are cast out it signifies that the fundament or some gut is affected within if first dreggs come forth afterwards blood it shews the guts are thin or the parts above them are affected so if quitture which is brought forth in the Urine come before it shews there is an ulcer in the gut colon if it follow it shews that the superior parts are ulcerated Thirdly Qualities changed qualities changed also affords signes of places affected red colour of the cheeks signifies inflamation of the lungs the colour of the body but principally of the face pale or yellow shews that the bladder of the gall is not right the flesh and skin being yellow in dicate the bones that are under them to be corrupted a filthy smel exhaling from the nostrils shews that the parts within the nostrils are affected if from the mouth it shews that the teeth chops lungs or stomack are affected if from a wound of the paunch it signifies that the guts are wounded hardness of the right Hypocondrie is a signe that the liver is affected of the left that the spleen is affected Lastly certain diseases pertain to effects following other diseases of the place affected which are therefore called symptomatick or familiar and are discoverers of the primary disease Signes of parts affected by consent But least that we should erre in knowing the place affected by the actions hurt and should take the part which is hurt by consent for the primary affects First the anatomy and functions of mans body and the use and consent of all the parts ought to be known whence a part receives its nerves arteries and veins and from what parts it can send any thing to them and receive any thing through them therefore if in a member sense or motion be hindred and the part suffer no ill we must observe what nerves are inserted therein what muscles move it and whence those muscles take the nerves and t is to be enquired whether those parts have suffered any evil so a nerve being hurt t is easily communicated to the braine the evils of the arteries to the heart the hurts of the veins to the liver and again the braine being affected sence and motion is hurt the heart the vital actions are hurt nutrition is weakned through default of the liver Moreover it is to be enquired whether a part be primarily hurt or by consent of other parts that is known first from â—he precedent causes Namely if a part which is affected be hurt by no evident cause but a part with which it hath consent hath suffered some evil t is probable that that part is affected by consent Secondly if any hurt coheres with the hurt of another member that by increasing of the one the other increased and by the decrease thereof it be diminished and that ceasing it caseth it is a token that such an affect is stird up by consent but from that part where the disease first declined it shews that to be the part affected by consent but by essence that wherein the disease remained longest thirdly an affect by consent doth not presently infect but for the most part by intervals fourthly if two parts are together affected and by applying things that are helpfull to the one or hurtfull the other be helpt or hurt t is an argument that t is an affect by consent Signe that the head is affected But although any one from these Fountaines of signes may come to the knowledge of all parts affected yet that for example sake we may add some in particular first Animall actions hurt afford signes of diseases of the head and braine whither they are diminished or depraved yet this is to be noted of the externall senses and motion hurt since that the braine is not the immediate Organ of those actions but only supplyes animall Spirits t is to be inquired whether the cause of these actions hindred be in the brain or in the proper Organ the excrements also of the braine sent forth through the Emunctories indicate the braine to be affected The signes of diseases of the heart Of the heart for the most part are taken from vitall actions and the qualities changed of the body Actions hurt are respiration which the preternaturall heat of the heart changeth palpitation of the heart the pulses much changed for according as the heart is so is the heate and colour in the whole body The signes of the liver affected Of the liver are first when its action is hurt which is Sanguification a token whereof the urine and dregs of the paunch afford moreover when the habit of the body is changed and their is an ill colour of the the whole body and penury of blood is in the veins sometimes also by default of the spleen or by reason of excrements regurgitating from elsewhere into the veins the colour of the whole body is changed thirdly distribution of blood
not so great store of Wine strong Beere or Ale is the familiar drinke and indeed profitable enough as experience shewes But the strong drinke is prepared some of Wheate Its differences some of Barly others of them both in Polonia it is made of Oates and preserved with Hops the manner of preparing is very different every where the waters also differ wherewith they are boyled they are kept also in some places in pitched Vessels in others not pitched Strong drinke made of Wheate nourisheth more then that of Barley and also heats and moistens more Drinkes made with Wheate especially seeing the strong drink made of Wheate hath lesse Hops then that which is made of Barly but it generates more viscous juice it causeth obstructions it provokes urine With Barly but it loosens the belly Barly Beere because of the Barly heateth lesse but because more Hops for the most part are put into it acquires no small force of heating it nourisheth lesse Mixt. and yeelds a thinner juice but is more diuretick that which is mixt of Wheate and Barly is of a middle nature That drink which is made of Corne no way dried but by the heate of the Sun hath more excrementicious humours and often times brings forth obstructions All new drink is more unwholesome especially if it be troubled for it obstructs the passages and breeds the stone but that which is more cleansed is wholesomer but principally strong drinkes have their faculties from various waters of severall natures Hony and water mingled Hydromell for the most part heate and dry more then Wine especially if Aromatick things are added but it easily turnes into choler by reason of the Hony and therefore is not so good a drink for cholerick persons CHAP. V. Of the passions of the mind and of the exercise and rest of the body THE perturbations of the mind Tranquility of mind have great power in the preservation of health for an Euthumie or well setled mind and such as is at quiet doth much conduce to the preservation of health Joy Next to that moderate joy is fitrest to preserve the health of body and a naturall constitution because it recreates the heart spirits and the whole body but if it be overmuch it dissipates Exercise of body and diffuseth the Spirits Motion of the body and exercise first brings a certain solidity and hardnesse to the parts then it increaseth health thirdly it moves and agitates the spirits from whence the heart is made strong and can easily resist externall injuries and is fit to undergoe all actions happy nourishment is made and the excrementicious Vapours are discussed on the contrary those bodies which live idly are soft and tender Kinds of motion and unfit to performe labours under the name of motion are comprehended labours of every kind dancing running playing at ball gesture carrying ryding swimming walking a stirrer up of the people rubbing and such like but divers exercises have different force and some exercise some parts more then others in running and walking the legs are most exercised in handling of weapons and laying them down the armes in singing speaking with a loud voice and cleare reading the face and brest the whole body in playing with a little ball which exercise therefore is most convenient whereof a peculiar book of Galen is extant there is also a certain diversity according to violence and magnitude in motion swift attenuates and thickens slow rarifies and increaseth flesh vehement extenuates the body and makes it leane yet together hard flourishing and firme too much motion exhausteth and dissipates the substance of the spirits and solid parts and cooles the whole body it dissolves the strength of the nerves and ligaments it sometimes looseneth and distendeth the membrances and breaks the lesser veines CHAP. VI. Of Sleeping and waking MOderate watchings stirs up the Spirits and senses Watchings and render them more flowrishing distribute the Spirits and heate into all the parts of the body they helpe distribution of aliment and promote the protrusion of excrements yet if watchings are immoderate first they consume and dissipate the Animall Spirits and dry the whole body especially the braine they increase choler they whet and inflame and lastly the heate being dissipated they stir up cold diseases The strength being decayed is againe kindled a fresh with moderate sleep the spirits Sleep that are dissipated with diurnall labours are restored the heate is called back into the inner parts from whence a concoction of Aliments and crude humours is happily performed in the whole body the whole body and especially the bowells are sweetly moistned the heate increased and the whole body becomes stronger cares are taken away anger is allayed and the mind enjoyes more tranquility immoderate evacuations besides sweate are hindred and sleep is especially beneficiall to old men on the contrary immoderate sleep obscures the spirits and renders them dull and causeth an amazednesse in the understanding and memory it sends out the heate being hindred with crude and superfluous humours accumulated sleep also which seizeth on our bodyes after what manner soever when they are empty drys and extenuates the body CHAP VII Of Bathes EVery Bath of fresh water moistneth A Temperate Bath but in heating and cooling there is not the same faculty every where a temperate Bath of sweet water opens the pores of the skin and softens and rarifies the part and discusseth the excrements into the extreame parts and corrects the drynesse of parts and so takes away lassitude but if it should continue long 't would discusse that which is dissolved and weaken the strength Luke-warme Bathes Luke Warme if they incline to cold something refrigerate the body nor have they power of rarifying the parts and discussing excrements Cold water of it selfe cooles Cold. yet by accident the pores being shut and the heate penned in heateth whence if through dissipation the native heat should be in danger cold rhings being timely applyed have power to recollect and preserve it Bathes oftentimes do hurt and especially to those that are not accustomed to them and to Plethorick persons and such as are filled with crude humours as also to those which are obnoxious to Catarrhes and inflamations or an Erysipelas The Romans often frequented Bathes and they often bathed twice a day the preparation whereof you may see Galen 10. of the method of healing Chap. the tenth they used unctions also before and after bathing whereof Galen the second of simple faculties of healing Chap. the twenty fourth and the seventh CHAP. VIII Of Excretions and Retentions and of Venery THe body may be easily kept in its naturall State Excrements of the paunch if those things which are profitable for its nourishment be retained and those things which are unprofitable and ought to be cast out are omitted but if those things which ought to be retained in the body are cast out and those things which
help of an Incision Knife and Iron or with a silken string or with a Horse hair or with caustick Medicines and Septicks But the other kind Diseases in connexion when the part is not joyned with those with which it ought Indicates that that which containes should be rendred more firme and solid And therefore those parts ought to be strengthned and contained CHAP. VII Of the cure of Solution of Continuity THe first Vnity dissolved what it shewes What to be done by the Physitian and most usuall Indication of Solution of Unity is uniting or unity dissolved Indicates that the parts that are separated should be united which thing although it be the work of nature yet the Physitian is the Servant of nature in this matter For these are the principall duties of the Physitian here First he is to be carefull that nothing fall into the part affected which may impede conglutination Secondly That the extreams or lips in the dissolved unity are rightly joyned againe and are mutually applyed to each other Thirdly That the extreames so joyned may be kept together Fourthly That the Temperament of the part it self may be preserved and the help of nature is necessarily required in agglutination Fifthy That the Symptomes which may ensue be prevented and corrected But these aimes are not alwaies performed in all parts alike The cure of wounds For in wounds every extraneous thing is to be taken away out of the Wound then the lips of the Wound are to be joyned together and it is to be endeavoured that they may be kept united As before part 1. Sect. 2. cap. 5. is spoken the parts being joyned the rest of the work is to be committed to nature t is the parr of the Physitian onely to endeavour that the blood which comes out offends neither in quantity nor quality and to use Medicines that generate flesh of which Galen 3. of his Method of healing cap. 3. And lastly to citatrize the wound yet if certaine Symptomes which may hinder the cure do follow as Hemerodes paine convulsions they are to be resisted and principally care is to be taken that no inflamation ensue In the cure of Fractures Of Fraciures the Physitian propounds to himself two aimes First that the broken bones may be rightly joyned together againe and that the naturall Position and Figure may be restored to them The other that being joyned they may be kept together and retained and grow in their naturall figure But in what manner that may be performed is spoken before p. 1. S. 2. c. 3. But the generation of hard flesh and skin Generation of hard flesh whereby the bones and skin may be conglutinated and grow together is the work of nature But the Physitian ought to help nature which he doth if he beware least any inflamation or such like accident which may hurt the substance and temperature of the member should follow and the aliment is to be so disposed through drying Medicines that it may the sooner be changed into callous or hard flesh of which t is spoken before CHAP. VIII Of the cure of oppressing and urging Symptomes THe third sort of preternaturall things remaines Symptomes urging how many namely Symptomes Symptomes as they are preternatural Indicate in generall the ablation of themselves But that Indication for the most part is unprofitable For since they depend on diseases and their causes those being taken away these also are taken away But because it cannot alwaies be expected or waited untill the cause or the disease be taken away somethings necessary Indicate vvhich require a peculiar cure different both from the cure of a disease and of the cause and that they require to be done speedily Such Symptomes are those which are said to urge or ensorce All those things provoke which threaten such danger and mischief that the ablation of the disease or of the cause on which it depends cannot be expected but if it should be expected it would threaten the hazard of life or some great hurt But then the ablation of the disease is not to be expected when either it is uncurable and the Symptomes belongs to an action hurt that is neceslary not absolutely for life but for amendment or if it be cureable the cure whereof is so tedious that before it can be perfected danger and hazard of life will be like to happen by reason of the Symptome those Symptomes are commonly accounted but few principally paine watchings and immoderate Evacuations yet there are some others Paine indicates a medicine taking away or mittigating paine Cure of paine but since paine is either a sad sensation or else is not made without a sad perception by sense and two things are necessary to sensation perception of a thing Tangeable or sense in the part which it meetes with and advertency of the mind if one of these be wanting neither sense nor paine is and therefore those things which take away and hinder one of these are contrary to the paine and as for what belongs to the sense in the part we may resist paine two wayes either by opposing a contrary object to the sad sensation or by taking away the sense sithhence therefore a sweet and pleasant sensation is contrary to a sad that the sad sensation may be taken away that is to be offered to it which is endued with a mild and gentle heate and brings forth a pleasant Anodines and sweete sensation when touched which are Anodines or medicines mittigating paine properly so called as a bath of fresh water common Oyle the far of Animalls Muscillages and other things endued with a temperate and pleasing heate of which above P. 1. S. 1. Chap. 7. Moreover Narcotticks mittigate paine Stupefactives or Stupifactives which stupifie the Spirits and together provoke sleepe and so doe it that the Dolorifique subject is not perceived Secondly Intentiveness of mind is hindred if it be averted to other objects Over much watching indicates a medicine causing sleepe Cure of over much watching sleepe may be occasioned foure wayes first if all things may be removed which may excite any sense to operate Secondly if the mind be drawne away from the agitation of the externall senses and the animall spirits are pleasantly invited from motion to rest Thirdly if those things are exhibited which allay hot dry and sharpe vapours and send pleasant fancies into the braine whereby it is moistned and as it were stupifyed Fourthly if those things are exhibited which by a peculiar faculty make the animall Spirits drowzie and unapt or dull which specially are called Hypnoticks and Narcoticks Thirst since it is the desire of cold and moist Cure of Thirst and is made through the defect of cold and moist it Indicates cold and moist as its contrary Too great a flux of the belly as it is such Of the flux of the belly Flux of blood is stopt by astringent things Blood slowing Indicates
colder is hot Man for whose sake these things of Temperaments are spoken In man there is a twofold Temperament since his body is not simply mixed but organick and living there is required in him a double Temperament one of the body as it is absolutely and simply mixt The other as it is living This is lost by death and is often changed by old age but that remaineth sometimes in the dead carcass after death yet at length by putrefaction and corruption of that which is mixed t is dissolved In that also according to Heat Cold Drowth and Moisture there is a great diversity of parts But the matter which is proper to living Creatures in all is Heat and Moisture Again the Temperament of a living man is twofold Temperament Innate Influent the one Innate the other Influent Innate is that which is imbibed in the living parts of man by reason of the Innate heat is inherent in him from his first being Influent is that which floweth from the principal parts and is communicated to the whole body And that it is not the same with Innate is manifest from those that fall into a Swoun when the body becomes extreme cold and yet the Innate Temperament is not changed These three Temperaments though they may be considered severally Yet they concur to constitute one Temperament of a sound man And therefore although without all doubt amongst all other living Creatures man is of the most temperate so that other living Creatures as also medicines compared to him are said to be Hotter Colder Moister or Dryer Yet simply and absolutely he is not temperate The Temperament of a man of what sort it is for common-sense tels us that Heat in man is predominate over the other qualities for the Temperature of a man to perform his actions best is Hot and Moist and our lives consist of Heat and Moisture on the contrary coldness and driness lead us to death and by how much sooner a man is cooled and dryed by so much sooner he grows old and dyes Yet The differences of the Temperaments of man that heat and that moisture have their degrees For if the heat exceed the cold and the moisture the drowth moderately that Temper is best and is accompted Temperate All others differing from this are called either Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist or Cold and Dry although all in general are Hot and Moist These differences of Temperaments are commonly explained by the names of Sanguine Sanguine Cholerick Phlegmatick Melancholy Cholerick Phlegmatick and Melancholy Temperaments These differences and appellations may be admitted of if they are not taken from the diversity of excrementitious humours in various bodies but from the variety of blood which is the nutriment of the body For those whose Blood is temperate Occult qualities or moderately hot and moist are called Sanguines Those who have hotter and dryer blood and their bodies from thence become hotter and dryer are called Cholerick Persons Those who have colder and moister and their bodies from thence grows colder and moister are called Phlegmaticks Those who have cold and dry blood and their bodies from thence become cold and dry are Melancholians But we must not rest at the Primary qualities for there are others more noble and more abstruse the causes of many actions and of Sympathy and Antipathy with other alterations that must be granted although in this humane imbecillity for the most part they are unknown to us The Astrologers The opinions of the Astrologers that they may some way expresse the various Constitutions of Bodies according to the occult diversities of Stars call some Solar bodies born under the influence of the Sun so Jovial under Jupiter others Martial Venereal Mercurial Saturninal as being born under one of those and also admit of mixt constitutions born under several Planets nor indeed absurdly altogether since there is a great agreement and consent betwixt Superior and Inferior bodies But since there are divers parts of a body and each part hath its peculiar Temperature not onely proceeding from the mixture of Elements but some are hotter some have lesse heat in them neverthelesse they agree together to make the Temperament of the whole which is hot and moist and so heat with cold moisture with dry things are equal'd So that from thence there proceedeth a certain Harmony and the Temperament of the whole is moderately hot and moist But to constitute that Temperament of the whole The Temperament of the whole wherein it depends the noble parts of the body perform more then the rest and most especially the Heart the Fountain and Treasury of the native heat and vital spirits From whence all the parts of the body receive the influent spirits and heat Next to it the Liver which furnisheth the whole body with aliment namely bloud afterwards the Stones then the Brain the shop of Animal spirits last the Stomack the place for the first Concoction Concerning the Temperament of several parts The Temperament of the parts of the body The Hot Parts the most Temperate is the skin especially that in the Palm of the hand to which as to the mean the other parts being compared tend to heat cold drowth or moisture The Hot parts are the Heart of all the parts the hottest the Fountain of native heat and Closet of vital spirits Also the Liver flesh of the Muscles Spleen Reins Lungs Veins and Arteries Fat also and fatness The Cold are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Nerves Cold. Membranes Spinal Marrow the Brain The Moist parts are Fat the marrow of the bones the Brain Moist the marrow of the back the Duggs the Stones the Lungs the Spleen Reins flesh of Muscles the Tongue Heart and softer Nerves The Dry are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Membranes Dry. Arteries Veins hard Nerves There is a certain difference of Temperaments in mans body by reason of Sex and Age As for what belongeth to Sex The Temperament of Sex Females are colder then Males as having contracted a colder nature from their principles of generation lest that the blood necessary for future generation by a stronger heat should be consumed The Temperament is also changed according to age to wit The Temperament of ages the age which is principally ordained for certain internal changes by heat and moisture Authors for the most part divide mans life into three ages Child-hood Manly-age and Old-age or Youthful Age of perfection Declination or if you please into the first middle and last age to which differences other ages spoken of by Authors may be referred The first age therefore is our Infancy which remaineth till the seventh year the second our Child-hood which for the most part continueth to the fourteenth year of our age then our youthfull age from the fourteenth to the five and twentieth when our growth for the most part in stature ceaseth And sometime Hippocrates in his first Book
of Aphorisms and fourteenth chap. accompts these ages before mentioned ages of growth From thence to the five and thirtieth is our manly of flourishing age from thence to the forty eighth year is our prime or most principal age then begins old age which hath its degrees also for each age hath its Temperament Infants and Boys are hot and moist youthful age is most Temperate and obtains the most convenient temper for humane actions the flourishing manly age or prime Viril age is hot and dry lastly old age by reason of the wasting of the Radical moisture and defect of the promigenial Innate heat is cold and dry and by how much the older by so much the colder and dryer CHAP. V. Of Innate Heat THat those things may the better be understood which we spake concerning Temperaments Innate heat we will say something of primigenial heat for these things are the chief Instruments of the Vegetative soul By the innate heat we do not understand that heat which belongeth to the mixt body as mixed but that heat which is proper to living Creatures the which with the radical moisture is the next and immediate subject and domicil of the Soul diffused through all the parts of the body Nor by heat and moisture do we understand the bare quality but the quality with the Subject to wit a body hot and moist the matter namely or Subject wherein heat is and the quality from whose predominancy the Subject hath its name to wit the most pure subtile and hottest portion of the similar parts and especially of the Spermatick parts This heat is otherwise called both by Physicians and Philosophers by the name of the within seated spirit or the native spirit and it is more conveniently called the within seated spirit then the innate heat For although in all the substance be hot The Innate heat yet heat is not sensibly perceived in all bodies but onely in living Creatures and the more perfect of them which by touching are perceived to be hot This Innate heat consists of three things Whereof the Innate heat consists which make up its â—ssence Radical moisture the within seated spirit and heat hence â—ernelius defines it to be the Primigenial humidity spread â—rough all the body by the innate heat and spirit And these â—ree Heat Spirit and Moisture are linked together by the nearest conjunction in the world for since that heat ought to be as it were Governour and Ruler of our lives it is onely of an aëricus or spiâ—â—ual nature and so by it self moveable and separable or apt to be disperst it could not subsist alone but that life might be prolonged 〈◊〉 ought to subsist in a more stable moist and durable body more â—ermanent namely not a thin and watry body but a fat and oylie body which is inserted within the fibers of the similar parts and is called the radical moisture Concerning the nature and original of the innate spirit and heat Of the original and nature of the Innate heat there is a great controversy amongst Physitians and Philosophers and 't is disputable whether it be Elementary or of another nature And although in such an obscure thing since very learned men disagree it be very hard to determine any thing yet I think theirs to be the more probable opinion who consent with Aristotle in his second Book of Generation of living Creatures and third Chapter That Innate heat is not Elementary nor hath its original from fire or other Elements nor yet is it of a Heavenly nature but proportionable to the stability of Stars For every specifical form requires its peculiar domicil and proper subject and the more noble form requires the more noble habitation and a more Divine power then Elementary requires a more noble manfion then a body that is composed of Elements Moreover more noble actions The subsect of the Innate heat and Sympathy and Antipathy are in it which purely from Elements cannot proceed again this Innate heat and inborn Spirit in many Plants is preserved in winter time and in the midst of frosts safe and secure Moreover this Innate heat and radical moisture is founded in the parts which are fashioned in the first generation of an embryon but the greatest plenty of it is in the heart which from thence is called by Galen the fire-fewel of the Innate heat This inborn heat is the chiefest instrument of the soul The use of the Innate heat by which it perfects undergoes all the actions of life and whatsoever healthy thing in us and profitable in generation in nutriment or in expulsion of a disease is performed by that From this benefit and excellency of Innate heat The Innate soul is not a soul some have taken it and the Soul for the same thing and have called it the Essence of the vital faculty the faculty governing us the substance of the soul and the Author of all our actions but since the Innate heat is neither the soul nor the chief cause of our actions it is onely the chief instrument in performing the actions of the soul in operation which is not corporal This Innate heat doth not remain alwaies the same The changing of the innate heat but is changed in the course of our age For at our first coming into thâ— world it is most and age increasing the radical moisture wasted by degrees and drieth up So that in the end the radical moisture being clearly gone the heat also wanting wherewithall to support it self goes out and a natural death followeth CHAP. VI. Of Spirits BUT although every part of the body have this heat innate in it yet that alone sufficeth not to undergo all actions Influent Spirits but requires heat and spirits flowing from elsewhere by which it may be stirred up and cherished for by it self it hath no power to perform all actions but soon languisheth and so is scattered and vanisheth except it be daily stirred up nourished and strengthned by the spirits of the principal parts especially the heart Although the name of Spirit may admit of various significations yet in this place it is taken for the purest What the influent spirit is finest thinnest hottest most moveable body proceeding from the most purest and subtilest part of the bloud and although the name of Spirit be attributed to the Innate heat yet it especially belongs to those that are most fluent and moveable The Use of Spirits These Spirits are the bond by which the body and soul are united and the chief instrument of performing our actions and being wrought in the principal parts of the body are conveyed through their channels into the whole body and are joined with the Innate heat that they may help the powers and faculties to perform their actions Spirits are not the Vehicle of the faculties But that is false which some teach That the Spirit is the Vehicle of the faculties and that the faculties and
power of performing are carried by these Spirits from the principal parts for the faculties of the soul are unseparable proprieties and the soul is fitted with its faculty in all its parts nor doth it take them from any other parts but there useth them where it hath fit instruments These Spirits are of three sorts Spirits how many forts Natural Vital Animal The Natural are generated in the Liver and are said to flow from thence into all the parts of the body but although the name of Spirit may in some measure be attributed to the most thin and subtile parts of the blood which oftentimes comes forth out of the Veins with the blood yet there is not a little difference betwixt them and the other Spirits properly so called The natural Spirit and so properly doth not deserve the â—â—me of Spirits as the rest do since they are not the proper instruâ—ents of our actions nor the bond of the soul which uniteth it â—â—th the body and is not generated in any peculiar cavity as the â—â—ital Spirits are It s use The use of the Natural Spirits are to strengthen â—â—e Innate Spirit in all its parts that it may supply the Vital Spirits â—â—th matter and may serve for the more convenient distribution of blood through the Veins The Vital Spirit is generated in the heart The Vital Spirits whence generated of the thinnest and purest blood or the natural Spirit commonly so called and aêr by hâ—â—p of respiration drawn by the dilatatian of the Arteries in the left Ventricle of the heart and being there freed from all fuliginous vapours is distributed through the Arteries into all the parts of the body but the Blood out of which this Spirit is generated for the most part is conveyed through the arterious vein from the right Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs and from thence with aër drawn by breathing in is carried through the arterious vein into the left Ventricle of the heart Their Uses Now this Spirit with its innate heat in the heart is not onely the chief instrument of the actions of the heart but is distributed through the Arteries into the whole body and stirreth up cherisheth increaseth and strengthneth the innate heat in all the parts and doth as it were give action and perfection thereunto whence it is called by some the Influent heat besides which it affords matter fit for the generation of the animal spirits Thirdly The Animal Spirâ—t there are Animal spirits really different from the Viâ—â—l for they are generated in a peculiar place namely the Brain and â—om thence through peculiar Channels to wit Nerves are disperâ—d over the whole body nor can the Vital Spirit perform what the Animal can fince it is a living part orespread with a Vital Spirit Neverthelesse being toucht may be deprived of sense and motion â—â—rough the defect of the Vital Spirit They are generated of the â—urest part of that blood Where and whence generated which is contained in the comers or caâ—ities of the brain which comes from the mixt vein and artery â—nd is orespread with the vital and natural Spirit the purest part â—eing poured out through little branches and small furrows in the â—bstance of the brain for in this and not in the Ventricles of the brain the purest and most subtile part of the blood is changed into animal spirits It s Uses The Animal Spirit serves for the use of living â—â—eatures namely to perform internal and external senses as alâ—â— it serves for motion in Animals and its presence occasioneth â—he faculty of the soul actually to perform the operations of the â—nternal and external senses and it perfecteth animal motion and â—an occasion local motion CHAP. VII Of the natural constitution of Organick parts and the common Unity of parts alike and not alike called similar and dissimilar parts THe natural Constitution of the Organick parts The natural constitution of the Organick parts consist â—â— the due composition and a convenient knitting of the 〈◊〉 milar parts into one form fit and profitable for action for making up whereof these things ensuing are necessary First Their Number a certain number of the parts compounding whicâ— in some are lesse others more according as the instrument are more or lesse compounded till at length there is made up a perfect instrument which can perform perfect actions Secondly Magnirude a due magnitude of the parts compounding being neither bigger nor lesser then they ought Thirdly Conformation due framing which comprehends first a convenienâ— figure secondly cavities and pores that in case a part be noâ— solid but porous it may contain the just number and magnitude of those pores thirdly a certain disposition of the secundary qualities namely that some parts may have a sharp superficies some parts light others heavy some soft others hard some coloured others not light colour or dark colour according as the nature and use of the part requireth Site and connexion Fourthly situation and connexion that every part may be in its own place and may agree with others Lastly it is requisite that there be a common unity aâ— well of parts alike as disalike which is a coherence and growing together of divers bodies into one Unity which if it be wanting and taken away the natural action is hindred CHAP. VIII Of the faculties of the Soul and of the differences of actions iâ— mans body AFter that we have shewed wherein health consists The actions and differences of the faculties of the mind and what iâ— requisite for the performing of actions now we are to explainâ— what are the differences of the faculties of the mind and of actions in a body Physitians whom we here follow divide Actions for theiâ— purpose into Natural Vital and Animal according to the three principal members the Liver Heart and Brain by which all Actions in the body are governed For Physitians purposes are not the same with Philosophers to inquire or search the kindâ— or differences of Souls of living creatures which appears by the diâ—â—inct manners of life which is in Plants in brute beastes living â—treatures and man but onely ought to find out in man the difâ—erences of actions whose actions it is their businesse to preserve and if offended to restore and moreover a Physitian doth not so much consider the faculties themselves which hurt not as the Organs and instruments and then distinguish actions according to the differences of them CHAP. IX Of the Natural faculty and first of Nutrition and Augmentation THat we may begin with the natural faculty The principal natural faculties I mean the Natural faculty so called peculiarly by Physitians for as it is taken generally it is opposed to preternatural and so the Vital and Aniâ—mal faculties may be called Natural The Natural faculty by the Philosophers is called a growing or flourishing power All its actions tend to the preservation of its kind
faculty and why the Phantasie in the former the Rational in the middle and the Memory in the hinder part of the brain should be placed for the Imagination and Memory are conversant about the same things though after a different manner But although oftentimes one of these faculties being offended the others remain unprejudiced as oftentimes the Memory is lost the imagination and rational faculties not hurt and on the other side the apprehension and ratiocination offended and the Memory sound and perfect yet that cometh not so much to passe through the diversaty of organs parts of the brain from whence those actions arise as by the change of their proper dispositions and of those things which are required to perform those actions The affections of those senses hitherto explained are sleep and watchfulness The affections of the senses are two Sleep Sleep is a cessation of the natural and commonsense of the external senses ordained for the health of living Creatures by detaining of the Animal Spirits in the brain hindering them from flowing to the Instruments of sense and motion The causes that bring it to passe that the Animal Spirits flying into the brain are there detained and are as it were smitten and cease are several whereof some perform it by taking them away as watching labour and other things in the like nature or by rendring them lesse moveable and benumm'd or as others conceive by penning in and stopping their way as vapours ascending after taking of meat and drink or as it were pleasingly and contentedly stopping inviting from motion to rest which sweet melodies murmuring streams gentle rocking and the like occasion The end of sleep is the refreshing and strengthning of the Spirits and external senses by taking away their motions and operations and from hence comes a recovery of their strength and vigour Watchfulness is opposed to sleep Watching and it is nothing else but the efficacy or force of sense or solution rather of the senses proceeding from the hinderance of the free flowing of the Animal Spirits into all the members of the body Man waketh or is stirred up out of his sleep after a two-fold manner Either of his own accord when concoction is performed the vapours that hindred the Spirits coming forth are discussed and separated or sharp vapours are carried to the brain and trouble the Amimal Spirits that they cannot freely flow into the instruments of the senses or by an external cause when from a more violent external cause as Clamour or touch the sensitive faculty being stirred up converts its self to perceive Nor do the organs of the senses wholly want Animal Spirits in sleep but some stilâ— remain in them sufficient to discern more vehement objects CHAP. XIV Of the Intellective Faculty AT length we come to the understanding or rational faculty whereby a man is elevated above other living Creatures and is neer to and as it were like unto his maker The understanding abstracts things from their matter and without considerations of matter without quantity without figure knoweth things undersands things freed from their matter it is almost capable of infiâ—iteness it reflects back upon its self and knoweth it self and understandeth that it doth understand and because of that it hath an unatiable desire of the knowledge of eternity and blessedness It perâ—orms its functions without all corporeal instruments yet it hath â—eed of the Phantasie as its object to understand and the Imagination supplies the mind with intelligible matter And therefore although it have not its seat in the brain as in its organ by it self yet because it worketh by the help of the Phantasie and it behoveth the understanding to watch the Imagination by accident and by the consequence its seat is appointed where the imagination is namely the brain The reasonable soul comprehends two faculties The Understanding The Will the Intellect whereby we apprehend things and the Will whereby we are carried to chose things which we understand under the notion of good And things as they are beings we know them and as they are good we desire them CHAP. XV. Of the desire and moving faculty BEsides the knowing faculty Appetite two-fold sensitive rational there is given to man an appetite and force of moving The Object of mans appetite is good whether it be really so or seemingly so The appetite is two-fold sensitive and rational sensitive is that which desires that which seems good to the senses rational is that which desires that good that seems so to reason and the motions of the sensitive faculty are often resisted by the motions of the rational faculty and there ariseth strife discord betwixt the sensitive rational faculty Out of the appetite as its actions arise the affections and passions of the mind as we call them Voluntary Animal motion follows the desire Voluntary motion for after that an external object is brought by the external senses and common sense to the Phantasie it is known as profitable and acceptable or as hurtfull displeasing Love or hatred followeth this knowledge or thâ— desire of what is pleasing and flight of what is displeasing Motioâ— presently follows the desire in brute beasts but in man there is tâ—â— Judgment of the intellective faculty which values what is truly goâ— and what hurtfull The motive faculty Then the motive faculty follows that motioâ— which is commanded by the rational or sensitive faculty as the oâ— or the other over-ruleth by the contraction of the muscles the adâ— quate Instruments of motion which draw the tendons these tâ— bones and they being moved the members and whole body is caâ— ried from place to place either to accept of what is grateful or to resist and fly from what is hurtful But although a muscle be the adaequate instrument of motion yet the chiefest part of it consists of fibers or smal strings The Instrument of motion which being contracted the muscle is contracted and motion performed Although their are four different motions of the muscles whileâ— they are contracted or extended or moved transverse or remaiâ— streight as Galen says in his first Book of the motion of muscles anâ— eighth Chapter or as others explain it contraction conservation oâ— contraction or tonick motion relaxation and perseveration of relaxation yet contraction only to which tonick motion belongs is the proper action of the muscles but extension which is a passion rather then an action is not the immediate cause of motion for whilst a muscle contracted by its opposite muscle is extended it suffers it doth not act THE SECOND BOOK PART I. OF DISEASES CHAP. I. Of the nature of a Disease WHereas we have hither treated of those things that are incident to the body according to Nature Thingsprâ—ter-natural how many and so have discoursed about health now I will speake of those things that are preter-natural or contrary to Nature for I do not intend to make any distinction betwixt these
to be ejected by the panch that being closed 't is cast out of the mouth with the meat For the other publike concoction Symptomes of Sanguification which is made in the Liver Sanguification is either abolished when for the most part there is no change of the Chyle and in stead of good blood serous and Petuitous is generated or else it is diminished when halfe raw blood is elaborated or it is depraved when hot and adust blood is generated The Symptomes which belong to the evacuation of the excrements of the second concoction Symptomes about making Water Iscury Dusury A Strangury Incontinency of Urin. Diabetes Bad milk are an Iscury or suppression of Urine or stopping of Water or a Dusury or difficulty in making Water a Strangury or dropping of Urine when it comes away drop by drop and that there is a continual irritation to expel Urine Incontinence of Urine is when it goeth from us against our wills Diabetes or plentiful making Water is when whatsoever is drunk cometh away by Urine not changed at all or altered very little Hitherto belong the Symptomes which belong to the generation of milk when too much or none or not enough is generated or it proves scurvey and is coagulated and curdled Hitherto we refer the Symptomes Gonorhaea Flux of Months which belong to the other concoctions as the running of the Reins suppressions of Courses diminishing dropping flowing in too great plenty the Flux of the Womb. Increasing is hindered when either the whole body Symptomes of encreasing or some part is not encreased enough and ceaseth to encrease before it comes to its just magnitude or it encreaseth too much and grows to too great a bigness Lastly there are some hurts of the generative faculty Symptomes of generation for generation is either taken away when no Children are generated or diminished when few and weak ones are begotten or depraved when Monsters or a Cripple or any way an imperfect thing is begotten and because to the generation of mankind there is required male and female joyned hitherto belongs impotency in men extinction of lust in women barrennesse and other Symptomes of this kind CHAP. V. Of the Symptomes of the vital faculty FOr the Symptomes of the vital faculty there is a palpitation of the heart a Lypothymy Palpitation of heart or an absence of Spirits for a short time or an Aphyxy or no Pulse Palpitation of the heart is when there is a depraved motion of it swifter then it ought to be when the heart leaps and strives to fly from that which troubles it A Lypothymy A Lypothymy or want of vital spirits is when the Pulse beats swift on a sudden and then ceaseth to beat at all or is suddenly taken away with a small slow and weak Pulse to which some add an Eclusie or absense of the vital soule A Syncope again is a motion depraved A swooning Absence of Pulse when the Pulse is much lesser slower and weaker then a Lypothymy An Asphuxy is a total absence as it were of the Pulse and the highest degree of swooning and neerest to death of the other preternatural differences of Pulses we will speak in another place Respiration which is caused by the heart Respiration hurt Taken away Depraved Shortbreathing Shorter Shortest either is wholly taken away Which Symptome the Greeks call Apnoia or is depraved which they call Dyspnoia besides these the respiration is either too great or too small too often or too seldome too swift or too slow equal or unequal And lasty of swift and slow breathings there are some differences according to more and lesse for the first degree is a Dusopme the second is an Asthma the third is an Orthopnie when the sick are forced to fit upright to breath Of the Symptomes of the external senses FOr as much as belongs to the external senses Symptomes of sight first of the sight that either is wholly lost as in blindness the Disease called Amagrosis or it is diminished in the disease which is called Ambluopia and dimnesse of sight or Muopia which is to see as Mice do that is to discern objects which are neer us and seeming lesse to us then they are Depravation of sight Nutolopea is when any one sees well by day but very bad in the evening and not by night or the sight is depraved When these things which are white seem red or yellow those things which are strait crooked those things which are whole seem halfe and perforated those things which are single double when Cobwebs appear before the eyes and Flyes and Gnats when shinings and glistnings appear which the Greeks call Marmarugase The hearing is either taken away Symptomes of hearing which disease is called Deafness when the diseased can neither hear a great nor smal sound or it is diminished when loud sounds are heard but with difficulty small sounds not at all which disease is called hardnesse of hearing the Greek name Barucoia Ducecoia Hypocophosis or it is depraved when there is a hiding in the ears which disease the Greeks call Ecos and Sorigmos i. c. a hiding a whistling a hissing The smel is hurt when it is abolished Symptomes of smelling diminished or depraved when things seem to stink have in them no ill smell Moreover the taste is either plainly taken away or else diminished or depraved Of tasting when a thing seems to taste otherwise then it doth The touch is either wholly lost and can feel nothing or is diminished Of feeling which is called Numness or 't is depraved as in pain or itching hitherto also belongs want of sense in the teeth CHAP. VII Of the Symptomes of the Internal senses THe Symptomes of the Internal senses are watchings and sleepings when either of them are contrary to nature Symptomes of the common sense Too much watching Too much sleep as likewise dreams the error in watchings are when men either sleep not at all for a long time or if they do they sleep too little Sleep is opposite to watching if it be too much which comes to passe when it is natural but not absolutely such but longer either from the repletion of the head by vapours and exhalations as in drunkenness or by the consuming of the heat and spirits through too much labour But preternatural sleep is such as doth proceed from a morbifique cause which is a Cataphora or a Coâ—na that is a diminution of the action of the common sense which as it were a wreathing neither suffers the Animal Spirits to be diffused into the external senses nor being entertained by them doth know and judge aright of other objects A Coma is two-fold Coma two-fold Somnolent Vigilant somnolent and vigilant somnolent is that which is oftentimes called an absolute Coma with which disease those that are affected the eyes being shut do sleep sound and too much but a vigil is when the sick have a
of Excretions and Retentions THe third sort of Symptomes comprehend the errors of those things which we ought to be cast out of the body Errors of Emission and Retention or use to be retained in it contrary to nature in which kind of Symptomes regard is not to be had to the excression it selfe or action of casting forth whose faults are the Symptomes of actions hurt but onely to the matter which is cast out which as it recedes from the natural state constitutes this or that sort of Symptomes Retentions and Excretions offend either in the whole substance or in quality or in quantity First Excression and Retention offend in substance in the whole substance they offend which ought never to be found in the whole body in the stead of an Excrement such are Stones and divers sorts of Wormes little Hairs and such like Secondly those which in their whole substance are not contrary to nature but are cast forth in this or that manner or place contrary to nature such are the Courses out of the Nose Eys or Teats the Ordure by the Mouth Thirdly those things which are plainly natural yet ought rather to be retained then evacuated as too much profusion of blood by the Mouth Panch Nose Bladder Pores of the Skin which happens in a bloody swear To these belongs particular ejections out of the Lungs and other parts In quality they offend many wayes in heat and cold moisture and drinesse In colour smell and taste in quantity excretions offend when either more or lesse then ought to be are cast forth which often happen in the dregs of the Panch Urine and Courses The end of the third Part and first Section of the second Book Book II. PART III. SECT II. OF THE CAUSES OF SYMPTOMES CHAP. I. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the natural faculty SIthence we have reckoned all the differences of Symptomes The cause of want of nourishment order now requires that we may shew their Causes in the same order we have set down them and as for the Symptomes of the Natural Faculty amongst them the first is Atrophy or want of nourishment and that is either in the whole or in some part In the whole Atrophy in the whole is occasioned through the debility of the faculty or default of the nourishment the vertne is weakned through a dry distemper and sometimes hot which principally proceeds from the Heart labouring with the like distemper as in Hekticks and other Fevers yet sometimes from the defect of other parts which may communicate their affects also with the Heart diseases may perform the same Atrophy is occasioned through defect of Aliment when either it is not communicated in sufficient quantity or when it is affected with some ill quality 'T is wanting when too small a quantity is received or although sufficient quantity be taken yet 't is not concocted through the weaknesse of the bowels or being concocted 't is not distributed by reason of the narrownesse of the Veines about the Liver or it is disperst or not conglutinated by reason of distempers of the parts especially hot and dry Atrophy is made through the pravity of nutriment when ill blood by reason of the distemper of the bowels is generated especially hot and dry and not so profitable In part Atrophy is in some part whilest its force is weak through cold distemper and defect of native heat or through want of nourishment by reason of the straitnesse of the passages by which it should be communicated to the part or occasioned by what cause soever The immediate cause of depravation of nutrition The cause of ill habit of Body and of ill habit is vitious and raw nourishment in the bowels appointed for publike concoctions arising from the vitious disposition there to which sometimes a cold and moist dsstemper and habit of the body is added The Scabs Of the scab leaprosie c. the Leprosie and other known cutanious diseases have their original from ill nourishment but not crude but sharp salt nitrous or having some other pravity which since it is various various diseases from thence do arise But amonst the Symptomes which happen to the concoction which is made in the stomach The cause of the appetite taken away and diminished The first is when the appetite is hurt and the reason of abolishing or diminishing of the appetite is because either little or no juice is made or else is not perceived juice is not made or very little is made when many crude and watery humours compâ—ess the mouth of the stomach or the chyle hither to sticks in the stomach or because aliment abounds in the body which may be when it is not evacuated by reason of the thicknesse of the skin or idlenesse or weak heat or because it is not attracted through some distemper of the Veins or straitnesse of the Meseraick veins and of the hollow Vein of the Liver or because concoction and distributiis hindred in the stomach The sucking is not perceived either through the error of the sensitive faculty when the animal spirits which should flow are desicient or when the action is converted another way as in such as are out of their wits or when the nerves of the conjugation are defective or when the mouth of the stomach is ill with some distemper as swelling or ulcer or by the dulnesse of the stomach occasioned by some stupefactive Medicines The cause of daily abstinence Hitherto belongs the daily abstinence of those men who abstained not onely some dayes and months but years also from all meats of which wonderful Symptome although it be not easie to render a reason yet it is probable that all such had not need of restoring and that because nothing is taken away or not in a long time wasted because of the humours which preserves our bodies is so disposed and proportioned to the heat of the same that it could not be destroyed by it On the contrary The cause of the appet ite encreased the cause of the encrease of the appetite is too much sucking which comes to passe either from some humour sticking in the stomach such is Melancholly which by its sharpnesse and austereness binds the stomach or through want of nourishment which happens by reason of Wormes which consumes the Chyle or by too much labour and exercise watchings long fastings evacuations of blood vomiting or from some old distemper binding the stomach But the appetite is depraved by a vitious humour peculiarly corrupted and fixed to the Tunicles of the stomach which is either generated in the stomach by ill food or else flowes from some other part especially the Womb into the stomach Thirst is abolished or diminished either from cold sweat The cause of diminishing of thirst unsavory petuitous aqueous many humours generated in the stomach want of meat and drink or flowing from some other parts continually moistening the stomach or because the
sends it out moist or by taking of meats that loosen the belly or by defluctions from the Head to the Guts or by the effusion of Choller and other thin humours to the Guts But the ordure is become hard by too much heat which consumes almost all the humidity whether it be that internal heat of the Liver or of other parts neer thereunto or of the whole body either natural or preter-natural moreover from the drinesse of the Guts or of the whole body Thirdly if there be too much Urine or if there be a continued sweat Fourthly by thickning and astringent meats Fifthly by long stay in the Guts by reason whereof the moisture is sucked out Sixthly through want of aliment in the parts Of sharp Faetid and too much attraction of the members The dung is sharp through the mixture of sharp homours use of sower meats 'T is become faetid through the use of stinking meats and ill concoction especially by the mixture of divers sorts of meats as also by the humidity and heat of the body which disposeth it to putrifaction Ordure is cast forth with a noise through the mixture of much wind violently breaking forth It becomes white White when choller is not mingled therewith as in the yellow Jaundice through the use of meats that are whitening being mixt with plenty of flegm also Yellow It becomes yellow through much much mixture of yellow Choller It becomes green through aeruginous choller It grows black by reason of a black humor by the use of Cassia and such like Red. Black Frothy It becomes red by the mixture of blood or adust yellow choller It becomes frothy by reason of slimy flegm and a defluxion of windy matter from the head and mixture of wind The causes of the the changed qualities of Urine shall be explained in the following bâ—ok Hot sweats proceed from hot humors either whilest the humors wax hot Causes of sweat preter 〈◊〉 or especially when the matter is overcome is attenuated and concocted cold are caused through plenty of cold matter which cannot be so easily overcome as heat or by the resolution of spirits and extinction of the native heat or through the malignancy of the matter â—he sweat smels by reason of too great plenty of stinking filth they are yellow in the yellow Jaundice by the mixture of yellow choller Green by mixture of leek-coloured choller red and bloody by the watrishness and thinness of the blood loosenesse of the skin and weaknesse of the retentive faculty yet there are administred Wines which being drunk in some discolour their sweat They are salt for the most part which consist of a salt and serous excrement Bitter by the mixture of Choller sharp by the mixture of sharp humours The menstruous blood offendeth in quality whilest it is white Of vitious Courses yellow black or has any ill colour moreover whilest it smells foul and is too watry which comes to passe whilest the like humors are gathered together in the body or about the womb and goes out through it with the menstruous blood The spittle is too thick if it be contained too long in the Mouth Of the spittle changed and its thinner parts consumed or if thick matter distil from the head or be mingled with it or if it be thickned by heat which happens in Fevers It becomes frothy through the mixture of spirit and much air Spittle borrows its tastes from salt bitter sower humours especially cleaving to the Stomach It receives its colour from humours in the bowels and the vapours going out of them 'T is become white from flegm Yellow from Choller Red from Blood Black from Melancholy or thick dryed Blood Green from aeruginous Choller it acquires a foul smell from inward putrifaction especially from an Ulcer of the Lungs At length the excressions erre in quantity Causes of excrements changed the excrements of the belly are cast forth in greater quantity then is convenient First by reason of moist food especially if after the use thereof store of drink be taken Secondly by reason of meats containing little alimentary juice but much excrementitious Thirdly through the ill distribution of Chyle Fourthly by conflux of Excrements from the other parts to the Guts But fewer then is convenient are ejected for contrary reasons namely if the meat be hard and principally if little drink be taken after it if the meat be of good juice and nourishment and be taken in small quantity if the Chyle be greedily snatched from the Meseraik Veines and if Choller which is as it were the Goad to stimulate and expel dregs come not much into the Guts The quantity of Urine ought to answer likewise to the quantity of drink but that also is sometimes made in greater or lesse quantity the causes whereof shall be shewed in the following Book The causes of plenty of sweat are rarity of body Cause of store of sweat strength of the expulsive faculty aboundancy and tenuity of Excrements and therefore in the Crysis of a disease great sweats arise whilest all the excrementitious matter together and at once is put forth Little sweat is occasioned by contrary causes namely by the smalnesse or thicknesse of Excrements straitnesse of passages weaknesse of expulsion by the vehemency of the matter which destroyes heat Lastly why Courses sometimes flow more plentifully Of Courses sometimes more sparingly then is convenient above in the Third Part Second Section and First Chapter where we have spoken of suppression diminution and flowing of Months The end of all the Second Book Book III. PART I. SECT I. OF SIGNES In General Of the Difference and Heads of Signs CHAP. I. Of the necessity and benefit of the Method of Signs SInce we have hitherto explained what health is Necessity of the Semiotick Method and wherein it consists and what is the difference of things contrary to nature we now rightly come to the Method of healing and preserving health and are to teach by what means health may be preserved and diseases taken away The benefit of it but neverthelesse since arts are conversant about individuals and a Physitian doth not cure in general man but Peter and Paul c. The Method and way is first to be explained whereby the present constitution of every man both sick and well may be known which now lies hid in individuals they may be found out by the signs of a disease and what may be known and hoped for of the event and end of diseases and the Method of signs are to go before Moreover there is that benefit of this Method that whilest the sick see those things that may happen to them being known to the Physitian they may trust the more to him and obey him for the Physitian when he foresees those things which shall happen to the sick may have time to prevent them and avoid the reproaches of the vulgar whilest he foretells those things which
necessary that a sound body may obtain the most convenient temperature and constitution of the simular parts fittest for all actions Secondly a convenient number it ought to have of organick parts and likewise magnitude figure scituation connexion with others and all things in all respects which are required to the constitution of a part as it is organick Thirdly all the parts in order ought to be united and joined but in respect of actions a man that is very sound doth very well perform all the actions convenient for a man natural vital and animal So that there is no defect in them and observes moderation in them all and is very little subject to diseases and withstands all the causes of diseases violent excepted the excrements observe their natural substance quality quantity time and convenient part on 't which to be ejected the qualities which follow the best constitution of a Body are a rosie colour of the face nay and of the whole body calidity frigidity softnesse and hardnesse smoothnesss and roughnesse a sound body well constituted observes mediocrity the body is neither bald nor too rough but the hairs themselves keep mediocrity and in youthfull age tend to yellownesse in manly to blacknesse the habit of the body is the middle betwixt too corpulent and too slender good flesh and good stature out of all which the handsomenesse of the body proceeds yet all these most evidently appear in the middle and flourishing age CHAP. II. Of the Signs of Bodies differing from the best constitution BUt Bodies which differ from the best constitutions either are sick which are dâ—scerned from sound Bodies by the hurting of the actions and the sign which distinguishes betwixt a sound and sick body is sensible hurt of the actions Or they are hitherto sound which have not their actions hitherto sensibly hurt whereof there is a great latitude and some in the temperature of the simular parts some in the composition of the organick parts some of them both deviating from the best constitution And first those bodies which are too hot Signs of a hot body yet moderate in drinesse and humidity such discover themselves to the touch hair abounds in the whole body and is yellow and thick They are thinner as to matter of fat they are swift and strong for motion prone to anger the colour of the face is redder then of a temperate body they are easily hurt by hot causes If drynesse be joined to the heat Of a hoâ— and dry which they call cholleâ—ick the body shall be hot hard thin and lean hairy and the hairs are black cuâ—led the Puise of the Arteries are great and the Veins great they are angry persons which are endued with such a temperature obstinate levers of brawlings they desire few things they are fit for the generation of Males If moisture be joyned to the heat Of hot and moist which temperament they call Sanguine the bodies shall be hot and soft abounding with much blood fleshy endued with large Veins and those which are so in their youth often have the Hemorrhoides of the Nose and if the humidity somewhat abound they are apt from their youth to discases of putrifaction If the body be too cold Of a cold such a body is perceived by the touch 't is white at slow soft and baid 't is easily hurt by cold things it hath a narrow brest and without hair and narrow veins scarcely appearing the hairs are thin and of small increase for the most part they are fearfull that are of that temperament If moisture be joined to the cold Of a cold and moist not much nor that coldnesse great the body shall be white in colour fat thick soft red hair inclining to palenesse but if the frigidity with the humidity be more intense the body shall be thick coloured yellow exceeding bald the hair smooth the veins lying hid such temperaments are dull and slow of apprehension and for the most part altogether idle no wayes ready simple and not prone to anger If frigidity is joined to drinesse Of a cold dry such a body is discerned by the touch those shall be lean bald pale which are of such a constitution they are slow in going on dejected in countenance with their eyes fixed And for what belongs to Melancholians in particular Of Melancholians not onely whom the vulgar but whom Aristotle in the thirtieth Section and first Probleme accounts ingenious wherein the said Aristotle writes that much and cold choller is black these are foolish and idle wherein there is much and hot choller those are quick-sighted and ingenious apt to love propense to anger and lust and some greater bablers but those whose heat is more remiss more temperate and as it were reduced to mediocrity those are much more prudent and although they less exceed in some matters yet in others they are far better then the others some in the study of Literature others in Arts others in Common-wealths namely those Melancholians are ingenious who by nature abound with good and plenty of blood wherewith some part thicker and dryer is mingled which adds as it were strength to the blood and when attenuated and as it were poured it is spiritual And whereas the differences of bodies are constituted according to Astrologers Saturnines and according to the number of Planets Those that are born under Saturn have a dry skin black hair and are delighted with those black things they have little eyes small pulse a slow and dull gate they are fearful sad love solitude they are busie-bodies covetous slow of endeavouring silent laborious they have terrible and obscure dreams Those under Jupiter are fair Jovials and have rosie countenances with a pleasant and venerable aspect they have black eyes are of a fit stature and handsome composure of all the parts their habit of body is good flesh blood and spirits pure and in great plenty hence they are milde joyful ingenious bountiful moderate lovers of friends just and all their manners composed with comeliness and their gate is moderate Those under Mars abound with choller Martial have a lean body rather then a fat have red faces and shadowed burning and threatning eyes a broad brest an upright neck they are propense to anger contentious bold and often precipitate contemners of danger seditious Those under Sol are of a yellowish Solares or a Saffron colour tending to red they have yellow hair golden and curled black eyes swelling full faces moderate garbs and have hotter blood and spirits hence they are courteous wise open hearted honest strong magnificent and aspiring to high things and sometimes proud Those under Venus are faire Venereus coming nigh to the feminine beauty and softness delicate colour is red or of white inclining to red their eyes shining sparkling and casting lacivious looks the brows and lips thin they are quiet joyful pleasant in conversation delighted with jests company singing delighted
Naturall rest in the beginning make the pulses lesser Sleep weaker slower and thinner afterwards greater and more vehement and the slownesse and thinnesse by little and little is increased moreover if the sleep be too long they returne againe to pravity and debility and retaine their sloath and thinnesse when a man is stirred up or awakned the Pulses begin to be greater more vehement swifter more frequent equally indeed if a man be awakned by degrees but unequally and troubled if he be suddenly awakned yet a little afterwards the pulse againe becomes moderate long watchings cause little and weake pulses yet swift and frequent at length the faculty being weakned they become dull and thin Exercise and motion moderate cause great pulses Exercise vchement swift frequent but overmuch exercise cause little faint swift frequent when the use may be increased and the faculty debilitated at length they are little slow and thin Moderate use of baths make great pulses swift frequent Baths and vehement but if they exceed measure little faint swifter and more frequent Passions of the mind As for the passions of the mind anger causeth great pulses swift frequent vehement joy makes great pulses thin and slow moderately vehement but if it be overmuch it renders them unequall and inordinate In sadnesse they are little languishing slow thin feare soone makes the swift pulse vehement Inordinate unequall but they are of as long continuance as those are in sadnesse Immoderate evacuations Evacuations because they debilltate the faculty bring forth pulses like to those caused by a weake faculty But as for those things which happen contrary to nature Preternaturall things how they alter the pulse although they are various yet they change the pulse because either they change the use or affect the instruments or faculty in the first place when the faculty is affected many changes are made of the pulses for whether the faculty be diffolved and weakned by those things which dissolve the Spirits and sollid parts such as are soule diseases great distempers vehement and diurnall greifs fastings too great Evacuations or whether they are burthened or oppressed by plenty of humours or by diseases of instruments inflamations or other tumours the pulses are made lesse in the first place and swift frequent feeble afterwards the least most slow most frequent most faint and at length the faculty being almost prostrated intermittent deficient declining vermiculant formicant all which running through the various kind of affects contrary to nature and principally out of the doctrine of feavers are made more manifest CHAP. XIII What the simple differences of Pulses signifie and presage ALthough from the causes of pulses Great pulses what they signify it easily appeares what every pulse signifies and portends yet that we may add something of each in particular a great pulse although principally its familiar use be in increasing a strong faculty and a soft instrument in those which are sick it signifies a hot disease and a great pulse unlesse it be hindered followes all feavers and it cannot be much dilated with the Artery unlesse the power be strong or at least not weake a great pulse in all feavers is good signe A small pulse argues either debility of the faculty or remisnesse of the use or hardnesse of the instruments and indeed if a small pulse shall be also faint t is a token that its weakness proceeds from a weake faculty if small and hard from the Artery if neither debility nor hardnesse be perceived in the pulse it is an argument that it comes from the diminution of the use whence little pulses with a weake faculty foretell death the rest of pulses that are small for the most part presage long and difficult diseases A swift pulse signifies that the use is increased and the vigour stronge A swift or certainly not very weake whence in those that are sound a swife pulse signifies heate stirred up by motion exercises baths and such like causes which if it be also great the strength is not yet debilitated but in those which are sick a swift pulse signifies a hot disease and is proper to those which are feaverish and if magnitude be joyned therewith itshewes that the use is increased with strength of nature but if frequency be adjoyned without magnitude it shews that the powers are weakned if hardnesse of the instrument the use being increased hinders dilatation that hardnesse is to be perceived by the touch A slow pulse shews Slow the contrary to wit little heate and the use diminished and then it is onely thin and the vigour not firme enough and withall it is feeble A frequent pulse signifies the use to be increased Frequent or the faculty weakned or the instrument hard if it proceed only from the use increased it is not faint nor hard and magnitude frequently goes before and then extraordinary great heat is discovered in those that are sick if it proceed from debility or hardness of the artery that is discerned by the pulse Thin pulses are made either through a strong faculty Thin and a soft instrument or from the use diminished in sound bodies it signifies a cold constitution but in sidk a cold disease and coldness of the heart and that which is contained therein and therefore 't is accounted an ill signe A strong and vehement pulse shews a strong faculty Vehement and if its vehemency exceed the bounds of nature it signifies also great irritation A faint pulse on the contrary Faint signifies powers to be dejected and that either by dissipation of spirits and resolution and then it is also smal and if use hinder not slow or by oppression occasioned by plenty of humours and then the pulse also is inordinate and unequal A soft pulse shews softness of the arterie Soft and moreover in a sound body signifies immoderate drinking or dyet over moistning or a bath or idleness but in a sick a moist habit of the body On the contrary hard pulses Hard. shew the hardness of the arterie and indeed either by extending in convulsions Tumours or by repletion of vessels with humours and wind or by drying as in burning Feavers Hecticks consuming Feavers Quartans and other drying causes CHAP. IV. What the other differences of Pulses signifie presage NOw for the other differences of pulses and first Equality and inequality of that of equality and inequality equality although it shew a fixed disposition of matter yet it signifies firmness of nature and therefore affords the better hope but all inequalities are worse and either signifie obstructions of vessels or compressions or aboundance of humours hindring the force and indeed a single inequality is more dangerous then systematick or mixed whence intermitting pulses in one pulse are more dangerous then intermitting in many if both of them proceed from debility of the faculty Uneven pulses Vnalike stirred up Myouri Dicroti therefore being stirred
which guides the neutrality of those that are falling away The Analyptick is that which brings neuters to be healthy And first a method of preserving of the health of such as are very well is to be explained wherein notwithstanding some things may be delivered which may be accommodated to the other degrees of health But in the first place it is to be noted that the foundation of our future health fully depends on the conception and seed of our parents Seed the cause of future health and therefore as Fernelius in his first Book of Pathology Chap. 1. writeth If Husbandmen being to sow Corne choose the small and young seed having found by experience that ill fruite comes from that which is rotten how much more diligently ought we to observe the seed in the procreation of our Children Moreover when the Mother hath conceived a Child in the wombe Dyeâ— of such as are great she ought to beware of all things which might bring any detriment to the young or rather she ought to be carefull that she may strengthen and preserve it safe namely that she avoid foggy Aire that she beware of the smell of candles newly put out of brimstone castor and such like and of the smell of herbs that are too fragrant she should shun meates of ill juice and sharpe and such as cause urine or cause loathing or provoake sneezing she should not use many Aromatick things if those that are great desire any ill meates they are not altogether to be denyed them but if the food which the woman desires cannot be obtained by her least any inconveniencies should happen to the young they use to give her some hony with nutmeg or water distilled from the tender leaves of a Vine in the month of May or of the barks of Citron or the pills of Oranges or of the Roote of Piony being bruised and prepared in Spanish Wine or Malmesy For the strengthening are exhibited the precious Stones Strengthning the young called Pearles Coralls the shavings of Ivory the barkes of Citron Cinamon Saffron the wood of Aloes Cloves Quinces Sugar of Roses sweete Almonds corrected with high Country Wine Water called the Balsome of Children the confection of Gems Diamargariti calidi Malmsy Wine applyed with Bread to the belly The same things may hinder an abortion which is night at hand and moreover Vnguentum Comitissae externally applyed Hindring abortion also those that are great should principally avoid hard labours and passions of the mind yet to be altogether idle is not so convenient The opening of a vein eafter the fifth month for the most part is prohibited Whether a veine be to be opened of the woman with-child but before the fifth moneth you may open a veine in Plethorick bodies nay some unlesse they are let blood before the fifth month miscarry of purgation Hippocrates writeth in the fifth Apho. 39. thou shalt purge those that are with child any time within foure months and sometimes untill the seventh month but sparingly and you are to use only lenitive medicines CHAP III. Of the Diet of Infants and thence forward untill 21. yeares of Age. WHen a Child is brought forth into the World before the teats are given him we ought to give him some pure honey or Corall with Sugar or the Sugar of pennidice with Oile of sweet Almonds whereby the Dregs may be drawne through the Paunch and an Epilepsie be prevented Afterwards let the Infant be nourished with Milke The Infant is nourished with the mothers Milk and that from his Mothers Breast as having most agreement with the Infant and it is generated of the same blood by which before the little one was formed and nourished in the Wombe unlesse perhaps the Mother be sick or ill disposed the Infant is to bee nourished with Milke untill it be two years old or certainly till the eighteenth Month t is to be accustomed in the meane time to other meats by little little yet such as may be easily concocted commonly their is prepared for them Papp made of Bread and water or Milke yet by reason of its clamminesse it seemes not to so good to many and therefore more wholesome may bee made with crums of Bread or certainly with bread first dried in an Oven Afterwards the Infant by degrees is to be accustomed to more solid meats Diet the first three yeares but the first three years his food is to bee moister and the Infant is to be nourished with good meats and should use Bathes often but not presently after eating and drinking neare the end of seven years Age the use of Bathes ought to be more seldome Infants and Boyes should not drink Wine By how much the more a boy growes in yeares by so much the more both the mind and body are to be imployed yet the exercises ought not to bee immoderate least that any member should be turned awry or least the body should bee dryed too soone with two much motion and the growth of the body should be hindred of sleep by how much the more Age increaseth so by little and little we ought to abate it In the second and third Septinaries more solid meats are to be afforded Dietin 7. and 3. Sâ—ptinary yet not over much drying Exercise also ought to be somewhat lesse then the strength might tolerate and in the third Septinary order of Diet convenient for every course of life is to be begun for those which are given to a laborious kind of life ought to seed more plentifully in the third Septinary and with those meates which being taken in no great quantity nourish much and strengthen them for greater labours But those wich apply their mindes to learning at this age ought to be carefull of the animall spirits Diet of Schollers and diligently to endeavour that they may be plentifully generated being pure and cleare which may be if they live in a subtile Aire pure thin by dyet and meats that are not thick but which may afford matter for pure and lauadble blood and endeavour to evacuate all excrements in due time not to accumulate crudities nor weaken their bodies with untimely studies nor is the use of Venery to be granted till the end of this Age. CHAP. IV. Of the Diet of middle Age That Age which followes the third feaventh Yeare or from the twenty first to the fiftieth Diet for middle age is accounted the middle Age and for the most part there is the same reason of Diet unlesse that the former halfe part or the fourth septinary and the latter halfe or the seaventh doth more agree with the diet of the Age which he hath attained then of that Age which is truly the middle The rule of diet variety First for what belongs to meate in meate is to be observed quality quantity time of taking manner and such like circumstances as to the quality of meats those are to be chosen which are most
the leaves of a Fig course rags Leaches applyed the juice of an Onion the juice of Century or Sow-bread the Gall of a Hog or Bullock or with rags wet in these but the internall with suppositers and sharpe Glisters The courses whilst they flow exacuate also and diminish perfluour blood Courses but nature appointed that flux which if it be supprest is to be opened in which businesse this is to be observed that in provoking them the Physitian should make use of that time when at other times they use to flow for if he should endeavour it at another time he looses his labour Cuppings which Scarrification also Cupping with scarrisying but by die evacuating blood by themselves and sensibly but by degrees for which reason they are something applyed for good reasons sometimes instead of opening a veine if they are applyed with good reason they are indicated from no great fault of the blood But when they are used instead of Phlebotomie they are applyed for some great fault in the blood which indeed requires the breathing of a veine which notwithstanding weak strength will not endure but Cupping-glasses properly evacuate cutaneous blood yet because some of the blood which comes out of the skin is powred into the capillary veines from the great veines in this respect also they are said to evacuate the whole body but if that evacuation be more sparing it doth not reach the whole And when Cupping-glasses evacuate by drawing the use of them is most profitable if any revulsion be required at the same time as for the place of applycation if they are applyed in respect of the whole they should be put to the inferior parts if in respect of any part then to that part which requires this remedie yet in those that are pregnant they are not to be exhibited to the inferior parts but rather to the Armes Lastly simple scarification also without cupping Scarrification may evacuate blood which truly is used sometimes instead of opening a veine and t is appointed in the Legs especially by which meanes it may not only evacuate but also re-vell from the head and superior parts yet sometimes in the Arme and back also but in its proper use t is exhibited when there is a purpose to evacuate only out of some one part but especially when we would evacuate some acrid malignant and venemous matter least being retained it should cast the sick into danger which is used also in a Gangrene and by the ancients in a callous Ulcer CHAP XVII Of opening a veine BUt the most efficacious remedie for evacuation of blood is the breathing of a veine which neverthelesse hath other uses What indicates a breathing of a veine whereof we will here speake together for t is a question of great moment when the breathing of a veine or evacuation of blood by opening of a veine is to be appointed where first this is to be noted that the opening oâ— a veine is not some one Indicate but the matter of remedie which is profitable in many Indicates There are two generall benefits in the opening of a veine The use of opening a veine to evacuate blood and by accident whilst it draws away the blood the vehicle of heate to coole againe in evacuating it performes two things for it both takes blood out of the body and allwayes the cource and violence of humours in the veines first the way it both takes away the ill blood and only diminuisheth it offending in quantity but the latter way it can revell and draw back and derive the blood flowne into a part and the blood which is flowne in whilst it is yet moveable can draw it to the parts neere thereunto so that the opening of a veine may wholy performe five things namely to evacuate corrupt blood to diminuish blood to revell derive and refrigerate For first the vitious and putrifying blood may be evacuated by opening of a veine Putred blood evacuated by the opening of a veine as that which is contained in veines and they being opened it flowes out and indeed t is most profitably appointed in beginning of diseases since nature for the most part in feavers use to drive no small portion of the peccant matter to the extreames and those greater veines under the skin Secondly breathing a veine is an excellent remedie to diminish the blood The cutting of a vtine devinuisheth blood and revels Thirdly the opening of a veine is used for revulsion for a veine being opened the violence of the blood is turned and drawne back to the contrary part and therefore t is a very efficacious remedie to stop flowings of humours contained in the veines Fourthly the opening of a veine may derive the blood which newly flowed into the part It derives and is not yet setled there but as yet fluid a veine being opened nigh at hand it may I say drive the blood to a neighbouring part Fifthly Cooles opening of a veine cooles by accident but if distemper only be present which may be corrected by other remedies and no other fault of the blood be joyned with it which requires breathing of a veine also cooling medicines are ordered to be used but if the blood be so exceeding hot that it requires sudden refrigeration which other medicines perchance cannot performe or some other fault of the blood be joyned which by the same means opening of a veine may helpe for this cause also you may open a veine From whence it is manifest For which Indicants cutting of a veine serves that the breathing fo a veine may be profitable whilst the blood either putrifyes and is corrupted or offends in quantity or flowes to any part with violence or oppresseth a part or burnes vehemently Yet it is not allwayes necessary to open a veine when these â—inconveniences are present since we can take them away by other meanes but then only breathing a veine is conveniâ—ent when there is a great corruption of the blood and it requires sudden releasing as being that which is the best and most efficacious remedy amongst the evacuations of blood then presently blood may be evacuated In short The adequate Indicant of cutting a veine the Indicant to which by mediation of the Indicate as being the matter of helpe opening of a veine agrees it is a vehement fault of the flowing blood which is corrupted either in its substance or it offends in quantity or rusheth into some part or oppresseth some part or growes exceeding hot yet besides these principle faults the blood also sometimes as a cause without which it cannot and as adjuvant it may offend and then also it requires opening of a veine Yet we may not allwayes open a veine when these Indicants are present Things permitting opening a veine for since the opening of a veine evacuates blood together and also exhausteth somewhat of the spirits and so debilitates the strength if the strength be great it
permits opening of a veine if it be weake it prohibits it and regard is to be had here not only of the present but of the future strength for when the strength is weake either oppressed with store of humours or loosed in the latter imbecility only breathing of a veine is prohibited but in the former it is profitable All other things which are said to permit or prohibit the breathing of a veine besides strength they doe it only in this respect namely as they are the tokens or signes of strength or debility of nature as Age which flourishing admits of opening a veine Child-hood and old Age prohibit the same Seâ— the Sex as to women with child especially in the last monthes the opening of a veine is prohibited unlesse some disease inforce it and there be store of blood property of nature custome habit of body course of life constitution of Aire some Symptomes as large evacuations watchings and such like which dissipate the spirits and substance of our bodyes and loosen our strength unlesse they are taken away by opening of a veine How much blood to be evacuated The quantity of letting blood is indicated from the greatnesse of the fault depending on the blood and according as that hath greater or lesse force so blood is to be evacuated more largely or sparingly yet the strength as also things permitting are here to be weighed anâ— all those things which are the signes of strength and weaknesse and t is to be considered whether the strength will beare that evacuation which the magnitude of the disease requires But whether the quantity of blood which is indicated be to be taken away at once or severall times the greatnesse of the disease and the strength doe shew in a most violent evilâ— t is convenient to evacuate the blood at once in milder at severall times also strong bodyes will beare one large evacuation of blood but if they are weake t is better to doe it at severall times The presence of those Indicants which serve for the letting blood Time shews the time of letting blood and the absence of the prohibiting therefore the most convenient time of letting blood for the most part is the beginning of a disease yet it is not to be appointed whilst crude juice and unconcocted meates are in the first passages and in diseases wherein there are certaine intermissions and wherein the fits returne at certaine times the time when the fit is is not convenient for letting blood but the time of intermission is more commodious or if that be too short the declination of the fit or the abating of a disease As for the houre Houre if a disease that is violent provokes or urgeth in what houre of the day soever or even at midnight no preparation being made before and no delay being made you may open a veine at other times one houre or two after sleep is most convenient But where What veines to be opened or the place and veine to be opened although what veines soever be opened it may evacuate the whole body yet the larger performe this best and regard is to be had to the fountaine of blood and the rise of the evil which are principally the liver and spleen the veines therefore in the right or left cubit are to be opened according as the disease requires the internall externall or middle and especially the internall but what veines are to be opened for Revulsion and Derivation sake shall be shewne in there proper place CHAP. XVIII Of Revulsion AS for the third fault of humours Default of humours according to qualities namely when humours recede from their naturall state in respect of qualities how that is to be amended from those things which were spoken before of the preparation of humours and which shall be spoken hereafter of curing of diseases of intemperature is manifest enough But the error in motion is various In motion and humours decline from their naturall state if either they are not rightly moved that is when they are moved thither whither they ought not that is when they ought to be quiet according to the Law of nature they are moved at that time or else are not moved when they should be moved or are moved in parts or thither where they ought not to be moved the first error is called the restraining motion the second the inciting the third the helping the fourth the correcting and averting to another place First therefore humours as they offend in motion afford one indication only of stopping of motion Humours offending in motion what they indicate of staying the violence of a humour or an averting of a humour from a place to which it flowes contrary to nature unlesse happily nature unburthens it selfe conveniently by that meanes or the body puts away humours that trouble it to some ignoble part of it but we may satisfy this indication severall wayes namely if either we take away those things from the humour which are necessary for motion or whether we draw back the same by force namely if out of what is thin and fluid we make it thick if we stop the passages to it and straighten and make narrow the wayes through which it ought to flow lastly if we prohibit its comming and bind the passages which are in the part that it may not be conveniently received but when we cannot hinder these often or it is sufficient to stay a flux we call back and retract those humours by force Humours are drawn back either by reason of vacuity or heat or paine By reason of vacuity or rather evacuation humours are drawn back which power out and evacuate them out the body through other parts as the opening of a veine scarrifications leaches flowing of courses Hemmerodes purging by the Paunch vomitings urines sweats By heat and paine they are drawn back by those things which have power of inciting heat and paine or have power of performing them both as are frications ligatures lotions fomentations vesicatories causticks and such like An so How many waies the motion of humors may be hindered although there is one Indicant namely a fault of the humours in motion so there is one Indicate namely remedy hindring motion and averting the humour from the part to which it flowes yet the manners of performing these are various namely foure Revulsion Derivation Interception and repulsion Revulsion Revulsion what which the Greeks cal Antispasis is an averting of a humour flowing into some part into the contrary But humours are Revelled not those which are in the affected part for these are properly evacuated out of the part affected Revulsion ought not to be to the next or nigh thereunto but they are such as do flow to some part or are about to flow But since this is common to every Revulsion that a contrary motion may be occasioned for the flowing humour and may move it to a part not to that whither
are so called from their similitude to little Balls by the Latins and from the solid form Pills the Greeks call them Cataposia from Catapineine that is Drinking or swallowing down Pills are Medicines made into the form of a Globe or Ball principally for this end that they may be swallowed whole and the unsavoriness of the Medicine may the less be perceived by the taste They are made of Pouders the matter whereof they are made are Electuaries Trochees Flours Salts and whatsoever things are dry do afford but Pills since they ought to have great efficacy in a small quantity the Medicines out of which they are compounded ought to be powerfull and therefore those things which have but small strength in a great mass are not to be put into them such as are Flours for the most part They are reduced into a mass with Syrups thickned Juices Extracts and such like Liquours But although all Pills for the most part do purge and by Pills a Purging Medicine is understood yet other Medicines may be reduced into this form Pills are prepared in this manner The manner of preparing them convenient Medicines are to be taken and reduced into a Pouder and mixt in a Morter with some Liquour somewhat viscid as with a convenient Syrup or Juleb seldome with Honey alone by the benefit whereof both the mass may stick together and if they are to be kept long they may be preserved so that the faculty of Medicines cannot easily expire and vanish but the Aloes which commonly is given in Pills serves to incoporate 1. If they are prepared for many Doses and daily use the mass is to be kept in the form of a Pyramid which they commonly call Magdalias and Magdaleons and in the begining they should be softer that they may ferment and the virtue of the Medicines may be the more exactly mingled then after two or three days t is wiped over with Oyl of sweet Almonds and covered with a Bladder or a Skin and kept in a Box. 2. Of the usual Pills and those which are kept in a readiness for daily use the manner of the Preparation is thus Take of the mass of usual Pills more or less as much as is need to which instead of a Goad are added some Diagrydium or Trochees of Alhandale or else some other Purgers that all together may make one Dose and let them be mingled with some distilled Water or with white Wine or some other convenient Liquour and brought into one mass and let it be reduced into 10 15 20 25 30. Pills more or less 3. Pills when they are made sometimes use to be covered with Gold or Pouder of Cynamon Nutmeg Fennel Licoris as is convenient 4. You may mingle Extracts with the other usual Pills or Pouders 5. Nay Pills may be made of Extracts alone if they are a little thickned or which is more convenient if some of the Purging Pouders be added 6. You may also prepare Extracts out of the masse particulars of usual Pills and make Pills of them 7. There may be added also for to correct a drop or two of distilled Oyls as also of Spirit of Copper Common Salt Vitriol 8. There is another manner also of making Pills The Simples whether Altering or Purging are macerated for two days in Wine or some other Liquour or else they are boiled in it or a certain juice is taken out of convenient things and one of these things are taken or two or more of these Liquours severally prepared are intermingled or being new-done they are poured again into some of these or they are boiled and afterwards strained to the Wine or Liquour strained or expressed purging or altering Species and Pouders or Compositions of the Shops which may be poudred as Trochees and Tabulets somewhat less than the eighth part in quantity to the Liquour or there abouts or cathartick or not cathartick Extracts to which distilled Oyls also some drops or half a scruple according as the bigness of the mass for Pills is more or less may be powred Afterwards all of them by often stirring may be dried over warm Embers or in a Stove till they â—re brought into a mass if it be convenient the mass being dried it may again be imbibed and wrought in the same Expression or Liquour and dried and you may repeat that the third time but that they may continue the longer some Aloes is to be added to them But lest that Pills should cause loathing in swallowing Manner of using Pills the whole Dose ought not to exceed a Drachme or four Scruples and that the same loathing may be prevented in taking them we have said they are to be rolled in Aromatick Pouders or Licoris Pouder there are some who can easily swallow them alone but others to take away the taste and avoid the unpleasantness and facilitate the swallowing use divers means Wines Syrups Pulp of rosted Apples and other things please others they are conveniently taken in a little Pulp of Bread in Beer After the altering Pills and those whose force can penetrate from the Stomack to the remote parts are taken some liquid thing ought to be taken after them to carry them to the Veins There is another kinde of Pills which are called Hypoglottides Hypoglottides because they are retained under the Tongue till they melt by degrees principally for the Cough and Diseases of the Breast simple Medicines are taken to an Ounce and half more or less and are beaten and with a convenient Liquour as with a Muscellage of Tragacanth Quince-seed Fleawort Wine boiled to the third part with Honey or any pectoral Syrup they are taken and made into Pills sometimes they are prepared of a Decoction namely to that which is strained somewhat less than the eighth part of Tragacanth is added the weight of Sugar and Penides equal to that of the Decoction Sometimes these Hypoglottides are prepared for preservation from pestilent air and to corroborate the Brain and cherish the animal spirits as also for delight and pleasantness of smell to correct the stink of the external air or of the mouth within the filth offending the nostrils let them be made of sweet-sented things with Muscellage of Tragacanth CHAP. XXIII Of Suppositers EXternal Medicines are twofold External Medicines some are injected and put into certain parts others are applied onely to the Superficies of the body of the former kinde are Suppositers and Clysters both those which are injected into the Paunch as those which are injected into the Womb and Pessaries Injections which are made into the Yard and Bladder Gargarisms which are in Mouth and Chops Aphophlegmatisms Dentifrices Errhines Sternutatories Odoraments and Fumes Injections into the Ears Collyries which we shall speak of in the first place In the strst place Glandes or Suppositers Glandes with the Greeks Ballanoi commonly Suppositers are solid Medicines which are put into the Fundament in figure somewhat long and round like to an
cause a Fever but such a kind of heat it ought to be as can cause such a hot disease as can hinder the performance of natural actions Whence 't is manifest that a Fever is one thing A Fever and feverish heat differ and a feavourish heat another thing A Fever properly is that hot distemper which happens in the living parts of a body and renders them unable to act but the fevourish heat is also in the humors and spirits and stirrs up that hot distemper of the body which constitutes the essence of a Fever CHAP II. Of the causes of Fevers in general ALthough there is but one only cause of a hot distemper of the whole body which constitutes the essence of a Fever namely preter-natural heat kindled in the heart and thence distributed over all the body yet the causes from whence that heat in the heart ariseth are several as Galen of the causes of diseases cap. 2. and in the first book of differences of diseases cap. 3. recites five Motion Putrefaction Contact of some hot thing Cloasure of the pores of the skin or a Retention of a hot stream and lastly Mixture with some hot thing And of these causes some by themselves and some by accident stir up heat First from Motion Motion sithence the Spirits and humours of our bodies are hot from the confluence of them into any part according to the various motion of the body and mind heat is increased which if it be greater and be either kindled in the heart or communicated to the heart a Fever ensueth Secondly Putrefaction excites heat Putrefaction For since all things that do putrifie become hotter and out of putred bodies are exalted many hot vapours thence heat is conveyed to the heart by the veins and arteries and from thence a Fever raised Thirdly contact of a hot thing exciteth a Fever Contact of a hot thing As if the body wax hot by the Sun Fire Bath or Medicine and that heat be sent to the heart a Fever followeth Fourthly if the pores of the skin are closed and a hot stream and hallituous excrements Retention of a hot steam which in concoction are generated in the body and use to be sent out through the pores of the skin be penn'd in heat is thereby kindled and a Fever bred Lastly when hot things are mingled with humours and spirits as meat drink hot Medicines all those communicate that heat which they contained in themselves to the Spirits and humours which if they penetrate the heart and from thence be distributed to the other parts of the body a Fever is thereby kindled And indeed the fourth of these causes or the retention of the hot effluvium is sufficient alone without the rest to cause a Fever But the other causes without this can hardly do it For although from Motion Putrefaction Contact and Mixture with a hot thing hot vapours are stirred up in the body yet if the body freely ventilate and that so much be daily evaporated and emitted of those vapours as are generated a Fever is not easily occasioned but when those vapours are detained a Fever is soon kindled But although these causes if they be powerful Disposition of a body to a Fever may raise a Fever in any body whatsoever yet in bodies inclinable an ordinary power in the causes may suffice to beget a Fever Now they are most inclinable to Fevers which abound with much heat salt and sharp humours For which reason Youths are more apt to Fevers of which you may read Galen 8 Of the Method of healing cap. 8. where the whole order of Inclinations to Fevers are set down 1. Hot and dry 2 hot and moist 3. hot only 4. dry only 5. temperate 6. cold and dry 7. cold only 8. moist only 9. cold and moist Yet to another kind of Fevers other bodies are more inclinable CHAP. III. Of the Symptomes of a Fever in general WHereas in a Fever the temper of a body is changed Symptomes of Fevers and rendred hotter hence certain Symptomes of Fevers must necessarily ensue And first of all it is hence manifest that those actions are especially hindred which should be performed by the similar parts as they are such and by the benefit of the temper of each such part no organick part concurring Such action since it is Nutrition and those that are subservient thereunto they are especially hurt in Fevers Yet because the Instruments by which other actions are performed consists of similar parts that imperfection is derived to the hinderance of them as of vital and animal actions Indeed the vital actions are principally hurt in a Fever because the fevourish heat is first kindled in the heart Whence in all Fevers the Pulse becomes more frequent and swifter for since the motion of Pulses in all Fevers may be increased first a thick Pulse as being most facile of all but if that frequency satisfies not the necessity celerity happens which if that be not sufficient then magnitude follows So that the strength be not debilitated The animal actions also are often hurt As for other Symptomes preter-natural heat is observed to offend internally or externally Also the excrements and qualities of a body are variously changed by reason of the hinderances of concoctions CHAP. IV. Of the differences of Fevers in general THe differences of Fevers are taken from their essence Differences or from their accidents Hippocrat 6. Epid. comment text 29. propounds the differences taken from the heat it self of the Fever that some Fevers are biring namely such as strike the hand of them that touch them and by reason of that sharp vapour which is stirr'd up by putted matter it doth as it were prick the hand but a mild one is such as hath troublesome heat but not so violent Moreover the heat oâ— some Fevers at the first touch is not sharp and nipping but if the hand be continued longer afterwards it betrayes itself On the contrary others are quick at first to the touch but if the hand continue longer it is overcome by the hand and a little abated But those are the most proper differences which are taken from inherence in the Subject and the cause of inhering which Fevers are divided into Ephemeraes putred and hectick the truest foundation of which division is that one Fever is in habitude the other in habit for although the fevourish heat in every Fever possess the similar parts of the body yet some are so inherent in the body that they require no cause to cherish them and although they are not fed by the kindling of humours and Spirits nevertheless they will continue which sort are called Hecticks Another hot distemper is so inherent in the similar parts of the body that unless it be cherished by the kindling of humours and Spirits it can no more subsist which Fever is called a Fever in habitude which in respect of the cause is twofold an Ephemera to
which also a Synocha without putrefaction is referred and a putrid There is another thing worth the noting that one Fever is Primary another Symptomatical Primary is that which follows no former disease but depends on its proper cause Secondary or Symptomatical is that which ariseth from the inflamation of any member See Galen 4. Aphor. 7. But of Symptomatical this is to be noted that those which by the ancients were accounted Symptomatical were indeed primary many of them and inflamations of the parts of the Membrane that covers the ribbs of the lungs or chopps rather happened to those parts then the Fever to take it's rise from them Feavers accompanied Which Fevers may be called Comitatae or such as accompany the Fever CHAP. V. Of the cure of Fevers in general NOw to the cure Cure A Fever as it is a Fever being a hot distemper indicates cooling things are to be used Galen 8. Meth. Med. Cap. 1. But because there is no small difference amongst Fevers and that a Fever is often joyned with it's cause regard is to be had of the cause of the same Nay indeed because the cause often offends more then the Fever it self the Fever is so to be cooled as that the cause may not be cherished and those things be detained in the body which ought to be evacuated And oftentimes error is committed in this whilest regard is had only of the heat cold things are administred by which the cause of the Fever being detained the Fever is prolonged Whereas on the other side heating things as likewise either opening or sudocifick things without cooling medicines often with happy success cure the Fever For the cause being taken away the Fever it self ceaseth of it's own accord Whereof more particularly hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the Fever Ephemera THere are two sorts of Fevers whose heat are inherent in our bodies in habitude Feavers in habitude For that the hot distemper of the parts is cherished either by the heat of the Spirits or humors and the humors are inflamed either with or without putrefaction Those Fevers which are sustained by the heat of the Spirits and humours without putrefaction The name Ephemeros are called Ephemerae and Humorales without putrefaction Those which are kindled by putrifying humours are called putred Fevers That Fever which is cherished by the kindling of Spirits is called by the Greeks Puretos Ephemeros by the Lattines Diaria and Ephemera by a name not taken from the nature of the disease but from it's duration In respect of the Essence thereof it may be defined thus Definition It is a Fever arising from and depending on the heating and inflaming of the vital Spirits The proximate cause of this Fever is the heat of the vital Spirits kindled contrary to nature The next cause which being spread over the whole body through the arteries heats the whole against nature That heat is stirr'd up from all those causes before mentioned in the second Chapter only except from putrefaction Remote cause which sometimes immediately sometimes remotely by means of the natural and animal Spirits heat the vital to wit perturbations of the mind sadness fear sollitude anger over much watching too much intentiveness of the mind too much exercise of body grief hunger thirst hot meats and drinks drunkenness crudities in bodies cholerick heat of air fire hot Baths retention of the hot Effluvium inflamations of Kernels and Buboes from the which heat alone without putred vapours is conveyed to the heart according to the vulgar opinion Yet it seemeth not impossible but that those putred vapours by the veins and arteries next to the part affected may be communicated to the heart And so these Fevers should rather be Symptomatical then absolute putred then Ephemeral Those that are hot and dry easily fall into this Fever Disposition of body in whom many hot dry vapours are coliected which are easily inflamed by causes heating them more Amongst the Signs by which this Fever is known and discerned from others in the first place Galen 1 de differ Diagnostick signs Febrium c. 7. saith it beginneth from some procatartick or evident cause which indeed is an inseperable sign but not a proper sign for although a Fever that doth not arise from a manifest cause is not an Ephemera yet every Fever which ariseth from a manifest cause is not therefore an Ephemera 2. Moreover the Urine in substance colour and contents is most like unto the Urine of healthy men or at least recedes not much from them which in an Ephemera which proceeds from crudity it useth to do in which the Urine useth to appear more crude and whiter 3. The Pulse is neerer to a natural one then in any other Fever only that it useth to be extended in magnitude celerity and frequency Yet in regard of the cause which occasioned the Fever some change may be made in the Pulse 4. The heat of this Fever is gentle and weak in respect of other Fevers 5. Nay in the very state and height thereof it is somewhat more gentle and moderate 6. This Fever invades without shakings or tremblings it 's increase and augmentation in heat and pulse is free and equal 7. The declination is performed by moisture or moist evaporation by sweat like theirs who are sound in health which by a little exercise more then ordinary comes forth and a perfect apurexsie follows that moisture so that after the declination no footing is left for the Fever either discernable by Pulse or any other circumstances And in case any footing be left it is a sign that it will turn into another sort of Fever The causes are most perfectly to be known by the relation of the sick which may instruct the Physician whether from passion of the mind exercise of the body or any other evident cause this disease hath been occasioned These causes also affords some signs of themselves which the Physician cannot be ignorant of These Fevers are the shortest of all others Prognosticks and continue not above twenty four hours There is no danger in them unless some error be committed and for the most part they are conquered by nature wherefore Physicians are seldom called to their cures Yet according to the diversity of their causes some are cured more easily others with more difficulty For those causes which are hardly taken away and the humours are apâ— to corrupt a Fever introduced from such easily degenerates into a putred which happeneth when it is extended above four and twenty hours or no sweat appears and pain in the head be present and persevere And it degenerates either into a Synocha without putrefaction if the body be youthful and plethorick or into a putred if the body be cacochymick or into a Hectick if the body be hot dry and lean And the proper signs of those Fevers shew into what sort of them the transmutation will be made Moreover sithence this Fever
that which by mischievous persons hath been done and committed as histories again inform us yet if any one would refer this kind of cause to contagion or infection Imagination we will not contend with him Fifthly The cause is imagination terror and fear and experience hath taught us that some whilst they have beheld those that were infected with the plague or dead of it or seeing some go out of a house that was then infected by reason of too much terror and fear have fallen sick of the plague I have observed the same to proceed from anger CHAP. III. Of Contagion ANd these are the causes by means whereof the pestilent poyson may be generated in the ayr or in mans body yet it often comes to pass that neither the ayr nor evil diet nor any of the rest of these causes have stirred up the pestilence but otherwise from elsewhere being brought into some place by contagion and afterwards by contagion also it is diffused into more places Infection For although there are other diseases contagious also yet the plague is the most infectious of all others Contagion is a production of the like diseased or sickly affect in another body by pollution sent out from a discased body but there are three things required to perfect contagion A contagious body it self that may infect others a disease or an affect contrary to nature which is communicated to another and the body which is infected First a contagious body is that which whilst 't is sick of any disease diffuseth not the disease it self for the actident goes not out of the subject but some of the morbifique cause out of it self and communicates it to another and so in this manner excites the same disease in it For that which is communicated to another from out of a contagious body is not the disease it self but a certain body flying out of the diseased body and received into another having power of stirring up the same in it The Greeks call it Noseras apocriscis and aporroias and miasmata The Latines the pollutions and seeds of contagion and since that we see that such seeds have not only hurtful qualities in the smallest quantities and that they easily insinuate themselves into the body but also they endure a long time and retain their strength entire and they are most exactly mixed and are some way spirituous Infection how many ways it is spread and 't is necessary they should sowe their store of strength by some occult quality But contagion is not scattered after one manner for somtimes it goes out by breathing somtimes through the pores of the skin or in the form of vapours or of sweat and filth adhering to the skin and is communicated to other bodies And this seed goeth out most plentifully from an infected body when the poyson is too strong for nature and overcomes it which happens in those that are dying The seeds of contagion are communicated either by immedidiate contact or by some medium and vehicle This vehicle is twofold ayr and some fewel as they call it Ayr when it receives the seeds of contagion from infected bodies it can carry them to places nigh yea and somtimes more remote places That hath the nature of fewel in it which can receive the seeds of contagion and communicate the same to another which kind of bodies are thin and porous as Flax Cotton Feathers the hairy skins of animals and garments made of them feathers also of birds and birds themselves and it is found out for a truth that those pestilential sparks have often lain hid in the cinders or ashes and it may come to pass that any one may carry the sparks of it about him in his garments and not be infected and yet they being moved and shaked may infect another But the seed of a contagious pestilence when 't is received into a body it brings in that disposition with it wherewith that body from out of which it came was afflicted and that for the most part suddenly yet somtimes it is found to lie hid some days in the body before it denudates it self Thirdly Concerning the body that receives the pestilent treasury although no man can promise to himself immunity from the pestilent venome yet it is certain some are more easily some more hardly infected The cause whereof without all doubt consisteth in some peculiar occult quality of the heart by the power whereof it hath or hath not strength to resist the venomous pestilence yet because the venomous quality is not transferred without a subject out of the infected body into another it will more powerfully insinuate it self if it be received into a body proportionable and like unto that wherein it was generated whence kinsmen are sooner affected then others Yet there are also other things that occasion the more facile reception of the pestilence for such as breath stronger and such as have wide and open pores of their bodies easier take in the seeds of the plague inhering in the Ayr or any place apt to retain it CHAP. IIII. Of the signes of the Plague MOreover concerning the signs Diagnostick signs that I may say nothing of approaching signs desiring brevity but only by what means it may be known we will speak Indeed the plague when many have been infected may easily be known but before many have been overspread thereby there is scarce any pathognomick signe by which it can certainly be known that one or a few being affected are sick of the plague afterwards when more are visited it is not so difficult to be known especially when all sporadick diseases for the most part are silent For first the plague seizeth on many and the most it kills Secondly 'T is contagious and easily given to others and 't is more contagious then any other disease Thirdly by its violence it destroys the strength and principally the vital spirits Whence fourthly when little frequent and unequal pulses are made palpitation of the heart happens lipothymie syncope and great anguish and perplexity altogether Fifthly If the disease be protracted and the venome corrupt the humours evils and symptomes happen of all kinds and the whole order of the body is disturbed Fevers happen divers wheals or pustules buboes carbuncles yet if there are no pushes bubo or carbuncle appear we must not therefore conclude that the sick hath not the plague for it often happens that before they come out and can be drived out by reason of the debility of nature the sick die with the violence of the disease There happens likewise other symptomes of all sorts for when the strength of the body is debilitated by the vehemency of the poyson the humours and spirits are corrupted the excrements are changed and the urine either becomes crude or fully corrupted the sweats are stinking and untimely filthy foetid ill coloured excrements proceed from the belly the qualities of the body are variously changed and there is nothing at all
destruction and yet neither the contagion nor destructive power have attained to the highest degree and many continue well in health 't is a pestilent Fever in particular Lastly if so be many which begin to be visited die and that most every where are infected and that the contagion be spread over remote places 't is the plague CHAP. VIII To what kind of Fevers Pestilent and Malignant ones pertain MOreover since there are three kinds of Fevers To what kind of Fevers pestilent and malignant ones belong Ephemeral Putred and Hectick and again of putred Fevers there are some differences 't is now enquired to what kind of Fevers malignant and pestilent do belong or whether malignancy and pestilency belong to all Fevers or to some certain kind only But we have already determined that there are no Ephemeraes nor Hecticks pestilent and malignant because that in all pestilent and malignant Fevers there are manifest tokens of corruption or putrefaction of humours although that malignant and pestilent humour have likewise a manifest antipathy with the spirits and may stir up a dangerous Fever But all putred pestilential Fevers are continued since the force of the venomous putrifaction is such as that it can easily diffuse it self into all the veins and arteries and may easily corrupt the humours But malignant Fevers in particular so called may also be intermittent as experience sheweth Neither is it impossible that even in the first passages of the body the putrifying humours may acquire some malignity and seeing that in such Fevers the force of the venome is not so great nothing hinders but that Nature may appoint certain excretions at appointed periods Continued pestilent and malignant Fevers are particularly addicted to no sort of them but according as putrefaction happens into this or that sickly preparation so this or that continued Fever is stirred up somtimes a Synocha somtimes a periodick whence various symptomes likewise do arise according to the sickly provision Moreover concerning the differences of malignant and pestilential Fevers The differences of pestilent and malignant Fevers since that in every such Fever there are found two things the putrifaction it self from whence the Fever ariseth and malignity in respect of these also do the Fevers differ For somtimes equally from putrefaction and malignity danger is at hand which Fevers if the putrifaction and malignity be great are exceeding dangerous but if neither the malignancy nor putrefaction be much the Fevers are not dangerous Somtimes there is more putrifaction but the malignancy is not much and then the Fever comes neerer to the nature of other putred Fevers but somtimes the putrifaction is not much but the malignant quality vehement and such Fevers seem to be milde but they are most fraudulent and dangerous Concerning the nature of Pestilency and Malignity although it be occult yet from its effects we may apprehend a certain variety whilst somtimes spots somtimes Measles somtimes wheals come forth somtimes too great sweats somtimes Catarrhs Pleurisies and other evils according to the antipathy which the venome hath with this or that particular part CHAP. IX Of the causes of a Pestilent and Malignant Fever AS for the causes of these Fevers Cause because their malignancy is less then theirs of the pestilence and through this as it were by degrees we ascend to the Pestilence those which are the causes of the Plague for the most part are the same with those of malignant and pestilent Fevers but more mild as principally ayr heaven course of diet and contagion Namely malignant Fevers in the first place do arise from a sickly provision of the body for it ariseth from meat that is bad fit for corruption and very obnoxious to putrifaction whereof Galen may be seen in his book of Meats affording good and bad juice and the humours may be so corrupted in our bodies as that they become venomous of which I have spoken in the Institutions in the second book part 2. cap. 12. Furthermore from common causes likewise namely unprofitable constitution of Ayr as also from the influence of Stars But pestilent Fevers so called in particular have the same causes but more grievous which at length if they are increased produce the pestilence whence Fevers malignant and pestilent long continuing at length turn to the plague CHAP. X. Of the Signs of Malignant and Pestilent Fevers IN the same manenr is it about the Diagnostick signs The Dianostick signs of pestilent Fevers for in a pestilential Fever peculiarly so called the same signs almost appear as in the plague only fewer or more gentle and such Fevers are not so dangerous nor so infectious as the Plague it self But as to the signs of their differences if both malignity and putrifaction be very much the strength will be much weakned and grievous nay the most dangerous symptomes appear If the putrifaction be very great the malignancy little the feverish symptomes which accompany putrifaction are vehement enough but the strength is not so much debilitated But if the putrifaction be not great but the malignant quality vehement the symptomes which accompany the Fever are gentle enough but the strength is exceedingly weakned If the humours only are affected there appear Buboes Carbuncles Imposthumes Spots Pushes and other tokens of putred Fevers if the spirits are much infected these signes are wanting neither is the heat great the strength suddenly languisheth and the sick are troubled with faintings the pulses are unequal weak and languishing and the Fever it self in one two or three days space is terminated by health or death Lastly if the heart be much infected great defect of the strength is present and the sick do not complain of any great heat As concerning Malignant Fevers Of malignant they are very difficult to be known at the first because the malignity often lies hid and shews not it self unless when it take strength wherefore all signs are diligently to be weighed and if any thing be suspected it must be seriously pondered but all the signs of a malignant Fever are greater then those of a Fever and the symptomes which appear are more vehement then those which can proceed from a Fever namely weakness of strength unquietness more anxiety then the feverish heat would occasion the pulse is freqnent little weak or if it seem to be natural other evil symptomes are present the Urine somtimes is like unto those who are in health somtimes thin and crude having in it no sediment or in case it have any 't is more like an excrement then a sediment somtimes 't is thick discoloured troubled muddy having a red and troubled sediment the heat is more milde then the nature of the disease and symptomes seem to afford the face or countenance is much changed from its lively and natural state and therefore by these signs pestilent and malignant fevers may be easily known yet there are other things happen heaviness to sleep watchings diliriums pains of the head
water The Fountaine is the best which hath these notes of good water Fountain that which spreds towards the East and runs towards the rising of the Sun and thrickles through sand and gravell that carries no mud with it that is hotter in Winter and colder in Summer River water for the most part is Fountaine water River and ariseth from many Fountains flowing together and therefore is of a mixt nature and receives also a mixt nature from the earth through which it flowes and somtimes also they are mingled with Snow melted in the Mountaines and great Showres of water collected together yet its crudity is corrected by the beames of the Sun whilst it runs through many parts of the Earth before the use of it it should stand and setle in water-tubs that whatsoever it carries with it that is impure may settle in the bottome Rain water which falls in the Summer time with thunder is the thinnest Raine and lightest but since many Vapours are lift up by the heate and mingled with the Showres these waters are not very pure whence they are obnoxious to putrifaction Well waters Well waters since they are not raised above the Earth and are lifted up on high only by the benefit of Art they are thick and heavy whence they continue long in the bowels and offend them Lakes and marish waters are the worst Lake waters they easily become purred they are thick and crude and often times malignant and Pestilent from whence the stomack is offended by them the bowels obstructed and humours corrupted and often times putred and malignant feavers and Pestilentiall do thence arise Waters of Snow and Ice are condemned Of Snow and Ice for they are thick and hurt the stomach and stirr up greivous diseases of the joynts nerves and bowels But the malignancy of waters are corrected by boyling Boyling of waters whereby not only the crudity and frigidity is amended but also the terrene and vitious parts are separated which afterwards when the heate vanisheth settles in the bottome Wine hath a heating Wine and drying power which even the Spirit which is drawn out of it teacheth yet because it easily nourisheth and increaseth moisture and blood fit to nourish the body t is said to be moist namely Wine is a medicinall aliment hot and dry some in the first some in the second and some in the third degree for this reason the use of it is forbidden boyes and by reason of this drying faculty many use to mixe water therewith yet there is not a little difference in heating and drying not only according to age but also according to the nature of the Wine it selfe for some is very little suffering because in mixture it will indure but little water but other Wine is called winy Wine because it may indure more water to be mixt with it But Wines differ according to taste smell colour Differences of Wines Savour and manner of subsistance as for what belongs to the taste sweet Wines properly so called nourish best and are not only most gratefull to the palate but to the bowells but because they are thicker they easily produce obstructions in the Liver and Spleen inflame the Hipocondries and are easily turned into choler they are profitable for the Lungs Chops and Throate nor do they so hurt the head nor offend the nerves Austere or harsh wines have the weaker heat tarry longer in the belly nor doe they easily passe through the veines and penetrate through the passages of the urine whence they are good for a loosenesse of the belly but hurtfull in diseases of the brest and Lungs for they detaine spittle the best wines are the middle sort which are neither very sweet nor sowre A fragrant smell is a token of the best Wine Smell because it can increase Spirits restore decayed strength and recreate and suddenly refresh those that are languishing even by its smell and can exhilerate the mind and strengthen the whole body and all its faculties and principally t is good for old men only that it fills the head and hurts the nerves but Wines that have no smell are base and neither received so greedily by the stomach nor are they so easily concocted nor do they afford matter nor so fit aliment to engender Spirits nor do they add so much strength to the heart nor do they so much refresh the body but those which have a strange smell whencesoever contracted are all nought White or pale Wines heate lesse Colour then full and yellow Wines and are weaker especially if besides their whitenesse they are of a thin substance all black wines are of thicker substance and for the most part sweete and nourish very much yet they beget thick blood and not so laudable they cause obstructions and continue long in the bowels and fill the head with many Vapours between the white and red there are middle colours yellow reddish yellow a pale red and perfect red a pale red are necrest to the white and if the substance be thin are the best such as are Rhenish Wines the most apt to strengthen the heart and to renew strength Greek Wines also strengthen the heart and are beneficiall to to those that are troubled with cholick paines and with the flatus of the stomach red Wines for the most part have not so great a force of heating they generate good blood and do not load the head but if they are of a thicker substance they are not so good for the Liver and Spleen by reason of the obstructions which they occasion between the white and red is a Wine of a mixt colour which also doth not heat so much nor offend the head As for the manner of subsistence The manner of subsistance tenuity is in the first place in that which is watry hence that which is of a pale red and yellow crassitude is in that which is black red sweet and sowre and thin wines easily penetrate and soon refresh the strength they open passages move sweates and urine yet they nourish more sparingly but the thick nourish more and are longer detained in the parts and heat and dry them more and often times bring forth obstructions Wines also differ according to age Differences of Wines according to age new Wine is thick and flatuous begets the cholick impeads excretion of urine yet it loosens the belly and unlesse it doth so t is the more hurtfull new Wine and that which it as sweet as Wine new prest is not easily distributed into the body but old Wine does work too much upon the nerves and offend the head That which is middle aged is more commodious for all uses in which thing neverthelesse there is a great difference according to the nature of the Wine for some will indure age others sooner loose their strength and consume away and loose all their Spirits In places towards the Septrentrionall Strong drinke wherein there is