vein which ariseth near to u. x y The double original of the left spermatical vein x From the Emulgent y From the hollow vein α The original of the spermatical arteries β Certain branches from the spermatick arteries which run unto the Peritonaeum γ The passage of the spermatical vessels through the productions of the Peritonaeum which must be observed by such as use to cut for the Rupture δ The spiry bodden hidie's entrance into the testicle it is called Corpus varicosum pyramidale ε The Parastatae ζ The stone or testicle covered with his inmost coat η The descent of the leading vessel called Vas deferens VV The bladder * The right gut ξ The glandules called prostatae into which the leading vessels are inserted Ï The muscle of the bladder στυ Two bodies of the yard σ and Ï„ and Ï… his vessels φχ The coat of the Testicle ψω The muscle of the Testicle ψ his vessels ω. For thus of three passages that is of the two leading vessels and one passage of the bladder there is one common one in men for the casting forth of seed and urine A Caruncle rising like a crest at the beginning of the neck of the bladder argues this uniting of the passages which receiving this same passage which is sufficiently large is oft-times taken by such as are ignorant in Anatomy for an unnatural Caruncle then especially when it is swoln through any occasion These leading vessels are two in number Their Number and Action on each side one Their action is to convey the seed made by the testicles to the Prostates and so to the neck of the bladder so to be cast forth at the common passage But if any ask whether that common passage made by the two leading vessels between the glandulous bodies be so obvious to sense or no We answer it is not manifest though reason compel us to confess that that way is perforated by reason of the spermatick gross and viscous matter carried that way But peradventure the reason why that passage cannot be seen is because in a dead carkass all small passages are closed and hid the heat and spirits being gone and the great appear much less by reason all the perforations fade and fall into themselves Yet certainly these passages must needs be very strait even in a living man seeing that in a dead they will not admit the point of a needle Wherefore we need not fear lest in searching whilst we thrust the Catheter into the Bladder it penetrate into the common passage of the leading vessels which runs within the Caruncle unless peradventure by some chance as a Gonorrhaea or some great Phlegmon This Caruncle must be observed and distinguished from a Hypersarcosis or fleshy excrescence it be much dilated besides nature For I have sometimes seen such passages so open that they would receive the head of a Spathern which thing should admonish us that in searching we take great care that we do not rashly hurt this Caruncle for being somewhat rashly handled with a Catheter it casts forth blood especially if it be inflamed But also the concourse of the spirits flowing with great violence together with the seed much helps forward such ejaculation thereof performed through these strait passages by the power of the imaginative faculty in the Act of generation After the leading vessels follow the Prostatae The Prostatae being glandulous Bodies of the same substance and temper that other Glandules are Their quantity is large enough their figure round Their quantity and figure and somewhat long sending forth on each side a soft production of an indifferent length They are composed of veins nerves arteries a coat which they have from the neighbouring parts and lastly their proper flesh which they have from their first conformation Number and site They are two in number situate at the root of the neck of the Bladder somewhat straitly bound or tied to the same to the leading vessels and the parts annexed to them But alwayes observe An Anatomical Axiom that every part which enjoyes nourishment life and sense either first or last hath connexion with the principal parts of the body by the intercourse of the vessels which they receive from thence The use of the Prostates is to receive in their proper Body the seed laboured in the testicles Their uses and to contain it there until it be troublesom either in quantity or quality or both Besides they contain a certain oily and viscid humour in their glandulous Body that continually distilling into the passage of the urine it may preserve it from the acrimony and sharpness thereof But we have observed also on each side other Glandules Rond in method med ad morbos which Rondeletius calls Appendices Glandulosae Glandulous dependences to arise from these prostates in which also there is seed reserved CHAP. XXIX Of the Ureters NOw it seems fit to speak of the Ureters Bladder and parts belonging to the Bladder The substance magnitude figure and composure of the Ureters Therefore the Ureters are of a spermatick white dense and solid substance of an indifferent bigness in length and thickness Their figure is round and hollow They are composed of two coats one proper consisting of right and transverse fibers which comes from the emulgent veins and arteries the other common from the Peritonaeum besides they have veins nerves and arteries from the neighbouring parts They be two in number on each side one Number and Site they are situate between the Kidneys out of whose hollow part they proceed and the Bladder But the manner how the Ureters insert or enter themselves into the Bladder and the Porus Cholagogus into the Duodenum exceeds admiration for the Ureters are not directly but obliquely implanted neer the orifice of the Bladder and penetrate into the inner space thereof for within they do as it were divide the membrane or membranous coat of the Body of the Bladder and insinuate themselves into that as though it were double But this is opened at the entrance of the urine but shut at other times the cover as it were falling upon it so that the humour which is faln into the capacity of the Bladder cannot be forced or driven back no not so much as the air blown into it can come this way out as we see in Swine's Bladders blown up and filled with air For we see it is the Air contained in these which fills them thus neither can it be pressed forth but with extraordinary force For as this skin or coat turned in by the force of the humour gives way so it being pressed out by the body contained within thrusts its whole body into the passage as a stopple like to this is the insertion of the Porus Cholagogus into the Guts The Ureters have connexion with the above-mentioned parts with the muscles of the loins Connexion upon which they run from the Kidneys to the Bladder
two ounces of Aqua vitae also sometimes by two or three grains of Musk dissolved in Muskadine given at the beginning of a particular fit towards the general declination of the disease after general purgations the humor and body being prepared and the powers strong And certainly an inveterate Quartain can scarse ever be discussed unless the body be much heated with meats and medicines Therefore it is not altogether to be disproved which many say that they have driven away a quartain by taken a draught of Wine every day assoon as they came forth of their beds in which some leaves of Sage had been infused all the night Also it is good a little before the fit to anoint all the Spine of the back with Oyls heating all the nervous parts such as are the Oyl of Rue Walnuts of the Peppers mixing therewith a little Aqua vitae but for this purpose the Oyl of Castoreum which hath been boyled in an Apple of Coloquintida the Kernels taken out upon hot coles to the Consumption of the half part mixing therewith some little quantity of the Powders of Pepper Pellitory of Spain and Euphorbium is excellent Certainly such like Inunctions are good not only to mitigate the vehemency of the terrible shaking but also to provoke sweats for because by their humid heat they discuss this humor being dull and rebellious to the expulsive faculty for the Melancholy is as it were the dross and mud of the bloud Therefore if on the contrary the Quartain Feaver shall be caused by adult choler What quartains must be cured with refrigerating things we must hope for and expect a cure by refrigerating and humective medicins such as Sorrel Lettuce Purslane broths of the decoction of Cowcumbers Gourds Mellons and Pompions For in this case if any use hot medicines he shall make this humor most obstinate by the resolving of the subtiler parts Thus Trallianus boasts that he hath cured these kinds of Quartain Feaver by the only use of refrigerating Epithemaes being often repeated a little before the beginning of the fit And this is the sum of the Cure of true and legitimate intermitting Feavers That is What bastard Agues are and how they must be cured of those which are caused by one simple humor whereby the Cure of those which they call Bastard intermitting Feavers may be easily gathered and understood as which are bred by a humor impure and not of one kind but mixt or composed by admixture of some other matter for example according to the mixture of divers humors Phlegmatick and Cholerick the Medicins must also be mixt as if it were a confused kind of Feaver of a Quotidian and Tertian it must be cured by a medicin composed of things evacuating flegm and choler CHAP. XXXII Of an Aneurisma that is the dilatation or springing of an Artery Vein or Sinew AN Aneurisma is a soft tumor yielding to the touch What it is made by the bloud and spirit poured forth under the flesh and Muscles by the dilatation or relaxation of an Artery Yet the Author of the definitions seems to call any dilatation of any veinous vessel by the name or an Aneurisma Galen calls an Aneurisma An opening made of the Anatomists of an Artery Also an Aneurisma is made when an Artery that is wounded closeth too slowly the substance which is above it being in the mean time agglutinated filled with flesh and cicatrized which doth not seldom happen in opening of Arteries unskilfully performed and negligently cured therefore Aneurisma's are absolutely made by the Anastomôsis In what parts they chiefly happen springing breaking Erosion and wounding of the Arteries These happen in all parts of the body but more frequently in the Throat especially in women after a painful travail For when as they more strongly strive to hold their breath for the more powerful expulsion of the birth it happens that the Artery is dilated and broken whence follows an effusion of bloud and spirits under the skin The signs are a swelling one while great another small with a pulsation and a colour not varying from the native constitution of the skin It is a soft tumor and so yielding to the impression of the fingers that if it paradventure be small it wholly vanisheth the Arterious bloud and spirits flying back into the body of the Artery but presently assoon as you take your fingers away they return again with like celerity Some Aneurismaes do not only when they are pressed but also of themselves make a sensible hissing if you lay your ear near to them by reason of the motion of the vital spirit rushing with great violence through the straitness of the passage Prognostick Wherefore in Aneurismaes in which there is a great rupture of the Artery such a noise is not heard because the spirit is carryed through a larger passage Great Aneurismaes under the Arm-pits in the Groins and other parts wherein there are large vessels admit no cure because so great an eruption of bloud and spirit often follows upon such an Incision that death prevents both Art and Cure A History Which I observed a few years ago in a certain Priest of Saint Andrews of the Arches Mr. John Maillet dwelling with a chief President Christopher de Thou Who having an Aneurisma at the setting on of the shoulder about the bigness of a Wall-nut Aneurismaes must not rashly be opened I charged him he should not let it be opened for if he did it would bring him into manifest danger of his life and that it would be more safe for him to break the violence thereof with double clothes steeped in the juyce of Night-shade and Housleek with new and wheyey cheese mixt therewith Or with Unguentum de Bolo or Emplastrum contra rupturam and such other refrigerating and astringent medicines if he would lay upon it a thin plate of Lead and would use shorter breeches that his doublet might serve to hold it too to which he might fasten his breeches in stead of a swathe and in the mean time he should eschew all things which attenuate and inflame the bloud but especially he should keep himself from all great straining of his voyce Although he had used his dyet for a year yet he could not so handle the matter but that the tumor increased which he observing goes to a Barber who supposing the tumor to be of the kind of vulgar Impostumes applyes to it in the Evening a Caustick causing an Eschar so to open it In the Morning such an abundance of bloud flowed forth from the tumor being opened that he therewith astonished implores all possible aid and bids that I should be called to stay this his great bleeding and he repented that he had not followed my direction Wherefore I was called but when I was scarse over the threshold How they must be cured he gave up his ghost with his bloud Wherefore I diligently admonish the Chirurgeon that he do not rashly
spongy flesh of the tongue it self which affected with the quality of the Object doth presently so possess the nerve that is implanted in it that the kind and quality thereof by the force of the spirit How touching may be carryed into the common sense All parts endued with a nerve enjoy the sense of touching which is chiefly done when a tractable quality doth penetrate even to the true and nervous skin which lyeth under the Cuticle or scarf-skin we have formerly noted that it is most exquisite in the skin which invests the ends of the fingers The Object is every tractable quality whether it be of the first rank of qualities as Heat Cold Moisture Dryness or of the second as Roughness Smoothness Heaviness Lightness Hardness Softness Rarity Density Friability Unctuosity Grosness Thinness The Medium by whose procurement the instrument is affected is either the skin or the flesh interwoven with many Nerves Of motion The next Action is that Motion which by a peculiar name we call Voluntary this is performed and accomplished by a Muscle being the proper Instrument of voluntary Motion Furthermore every motion of a member possessing a Muscle is made either by bending and contraction or by extention Although generally there be so many differences of voluntary motion as there are kinds of site in place therefore Motion is said to be made upward downward to the right hand to the left forward and backward Hither are referred the many kinds of motions which the infinite variety of Muscles produce in the body How respiration may be a voluntary motion Into this rank of Voluntary Actions comes Respiration or breathing because it is done by the help of the Muscles although it be chiefly to temper the heat of the Heart For we can make it more quick or slow as we please which are the conditions of a voluntary Motion Lastly that we may have somewhat in which we may safely rest and defend our selves against the many questions which are commonly moved concerning this thing we must hold that Respiration is undergone and performed by the Animal faculty but chiefly instituted for the vital The third principal Action The principal Action and prime amongst the Voluntary is absolutely divided in three Imagination Reasoning and Memory Imagination is a certain expressing and apprehension which discerns and distinguisheth between the forms and shapes of things sensible or which are known by the senses Reasoning is a certain judicial estimation of conceived or apprehended forms or figures by a mutual collating or comparing them together Memory is the sure storer of all things and as it were the Treasury which the mind often unfolds and opens the other faculties of the mind being idle and not imployed But because all the fore-mentioned Actions whether they be Natural or Animal and Voluntary are done and performed by the help and assistance of the Spirits therefore now we must speak of the Spirits CHAP. X. Of the Spirits THe Spirit is a subtile and airy substance What a Spirit is raised from the purer blood that it might be a vehicle for the faculties by whose power the whole body is governed to all the parts and the prime instrument for the performance of their office For they being destitute of its sweet approach do presently cease from action and as dead do rest from their accustomed labours From hence it is that making a variety of Spirits according to the number of the faculties they have divided them into three as one Animal another Vital Spirits threefold another Natural The Animal hath taken his seat in the Brain for there it is prepared and made that The Animal Spirit from thence conveyed by the Nerves it may impart the power of sense and motion to all the rest of the members An argument hereof is that in the great cold of Winter whether by the intercepting them in their way or by the concretion or as it were freezing of those spirits the joynts grow stiff the hands numb and all the other parts are dull Why so called destitute of their accustomed agility of motion and quickness of sense It is called Animal not because it is the * Anima Life but the chief and prime instrument thereof wherefore it hath a more subtil and airy substance and enjoys divers names according to the various condition of the Sensories or seats of the senses into which it enters for that which causeth the sight is named the Visive you may see this by night rubbing your eys as sparkling like fire That which is conveyed to the Auditory passage is called the Auditive or Hearing That which is carried to the instruments of Touching is termed the Tactive and so of the rest This Animal spirit is made and laboured in the windings and foldings of the Veins and Arteries of the brain of an exquisit subtil portion of the vital brought thither by the Carotidae Arteriae How it is made or sleepy Arteries and sometimes also of the pure air or sweet vapour drawn in by the Nose in breathing Hence it is that with Ligatures we stop the passage of this spirit from the parts we intend to cut off An Humor which obstructs or stops its passage doth the like in Apoplexies and Palsies whereby it happens that the members situate under that place do languish and seem dead sometimes destitute of motion sometimes wanting both sense and motion The Vital spirit is next to it in dignity and excellency The Vital Spirit which hath its chief mansion in the left ventricle of the Heart from whence through the Channels of the Arteries it flows into the whole body to nourish the heat which resides fixed in the substance of each part which would perish in short time unless it should be refreshed by heat flowing thither together with the spirit And because it is the most subtil next to the Animal Nature lest it should vanish away would have it contained in the Nervous coat of an Artery which is five times more thick than the coat of the Veins as Galen out of Herophilus hath recorded It is furnished with matter from the subtil exhalation of the blood What the matter of it is and that air which we draw in breathing Wherefore as it doth easily and quickly perish by immoderate dissipations of the spirituous substance and great evacuations so it is easily corrupted by the putrefaction of Humors or breathing in of pestilent air and filthy vapours which thing is the cause of the so suddain death of those which are infected with the Plague This Spirit is often hindred from entring into some part by reason of obstruction fulness or great inflammations whereby it follows that in a short space by reason of the decay of the fixed and inbred heat the parts do easily fall into a Gangrene and become mortified The Natural spirit if such there be any hath its station in the Liver and Veins There is some
The present state of the Air one while for some small time is like the Spring that is temperate otherwhiles like the Summer Aphor. 4. sect 2. The force of the Winds that is hot and dry otherwhiles like the Winter that is cold and moist and sometimes like the Autumn which is unequal and this last constitution of the Air is the cause of many diseases When upon the same day it is one while hot another cold we must expect Autumnal diseases These tempers and varieties of constitutions of the Air are chiefly and principally stirred up by the winds as which being diffused over all the Air shew no small force by their sudden change Wherefore we will briefly touch their natures That which blows from the East is the East-wind and is of a hot and dry nature and therefore healthful But the Western wind is cold and moist and therefore sickly The South-wind is hot and moist the Author of putrefaction and putrid diseases The North-wind is cold and dry therefore healthy wherefore it is thought if it happen to blow in the Dog-days that it makes the whole year healthful and purges and takes away the seeds of putrefaction if any chance to be in the Air. But this description of the four Winds is then only thought to be true if we consider the Winds in their own proper nature which they borrow from those Regions from which they first proceed For otherwise they affect the Air quite contrary How the winds acquire other â—ies than they naturally have according to the disposition of the places over which they came as Snowie places Sea Lakes Rivers Woods or sandy Plains from whence they may borrow new qualities with which they may afterwards possess the Air and so consequently our bodies The Westwind oâ— it self unwholsome Hence it is we have noted the Western-wind unwholsom and breeding diseases by reason of the proper condition of the Region from whence it came and such that is cold and moist the Gascâ—ins find it truly to their so great harm that it seldom blows with them but it brings some manifest and great harm What force stars have upon the Air. either to their bodies or fruits of the earth And yet the Greeks and Latins are wont to commend it for healthfulness more than the rest But also the rising and setting of some more eminent Stars do often cause such cold winds that the whole Air is cooled or infected with some other malign quality For vapors and exhalations are often raised by the force of the Stars from whence winds clouds storms whirlwinds lightnings thunders hail snow rain earthquakes inundations and violent raging of the sea have their original The exact contemplation of which things although it be proper to Astronomers Cosmographers and Geographers yet Hippocrates could not omit it but that he must speak something in his book De Aere Aquis where he touches by the way the description of the neighbouring Regions and such as he knew From this force of the Air either hurtful or helping in diseases came that famous observation of Guido of Cauâ—ias That wounds of the head are more difficult to cure at Paris than at Avignion and the plain contrary of wounds of the legs How the air of Paris comes to be ill for wounds of the head and good for those of the leggs for the air of Paris compared to that of Avignion is cold and moist wherefore hurtful and offensive to the wounds of the head On the contrary the same air because it obscures the spirits incrassates the blood condensates the humors and makes them less fit for defluxions makes the wounds of the legs more easie to be healed by reason it hinders the course of humors by whose defluxion the cure is hindred But it is manifest that hot and dry places make a greater dissipation of the natural heat from whence the weakness of the powers by which same reason the Inhabitants of such places do not so well endure blood-letting but more easily suffer purgations though vehement by reason of the contumacy of the humor By what means the air changes our bodies caused by driness To conclude the Air changes the constitutions of our bodies either by its qualities as if it be hotter colder moister or drier or by its matter as if it be grosser or more subtil than is fit or corrupted by exhalations from the earth or by a sudden and unaccustomed alteratâ—on which any man may prove who makes a sudden change out of a quiet air into a stormy and troubled with many winds But because next to the Air nothing is so necessary to nourish mans body as Meat and Drink I will now begin to speak of them both CHAP. XIV Of Meat and Drink THat this our Treatise of Meat and Drink may be more brief and plain I have thought good to part it into these heads as to consider the goodness and illness of both of them their quantity quality custom delight order time and to accommodate them all to the ages and seasons of the year We judge of the goodness and pravity of meats and drinks The goodness of nourishments from the condition of the good or vicious humours or juyce which they beget in us For evil juyce causeth many diseases As on the contrary good juyce drives away all diseases from the body except the fault happen from some other occasion as from quantity or too much excess Wherefore it is principally necessary that those who will preserve their present health and hinder the access of diseases feed upon things of good nourishment and digestion as are good wine the yolks of eggs good milk wheaten bread well baked the flesh of Capons Partridge Thrushes Larks Veal Mutton Kid and such like other which you may find mentioned in the Books which Galen writ De Alimentâ—rum facultatibus where also he examins those which are of evil juyce by their manifest qualities as acrimony bitterness saltness acidity harshness and such like But unless we use a convenient quantity and measure in our meats howsover laudable they be Their quantity we shall never reap these fruits of health we hoped for For they yield matter of diseases by the only excess of their quantity but we may by this know the force of quantity on both parts because often the poisonous quality of meats of ill nourishment doth not hurt by reason they were not taken into the body into a great quantity That measure of quantity is chiefly to be regarded in diseases for as Hippocrates saith If any give meat to one sick of a Feaver The quantity of meats must be esteemed according to the nature of the disease and strength of the Patient he gives strength to the well and increases the disease to the sick especially if he do not use a mean Wherefore it is a thing of no small consequence to know what diseases require a slender and what a large diet
acutis commands those things to be always eaten in the morning which are fit to loosen the belly and in the evenings such as nourish the body Yet notwithstanding drink ought not to precede or go before meat but on the contrary meat must precede drink by the order prescribed by him The time of eating Neither ought we in our eating to have less care of the time than we have of the order for the time of eating of such as are healthful ought to be certain and fixt for at the accustomed hour and when hunger presses any sound man and which is at his own disposure may eat but exercise and accustomed labours ought to go before The profit of labour before meat for it is fit according to the precept of Hippocrates that labour precede meat whereby the excrements of the third concoction may be evacuated the native heat increased and the solid parts confirmed and strengthened which are three commodities of exercise very necessary to the convenient taking of meat But in sick persons we can scarce attend and give heed to these circumstances of time and accustomed hour of feeding for that Indication of giving meat to the sick is the best of all which is drawn from the motion of the disease We must not give meat in a fit of a Feaver and the declining of the fit for if you give meat in feavers specially the fit then taking the Patient you nourish not him but the disease For the meat then eaten is corrupted in the stomach and yields fit matter for the disease For meat as we noted before out of Hippocrates is strength to the sound and a disease to the sick unless it be eaten at convenient time and diligent care be had of the strength of the Patient and greatness of the disease Variety of meats But neither is it convenient that the meat should be simple and of one kind but of many sorts and of divers dishes dressed after different forms lest nature by the continual and hateful feeding upon the same meat may at the length loath it and so neither straitly contain it nor well digest it or the stomach accustomed to one meat taking any loathing thereat may abhor all other and as there is no desire of that we do not know so the dejected appetite cannot be delighted and stirred up with the pleasure of any meat which can be offered For we must not credit thâ—se superstitious or too nice Physitians who think the digestion is hindred by the much variety of meats Why variety of meats is good The matter is far otherwise for by the pleasure of what things soever the stomach allured doth require it embraces them more straitly and concocts them more perfectly And our nature is desirous of variety Moreover seeing our body is composed of a solid moist and airy substance and it may happen that by so many labours which we are compelled to undergo and sustain in this life one of these may suffer a greater dissipation and loss than another therefore the stomach is necessarily compelled to seek more variety Indications of feeding taken from the age lest any thing should be wanting to repair that which is wasted But also the age and season of the year yield Indications of feeding for some things are convenient for a young man some for an old some in summer some in winter Wherefore we ought to know what befits each age and season Children need hot moist and much nourishment which may not only suffice to nourish but increase the body Wherefore they worst endure fasting and of them especially those who are the most lively and spiritful With old men it is otherwise for because their heat is small they need little nourishment and are extinguished by much Wherefore old men easily endure to fast they ought to be nourished with hot and moist meats by which their solid parts now growing cold and dry may be heated and moistned as by the sweet nourishment of such like meats Middle-ag'd men delight in the moderate use of contraries to temper the excess of their too acrid heat Young people as temperate are to be preserved by the use of like things Indication from the time of the year The manner of Diet in Winter must be hot and inclining to driness Wherefore then we may more plentifully use rost-meats strong wines and spices because in the Winter-season we are troubled with the cold and moist air and at the same time have much heat inwardly for the inner parts according to Hippocrates are naturally most hot in the Winter and the Spring but feaverish in Summer so the heat of Summer is to be tempered by the use of cold and moist things and much drink In the temperate Spring all things must be moderate but in Autumn by little and little we must pass from our Summer to our Winter diet CHAP. XV. Of Motion and Rest HEre Physitians admonish us that by the name of Motion What Motion signifies we must understand all sorts of Exercises as walking leaping running riding playing at tennis carrying a burden and the like Friction or rubbing is of this kind which in times past was in great use and esteem neither at this day is it altogether neglected by the Physitians They mention many kinds of it Three kinds of Frictions but they may be all reduced to three as one gentle another hard a third indifferent and that of the whole body or only of some part thereof That Friction is called hard Hard. which is made by the rough or strong pressure of the hands spunges or a course and new linnen cloth it draws together condensates binds and hardens the flesh yet if it be often and long used at length it rarifies dissolves attenuates and diminishes the flesh and any other substance of the body and also it causeth revulsion and draws the defluxion of humors from one part to another Gentle The gentle Friction which is performed by the light rubbing of the hand and such like doth the contrary as softens relaxes and makes the skin smooth and unwrinckled yet unless it be long continued it doth none of these worthy to be spoken of The indifferent kinds Indifferent consisting in the mean betwixt the other two increaseth the flesh swels or puffs up the habit of the body because it retains the blood and spirits which it draws and suffers them not to be dissipated The benefit of Exercise is great The use of exercises for it increases natural heat whereby better digestion follows and by that means nourishment and the expulsion of the excrements and lastly a quicker motion of the spirits to perform their office in the body all the ways and passages being cleansed Besides it strengthens the respiration and the other actions of the body confirms the habit and all the limbs of the body by the mutual attrition of the one with the other whereby it comes to pass they
defluxion or falling down of humors into the part Or these evacuations are performed by much matter evacuated from an opened Bile or running Ulcer a Fistula or such like sores Or by sweats which are very good and healthful especially in sharp diseases if they proceed from the whole body and happen on the critical days By vomit The force of vomits which often violently draws these humors from the whole body even from the utmost joynts which purging medicines could not evacuate as we may see in the Palsie and Sciatica or Hip-gout By spitting as in all who are suppurated either in the sides or lungs By Salivation Salivation or a Phlegmatick flux by the mouth as in those who are troubled with the French-pox By sneezing and blowing the nose for by these the brain opprest with moisture disburdeneth its self whether it be done without or with the help of sternutatories and errhines wherefore children and such as have somewhat moist brains purge themselves often this way By hicket and belching The whole body is also purged by urine for by these the windiness contained in the stomach is often expelled By urine for by this not only Feavers but which is more to be admired the French-pox hath often been terminated and cured For there have been some troubled with the Pox in whom a flux of the vicious and venenate humor could not by Unctions of quicksilver be procured either from the mouth or belly yet have been wounderfully freed bv abundance of Urine both from danger of death and their disease By bleeding for nature hath often found a way for grievous diseases especially in young bodies by bleeding at the nose and by their courses in women By a flux or lask purgation sweats insensible evacuation and transpiration for so tumors the matter being brought to suppuration do sometimes vanish away and are dissolved both of their own accord as also by dissolving or discussing medicines We do the same by exercise diet hot-houses long sleep waking and shedding of tears By sucking as with Cupping-glasses and Hors-leeches in wounds made by venemous bitings We must observe three things in every evacuation In all such kinds of evacuations we must consider three things the quantity quality and manner of evacuation As for an example When an Empyema is opened the matter which runs out ought to be answerable in proportion to the purulent matter which was contained in the capacity of the breasts otherwise unless all the matter be emptyed there may happen a relapse the matter should be white soft equal and nothing stinking Lastly you must let it forth not all together and at one time but by little and little and at several times otherwise not a little quantity of the Spirits and heat doth flow out together with the unprofitable matter and so consequently a dissolution of all the powers CHAP. XVIII Of the Perturbations or Passions of the Mind Why the Passions of the mind are called Accidents Their force THe Perturbations are commonly called the Accidents of the Mind because as bodily accidents from the body so may these be present and absent from the Mind without the corruption of the subject The knowledg of these must not be lightly passed over by the Chirurgeon for they stir up great troubles in the bodies and yield occasion of many and great diseases of which things joy hope and love may give an apparent testimony For by these motions the heat and spirits are sometimes gently sometimes violently diffused over all the body for the enjoying of the present or hoped for good For then the heart is dilated as to embrace the thing beloved and the face is dyed with a rosie and lively colour For it is likely that the faculty it self is stirred by the object by whose power the Heart it self is moved From whence they have their force For it is first necessary before we be moved by any Passions that the senses in their proper seats in which they are seldom deceived apprehend the objects and straight as messengers carry them to the common sense which sends their conceived forms to all the faculties And then that each faculty as a Judge may afresh examin the whole matter how it is and conceive in the presented objects some shew of good or ill to be desired or shunned For What man that was well in his wits did ever fall into laughter unless he formerly knew or saw somewhat said or done The reason of Joy which might yield occasion of laughter Therefore Joy proceeds from the heart for the thing causing mirth or joy being conceived the faculty moves the heart which shaken and moved by the faculty which hath dominion over it is dilated and opened as ready to embrace the exhilarating object But in the mean time by the force of that dilatation it sends forth much heat and spirits together with the bloud into all the body A great part of which comming to the face dilates it the fore-head is smooth and plain the eyes look bright the cheeks become red as died with Vermilion the lips and mouth are drawn together and made plain and smooth some have their cheeks dented with two little pits which from the effects are called laughing cheeks because of the contraction or curling which the muscle suffer by reason of their fulness of bloud and spirits The effects of Joy all which to be brief is nothing but to laugh Joy recreates and quickens all the faculties stirs up the spirits helps concoction makes the body to be better liking and fattens it the heat bloud and spirits flowing thither and the nourishing dew or moisture watering and refreshing all the members from whence it is that of all the passions of the mind this only is profitable so that it exceed not measure for immoderate and unaccustomed joy carries so violently the bloud and spirits from the heart into the habit of the body that sodain and unlookt for death ensues by a speedy decay of the strength the lasting fountain of the vital humor being exhausted Which thing principally happens to those who are less hearty as women and old men Anger Anger causeth the same effusion of heat in us but far speedier than joy therefore the spirits and humors are so enflamed by it that it often causes putrid Feavers especially if the body abound with any ill humour Sorrow Sorrow or grief dries the body by a way quite contrary to that of Anger because by this the heart is so straitned the heat being almost extinct that the accustomed generation of spirits cannot be performed and if any be generated they cannot freely pass into the members with the bloud wherefore the vital faculty is weakned the lively colour of the face withers and decays and the body wastes away with a lingring Consumption Fear Fear in like sort draws in and calls back the spirits and not by little and little as in sorrow but sodainly and violently
disease Cause of the disease which two often indicate and require medicines contrary to the disease Symptom which two often indicate and require medicines contrary to the disease CHAP. XXIII Of certain wonderful and extravagant ways of curing Diseases AS Monsters happen sometimes in Nature so also in Diseases Monstrous diseases and in the events and cures of diseases I understand by Monsters certain marvellous successes in diseases or certain ways of curing them which swerve from Art and happen besides reason nature and common use Alexander ab Alexandro and Peter Gilius tell that in Apulia a part of Italy The wonderful force of the bite of a certain Spider they have a certain kind of Spider very frequent the Natives call it Tarantula Petrus Rhodius calls it Phalangium The Inhabitants find these Spiders in the first heat of Summer so venenate and deadly that whomsoever they touch with their virulent biting he presently without he have speedy remedy deprived of all sense and motion falls down or certainly if he escape the danger of death he leads the remnant of his life in madness Musick the remedy thereof Experience hath found a remedy by Musick for this so speedy and deadly a disease Wherefore as soon as they can they fetch Fidlers and Pipers of divers kinds who by playing and piping may make musick at the hearing whereof he which was fallen down by reason of the venemous bite rises cheerfully and dances so long to their measures and tunes until by the painful and continued shaking and agitation of the whole body all the malignity is dissipated by transpiration and sweats Alexander adds that it happened once in his sight that the Musicians their wind and hands failing them ceased playing and then the Dancer presently fell down as if he had been dead but by and by the Musick beginning anew he rose up again and continued his dancing till the perfect dissipation of the venom And that it hath happened besides that one not so perfectly healed certain reliques of the disease yet remaining when a long time after he heard by chance a noise of Musicians he presently fell a leaping and dancing neither could he be made to leave before he was perfectly cured Some affirm according to the opinion of Asclepiades Musick gives ease to pain that such as are frantick are much helped with a sweet and musical harmony Theophrastus and Aulus Gellius say that the pain of the Gout and Sciatica are taken away by Musick And the sacred Scripture testifies that David was wont by the sweet sound of the Harp to refresh and ease King Saul when he was miserably tormented by his evil spirit Herodotus in Clio tels that Croesus the King of Lydia had a Son which of a long time could not speak and when he came to man's estate was accounted dumb but when an enemy with his drawn sword invaded his father overcome in a great fight and the City being taken in which he was not knowing that he was the King A strong perturbation of the mind helps by moving the spirits the young man opened his mouth endeavouring to cry out and with that striving and forcing of the Spirit he broke the bonds and hinderances of his tongue and spoke plainly and articulately crying out to the enemy that he should not kill King Croesus So both the enemy with-held his sword and the King had his life and his son had his speech always after Plutarch in his book Of the benefit to be received from our enemies tels That a Thessalian called Prâ—teus had a certain inveterate and incurable Ulcer in a certain part of his body which could not be healed before he received a wound in a conflict in the same place and by that means the cure being began afresh the wound and ulcer were both healed Quintus Fabius Maximus as Livy writes was long and very sick of a quartain Ague Chance sometime exceeds Art neither could have wished success from medicins administred according to Art until skirmishing with the Aeâ—oâ—râ—ges he shaked off his old feaverish heat by a new heat and ardent desire of fighting It was credibly reported to me of late by a Gentleman of the Lord of Lansack's Chamber that there was a French Gentleman in Polonia who was grievously tormented with a quartain Feaver who on a time walking upon the bank of the river Wexel to take away the irksomness of his fit was thrust in jest into the River by a friend of his that met him by chance by which although he could swim as he also knew that thrust him in he conceived so great fear that the Quartain never troubled him after King Henry the second commanded me to go from the Camp at Amiens to the City Dorlan that I mâ—ght cure those that were hurt in the conflict with the Spaniards the Captain S. Arbin although at that time he had a fit of a Quartain Ague yet would he be present at the fight in which being shot through the side of the neck with a Bullet he was strucken with such a terror of death that the heat of the Feaver was asswaged by the cold fear and he afterwards lived free from his Ague Franciscus Valeriola the famous Physitian of Arles tels Observ lib. 2. That John Berlam his fellow-Citizen troubled with a Palsey of one side of his body for many years his house taking fire and the flame coming near the bed in which he lay he strucken with a great fear suddenly raised himself with all the force he had and presently recovering the strength of his body leaps out at the window from the top of the house and was presently cured of his disease sense and motion being restored to the part so that afterward he went upright without any sense of pain who lay unmovable for many years before He tells the like in the same place of his cousen John Sobiratius he was a long time lame at Avignion by reason that the Nerves of his hams were shrunk and drawn up so that he could not go being moved with a vehement and sudden passion of anger against one of his servants whom he endeavoured to beat he so stirred his body that forthwith the Nerves of his hams being distended and his knees made pliant he began to go and stand upright without any sense of pain when he had been crooked about the space of six years before and all his life-time after he remained sound Cap. ult lib. de cur rat per sanguinis miss Galen tels he was once fetched to stanch the bleeding for one who had an Artery cut neer his Anckle and that by his means he was cured without any danger of an Aâ—urisma i. e. a relaxation of a veinous vessel and besides by that accidental wound he was freed from a most grievous pain of his hip with which he was tormented four years before but although this easing of the pain of the Sciatica happened according to reason by
see it comes to pass in most Beasts which have one Gut stretched straight out from the stomach to the fundament as in the Lynx and such other Beasts of insatiable gluttony always like plants regarding their food CHAP. XV. Of the Mesentery The substance Magnitude Figure Composure AFter the Guts follows the Mesentery being partly of a fatty and partly of spermatick substance The greatness of it is apparent enough although in some it be bigger and in some lesser according to the greatness of the body It is of a round figure and not very thick It is composed of a double coat arising from the beginning and root of the Peritonaeum In the midst thereof it admits nerves from the Costal of the sixt Conjugation veins from the Vena Porta or Gate-vein Arteries from the descendent artery over and besides a great quantity of fat and many glandulous bodies to prop up the division of the vessels spred over it as also to moisten their substance It is in number one situate in the middle of the guts from whence it took its name Number The connexion Yet some divide it into two parts to wit into the Meseraeum that is the portion interwoven with the smal guts and into the Meso-colon which is joyned with the Great It hath connexion by it vessels with the principal parts by its whole substance with the guts and in some sort with the kidneys from whose region it seems to take its coats The temper It is of a cold and moist temper if you have respect to his fatty substance but if to the rest of the parts cold and dry The action and use The action and use of it is to bind and hold together the guts each in his place lest they should rashly be folded together and by the Meseraick-veins which they term the hands of the Liver carry the Chylus to the Liver All the miseraick veins come from the liver In which you must note that all the Meseraick Veins come from the Liver as we understand by the dissection of bodies although some have affirmed that there be some veins serving for the nourishment of the guts no ways appertaining to the Liver but which end in certain Glandulous bodies dispersed through the Mesentery of whose use we will treat hereafter CHAP. XVI Of the Glandules in general and of the Pancreas or Sweet-bread A Glandule is a simple part of the body sometimes of a spongy and soft substance Substance of the glandules sometimes of a dense and hard Of the soft Glandules are the Tonsillae or Almonds like in substance to blanched Almonds the Thymus Pancreas Testicles Prostatae But the dense and hard are the Parotides and other like The Glandules differ amongst themselves in quantity and figure for some are greater than othersome and some are round and others plain Quantity and figure as the Thymus and Pancreas Others are compounded of veins nerves arteries and their proper flesh Composition as the Almonds of the ears the milky glandules in the breasts and the testicles Others want nerves at least which may be seen as the Parotides the axillary or those under the arm-holes and others The number of glandules is uncertain by reason of the infinite multitude and variety of sporting nature Number You shall find them always in those places where the great divisions of vessels are made as in the middle ventricle of the brain in the upper part of the Chest in the Mesentery and other like places Although othersome be seated in such places as nature thinks needful to generate and cast forth of them a profitable humor to the creature as the Almonds at the root of the tongue the kernels in the dugs the spermatick vessels in the scrotum and at the sides of the womb or where Nature hath decreed to make emunctories for the principal parts as behind the ears under the arm-holes and in the groins The connexion of glandules is not only with the vessels of the parts concurring to their composition but also with those whose division they keep and preserve Connexion They are of a cold temper wherefore Physitians say the blood recrudescere i to become raw again in the dugs when it takes upon it the form of milk But of these some have action as the Almonds Temper Action and use which pour out spattle useful for the whole mouth the dugs milk the Testicles seed others use only as those which are made to preserve under-prop and fill up the divisions of the vessels The substance of the Pancreas Besides this we have spoken of glandules in general we must know that the Pancreas is a glandulous and flesh-like body as that which hath every-where the shape and resemblance of flesh It is situate at the flat end of the Liver under the Duodenum with which it hath great connexion The site and under the Gate-vein to serve as a Bulwark both to it and the divisions thereof whilst it fils up the empty spaces between the vessels themselves and so hinders that they be not pluckt asunder nor hurt by any violent motion as a fall or the like CHAP. XVII Of the Liver HAving gone thus far order of dissection now requires that we should treat of the distribution of the gate-vein but because it cannot well be understood unless all the nature of the Liver from whence it arises be well known therefore putting it off to a more fit place we will now speak of the Liver Wherefore the Liver according to Galen's opinion What the Liver is lib. de form foetus is the first of all the parts of the body which is finished in conformation It is the shop and Author of the blood and the original of the veins the substance of it It s substance and quantity is like the concrete mud of the blood the quantity of it is divers not only in bodies of different but also of the same species as in men amongst themselves of whom one will be gluttonous and fearful another bold and temperate or sober for he shall have a greater Liver than this because it must conceive and concoct a greater quantity of Chylus yet the Liver is great in all men because they have need of a great quantity of blood for the repairing of so many spirits and the substantifick moisture which are resolved and dissipated in every moment by action and contemplation But there may be a twofold reason given why such as are fearful have a larger Liver Why Cowards have great Livers The first is because in those the vital faculty in which the heat of courage and anger resides which is in the heart is weak and therefore the defect of it must be supplyed by the strength of the natural faculty For thus nature is accustomed to recompence that which is wanting in one part by the increase and accession of another The other reason is because cold men have a great
divided into four lobes disjoyned with a manifest and visible division on each side two whereby they may be the more easily opened and contracted and the air may the better enter Besides also in large bodies who have a very great Chest there is found a fifth lobe arising from the second lobe of the right side as a cushion or bolster to bear up the Hollow-vein ascending from the Midriff to the Heart In little men who have a shorter Chest because the Heart is so near as to touch the Diaphragma this lobe is not seen yet it is alwayes found in Dogs The Lungs represent the figure or shape of an Oxes foot or hoof Figure for like it they are thicker in their basis but slenderer in their circumference as you may see in blowing them up by the Weazon with your mouth or a pair of bellows Composition They are compounded of a coat coming from the Pleura which on each side receives sufficient number of nerves from the sixth conjugation and also of the Vena arteriosa coming from the right ventricle of the Heart and the Arteria venosa from the left as shall be shewed in the Anatomy of the Heart besides the Aspera arteria or Weazon coming from the Throat and lastly it s own flesh which is nothing else than the concretion of cholerick bloud poured out like foam about the divisions of the foresaid vessels as we have said of other parts The body of the Lungs is one in number unless you will divide it into two by reason of the variety of its site because the Lobe of the Lungs stretched forth into the right and left side do almost involve all the Heart that so they may defend it against the hardness of the Bones which are about it they are tyed to the Heart chiefly at its basis but to the roots of the ribs and their vertebra's by the coat it hath from thence but by the vessels to these parts from whence they proceed The sticking of the Lungs to the ribs But oft-times presently from the first and natural conformation they are bound to the circumference of the ribs by certain thin membranous productions which descend from thence to the Lungs otherways they are tyed to the ribs by the Pleura The nourishment of the Lungs is unlike to the nourishment of other parts of the body Their nourishment for you cannot find a part equally rare light and full of air which may be nourished with blood equally thin and vaporous In temper they incline more to heat than to cold whether you have regard to their composure of cholerick blood or their use which is to prepare and alter the air that it hurt not the Heart by its coldness The Lungs is the instrument of voice and breathing by the Weazon or Wind-pipe For the Lobes are the instruments of voyce and the ligaments of respiration But the Larinx or Throttle is the chief instrument of the voyce for the Weazon first prepares the voice for the Throttle in which it being in some measure formed is perfected in the Palate of the Mouth as in the upper part of a Lute or such like Instrument by the help of the Gargareon or Uvula as a certain quil to play withall But as long as one holds his breath he cannot speak for then the muscles of the Larinx ribs the Diaphragmn and the Epigastrick muscles are pressed down whence proceeds a suppression of the vocal matter which must be sent forth in making or uttering a voice Nature would have the Lungs light for many reasons the first is Why the lungs are light That seeing they are of themselves immoveable they might be more obsequious and ready to follow the motion of the Chest for when it it straitned the Lungs are straitned and subside with it and when it is dilated they also are dilated and swell so big that they almost fill up all the upper capacity thereof Another cause is That by this their rarity they might more easily admit the entring air at such times as they have much or sodain necessity as in running a race And lastly That in Plurisies and other purulent abscesses of the Chest the Pus or matter poured forth into the capacity of the Chest may be suckt in by the rare substance of the Lungs and by that means the sooner sent forth and expectorated The use of respiration is to cool and temper the raging heat of the Heart The use of respiration or breathing For it is cooled in drawing in the breath by the cool air and in sending out thereof by avoiding the hot fuliginous vapor Therefore the Chest performs two contrary motions for whilst it is dilated it draws in the encompassing air and when it is depressed it expels the fuliginous vapor of the Heart which any one may easily perceive by the example of a pair of Smiths-bellows CHAP. X. Of the Pericardium or Purse of the Heart Whence it hath its matter THe Pericardium is as it were the House of the Heart which arising at the basis thereof either the ligaments of the Vertebra's situate there or else the vessels of the Heart yielding it matter is of a nervous thick and dense substance without any fibers It retains the figure of the Heart and leaves an empty space for the Heart to perform its proper motion Wherefore the bigness of the Pericardium exceeds that of the Heart It consists of a double coat one proper of which we have spoken another common coming from the Pleura and also of the veins arteries and nerves the vessels partly coming from the Mamillary partly from the Diaphragma chiefly there where it touches it the nerves come on each side from the sixt Conjugation Number and Connexion It is only one placed about the Heart and annexed to it at the basis thereof by its membranes to the original of the Lungs and the Vertebra's lying under them and by the vessels to the parts from whence it received them It is of a cold and dry temper as every Membrane is Use The use thereof is to cover the Heart and preserve it in its native humidity by certain natural moisture contained in it unless you had rather say that the moisture we see contained in the Pericardium is generated in it after death by the condensation and concretion of the spirits Although this seems not very likely because it grows and is heaped up in so great quantity in living bodies that it hinders the motion of the Heart and causes such palpitation or violent beating thereof that it often suffocates a man From whence the matter of the watery humor contained in the Pericardium For this Palpitation happens also to hearty and stout men whose Hearts are hot but blood thin and waterish by reason of some infirmity of the Stomach or Liver and this humor may be generated of vapors which on every side exhale into the Pericardium from the blood boyling in the
Ventricles of the Heart where kept in by the density thereof they turn into yellowish moisture as we see it happens in an Alembeck The Consistence Nature would have the Pericardium of a dense and hard consistence that by the force thereof the Heart might be kept in better state for if the Pericardium had been bony it would have made the Heart like iron by the continual attrition on the contrary if it had been soft and fungous it would have made it spongy and soft like the Lungs CHAP. XI Of the Heart What the Heart is and of what substance THe Heart is the chief mansion of the Soul the organ of the vital faculty the beginning of life the fountain of the vital spirits and so consequently the continual nourisherer of the vital heat the first living and last dying which because it must have a natural motion of it self was made of a dense solid and more compact substance than any other part of the body The three sorts of fibers of the Heart The flesh thereof is woven with three sorts of fibers for it hath the right in the inner part descending from the basis into the point that they might dilate it and so draw the blood from the Hollow-vein into the receptacles thereof and the breath or air from the Lungs by the Arteria venosa it hath the transverse without which pass through the right at right angles to contract the Heart and so drive the vital spirits into the great Artery Aorta and the cholerick blood to the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa for their nourishment It hath the oblique in the midst to contain the air and blood drawn thither by the forementioned vessels until they be sufficiently elaborate by the Heart All these fibers do their parts by contracting themselves towards the original as the right from the point of the Heart towards the basis whereby it comes to pass that by this contraction of the fibers the Heart dilated becomes shorter but broader no otherwise than it is made more long and narrow by the contraction of the tranverse but by the drawing of the oblique it is lessened in that part which looks towards the Vertebra's which chiefly appears in the point thereof The Magnitude It is of an indifferent bigness but yet in some bigger in some less according to the diverse temper of cold or hot men as we noted in the Liver Figure The figure thereof is pyramidal that is it is broader in the basis and narrower at his round point Composition It is composed of the most dense flesh of all the body by the affusion of blood at the divisions and foldings of the vessels and there concrete as it happens also to the other entrails For the blood being there a little more dryed than that which is concrete for the making of the Liver turns into a fleshy substance more dense than the common flesh even as in hollow ulcers when they come to cicatrize The proper Vessels It hath the Coronal veins and arteries which it receives either on the right side from the Hollow vein or on the left from the basis at the entrance of the artery Aorta You cannot by your eye discern that the Heart hath any other nerves than those which come to it with the Pleura The Nerves Yet I have plainly enough observed others in certain Beasts which have great hearts as Swine they appeared seated under the fat which covers the vessels and basis of the Heart lest the humid substance of these parts should be dissolved and dissipated by the burning heat of the heart Whereby you may perceive that the heat of the Heart is different from the Elementary heat as that which suffers fat to grow about this entrail where otherwise it doth not concrete unless by cold or a remiss heat which thing is chiefly worth admiration The Heart is one alone situate most commonly upon the fourth vertebra of the Chest Number and site which is in the midst of the Chest Yet some think that it inclines somewhat to the left side because we there feel the motion or beating thereof but that happens by reason of its left ventricle which being it is filled with many spirits and the beginning of the Arteries it beats far more vehemently than the right It required that seat by the decree of Nature because that region is the most safe and armed besides it is here on every side covered as it were with the hands of the Lungs It hath connexion with the fore-mentioned Vertebra's but by the parts composing it Connexion with those parts from whence it hath them with the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa and lastly with all the parts of the body by the Arteries which it sends to them all It is of a hot and moist temper as every fleshy part is The action thereof is Temper and action first to prepare the blood in its right ventricle for the fit nourishment of the Lungs for from hence it is that Galen saith This right ventricle was made for the necessity of the Lungs Secondly to generate the vital spirits in its left ventricle for the use of the whole body What the vital spirit is But this spirit is nothing else than a certain middle substance between air and blood fit to preserve and carry the native heat wherefore it is named the Vital as being the author and preserver of life In the inner parts of the heart there present themselves to our consideration the ventricles and the parts contained in the ventricles and between them such are the Valvulae or Valves the Vessels and their mouths their distribution into the Lungs the wall or partition and the two productions or Ears of the Heart which because they are doubtful whether they may be reckoned amongst the external or internal parts of the heart I will here handle in the first place Therefore these Auriculae or Ears are of a soft and nervous substance The Auriculae Cordis or ears of the heart compact of three sorts of fibers that so by their softness they might the more easily follow the motions of the Heart and so break the violence of the matter entering the Heart with great force when it is dilated For otherwise by their violent and abundant entrance they might hurt the Heart and as it were overwhelm and suffocate it but they have that capacity which we see given by nature that so they might as it were keep in store the blood and air and then by little and little draw it forth for the use of the necessity of the Heart But if any enquire if such matters may be drawn into the Heart by the only force of the Diastole ad fugam vacui for avoiding of emptiness I will answer That that drawing in or attraction is caused by the heat of the Heart which continually draws these matters to it no otherwise than
a fire draws the adjacent air and the flame of a Candle the Tallow which is about the wiek for nourishments sake Whilst the Heart is dilated it draws the air whilst it is drawn together or contracted it expels it This motion of the Heart is absolutely natural as the motion of the Longs is animal Some add a third cause of the attraction of the Heart to wit the similitude of the whole substance But in my judgment this rather takes place in that attraction which is of blood by the venae coronales for the proper nourishment of the Heart than in that which is performed for attraction of matters for the benefit of the whole Body These Ears differ in quantity for the right is far more capacious than the left Their magnitude and Number because it was made to receive a greater abundance of matter They are two in number on each side one situate at the basis of the Heart The greater at the entrance of the hollow vein into the Heart the less at the entrance of the veinous and of the great Artery with which parts they both have connexion We have formerly declared what use they have that is Their use to break the violence of the matters and besides to be stays or props to the Arteria venosa and great Artery which could not sustain so rapid and violent a motion as that of the Heart by reason of their tenderness of substance Of the Ventricles of the Heart THe Ventricles are in number two on each side one The partition between the ventricles of the heart distinguished with a fleshy partition strong enough having many holes in the superficies yet no where piercing through The right of these Ventricles is the bigger and encompassed with the softer and rarer flesh the left is the lesser but is engirt with a threefold more dense and compact flesh for the right Ventricle was made for a place to receive the blood brought by the hollow-vein and for distributing of it partly by the Vena arteriosa into the lungs for their nourishment partly into the left ventricle by sweating through the wall or partition to yield matter for the generation of the vital spirits Therefore because it was needful there should be so great a quantity of this blood Why the right ventricle is more capacious and less compact it was likewise fit that there should be a place proportionable to receive that matter And because the blood which was to be received in the right ventricle was more thick it was not so needful that the flesh to contain it should be so compact but on the contrary the arterious blood and vital spirit have need of a more dense receptacle for fear of wasting and lest they should vanish into air and also less room that so the heat being united might become the stronger and more powerfully set upon the elaboration of the blood and spirits Therefore the right Ventricle of the Heart is made for preparation of the blood appointed for the nourishment of the Lungs and the generation of the vital spirits The action of the right ventricle as the Lungs are made for the mitification or qualifying of the Air. Which works were necessary if the Physical Axiome be true That like is nourished by like as the rare and spongious Lungs with more subtil blood the substance of the Heart gross and dense with the veinous blood as it flows from the Liver that is gross The action of the left ventricle And it hath its Coronal veins from the Hollow-vein that it might thence draw as much as should be sufficient But the left Ventricle is for the perfecting of the vital spirit and the preservation of the native heat Of the Orifices and Valves of the Heart The uses of the four orifices of the Heart THere be four Orifices of the Heart two in the right and as many in the left Ventricle the greater of the two former gives passage to the vein or the blood carryed by the Hollow-vein to the Heart the lesser opens a passage to the Vena arteriosa or the cholerick blood carried in it for the nourishment of the Lungs The larger of the two other makes a way for the distribution of the Artery Aorta and the vital spirit through all the body but the lesser gives egress and regress to the Ateria venosa or to the air and fuliginous vapors And because it was convenient that the matters should be admitted into their proper Ventricles by these orifices by the Diastole to wit into the right ventricle by the greater orifice and into the left by the lesser and because on the contrary it was fit that the matters should be expelled by the Systole from their ventricles by the fore-mentioned orifices The Valves Therefore nature to all these orifices hath put eleaven valves that is to say six in the right ventricle that there might be three to each orifice five in the left that the greater orifice might have three and the lesser two for the reason we will presently give How they differ These Valves differ many ways First in action for some of them carry in matter to the Heart others hinder that which is gone out that it come not back again Secondly they differ in site Action Site Figure for those which bring in have membranes without looking in those which carry out have them within looking out Thirdly in figure for those which carry in have a Pyramidal figure but those which hinder the coming back again are made in the shape of the Roman letter C. Fourthly Substance in substance for the former for the most part are fleshy or woven with fleshy fibers into certain fleshy knots ending towards the point of the heart The latter are wholly membranous Number Fiftly they differ in number for there be only five which bring in three in the right ventricle at the greater orifice and two in the left at the lesser orifice those which prohibit the coming back Motion are six in each ventricle three at each orifice Lastly they differ in motion for the fleshy ones are opened in the Diastole for the bringing in of blood and spirit and contrariwise are shut in the Systole that they may contain all or the greater part of that they brought in The membranous on the contrary are opened in the Systole to give passage forth to the blood and spirits over all the body but shut in the Diastole that that which is excluded might not flow back into the Heart But you shall observe that Nature hath placed only two Valves at the orifice of the Arteria venosa Why there be only two Valves at the Orifice of the Arteria venosa because it was needful that this Orifice should be always open either wholly or certainly a third part thereof that the air might continually be drawn into the Heart by this Orifice in Inspiration and sent forth by
One part of the brain being hurt the other keeps the creature alive The consistence of the Pia mater the fore and hind and presently to separate the same into the right and left that one part being hurt the other may remain safe and sound performing its duty to the creature as we see in some that have the Palsey Columbus observed that this Meninx was double and verily I have found it true by m own sight The other Meninx or Membrane of the Brain called Pia mater is most slender interchased with divers veins and arteries for its own and the brains nourishment and life This doth not only involve the Brain as the Crassa meninx doth but also more deeply penetrate in the anfractuous passages thereof that it may every where joyn and bind it to it self not easily to be drawn from thence by many small fibers whereby it descends even to the cavities of the ventricles thereof Wherefore you must see it absolutely in the site as we have mentioned and not pluck it away unless with the substance of the Brain The sense of the Meninges These membranes when they are hurt or afflicted cause grievous and most bitter torment and pain wherefore I dare say that these membranes are rather the authors of sense than the Brain it self because in diseases of the Brain as in the Lethargy the part affected is troubled with little or no sense of pain CHAP. VI. Of the Brain NOw followeth the Brain the beginning of the nerves and voluntary motion What the Brain is the instrument of the first and principal faculty of the Soul that is the Animal and Rational Man hath this part in greater plenty then any other Creature The quantity for it almost fils the whole skull But if it should have filled it all the Brain could not be moved that is dilated and contracted in the skull It is of a cold and moist Temperature Temper The laudable Temper of the Brain is known by the integrity and perfection of the internal and external senses the indifferency of sleep and waking the maturity of ripeness of judgment and constancy of opinions from which unless it meet with better and more probable it is not easie to be moved The first figure of the Head as it appears when the Skull is taken away The second figure shewing the Brain the skull and Dura mater being taken off AA BB The Dura meninx or thick membrane CCC the third Sinus of this membrane DD the course of the veins as they run through the membrane or the second vein of the Brain EE the first vein of the brain FFF Certain small veins which perforate the skull nnd reach to the Pericranium or skull-skin GGG Fibers of the Dura meninx passing through the Coronal Suture which fibers make the Pericranium HH fibers passing through the sagittal Suture II others passing through the Lambdal Suture K a knub which useth to grow to the Sinus of the skull L a cavity in the forehead-bone M the skull N the Pericranium or skull-skin Fig. 2. AAA a part of the Crasse meninx dividing the brain BB the third Sinus of the same Crasse membrane opened CC the beginning of the vessels out of the third Sinus into the Pia mater DDD the propagation or branches of these vessels EEE the Pia mater or thin meninx immediately compassing the brain FFF certain vessels running through the convolutions or branches of the brain GGG certain branches of veins running through the sides of the dura meninx HHH the thick membrane reflected downward You shall know the brain is more hot by the quickness of the senses and motions of the body by shortness of sleep the suddain conceiving of opinions and change of them by the slippery and failing memory and lastly by easily receiving hurt from hot things as the Sun and Fire Such as have a cold Brain are slow to learning and to conceive other things but they do not easily put away their once conceived opinions They have slow motion to action and are sleepy Those who have a dry Brain are also slow to learn for you shall not easily imprint any thing in dry bodies but they are most constant retainers of those things they have once learned also the motions of their bodies are quick and nimble Those who have a moist Brain do easily learn but have an ill memory for with like facility as they admit the species of things and imprint them in their minds do they suffer them to slide and slip out of it again So clay doth easily admit what character or impression soever you will but the parts of this clay which easily gave way to this impression going together again mixes obliterates and confounds the same Therefore the senses proceeding from a cold Brain are dull the motions slow the sleep profound The Action The action of the Brain is to elaborate the Animal Spirit and necessary sense serving the whole body and to subject it self as an instrument to the principal faculties as to reason The brain is twofold the fore and hind The hind by reason of its smalness is called the Cerebellum the little or After-brain But the fore by reason of its magnitude hath retained the absolute name of the Brain Number Again this fore-Brain is twofold the right and left parted by that depression which we formerly mentioned of the Meninges into the body of the Brain But this division is not to be here so absolutely taken as though the Brain were exactly divided and separated into so many parts but in the sense as we say the Liver and Lungs are divided a pretty way whereas at their Basis they have one continued body The outward surface of the Brain is soft but the inward hard callous and very smooth when on the contrary the outward appears indented and unequal with many windings and crested as it were with many wormlike foldings CHAP. VII Of the Ventricles and Mamillary Processes of the Brain The substance of the Brain is porous and sweats forth blood FOr the easie demonstration of the Ventricles of the Brain it is convenient you cut away a large portion thereof and in your cutting observe the blood sweating out of the pores of it But besides it is fit you consider the spongy substance by which the excrements of the Brain are heaped up to be presently strained out and sent away by the hollow passage In the substance of the Brain you must observe four Ventricles The four ventricles thereof mutually conjoyned by certain passages by which the spirits endued with the species of things sensible may go from one into another The first and two greater one on each side are placed in the upper Brain The third is under them in the middle part of the Brain The fourth and last at the foreside of the Cerebellum towards the beginning of the spinal marrow The two formost are extended the length way of the Brain
proper muscles which we have described should be in the upper Eye-lid it should be meet because when one of the muscles is in action the other which is its opposite or Antagonist rests or keeps holy-day that when that which is said to open the eye is imployed the opposite thereof resting the upper eye-lid should be drawn towards its original The action of a Muscle as we see it happens in Convulsions because the operation of a muscle is the collection of the part which it moves towards its original Therefore seeing such a motion or collection appears not anywhere in the eye-lid I think it therefore manifest that all the motion of this upper eye-lid depends upon this broad muscle and that it alone is the author of the motion thereof The original of the broad Muscle The original of this broad muscle is from the upper part of the Sternon the clavicles the shoulder-blades and all the spines of the vertebra's of the neck but it is inserted into all these parts of the head which want hair and the whole face having divers fibers from so various an original The insertion and reason why we express so many motions with the face by the benefit of which it performs such manifold motions in the face for it so spreads it self over the face that it covers it like a vizard by reason of the variety of the original and the production of the divers fibers of this muscle But I have not in the description of this muscle prosecuted those nine conditions which in the first Book of my Anatomy I required in every part because I may seem to have sufficiently declared them in the description of the muscles of the Epigastrium Wherefore hence forward you must expect nothing from me in the description of Muscles besides their original insertion action composition and the designation of their vessels CHAP. IV. Of the Eye-lids and Eye-brows What the Eye-brows are BEcause we have faln into mention of the eye-lids and eye-brows and because the order of dissection also requires it we must tell you what they are of what they consist and how and for what use they were framed by Nature Therefore the eye-brows are nothing else than a ranck of hairs set in a semicircular form upon the upper part of the Orb of the eye Their use from the greater to the lesser corner thereof to serve for an ornament of the body and a defence of the eyes against the acrimony of the sweat falling from the fore-head What the Eye-lids are Their composure and use But the eye-lids on each side two one above and another below are nothing else than as it were certain shuttings appointed and made to close and open the eyes when need requires and to contain them in their Orbs. Their composure is of a musculous skin a gristle and hairs set like a pale at the sides of them to preserve the eyes when they are open chiefly against the injuries of small bodies as motes dust and such like These hairs are alwayes of equal and like bigness implanted at the edges of the gristly part that they might alwayes stand straight and stiffe out They are not thick for so they should darken the eye The gristle in which they are fastned is encompassed with the Pericranium stretched so far before it produce the Conjunctiva It was placed there that when any part thereof should be drawn upwards or downward by the force of the broad muscle or of the two proper muscles it might follow entirely and wholly by reason of its hardness They call this same gristle especially the upper Tarsus What the Tarsus is The upper and lower Eye-lid differ in nothing but that the upper hath a more manifest motion and the lower a more obscure for otherwise Nature should have in vain encompassed it with a musculous substance CHAP. V. Of the Eyes THe Eyes are the instruments of the faculty of seeing What the Eyes are Their site brought thither by the visive spirit of the optick nerves as in an Aquae-duct They are of a soft substance of a large quantity being bigger or lesser according to the bigness of the body They are seated in the head that they might over-took the rest of the body to perceive and shun such things as might endanger or endamage the body for the action of the eyes is most quick The quickness and excellency of their action as that which is performed in a moment which is granted to none of the other senses Wherefore this is the most excellent sense of them all For by this we behold the fabrick and beauty of the Heavens and Earth distinguish the infinite varieties of colours we perceive and know the magnitude figure number proportion site motion and rest of all bodies The eyes have a pyramidal figure whose basis is without but the Cone or point within at the Optick nerves Nature would have them contained in a hollow circle Figure that so by the profundity and solidity of the place they might be free from the incursions of bruising and hurtful things They are composed of six muscles five coats three humors and a most bright spirit Composition of which there is a perpetual afflux from the brain two nerves a double vein and one artery besides much fat and lastly a Glandule seated at the greater angle thereof Glandula Latrymalis Fistula Lacrymalis upon that large hole which on both sides goes to the nose and that lest that the humors falling from the brain should flow by the nose into the Eyes as we see it fares with those whose eyes perpetually weep or water by reason of the eating away of this glandule whence that affect is called the Fistula lacrymalis or Weeping Fistula But there is much fat put between the Muscles of the eye partly Why fat is placed about the Eyes that the motion of the Eyes might be more quick in that slipperiness of the fat as also that the temper and complexion of the Eyes and chiefly of their nervous parts might be more constant and lasting which otherwise by their continual and perpetual motion would be subject to excessive dryness For nature for the same reason hath placed Glandules flowing with a certain moisture neer those parts which have perpetual agitation CHAP. VI. Of the Muscles Coats and humors of the Eye THere are six Muscles in the Eye The number site and action of the muscles of which four perform the four direct motions of the Eye they arise from the bottom of the Orb and end in the midst of the Eye encompassing the optick nerve When they are all moved with one endeavour they draw the Eye inwards But if the upper only use its action it drawes the eye upwards if the lower downwards if the right to the right side if the left to the left side The two other muscles turn the Eye about the first of which being the longer and
digested and ripened thirdly by induration when it degenerates into a Scirrhus the thinner part of the humor being dissolved the fourth which is the worst of all by a corruption and Gangrene of the part which is when overcome with violence or the abundance or quality of the humor or both it comes to that distemper that it loses its proper action It is best to terminate a tumor by resolution and the worst by corruption suppuration and induration are between both although that is far better than this The signs of a tumor to be terminated by resolution The signs by which the Chirurgeons may presage that an Impostume may be terminated by resolving are the remission or slacking of the swelling pain pulsation tension heat and all other accidents and the unaccustomed liveliness and itching of the part and hot Impostumes are commonly thus terminated because the hot humor is easily resolved by reason of its subtilty Signs of suppuration are the intension or encrease of pain heat swelling pulsation The signs of suppuration and the Feaver for according to Hippocrates Pain and the Feaver are greater when the matter is suppurating than when it is suppurated The Chirurgeon must be very attentive to know and observe when suppuration is made for the purulent matter oft-times lies hid as Hippocrates saith by reason of the thickness of the part lying above or over it The signs of an Impostume degenerating into a Scirrhous hardness The signs and causes of a tumor terminated in a Scirrhus are the diminution of the tumor and hardness remaining in the part The causes of the hardness not going away with the swelling are the weakness of nature the grosness and toughness of the humor and unskilfulness of the Chirurgeon who by too long using resolving things hath occasioned that the more subtil part of the humor being dissolved the rest of the grosser nature like earthy dregs remains concret in the part For so Potters vessels dryed in the Sun grow hard But the unskilful Chirurgeon may occasion a Scirrhous hardness by another means as by condensating the skin and incrassating the humors by too much use of repercussives The signs of a Gangrene at hand But you may perceive an Impostume to degenerate into a Gangrene thus if the accidents of heat redness pulsation and tension shall be more intense than they are wont to be in suppuration if the pain presently cease without any manifest cause if the part wax lived or black and lastly if it stink But we shall treat of this more at large when we come to treat of the Gangrene and Sphacelus Of disappearance of a tumor and the signs thereof A sodain diminution of the tumor and that without manifest cause is a sign of the matter fallen back and turned into the body again which may be occasioned by the immoderate use of refrigerating things And sometimes much flatulency mixed with the matter although there be no fault in those things which were applyed Feavers and many other malign Symptoms as Swoundings and Convulsion by translation of the matter to the noble parts follow this flowing back of the humor into the body CHAP. IV. Of the Prognostique in Impostumes TUmors arising from a melancholy phlegmatick gross tough or viscous humor Cold tumors require a longer cure ask a longer time for their cure than those which are of bloud or choler And they are more difficultly cured which are of humors not natural than those which are of humors yet contained in the bounds of nature For those humors which are rebellious offend rather in quality than in quantity Tumors made of matter not natural are more difficultly cured and undergo the divers forms of things dissenting from Nature which are joyned by no similitude or affinity with things natural as Suet Poultis Hony the dregs of Oil and Wine yea and of solid bodies as Stone Sand Coal Straws and sometimes of living things as Worms Serpents and the like monsters The tumors which possess the inner parts and noble entrails are more dangerous and deadly is also those which are in the joynts or neer to them And these tumors which seise upon great vessels as veins arteries and nerves for fear of great effusion of blood Hippo. Aph. 8. sect 6. wasting of the spirits and convulsion So Impostumes of a monstrous bigness are often deadly by reason of the great resolution of the spirits caused by their opening Those which degenerate into a Scirrhus are of long continuance and hard to cure as also those which are in hydropick leprous scabby and corrupt bodies for they often turn into malign and ill-conditioned Ulcers CHAP. V. Of the General cure of Tumors against Nature THere be three things to be observed in the cure of Impostumes What must be considered in undertaking the cure of tumors The first is the essence thereof the second the quality of the humor causing the Impostume the third the temper of the part affected The first indication drawn from the essence that is from the greatness or smalness of the tumor varies the manner of curing for the medicines must be increased or diminished according to the greatness of the tumor The second taken from the nature of the humor also changes our counsel for a Phlegmon must be otherwise cured than an Erysipelas and an Oedema than a Scirrhus and a simple tumor otherwise than a compound And also you must cure after another manner a tumor coming of an humor not natural than that which is of a natural humor and otherwise that which is made by congestion than that which is made by defluxion What we must understand by the nature of the part The third Indication is taken from the part in which the tumor resides by the nature of the part we understand its temperature conformation site faculty and function The temperature indicates that some medicines are convenient for the fleshy parts as those which are more moist others for the nervous as more drie for you must apply some things to the eye and others to the throat one sort of things to these parts which by reason of their rarity are easily subject to defluxion another to those parts which by their density are not obnoxious to it But we must have good regard to the site of the part as if it have any connexion with the great vessels and if it be fit to pour forth the matter and humor when it is suppurated What we must understand by the faculty of the part Galen by the name of Faculty understands the use and sense of the part This hath a manifold indication in curing for some parts are principal as the Brain Heart and Liver for their vertue is communicated to the whole body by the Nerves Arteries and Veins Others truly are not principal but yet so necessary that none can live without them as the Stomach Some are endued with a most quick sense as the Eye the
Iron so thrust into a Trunk or Pipe with an hole in it that so no sound part of the mouth may be offended therewith A hollow Trunk with a hole in the side with the hot Iron inserted or put therein CHAP. VIII Of the Angina or Squinzy What it is THe Squinancy or Squincy is a Swelling of the jaws which hinders the entring of the ambient air into the Weazon and the vapours and the spirit from passage forth and the meat also from being swallowed The differences There are three differences thereof The first torments the Patient with great pain no swelling being outwardly apparent by reason the Morbisick humor lyes hid behind the Almonds or Glandules at the Vertebrae of the Neck The first kind so that it cannot be perceived unless you hold down the Tongue with a Spatula or the Speculum oris for so you may see the redness and tumor there lying hid The Symptoms The Patient cannot draw his breath nor swallow down meat nor drink his tongue like a Gray-hound's after a course hangs out of his mouth and he holds his mouth open that so he may the more easily draw his breath to conclude his voyce is as it were drown'd in his jaws and nose he cannot lye upon his back but lying is forced to sit so to breathe more freely and because the passage is stopt the drink flies out at his Nose the Eyes are fiery and swollen and standing out of their orb Those which are thus affected are often sodainly suffocated a foam rising about their mouths The second kind The second difference is said to be that in which the tumor appears inwardly but little or scarse any thing at all outwardly the Tongue Glandules and Jaws appearing somewhat swollen The third The third being least dangerous of them all causes a great swelling outwardly but little inwardly The Causes The Causes are either Internal or External The External are a stroak splinter or the like thing sticking in the Throat or the excess of extreme cold or heat The Internal causes are a more plentiful defluxion of the humors either from the whole body or the Brain which participate of the nature either of bloud choler or flegm but seldom of Melancholy The signs by which the kind and commixture may be known have been declared in the general Treatise of Tumors The Squincy is more dangerous by how much the humor is less apparent within and without That is less dangerous which shews it self outwardly because such an one shuts not up the wayes of the meat nor breath Some dye of a Squincy in twelve hours others inâ—â—o four or seven days Hip. sect 3. proe 2. Apâ—â—r 10 sect 5. Those saith Hippocrates which scape the Squincy the disease passes to the Lungs and they dye within seven dayes but if they scape these days they are suppurated but also oftentimes this kind of disease is terminated by disappearing that is by an obscure reflux or the humor into some noble part as into the Lungs whence the Emprema proceeds and into other principal parts whose violating brings inevitable death sometimes by resolution otherwise by suppuration The way of resolution is the more to be desired it happens when the matter is small and that subtle especially if the Physitian shall draw bloud by opening a vein and the Patient use fitting Gargarisms A Critical Squincy divers times proves deadly by reason of the great falling down of the humor upon the throttle by which the passage of the breath is sodainly shut up Broths must be used made with Capons and Veal seasoned with Lettuce Purslain Sorrel and the cold Seeds If the Patient shall be somewhat weak let him have potched Egges and Barly Creams Diet. the Barly being somewhat boyled with Raisons in Water and Sugar and other meats of this kind Let him be forbidden Wine in stead whereof he may use Hydromelita and Hydrosachara that is drinks made of Water and Honey or Water and Sugar as also Syrups of dryed Roses of Violets Sorrel and Limmons and others of this kind Let him avoid too much sleep But in the mean time the Physitian must be careful of all because this disease is of their kind which brook no delayes Wherefore let the Basilica be presently opened on that side the tumor is the greater Cure then within a short time after the same day for evacuation of the conjunct matter let the vein under the tongue be opened let Cupping-Glasses be applyed sometimes with scarification sometimes without to the neck and shoulders and let frictions and painful ligatures be used to the extreme parts But let the humor impact in the part be drawn away by Clysters and sharp Suppositories Repelling Gargarisms Whilst the matter is in defluxion let the mouth without delay be washed with astringent Gargarisms to hinder the defluxion of the humor lest by its sodain falling down it kill the Patient as it often happens all the Physitians care and diligence notwithstanding Therefore let the mouth be frequently washed with Oxycrate or such a Gargarism â„ž Pomorum sylvest nu iiij sumach Rosar rub an m. ss berber Ê’ ij let them be all boyled with sufficient quantity of water to the consumption of the half adding thereunto of the Wine of sour Pomgranats â„¥ iiij of Diamoron â„¥ ij let it be a little more boyled and make a gargle according to Art And there may be other Gargarisms made of the waters of Plantain Night-shade Verjuyce Julep of Roses and the like But if the matter of the defluxion shall be Phlegmatick Alum Pomgranat-pill Cypress-nuts and a little Vinegar may be safely added But on the contrary Repercussives must not be outwardly applyed but rather Lenitives whereby the external parts may be relaxed and rarified and so the way be open either for the diffusing or resolving the portion of the humor You shall know the humor to begin to be resolved if the Feaver leave the Patient if he swallow speak and breathe more freely if he sleep quietly and the pain begin to be much asswaged Ripening Gargarisms Therefore then Nature's endeavour must be helped by applying resolved medicines or else by using suppuratives inwardly and outwardly if the matter seem to turn into Pus Therefore let Gargarisms be made of the roots of March-Mallows Figs Jujubes Damask-Prunes Dates perfectly boyled in water The like benefit may be had by Gargarisms of Cows-milk with Sugar by Oyl of Sweet-Almonds or Violets warm for such things help forward suppuration and asswage pain let suppurating Cataplasms be applyed outwardly to the neck and throat and the parts be wrapped with wooll moistned with Oyl of Lillies When the Physitian shall perceive that the humor is perfectly turned into pus let the Patients mouth be opened with the Speculum oris and the abscess opened with a crooked and long Incision-knife then let the mouth be now and then washed with cleansing Gargles as â„ž Aquae hordei
Let them be all put in the vessel mentioned in the Treatise lately described for use The patient shall keep himself in that Bathing-tub as long as his strength will give him leave Leo. Faventius his ointment then let him be put into his bed well covered where he shall sweat again be dried and rest Then let him be presently anointed with the following ointment which Leonellus Faventius much commends â„ž Olei Laurini de Terebinth ana â„¥ iij. Olei Nardini petrolei ana â„¥ j. Vini malvatici â„¥ iv Aqua vitae â„¥ ij Pyrethri Piperis Sinap Granor. Junip Gumni hederae anacard Laudani puri an â„¥ jss Terantur misceantur omnia cum Oleis Vino bulliant in vase duplici usque ad Vini consumptionem facta forti expressione adde Galbani Bdellii Euphorbii Myrrhae Castorei adipis Ursi Anaetis Ciconiae an â„¥ ij Make an ointment in form of a liniment adding a little wax if need shall require Or you shall use the following remedy approved by many Physitians â„ž Myrrhae Aloes Spicae nardi Sanguinis draconis thuris opoponacis An approved Ointment for the Palsie Bdellii Carpobalsami amomi sarcocollae croci mastic gummi arabici styrac liquidae ladani castorei ana â„¥ ij Moschi Ê’ i Aqua vitae â„¥ i Terebinthinae venetae ad pondus omnium pulverbauntur pulverisanda gummi eliquabuntur cum aqua vitae aceti tantillo And let them all be put in fit vessels that may be distilled in Balneo Mariae and let the Spine of the Back and paralytick limbs be anointed with the liquor which comes from thence I have often tryed the force of this following Medicine â„ž rad Angel Ireos floren gentian cyperi ana â„¥ i. Calami aromat Cinam Cariophyl nucis Mosch macis A distilled water good to wash them ouâ—wardly and to drink inwardly anaÊ’ ij Salviae major Iuae arthriticae Lavend rorism satureiae puleg. calament mentastri ana M ss florum chamaem melil hyperic anthos stoechad ana P j Concisa omnia contundantur in Aquae vit Vini malvat. an lb ij infundantur And let them be distilled in Balneo Mariae like the former let the affected parts be moistned with the distilled liquor of which also you may give the Patient a spoonful to drink in the morning with some Sugar For thus the Stomach will be heated and much phlegm contained therein as the fuel of this disease will be consumed You must also appoint exercises of the affected parts and frequent and hard frictions Exercises and frictions Chymical Oyl with hot linnen clothes that the native heat may be recalled and the excrements contained in the parts digested you may also use the Chymical Oyls of Rosemary Thyme Lavender Cloves Nutmegs and lastly of all Spices the manner of extracting whereof we shall hereafter declare in a peculiar Treatise CHAP. XIV Of Swooning SWooning is a sodain pertinacious defect of all the powers but especially the vital in this What Swooning is the Patients lie without motion and sense so that the Ancients thought that it differed from Death only in continuance of time The cause of swoon ng Three causes of Swooning which happens to those that are wounded is Bleeding which causeth a dissipation of the Spirits or Fear which causeth a sodain and joynt retirement of the spirits to the Heart Whence follows an intermission of the proper duty as also of the rest of the faculties whilest they being thus troubled are at a stand Also Swooning happens by a putrid and venenate vapour carryed to the heart by the Arteries and to the Brain by the nerves by which you may gather that all swooning happens by three causes The first is by dissipation of the spirits and native heat as in great bleeding And then by the oppression of these spirits by obstruction or compression as in fear or tumult for thus the spirits fly back hastily from the surface and habit of the body unto the heart and center Lastly by corruption as in bodies filled with humors and in poysonous wounds The signs of swooning are paleness a dewy and sodain sweat arising the failing of the pulse a sodain falling of the body upon the ground without sense and motion a coldness possessing the whole body so that the Patient may seem rather dead than alive For many of these who fall into a swoon die unless they have present help Therefore you shall help them if when they are ready to fall you sprinkle much cold water in their face if that the swooning happen by dissipation of the spirits The cure of Swooning caused by d ssipation of spirits or if they shall be set with their faces upwards upon a bed or on the ground as gently as may be and if you give them bread dipt in wine to hold and chew in their mouths But if it be caused by a putrid vapour and poysonous air you shall give them a little Mithridate or Treacle in Aqua vitae with a Spoon as I usually do to those which have the Plague or any part affected with a Gangrene or Spacel The cure of swooning caused by a venâ—na e air But if the Patients cannot be raised out of their swoons by reason of the pertinacious oppression and compression of the spirits about the heart you must give them all such things as have power to diffuse call forth and resuscitate the spirits such as are strong Wines to drink The cure of swooning caused by oppression and obstruction sweet perfumes to smell You must call them by their own name lowd in their ear and you must pluck them somewhat hard by the hairs of the Temples and Neck Also rub the Temples Nostrils Wrists and Palms of the Hands with Aqua vitae wherein Cloves Nutmegs and Ginger have been steeped CHAP. XV. Of Delirium i.e. Raving Talking idly or Doting DOting or Talking idlely here is used for a symptom which commonly happeneth in Feavers caused by a wound and inflammation and it is perturbation of the phantasie What a symptomatical Delirium is The causes thereof and function of the mind not long induring Wherefore such a doting happens upon wounds by reason of vehement pain and a feavour when as the nervous parts as the joynts stomach and midriffe shall be violated For the Ancients did therefore call the Midriffe Phrena because when this is hurt as if the mind it self were hurt a certain phrensie ensues that is a perturbation of the animal faculty Why the Brain suffers with the midâ—iffe which is imployed in ratiocination by reason of the community which the Diaphragma hath with the Brain by the nerves sent from the sixth conjugation which are carryed to the stomach Therefore doting happens by too much bleeding which causeth a dissipation of the spirits whereby it happens that the motions and thoughts of the mind err as we see it happens to those who have bled much
of bloud-letting yet remain that is the greatness of the disease and the constant strength of the Patient The two chief Indications in bloud-letting I being glad of this took three Saucers more of bloud he standing by and was ready to take more but that he wished me to defer it until the afternoon wherefore returning after dinner I filled two Saucers more so that in all this young man to his great benefit lost twenty seaven Saucers of bloud at five times within the space of four days Now the ensuing night was very pleasing to him the Feaver left him about noon the tumor grew much less the heat of the inflammation was asswaged in all parts except in his eye-lids and the laps of his ears which being ulcerated cast forth a great quantity of Pus or matter I have recited this history purposely to take away the childish fear which many have to draw bloud in the constant strength of the Patient and that it might appear how speedy and certain a remedy it is in inflammations of the head and brain Now to return from whence we digressed The discommodity of venery in wounds of the head you must note that nothing is so hurtful in fractures and wounds of the head as venery not only at that time the disease is present but also long after the cure thereof For great plenty of spirits are contained in a small quantity of seed and the greatest part thereof flows from the Brain hence therefore all the faculties but chiefly the Animal are resolved whence I have divers times observed death to ensue in small wounds of the head yea when they have been agglutinated and united How hurtful noyse is to the fractures of the skull All passions of the mind must in like sort be avoided because they by contraction and dissipation of the spirits cause great trouble in the body and mind Let a place be chosen for the Patient as far from noise as can be as from the ringing of Bells beatings and knocking 's of Smiths Coopers and Carpenters and from high-ways through which they use to drive Coaches for noise encreases pain causes a Feaver and brings many other symptoms I remember when I was at Hisdin at the time that it was besiged by the forces of Charles the fifth A History that when the wall was beaten with the Cannon the noise of the Ordnance caused grievous torment to all those which were sick but especially those that were wounded on their heads so that they would say that they thought at the discharging of every Cannon that they were cruelly strucken with staves on that part which was wounded and verily their wounds were so angered herewith that they bled much and by their pain and Feavers encreased were forced with much sighing to breathe their last Thus much may serve to be spoken of the cure in general now we will out of the monuments of Ancients treat of the particular CHAP. XV. Of the particular cure of wounds of the head and of the musculous skin LEt us begin with a simple wound Of a simple wound of the flesh and the skin for whose cure the Chirurgeon must propose one only scope to wit Union for unless the wound pierce to the skull it is cured like other wounds of the fleshy parts of our bodies But if it be compound as many wayes as it is complicate so many Indications shew themselves In these the chiefest care must be had of the more urgent order and cause Therefore if the wound shall be simple and superficiary then the hair must first be shaven away then a plaister applyed made of the white of an Egge Bole Armenic and Aloes The following day you must apply Emplastrum de Janua or else de gratia Dei until the wound be perfectly healed But if it be deeper and penetrate even to the Pericranium the Chirurgeon shall not do amiss if at the second dressing he apply a digestive medicine as they call it which may be made of Venice-Turpentine A digestive medicine the yolks of Egges Oyl of Roses and a little Saffron and that shall be used so long until the wound come to maturation for then you must add Honey of Roses and Barly flour to the digestive Hence must we pass to these medicines into whose composition no oyly or unctuous body enters A sarcotick medicine such as this â„ž Terebinth venetae â„¥ ij syrupi rosar â„¥ j pul Aloes Myrrhae Mastich an Ê’ ss Let them all be incorporated and made into an unguent which shall be perfectly regenerated An Epulotick then it must be cicatrized with this following powder â„ž Aluminiis combusti corticis granatorum combust an Ê’ i. Misceantur simul fiat pulvis but if the wound be so large that it require a suture it shall have so many stitches with a Needle as need shall seem to require A H story Whilst I was at Hisdin a certain Souldier by falling of the earth whilst he undermined had the Hairy scalp so pressed down even to the Pericranium and so wholly separated from the beginning of the hind-part of his head even to his fore-head that it hung over his face I went about the cure in this manner I first washt all the wound with Wine a little warmed that so I might wash away the congealed bloud mixed with the earth then I dryed it with a soft linnen cloth and laid upon it Venice-Turpentine mixed with a little Aqua-vitae What things we must observe in sewing wherein I had dissolved some Sanguis Draconis Mastick and Aloes then I restored the hanging skin to its former place and there stayed it with some stitches being neither too strait nor too close together for fear of pain and inflammation which two chiefly happen whilst the wound comes to suppuration but only as much as should serve to stay it on every side and to keep forth the air which by it entrance doth much harm to wounds the lower sides of the wound I filled with somewhat long and broad tents that the matter might have passage forth Then I applyed this following cataplasm to all the head â„ž farinae hâ—rd falarum an â„¥ vi olei rosatiÊ’ iij aceti quantum sufficit fiat cataplasma ad formam pultis this hath a faculty to dry cool repel mitigate pain and inflammation and stay bleeding When we must not let bloud in wounds I did not let him blood because he had bled much especially at certain arteries which were broken neer his Temples he being dressed after this manner grew well in a short time But if the wound be made by the biting of a wild Beast it must be handled after another manner as shall appear by this following History As many people on a time stood looking upon the King's Lyons who were kept in the Tilt-yard at Paris A History for the delight of King Henry the second and at his charges it happened that one
incompassing air under which also is comprehended that which is taken from the season of the yeer region the state of the air and soil and the particular condition of the present and lately by-past time Hence it is we read in Guido Why wounds of the head at Paris and of the legs at Avignion are hard to be cured that Wounds of the head are cured with far more difficulty at Paris than at Avignion where notwithstanding on the contrary the Wounds of the legs are cured with more trouble than at Paris the cause is the air is cold and moist at Paris which constitution seeing it is hurtfull to the brain and head it cannot but must be offensive to the Wounds of these parts But the heat of the ambient air at Avignion attenuates and dissolves the humors and makes them flow from above downwards But if any object that experience contradicts this opinion of Guido and say that wounds of the head are more frequently deadly in hot countries let him understand that this must not be attributed to the manifest and natural heat of the air but to a certain malign and venenate humor or vapor dispersed through the air and raised out of the Seas as you may easily observe in those places of France and Italy which border upon the Mediterranean Sea An indication may also be drawn from the peculiar temper of the wounded parts for the musculous parts must be dressed after one and the bony parts after another manner The different sense of the parts indicates and requires the like variety of remedies for you shall not apply so acrid medicins to the Nerves and Tendons An indication to be drawn from the quick and dull sense of the wounded part as to the ligaments which are destitute of sense The like reason also for the dignity and function of the parts needfull for the preservation of life for oft-times wounds of the brain or of some other of the naturall and vitall parts for this very reason that they are defixed in these parts divert the whole manner of the cure which is usually and generally performed in wounds Neither that without good cause for oft-times from the condition of the parts we may certainly pronounce the whole success of the disease for wounds which penetrate into the ventricles of the brain into the heart the large vessels the chest the nervous parts of the midriffe the liver ventricles small guts bladder if somewhat large are deadly as also those which light upon a joynt in a body repleat with ill humors as we have formerly noted Neither must you neglect that indication which is drawn from the situation of the part and the commerce it hath with the adjacent parts or from the figure thereof seeing that Galen himself would not have it neglected Gal. lib. 7. Meth 2. ad Glauc But we must consider in taking these forementioned Indications whether there be a composition or complication of the diseases for as there is one and that a simple indication of one and that a simple disease so must the indication be various of a compound and complicate disease But there is observed to be a triple composition or complication of affects besides nature for either a disease is compounded with a disease as a wound or a plegmon with a fracture of a bone or a disease with a cause as an ulcer with a defluxion or a disease with a symptome as a wound with pain or bleeding It sometimes comes to pass that these three the disease cause and symptome concur in one case or affect In artificially handling of which we must follow Galens counsell Gal. lib. 7. Meth. who wishes in complicated and compounded affects that we resist the more urgent then let us withstand the cause of the disease and lastly that affect without which the rest cannot be cured Which counsell must well be observed for in this composure of affects which distracts the Emperick on the contrary the rational Physitian hath a way prescribed in a few and these excellent words which if he follow in his order of cure he can scarse miss to heal the Patient Symptomes truly as they are symptomes yeeld no indication of curing neither change the order of the cure for when the disease is healed the symptome vanishes as that which follows the disease as a shadow follows the body But symptomes do oftentimes so urge and press How and when we must take indication of curing from a symptome that perverting the whole order of the cure we are forced to resist them in the first place as those which would otherwise increase the disease Now all the formerly mentioned indications may be drawn to two heads the first is to restore the parts to its native temper the other is that the blood offend not either in quantity or quality for when those two are present there is nothing which may hinder the repletion or union of wounds nor ulcers CHAP. IX What remains for the Chirurgeon to do in this kind of Wounds THe Chirurgeon must first of all be skilfull and labour to asswage pain hinder defluxions prescribe a diet in those six things we call not-natural forbidding the use of hot and acrid things as also of Wine for such attenuate humors and make them more apt for defluxion Why such as are wounded must keep a slender diet Therefore at the first let his diet be slender that so the course of the humors may be diverted from the affected part for the stomach being empty and not well filled draws from the parts about it whereby it consequently follows that the utmost and remotest parts are at the length evacuated which is the cause that such as are wounded must keep so spare a diet for the next dayes following Venery is very pernicious for that it inflames the spirits and humors far beyond other motions whereby it happens that the humors waxing hot are too plentifully carried to the wounded and over heated part The bleeding must not be stanched presently upon receiving of the wound for by the more plentiful efflux thereof the part is freed from danger of inflammation and fulness Why we must open a vein in such as are wounded by Gunshot Wherefore if the wound bleed not sufficiently at the first you shall the next day open a vein and take blood according to the strength and plenitude of the Patient for there usually flows no great store of blood from wounds of this nature for that by the greatness of the contusion and vehemency of the moved air the spirits are forced in as also I have observed in those who have one of their limbs taken away with a Cannon bullet For in the time when the wound is received there flows no great quantity of blood although there be large veins and arteries torn in sunder thereby But on the 4 5 6. or some more dayes after the blood flows in greater abundance and with more violence the native
it again for unless the medicin adhere long to the skin it will do no good Which thing notwithstanding many Physitians have been ignorant of thinking if they wiped away the sanies from the Ulcer thrice on a day they should do better than those who did the same but twice a day But those who dress it but once a day are reproved by the Patients as negligent But they are much mistaken for you must remember as we have delivered in most of our writings that the qualities of all neighbouring bodies do mutually actuate and affect each other in some degree although the one thereof be much more powerfull for by this reason in space of time they become somewhat alike though they otherwise differ much But when the quality of the medicin shall be like the species to the body to be cured there follows the better success Wherefore he which moved by these reasons first appointed to use the emplaister formerly applyed is worthy of commendations and we ought to follow him much the rather seeing that which he found out by reason is approved by experience Neither did he unadvisedly command to foment the wound every third day that is every dressing for seeing it is a powerfull medicin therefore it stands in need of mitigation Thus much Galen whose opinion grounded on reason he can again confirm with another reason Galens reason further explained It is already sufficiently known that medicins can do nothing in us unless by the force of the native heat which stirs up the faculty of the medicin to operation But in Ulcers which are absolutely malign the native heat of the affected part is very languid being broken and debilitated by the presence of the preternatural heat so that it stands in need of a great space of time to actuate the vertue and faculty of the medicin Wherefore if in that time when as the native heat hath much moved and stirred up the faculty of the medicin the Ulcer be loosed or opened and that emplaister cast away which was laid upon the part and a fresh one laid in stead thereof the heat implanted in the part is either dissipated by the contact of the air or is weakned and driven in and that endeavour which was made by the emplaister was to no purpose being as it were stopped in the midst of the course But a new emplaister being laid on the heat of the part must undergo a new labour so to stir up the faculty to bring it to act Medicins are only such in faculty For all medicins are what they are in faculty Equal to this is their error who by too oft renewing their emplaisters on the same day do too powerfully cleanse for so they do not only take away the excrementitious humors both sordes and sanies but also the alimentary juice to wit the Rob Cambium and Gluten which are the next matter for procreating of laudable flesh Wherefore it is not good to dress Ulcers so often in one day and to loose them to apply new emplaisters unless some grievous symptom as pain force us to do it which requires to be asswaged and mitigated by the often changing and renewing of Anodyne medicins CHAP. XII How to binde up Ulcers The beginning of your binding must be at the Ulcer Hip. lib. de ult FOr the binding up of Ulcers you must alwayes begin your bandage at the Ulcer Now the Rowler must be so large that it may not only cover and comprehend the Ulcer but also some portion of the adjacent parts above and below and let it press the Ulcer with that moderation that it may only press out the excrementitious humors For so the Ulcer will become dry and consequently more neer to healing as it is observed by Hippocrates Let this be the measure of your binding that it be neither too strait for hence would ensue pain and defluxion nor too lax for such is of no use You may moisten your boulsters and Rollers in Oxycrate or in red and astringent Wine especially in Summer when you have bound it up the part must be kept quiet For according to Hippocrates those who have an Ulcer in the leg ought neither to stand nor sit but to lye on a bed Wherefore when the legs are ulcerated the arms must be exercised by handling Revulsion into contrary parts lifting up and casting down of divers things But on the contrary if the arms be ulcerated the legs must be exercised with walking or frictions from above downwards if the Patient cannot endure to walk So the humors and spirits which with more violence and greater plenty run down to the part affected may be drawn back and diverted CHAP. XIII Of the cure of particular Ulcers and first of those of the Eyes 4. Mâ—â—h FOr that in Galens opinion the divers indications in curing diseases are drawn from the condition of the part to wit the temper complexion site figure use dull or quick sense Therefore having briefly handled the general cure both of simple and compound and implicit Ulcers I think it fit to treat of them now as they are distinguished by the parts beginning with these of the eyes These according to Celsus are sometimes caused by pustules or a sharp defluxion which frets or eats in sunder the coats thereof or else by a stroak Lib. 6. cap. 6. Lib. 3. Botryon Caeloma Argemon Epicauma Paulus sets down these differences of the Ulcers of the eyes If saith he a small little and hollow Ulcer be upon the horny-coat it is by the Greeks tearmed Botryon but if it be broader and less deep it is termed Caeloma about the circle of the Iris or Rainbow it is called Argemon If it be crusty and sordid it is termed Epicauma These in general require the same cure as the former that is to be mundified incarnated dryed and cicatrized but the part affected indicates more gentle medicins Wherefore having purged the Patient and taken some blood both from his arm The cure as also from his veins and temporall Arteries and bathed him if it be needful to divert the defluxion you shall to his shoulders apply cupping-glasses with scarification or else bread newly drawn out of the oven and sprinkled with aqua vitae or some good wine shall be applyed to the original of the spinall marrow A Collyrium to cleanse the ulcers of the eyes But you shall apply to the forehead and temples an astringent emplaister made of emplastrum contra rupturam ung Cemmitissae and resiccativum rubrum mixed together But this ensuing Collyrium described by Celsus and approved by Hollerius shall be dropped into the eye â„ž aeris usti cadmiae ustae lotae an â„¥ j. ex aqua fingatur collyrium quod liquore ovi dislolvatur But in the mean time you must diligently observe whether you put the eye to any great pain Wherefore now and then by putting anodyne medicins thereto it will be good to comfort it Also you
to be more difficult especially if the Callus which is substituted be somewhat thick and bunching forth But if together with the violence and force of the Fracture the joints shall be broken and bruised the motion will not only be lost but the life brought in danger by reason of the greatness of the inflammation which usually happens in such affects and the excess of pain in a tendinous body These fractures wherein both the bones of the arm or leg are broken Fractures at joint dangerous are more difficult to cure than those which happen but to one of them For they are handled and kept in their places with more difficulty because that which temains whole serves the other for a rest or stay to which it may lean Moreover there is longer time required to substitute a Callus to a great bone than to a little one Again Hipp. sect 18. 19. sect 1. de fracturis these bones which are more rare and spongy are sooner glued together by the interposition of a Callus than these which are dense and solid A Callus sooner growes in sanguin than in cholerick bodies But broken bones cannot be so happily agglutinated nor restored in any body but that alwayes some asperity or unequal protuberancy may be seen on that part where the Callus is generated Ligations conduce to the handsomness of a Callus Wherefore the Surgeon ought to make artificial Ligations that the Callus may not stand out too far nor sink down too low That Fracture is least troublesom which is simple on the contrary that is more troublesom which is made into splinters but that is most troublesome and worst of all which is in small and sharp fragments because there is danger of convulsion by pricking a nerve or the periosteum Sometimes the fragments of a broken bone keep themselves in their due place they also oft-times fly forth thereof so that one of them gets above another which when it happens you may perceive an inequality by the depression of the one part and the bunching forth of the other as also pain by the pricking besides also the member is made shorter than it was and than the sound member on the opposite side is and more swoln by the contraction of the muscles towards their original Wherefore when a bone is broken Extention must presently be made after the bone is broken if you perceive any thing so depressed presently putting your hand on both sides above and below stretch forth the bone as forcibly as you can for otherwise the muscles and nerves stretched and contracted will never of their own accord suffer the bones to be restored to their proper seat of themselves This extension must be performed in the first dayes for afterwards there will happen inflammation which being present it is dangerous to draw the nerves and tendons too violently for hence would ensue an impostume convulsion gangrene and mortification Therefore Hippocrates forbids you to defer such extension untill the third Sent 36. sect 3. de fract or fourth day Fractures are thought dangerous whose fragments are great and fly out especially in these bones which are filled with marrow on the inside When broken or dislocated bones cannot be restored to themselves and their natural place the part wasts for want of nourishment both for that the natural site of the veins arteries and nerves is perverted as also because the part it self lies immovable or scarce moveable whereby it cometh to pass that the spirits do not freely flow thereto as neither the nutritive juice cometh thither in sufficient plenty In inflammations the restoring of the bone must not be attempted When the dislocated or broken member is troubled with any great inflammation it is doubtfull whether or no a convulsion will happen if we attempt to restore it or the parts thereof to their seat therefore it is better if it may be done to defer the reducing thereof so long untill the humour which possesses the part be dissolved the tumor abated and the bitterness of pain mitigated CHAP. IV. The general cure of broken and dislocated bones Three things to be performed in curing broken and dislocated bones TO cure a broken and dislocated bone is to restore it to its former figure and site For the performance whereof the Surgeon must propose three things to himself The first is to restore the bone to its place The second is that he contain or stay it being so restored The third is that he hinder the increase of malign symptoms and accidents or else if they do happen that then he temper and correct their present malignity Such accidents are pain inflammation a feaver abscess gangrene and sphacell For the first intention you may easily restore a broken or dislocated bone if presently as soon as the mischance is got or else the same day you endeavour to restore it for the bitterness of pain or inflammation which may trouble the Patient is not as yet very great neither is the contraction of the muscles upwards How to put the bones in their places as yet very much or stubborn Therefore first of all the Patient with his whole body but espeeially with the broken or dislocated part as also the Surgeon must be in some place which hath good and sufficient light Then let trusty and skilfull attendants be there good ligatures and also if need so require good engins His friends which are present let them see and hold their peace neither say nor do any thing which may hinder the work of the Surgeon Then putting one hand above that is towards the center of the body and the other below as neer as he can to the part affected let him stretch forth the member for if you lay your hand any distance from the part affected you will hurt the sound part by too much compression Hipp. sent 60. sect 2. de fract neither will you much avail your self by stretching it at such a distance But if you only endeavour below with your hand or ligature assisting to make extension thereof it will be dangerous if there be nothing above which may withstand or hold lest that you draw the whole body to you This being done according as I have delivered it is fit the Surgeon make a right or streight extension of the part affected for when the bone is either broken or out of joint there is contraction of the muscles towards their original and consequently of the bones by them Ad sent 1. sect 1. de fract as it is observed by Galen Wherefore it is impossible to restore the bones to their former seat without the extension of the muscles But the part being thus extended the broken bones will sooner and more easily be restored to their former seat Which being restored you shall presently with your hand press it down if there be any thing that bunches or stands out And lastly you shall binde it up by applying
when as the acrid matter flows down with much violence repercussives do much conduce and tempred with resolving medicines are good also in the increase â„ž aq ros A repercussive medicine plantag an â„¥ ss mucilag gum Tragacanth Ê’ij album ovi quod sufficit fiat collyr let it be dropped warm into the eye and let a double cloth dipped in the same collyrium be put upon it Or â„ž mucil sem psil cydon extractae in aq plant an â„¥ ss aq solan lactis muliebris an â„¥ j. trochisc alb rha ℈ fiat collyrium use this like the former The veins of the temples may be streightned by the following medicine â„ž bol arm sang drac mast an â„¥ ss alb ovi Astringent emplasters aquae ros acet an â„¥ j. tereb lot ol cidon an â„¥ j. ss fiat defensivum You may also use Vng de Bolo empl diacal or contra rupturam dissolved in oyl of myrtles and a little vineger But if the bitterness of pain be intolerable the following cataplasm shall be applied â„ž medul An anodine cataplaâ—m pomor sub ciner coctorum â„¥ iij. lactis muliebris â„¥ ss let it be applied to the eye the formerly prescribed collyrium being first dropped in Or â„ž mucilag sem psil cidon an â„¥ ss micae panis albi in lacte infusi â„¥ ij aquae ros â„¥ ss fiat cataplasma The blood of a Turtle dove pigeon or Hen drawn by opening a vein under the wings dropped into the eye asswageth pain Baths are not onely anodine The efficacie of Bathes in pains of the eyes Ad Aphor. sect 7. Detergent Collyâ—ia but also stay the defluxion by diverting the matter thereof by sweats therefore Galen much commends them in such defluxions of the eyes as come by fits In the state when as the pain is either quite taken away or asswaged you may use the following medicines â„ž sarcocol in lacte muliebri nutritae Ê’i aloes lotae in aq rosar ℈ ij trochis alb rha Ê’ ss sacchar cand Ê’ij aq ros â„¥ iij. fiat collyrium Or â„ž sem foeniculi foenug an Ê’ij flo chamae melil an m. ss coquantur in aq com ad â„¥ iij colaturae adde tutiae praep sarcoc nutritae in lacte muliebri anÊ’j ss sacchari cand â„¥ ss fiat collyrium ut artis est In the declination the eye shall be fomented with a carminative decoction and then this collyrium dropped thereinto â„ž sarcoc nutritaeÊ’ij aloes myrrh an Ê’i aq ros euphrag an â„¥ ij fiat collyrium ut artis est CHAP. XIII Of the Proptôsis that is the falling or starting forth of the eye and of the Phthisis and Chemôsis of the same THe Greeks call that affect Proptôsis the Latines Procidentia or Exitus oculi when as the eye stands and is cast out of the orb by the occasion of a matter filling and lifting up the eye into a great bigness The cause and largeness of substance The cause of this disease is sometimes external as by too violent straining to vomit by hard labour in child-birth by excessive and wondrous violent shouting or crying out It sometimes happeneth that a great and cruel pain of the head or the too strait binding of the forehead and temples for the easing thereof or the palsie of the muscles of the eye give beginning to this disease Certainly sometimes the eye is so much distended by the defluxion of humours that it breaks in sunder and the humours thereof are shed and blindness ensues thereof as I remember befel the sister of Lewis de Billy merchant dwelling at Paris near S. Michaels Bridge The cure The cure shall be diversified according to the causes Therefore universal medicines being premised cupping glasses shall be applied to the original of the spinal marrow and the shoulders as also Cauteries or Setons the eye shall be pressed or held down with clothes doubled and steeped in an astringent decoction made of the juice of Acacia red roses the leaves of poppy henbane roses and pomegranate pills of which things poultifles may be made by addition of barly-meal and the like The Atrophia of the eye There is sometimes to be seen in the eye an affect contrary to this and it is termed Atrophia By this the whole substance of the eye grows lank and decays and the apple it self becomes much less But if the consumption and emaciation take hold of the pupil onely the Greeks The Phthisis thereof Lib 3. cap. 22. by a peculiar name and different from the general term it a Phthisis as Paulus teacheth Contrary causes shall be opposed to each affect hot and attractive fomentations shall be applied frictions shall be used in the neighbouring parts and lastly all things shall be applied which may without danger be used to attract the blood spirits into the parts There is another affect of the eye of affinitie to the Proptôsis which by the Greeks is termed Chemôsis The Chemosis Paulus l. 3 c. 2. Now this is nothing else then when both the eye-lids are turned up by a great inflammation so that they can scarce cover the eyes and the white of the eye is lifted much higher up then the black Sometimes the Adnata changing his wont looketh red besides also this affect may take its original from external causes as a wound contusion and the like But according to the varietie of the causes and the condition of the present affect fixed and remaining in the part divers remedies shall be appointed CHAP. XVI Of the Vngula or Web. THe Vngula Pterygion or Web is the growth of a certain fibrous and membranous flesh upon the upper coat of the eye called Adnata arising more frequently in the bigger but sometimes in the lesser corner towards the temples When it is neglected it covers not onely the Adnata but also some portion of the Cornea and coming to the pupil it self hurts the sight therefore Such a web sometimes adheres not at all to the Adnata but is onely stretched over it from the corners of the eye so that you may thrust a probe between it and the Adnata it is of several colours somewhiles red somewhile yellow somewhiles duskish and otherwhiles white It hath its original either from external causes as a blow fall and the like or from internal as the defluxion of humours into the eys The Vngula which is inveterate What web curable and what incurable and that hath acquired much thickness and bredth and besides doth difficultly adhere to the Adnata is difficultly taken away neither may it be helped by medicines whereby scars in the eyes are extenuated But that which covereth the whole pupil must not be touched by the Surgeon for being cut away the scar which is left by its densitie hindereth the entrance of objects to the crystalline humour and the egress of the animal spirit to them But oftentimes it is accompanied with
horny coat being relaxed or thrust forth by the violence of the pustule generated beneath It in shape resembleth a grape whence the Greeks stile it Staphyloma This tumor is sometimes blackish otherwhiles whitish For if the horny coat be ulcerated and fretted in sunder so that the grapy coat shew it self fall through the ulcer then the Staphyloma will look black like a ripe grape for the utter part of the Vvea is blackish But if the Cornea be only relaxed not broken then the swelling appears of a whitish colour like an unripe grape Paulus and Aetius The Antients have made many kinds or differences thereof For if it be but a smal hole of the broken Cornea by which the Vvea sheweth or thrusteth forth it self then they termed it Myccephalon that is like the head of a flie But if the hole were large and also callous they called it Clavus Every Slaphiloma infers incurable blindness or a nail if it were yet larger then they termed it Acinus or a grape But in what shape or figure soever this disease shall happen it bringeth two discommodities the one of blindness the other of deformitie Wherefore here is no place for Surgerie to restore the sight which is already lost but onely to amend the deformitie of the eye which is by cutting off that which is prominent But you must take heed that you cut away no more then is fit for so there would be danger of pouring out the humours of the eye CHAP. XVII Of the Hypopyon that is the suppurate or putrified eye PVS or Quitture is sometimes gathered between the hornie and grapie coat from an internal or external cause From an internal as by a great defluxion The cause and oft-times after an inflamation but externally by a stroke through which occasion a vein being opened hath poured forth bloud thither which may presently be turned into Quitture For the cure universal remedies being premised cupping glasses shall be applied with scarifications and frictions used Anodine and digestive collyria shall be poured from above downwards Galen writes that he hath sometimes evacuated this matter Lib. 14. method cap. ult the Cornea being opened at the Iris in which all the coats meet concur and are terminated I have done the like and that with good success James Guillemeau the Kings Surgeon being present the Quitture being expressed and evacuated after the apertion The Ulcer shall be cleansed with Hydromel or some other such like medicine CHAP. XVIII Of the Mydriasis or dilatation of the Pupil of the Eye MYdriasis is the dilatation of the pupil of the eye The Cause and this happeneth either by nature or chance the former proceedeth from the default of the first conformation neither is it cureable but the other is of sorts for it is either from an internal cause the off-spring of an humour flowing down from the brain wherefore Physical means must be used for the cure thereof The cure Now that which cometh by any external occasion as a blow fall or contusion upon the eye must be cured by presently applying repercussive and anodine medicines the defluxion must be hindered by diet skilfully appointed phlebotomie cupping scarification frictions and other remedies which may seem convenient Then must you come to resolving medicines as the bloud of a Turtle-dove Pigeon or chicken reeking-hot out of the vein being poured upon the eye and the neighbouring parts Then this following cataplasm shall be applied thereto A digesting Cataplasm â„ž farinae fabar hordei an â„¥ iij. ol rosar myrtillor an â„¥ j. ss pul ireos flor Ê’ij cum sapa fiat cataplasm You may also use the following fomentation â„ž rosar rub myrtyl an m.j florum melil chamaem an p.j. nucum cupress â„¥ j. vini ansteri lb ss aq rosar plantag an â„¥ iij. make a decoction of them all for a fomentation to be used with a sponge CHAP. XIX Of a Cataract A Cataract is called also by the Greeks Hypochima by the Latines suffusio A Cataract Howsoever you term it it is nothing else but the concretion of an humour into a certain thin skin under the hornie coat just against the apple or pupil and as it were swimming upon the waterie humour and whereas the place ought to be emptie opposing it self to the internal faculty of seeing whereby it differeth from spots and scars growing upon the hornie coat and Adnata It sometimes covereth the whole pupil The differences otherwhiles but the one half thereof and somewhiles but a small portion thereof According to this varietie the sight is either quite lost weak or somewhat depraved because the animal visive spirit cannot in its entire substance pass through the densitie thereof Causes The defluxion of the humour whence it proceeds is either caused by an external occasion as a stroke fall or by the heat or coldness of the encompassing air troublesome both to the head and eyes or else it is by an internal means as the multitude or else the acrid hot and thin quality of the humours This disease also sometimes taketh its original from gross and fumid humours sent from a crude stomach or from vaporous meats or drinks up to the brain and so it falleth into the eyes where by the coldness straitness and tarrying in the place they turn into moisture and at length into that concretion or film which we see The signs may be easily drawn from that we have already delivered Signs For when the cataract is formed and ripe it resembleth a certain thin membrane spred over the pupil and appeareth of a different colour accorcing to the variety of the humor whereof it consisteth one while white another while black blue ash-coloured livid citrine green It sometimes resembleth quick-silver which is very trembling and fugitive more than the rest At the first when it beginneth to breed they seem to see many things as flyes flying up and down hares nets and the like as if they were carelesly tossed up and down before their eyes sometimes every thing appeareth two and somewhiles less than they are because the visive spirit is hindred from passing to the objects by the density of the skin like as a cloud shadowing the light of the Sun Whence it is that the patients are duller fighted about noon and surer and quicker sighted in the morning and evening for that the little visive spirit diffused through the air is dispersed by the greater light but contracted by the less Now if this film cover half the pupil then all things shew but by halfs but if the midst thereof be covered and as it were the centre of the chrystalline humor then they seem as if they had holes or windows but if it cover at all then can he see nothing it all but only the shadows of visible bodies and of the Sun Moon Stars lighted cancles and the like luminous things and that but confusedly and as
by conjecture CHAP. XX. Of the physical cure of a beginning Cataract Diet for such as are troubled with a Cataract A Beginning Cataract is hindered from growing and concretion by diet conveniently and artificially prescribed by the abstinence from wine especially more strong and vaporous and forbearing the use of meats which yield a phlegmatick juice and vaporous as pease beans turneps chesnuts and lastly all such things as have the faculty of stirring up the humors and causing defluxion in the body such as are all salt and spiced meats as also garlike onions mustard The immoderate use of Venery hurts more than all the rest for that it more violently exagitates the whole body weakens the brain and head Bread seasoned with sennel-seeds and begets crude humors Let his bread be seasoned with some sennel-seeds for it is thought to have a faculty of helping the sight and clearing the eyes and dissipating the misty vapours in the stomach before they can ascend to the brain Wherefore by the same reason it is good to use Marmelade of quinces conserve of roses and common drige powder or any such like composed of things good to break winde or corroborate the ventricle Phlebotomy and purging if they be requisite shall be fitly appointed Ventoses shall be applyed to the shoulders and neck and phlegmatick matter shall be diverted and evacuated by the mouth with using masticatories in the morning There be some which believe that a beginning Cataract may be dissipated and discussed by often rubbing the eye-lids with his fingers and in like sort by the often and earnest beholding of the Stars and the Moon when it is at the full looking-glasses diamonds and all other such like bright shining things How bright shining things may dissipate a beginning Cataract I believe that by beams plentifully and suddenly brought and diffused over the eye directly opposite against some bright shining thing it may seem to have a penetrating dividing dissolving as also a consuming and drying faculty Besides also the hot breath of him who holdeth in his mouth and chaweth fennel-seeds annis-seeds coriander-seeds nutmeg cinnamon cloves and the like hath a great faculty the eyes being first gently rubbed with the finger it being breathed in neer at hand and often received to heat attenuate resolve digest and diffuse the humor which is ready to concrete Moreover this collyrium of John Vigo is thought very powerfull to clear the eyes strengthen the sight hinder suffusions and discuss them if at any time they concrete and begin to gather A Collyâ—ium dissipating a beginning Cataract â„ž hepatis hircini sani recentis lb ij calami aromatici mellis an â„¥ ss succi rutae Ê’iii aquae chelidoniae foeniculi verbenae euphrasiae an â„¥ iij. piperis longi nucis moschatae carâ—ophillorum an Ê’ ii croci ℈ j. floris rorismarini aliquantum contriti m. ss sarcocollae alces hepaticae anÊ’ iii. fellis ratae leporis perdicis an â„¥ i. terantur omnia tritisque adde sacchari albi â„¥ ii mellis rosatiÊ’ vi conjiciantur in alembicum vitreum distillentur in balneo Mariae Let this distilled liquor be often dropped into the eyes But if you prevail nothing by all these medicines and that the cloudy and heaped-up humor doth daily increase and thicken then must you abstain from remedies and expect untill it be no more heaped up but thickned yea untill it seem to be grown somewhat hard For so it may be couched with a needle otherwise if this same skin shall not be ripe but more tender than is fitting when you shall come to the operation it will be broken and thrust through with the needle and not couched On the contrary if it be too hard it will resist the needle neither will it suffer it self to be easily couched A Cataract must not be â—â—uched unless it be ripe Wherefore it is requisite that the Surgeon know when it is ripe and he must diligently observe the signs whereby he may discern a ripe Cataract from an unripe and that which is curable from that which is uncurable For that only which is ripe and curable is to be couched that which is unripe that is such an one as is more tender and as it were crude and that which is more hard and dense and lastly that which is uncurable must not be attempted at all CHAP. XXI By what signs ripe and curable Cataracts may be discerned from unripe and uncurable ones IF the sound eye being shut the pupil of the sore or suffused eye after it shall be rubbed with your thumb be presently dilated and diffused and with the like celerity return into the place figure colour and state it is thought by some to shew a ripe and confirmed Cataract But an unripe and not to be couched if the pupil remain dilated and diffused for a long while after But it is a common sign of a ripe as also more dense and consequently uncurable suffusion to be able to see nor distinguish no visible thing beside light and brightness for to discern other objects sheweth that it is not yet ripe Therefore the sound eye being shut and pressed the pupil of the other rubbed with your thumb is dilated enlarged swelleth and is more diffused the visive spirits by this compression being as it were forced from the sound into the sore eye Uncurable Cataract But these following Cataracts are judged uncurable that is such as are great such as when the eye-lid is rubbed are nothing dilated or diffused whose pupil becometh no broader by this rubbing for hence you may gather that the stopping or obstruction is in the optick nerve so that how cunningly and well soever the Cataract be couched yet will the patient continue blinde you shall do no more good in couching a Cataract which is in an eye consumed and wasted with a Phthisis Also that Cataract is uncurable which is occasioned by a most grievous disease to wit by most bitter and cruel pains of the head or by a violent blow Such as are of a plaister-like green black livid citrine and quick-silver-like colour are usually uncurable On the contrary such as are of a Chesnut colour or of a skie or sea-water colour Curable Cataracts with some little whiteness yield great hope of a happy and successfull cure CHAP. XXII Of the couching a Cataract AFter you shall know by the forementioned signs that the Cataract is curable When to couch a Cataract it remains that you attempt the couching thereof but so that there be nothing which may hinder For if the pain of the head cough naufeousness or vomiting at that time trouble the patient you shall then bestow your labour in vain Wherefore you must expect untill these symptoms be gone Then make choice of a season fitting for that purpose that is in the decrease of the Moon when the air is not troubled with thunder nor fightning and when as the Sun is not in
come forth at the mouth Marianus Sanctuâ— wisheth by the counsel of many who have so freed themselves from this deadly symptome to drink three pounds of quick-silver with water only For the doubled The force of quick-siâ—ver in the unfolding of the guts An historie and as it were twined up-gut is unfolded by the weight of the quick-silver and the excrements are deprest and thrust forth and the worms are killed which gave occasion to this affect John of S Germans that most worthie Apothecary hath told me that he saw a Gentleman who when as he could not be fâ—eed from the pain of the colick by any means prescribed by learned Physicians at length by the counsel of a certain German his friend drank three ounces of oil of sweet almonds drawn without fiâ—e and mixed with some white wine and pellitorie-water and swallowed a leaden bullet besmeaâ—ed with quick-silver and that bullet coming presently out by his fundament he was wholly freed from his colick CHAP. LIX Of Phlebotomie or Blood-letting PHlebotomie is the opening of a vein evacuating the blood with the rest of the humors What Phlebotomie is thus Atteritomie is the opening of an arterie The first scope of phlebotomie is the evacuation of the blood offending in quantity The use although oft-times the Physician 's intention is to draw forth the blood which offends in qualitie or either way by opening a vein Repletion which is caused by the quantity is two-fold the one ad vires that is to the strength Repletion two-fold the veins being otherwise not very much swelled this makes men infirm and weak nature not able to bear his humor of what kinde soever it be The other is termed ad vasa that is to the vessells the which is so called comparatively to the plentie of blood although the strength may very well away therewith The vessels are oft-times broke by this kinde of repletion so that the patient casts and spits up blood or else evacuates it by the nose womb hemorhoids or varices The repletion which is ad vires The signs is known by the heaviness and wearisomness of the whole body but that which is ad vasa is perceived by their distension and fulness both of them stand in need of evacuation But blood is only to be let by opening a vein Five scopes in letting blood for five respects the first is to lessen the abundance of blood as in plethorick bodies and those who are troubled with inflammation without any plenitude The second is for diversion or revulsion as when a vein of the right is opened to stay the bleeding of the left nostril The third is to allure or draw down as when the saphena is opened in the ankle to draw down the courses in women The fourth is for alteration or introduction of another quality as when in sharp fevers we open a vein to breath out that blood which is heated in the vessels and cooling the residue which remains behinde The fifth is to prevent imminent diseases as when in the Spring and Autumn we draw blood by opening a vein in such as are subject to spitting of blood the squinancie plurifie falling-sicknesse apoplexie madnesse gout or in such as are wounded for to prevent the inflammation which is to be feared Before blood-letting if there be any old excrements in the guts they shall be evacuated by a gentle glyster or suppositorie least the mesaraick veins should thence draw unto them any impuritie Bloud must not be drawn from ancâ—ent people From whence we must not draw blood â—â—less some present necesitie require it least the native heat which is but languid in them should be brought to extreme debilitie and their substance decay neither must any in like sort be taken from children for fear of resolving their powers by reason of the tenderness of thei substance and â—areness of their habit The quantity of blood which is to be let must be considered by the strength of the patient and greatness of the disease therefore if the patient be weake and the disease require large evacuation it will be convenient to part the letting of blood When and foâ— what it is necessarie yea by the interposition of some daies The vein of the forehead being opened is good for the pain of the hind part of the head yet first we foment the part with warm water that so the skin may be softer and the blood drawn into the veins in greater plenty In the squinancie the veins which are under the tongue must be opened aslant without putting any ligatures about the neck for fear of strangling Phlebotomie is necessary in all diseases which stop or hinder the breathing or take away the voice or speech as likewise in all contusions by a heavy stroke or fall from high in an apoplexie sqâ—inancie and burning feaver though the strength be not great nor the blood faultie in quantity or quality blood must not be let in the height of a feaver Most judge it fit to draw blood from the veins most remote from the affected and inflamed part for that thus the course of the humors may be diverted the next veins on the contrary being opened the humors may be the more drawn into the affected part and so increase the burden and pain But this opinion of theirs is very erroneous for an opened vein alwaies evacuates and burdens the next part For I have sundry times opened the veins and arteries of the affected part as of the hands and feet in the Gout of 〈◊〉 parts of the temples in the Megrim whereupon the pain alwaies was somewhat asswaged for that together with the evacuated blood the malignitie of the Gout and the hot spirits the causers of the Head-ach or Megrim were evacuated For thus Galen wisheth to open the arteries of the temples in a great and contumacious defluxion falling upon the eies 13. meth cap. 〈◊〉 or in the Megrim or Head-ach CHAP. LX. How to open a vein or draw blood from thence How to pâ—ace the patient THe first thing is to seat or place the patient in as good a posture as you can to wit in his bed if he be weak but in a chair if strong yet so that the light may fall directly upon the vein which you intend to open Then the Surgeon shall rub the arm with his hand Rubbing the arm Binding it before we open the vein or a warm linnen cloth that the blood may flow the more plentifully into the vein Then he shall binde the vein with a ligature a little above the place appointed to be opened and he shall draw back the blood upwards towards the ligature from the lower part and if it be the right arm he shall take hold thereof with his left hand but if the left then with his right hand pressing the vein in the mean time with his thumb a little below the place where you mean to open it least it should
obstructed by the thickness of this humor but they are depressed and flatted by reason of the rest of the face and all the neighboring parts swoln more then their wont add hereto that the partition is consumed by the acrimony of the corroding and ulcerating humor The seventh is the lifting up thickness and swelling of the lips the filthiness stench and corrosion of the gums by acrid vapors riseing to the mouth but the lips of leprous persons are more swoln by the internal heat burning and incrassating the humors as the outward heat of the Sun doth in the Moors The eighth sign is the swelling and blackness of the tongue and as it were varicous veins lying under it because the tongue being by nature spongeous and rare is easily stored with excrementitious humors sent from the inner parts unto the habit of the body which same is the cause why the glandules placed about the tongue above and below are swoln hard and round no otherwise then scrophulous or meazled swine Lastly all their face riseth in red bunches or pushes and is over-spread with a dusky and obscure redness the eies are fiery fierce and fixed by a melancholick chachectick disposition of the whole body manifest signs whereof appear in the face by reason of the fore-mentioned causes yet some leprous persons have their faces tinctured with a yellowish others with a whitish color according to the condition of the humor which serves for a basis to the leprous malignity For hence Physicians affirm that there are three sorts of Leprosies one of a reddish black colour consisting in a melancholick humor another of a yellowish green in a cholerick humor another in a whitish yellow grounded upon adust phlegm The ninth sign is a stinking of the breath as also of all the excrement s proceeding from leprous bodies by reason of the malignity conceived in the humors The tenth is a horsness a shaking harsh and obscure voice as it were comming out of the nose by reason of the lungs recurrent nerves and muscles of the throttle tainted with the grosness of a virulent and adust humor the forementioned constriction and obstruction of the inner passage of the nose and lastly the asperity and inequality of the Weazon by immoderate driness as it happens to such as have drunk plentifully of strong wines without any mixture This immoderate driness of the muscles serving for respiration makes them to be troubled with a difficulty of breathing The eleventh sign is very observable which is a morphew or defedation of all the skin with a dry roughness and grainy inequality such as appears in the skins of plucked geese with many tetters on every side a filthy scab and ulcers not casting off only a bran-like scurf but also scales and crusts The cause of this dry scab is the heat of the burning bowels and humors unequally contracting and wrinkling the skin no otherwise then as leather is wrinkled by the heat of the sun or fire The cause of the filthy scab and serpiginous ulcers is the eating and corroding condition of the melancholick humor and the venenate corruption it also being the author of corruption so that it may be no marvel if the digestive faculty of the liver being spoiled the assimilative of a malign and unfit matter sent into the habit of the body cannot well nor fitly perform that which may be for the bodies good The twelfth is the sense of a certain pricking as it were of Goads or needles over all the skin caused by an acrid vapor hindred from passing forth and intercepted by the thickness of the skin The thirteenth is a consumption and emaciation of the muscles which are between the thumb and fore-finger not only by reason that the nourishing and assimilating faculties want fit matter wherewith they may repair the loss of these parts for that is common to these with the rest of the body but because these muscles naturally rise up unto a certain mountainous tumor therefore their depression is the more manifest And this is the cause that the shoulders of leprous persons stand out like wings to wit the emaciation of the inward part of the muscle Trapozites The fourteenth sign is the diminution of sense or a numness over all the body by reason that the nerves are obstructed by the thickness of the melancholick humor hindring the free passage of the animal spirit that it cannot come to the parts that should receive sense these in the interim remaining free which are sent into the muscles for motions sake and by this note I chiefly make trial of leprous persons thrusting a somewhat long and thick needle some-what deep into the great tendon endued with most exquisite sense which runs to the heel which if they do not well feel I conclude that they are certainly leprous Now for that they thus lose their sense their motion remaining entire the cause hereof is that the nerves which are disseminated to the skin are more affected and those that run into the muscles are not so much and therefore when as you prick them somewhat deep they feel the prick which they do nor in the surface of the skin The fifteenth is the corruption of the extreme parts possessed by putrefaction and a gangrene by reason of the corruption of the humors sent thither by the strength of the bowels infecting with the like tainture the parts wherein they remain add hereto that the animal sensitive faculty is there decaied and as often as any faculty hath forsaken any part the rest presently after a manner neglect it The sixteenth is they are troubled with terrible dreams for they seem in their sleep to see divels serpents dungeons graves dead bodies and the like by reas n of the black vapors of the melancholick humor troubling the phantasie with black and dismal visions by which reason also such as are bitten of a mad dog fear the water The seventeenth is that at the beginning and increase of the disease they are subtill crafty and furious by reason of the heat of the humors and blood but at length in the state and declension by reason of the heat of the humors and blood and entrails decaying by little and little therefore then fearing all things whereof there is no cause and distrusting of their own strength they endeavor by craft maliciously to circumvent those with whom they deal for that they perceive their powers to fail them The eighteenth is a desire of venery above their nature both for that they are inwardly burned with a strange heat as also by the mixture of slatulencies therewith for whose generation the melancholick humor is most fit which are agitated and violently carried through the veins and genital parts by the preternatural heat but at length when this heat is cooled and that they are fallen into an hot and dry distemper they mightily abhor venery which then would be very hurtful to them as it also is at the beginning of the disease because
they have small store of spirits and native heat both which are dissipated by venery The nineteenth is the so great thickness of their gross and livid blood that if you wash it you may finde a sandy matter therein as some have found by experience by reason of the great adustion and assation thereof The twentieth is the languidness and weakness of the pulse by reason of the oppression of the vitall and pulsifick faculty by a cloud of gross vapors Herewith also their mine sometimes is thick and troubled like the urine of carriage-beasts if the urinary vessels be permeable and free otherwise it is thin if there be obstruction which only suffers that which is thin to flow forth by the urinary passages now the urine is oftentimes of a pale ash-colour and oftimes it smells like as the other excrements do in this disease Verily there are many other signs of the Leprosie as the slowness of the belly by reason of the heat of the liver often belchings by reason that the stomach is troubled by the reflux of a melancholick humor frequent sneezing by reason of the fulness of the brain to these this may be added most frequently Why their faces seem to be greasie that the face and all the skin is unctuous or greasie so that water poured thereon will not in any place adhere thereto I conceive it is by the internal heat dissolving the fat that lies under the skin which therefore alwaies looks as if it were greased or anointed therewith in leprous persons Now of these forementioned signs some are univocal that is which truly and necessarily shew the Leprosie other-some are equivocal or common that is which conduce as well to the knowledge of other diseases as this To conclude that assuredly is a Leprosie which is accompanied with all or certainly the most part of these fore-mentioned signs CHAP. VIII Of Prognostick in the Leprosie and how to provide for such as stand in fear thereof Why the Leprosie is incurable THe leprosie is a disease which passeth to the issue as contagious almost as the Plague scarce cureable at the beginning incureable when as it is confirmed because it is a Cancer of the whole body now if some one Cancer of some one part shall take deep root therein it is judged incureable Furthermore the remedies which to this day have been found out against this disease are judged inferiour and unequal in strength thereto Besides the signs of this disease do not outwardly shew themselves before that the bowels be seized upon possessed and corrupted by the malignity of the humor especially in such as have the white Leprosie sundry of which you may see about Burdeaux and in little Brittain who notwithstanding inwardly burn with so great heat that it will suddenly wrinkle and wither an apple held a short while in their hand as if it had laid for many daies in the sun There is another thing that increaseth the difficulty of this disease which is an equall pravity of the three principal faculties whereby life is preserved The deceitful and terrible visions in the sleep and numness in feeling argue the depravation of the animal faculty now the weakness of the vitall faculty is shewed by the weakness of the puls the obscurity of the hoarse and jarring voice the difficulty of breathing and stinking breath the decay of the natural is manifested by the depravation of the work of the liver in sanguification whence the first and principal cause of this harm ariseth The cure Now because we cannot promise cure to such as have a confirmed Leprosie and that we dare not do it to such as have been troubled therewith but for a short space it remains that we briefly shew how to free such as are ready to fall into so fearful a disease Such therefore must first of all shun all things in diet and course of life whereby the blood and humors may be too vehemently heated The Diet. whereof we have formerly made some mention Let them make choice of meats of good or indifferent juice such as we shall describe in treating of the diet of such as are sick of the plague purging bleeding bathing cupping to evacuate the impurity of the blood and mitigate the heat of the Liver shall be prescribed by some learned Physician Gelding good against the leprosie Valesius de Tarenta much commends gelding in this case neither do I think it can be disliked For men subject to this disease may be effeminated by the amputation of their testicles and so degenerate into a womanish nature and the heat of the liver boiling the blood being extinguished they become cold and moist which temper is directly contrary to the hot and dry distemper of leprous persons besides the leprous being thus deprived of the faculty of generation that contagion of this disease is taken away which spreadeth and is diffused amongst mankind by the propagation of their issue The end of the twentieth Book The ONE and TVVENTIETH BOOK Of Poysons and of the Biting of a mad Dog and the Bitings and Stingings of other venomous Creatures CHAP. I. The cause of writing this treatise of Poysons FIve reasons have principally moved me to undertake to write this Treatise of poysons ac-according to the opinion of the antients The first is that I might instruct the Surgeon what remedies must presently be used to such as are hurt by poysons in the interim whilst greater means may be expected from a Physician The second is that he may know by certain signs and notes such as are Poysoned or hurt by poysonous meats and so make report thereof to the judges or to such as it may concern The third is that those Gentlemen and others who live in the country and far from Cities and store of greater means may learn somthing by my labour by which they may help their friends bitten by an Adder mad Dog or other poysonous creature in so dangerous sudden and unusual a case The fourth is that every one may beware of poysons and know their symptoms when present that being known they may speedily seek for a remedy The fifth is that by this my labour all men may know what my good will is and now well minded I am towards the common-wealth in general and each man in particular to the glory of God I do not here so much arm malicious and wicked persons to hurt as Surgeons to provide to help and defend each mans life against poyson which they did not understand or at least seemed not so to do which taking this my labour in evil part have maliciously interpreted my meaning But now at length that we may come to the matter I will begin at the general division of poysons and then handle each species thereof severally but first let us give this Rule What is to be accounted poyson That poyson is that which either outwardly applied or struck in or inwardly taken into the body hath
psilium-seeds quince-seeds and other things as are usually given in a Dysentery or bloody flux that such things may hinder the adhesion of the poyson to the coats of the Guts and by their unctuousness retund the acrimony of the poyson and mitigate it any thing shall already be ulcerated absolutely defend the found parts from the malign effects of the poyson But let this be a perpetual Rule That the poyson be speedily drawn back by the same way it entered into the body as if it entered by smelling in at the nostrils let it be drawn back by sneezing if by the mouth into the stomach let it be excluded by vomit if by the fundament into the belly then by glyster if by the privities into the womb then by metrenchites or injections made thereinto if by a bite sting or wound let revulsion be made by such things as have a powerful attractive faculty for thus we make diversions that by these we may not only hinder the poyson from assailing the heart but also that by this means we may draw it from within outwards Wherefore strong ligatures cast about the armes thighs and legs are good in this case Also large cupping glasses applied with flame to sundry parts of the body are good Also baths of warme water with a decoction of such things as resist poyson southern-wood calamint rue betony horehound penny-royal bayes scordium smallage scabious mints valerian and the like are good in this case Also sweats are good being provoked so much as the strength of the patient can endure But if he be very wealthie whom we suspect poysoned it will be safer to put him into the belly of an Ox Horse or Mule and then presently into another assoon as the former is colde that so the poyson may be drawn forth by the gentle and vaporous heat of the new killed beast yet do none of these things without the advice of a Physician if it may conveniently be had CHAP. VII How the corrupt or venemous Air may kill a Man THE air is infected and corrupted by the admixture of malign vapors By how many and what means the air may be infected either arising from the unburied bodies of such as are slain in great conflicts or exhaling out of the earth after earth-quakes for the air long pent up in the cavities and bowels of the earth and deprived of the freedom and commerce of the open air is corrupted and acquires a malign quality which it presently transferreth unto such as meet therewith How thunders and lightnings may infect the air Also there is a certain malignity of the air which accompanieth thunders and lightnings which savors of a sulphureous virulency so that whatsoever wilde beasts shall devour the creatures killed therewith they become mad and die immediately for the fire of lightning hath a far more rapid subtil and greater force then other fires so that it may rightly be termed a Fire of Fires An argument hereof is that it melteth the head of a spear not harming the wood and silver and gold not hurting the purse wherein it is contained Also the air is infected by fumigations which presently admitted into the body and bowels by the mouth and nose in respiration by the skin and arteries in perspiration doth easily kill the spirits and humors being first infected and then within a short space after the solid substance of the principal parts and chiefly of the heart being turned into their nature unless the man be first provided for by sneezing vomiting sweating purgeing by the belly or some other excretion Whether the vapor that ar seth from a burnt thing may poyson one For that poyson which is carried into the body by smell is the most rapid and effectuall by so much as a vapor or exhalation is of more subtil and quicklyer-pierceing essence then an humor Yet notwithstanding wilt thou say it is not credible that any be killed by any vapor raised by the force of fire as of a torch or warming-pan for that the venenate quality of the thing that is burnt is dissipated and consumed by thr force of the fire purging and cleansing all things This reason is falsly feigned to the destruction of the lives of careless people for sulphureous brands kindled at a clear fire do notwithstanding cast forth a sulpherous vapot Whether do not Lignum aloes and juniper when they are burnt in a flame smell less sweetly Pope Clement the seventh of that name the unkle of our Kings mother An history was poysoned by the fume of a poysonous torch that was carried lighted before him and died thereof Mathiolus telleth that there were two Mountebanks in the market-place of Sienna the one of which but smelling to a poisoned gillie-flower given him by the other fell down dead presently A certain man not long ago when he had put to his nose and smelled a little unto a pomander which was secretly poysoned was presently taken with a Vertigo and all his face swelled and unless that he had gotten speedy help by sternutatories and other means he had died shortly after of the same kinde of death that Pope Clement did The safest preservative against such poysons is not to smell to them moreover some affirm that there are prepared some poysons of such force that being annointed but on the saddle they will kill the rider and others that if you but annoint the stirrups therewith they will send so deadly poysonous a quality into the rider through his boots that he shall die thereof within a short time after which things though they be scarce credible because such poysons touch not the naked skin yet have they an example in nature whereby they may defend themselves For the Torpedo sends a narcotick and certainly deadly force into the arm and so into the body of the fisher the cords of the net being between them CHAP. VIII That every kinde of poyson hath its proper and peculiar Signs and Effects AS poysons are distinct in species so each species differs in their signs and effects neither is it possible to find any one kind of poyson which may be accompanied or produce all the signs and effects of all poysons otherwise Physicians should in vain have written of the signs and effects of each of them as also of their proper remedies and attidotes For what kinde of poison shall that be which shall cause a burning heat in the stomach belly liver bladder and kidneys which shall cause a hicketting which shall cause the whole body to tremble and shake which shall take away the voice and speech which shall cause convulsions shall weaken the pulsifick faculty which shall intercept the freedome of breathing which shall stupifie and cast into a dead sleep which shall together and at once cause a Vertigo in the head dimness in the sight a strangling or stoppage of the breath thirst bleeding fever stoppage of the urine perpetual vomitting redness lividness and paleness of the
oil to drink but it did him no good The caustick force of sublimate for it came too late Wherefore at length he died with great torment and exclamation the seventh hour from the time that he took the poyson being scarcely passed I opened his body in the presence of the Jaylor and four others and I found the bottom of his stomach black and dry as if it had been burnt with a Cauterie whereby I understood he had sublimate given him whose force the Spanish Bedezahar could not repress wherefore the King commanded to burn it CHAP. XXXVII Of Mineral Poysons MInerals or metals are either so taken forth of the bowels of the earth The symptoms of such as have taken sublimate or else from fornaces Of these many are poisonous as arsenick sublimate plaster ceruss litharge verdegrease orpiment filings of Iron brass the load-stone lime and the like Such as have taken sublimate the tongue and jaws become straitned and rough as if they had drunk the juice of unripe services you cannot amend this asperity with lenitive gargarisms but with labour and time for assoon as it descends into the stomach it sticketh to it Therefore presently after it frets and exulcerates it causeth unquenchable thirst and unexplicable torments the tongue is swoln the heart faints the urine is supprest the chest can scarce perform the office of breathing the belly is griped and so great pains happen to other extreme parts that unless they be helped the patient will die for presently will grow upon them unless it be speedily hindered the devouring and fiery fury of the poyson rending or eating into the guts and stomach as if they were feared with an hot iron and blood floweth out of the ears nose mouth urinary passage and fundament and then their case is desperate These and who else soever shall take any corroding poyson shall be cured with the same remedies as those that have taken Caentharides Verdegreas so stops the instruments of respiration that it strangles such as have taken it Verdegreas The cure is performed by the same remedies as help those that have taken Arsenick Litharge causeth a heaviness in the stomach suppresseth urine Litharge makes the body swelled and livid We remedy this by giving a vomit presently then after it pigeons-dung mixed in strong wine and so drunken Peter Aponensis wisheth to give oil of sweet almonds and figs. Also it is good to give relaxing and humecting glysters and to annoint the belly with fresh butter or oil of lillies The scales of Brass drunk by troubling the stomach cause a casting and scouring The remedy is The scales of Brass if the patient forthwith vomit if he enter into a bath made of the decoction of Snails if he annoint his belly and brest with butter or oil of lillies and inject laxative and humecting glysters The Load-stone makes them mad that take it inwardly The Loadstone The Antidote thereof is the powder of gold and an emerald drunk in strong wine and glysters of milk and oil of sweet almonds The filings of Lead and the scales or refuse of Iron Filings of Lead and scales of Iron cause great torment to such as take them down The which we help with much milk and fresh butter dissolved therein or with oil of sweet almonds drawn without fire with relaxing and humecting glysters used untill the pain be perfectly asswaged Risagallum Rose-aker or Rats-bane because it is of a most hot and dry nature Arsenick Rose-aker or Rats-bane induces thirst and heat over all the body and so great colliquation of all the humors that although the patients by medicines speedily given escape death yet can they not during the residue of their lives use their members as they formerly did being destitute of their strength by reason of the great driness and contraction of the joints The Antidote thereof is oil of Pine-kernels speedily given and that to the quantity of half a pinte then procure vomit then give much milk to drink and glysters of the same and let them sup up fat broths Unquencht Lime and Auripigmentum or Orpiment drunk Unquenched Lime and Orpiment gnaw the stomach and guts with great tormenting pain and cause unquenchable thirst an asperity of the jaws and throat difficulty of breathing stopping of the urine and a bloody flux They may be helped by oil fat humecting and relaxing things which retund the acrimony by lenitive potions and such as lubricate the belly as also by creams and the mucilages of some seeds as with a decoction of the seeds of Line mallows marsh-mallows and other such things set down at large in the cure of Cantharides These exceeding acrid and strong waters wherewith Gold-smiths and Chymists separate gold from silver being taken into the body are hard to cure Aqua foriâ— because they are forthwith diffused over all the body first burning the throat and stomach Yet it may be helped by the means prescribed against unquenched Lime and Orpiment Ceruss causeth hicketting and a cough makes the tongue dry Ceruss and the extreme parts of the body numme with cold the eies heavy to sleep The patients very often in the midst of the day see some vain phantasie or apparition which indeed is nothing they make a black and oftentimes bloody water they die strangled unless they be helped The Antidote in the opinion of Aetius and Avicen is Scammony drunk in new wine or hony and wine and other diuretick things and such things as procure vomit and purge by stool Plaster Plaster because it concreteth and becommeth stony in the stomach causeth strangulation by straitning and stopping the instruments that serve for breathing The patients receive cure by the same remedies as those who have eaten mushroms or drunk Ceruss you must add Goos-grease in glysters and annoint the belly with oil of lillies and butter CHAP. XXXVIII Of Quick silver The reason why it is so called QUick-silver is so called because it resembleth silver in the colour and is in perpetual motion as if it had a spirit or living soul There is a great controversie amongst authors concerning it For most of them affirm it hot among whom is Galen Halyabas Rhasis Lib 4. simp in 2 practic c. 148. 3 ad alman 4. Meteor Aristotle Constantine Isaac Plattarius Nicholas Massa they maintain their opinion by an argument drawn from things helping and hurting besides from this that it is of such subtill parts that it penetrates dissolves and performeth all the actions of heat upon dense and hard metalls to wit it attenuateth incideth drieth causeth salivation by the mouth purgeth by the stool moveth urine and sweat over all the body neither doth it stir up the thinner humors only but in like sort the gross tough and viscous as those which have the Lues Venerea find by experience using it either in ointments or Plasters Others affirm it very cold and moist for that put into
whilst sundry persons go about their usual business walk in the places of common resort and through the streets they suddenly fall down and die no sign of the disease or harm appearing nor any pain oppressing them for the malignity of the corrupt air is quick and very speedy in infecting our spirits overthrowing the strength of the heart and killing the Patient The Patients are not troubled with great agitation because the spirits dissipated by the rapid malignity of the poyson cannot endure that labour Why they have no sores besides they are taken with frequent swoundings few of them have Buboes few have Blains come forth and by the same reason their urines are like to those of found men CHAP. XVI Signs of the Plague drawn into the body by the fault and putrefaction of humors FOrmerly we have reckoned up the causes of the corruption of humors from plenitude obstruction distemper and the ill juyce of meats Now must we deliver the signs of each corrupt humor which reigns in us that it may be reduced to soundness and perfection of nature by the opposition of its contrary or else be evacuated by Physick Signs of choler Therefore if the body be more yellow then usual it is a sign of choler offending in quantity and quality If more black then of melancholy if more pale then of phlegm if more red with the veins swoln up and full then of bloud Also the colour of the rising blains tumors and spots express the colour of the predominant humor as also the excrements cast forth by vomit stool and otherwise the heaviness and cheerfulness of the affected body the manner of the present Fever the time of the year age region diet Such things as have a cutting penetrating attenuating and cleansing faculty take away obstruction By means of obstruction Fevers oft-times accompany the Plague and these not only continual but also intermitting like tertians or quartanes Therefore that Plague that is fixed in the infection or corruption of a cholerick humor shews it self by the forementioned signs of predominating choler to wit the heat of the skin blains and excrements as also in the quickness of killing and vehemency of the symptoms bitterness of the mouth a painful and continual endeavour of going to stool by reason of the acrimony of choler stimulating and raking the guts in the passage forth That which resides in the corrupt substance of gross humors as of bloud sheweth it self by many and plentiful sweats by a scouring by which are avoided many and various humours and oft-times also bloudy matter that proceeds from corrupt phlegm it invades with more sound sleep and causless weariness of all the members when they are awakened out of their sleep they are not seldom troubled with a trembling over all their joynts the entrance and way of the spirits into the members being obstructed by the grosness of the humors That which is seated in the corruption of a melancholick humor is accompanied with heaviness and pain of the head When the urine is to be looked upon much pensiveness a deep and small pulse But the most certain sign of the Plague residing in the corruption of the humors is to be taken from the urine For the signs of the vitiated humors cannot but shew themselves in the urines therefore troubled urines and such as are like those of carriage-beasts as also black and green give certain notice thereof Why some are much troubled with thirst others not at all But some are much troubled with thirst others not at all because choler or phlegm sometimes only putrefie in the stomach or orifice of the ventricle sometimes besides they will weaken the government of the natural faculties of the part as of the appetite But if the fever happen by the default and infection both of the air and humors then will there be a great confusion of the forementioned signs and symptoms CHAP. XVII Of the Prognostication that is to be instituted in the Plague YOu may well fore-tell the future motions and events of diseases when you throughly know the nature of the disease and accidents thereof and the condition function and excellency of the body and grieved parts Although that this may be spoken in general That there is no certain prediction in pestilent diseases No certain prediction in the Plague either to health or death for they have very unconstant motions sometimes swift and quick sometimes slow and sometimes choaking or suffocating in a moment while one breaths in the venomous air as he is going about any of his necessary affairs having pustles rising in the skin with sharp pain and as though the whole body was pricked all over with needles or the stings of Bees Which I have seen with mine eyes in the Plague that was at Lions when Charles the French King lay there It many times cometh to pass that the accidents that were very vehement and raging a little before are suddenly asswaged and the patients do think themselves better An history or almost perfectly sound Which happens to Mary one of the Queen-mother her maids in that notable pestilent constitution of the air that year when Charls the French King lay at the Castle of Rossilion for when she was infected a great tumor or Bubo arose in her groin and suddenly it went in again so that the third day of her sickness she said she was without any grief or disease at all but that she was troubled with the difficulty of making water and I think it was because the bladder was enflamed by the reflux of the matter that she was sound in mind and bodie and walked up and down the chamber on the same day that she died The strangeness of which thing made the King so fearful that he hasted to depart thence Why young men sooner take the Plague then old Although this disease doth spare no man of what age temperature complexion diet and condition soever yet it assaulteth young men that are cholerick and sanguine more often then old men that are cold and dry in whom the moisture that is the nourisher of putrefaction by reason of their age is consumed and the wayes passages and pores of the skin whereby the venomous air should enter and pierce in are more strait and narrow And moreover because old men do always stay at home but young men for their necessary business and also for their delight and pleasure are always more abroad in the day-time in the air where-hence the pollution of the Pestilence cometh more often What Plague most contagious That pestilence that comes by the corruption of the humors is not so contagious as that which cometh by the default of the air But those that are Phlegmatick and Melancholick are most commonly grieved with that kind of Pestilence because in them the humors are more clammy and gross and their bodies more cold and less perspirable for which causes the humors sooner and more
is thirsty Or else put the flesh of one old Capon and of a leg of Veal two minced Partridges and two drams of whole Cinnamon without any liquor in a Limbeck of glass well lated and covered and so let them boil in Balneo Mariae unto the perfect conâ—oction For so the fleshes will be boiled in their own juice without any hurt of the fire then â—et the juice be pressed out there-hence with a Press give the patient for every dose one ounce of the juice with some cordial waters some Trisantalum and Diamargaritum frigidum The preserves of sweet fruits are to be avoided because that sweet things turn into choler but the confection of tart prunes Cherries and such like may be fitly used But because there is no kinde of sickness that so weakens the strength as the plague it is alwaies necessary but yet sparingly and often to feed the patient still having respect unto his custom age the region and the time for through emptiness there is no great danger lest that the venomous matter that is driven out to the superficiall parts of the body should be called back into the inward parts by an hungry stomach and the stomach it self should be filled with cholerick hot thin and sharp excremental humors whereof cometh biting of the stomach and gripings in the guts CHAP. VII What drink the patient infected ought to use IF the fever be great and burning the patient must abstain from wine unless that he be subject to swounding and he may drink the Oxymel following in stead thereof An Oxymel Take of fair water three quarts wherein boil four ounces of hony until the third part be consumed scumming it continually then strain it and put it into a clean vessel and add thereto four ounces of vinegar and as much cinnamon as will suffice to give it a tast Or else a sugred water as followeth Take two quarts of fair water of hard sugar six ounces of Cinnamon two ounces strain it through a woollen bag or cloth without any boiling and when the patient will use it put thereto a little of the juice of Citrons The syrup of the juice of Citrons excelleth amongst all others that are used against the pestilence A Julip The use of the Julip following is also very wholsome Take of the juice of Sorrel well clarified half a pinte of the juice of Lettuce so clarified four ounces of the best hard sugar one pound boil them together to a perfection then let them be strained and clarified adding a little before the end a little vinegar and so let it be used between meals with boiled water or with equal portions of the water of Sorrel Lettuce Scabious and Bugloss or take of this former described Julip strained and clarified four ounces let it be mixed with one pound of the fore-named cordial waters and boil them together a little And when they are taken from the fire put thereto of yellow Sanders one dram of beaten Cinnamon half a dram strain it through a cloth when it is cold let it be given the patient to drink with the juice of Citrons Those that have been accustomed to drink sider perry bear or ale ought to use that drink still so that it be clear transparent and thin and made of those fruits that are somewhat tart for troubled and dreggish drink doth not only engender gross humors but also crudities windiness and obstructions of the first region of the body whereof comes a fever The commodities of oxycrate Oxycrate being given in manner following doth asswage the heat of the fever and repress the putrefaction of the humors and the fierceness of the venom and also expelleth the water through the veins if so be that the patients are not troubled with spitting of blood cough yexing and altogether weak of stomach To whom hurtfull for such must avoid tart things Take of fair water one quart of white or red vinegar three ounces of fine sugar four ounces of syrup of Roses two ounces boil them a little and then give rhe patient thereof to drink Or take of the juice of Limmons and Citrons of each half an ounce of the juice of sowr Pomgranats two ounces of the water of Sorrel and Roses of each an ounce of fair water boiled as much as shall suffice make thereof a Julip and use it between meals Or take the syrup of Limmons and of red currans of each one ounce of the water of Lillies four ounces of fair water boyled half a pinte make thereof a Julip Or take of the syrups of water-Lillies and vinegar of each half an ounce dissolve it in five ounces of the water of Sorrel of fair water one pinte make thereof a Julip But if the patient be young and have a strong and good stomach and cholerick by nature The drinking of cold water whom and when profitable I think it not unmeet for him to drink a full and large draught of fountain-water for that is effectual to restrain and quench the heat of the Fever and contrariwise they that drink cold water often and a very small quantity at a time as the Smith doth sprinkle water on the fire at his Forge do increase the heat and burning and thereby make it endure the longer Therefore by the judgment of Celsus when the disease is in the chief increase and the patient hath endured thirst for the space of three or four daies cold water must be given unto him in great quantity so that he may drink past his satiety that when his belly and stomach are filled beyond measure Lib. 3. cap. 7. and sufficiently cooled he may vomit Some do not drink so much thereof as may cause them to vomit but do drink even unto satiety and so use it for a cooling medicine but when either of these is done the patient must be covered with many cloaths and so placed that he may sleep and for the most part after long thirst and watching and after long fulness and long and great heat sound sleep cometh by which great sweat is sent out and that is a present help But thirst must sometimes be quenched with little pieces of Melons Gourds Cucumbers with the leaves of Lettuce Sorrel and Purslain made moist or soaked in cold water or with a little square piece of a Citron Limmon or Orange macerated in Rose-water and sprinkled with Sugar and so held in the mouth and then changed But if the patient be aged his strength weak flegmatick by nature and given to wine when the state of the Fever is somewhat past and the chief heat beginning to asswage he may drink wine very much allayed at his meat for to restore his strength and to supply the want of the wâ—â—â—ed spirits The patient ought not by any means to suffer great thirst but must mitigate it by drinking or else allay it by washing his mouth with oxycrate and such like and he may therein also wâ—sh his hands and his
aceti rosar an lb. ss sant rub ros rub anÊ’iii flor nenuph. violar camphur an Ê’ss methridat theriac an Ê’ii terantur misceantur simul omnia When you intend to use them take some portion of them in a vessel by its self wherewith let the affected bowel be fomented warm CHAP. XXIV Whether purging and blood-letting be necessary in the beginning of pestilent diseases SO soon as the heart is strengthened and corroborated with cordials and antidotes Reasons for and against blood-letting in the Plague we must come to phlebotomy and purging As concerning blood-letting in this case there is a great controversie among Physicians Those that wish it to be used say or affirm that the pestilent Fever doth infix it self in the blood and therein also the pestilent malignity taketh its seat and therefore it will soon infect the other humors unless that the blood be evacuated and the infection that remaineth in the blood be thereby taken away Contrariwise those that do not allow phlebotomy in this case alledg that it often cometh to pass that the blood is void of malignity when the other humors are infected with the venomous contagion If any man require my judgment in this doubtful question I say that the pestilence sometimes doth depend on the default of the Air this default being drawn through the passages of the body doth at length pierce unto the intrails as we may understand by the abscesses which break out The composing of this controversie one while behind the ears sometimes in the arm-holes and sometimes in the groins as the brain heart or liver are infected And hereof also come Carbuncles and other collections of matter and eruptions which are seen in all parts of the body by reason that nature using the strength of the expulsive faculty doth drive forth whatsoever is noisom or hurtful Therefore if the Physician will follow this motion of nature he must neither purge nor let blood lest that by a contrary motion that is by drawing in from without the motion of nature which proceeds outwardly from within should be troubled So we often see in those who are purged or let blood for such Buboes as come through unlawful copulation that the matter is thereby made contumacious and by drawing it inwardly it speedily causeth the French Pox. Wherefore When Bubes Carbuncles and other pestilent eruptions appear which come through the default of the air we ought to abstain from purging and phlebotomy but it is sufficient to fore-arm the heart inwardly and outwardly with Antidotes that are endued with a proper virtue of resisting the poison For it is not to be doubted but that when nature is debilitated with both kinds of evacuation and when the spirits together with the blood are exhausted the venomous air will soon pierce and be received into the empty body where it exerciseth its tyranny to the utter destruction thereof An history In the year of our Lord God 1566. in which year there was great mortality throughout all France by reason of the pestilence and pestilent diseases I earnestly and diligently inquired of all the Physicians and Chyrurgions of all the Cities through which King Charls the Ninth passed in his progress unto Bayon what success their patients had after they were let blood and purged whereunto they all answered alike that they had diligently observed that all that were infected with the Pestilence and were let bleed some quantity of blood or had their bodies somewhat strongly purged thence forwards waxed weaker and weaker and so at length died but others which were not let blood nor purged but took cordial Antidotes inwardly and applied them outwardly for the most part escaped and recovered their health for that kind of Pestilence took its original of the primitive and solitary default of the Air and not of the corruption of the humors When purging and bleeding may be used The like event was noted in the hoarsness that we spake of before that is to say that the patients waxed worse and worse by purging and phlebotomy but yet I do not disallow either of those remedies if there be great fulness in the body especially in the beginning and if the matter have a cruel violence whereof may be feared the breaking in unto some noble part For we know that it is confirmed by Hippocrates Aph. 22 sect 2. Aph. 10 sect 4. that what disease soever is caused by repletion must be cured by evacuation and that in diseases that are very sharp if the matter do swell it ought to be remedied the same day for delay in such diseases is dangerous but such diseases are not caused or inflicted upon mans body by reason or occasion of the pestilence but of the diseased bodies and diseases themselves commixed together with the pestilence therefore then peradventure it is lawful to purge strongly and to let a good quantity of blood least that the pestilent venom should take hold of the matter that is prepared and so infect it with a contagion whereby the pestilence taketh new and far greater strength especially as Celsus admonisheth us Cap. 7. lib. 3. where he saith that by how much the sooner those sudden invasions do happen by so much the sooner remedies must be used yea or rather rashly applyed therefore if the veins swell the face wax fiery red if the arteries of the temples beat strongly if the patient can very hardly breath by reason of a weight in his stomach if his spittle be bloody then ought he to be let blood without delay for the causes before mentioned It seems best to open the Liver-vein on the left arm whereby the heart and spleen may be better discharged of their abundant matter Why blood must be let on the left arm in the Plague yet blood-letting is not good at all times for it is not expedient when the body beginneth to wax stiff by reason of the coming of a Fever for then by drawing back the heat and spirits inwardly the outward parts being destitute of blood wax stiff and cold therefore blood cannot be let then without great loss of the strength and perturbation of the humors And it is to be noted that when those phlethorick causes are present there is one Indication of blood-letting in a simple pestilent Fever and another in that which hath a Bubo id est a Botch or a Carbuncle joined therewith For in one or both of these being joined with a vehement and strong burning Fever blood must be letten by opening the vein that is nearest unto the tumor or swelling against nature keeping the straitness of the fibres that this being open the blood might be drawn more directly from the part affected for all and every retraction of putrefied blood unto the noble parts is to be avoided because it is noisom and hurtful to nature and to the patient Therefore for example sake admit the patient be plethorick by repletion which is called Ad Vasa id
womb There are women that bear the childe in their womb ten or eleven whole moneths and such children have their conformation of much quantity of seed wherefore they will be more big great and strong and therefore they require more time to come to their perfection and maturity for those fruits that are great will not be so soon ripe as those that are small But children that are small and little of body do often come to their perfection and maturity in seven or nine moneths if all other things are correspondent in greatness and bigness of body it happeneth for the most part that the woman with childe is not delivered before the ninth moneth be done A male will be born soonner then a female or at the leastwise in the same moneth But a male childe will be commonly born at the beginnâ—ng or a little before the begining of the same moneth by reason of his engrafted heat which causeth maturity and ripeness Furthermore the infant is sooner come to maturity and perfection in a hot woman then in a cold for it is the property of heat to ripen CHAP. XXXI How to preserve the infant in the womb when the mother is dead IF all the signes of death appear in the woman that lieth in travel and cannot be delivered there must then be a Surgeon ready and at hand which may open her body so soon as she is dead whereby the infant may be preserved in safety neither can it be supposed sufficient if the mothers mouth and privie parts be held open for the infant being inclosed in his mothers womb Why it is not sufficient to preserve life in the childe to hold open the mouth and privie parts of the mother so soon as she is dead and the childe alive in her body and compassed with the membranes cannot take his breath but by contractions and dilatations of the artery of the navel But when the mother is dead the lungs do not execute their office function therefore they cannot gather in the air that compasseth the body by the mouth or aspera arteria into their own substance or into the arteries that are dispersed throughout the body thereof by reason whereof it cannot send it unto the heart by the veiny artery which is called arteria venalis for if the heart want air there cannot be any in the great artery which is called arteria aorta whose function it is to draw it from the heart as also by reason thereof it is wanting in the arteries of the womb which are as it were the little conduits of the great artery whereinto the air that is brought from the heart is derived and floweth in unto these little ones of all the body and likewise of the womb Wherefore it must of necessity follow that the air is wanting to the cotyledons of the secundines to the artery of the infants navel the iliack arteries also and therefore unto his heart and so unto his body for the air being drawn by the mothers lungs is accustomed to come to the infant by this continuation of passages How the bellie of the woman that dieth in travel must be cut open to save the childe Therefore because death maketh all the motions of the mothers body to cease it is far better to open her body so soon as she is dead beginning the incision at the cartilage Xiphoides or blade and making it in a form semicircular cutting the skin muscles and peritonaeum not touching the guts then the womb being lifted up must first be cut lest that otherwise he infant might perchance be touched or hurt with the knife You shall oftentimes finde the childe unmoveable as though he were dead but not because he is dead indeed but by reason that he being destitute of the accesse of the spirits by the death of the mother hath contracted a great weakness yet you may know whether he be dead indeed or not by handling the artery of the navel for it will beat and pant if he be alive otherwise not but if there be any life yet remaining in him How it may be known whether the infant be aâ—ive or not shortly after he hath taken in the air and is recreated with the access thereof he will move all his members and also all his whole body In so great a weakness or debility of the strength of the childe by cutting the navel string it must rather be laid close to the region of the belly thereof that thereby the heat if there be any jot remaining may be stirred up again But I cannot sufficiently marvel at the insolency of those that affirm that they have seen women whose bellies and womb have been more then once cut and the infant taken out when it could no otherwise be gotten forth and yet notwithstanding alive which thing there is no man can perswade me can be done without the death of the mother by reason of the necessary greatness of the wound that must be made in the muscles of the belly and substance of the womb for the womb of a woman that is great with childe by reason that it swelleth and is distended with much blood must needs yield a gread flux of blood which of necessity must be mortal And to conclude when that the wound or incision of the womb is cicatrized it will not peâ—mit or suffer the womb to be dilated or extended to receive or bear a new birth For these and such like other causes this kinde of cure as desperate and dangerous is not in mine opinion to be used CHAP. XXXII Of superfetation SUperfetation is when a woman doth bear two or more children at one time in her womb What superfetation is and they be enclosed each in his several secundine but those that are included in the same secundine are supposed to be conceived at one and the same time of copulation by reason of the great and copious abundance of seed and these have no number of daies between their conception and birth but all at once For as presently after meat the stomach which is naturally of a good temper is contracted or drawn together about the meat to comprehend it on every side though small in quantity as it were by both hands so that it cannot rowl neither unto this or that side so the womb is drawn together into the conception about the seeds assoon as they are brought into the capacity thereof and is so drawn in unto it on every side that it may come together into one body not permitting any portion thereof to go into any other region or side so that by one time of copulation the seed that is mixed together cannot engender more children then one which are divided by their secundines A womans womb is not distinguished into diverse cells And moreover because there are no such cells in the wombs of women as are supposed or rather known to be in the wombs of beasts which therefore bâ—ing forth many
at one conâ—eption or birth But now if any part of the womans womb doth not apply and adjoin it self closely to the conception of the seed already received lest any thing should be given by nature for no purpose it must of necessity follow that it must be filled with air which will alter and corrupt the seeds The reason of superfetation therefore the generation of more then one infant at a time having every one his several secundine is on this wise If a woman conceive by copulation with a man as this day and if that for a few daies after the conception the orifice of the womb be not exactly shut but rather gape a little and if she do then use copulation again so that at both these times of copulation there may be an effusion or perfect mixture of the fertile seed in the womb there will follow a new conception or superfetation For superfetation is no other then a certa n second conception when the woman already with childe again useth copulation with a man and so conceiveth again according to the judgment of Hippocrates Lib. de supersâ—tatiembus Why the wombt after the conception of the seed doth many times afterwards open But there may be many causes alledged why the womb which did join and close doth open and unloose it self again For there be some that suppose the womb to be open at certain times after the conception that there may be an issue out for certain excremental matters that are contained therein and therefore that the woman that hath so conceiued already and shall then use copulation with a man again shall also conceive again Others say that the womb of it self and of its own nature is very desirous of seed or copulation or else being heated or inflamed with the pleasant motion of the man moving her thereto doth at length unclose it self to receive the mans seed for likewise it happeneth many times that the orifice of the stomach being shut after eating is presently unloosed again when other delicate meats are offered to be eaten even so may the womb unclose it self again at certain seasons whereof come manifold issues whose time of birth and also of conception are different Lib. 7. cap. 1â— For as Pliny wriâ—eth when there hath been a little space between two conceptions they are both hastened as it appeared in Hercules and his brother Iphicles and in her which having two children at a birth brough forth one like unto her husband and and another like unto the adulterer And also in the Procomesian slave or bond-woman who by copulation on the same day brought one forth like unto her master and another like unto his steward and in another who brought forth one at the due time of childe-birth and another at five moneths end And again in another who bâ—inging forth her burthen on the seventh month brought forth two more in the moneths following But this is a most manifest argument of superfetation that as many children as are in the womb unless they be twins of the same sex so many secundines are there as I have often seen my self And it is very likely that if they were conceived in the same moment of time that they should all be included in one secundine But when a woman hath more children then two at one burden it seemeth to be a monstrous thing because that nature hath given her but two breasts Although we shall hereafter reherse many examples of more numerous births CHAP. XXXIII Of the tumor called Mola or a Mole growing in the womb of Women The reason of the name OF the Greek word Myle which signifieth a Myll-stone this tumor called Mola hath its name for it is like unto a Mill-stone both in the round or circular figure and also in hard consistence for the which self same reason the whirl-bone of the knee is called of the Latins Mola What a Mola is and of the Greeks Myle But the tumor called Mola whereof we here intreat is nothing else but a certain false conception of deformed flesh round and hard conceived in the womb as it were rude and unperfect not distinguished into the members comming by corrupt weak and diseased seed of the immoderate flux of the termes as it is defined by Hippocrates This is inclosed in no secundine but as it were in its own skin Lib. de steril There are some that think the Mola to be engendred of the concourse or mixture of the woâ— mans seed and menstrual blood without the communication of the mans seed But the opinion of Galen is that never any man saw a woman conceive either a Mola or any other such thing without a copulation of man Cap 7 lib 4. de usu part as a Hen layeth eggs without a cock for the only cause and original of that motion is in the mans seed and the mans seed doth only minister matter for the generation thereof Of the same opinion is Avicen who thinketh the Mola to be made by the confluction of the mans seed that is unfertile How the Mola is engendered with the womans when as it because unfruitful only puffs up or makes the womans seed to swell as leaven into a greater bigness but not into any perfect shape or forme Which is also the opinion of Fernelius by the decrees of Hippocrates and Avicen for the immoderate fluxes of the courses are conducing to the generation of the Mola which overwhelming the mans seed being now unfruitfull and weak doth constrain it to desist from its interprise of conformation already begun as vanquished or wholly overcome for the generation of the Mola commeth not of a simple heat working upon a clammy and gross humor as wormes are generated but of both the seeds by the efficacy of a certain spirit after a sort prolifical as may be understood by the membranes wherein the Mola is inclosed by the ligaments whereby many times it is fastened or bound to the true conception or childe engendered or begotten by superfoetation and finally by the increase and great and sluggish weight If all men were not perswaded that the conflux of a mans seed must of necessity concur to the generation of the Mola it would be no small cloak or cover to women to avoid the shame and reproach of their light behaviour CHAP. XXXIV How to discern a true conception from a false conception or Mola The signes of a mola inclosed in the womb WHen the Mola is inclosed in the womb the same things appear as in the true and lawful conception But the more proper signes of the Mola are these there is a certain pricking pain which at the beginning troubleth the belly as if it were the cholick the belly will swell sooner then it woul if it were the true issue and will be distended with great harâ—ness and is more difficult and troublesome to carry because it is contrary to nature and void of soule or life
to be a mola The dropsie comming of a tumor of thâ— Mesenterium others thought that it came by reason of the dropsie Assuredly this disease caused the dropsie to ensue neither was the cause thereof obscure for the function of the Liver was frustrated by reason that the concoction or the alteration of the Chylus was intercepted by occasion of the tumor and mâ—reoveâ— the Liver it self had a proper disease for it was hard and scirrhous and had many abscesses both within and without it and all over it The milt was scarce free from putrefaction the guts and Kill were somewhat blew and spotted and to be brief there was nothing found in the lower belly There is the like history to be read written by Philip Ingrassias in his book of tumors Tom. 1. tra â— cap. 1. of a certain Moor that was hanged for theft for saith he when his body was publickly dissected in the Mesenterium were found seventy scrophulous tumors and so many abscesses were containeâ— or enclosed in their several cists or skins and sticking to the external tunicle especially of the greater guts the matter contained in them was divers for it was hard knotty clammy glutinous liquid and waterish but the entrails especially the Liver and the Milt were found free from all manner of a tainture because as the same Author alledgeth nature being strong had sent all the evill juice and the corruption of the entrails into the Mesenterie and verily this Moor so long as he lived was in good and perfect health Without doubt the corruption of superflous humors for the most part is so great as is noted by Fernelius that it cannot be received in the receptacles that nature hath appointed for it Lib 6. part mor. cap 7. The Mesenterium is the â—inâ— or the body therefore then no small portion thereof falleth into the parts adjoyning and especially into the Mesentery and Pancreas which are as it were the sink of the whole body In those bodies which through continual and daily gluttony abound with choler melancholy and phlegm if it be not purged in time nature being strong and lusty doth depel and drive it down into the Pancreas and the Mesentery which are as places of no great â—epute and that especially out of the Liver and Milt by those veins or branches of the â—â—â—a pâ—rta which end or go not into the guts but are terminated in the Mesentery and Pancreas In these places diverse humors are heaped together which in process of time turn into a loose and soâ—t tumor and then if they grow bigger into a stiff hard and very scirrhous tumor Whereof Fernelius affirmeth that in those places he hath found the causes of choler melancholy fluxes cyâ—enteries cachexia's atrophia's consumptions tedious and uncertain fevers and lastly of many hidden diseases The Scrophulaes in the Mesenterium by the â—â—king whereof some have received their health that have been thought past cure Moreover Ingrassias affirmeth out of Julius Pollux that Scrophulas may be engendred in the Mesenterie which nothing differs from the mind and opinion of Galen who saith that Scrophulas are nothing else but indurate and scirrhous kernels But the Mesenterium with his glanduls being great and many making the Pancreas doth establish strengthen and confirm the divisions of the vessels A scirrhus of the womb Also the scirrhus of the proper substance of the womb is to be distinguished from the mola for in the bodies of some women that I have opened I have found the womb annoyed with a scirrhous tumor as big as a mans head in the curing whereof Physicians nothing prevailed because they supposed it to be a mola contained in the capacity of the womb and not a scirrhous tumor in the body thereof CHAP. XXXVII Of the cause of barrenness in men THere are many causes of barrenness in men that is to say the too hot cold dry or moist distemper of the seed the more liquid and flexible consistence thereof so that it cannot stay in the womb How the seed in unfertil but will presently flow out again for such is the seed of old men and striplings and of such as use the act of generation too often and immoderately for thereby the seed becommeth crude and waterish because it doth not remain his due and lawful time in the testicles wherein it should be perfectly wrought and concocted but is evacuated by wanton copulation Furthermore that the seed may be fertile it must of necessity be copious in quantity but in quality well concocted moderately thick clammy and puffed with abundance of spirits both these conditions are wanting in the seed of them that use copulation too often and moreover because the wives of those men never gather a just quantity of seed laudable both in quality and consistence in their testicles whereby it commeth to pass that they are the less provoked or delighted with Venereous actions and perform the act with less alacrity so that they yeeld themselves less prone to conception Therefore let those that would be parents of many children use a mediocrity in the use of Venery How the cutting of the veines behinde the ears maketh men barren The woman may perceive that the mans seed hath some distemperature in it if when she hath received it into her womb she feeleth it sharp hot or cold if the man be more quick or slow in the act Many become barren after they have been cut for the stone and likewise when they have had a wound behind the ears whereby certain branches of the jugular veins and arteries have been cut that are there so that after those vessels have been cicatrized there followed an interception of the seminal matter downwards and also of the community which ought of necessity to be between the brain and the testicles so that when the conduits or passages are stopped the stones or testicles cannot any more receive neither matter nor lively spirits from the brain in so great quantity as it was wont whereof it must of necessity follow that the seed must be lesser in quantity and weaker in quality Those that have their testicles cut off or else compressed or contused by violence cannot beget children because that either they want that help the testicles should minister in the act of generation or else because the passage of the seminal matter is intercepted or stopped with a Callus by reason whereof they cannot yield forth seed but a certain clammy humor contained in the glanduls called prostatae yet with some feeling of delight The defaâ—lts of the yard Moreover the deâ—ects or imperfections of the yard may cause barrenness as if it be too short or if it be so unreasonable great that it renteth the privy parts of the woman and so causeth a flux of blood for then it is so painful to the woman that she cannot void her seed for that cannot be excluded without pleasure and delight also if
is madded with an earnest desire of knowing things to come or else because disdaining poverty he affects and desires from a poor estate to become rich on the sudden It is the constant opinion of all both antient and modern as well Philosophers as Divines that there are some such men which when they have once addicted themselves to impious and divelish Arts can by the wondrous craft of the Devil do many strange things and change and corrupt bodies and the health life of them and the condition of all mundane things Also experience forceth us to confess the same for punishments are ordained by the laws against the professors and practisers of such Arts but there are no laws against those things which neither ever have been nor never came into the knowledg of men for such things are rightly judged and accounted for impossibilities which have never been seen nor heard of Beford the birth of Christ there have been many such people Exod. cap. 22. Levit. cap. 19. for you may finde in Exodus and Leviticus laws made against such persons by Moses by whom God gave the Law to his people The Lord gave the sentence of death to Ochawas by his Prophet for that he turned unto these kinde of people We are taught by the Scriptures that there are good and evil spirits and that the former are termed Angels but the later devils for the law is also said to be given by the ministry of Angels and it is said that our bodies shall rise again at the sound of a trumpet Hebr. 1.14 Gal 3 19. 1 Thes 4 16. and at the voice of an Arch-Angel Christ said that God would send his Angels to receive the Elect into the heavens The history of Job testifieth that the Devil sent fire from heaven and killed his sheep and cattel and raised windes that shook the four corners of the house and overwhelmed his children in the ruines thereof The history of Achab mentioneth a certain lying spirit in the mouth of the false Prophets Sathan entring into Judas moved him to betray Christ Job 13. Mar. 16 34. Devils who in a great number possessed the body of a man were called and obtained of Christ that they might enter into Swine whom they carried headlong into the Sea In the beginning God created a great number of Angels that those divine and incorporeal spirits might inhabit heaven and as messengers signifie Gods pleasure to men and as ministers or servants perform his commands who might be as over-seers and protectors of humane affairs Yet of this great number there were some who were blinded by pride and thereby also cast down from the presence and heavenly habitation of God the Creator The power of evil spirits over mankinde The differences of devils These harmful and crafry spirits delude mens mindes by divers jugling tricks and are alwaies contriving something to our harm and would in a short space destroy mankinde but that God restrains their fury for they can only do so much as is permitted them Expelled heaven some of them inhabit the air others the bowels of the earth there to remain until God shall come to judg the world and as you see the clouds in the air somewhiles to resemble centaures otherwhiles serpents rocks towers men birds fishes and other shapes so these spirits turn themselves into all the shapes and wondrous forms of things as oft-times into wilde-beasts into serpents toads owls lapwings crows or ravens goats asses dogs cats wolves buls and the like Moreover they oft-times assume and enter humane bodies as well dead as alive whom they torment and punish yea also they transform themselves into angels of light The delusions of devils They feign themselves to be shut up and forced by Magical rings but that is only their deceit and craft they wish fear love hate and oft-times as by the appointment and decree of God they punish malefactors for we read that God sent evil angels into Egypt there to destroy They houl on the night they murmure and rattle as if they were bound in chains they move benches tables counters props cupbords children in the cradles play at tables and chess turn over books rell mony walk up and down rooms and are heard to laugh to open windows and doors cast sounding vessels as brass and the like upon the ground break stone-pots and glasses and make other the like noises Yet none of all these things appear to us when as we arise in the morning neither finde we any thing out of its place or broken They are called by divers names as Devils Their titles and names evil Spirits Incubi Succubi Hobgoblins Fairies Robin-good-fellows evil-Angels Sathan Lucifer the father of lies Prince of darkness and of the world Legion and other names agreeable to their offices and natures CHAP. XIV Of the subterrene Devils and such as haunt Mines What the Devils in Mines do LEwis Lavater writes that by the certain report of such as work in Mines that in some Mines there are seen spirits who in the shape and habit of men work there and running up and down seem to do much work when notwithstanding they do nothing indeed But in the mean time they hurt none of the by-standers unless they be provoked thereto by words or laughter For then they will throw some heavy or hard thing upon him that hurt them or injure them some other way The same author affirms that there is a silver Mine in Rhetia out of which Peter Briot the Governour of the place did in his time get much silver In this Mine there was a Devil who chiefly on Friday when as the Miners put the Mineral they had digged into tubs kept a great quarter and made himself exceeding busie and poured the Mineral as he listed out of one tub into another It happened one day that he was more busie then it used to be so that one of the Miners reviled him and bad him be gone on a vengeance to the punishment appointed for him The Devil offended with his imprecation and scoff so wrested the Miner taking him by the head twining his neck about he set his face behinde him yet was not the workman killed therewith but lived and was known by divers for many years after CHAP. XV. By what means the Devils may deceive us Devils are spirits OUr mindes involved in the earthy habitation of our bodies may be deluded by the Devils divers waies fot they excel in purity and subtilty of essence in the much use of things besides they challenge a great preheminence as the Princes of this world over all sublunary bodies Whereof it is no marvel if they the teachers and parents of lyes should cast clouds and mists before our eyes from the beginning and turn themselves into a thousand shapes of things and bodies that by these juglings and tricks they may shadow and darken mens mindes CHAP. XVI Of Succubi and Incubi The reason
of the name Lib. 15 de civit Dei cap. 22. 23. POwerful by these fore-mentioned arts and deceits they have sundry times accompanied with men in copulation whereupon such as have had to do with men were called Succubi those which made use of women Incubi Verily St. Augustine seemeth not to be altogether against it but that they taking upon them the shape of man may fill the genitals as by the help of nature to the end that by this means they may draw aside the unwary by the flames of lust from virtue and chastity An historie John Rufe in his Book of the conception and generation of man writes that in his time a certain woman of monstrous lust and wondrous imprudency had to do by night with a Devil that turned himself into a man and that her belly swelled up presently after the act and when as she thought she was with childe she fell into so grievous a disease that she voided all her entrails by stool medicines nothing at all prevailing Another The like history is told of a servant of a certain Butcher who thinking too attentively on Venerous matters a Devil appeared to him in the shape of a woman with whom supposing it to be a woman when as he had to do his genitals so burned after the act that becomming enflamed he died with a great deal of torment An opinion confuted Neither doth Peter Paludanus and Martin Arelatensis think it absurd to affirm that Devils may beget children if they shall ejaculate into the womans womb seed taken from some man either dead or alive Yet this opinion is most absurd and full of falsity mans seed consisting of a seminal or sanguinous matter and much spirit if it run otherwaies then into the womb from the testicles and stay never so little a while it loseth its strength efficacy the heat and spirits vanishing away for even the too great length of a mans yard is reckoned amongst the causes of barrenness by reason that the seed is cooled by the length of the way If any in copulation after the ejaculation of the seed presently draw themselves from the womans embraces they are thought not to generate Averrois his history c nvict of falshood by reason of the air entring into the yet open womb which is thought to corrupt the seed By which it appears how false that history in Averrois is of a certain woman that said she conceived with childe by a mans seed shed in a bath and so drawn into her womb she entring the bath presently after his departure forth It is much less credible that Devils can copulate with women for they are of an absolute spirituous nature but blood and flesh are necessary for the generation of man What natural reason can allow that the incorporeal Devils can love corporeal women And how can we think that they can generate who want the instruments of generation How can they who neither eat nor drink be said to swell with seed Now where the propagation of the species is not necessary to be supplied by the succession of individuals Nature hath given no desire of Venery neither hath it imparted the use of generation but the devils once creared were made immortal by Gods appointment The illusions of the devil If the faculty of generation should be granted to devils long since all places had been full of them Wherefore if at any time women with childe by the familiarity of the devil seem to travel we must think it happens by those arts we mentioned in the former chapter to wit they use to stuff up the bodies of living women with cold clouts bones pieces of iron thorns twisted hairs pieces of wood serpents and a world of such trumpery wholly dissenting from a womans nature who afterwards the time as it were of their delivery drawing nigh through the womb of her that was falsly judged with childe before the blinded and as it were bound up eies of the by-standing women they give vent to their impostures The following history recorded in the writings of many most credible authors may give credit thereto There was at Constance a fair damosell called Margaret who served a wealthy Citizen A history she gave it out everywhere that she was with childe by lying with the devil on a certain night Wherefore the Magistrates thought it fit she should be kept in prison that it might be apparent both to them and others what the end of this exploit would be The time of deliverance approaching she felt pains like those which women endure in travel at length after many throws by the midwives help in stead of a childe she brought forth iron nails pieces of wood of glass bones stones hairs tow and the like things as much different from each others as from the nature of her that brought them forth and which were formerly thrust in by the devil to delude the too credulous mindes of men The Church acknowledgeth that devils Our sins are the cause that the devils abuse us by the permission and appointment of God punishing our wickedness may abuse a certain shape so to use copulation with mankinde But that an humane birth may thence arise it not only affirms to be false but detests as impious as which believes that there was never any man begot without the seed of man our Saviour Christ excepted Now what confusion and perturbation of creatures should possess this world as Cassianus saith if devils could conceive by copulation with men or if women should prove with child by accompanying them how many monsters would the devils have brought forth from the beginning of the world how many prodigies by casting their seed into the wombs of wilde and bruit beasts for by the opinion of Philosophers as often as faculty and will concur the effect must necessarily follow now the devils never have wanted will to disturbe mankinde and the order of this world for the devil as they say is our enemy from the beginning and as God is the author of order and beauty so the devil by pride contrary to God is the causer of confusion and wickedness Wherefore if power should acrew equall to his evil minde and nature and his infinite desire of mischief and envy who can doubt but a great confusion of all things and species and also great deformity would invade the decent and comly order of this universe monsters arising on every side But seeing that devils are incorporeal what reason can induce us to believe that they can be delighted with Venerous actions and what will can there be whereas there is no delight nor any decay of the species to be feared seeing that by Gods appointment they are immortal so to remain for ever in punishment so what need they succession of individuals by generation wherefore if they neither will nor can it is a madness to think that they do commix with man CHAP. XVII Of Magick and supernatural
the fiery and aiery parts wherefore the Wine becoming sowr there remains nothing of the former substance but phlegm wherefore seeing phlegm is chiefly predominant in Vineger it first rises in distillation Wherefore he that hopes to distil the spirit of Vineger he must cast away the phlegmatick substance that first substance that first rises and when by his taste he shall perceive the spirit of Vineger he shall keep the fire thereunder until the flowing liquor shall become as thick as hony then must the fire be taken away otherwise the burning of it will cause a great stinch The vessels fit to distil aqua vitae and Vineger are divers as an Alembick or Retort set in sand or Ashes a Copper or brass-bottom of a Stil with a head thereto having a pipe comming forth thereof which runs into a worm or pipe fastned in a barrel or vessel filled with cold water and having the lower end comming forth thereof whose figure we shall give you when as we come to speak of the drawing of oyls out of vegetables CHAP. IX Of the manner of rectifying that is how to increase the strength of waters that have been once distilled The first way TO rectifie the waters that have been distilled in Balneo Mariae you must set them in the Sun in glasses well stopped and half filled being set in sand to the third part of their height that the water waxing hot by the heat of the Sun may separate it self from the phlegm mixed therewith which will be performed in 12. or 15. dayes There is another better way to do this which is to distil them again in Balneo with a gentle fire or if you will put them into a Retort furnished with his receiver and set them upon chrystal or iron-bowls or in an iron-mortar directly opposite to the beams of the Sun The second as you may learn by these ensuing signs A Retort with his receiver standing upon Chrystal-bowls just opposite to the Sun-beams A. Shews the Retort B. The receiver C. The Châ—ystal bowls Another Retort with his receiver standing in a Marble or Iron-mortar directly opposite to the Sun A. Shews the Retort B. The marble or Iron-mâ—â—tar C The receiver CHAP. X. Of Distillation by filtring YOu shall set three basins or vessels of convenient matter in that fite and order that each may be higher than other that which stands in the highest place shall contain the liquor to be distilled and that which stands lowest shall receive the distilled liquor Out of the first and second vessel shall hang shreds or pieces of cloth or cotton with their broader ends in the liquor or upper vessel and the other sharper ends hanging down whereby the more subtil and defecate liquor may fall down by drops into the vessel that stands under it but the grosser and more feculent part may subside in the first and second vessel You by this means may at the same time distil the same liquor divers times if you place many vessels one under another after the fore-mentioned manner and so put shreds into each of them so that the lowest vessel may receive the purified liquor In stead of this distillation Apothecaries of-times use bags The description of vessels to perform the distillation or filtration by shreds A. Shews the vessel B. The Cloths or shreds â„ž litharg auri diligenter pulveris â„¥ iii. macerentur in aceti boni â„¥ vi trium horarum spatio seorsim etiam in aqua plantaginis solani rosarum aut commun sal infundatur then distil them both by shreds then mix the distilled liquors and you shall have that which for the milky whiteness is termed Virgins milk being good against the redness and pimples of the face Cap. 44. of fuci as we have noted in our Antidotary CHAP. XI What and how many waies there are to make oyls YOu may by three means especially draw to extract the oyls that you desire The first is by expression and so are made the oyls of Olives nuts seeds fruits and the like Oyls by expression By infusion By distillation Under this is thought to be contained elixation when as the beaten materials are boiled in water that so the oyl may swim aloft and by this means are made the oyls of the seeds of Elder and danewort and of Bay-berries Another is by infusion as that which is by infusing the parts of plants and other things in oyls The third is by distillation such is that which is drawn by the heat of the fire whether by ascent or by descent or by concourse The first way is known by all now it is thus Take almonds in their husks beat them work them into a mass then put them into a bag made of hair or else of strong cloth first steeped in water or in white-wine then put them into a press and so extract their oyl You may do the same in pine-apple-kernels Hazel-nuts Coco-nuts nutmegs peach-kernels the seeds of gouâ—ds and cucumbers pistick-nuts and all such oily things Oyl of bayes may be made of ripe bay-berries newly gathered Oyl of Balberries let them be beaten in a mortar and so boyled in a double vessel and then forthwith put into a press so to extract oyl as you do from Almonds unless you had rather get it by boiling as we have formerly noted Oyl of Eggs is made of the yelks of Eggs boyled very hard when they are so Of Eggs. rub them to pieces with your fingers then frie them in a pan over a gentle fire continually stirring them with a spoon until they become red and the oyl be resolved and flow from them then put them into a hair-cloth and so press forth the oyl The oyls prepared by infusion are thus made make choise of good oyl wherein let plants or creatures or the parts of them be macerated for some convenient time that is until they may seem to have transfused their faculties into the oyl then let them be boiled so strained or pressed out But if any aquosity remain let it be evaporated by boiling Some in compounding of oyls add gums to them of which though we have formerly spoken in our Antidotary yet have I thought good to give you this one example Oyl of S. Johns-wort â„ž flor hyper â„ž ss immitantur in phialam cum flo cent gum elemi an â„¥ ii olei com lb ii Let them be exposed all the heat of Summer to the Sun If any will add aqua vitae wherein some Benzoin is dissolved he shall have a most excellent oyl in this kinde Oyl of mastich is made Ex olei rosati â„¥ xii mastich â„¥ iii. vini optimi â„¥ viii Let them all be boiled together to the consumption of the wine then strain the oyl and reserve it in a vessel CHAP. XII Of extracting of Oyls of vegetables by Distillation ALmost all herbs that carry their flowers and seeds in an umble have seeds of a hot subtil and aiery substance and
Cinnamon This is sold to no stranger unless at the Kings pleasure and he setting the price thereof it is not lawful for others to cut thereof Galen writes that Cinnamon is of very subtil parts hot in the third degree 7. Simp. and partaking of some astriction therefore it cuts and dissolves the excrements of the body strengthens the parts provokes the courses when as they stop by reason of the admixture of gross humors it sweetens the breach and yields a fine taste and smell to medicines hippocras and sauces Of Cinnamon there is made an excellent water against all cold diseases and also against swoonings the plague and poysons The composition thereof is this Take of the choicest and best cinnamon one pound An excellent Cinnamon-tree beat it grosly and put thereto of Rose-water four pintes of white-wine half a pinte being thus mixed put them into a glass and so let them stand in infusion 24. hours often stirring of them Then distill them in Balneo Mariae closely luting the receiver and vessels lest the spirit should flye away CHAP. XIII Another manner how to draw the essence and spirits of herbs flowers seeds and spices as also of Rubarb Agarick Turbith Hermâ—dactyls and other Purgers YOu may extract the essences and spirits of the things mentioned in the title of this Chapter as thus Take Sugar R barb Cinnamon or any other material you please cut it small or else beat it then put it into a glass with a long neck and pour thereupon as much Aqua vitae as shall be sufficient to cover the materials or ingredients and to over-top them some fingers bredth then stop up the glass very close that no air enter thereinto Thus suffer it to infuse for eight dares in Balneo with a very gentle hear for thus the Aqua vitae will extract the faculties of the ingredients which you shall know that it hath done when as you shall see it perfectly tinctured with the color of the ing edients The eight dayes ended A sign that the spirit of wine hath sercht out the strength of the ingredients you shall put this same Aqua vitae into another vessel filled with the like quantity of the same materials prepared after the same manner that it may also take forth the tincture thereof and do thus three or four times until the aqua vitae be deeply tinctured with the colour of the infused Ingredients But if the materials from whence you desire to extract this spirit or essence be of great price as Lignum Aloes Rubarb c. you must not think it sufficient to infuse it once only but you must go over it twice or thrice until all the efficacy be extracted out thereof you may know that it is all wholly insipid These things thus done as is fitting A sign that the ingredients have lost their strength put all the liquor tinctured and furnished with the color and strength of the ingredients into an Alembick filled and closely luted to its head and so put into Balneum Mariae that so you may extract or draw off the aqua vitae to keep for the like purpose and so you shall have the spirit and essence remaining in the bottom Now if you desire to bring this extract to the height of hony set it in an earthen-pot well leaded upon hot ashes so that the thin part thereof may be evaporated for thus at length you shall have a most noble and effectual essence of that thing which you have distilled whereof one scruple will be more powerful in purging then two or three drams of the thing it self CHAP. XIV How to extract oyl out of Gums condensed juices and rosins as also out of some woods ALL oyls that are drawn our of gums oily-woods and metals What a Retort is are extracted by that vessel which we vulgarly term a Retort It must be made of glass or jug-metal well leaded and of such bigness as shall be convenient for the operation you intend though commonly it should be made to hold some gallon and an half of water the neck thereof must be a foot and a half or at least a foot long The receiver is commonly a vial wherinto the neck of the Retort is fitted and inserted Then the Retort shall be set in an earthen pan filled with ashes or sand and so set into a furnace as you may see by the following figure The figure of a Fornace with his earthen-pan and receiver A. Shews the Fornace B. The earthen-pan or vessel to set the Retort in C. The Retort or Cucurbite D. The Receiver The differences of Gums Of gums some are liquid some solid and of the solid some are more solid then othersome those that are solid are more troublesome to distill then the liquid for they are not so easily dissolved or melted neither do they yeeld so well to the fire so that oft-times they are burnt before they be dissolved whence it is that some for every pound of solid gum add two or three pounds of most clear and liquid oyl of Turpentine Cautions in distilling of Gums Besides liquid things are also hard to be destilled because when as they come to be through hot at the fire they swell up so much that they exceed or run out of the Retort and so fall into the Receiver as they were put into the Retort especially if so be that the fire be too hot at the first Many to shun this inconvenience add to the things put into the Retort some sand as it were to balast it withal How to make oyl of Turpentine Oyl of Rosin and turpentine is thus made take two or three pounds of Turpentine and put it into a Retort of such largeness that three parts thereof might remain empty and for every pound of Turpentine add three or four ounces of sand then place the Retort in an earthen-pan filled with sifted ashes and set it upon the fornace as is fit and to the neck thereof fit and closely lute a Receiver Lastly kindle there-under a soft fire at the first lest the contained materials should run over increase this fire by little and little and take heed that the things become not too hot on a sudden At the first a clear and acid liquor wiâ—l drop out wherein a certain sediment uses to concrete then will flow forth a most dear oyl somewhat resembling the watry and phlegmatick liquor then must the fire be somewhat increased that the third oily clear thin and very golden colored liquor may rise and distil but then also a clearer and more violent fire must be raised that so you may extract an oyl that will be red like a carbuncle and of a consistence indifferently thick Thus therefore you may extract four kindes of liquors our of Turpentine and receive them being different in several Receivers yet I judg it better to receive them all in one that so by distilling them again afterwards you may
in the interspaces of the muscles and in the substance of them Likewise to the bones which caused a great corruption in the whole thigh from whence the vapors did arise and were carried to the heart which caused the syncope and the fever and the fever an universal heat through the whole body and by consequent depravation of the whole Oeconomy Likewise that the said vapors were communicated to the brain which caused the Epilepsie and trembling and to the stomach disdain and loathing and hindered it from doing its functions which are chiefly to concoct and digest the meat and to convert it into Chylus which not being concocted they ingender crudities and obstructions which makes that the parts are not nourished and by consequent the body dryes and grows lean and because also it did not do any exercise for every part which hath not his motion remaineth languid and atrophiated because the heat and spirits are not sent or drawn thither from whence follows mortification And to nourish and fatten the body frictions must be made universally through the whole body with warm linnen cloths above below and on the right side and left and round about to the end to draw the blood and spirits from within outward and to resolve any fuliginous vapors retained between the skin and the flesh thereby the parts shall be nourished and restored as I have heretofore said in the tenth book treating of the wounds of Gun-shot and we must then cease when we see heat and redness in the skin for fear of resolving that we have already drawn by consequent make it become more lean As for the ulcer which he hath upon his rump which came through his two long lying upon it without being removed which was the cause that the spirits could not flourish or shine in it by the means of which there should be inflammation aposteme and then ulcer yea with loss of substance of the subject flesh with a very great pain because of the nerves which are disseminated in this part That we must likewise put him in another soft bed and give him a clean shirt and sheets otherwise all that we could do would serve for nothing because that those excrements and vapors of the matter retained so long in his bed are drawn in by the Systole and Diastole of the Arteries which are disseminated through the skin and cause the spirits to change and acquire an ill quality and corruption which is seen in some that lye in a bed where one hath swet for the Pox who will get the Pox by the putrid vapors which shall remain soaking in the sheets and coverlets Now the cause why he could in no wise sleep and was as it were in a consumption t was because he ate little and did not do any exercise and because he was grieved with extreme pain For there is nothing that abateth so much the strength as pain The cause why his tongue was drye and fowl was through the vehemency of the heat of the fever by the vapors which ascended through the whole body to the mouth For as we say in a common proverb When the oven is well heat the throat feels it Having discoursed of the causes and accidents I said they must be cured by their contraries and first we must appease the pain making apertions in the thigh to evacuate the matter retained not evacuating all at a time for fear lest by a sudden great evacuation there might happen a great decay of spirits which might much weaken the patient and shorten his dayes Secondly to look to the great swelling and cold of his leg fearing lest it should fall into a Gangrene and that actual heat must be applied unto him because the potential could not reduce the intemperature de potentia ad actum for this cause hot briks must be applied round about on which should be cast a decoction of nerval herbs boyled in wine and vineger then wrapt up in some napkin and to the feet an earthen bottle filled with the said decoction stopt and wrapt up with some linnen cloths also that fomentations must be made upon the thigh and the whole Leg of a decoction made of Sage Rosemary Tyme Lavander flowers of Cammomile Melilot and red-Roses boiled in white-wine and a Lixivium made with Oke-ashes with a little Vineger and half an handful of salt This decoction hath vertue to attenuate incise resolve and drye the gross viscous humor The said fomentations must be used a long while to the end there may be a great resolution for being so done a long time together more is resolved then attracted because the humor contained in the part is liquified the skin and the flesh of the muscles is rarified Thirdly that there must be applied upon the rump a great emplaster made of the red desiccative and unguentum Comitissae of each equal parts incorporated together to the end to appease his pain and drye up the ulcer also to make bim a little down-pillow which might bear his rump aloft without leaning upon it Fourthly to refresh the heat of his kidnies one should apply the unguent called Refrigerans Galeni freshly made and upon the leaves of water-Lillies Then a napkin dipt in Oxucrate wrung and often renewed and for the corroboration and strengthening of his heart a refreshing medicine should be applied made with oyl of nenuphar and unguent of Roses and a little saffron distilled in Rose-vineger and Triacle spread upon a piece of Scarlet for the Syncope which proceeded from the debilitation of the natural strength troubling the brain Also he must use good nourishment full of juice as rere eggs Damask-prunes stewed in wine and sugar also Panado made of the broth of the great pot of which I have already spoken with the white fleshly parts of Capons and Patridg-wings minced small and other rost-meat easie of digestion as Veal Goat Pigeon Partridg and the like The sauce should be Orenges Verjuice Sorrel sharp Pomgranats and that he should likewise eat of them boiled with good herbs as Sorrâ—l Lettuce Purslain Succory Bugloss Marigolds and other the like At night he might use cleansed Barly with the juice of Nenuphar and Sorrel of each two ounces with five or six grains of Opium and of the four cold seeds bruised of eath half an ounce which is a remedy nourishing and medicinal which will provoke him to sleep that his bread should be of Messin neither too new nor too stale and for the great pain of his head his hair must be cut and rub his head with Oxyrrhâ—dinum luke-warm and leave a double-cloth wet therein upon it likewise should be made for him a frontal of oyl of Roses Nenuphar Poppies and a little opium and Rose-vineger and a little Champhire and to renew it sometimes Moreover one should cause him to smell to the flowers of Henbane and Nenuphar bruised with vineger Rose-water and a little Camphir wrapped in a handkercher which shall be often and a long time
midriff the Coeliacal one then the upper Mesenterick the two emulgents as many spermatical ones at last the lower Mesenterick and the Lumbares or arteries of the loins Of these the Intercostals are scattered whilst the trunk is yet in the chest the rest whilst it passes on through the lowest belly But some of them accompany the branches of the gate-vein as the Coelicacal and both the Mesenterical arteries others those of the hollow vein as the rest Now we will treat of these in order beginning from the Intercostals or arteries between the ribs which are placed uppermost Presently therefore after the Descendent trunk Q is issued forth from its back-side it sends over little branches on both sides to the distances of the eight lower ribs which they call Intercostales inferiores Intercostales inferiores the arteries between the lower ribs the lower arteries between the ribs uuu in respect of the upper Intercostal of which we have spoken above These associating themselves with the veins and nerves of the same name go straight on by the lower side of the ribs where peculiar sinus or channels are cut out for them But as the Intercostal veins reach in the true ribs only to the gristles but in the bastard ones somewhat farther to wit to the sides of the abdomen so also the arteries end in them together with the bony parts of the ribs but in these run out a little farther And these arteries send over some propagations through the holes of the nerves to the spinal marrow and to the muscles that lye upon the rack-bones of the back just as we have said the Intercostal veins were propagated Their use But the use of them is to diffuse the vital spirit and the blood to the muscles betwixt the ribs besides which they have also another notable office to wit of carrying down the water and purulent matter that is gathered together in the chest into the great artery and from thence by the Emulgent branches to the bladder Although I am not ignorant that the most learned Fallopius and others who have read before me in this most famous University of Padua have shewn another way to their Auditors by which either purulent matter or water might be conveyed forth by help of the kidneys to wit the vein sine pari or without a companion a little branch whereof in the left side goes into the Emulgent of the left kidney But this way which we shew through the Intercostal arteries is by much the shorter that I pass by this that any matter heaped together may be more easily dispatcht away through the arteries then the veins Nor needs any one here to be afraid lest the vital spirits should be infected from these excrementitious and ill humurs whereby the heart may incurre fearful symptoms when we willingly grant which experience also hath often taught us that whilst the corrupt matter is emptied out by the urine the sick parties have often faln into fits of swounding and other diseases sometimes also have died suddenly when the peccant humor has been of too great a quantity or too bad a quality and has offered so much violence to nature that the heat and spirits have been over come therewith The explanation of a place in Hippocrates But here a certain place in Hippocrates calls upon me to explain it which has long and often troubled my minde The place is in Coacis praenotionibus where he says They who together with the heart have their whole lungs inflamed so that it falls to the side are deprived of motion all over and the parties so diseased lye cold senseless and dye the second or third day But if this happen to the lungs without the heart they live not so long Yet some also are preserved I have often thought with my self what should be that sympathy of the heart lungs with the brain and nerves that from the inflammation of those parts the patient should be so deprived of sense and motion all over when the same Hippocrates teacheth in the same place that the diseased suffer such deprivation in that part livid spots appear on the outside about the rib where-about the Aortae so he seems to call the lobes or division of the lungs being inflamed fall to the sides But if they be not much inflamed so that they fall not down to the side he sayes that there is a pain indeed all over but no deprivation of sense or motion nor any spots appear Having deliberated often with my self at length I came to be of this opinion that there was no other cause but the sympathy betwixt these Intercostal arteries and the marrow in the back-bone This sympathy arises from those propagations which we told you past through the holes of the rack-bones of the chest into the back-bone Wherefore if the lungs and heart be so mightily inflamed that great plenty of blood rush into the great artery whereupon it swels as also these vessels betwixt the ribs and consequently those surcles which go to the marrow of the back-bone truly it cannot be but that both the marrow and the nerves which issue out of it be comprest from whence what else can follow but the resolution of those parts into which those nerves are implanted to which they impart the faculty of motion This opinion seems to me to be wonderfully confirmed by a certain pretty observation which the learned Cornelius Gemma has in his book de hemititraeo pestilenti A certain studious young man sayes he through the whole course of his disease had his left eye less then the other He was paind in the left side especially all the time the fit raged but about the crisis or judication thereof the artery of his left leg being swoln up was moved according to its length that being to be seen by us it seemed to be turned upward and downward like a rope pull'd back Who will not here willingly confess that this matter was in the arteries when the crisis was made by them But from this that hath been said a reason may be also given of another observation of Galen which is l. 4 de locis affect c. 4. where he sayes thus In a certain man who was troubled with a vehement inflammation of the lungs as wel the outer as the inner parts of his arm from the cubit to the very ends of his fingers labour'd with difficulty of sense and their motion also was somewhat empair'd In the same man also the nerves which are in the first and second distances betwixt the ribs sustained harm And a little after This man was quickly restored to his health to wit a medicine being applyed to the place from whence the nerves issue forth near to the first and second spaces betwixt the ribs By reason of the same branches betwixt the ribs John Valeriola the son of that Physitian whose observations we have being yet a boy suffered Convulsion-fits in a grievous Pleurisie The arteries
intermitting cholerick feavers a solution whereof follows by a loosness Phlegm is so expell'd as often as bloody fluxes happen to such as have the gout in the feet which ease them of their pain if the intent of nature be advanced by the help of a wise Physitian Lastly melancholy is conveyed out by both the Mesentericks but especially by the Haemorrhoidal branch whence Hippocrates sayes 6. Epidem He which has the Emroids naturally shall neither be troubled with the pain of the side or inflammation of the lungs nor with felons or black pustles called Terminthi nor with the Leprosie canker or other diseases For there is a very great sympathy betwixt the brest and the haemorrhoidal artery because the trunk out of which it arises An observation descending from the heart presently after it first issues from thence propagates the intercostal branches Moreover all black cholerick humors are purg'd by this means out of the whole body that cankers and leprosie cannot be caused by them From these voluntary purgings which nature it self has found out we may now judg of such as are caused by the help of a Physitian and may be termed artificial For an opinion of some men hath prevailed much in our age that the body cannot be purged by clyster but only by those medicines which are taken at the mouth But I will not only believe but also being taught it by experience can witness that if the clysters contain in them purging medicines the whole body is very commodiously cleansed For the whole colick gut receiving the matter of the clyster the vertue it self of the medicine draws down the noisome humors by the arteries out of the Aorta or great artery Which being granted we may give a reason what we have seen very often why Suppositories made of white helebore produce the same symptoms as are wont to be caused in them who have taken in white hellebore at the mouth Why anointing of the navel with such things as purge loosens the belly How the colick is changed into the gout on the contrary In like manner from hence we may fetch the reason why the belly is strongly purged the region about the navel being anointed with purging medicines For the vertue of the medicine is attracted by the arteries and by them afterward it purges These arteries are they by which the disease of the colick is changed into the gout and on the contrary the gout into the colick as we have it in Hippocrates 6. Epidem Sect. 4. where he sayes One that was vexed with the pain of the colick on the right side had some ease whilest the Gout held him but this disease being cured he was pained more The reason whereof was this because that humor which caused the gout was carried out of the joints to the colick gut whereby the colick disease was increased Laurentius inquiring into the cause of this refers us to hidden and unknown passages to which it seems to me that we need not fly if we say that the humors are brought out of the crural arteries into the trunk and out of this into the Mesenterick branches and lastly out of these into the guts for this is the shortest and most convenient way Nor is there any reason that we should be afraid of that pollution of the vital spirits which they will object to us if the excremenitious humors pass through the arteries for this betrayes their great ignorance as well in Anatomy as in solid Physick and it would be very easie if I would digress to prove in this place that a great part of the humors in our body flow down through the arteries For in them the strength of nature exceeds and is more vigorous that whensoever it is provoked it is most apt to expel and the blood being stirred by their continual beating as also by its own nature makes all that is therein more fit to flow And who will not beleive that excrements are carried through the arteries who considers the flowings down from the spleen in which there being five times more arteries then there are veins truly it is necessary that that ballast of the spleen be carried out through the Arteries Lumbares The four Lumbares or loin-arteries γ γ γ arise out of the backside of the trunk of the great artery all along as it passes through the region of the loins They run through the common holes in the rack-bones of the loins and to their marrow and also into the neighbouring muscles And at the side of the marrow after they have entred the rackbones they climb upon both sides to the brain together with the veins of the loins But they are all equally big if you excep those two which issue out near to the Os sacrum or holy-bone which are not only derived into the rackbones to the marrow and to the muscles thereabout but are also sent overthwart through the Peritoneum and muscle of the Abdomen The two last are by some called Musculae superiores the upper muscle-arteries and are distinguisht from the Lumbares And these are the arteries which if we observe we shall easily give the reasons of many things of which Physitians do still dispute very hotly but especially of that most difficult question which is controverted among Physitians by what wayes and in what manner the colick ends in a palsie or in the falling sickness How the colick disease ends in a palsie or Epilepsie For we have the observation in Paulus Aegineta lib. 3. c. 43. where he sayes the colick as it were by a certain pestilent contagion ended with many in the falling sickness with others in a resolution of the joints or palsie their sence remaining and they who fell into the falling sickness for the most part dyed but they who fel into the palsie were most of them preserved the cause of the disease being carried to another place in the solution For the humor that caused the disease came back out of the colick gut through the mesenterical arteries from whence being afterward transported into the trunk of the great Artery it came also to the lumbares or arteries of the loins which swelling with blood prest together the neighbouring nerves from which came the palsie in the feet And this we have often observed as well in our selves as in others especially in former years when these diseases at Padua were Epidemical Yet the Palsie is not alwayes a perfect one but often as I am wont to call it imperfect because the power to walk is not wholly taken away but the diseased stand upon their feet with a great deal of difficulty Many at that time being deceived in the knowledg of the disease mistaking this for a great weakness of body contracted by their sickness endeavoured to take it away by eating and drinking largely but in vain This also is the cause why the Falling-sickness and Lethargies too as we have oft-times seen follow after the Colick because the matter
affirmed to arise out of the marrowy substance of the brain in the basis thereof near to the first pair It s original but the new dissection of the brain and which is performed by turning it upside down hath taught us that they arise at the utmost sides of the brain in that part which is above the holes of the ears whereby it is manifest that hitherto only one half of them hath been shewn They are very sharp at their original and distant one from the other but going forward by degrees betwixt the uppermost and middle prominence of the brain they grow thicker and draw nearer one to another and so at length they lye down above the sinus or cavities of the spongy bone within the skull These are thrust into the mammillary processes of the brain but Galen and Marinus whom almost all Anatomists have followed would not call them by the name of Nerves although they altogether agree therewith in their colour course and use because they neither have productions like the rest of the nerves nor go out of the cavity of the skull but truly they seem to me to commit no other a sophism then they who have expelled the teeth out of the number of the bones because they are not invested on the outside with a membrane as others are although neither this makes any thing to the essence of the bones nor that to the essence of the nerves CHAP. II. Concerning the Nerves of the Spinal Marrow properly so called and first of those of the Rack-bones of the Neck NAture the wise parent of all things as the hath framed the nerves that they might serve for the carrying of the faculties and spirits that are generated in the brain because the brain it self could not be diffused through the whole body so when the same could not conveniently bestow nerves upon all the parts The spinal marrow by reason of their too great distance she made the spinal marrow which is nothing else but the marrow of the after-brain and brain extended through the long conduit pipe of the rack-bones of the back And therefore we having already viewed those nerves which take their original from the marrow of the brain whilest it is yet contained in the skull it remains now that we take a view of them also which come from the spondyls of the back-bone But it is called marrow not that it hath any affinity by reason of its substance with the marrow of the bones Why it is called marrow but because like marrow it is contained within the rack-bones but the substance thereof is like that of the brain which it self also Plato called marrow and it is named the spinall marrow or of the back to distinguish it from both those that are contained in the back-bone It is wrapt up into two membranes but either in the skull as the brain or in the hollowness of the bones as that which is properly called marrow This substance is covered with two membranes no otherwise then the brain it self is from whence it takes its original the one thick the other thinner which are invested with a certain third strong and membranous covering that Galen thought to be the ligament of the rack-bones But it was made to that end that it might distribute sence and motion to the muscles and membranes to which those pairs of the brain do not reach The conjugations or pairs of the spinal marrow Therefore when there is a good number of nerves arising therefrom yet we shall easily reduce them to some certain classes or companies if we say that they all make up thirty pairs of which seven belong to the marrow whilest it is carried through the rack-bones of the neck twelve whilest it is carried through those of the chest five through those of the loins and lastly six to that which is contained in the holes of the Os sacrum or great bone But these nerves go out through the holes of the rack-bones and either with a double original on the fore and hinder part as it happens in the two first conjugations of the neck and five of the great bone which arise not from the sides that is from the right of left part but issue forth two branches before and behinde or else with a single one through the hole bored in both sides of the rack-bones as happens in all the rest of the pairs in which one nerve issues from the right side the other from the left But the first and second pair have a double beginning lest if they should arise with a single one that being somewhat thicker might have been hurt by the joints of the rack-bones or if the hole should be made larger the rack-bone which was small enough of it self should be liable to breaking Therefore that both these evils might be avoined the wise Opificer made a double beginning one on the forepart another on the hinder But the right branches go everywhere to the right side the left to the left and they are distributed on both sides after the same manner The first pair of the neck The first pair thereof tab 1. η. 1. arises with its first and foremost propagation tab 1. Î’. from the forepart of the spinal marrow and passes out berwixt the nowl-bone and the first rack bone of the neck near to the sides of that round ligament wherewith the tooth-like process of the second rack-bone is tyed to the foreside of the nowl-bone and so it is distributed into the muscles over the neck and under the gullet that bend the neck With the other and hinder propagation tab 2. Fig. 1. C. it likewise falls out through the hole that is common to the nowl-bone and first rack-bone of the neck towards the hinder part but with a double sprig one of which being small is spent upon the lesâ—er strait muscles and the upper oblique ones that extend the head the other reaches out into the beginning of the muscle which lifts up the shoulder-blade The second pair tab 1. 2. with its fore-branch tab 1. D. The second pair which is slenderer then the hinder one though both of them seem small enough arising from the fore-part of the marrow goes forth betwixt the first and second rack-bones at the side of the tooth-like process which branch is distributed into the muscles that lye upon the neck as well a the fore-branch of the first pair which is wvapped together with it and is almost wholly spent upon the skin of the face With its hinder branch tab 2. fig. 1. Ε. it slips out through the sides of the backward process of the second rack-bone but presently is cleft into two branches of unequal bigness of which that which is the thicker tab 2. fig. 1. F. tends from the forepart to the hinder where the muscles seated on both sides of the hinder part of the neck do meet together there being mixt t. 2. f. 1. C with the third
be moved All the Nerves descend from the Brain either mediately or immediately Their number their Number is seven and thirty pair or conjugations whereof seven have their original immediately from the Brain the other thirty from the spinal marrow The first Conjugation of the Nerves of the Brain is thicker than all the rest The first conjugation of Nerves and goes to the eyes to carry the visive spirit to them These arising from divers parts of the Brain in the middle way before they go out of the Skull meet together croswise like the Iron of a Mill which is fastened in the upper stone going into one common passage with their cavities not visible to the eye that so the spirits brought by those two Nerves may be communicated and they are mutually joyned and meet together so that being driven back from one eye they may flie back into the other An argument whereof may be drawn from such as aim at any thing who shutting one of their eyes see more accurately because the force of the neighbouring spirits united into one eye is more strong than when it is dispersed into both This conjugation when it comes into the glassie humor is spent in the structure of the Net-like coat which contains this humor on the back-part The second conjugation goes into many parts at its passing forth of the Skull The second conjugation and in the bottom of the circle of the eye it is distributed into the seven muscles moving the eyes The third is twofold in the passage out of the Skull it is likewise divided into many branches The third conjugation of which some are carryed to the temporal muscles into the Masseteres or grinding muscles into the skin of the face forehead and nose Othersome are sent into the upper part of the Cheek and the parts belonging to it as into the teeth gums and the muscles of the upper lip and those which are called the round which incompass the mouth on the inside the last are wasted in the coat of the tongue to bestow upon it the sense of tasting The fourth Conjugation is much smaller The fourth conjugation and is almost wholly wasted upon the coat of the Palat of the mouth to endue it also with the sense of tasting The fifth at its original and having not as yet passed forth of the skull is divided into two The fift conjugation and sends the greater portion thereof to the hole of the ear or passage of hearing that it may support the audory faculty and it sends forth the other lesser portion thereof to the temporal muscles by the passage next to it by which the second Conjugation passes forth The sixt being the greatest next to the first passing entire forth of the skull The sixt conjugation imparts some small branches to certain muscles of the neck and throttle and then descending into the chest it makes the recurrent nerves and dispersed over all the parts of the two lower Bellies it passes even to the bladder and testicles as we shewed in the former book The seventh is inserted and spent upon the muscles of the bone Hyois the tongue The seventh conjugation and some of the throttle to give them motion it passes forth of the skull by the hole of the Nowl-bone at the extuberancies thereof The seventh Figure shewing the eighth Conjugation of the Nerves of the Brain AA 1 2 The Brain BB 1 2 the After-brain CC 1 2 the smelling of the brain which some call the Mamillary processes D 1 the beginning of the spinal marrow out of the basis of the brain F 1 2 a part of the spinal marrow when it is ready to issue out of the skull FF 1 2 the mamillary processes which serve for the sense of smelling GG 1 2 the Optick nerves H 1 the coition or union of the optick nerves II 1 2 the Coat of the eye whereinto the optick nerves are extended KK 1 2 the second pair of the sinews ordained for the motion of the eyes LL 1 2 the third pair of sinews or according to the most Anatomists the lesser root of the third pair MM 1 2 the fourth pair of sinews or the greater root of the third pair N 2 a branch of the third conjugation derived to the musculous skin of the fore-head O 2 a branch of the same to the upper jaw PP 2 another into the coat of the nostrils Q 2 another into the temporal muscles R 2 a branch of the fourth conjugation crumpled like the tendril of a vein S 2 a branch of the same reaching unto the upper teeth and the gums T 2 another of the same to the lower jaw V 2 a surcle of the branch T to the lower lip XX 2 another surcle from the branch T to the roots of the lower teeth YY 2 the assumption of the nerves of the fourth conjugation unto the coat of the tongue Z 1 2 the fourth pair are vulgarly so called which are spent into the coats of the palat a 1 2 the fifth pair of sinews which belong to the hearing φ the Auditory-nerve spred abroad into the cavity of the stony bone * a hard part of the fifth conjugation above the * which may be counted for a distinct nerve b 1 2 a small branch derived from this harder part of the first pair c 1 2 a lower branch from the same original d 1 2 this nerve is commonly ascribed to the fifth pair but indeed is a distinct conjugation which we will call the Eighth because we would not interrupt the order of other mâ—ns accounts e 1 2 the sixt pair of sinews f 2 a branch from them derived to the neck and the muscles couched thereupon g 2 another branch to the muscles of the Larinx or throttle h 1 2 the seventh pair of sinews i 1 the union of the seventh pair with the sixt l 2 a propagation of the seventh pair to those muscles which arise from the Appendix called Stiloides m 2 surcles from the seventh conjugation to the muscles of the tongue the bone Hyois and the Larinx opq 1 three holes through the hole o the phlegm issueth out of the third ventricle of the Brain to the Tunnel and at pq is the passage of the Soporary arteries to the ventricles of the Brain CHAP. IX Of the Rete Mirabile or wonderful Net and of the Wedg-bone The existence of the Animal Spirit What the Rete Mirabile is THe Animal spirit is made of the vital sent from the Heart by the internal sleepy Arteries to the Brain For it was requisite that it should be the more elaborate because the action of the Animal is more excellent than that of the vital Nature hath framed a texture of Arteries in many places running cross one another in the form of a Net divers times doubled whereupon it had the name of the wonderful Net that so the spirit by longer delay in these Labyrinthian or maze-like
turnings might be perfectly concocted and elaborate and attain to a greater fitness to perform the Animal functions The site and number This wonderful Net situate at the sides of the Apophyses clinoides or productions of the wedg-bone is two-fold that is divided by the pituitary Glandule which is situate between the said Apophyses Clinoides having the wedg-bone lying under them next to the Crassa Meninx being perforated on the right and left side next to which lye bones as rare as a sponge even to the Palat by which the Phlegm is purged by the mouth and nose and there-hence I think that spattle flows which such as have a moist Brain continually spit out of their mouth The Eighth Figure of the Brain A The brain B the Cerebellum or after-brain C a process of the Brain but not that is called Mamillaris DD the marrow of the back as it is yet within the skull E the Mamillary process or instrument of smelling F the optick nerve G the coat of the Eye into which the optick nerve is spread H the nerve that moveth the Eye or the second pair I the third conjugation or the harder and lesser branch of the nerves of the third conjugation brought forward K the fourth conjugation or the greater and thicker nerve of the third pair bending downward L a branch of the nerve marked with I which goeth to the fore-head M another branch of the nerve I reaching to the upper jaw NN a nerve proceeding from the branch I intexed or woven with the coat of the nose O the nerve of the temporal muscle issuing from the branch I. P a nerve contorted of the nerves K and b. Q a nerve proceeding from the branch K to the sockets of the upper teeth R a nerve creeping from the nerve K to the lower Jaw S a surcle of the branch R offered to the lower lip TT other surcles from the branch R attaining to the lower teeth VV a branch of the nerve K diffused into the coat of the tongue XX the fourth pair of sinews which go into the coat of the palat Y the fifth pair of sinews which are the nerves of hearing a the membrane of the ear unto which that fifth nerve goeth bc two small branches of the fifth conjugation uniting themselves with the nerve P. d the eighth conjugation or a nerve of the fifth pair attaining unto the face ee the sixt pair of nerves f a branch from the nerve e reaching to the muscles of the neck g small branches derived unto the throttle or Larinx h the bifurcation of the nerve into two branches iii an inner branch hanging to the rack-bones and strengthening the intercostal nerves and is therefore called intercostalis kk surcles of the utter branch going to the heads of the muscles to the breast-bone and to the coller-bones lm branches of the right nerve l making the right recurrent nerve mn the insertion of the recurrent sinews into the muscles of the larinx op branches of the left-nerve making the left recurrent sinew p. qq branches from the sixth conjugation going to the coat of the lungs r small nerves of the heart and of the purse thereof called the Pericardium as also some approaching to the coats of the lungs s nerves on either side sent to the stomach t the right stomach-nerve going to the left orifice of the stomach uu the left stomach-nerve going to the right orifice of the stomach x a nerve from the branch u passing into the hollowness of the liver y the nerve belonging to the right side of the kell z the nerve belonging to the colick-gut α a nerve creeping to the gut called duodenum and the beginning of the jejunum or empty gut β a nerve implanted in the right side of the bottom of the stomach γ a nerve belonging to the liver and bladder of gall δ a nerve reaching to the right kidney ε a branch reaching the Mesenterium and the guts ζ a branch sprinkled to the right part of the bladder η a branch going through the left part of the kel θ surcles derived to the colick-gut and the kel κ small branches inserted into the Spleen λλ a nerve approaching to the left side of the bottom of the stomach μ a branch belonging to the left side of the Mesentery and the guts ν a branch which attaineth to the left kidney ξ small nerves creeping through the left side of the bladder ο the seven pair of sinews Ï€ a branch derived from the sixt conjugation to the muscles which arise from the process called Styloides Ï a branch of the seventh conjugation which goeth to the muscles of the tongue of the bone hyois and of the throttle or larynx Ï‚ a conjunction or coition of the 6. and 7. pair into one nerve What the Apophyses Clinoides are These Apophyses clinoides are certain productions of the Os basilare or Wedg-bone called the Saddle thereof between which as I said the pituitary glandule lies with part of the Wonderful Net There is a great controversie amongst Anatomists concerning this part for Vesalius denies that it is in man Whether the Rete mirabile differs from the Plexus Choroides Columbus admits it yet he seems to confound it with the Plexus Choroides Truly I have observed it always after the manner as Sylvius alledges against Vesalius It remains that we recite the perforations of the skull because the knowledg of these much conduces to the understanding of the insertions of the veins arteries and nerves CHAP. X. Of the holes of the inner Basis of the Skull IN the first place are reckoned the holes of the bone Ethmoides then those of the Optick-nerves Thirdly of the nerves moving the Eyes Fourthly of that portion of the nerves of the fourth conjugation which go to the temporal muscles Fiftly are reckoned those holes scarce visible situate under the pituitary glandule by which the spittle is evacuated Sixthly that hole which is in the wedg-bone made for the entrance into the internal sleepy Arteries composing the Wonderful Net and then passing into the brain by a great Slit. That perforation which we reckon in the seventh place is commonly double made for the entrance of one of the branches of the internal Jugular-vein The eighth hole is somewhat long of an Oval figure by which part of the third conjugation and all the fourth conjugation passes forth The ninth are the auditory passages The tenth are very small holes and give way to the vein and artery going to the auditory passage above the foramen caecum In the eleventh place are reckoned the perforations which yield passage forth to the sixth pair of nerves to part of the sleepy Arteries and of the internal Jugular In the twelfth those which yield a way out to the seventh conjugation The great hole of the Nowl-bone through which the spinal marrow passes is reckoned the thirteenth The fourteenth is that which most commonly is behind that great Hole by which the