the Animall spirits generated in the complications of the Arteries of the brain seeing the Arteries of the brain do not differ in kind from the arteries of the Obiection ther parts of the body Now in the other parts the arteries do not generate Animal spirits Answere therfore they shal not do it in the brain I answer that the Animal spirit doth not attain his forme difference in the coÌ„plications but eyther in the ventricles or in the substance of the brain In those straights and narrow passages it is only prepared and attaineth a kind of rudiment or initiation by irradiation from the braine So in the crooked rings of the preparing vessels the seed hath a delineation from the influce of the testicles In the mesaraicks the blood is prepared by a vertue beaming from the Liuer neyther did Galen euer acknoledge any other vse of those complications then the attenuation of the vitall spirit and the preparation of the animal Fourthly that there is no animal spirit he thus proueth If in the brain a spirit wer coÌ„tained theÌ„ our sensations cogitations should be perpetual because Argenterius 4 Argument Answere the faculties of the soule are euer prest and at hand I answere that the soule doth not alwayes worke though it haue an Organ because the Organ is often hindred as when the naturall heare is drawne inward for example in sleepe Againe there is not alwayes a sufficient supply of Animall spirits and thence it is that the functions doe not alwayes worke but sometimes rest themselues as in the night in which time the spirits are redintegrated and refreshed and this according to Phisitians is the onely finall cause of sleepe or rest Fiftly he obiecteth that thogh it should be granted that there is an Animall spirit yet it cannot descend to the feete because it is of a fiery and airy Nature But this argument The fift answerd is already answered thus That all the spirits by their proper motion are carried vpward and outward but when they are directed by the soule they are diffused and dispersed into all the parts of the body So the Arme being naturally heauy is often times depressed by his Elementary forme yet it is lifted vp againe by the soule for our naturall heate is by diffusion communicated to all the parts Sixtly if there be more kindes of spirits The sixt then saith Argenterius it will follow that they must be mingled confounded which confusion of the spirits will also induce eyther a confusion or nullity of the actions But let vs grant which yet is not true that the spirits are confounded will it thence follow that euery Answered spirit shall not performe his owne office VVhy may not the vitall do the offices of life and the Animall supply sense and motion For these spirits are not contrary that in the permistion they should abate their power force mutually Seauenthly he saith that The seuenth the pupilla or apple of the eye is dilated by the spirit of the arteries which is vitall and not Animall On the contrary we thinke that when one eye is closed vp the apple of the other cannot in a moment be dilated by any spirits proceeding from the arteries because the arteries of both the eyes doe not meete and vnite themselues as do the optick nerues But there is a great distance betwixt them and so great as that it is impossible that the Vitall spirit together with the arteriall blood should so instantly mooue itself from one eye to another Eightly hee obiecteth that the influence of an Animall spirite is not necessarie a The eight quality onely or beaming light might be sufficient for nothing that is corporeal is moued in an instant But we know that the Muscles obey the Braine according as our will commandeth theÌ„ for we are able in the twickling of an eye to moue our vtmost ioynts We answere that the spirit which is the Organ of the soule dooth instantly accomplish Answered the commandement thereof and is euer addrest in the Nerues and as it is spent repayred by new influence and succession whence it is that before the exhaustion or expense of the olde a newe is ministred to supply the roome Which Lucretius in an elegant Verse hath thus chanted Ergo Animus cum sese ita commouet vt velitire Inque gredi fert extemplo quae incorpore toto Per membra atque artus animali dissita vis est Et facile est factu quoniam coniunct a tenetur When the Soule listeth her selfe to disport The Powers throughout the bodie disioyned Into the Ioynts and Members resort For the Soule holdeth them alwaves conioyned Finally he concludeth that there is but one influent spirit because there is but one soul Argenterius conclusion one influent heats one nourishment of the parts to wit the blood and one aire that is inspired These are Argenterius Darts which he casteth against Galen which howe light they are and little sauouring of Physicke let the learned iudge True it is that the soule is but one but that one is furnished with diuers Faculties there is but one Aliment but by diuers concoction it receyueth a diuers forme and that one according vnto the diuers substance of the parts is of diuers sorts As therefore there are three Faculties of the Soule the Naturall Vitall and Animall â—ut câ—ncluon three principles the Braine the Heart and the Liuer three Organs ministering vnto them Veines Arteries and Nerues so are we to thinke that there are three spirites distinct in forme and kinde otherwise all thinges should bee one because the common matter of all is one and the same There be other weapons farre keener then these of Argenterius wherwith we may affront Other resons to prooue there is no Animal spirit the opinion of Galen concerning the Animall spirit which for disputation sake and that the truth may be better cleared we will thus vrge Whatsoeuer spirit is conteyned in the Cauity of the Arteries is to be accounted Vital But all the spirits conteined in the Braine are included within the Arteries neyther doe they euer yssue out of them and therefore the spirits of the Braine are Vitall and not Animall The Minor proposition or assumption is thus confirmed If the spirites boult out of The first the Arteries then are they conueyed either into the Ventricles or into the substaunce of the Brain which if we admit then wil the spirit becom presently condensed For the scalding Vapors which arise into the Braine from the bowels boyling with extraordinarie The answere heate are much thinner then the spirits and yet are instantly condensed or thickned Now that the Vapor is thinner then the spirit may be prooued because the vapour exhaleth outward the spirits remaining within To this argument wee answere that the Nature of Spirits and Vapors is diuers The spirits are retained by the Soule beecause they are familiar and
wherein it may be transported because it distendeth the parts in which it is entertained and occupieth a place for when the creature is dead both the ball of the eye is corrugated or wrinkled and the Membranes thereof doe also fall being no more illustrated by the beames of the spirits It is therefore a body but the finest and subtillest substance that is in this Little world For as the winde it passeth 〈…〉 wind repasseth at his pleasure vnseene but not vnfelt for the force and incursion thereof is not without a kinde of violence so the seede although it be thicke and viscid yet passeth thorough vessels which haue no manifest cauities the reason is because it is full as it were 〈…〉 houen with spirits Galen in his third Booke of Naturall Faculties saith That blood is thin 〈…〉 vapour thinner and Spirits thinnest of all I saide moreouer that it was alwayes in motion for the spirits are continually moued not by another onely as the humors which whither they be drawne or driuen are alwaies 〈◊〉 the 〈…〉 in 〈◊〉 motion mooued by a power without themselues but also by themselues that is by an inbred principle of their owne So that there is a double original of the spirits motion on homebred another but a stranger by the homebred principle they are mooued as the flame vpward 〈…〉 and downward as Galen teacheth Vpward because light for they are fiery and airy and downe-ward towarde their nourishment If either of these motions bee hindred the spirit is corrupted and that by consumption or extinction by consumption for want of 〈…〉 nourishment when it cannot mooue downward by extinction from his contraries when it is choaked by cold and moysture because it cannot mooue vpwards Againe they are moued by an externall principle when they are Drawn hither or Driuen thither They are 〈…〉 driuen the Naturall from the Liuer the Vitall from the heart in his Systole the Animall from the Braine when it is compressed They are drawne the naturall by the veines the vitall by the particular parts together with the Arteriall blood the Animall verie rarely vnlesse a part be affected either with paine or pleasure For in such a case neyther dooth the vehemency of the obiect suffer the faculty to rest nor the heate cease to draw the spirits vnto it The spirits therefore haue a body mooueable It followeth in the definition that they are engendred of blood and a thin vapour so 〈…〉 that they haue a double matter an exhalation of the bloode and aire and therefore it is that all our spirits are cherished preserued and nourished by aire and blood The last part of the definition designeth the vse of the spirits as being the last and finall 〈…〉 cause for which they were ordained For the spirits are the vehicles or carriages not of the soule but of the faculties thereof for if the Vessels Veines Arteries or Nerues be tyed 〈…〉 the life motion and sense of the parts to which these vessels passe do instantly abate are in short time vtterly extinguished vpon the interception of the spirits not of the faculties themselues which are incorporeall because the band or tye dooth neither interrupt the continuity of the vessell with his originall neither yet his naturall disposition And this is the nature of spirits in generall Now some spirits are ingenit or in-bred which are so many in number as there are seuerall kinds and fortes of parts some influent which flowe as it were from diuers Fountaines 〈…〉 and serue to rowze and raise vp the sleepy and sluggish operations of the former Concerning the number of the influent spirits Physitians are at great difference among themselues Argenterius thinketh that there is but one sort of spirits because there is but one soule and that hauing but one organ one bloode and one ayre which is breathed in But the Ancients farre more acutely haue recorded three manner of spirites because there 〈…〉 are three faculties of the soule the Naturall the Vitall and the Animall three principles the Braine the Heart and the Liuer and three kinde of Vessels Veines Arteries and Sinnewes That there is an Animall spirit beside that Galen inculcateth it in sundry places many reasons do euict it For to what purpose else was the braine hollowed or bowed into so many arches To what purpose are those intricate mazes and laberynthes of small Arteries which in the Braine we call Rete mirabile the wonderfull Nette And why are the sinewes propagated into so many braunches But of this we shall haue occasion to speake more hereafter as also of the vitall which no man yet euer opposed and of which the Poet maketh Ouid. mention calling it a diuinitie Est Deus in nobis agitante calescimus illo In vs there is spirit seated And by his motion we are heated Onely concerning the naturall spirit there hath been some difference many labouring That there is no natural spirit to blot his name out of the rowle whose arguments we will here scite before the tribunall of Reason to see how they acquite themselues First they say that the naturall faculty needeth 1. de loc affict 12. meth in arte parua 1. Reason no vehicle or weftage because it is inbred in euery part for which they auouch Galen Againe there is no matter whereof this naturall spirit should bee made because there bee no vessels whereby ayre may be conuayed vnto the Liuer neither is there any place for his generation there be no such cauities in the Liuer as are in the Heart and the braine Adhereto 2. Reason that there be no currents or channels to be found whereby it should be led through the body for the coates of the veines are too thinne to hold or contain an aetherial spirit 3. Reason And truely Herophilus well conceiteth that therefore the Artery is manifolde sixe fold 4. Reason Herophilus sayth he thicker then the veine because it was made to conteine the spirits which by reason of their tenuity if they had not beene inclosed within stronger wals would easily haue vanished away Moreouer seeing the spirits as Hippocrates sayth haue in them a kinde of nimble violence 5. Reason Hippocrates 6. Reason and impetious motion if they were contayned within the veines they would make the veines to beate as do the arteries Finally if it be granted that the spirits doe passe and repasse through the veines yet with what nourshment shall they bee preserued For heate sayth the great Dictator Hippocrates is nourished by moderate cold nowe there is no ayre Hippocrates led vnto the veines to serue that turne These and such like are the arguments whereby they casheere this naturall spirit which Answere to the former arguments To the first if they be weighed in equall balances will be found too light to sway an established iudgement For first Galen doth not absolutely deny that
the Lungs follow the motion of the chest for the auoiding of vacuity as in the next booke we shall more plainly proue Neither is the distention and contraction of the Chest simply necessary for the maintenance Respiration is not absolutely necessarie to life of life for those creatures which lurke in holes all winter we cal thē 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 some women do liue without that motion of the chest Respiration therfore in the Embryo or young infant is not absolutely necessary Some there be who thinke that infants doe respire in the wombe as diuing Fisher-men who will remaine more houres then one in the bottom of the water and returne fresh vp That the Infāt doth rispire A comparison and laden with Fish Why should not the infant being warme in the womb as wel liue his weazon haply a litle helping him as the cold fisher draw aer out of himself with his mouth being compassed round about with cold water The same thing also they confirme by the authority of many authernticall authors Hippocrates in his Booke De Natura pueri saith First the infant breatheth a little and draweth a little blood from the wombe and his breathing is encreased Authorities when he draweth more blood it descending more plentifully into the womb Galen de locis affectis If the heart be depriued of Respiration the man must of necessity instantly perish Is not the infant a man Furthermore women feele their infants to mooue with Animall and voluntary motion Why therefore are not the Lungs and the heart moued As therefore in the first months when the infant beginneth to moue he is truly said to mooue though it be obscurely so though he breatheth obscurely yet he may truly be saide to respire Galen in his 4. Book de causis pulsuum saith that women with child haue greater quicker and swifter pulses then they haue when they are not with childe because they are compelled to breath not onely for themselues but also for their infants But all these thinges do prooue indeede that infants do transpire but they do not prooue that they do respire For in respiration the Chest is contracted and distended and aer is breathed in by the mouth the nose which that it is not so in the infant we haue already demonstrated Indeede by the The Solution of the Arguments vmbilical arteries there is aer transported togither with the spirituous blood into the whol body of the infant from the arteries there are many inoculations into the veins whence it commeth to passe that though the arteries be tied yet the creature doth not presently die as being a while sustained by that aer which the whole body receiueth from them QVEST. XXVII Whether the vitall Faculty which procreateth the spirits is idle in the infant and whether his heart is mooued by it owne proper power A Paradoxe COncerning the life of the Infant that is how hee excerciseth his vital faculties A paradoxe that the vitall Faculty of the heart in the infant is ydle there is a new Paradoxe which we will Discusse I doubt not but at the first view it will seeme to many men absurd but if it bee better attended I presume it will appeare so strong and so wel supported with strong demonstrations that it will be hard for a contentious spirit to shake them The Paradox is this There is in the infant no necessity of the lungs the heart because he liueth without their official action This if I can prooue I shall ouerthrow the iudgement and determination of Aristotle the Peripatetiks concerning the soueraignty of the Heart in mans body The demonstration of our Paradox shal be wholy Physiologicall and Anatomicall The Faculties of the Soule are reckoned by Aristotle to be three the Vegetatiue the Sensatiue and the Intellectuall The Physitians account so many but giue them other Names The Demonstration The Naturall the Vitall and the Animal That which the Peripatetiks call the Vegitatiue differeth nothing from the Physitians Naturall For as we say the whole Natural Faculty is conteined in the Increasing Nourishing and Procreating vertues so Aristotle in his second de Anima saith that the same vertues serue the vegetatiue soule This vegetatiue faculty is common to all things that are animated that is which haue any kinde of life in them and proper to them onely For all things that haue life are nourished but the Vital faculty of the Physitians which is the procreator of the spirits of life which shineth in respiration and in the pulse doth not appeare in plants and things without bloode because their colde and crasse spirits are scarse at all expended or wasted In hotter creatures there was neede of a fire-hearth from whence the vanishing heate of the particular parts might bee redintigrated and refreshed by the influence of another That liuely and quickning Nectar is the vitall spirit which the heart 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Originall of heate and life continually generateth of bloode and aer mingled together by his admirable motion as a water Engine worketh vp a streame That this vital faculty of the Physitians doth not shine in the infant neither yet his heart mooue by a proper and ingenite power although he liue we are fully perswaded by these arguments The heart is mooued to generate vitall spirits and the same to diffuse out of his left ventricle The first Argument as out of a liuing fountaine to the channels of the great Artery to refresh the fading decaying heat to supply by his sourse of vitall spirits the liuelode of the particular parts This is all the necessity of his perpetual motion this the Final cause But in the infant there is no generation of vitall spirits in the ventricles of the heart neither are vitall spirits deriued from his heart into the Arteries Ergo his heart mooueth not there being no necessity What necessity there is of the motion of the heart of the motion The Maior proposition of it selfe is cleare enough For who seeth not that in the Diastole or distension of the heart both the matters of the spirit Aer and Blood are drawn into the heart The Aer by the Venall artery into the left ventricle the bloode by the hollowe veine into the right againe that in the Systole or contraction of the heart both the sooty vapors which are the recrements of the spirits are purged and the vitall spirits driuen into the pipes of the great artery as into water-courses Insomuch that this generation of the spirits which it accomplisheth by his perpetuall motion seemeth to be the onely officiall action of the heart The Minor proposition is thus confirmed The vitall spirit is generated of aer and blood mingled together Both the matters before There is no generation of vitall spirits in the infant they attaine the left ventricle of the heart do stand in neede of preparation The aer by his abode in
The Veines are braunches of the inner or vtter Iugulars the Arteries The veines of the Carotides or sleepy Arteries and of that we call Ceruicales or the artery of the necke The inner Iugular at the Basis of the skull in the backpart table 7. figure 13. at Λ is deuided into two brāches one bigger which watereth the backpart another smaller branching The inner iugular forward The bigger Tab. 7 fig. 13 the lower c attaineth into the braine at the first hole of thr Nowle-bone Tab. 4. fig. 10 b The lesser Tab. 6 fig. 1 DD getteth into the braine at the seauenth hole of the wedge-bone Tab. 4 fig. 10 R The vtter Iugular veine sendeth three branches into the Scull the first Tab. 7 fig. 13 B The vtter Iugular entreth into the Sinus of the dura meninx through the hole of the temple bones Tab. 4 fig. 10 C The second Tab. 7 fig. 13. G. Tab. 14 fig. 19 HH passeth in at the second hole of the wedge-bone Tab 4 fig. 10. G The third Tab. 7 fig. 13 H. Tab. 14 fig. 19 II is distributed into the dura meninx and getteth in at the hole of the spongy bone FIG XIII XIV XV XVI Beside these fiue veins Vesalius Another vein of Vesalius his finding and Platerus add another to wit the end of the Necke veine which entreth the Scul say they at the third hole of the Nowle bone which was purposely made for it But Bauhine could neuer obserue it yet wee haue added it in the Table Tab. 7 fig. 13 D. Thus much of the veins now of the arteries The sleepy artery called The arteries Carotis whē it is come on either side to the Chops is diuided into two branches one exterior of which heereafter the other interior which is the larger of the twain This at the Basis of the Scull tab 7 fig. 13 B is diuided into 2. vnaequall branches The first is a little lesse then the Trunke The first tab 7 fig. 13 L. fig. 15 CC. tab 14 fig. 19 P pierceth the Scull through a proper hole of his owne thrilled in the temple-bone passeth vnto the saddle of the wedge bone and then sheaddeth a branch on each hand into the side of the dura mater tab 7 fig. 15 D and afterward being diuersly carried and diuided as wee shall heare more distinctly in the booke of veines it helpeth to make the Rete mirabile tab 7 fig. 14 and the Plexus Choroides From this first issueth a branch obliquely tab 7 fig. 13 q and getteth into the braine at the second hole of the The second temple-bone and then is diuided into two branches the one running outward tab 7 fig. 13 s through the eight hole of the wedgebone into the cauity of the Nose tab 7 fig. 15 ◠the other inward which is diuided into two tab 7 fig. 13 uu and after distributed into the Dura Meninx and this is called the second artery though it arise out of the first The third artery Tab. 7 fig. 13 I is the other branch of the inner trunke of the Carotis The third much lesse then the first getteth in at the first hole of the nowle-bone Tab. 4 fig. 10 b and so passeth into the Sinus of the dura meninx There is also one other artery called Ceruicalis which is a sprout of the axillary artery it A fourth perforateth the dura meninx in the side where it inuesteth the spinall marrow and entreth the Scull at the same large hole whereout the marrow issueth and ascendeth vnto the place of the Glandule called pituitaria where it is diuided into two branches which helpe to accomplish the Plexus Choroides Beside these veines and arteries the Sinus of the dura meninx is also a vessell of the brain which we haue at large discribed before It receiueth three veines Tab. 7 fig. 13 CDE and The Sinus of the Dura meninx two arteries IK which vnburthen themselues into it and this Sinus according to his diuers course is distinguished into foure as you haue heard which are larger then the veines that ascend vnto the Scull but not round as they are but rather like a triangle consisting of three ribs of an equall length and curued somewhat inward From these do issue certaine passages like vnto veines by which both sorts of bloud Naturall and Vitall is distributed into the substance of the braine as we haue said before The vse of the veines is three-fold first to bring plentifull nourishment to the braine The second to bring a Natural influent spirit from the Liuer to nourish the ingenit Naturall The vse of the veines spirit of the braine The third together with the Naturall spirit to bring the Vegetable soule or power into the braine The vse of the arteries is to bring vitall spirits and facultie to cherish the vitall spirit of the braine to ventilate the in-bred heate of the braine to moue the bloud in the veines The vse of the Arterres which otherwise would putrifie And finally to make the bloud of the veines which is thicker heere then ordinary as we haue already obserued somewhat thinner that it might passe and repasse more freely And thus much shall suffice concerning the containing parts of the head both outward and inward common and proper with their appurtenances the vessels Now it is time we should come vnto the parts contained which are the braine and the after-braine with the spinall marrow and Nerues arising there from and first of the braine it selfe CHAP. IX Of the Excellency Scituation Figure Substance and Temperament of the Braine BEing to vndertake the history of the braine me thinkes we may make a diuision of those parts that belong vnto fall vnder our sense into foure sorts One sort of them that are about the braine as the containing parts already spoken of outward and inward common and proper Another sort of them that are within the braine as the substance thereof the figure the magnitude and the diuers parts which haue diuers names giuen them according to their different formes A diuision of the Head of which we will heere and heereafter intreate A third sort of them that ascend vnto the braine as the veines and arteries of which we spake somewhat in the former chapter and shall do more if God permit in the booke of vessels A fourth and last sort of them which issue from the braine as the marrow of the backe or spine the Nerues and the Animal spirit of which also we shall presently heereafter discourse But to the purpose Aristotle in his 2. booke de partibus Anamalium and the 7. chapter and in the first book of his History of Creatures and the 16. chapter saith that all Creatures which haue bloud haue also a braine and none other vnlesse it be somewhat proportionable as the Polipus Aristotle This braine among the auncieut Greekes had no proper name but because of the scituation
whatsoeuer is solid the same is similar and the action of a similar part is Nutrition Contayned parts are the humors concluded or shut vp in their proper vessels and conceptacles as it were in Store-houses Galen calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is humours 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 What are contained parts that is such as are contained in the vessels and dispersed through the whol body Some had rather cal them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Things deteyned the better to signifie those things which are conteined within vs as also which do preserue the substance of the part and therefore we haue called them Nourishers to restraine the word Humors to the Alimentarie and not to include the Excrementitious 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is impulsiue or impetuous thinges Fernelius referreth to the faculties of the soule not to the spirits but in my opinion he is in this out of the way For Impetuous or impulsiue things as the Spirits though the spirits be conteyned and haue proper conceptacles to wit the veynes arteries and nerues yet they are truly called impulsiue substances and Hippocrates spake of the body bodily things therefore not of the Faculties which are but abstracted Notions Hippocrates Now by the word Spirit I do not vnderstand a wind for these are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bastard or as Auicen termeth them Fraudulent spirits whose violence is sometimes so great furious Auicen that they are the cause of many tumults in the houshold gouernement or naturall constitution of the body which is oftentimes miserably distressed with their furious gusts read what Hippo. in his Book de Flatibus hath written of the power of winds But by spirits we vnderstand the primary and immediate instrument of the soule which the Stoicks calleth Hippocrates the Band which tyeth the soule and the body The force of these spirits is such so great the subtilty and thinnesse of their Nature that they can passe suddenly through all parts do insinuate themselues through the fastest and thickest substances as wee may perceyue in the passions of the minde in sleepe and in long watchinges By the ministerie of these spirits all the motions of liuing creatures are accomplished both naturall vitall and animall and by these life nourishment motion and sence do flow into all the parts Finally The continuall motion of the spirits Their motion double Per se aliud the motion of the spirits is perpetuall both of themselues and by another By themselues that is they are mooued continually from an inbred principle both wayes vpward and downward vpward because they are light downward toward their norishment They are mooued by another when they are driuen and when they are drawne The vitall spirits are driuen when the heart is contracted the animall when the braine is compressed The spirits therefore are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 impetuous substances They are fiery and ayery and therefore very fine subtle and swift so the seede although it be thicke and viscid yet in a moment it passeth through the vessels of generation which haue no conspicuous cauities and that because it is spirituous or full of spirits There are also other differences of parts according to Hippocrates in his Booke Deveteri Differences of parts acording to Hip. medicina which are drawne from their substance figure and scituation From the substance some are dense others rare and succulent or iuicy others spongie soft From the figure some are hollow and from a largenesse gathered into a narrownesse or constraint others are stretched wide others solid and round others broad hanging others extended others long From the scituation some are Anterior some Posteriour some deepe others middle vpper-most lower-most on the right hand and on the left A diuision of Parts into Principall and not principall CHAP. XIX THE diuision of parts into principall and lesse principall is verie famous and hath helde the Stage now a long time We define that to be a Principall What is a principal part part which is absolutely necessary for the preseruation of the Indiuiduum or particular creature Or which affoordeth to the whole bodie a faculty or at least a common matter In both senses there are only three principall parts the Braine the Heart and the Liuer the Braine sitteth aloft in the highest Three principall parts place as in the Tribunall or Iudgement seate distributing to euery one of the Instruments of the sences their offices of dignity The Heart like a King is placed in the midst of the Chest and with his vitall heate doth cherish maintaine and conserue the life and safety of all the parts The Liuer the fountaine of beneficall humor like a bountifull and liberall Prince at his proper charges nourisheth the whole family of the bodie From the Braine the Animall Faculty by the Nerues as it were along certaine Chords glideth into the whole frame of Nature From the Heart the Vitall spirits are conneyed through the Arteries as through Pipes and Watercourses into euery part From the Liuer if not a Faculty yet a Spirit if not a Spirit yet at least a common matter to wit the blood is diffused by the veynes into euery corner So that onely three are absolutely necessary for the conseruation of the whole Indiuiduum the Braine the Heart and the Liuer all which are fitted and tyed together in so straite a conspiracy that each needeth the helpe of the other and if one of them faile the rest perish together with it Not that I thinke these The Braine more excellent then the Heart parts are of equall dignity for the Heart is more noble then the Liuer the Braine more excellent then the Heart aswell because his actions are more diuine beeing the seate and Pallace of Reason which is the Soule as also because all other parts are but handmaides vnto it and besides Hippocrates saith it giueth the forme to the whole body For saith he Hippocrates the figure of the rest of the Bones dependeth vpon the magnitude of the Braine and the Scull Galen addeth to the Principall parts the Testicles because they are the chiefe Organs of procreation by which alone the species or kinde is preserued But we thinke that they Galen How the Testicles may bee called principall parts What parts are called ignoble why confer nothing to the conseruation of the Indiuiduum or particular creature because they neuer affoord any matter to the whole body neyther faculty or spirit but onely a qualitie with a subtile and thin breath from whence the flesh hath a seedy rammishnesse a harsh taste and strong sauour and the actions of strength and validity All the rest of the parts may be called ignoble compared to these aswell because from them proceedeth no faculty spirit or common matter as also because euery one of them do minister to some one or other of the principall parts So the Organes of the senses serue the
brain which looseth it selfe in his substance Hee saw the hollow veine in the heart very large and ample but he did not obserue that it onely openeth into the heart gaping at it with a spacious orifice or mouth to poure into the right ventricle as it were into a Cisterne sufficient bloud for the generation of vital spirits to supply the expence of the whole body but goeth not out of the heart as doeth manifestly appeare by those three forked membranes or values and floud-gates yawning outward but close inward But because wee shall haue fitter occasion hereafter to dispute this question with them of the originall of the veines and the sinewes it shall bee sufficient that we haue sayd thus much of it at this time As for the seate of the faculties of sence and motion is it not against all reason and experience That the hart is not the beginning of animal motion to place them in the heart The heart indeede is moued and that perpetually but that motion is not Voluntarie but Naturall it is moued yet not at our pleasure but according to it owne instinct Dayly practise and experience teacheth vs that when the ventricles of the Braine are either compressed or filled and stuffed vp as in the Apoplexy Epilepsie and drowsie Caros then all the faculties are respited and cease from their functions but when the heart is offended the life indeede is endangered but neither motion nor sence intercepted Againe if the heart were the seate of all the faculties as the Peripatetikes would faine haue it then vpon any affection of the same or notable deprauation of his temperament An elegant argument against the Peripatetickes all the functions should be impeached because all actions come from the Temper But we see that in a Hectique ague or Consumption wherein there is an vtter alienation of the temper as being an equall distemper of all distempers the most dangerous yet the voluntary and principall faculties do remaine inviolate In the violent motions and throbbing Strange motions of the Heart palpitations of the heart which some say haue beene seene so extreame that a rib hath beene broken therewith yet neither the voluntary motions of the parts are depraued nor the minde at all alienated or troubled Who will deny but that by pestilent and contagious vapors and breaths comming from the byting of venomous beasts or the taking of poyson the vitall faculty is oppugned and as it were besieged in his own fortresse But yet those that are so affected do enioy both sence and reason euen to the last breath most times When the Braine is refrigerated sleep presently stealeth vpon vs now Aristotle himselfe Aristotle defineth sleepe to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The rest of the first sensator If any of the principal Faculties either Motiue or Sensatiue be affected where do the remedies applyed auaile Surely at the Head not at the Heart The Braine therefore not the Heart is the first Moouer and first Sensator But the Peripatetiks obiect that the Braine hath no The sensation of the Braine not passiue but operatiue Why the braine is cold that is lesse hot Answeres to the arguments of the Peripatetiks sence and therefore cannot be the author of it We will giue them a learned answere out of Galen The Braines sensation is not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is not passiuely but operatiuely It receiueth not the species or Images of sensible things but like a Iudge it taketh knowledge of their impressions and accordingly determineth of them They say the Braine is vnapt for motion because it is cold we answere it was necessary it should bee cold that is lesse hot for the better performance of the functions For if the Braine had exceeded in heate then would his motions haue beene rash and vnruly and his sensations giddie and fond as in a phrensie In a Syncope the Animall faculties do faile It is true but why Because there is an exolusion and so a defect of vitall spirits by which the animall are cherished The Ligation or interception in like manner of the arteries of the necke called Carotides induceth a priuation of motion and sense onely because the vitall Spirits are intercepted which minister matter to the Animall But one Principle is better then many That we confesse is very true but yet we know there are many reasons why it is not possible it should be so in this Little world We Why in the Little worlde there cannot be one onely principle The first demonstration will instance but in a few It is granted by all men that the substance of the arteries is diuerse from that of the veynes and the substance of the sinnewes differing from them both and as their substance so is their structure very different and their temper not one and the same how then could it be that Organs of so distinct kinds should yssue all from one and the same part Againe it was necessary that these organes should in their originall be very The second large and ample to transfuse sufficient spirites and a common matter suddenly and togetherward into the whole bodye Now the magnitude or proportion of any one part much lesse of the heart could not be sufficient for this purpose either to affoord a foundation for so large vessels or to supply a competent allowance of matter for them all Addeheereto The third that the faculties of the soule follow the temper of the body and therefore so diuers faculties might not issue from one part which hath but one single temperament How can we imagine reasonably that three distinct different faculties yea oftentimes quite contrary Reason Anger and Concupiscence shoulde reside altogether as if they were sworne friends in one Organ Or how when the heart is on fire with anger should reason make resistance which delighteth in a middle and equall temper Do not the vital and animall faculties require a different temper Their Organs therefore must also necessarily The fourth be different and distinct For the heart is by nature fitted to contain and propagate the vital faculty but for the preseruation of the animall it is vtterly incompetent The reason is at hand The vitall spirit is very hot impetuous raging and in continuall motion and therefore stood in neede of a strong organ wherein it should be wrought and contained that the spirit might not because of his tenuity be exhaled nor the vessell by which it is conueyed breake in perpetuall pulsing and palpitation which both wold easily haue hapned if the heart and arteries had bin thin and of a slender texture The animall faculty required another temper in her organ otherwise the motions would haue beene furious the sences giddy and rash Reason would continually haue erred because the property of heate is to confound and make a medley of all things shuffling in one thing hudlingly vpon another through his continuall and indesinent
which no man in his right wits but will easily confesse or let him but pricke his finger and he shall see it Auicen Fen prima doctrina 5. Cap. primo defines that to be a principal part which hath in it selfe the Originall or beginning of the first and chiefe faculties of the Auicens desition or a principall part body or wherein the power or efficacy of those faculties by which the body is dispersed or gouerned doth as in his chiefe seate especially reside and manifest it selfe Some of the late Writers haue defined a principall part to bee that which out of it selfe exhibiteth and A definition of the late writers communicateth to other parts some actiue Instrument as for instance a Spirit So that which of all these definitions we accept of it will still remaine that there are three principall parts the Braine the Heart and the Liuer For if we respect Necessity these only are absolutely necessary if the originall of the faculties in the Braine resideth and shineth the animall the vitall in the heart and the naturall in the Liuer if the Instruments then from the Braine floweth the animall spirits by the sinnewes the vitall from the heart by the arteries the naturall from the Liuer by the veins and by those passages are all diffused from their fountaines in the whole body Galen in his Booke de Arte parua addeth to the principall partes a fourth to wit the Testicles not in respect to the indiuiduum or particular creature but because they are of absolute necessity for the conseruation of the kinde and production of encrease For the Testicles indeede do not make allowance to the whole body of any matter or facultie or spirit but only of a quality together with a subtile and thin breath or aire from which the flesh hath a ranke taste of the seede and the bodye a strength or farther ability in the performance of his actions QVEST. IIII. Which of all the principall Parts is the most Noble HAuing praemised this disputation concerning the number of the principall parts it remaineth because wee would haue nothing wanting which may giue satisfaction to such as desire it that we inquire which of all the principall parts is worthily to be preferred aboue the rest Galen in his first Booke de semine preferreth the testicles to the heart where he saith The Heart is indeede the author of liuing but the Testicles Galen preferreth the Testicles before the Heart are they which adde a betternesse or farther degree of perfection to the life because if they be taken away the iollity and courage of the Creature is extinguished the Male followeth not his Female the Veynes loose their latitude and become sunke narrow the Pulse abateth of his strength and becomes weake dull and languishing the skin is pilde and bare whereupon such men are called Glabriones and in a word all virility Glabriones Galen or manhoode vanisheth away Galen addeth The Testicles are another Fountaine or Well-spring of in-bred heate the Feu-place or Fire-hearth where the Lares or houshold-Gods of the body do solace and disport themselues from hence the whole body receyueth Wherein the Testicles do shew their power an encrease of heate and by that meanes not onely foecundity but also a great alteration of the temper the habite the proper substance yea and of the manners themselues so that to say true their power is very great and almost incredible then especially knowne when it is wanting as we may obserue in Eunuches Wherefore as to be and liue well is more excellent then simply to liue and haue an Idle and sluggish existence so the Instrument of the former which is the Testicles is more excellent then that of the latter which is the heart A probable but a sophisticall argument Galens subtile argument answered True it is that which giueth better life if it giue life also is more excellent then that which giueth life onely but the testicles do not giue life at all the creature can liue without them they adde indeed a perfection not to life that is to the concreate as we say but to liuing that is to the abstract so do the eyes so do other parts without which a Man should liue but in liuing should be miserable the heart therefore giueth the substance the testicles exhibite but an additament which may be away albeit it bee with notable detriment detriment I say not of that which the heart giueth which is the substance but of that which themselues affoord which is a complement Now that a substance is of more excellence then a complement no Man will deny the heart therefore is more noble then Whether the Braine be to be preferd before the hart the testicles But the heart hath a greater concurrent in this plea of honour which is the braine The Peripatetikes and Aristotle their Prince together with the whole family almost of The opinion of the Peripatetiks Stoiks the Stoickes especially Chrysippus do giue the preheminence to the heart as well because it is seated in the middest which is the place of honour as also because it is a liuing and abundant Fountaine of Natiue heate and finally because it is the speciall habitation of the soule for euen Hippocrates himselfe the Oracle of Physicke in his booke de Corde placeth Hippocrates the soule in the left ventricle of the heart and hence it is that they call the heart 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifieth Empire or rule comming from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Command But all this notwithstanding we are enforced to yeelde the superiority to the braine We determin that the brain is the prime principal part because his functions are more diuine and more noble then those of the heart For example All sence and voluntary motion proceede from it the habitation it is of Wisedome the Shrine of Memory Iudgement and Discourse which are the prerogatiues of Man aboue all other Creatures This is the Prince of the Family and the head is the head of the tribe all other parts are but attendants though some serue in more honourable place then others and owe homage vnto it yea all were created onely for his vse and behoofe An Elegant demonstratiō how all the body is seruiceable to the Braine For the braine being the seate of the intelligible or vnderstanding faculty it was requisite first that it should be supplied with phantasmes or representations these representations could not be exhibited and represented to the vnderstanding but by the ministerie of the outward sences For it is a rule in Philosophy Nihil est in intellectu quod nō prius fuit in sensu There is nothing in the vnderstanding or intellect which is not first in the sence It was necessary therefore that the sences should be created for the intellect Furthermore the sences could not haue beene perfect vnlesse the
very thicke on the left it groweth thinner by degrees and endeth somewhat sharpe in an acute Angle Tab. xiii Fig 2. from L to I in the forepart also it is thin in the bought or compasse There is but one Liuer for the largenesse makes recompence for the number The waste of spirits in man aboue other creatures and it is the greatest in a man of any creature for his proportion and in the biggest men biggest because it must make blood for the vse of the whole body not onelie for his nourishment but also to serue for his expence of spirits for there are more functions of the soule in a man then in any other creature which functions spend more animall Spirits and those are engendred of the vitall spirits and the vitall spirits of blood therefore a man had neede of good store of blood and by consequent of a great Liuer wherewith to make it In fearefull men and such as are giuen to their paunches it is greater then in other men In fearefull men because the weakenesse of their vitall faculty comming of the In what men it is greater or lesser cold temper of the body might be supplyed by the strength of the natural faculty In rauenous gourmandizers because of the aboundance of the meate they eate for as the Liuer is more plentifully nourished so it groweth greater For the most part the Liuer of a man is whole that when a man goes right vp it might couer the stomacke with the hollow part of it as is snewed in the 6 Tab. lib. 2. and in Tab. 5 excepting the fore and right part wher there Tab xiii Fig 1. at B Tab. xv Fig. 1 E is a cleft like an outlet which was necessary for the passage of the vmbilical or nauil vein Tab. 6 lib. 2 from D to B Tab. 5 C. Tab 8 I. Tab. xiii fig 1 B On the backside a part of it filleth the cauity which both the mouths of the stomacke do leaue But in bruite beasts it is diuided into foure fiue or six Lobes or Finnes which are continuated It hath in meÌ„ no Lobes or diuisions or coupled together onely by the mediation of Veynes within which lobes their stomackes are couered as it were with the fingers of a hand because they haue no cloathes to keepe it warme as men haue For if in them it were whole when they go groueling it would not so lap about the stomacke but hang off Wherefore Birds because they stande more straight vp haue it diuided but once It is knit to the spine bone of the Loynes to the Diaphragma and to other parts by the The Connexion helpe of the rim or Peritonaeum of whom it receyueth three strong Ligaments least being heauy it should at any time fall The first and right is thin Tab 5 D Tab. 8 H Tab. 2 lib. Three Ligaments 4. d. Tab xiii Fig. 2 H like a Membrane broad neruous and very strong proceeding from the Rim where it compasseth the Midriffe and tyeth the Liuer into whose coates it doth degenerate forward to the Diaphragma and is called Suspensortum or the heauing Ligament wherefore when the Liuer growes heauy the Midriffe is drawne downe and in respiration there is more difficulty when a man stands then when he lies along The second and left Ligament is also very strong round Table xi C. Table ii lib. 4. C. Table xiii figure ii I. Table fifteene figure one G and proceeding from the Rim it knitteth also his thinner part to the Diaphragma that the sides of the Liuer may on either hande bee held vp it sometimes also cleaueth to the Cartilages of the bastard ribs The third Ligasment is the vmbilicall or Nauell veyne now dryed after Tab 6 lib 2. from D to B. Tab. 5 B Tab. xii Fig. 1 â— the birth whereby at the Nauell it is tyed down to the Abdomen Tab â—3 Fig 7 8. from Z to Y lest the Liuer falling down should draw the Diaphragma after it Moreouer where the beginning of the gate-veine is Table 11. I there groweth to it a portion of the omentum So on the backside in the compassed face or gibbous part where the hollow veine passeth through it it cleaueth to the rim The membrane It hath a most fine and slender membrane and but one growing from that membrane of the veines which ariseth from the Peritonaeum or rim and this incloseth all his substance That substance is nothing else but bloud poured out of the veines whence it is red and The Parenchyma soft and standeth round about and betwixt them as the earth about and betwixt the small bearded rootes of a tree which bloud being held in by the membrane wee last spake off cloddeth together and therefore of Erasistratus is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is an affusion or pouring out Galen cals it flesh Hippocrates a fleshie viscus or entrall wee with Galen call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the flesh as well of this as of the other entrals The empty spaces betweene the rootes of the hollow and port veine this substance filleth vp as may appeare when the flesh is taken away for so it may be as we haue seene elegantly performed especially by that occulate Anatomist Petrus Pauius of Leydon neere xx yeares since then my first Maister Moderator in Anatomie a liuely resemblance wherof wee haue here annexed albeit it may partly be perceiued by the precedent Table Table xiiij Sheweth the rootes of the Hollow and Gate veines disseminated through the Parenchyma or flesh of the Liuer their Anastomoses or inocculations also the trunkes of the Nauell Hollow and Gate-veines Into euery one of the trunks you may put a sticke before you boyle the Liuer and separate his substance from the vessels that so the vessels may appeare open and not corrugated or crumpled vp together TABVLA XIIII There are a few Arteries inordinately shed through his substance amongst the other vessels The roots of the great veines But there are more rootes of the port veine table 13. figure 4. Table 14. the blacke rootes belong to the gate veines in his lower part and fewer in his vpper and on the contrary many more Tab xiii Fig. 4. Tab. xiiii the white rootes belong to the Hollow veine roots of the Hollow veine in his vpper parts then in his lower wherefore there is more plentifull sanguification or making of blood in the hollow side and more aboundant distribution in the conuex or embowed part but all of them committed acrosse or mixt together Anastomosis what it may best be compared to by Anastomosis Tab. xiii Fig. 4. GGGG Tab. xiiii LLL which most resembleth the inoculation of plants although sometimes the roots of the hollow Vein do fasten their ends into the midst of the roots of the Gate-vein by which the bloud runneth out of the roots of the Gate vein into the Hollow vein so that these roots do make plexum mirabileÌ„ or
there is a Naturall spirit only he casteth in a doubt as it were by the by as also he doeth concerning the vitall spirite in the fift Galen chapter of the 12. booke of his Method when yet notwithstanding it is beyond all controuersie that it is conteined in the arteries But more plainly in the sixt of the vse of Parts he writeth that there is a spirit conteined in the veines yet are there but few of them and those darke as he sayeth and cloudy We confesse that there is a naturall faculty bred and The naturall spirit but cloudy seated in euery part but because the heate and naturall spirit of the partes wherein this inbredde faculty doth consist is but vncertaine like a fugitiue and dull or stupid it standeth in neede of another influent yet like vnto itselfe whereby it might bee stirred vp established and from a potentiall vertue brought into an operatiue act The Arabians imagine that the blood is transported and guided through the whole body The Arabians conceit vnder the conduct of the spirit for although euery part like a Load-stone doe draw vnto itselfe such iuyce as is familiar vnto it yet if the distance of place be too great neither can the Load-stone draw yron nor Amber chaffe nor the part his nourishment To their second argument that there wanteth nourishment both for the generation and preseruation of this spirit because no ayre is conuayed vnto the Liuer we answere with Hippocrates To the second Hippocrates that all bodies are Transpirable and Trans-fluxible that is so open to the ayre as that it may easily passe and repasse through them though not so aboundantly as it doth by the winde-pipe of which aboundance there is no neede because this thicke and cloudy spirit needeth but a litle ayre for his refection which is supplyed by transpiration This Transpiration is made in the hollow parts of the Liuer by the Arteries In the round or gibbous although there be no arteries yet the midriffe with his continual motion as it were with a fanne ventilateth or fanneth not the Liuer onely but all the entralles Thirdly whereas they say there is no cauity no Cisterne no place for generation of such a spirit in the Liuer it is truely a very bold conclusion But let vs sticke to them with To the third as great confidence hauing Galen on our sides equiualent to a whole army of such inexperienced Tyrones It was not necessary sayth he that there should be any cauity or cell in the Liuer such as are in the heart because those bowelles onely which were either to receiue from others are to affoorde and impart together-ward and at once a plentifull and aboundant sourse of matter stood in neede of an ample cauity wherein it should be either treasured stored when it is receiued or wrought and framed when it is to bee conuayed The vitall spirit as it is very fine and thinne and therefore quickly exhausted so it behoued that it should as sodainely bee regenerated that there might neither want plenty for necessity nor aboundance for sodain expence it was therefore necessary that it should haue a large cauitie or Cauldron wherein it should be boyled and prepared for vse as wee see Nature prouided large and ample vessels for the nourishment of the Lungs because of their continuall Why the vessels of the Lungs are large motion which requireth a supply answerable to the expence but the naturall spirit as it cannot so sodainely spend it selfe so there was no neede of any aboundant affluence thereof and therefore the beds or webs of the veines were sufficient for his generation Fourthly whereas they say that the thinne coates of the veines are too weake to guide and safe-conduct the naturall spirit we answere in a word that a thicke grosse substance To the fourth or dull prisoner is easily held in durance To the fift argument we answere that the veines are therefore not moued because the faculty of pulsation is not deriued vnto them from the heart for we do not thinke that the To the fift Arteries are moued by the heate and spirits which they containe but onely by a vitall faculty streaming through them by irradiation from the heart as we shal prooue hereafter Finally they aske how we think these spirits should be nourished We answere that it is transpiration which preserueth refresheth and maintaineth them for euery veine hath To the last his artery accompanying him continually beside the manifold imbracements and inoculations whereby they are as it were wedded one vnto another Wee conclude therefore that there is a naturall spirit the vehicle or guide of the Naturall faculty and of the thicker sort of the blood which is from the Liuer diffused into the whole body The Conclusion QVEST. XIII Whether the Bladder doe draw the Choler vnto it for his Nourishment THat there is a small Bladder tied to the hollow part of the Liuer replenished with a yellow bitter iuyce which we call Choler or Gall there is no man ignorant who hath touched Anatomy as they say but with his vpper lip But whether The seate of the bladder of gall this iuyce doe passe vnto the Bladder of it owne accord or be drawne by the bladder or abligated and sent by the Liuer it is not altogether so manifest That a meere Elementary forme should lead it by a kind of instinct or natural choice for some choyces may be naturall or election vnto that place I thinke fewe men of reason will auouch More likely it is that it is either drawne or driuen Galen is for both so is reason also although Fallopius that subtle and occulate Anatomist contendeth that it is Galen onely driuen from the Liuer and not drawne by the bladder to whome and his arguments Falopius we will set our feet in the next exercise That the choler is driuen from the Liuer the very natue of the iuyce doeth sufficiently proue it is an excrement in his whole nature and quality hurtful and noxious to the Liuer especially and therefore it ought to be auoyded and that sooner and with more expedition That the choler is driuen from the liuer then the other two excrements because his sharpe prouocations are more offensiue and for that reason the receptacle of choler is tyed or fastned close vppon the cauity of the Liuer but the spleene and the Kidneyes which receiue the other two are set further off Why the bladder of gall is fastned to the Liuer That it is drawn by the bladder of gal Galen Againe that this choler is drawne by the bladder of Gall Galen teacheth in his fourth fift bookes of the vse of Parts and beside the fashion and conformation of the bladder it selfe and his passages doe aboundantly perswade vs thereunto for because there be diuers Choler-conduits bending rather down to the guts thē to the bladder whose seite is higher vnlesse the bladder
in arte parua and Vesalius affirmes that hee Galen Vesalius saw it once Sometime this channell of choler is but one and is by nature framed amisse being inserted in some men vnto the bottome of the stomacke in others below the Duodenum the former sort do continually vomit choler the latter as continually auoyde it by seidge the first are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cholericke vpward the other 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cholerick Hip de victus ratione in acut downward both cholericke saith Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is in their habite and conformation To make these things more plaine we must obserue that according to Hippocrates and Two sorts of cholerick mē A cholerick Temper A cholericke Habit. Galen there are two sorts of cholericke men some are so by nature some by euent or accident By nature cholericke is either in Temperament or in Habite In Temperament those are cholericke whose Liuers are hot aboue measure for a hot Liuer engendreth abundance of choler In habite those are called cholericke whose bladder of gall is so formed that the Canell or passage of the gall runnes either to the stomacke or to the emptie gut and yet both these thus habitually cholericke may in their temperament be Flegmaticke There is an elegant history in Galen in his Commentary vpon the second section A Storie out of Galen of the Booke intituled de victus ratione in morbis acutis concerning Paul the Rhetoritian and Eudemus the Philosopher the Rhetoritian was altogether Flegmatick yet vexed with continuall vomitings and for the most part costiue the Philosopher had many cholerick euacuations downeward but none by vomit All these are called Bilious or cholericke by Bilious by euent nature There are also some cholericke by euent that is by a temperament acquired as by labour watchings anger sharpe salt and spiced meates But whether the bladder do draw and driue the choler by one and the same way many haue made question A certaine new writer a great interpreter of Hippocrates but not so An idle conceite well practised in Anatomy writeth that there are two passages inserted into the bodye of the bladder by one of which it draweth by the other it driueth forth the gall But these are meere imaginations for the passage of the bladder is onely one whereby it both draweth and auoydeth choler though at seueral times yet from this common passage do spring The truth two small twigges the one diuersifyed into the Liuer by which it draweth onely the other inserted into the Duodenum by which it onely expelleth And this Galen vnderstood right well as appeareth in the thirteenth Chapter of his third Booke of Naturall Faculties It is not hard saith he to conceiue how traction and expulsion should be made by the same passage at seuerall times if we consider that the gullet doth not onely leade meate into the stomacke but also in vomiting casteth it out by the same way And thus much of the Bladder of gall now we proceede to the Spleene QVEST. XV. Concerning the vse of the Spleene against the slanderous calumniations of Galens Aduersaries THere be diuers opinions as well of the Ancient as Moderne writers about the vse of the Spleene Erasistratus thought it not of any great moment Aristotle Erasistratus Aristotle in his third Booke de partibus Animalium confesseth it to be necessary indeede yet not absolutely but by euent although hee sayth it sometime draweth the excrement from the stomacke and worketh it vnto his nourishment Both these opinions haue beene hissed out of the Schooles of Physitians as being neither established by reason nor agreeing with the maiesty wisedom and policy of Nature who vseth not to create any thing in the frame of our bodies which is not necessary for the better gouernment and order of the common-wealth of the same Alexander Aphrodisaeus sect 2. problem and Aretaeus lib 1. de causis signis chronicorum and the author of the Book de Respiratione Alexander and Aretaeus do conclude that the spleene is the organ of sanguification and they call it the bastard Liuer In this say they is the veinall blood prepared and concocted yet doth their Their reasons beleefe rest vpon coniecture because the frame and structure of both the bowels is alike because in both of them there are large and ample vessels because nature vseth to make the common ministers or seruiceable partes of the bodie either double or if but single then that one is placed in the middest as the heart the stomacke the wombe the bladder the mouth the tongue and the nose because the Liuer is in the right side and the Spleene in the left they seeme to bee two organes ordained for one and the same action But these Confuted bare coniectures are too weak to make a party that should hope to preuaile against a common receiued opinion For how could nature haue set two so ample bowels which were to serue the whole bodie in the midst vnder the heart and how again should she not haue bin idle if she had made more instruments then one for sanguificatiō when one was sufficient Rondeletius was of opinion that the Spleen is not the receptacle of the melancholy humor Rondeletius his opinio because that humour remaining in his naturall integrity is spent vpon the bones other hard and dry parts of the body and because there is lest of that humor in vs there is no part His Reasons appointed to receiue the superfluities thereof like as there is no place ordained to receiue the recrements of the blood which for the most part do passe away by sweats and insensible transpiration Bauhin runneth a middle course between these whose arguments we haue heard before in the history may receiue answer partly by himselfe partly by the answere to others Vlmus a Physitian of Poytiers in France in an elegant and wittie Booke which hee set out of the Spleene hath deuised a newe and vncouth vse thereof that is That Vlmus his opinion in the Spleene the Vitall spirite is prepared hee meaneth that the thinnest part of the Bloode which is the matter of the Vitall spirite passeth from the Spleene thorough the Arteries into the lefte ventricle of the heart where it is mingled with the aire and perfected so powred foorth through the arteries as it were thorough chanels and water-courses into the body And this new paradoxe he establisheth with reasons which carry a shew of great strength and euidence of truth His reasons The matter saith he of the vitall spirit is double Aire and Blood and both these stand in neede of preparation and attenuation the Aire is prepared in the Lunges but the Blood not in the right side of the heart as Galen would haue it because there are no manifest passages from the right to the left ventricle not in the Lunges as Columbus thought and therefore
in the Spleene Moreouer we are perswaded saith he heereunto both by the structure of the Spleene it selfe and by the Symptomes or accidents which follow those that are splenetick For the structure Hippocrates in his first Booke de morbis mulerum saith that the Spleene is rare and spongy as it were another tongue Beside there are innumerable foulds of Arteries therein Hippocrates now these foulds are no where ordained but for a new elaboration and therefore in the Braine is the wonderfull or admirable web formed in the testicles mazy vessels in the Liuer millions of veines wherefore it followeth that Nature hath ordained the spleene for the preparing and attenuating of vitall bloode Add heereto that all the Symptomes of spleniticke persons as a liuid or leaden colour vnsauoury sweate aboundance of lice puffings or swellings of the feete palpitiations of the heart are demonstratiue signes of a languishing or decayed heate and impure spirits The probability of these arguments hath made many to stagger in their resolution concerning this point and yet notwithstanding if they be called to the touchstone wee imagine they will proue no current Coine For how may it be that the vitall spirit prepared in Vlmus opiniō confuted the webs of the Spleene should be conueyed by the great Artery vnto the left Ventricle of the heart when at his orifice there are three Values or Membranes shut without and open within which hinder the ingresse of any thing into the heart And this Hippocrates in his Booke De corde plainly auoucheth whose words because they are sweeter then Nectar Hippocrates and brighter then the midday Sun we will willingly transcribe At the mouths or ingate of the Arteries there are three round Membranes disposed in their top like a halfe circle and they that prie into these secrets of Nature do much wonder howe these orifices and ends of the great Arteries do close themselues for if the heart be taken out and one of those Membranes be lift vp and another couched downe neyther water nor winde can passe into the heart and these Membranes are more exactly disposed in the mouthes of the left ventricle and that for very good reason Thus farre Hippocrates From whence I gather if nothing can passe through the Artery into the heart how shall the bloode attenuated in the Arteries of the Spleene passe thereinto as Vlmus conceiteth But I know what the answere will bee that those Membranes are not ordained altogether to hinder the passage too and fro but that nothing should passe or repasse together or at once after a tumultuous manner But this is idly to decline the force of the argument for the blood that is brought into the heart for the generation of vitall spirits must both be aboundant and at once aboundantly exhibited vnto it which these semicircular Membranes will not admit But concerning this question wee shall haue occasion to dispute heereafter when we entreate of the preparation of the vitall spirit for this time therefore thus much shall suffice Notwithstanding whereas he obiecteth that the large and manifold Arteries which are Obiection Answer 4. vses of the Arteries of the Spleene in the Spleene were not ordained in vaine but for a further elaboration of blood I answer that the vse of the Arteries of the Spleen is fourefold The first that by their pulsation they might purge and attenuate the foeculent and drossie blood the second to solicit or cal this blood out of the Veines into the substance of the Spleene the third to ventilate or breath the naturall heate of the Spleene defiled and almost extinguished by so impure a commixtion least it should faint and decay and finally to impart vnto the Spleen the vitall faculty And so wee see how these notable Arteries are not without especiall Reasons ordayned Answere to the argument of the Symptomes As for the Symptoms which follow Splenitick Patients they happen from the impurity of the blood not yet cleansed from this foeculent excrement and are rather effects of a Perfect Creatures may liue without their Spleenes fault in sanguification then of the store house of the spirits Moreouer if the Spleen had beene ordained for the preparation of the vitall spirit it should haue been found in all perfect creatures because that spirit is of absolute necessity for the maintenance of life Yet Laurentius saith that a few yeares before he wrote his Anatomy hee cut vppe at Paris in A History out of Laurentius France the body of a young man corpulent and full of flesh wherein he found no spleen at all the splenicke braunch was there and that very large ending into a small glandulous or kernelly body and the two haemorrohidal veines which purged the foeculencie of the bloud Pliny in the 11. Book of his Naturall history writeth that the Spleen is a great hinderance Pliny to good foot-man-shippe or swift running and therefore some doe vse to seare it yea and they say that a creature may liue though it bee taken out of the side Againe those creatures which haue lesse of this drossie slime haue no spleenes and yet it is not to bee denyed but they ingender vitall spirites Hereof Aristotle is a witnesse in the 15. Chapter of his Aristotle Creatures that lay egges haue smal spleenes second booke de historia Animalium where hee sayeth that the Spleene is in all creatures which haue blood but in many of those which lay egges it is so small that it cannot almost be perceiued as appeareth in Pigeons Kites Hawkes and Owles These thinges being so let vs now lay downe our opinion concerning the vse of the Concerning the vse of the spleene agreeing with the trueth spleen We will therefore with Galen that the spleene is ordayned for the expurgation of foeculent blood and therefore Nature hath placed it opposite to the Liuer that the thicke and muddy part of the iuice being drunk vp and exhausted the blood might be made pure This melancholy iuyce by a wonderfull prouidence and vnknowne familiarity the Spleene inuiteth vnto it selfe yet not pure and vnmingled as the bladder draweth choler but allayed with much benigne iuyce and laudable blood because as wee sayed before where the draught is made through large orificies there the iuyce is neuer sincere but mixed with some other humour This bloud thus drawne and brought by the Splenicke braunch the aboundance of Arteries doe attenuate mitigate and concoct making it like vnto the Spleene which is nourished Galen with the purer part thereof This Galen witnesseth where he sayth That the Spleen draweth thicker blood then the Liuer but is nourished with thinner and the impurer part sometime belcheth backe into the bottome of the Stomacke sometime falleth into the Hemorrhoidall veines and this is the true and vniforme opinion of Galen and the most Physitians concerning Confirmed by reasons The first the vse of the Spleene which it shall not bee amisse to proue also
vsu partium and the 9. Chapter may take to it selfe some small portion of whaey humidity which may by his acrimony stirre vp his action A cause of pleasure and procure pleasure as we see the whaey humors that are gathered vnder the skinne if they be heated they stirre vp itching and a kinde of pleasure withall By this veine also the chiefe part of the menstruall blood especially in women but not with childe dooth flowe foorth The Veine from the Hypogastricall The other Veine ariseth from the Hypogastricall braunch of the hollowe Veine at the sides of the great bone about the share it is the greater and ascendeth by the sides of the necke vnto the middest of the wombe where it mingleth it selfe with the former This is distributed partly through the bottome of the wombe partly through the necke of it But the vessels that passe through the bottome are alwayes vnited which saith Fallopius Anatomists haue much neglected by some branches and that eyther without the wombe or in his substance without the wombe the boughs of the vpper vein are ioyned with the small branches of the lower at the necke of the womb Tab. 9. fig. 2 e with h where on both sides there are many vesselles and those notable ones finger-fanged or placed like crosse Fingers and being vnited doe passe into his substance and end or open into the cauity which Anastomoses or inoculations of veines are more conspicuous in women with childe and those whose courses do slowe or are neere vpon it But if they be not vnited then from the lower veine some branches are carried vpward to be planted in the bottome The branches of this Hypogastricall veine being entred the substance of the wombe do Acetabula and Cotelydones what they are mingle themselues with the vpper braunches proceeding from the spermaticall and the mouths or extreamities of them reach vnto the inner cauity of it and are called Cotelydones and Acetabula to which in the conception the Liuer of the wombe or the after birth doth cleaue from whence the infant receiueth aliment through the vmbilicall vesselles and by which it is tied to the wombe Through these there arriueth more blood at the wombe then is necessary for the nourishment thereof all the while the Woman is childing that when conception shall happen to bee there may bee some quantity of the Mothers blood at hand which is one of the principles of generation as also that when the infant is begotten and doth encrease it may not want aliment according to that proportion it standeth in neede of all which blood after the infant is brought into the world returneth back to the breasts and there is turned into milke TABVLA XIII The first Figure sheweth an Infant of 14. dayes olde in which all the parts are exactly delineated FIG II. The second figure sheweth an abortiue Infant which was auoided the xxv day after conception being depriued of blood to nourish it because the vmbilical vessels were broken The magnitude of that infant is perfectly described Finally the other part of the lower veine is inserted into the necke of the wombe Tab. 9. fig. 2 e The other part of the Hipogastrical veine whether if too much blood be brought by the spermaticke vessels whilst the woman is with childe it is exonerated not by the orifice or mouth of the wombe but by the Anastomosis or inoculations of the veines into the neck of the same Wherefore by these veines are some women with childe euacuated which haue plethoricall and ful bodies and How and by what wayes women with child haue their courses so more affluence of blood in the first months after their conception then is required for the nourishment of the Infant and not by the bottome of the wombe as otherwise in maides and women the menstruall blood vseth to bee purged otherwise the Infant would be choaked with the aboundance of bloud and the orifice of the wombe must necessarily be opened which would bring a danger of abortment That which we haue sayed of the veines wee must say of the arteries which accompany Of the arteries of the wombe Their vse them whose vse also is in those that be not with childe to encrease the heat of the womb to bring vnto it spirit and vital bloud together with vital faculty and heat and by their motion to ventilate or breath the in-bred heat to stir the bloud and so to preserue it from putrifaction But whether in the time of the courses the arteriall blood bee also euacuated we ingenuously confesse our selues to be ignoraÌ„t saith Bauhine sure we are that from these forenamed vesselles or that which is called the lap or priuy veine there are carried certaine small veines and arteries to the lap and the hillocks or Caruncles thereof The nerues of the wombe though they bee small yet are they very many implicated or couched one within another like a net that they may confer exquisite sence vnto it To the The nerues of the wombe higher part of the bottom of it they come from the termination of the branches of the sixt coniugation which go vnto the roots of the ribs To the lower part of the bottom and to the neck from the marrow of the loyns and the great bone whence is that admirable consent between the womb and the head especially the backpart of it that feeling those things The cause of the conseâ—t betweene the wombe the head A cause of pleasure that are troublesome the expelling faculty might be prouoked and pleasure also conceiued in coition therefore about the lower parts they are more plentifull as also the motion of the wombe wherein it draweth and imbraceth the seed of the man quickned and strengthned For there are certaine fleshy fibres in the wombe as wee haue shewed already which are in stead of small muscles And thus far of the simple and similar parts of the wombe or matrix now followeth the compound or dissimilar CHAP. XIIII Of the simple or similar parts of the wombe and particularly of the bottome and the orifice ALthough from the bottome of the wombe to the very lap or priuities there be but one continuated passage yet because in it there are many and diuerse The parts of the wombe parts therefore it is diuided into the vpper part or the bottom the mouth or inward orifice of the necke the necke it selfe and the outward priuity or lap The bottom which is properly the wombe the matrix Hippoc. in his booke de nat pueri calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sinus the bosom Galen so also lib. 14 15. de vsu partiuÌ„ the 3. The bottome or soale chapters and somtimes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is a cauity or hollownes This is the chiefe of all the parts of it because for it al the other parts were made for in it is the Infant conceiued of the seed that we may so say
diuulsion sence sence Appetite is called Animall and yet the motion wherby the greedy stomacke sometimes snatcheth vnchewed meate euen out of the mouth is Naturall so the erection of this member because it is with sence and imagination is sayed to bee Animall but the locall motion whereby it is mathematically inlarged is Natural arising from the inbred faculty of the ligaments such is also the motion of the wombe when it draweth seed and of the heart when it draweth into it selfe ayre and bloud Yet it must be confessed that this naturall motion is holpen by the Animal because the foure muscles before mentioned though they be very small yet they helpe to enlarge the distention and doe also for a time keep it so distended If it be obiected that in the running of the Reynes called the venereall Gonorrhaea there Obiection is erection without imagination or pleasure yea with payne I answere with Galen that there is a twofould erection one according to nature another vnnaturall the first is from Solution the ingenit faculty of the hollow ligament the other is symptomaticall the first with pleasure the other without it yea with payne in the first the yarde is first distended and after filled with a vaporous spirite in the latter it is first filled then after distended In a word Comparisons there is the same difference betweene these two distentions which is between the two motions of the heart In the Naturall motion of the heart which is accomplished by the vitall faculty because the heart is dilated it is filled with ayre and bloud and because it is contracted it is emptyed but in the depraued palpitation of the heart the heart is distended because it is filled So smiths bellowes because they are dilated are presently filled with ayre for the auoyding of vacuity but bottles are distended because they are filled with wine or water Wherefore the Naturall erection euer followeth imagination and hath pleasure accompanying it but the vnnaturall which Galen calleth Priapismus is altogether without Priapismus lust or appetite The cause of this is a plenitude of thick crasse wind proued because the motion is so sudden and so violent for all violent and sudden motions are of winde not of The causes of it humor as Galen saith and this wind or vapour is generated either in the hollow nerues and ligaments or is thither brought by the open passages of the arteries But of what Surely of crasse and thicke humours and that is the reason why melancholly men are most troubled with this vnnaturall erection as also are Lepers and therefore the Antients called the Melancholly men subiect to it and why Leprosie satyriasis And thus much concerning the parts of generation in men now it followeth concerning those of women QVEST. VIII How the parts of generation in men and women doe differ COncerning the parts of generation in women it is a great and notable question Whether the parts of generation in men and women do onely differ in scituation whether they differ onely in scituation from those of men For the ancients haue thought that a woman might become a man but not on the contrary side a man become a woman For they say that the parts of generation in womenly hid because the strength of their naturall heate is weaker then in men in whom it thrusteth those parts outward Women haue spermaticall vessels aswell preparing as Leading vessels and Reasons for it testicles which boile the blood and a kinde of yard also which they say is the necke of the wombe if it be inuerted Finally the bottome of the wombe distinguished by the middle line is the very same with the cod or scrotum This Galen often vrgeth in diuers of his works as before is saide so Aegineta Auicen Rhasis and all of the Greeke and Arabian Families Authors with whom all Anatomists do consent For confirmation also heereof there are many stories current among ancient and moderne writers of many woemen turned into men some of which we will not heere thinke much to remember First therefore we reade that at Rome when Licinius Crassus and Cassius Longinus were Consuls the seruant of one Cassinus Examples Cassinus Maid-seruant of a maide became a young man and was thereupon led aside into the desert Island of the Sooth-sayers Mutianus Licinius reporteth that at Argos in Greece he saw a maide named Arescusa who after she was married became a man and had a beard and after married Arescusa another woman by whom she had yssue Pliny also writeth that he saw in Affrica P. Cossitius a Citizen of Tisdetra who of a woman the day before became a man the next day The Hyaena also a cruell and subtle Beast Cossitius The Hyaena doth euery other yeare change her sexe Of whom Ouid in the xv of his Metamorphosis saith Et quae modo foemina tergo Passa marem nunc esse marem miramur Hyaenam The same Hyaena which we saw admit the male before To couer now her female mate we can but wonder sore Pontanus hath the same of Iphis in an elegant verse Iphis. Vota puer soluit quae foemina vouerat Iphis. Iphis her vow benempt a Maide But turned boy her vow she paide Of later times Volateran a Cardinall saith that in the time of Pope Alexander the sixt he A story of Volateran the Cardinall Another in Auscis saw at Rome a virgin who on the day of her mariage had suddenly a virile member grown out of her body We reade also that there was at Auscis in Vasconia a man of aboue sixtie yeares of age grey strong and hairy who had beene before a woman till the age of xv yeares or till within xv yeares of threescore yet at length by accident of a fall the Ligaments saith my Author being broken her priuities came outward and she changed her sex before which change she had neuer had her couses Pontanus witnesseth that a Fishermans A Fishermans wench of Caieta Emilia wench of Caieta of fourteene yeares olde became suddenly a young springall The same happened to Emilia the wise of Antonie Spensa a Citizen of Ebula when she had been twelues yeares a married woman In the time of Ferdinand the first K. of Naples Carlota and Francisca the daughters of Ludouike Carlota and Francisca Amatus Lusitinus his story Hippocrates his Phaetusa Quarna of Salernum when they were 15. years old changed their sex Amatus Lusitanus testifieth in his Centuries that hee saw the same at Conibrica a famous towne of Portugall There standeth vpon record in the eight section of the sixt Booke of Hippocrates his Epidemia an elegant History of one Phaetusa who when her husband was banished was so ouergrown with sorrow that before her time her courses vtterly stopped and her body became manlike hairy all ouer and she had a beard and her voice grew stronger The same also
this thirde and onely concoction in the infant conteined in the wombe is thus The infant being tied by the mediation of vessels and Membranes to the Mothers womb draws the purest of her blood through the mouths of those vessels inoculated one into another after a wonderfull manner This blood thus drawn is powred into the body of the Liuer The true way how the Infant is nourished through the vmbilicall veine which is a branch of the gate-veine and reacheth to the Fissure of the Liuer yea you may often in dead bodies followe a probe out of it into the small veins of the Liuer Here the blood is more and more perfected afterward the thicker and more crude part is distributed through the roots of the Gate-veine into the stomacke the spleene and the kidneys the excrements and reliques wherof by the Splenick mesenterick branches are abligated into the cauity of the guts and there are by degrees gathered together and in their abode are so dried that they become thick and blacke The purer and better concocted part of the bloode is conueyed into the trunke of the hollow veine from The extrements of the Infant where bestowed which it is diffused through the whole body by the veins as it were by smal riuerets But because the blood is not without his whey which serueth to weft it through the smal Veines therefore the whey hauing performed that his office is partly spent in sweate by the habite of the body partly it is drawne by the Kidneys and so transcolated through the Vreters or Vrine vessels into the bladder For the conteyning of which sweate and Vrine Nature appointed the Membrane called Amnios Yet we must not thinke that the Infant pisseth his The vse of the Vrathus vrine into this Membrane by the priuities but it is conueyed thereinto thorough the Vrachos which is a long and bloodlesse Canale or pipe lengthened from the bottome of the Bladder vnto the Nauell Neyther hath it any Muscle thereto belonging because in the Infant no time is vnseasonable for the auoyding of these excrements whereas when we auoide our vrine we haue Muscles at the roote of the yard to stay or to further that euacuation that it might not be performed but in conuenient time and at our best leisure as before is saide CHAP. VII How the Infant exerciseth his vital Faculties THE Infant also liueth in the wombe farre otherwise then hee liueth after he is borne for neither is the Chest distended and contracted because hee The dissimilitude of the life of the Infant before after birth draweth not his breath by his mouth neither doth hee engender any vitall spirits because he draweth them from his Mother neither lastly dooth hee neede the motion or worke of the Heart or the Lungs but the heate of the perticular parts is cherished preserued and refreshed onely by Transpiration and the pulsation of the Arteries This different life hath also a different structure substance and vse of the vitall organes which because it hath not beene knowne to any of the Anatomists of this our age albeit it was first of all discouered by Galen in his sixte and fifteenth Bookes of the Vse of Partes though obscurely we will endeuour to make it as manifest and plaine as possibly we can In the Basis of the heart that is in the broad end there appeare foure notable vesselles Galens wonderful Obseruation two in the right ventricle the Hollow veine and the Arteriall veine and two in the lefte the great Artery and the venall Artery The vse of these after we are borne is this The The Vse of those Vessells after birth Hollow veine which gapeth with a wide mouth into the heart powreth the bloode into the right ventricle as it were into a wide Cisterne there it is reboyled and attenuated as well for the generation of vitall spirits as also for the nourishment of the Lungs A parte therefore of it swetheth through the middle wall betwixt the ventricles into the left ventricle Another part is carried by the arteriall veine into the thin rare and spongy substance of the Lungs The Venall Artery leadeth into the left Ventricle the aer which wee breath in prepared before in the Lungs where it is mingled with the blood of which permixtion the vitall spirits are generated This spirite the heart driueth into the trunke and so into The vse of the vessels before the Infant is borne branches of the great Artery In the infant before birth all these things are otherwise and afarre other vse is there of all the vessels For the hollow veine doth not poure this streame of blood into the right ventricle because neither the Lungs stand in need of attenuated blood being at that time all of thē red thicke and immooueable neither is there any generation of vitall spirits The venall artery leadeth not the aer into the left ventricle because the infant doeth not breath by the mouth but onely hath vse of Transpiration The great Artery receiueth no vitall spirites from the heart but by the vmbilicall arteries and therefore the Arteriall veine dooth not the office of a veine but of an Arterie for it carrieth onely vitall spirits but no bloode Againe the venall artery doth the office of a veine containing onely thick and hie coloured blood for the nourishment of the Lungs But because there was no passage from the Hollow veine to the venall Artery Nature ioyned these two vessels which doe but touch one How the Vessels of the hart are vnited another by a large and round hole through which the bloode hath free passage from the Hollow veine to the venall Artery To this hole she hath also set a thin and cleare Membrane like a couer which shoulde giue way to the blood rushing out of the Hollow vein but should prohibit it for returning againe thereinto As also that by means of this Membrane the hole after birth when there is no more vse of it might sooner bee souldered vp hauing a principle of consolidation so neere and ready at hand And because the arteriall veine and the great artery were distant a little space each from other she hath ioyned them by a third pipe or Canale of the Nature of an artery running aslope betweene them that so the vital spirite might passe freely from the great artery into the arteriall veine This is that admirable vnion of the vessels of the heart in the infant vnborn to wit of the The wonderfull resiccatiō of the passages after birth hollow veine with the venall artery and of the great Artery with the arteriall veine but the shutting vp and resiccation of these vessels within a few dayes after the birth that is indeed beyond all admiration For that large hole vvhereof vvee spake is so closed that there remaineth no footsteps or signe of it As for the third arteriall pipe or Canale vvithin a fevv daies it vvithereth and shrinketh together and at length
it grovveth so small that no man would beleeue there vvere any such thing Hence it may bee concluded that the Infant in the wombe draweth his mothers spirites by the vmbilicall arteries and liueth contented onely with the pulsation of the arteries not at all needing the help or motion of the heart CHAP. VIII Of the motion and scituation of the Infant in the wombe which are Animall faculties THE Soule being an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or act of an Naturall organicall body doeth not nor cannot performe her functions without a conuenient organ or instrument Wherefore in the first monethes the tender Infant by reason of Why the Infant moueth not the first 3. months the weaknes of the Brayne and softnesse of the sinewes is not able to moue his members But when the bones begin to gather strength and the nerues membranes and ligaments which before were full of a mucous and slimy humour begin to dry then the Infant kicketh and moueth The first beginning of this motion sayeth Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri and de morbis Mulierum is in Male children at the third moneth in Females at the fourth so When the motion begins Hippocrates that there is a certaine and definite proportion of the conformation and the motion of the Infant and a double time comming betweene them Male children therefore because they haue their conformation the thirtieth day doe mooue the ninetieth now the 90. day maketh vp the third moneth Females because they haue their conformation the two fortieth day they are mooued the hundered and twentyeth which fulfilleth the fourth moneth This motion of the Infant is not Naturall but voluntary as beeing perfourmed by the helpe of the Muscles contracting themselues The muscles are contracted because the The Infants motion voluntary Soule so commaundeth This commaundement is carryed by a corporeall Spirite and conuayed thorough the Nerues which Spirte is daylie generated in the Sinus of the Braine or in his substance of the Vitall which the Infant receiueth from the vmbilicall Arteries To this moouing faculty wee must also referre the scituation or position of the Infant in the wombe For so Hippocrates in his Prognostickes referreth the position or manner The scituation of the Infant of lying of the sickeman eyther prone that is downeward or supine that is vpward or on either side to the weaknes and strength of the mouing faculty The Naturall scituation of the Infant is thus described by Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri The Infant as he is placed in the wombe hath his hands at his knees and his head bent downe to his feete Wherefore he sitteth in the wombe crumpled contracted or bent The natural scituation Hippocrates round holding his knees with his hands and bending his head betweene them so that each eye is fixed to the thumbe of either hand and his nose betwixt his knees This Figure though it bee not exquifitely the meane or middle position as wee call it that is so Naturall as that all the partes are in their due position yet it commeth nearest thereunto and therefore is neither paynfull nor wearisome to the Infant and for the mother Figura media what it is very conuenient because thus the Infant taketh vp the least roome and beside riseth not so high that it should presse or beare vp the midriffe or the stomacke as we see in some women vvhen their burthen lyeth high they are short breathed and much more vnvvealdy The reason of the position as vve vse to say Moreouer this position is most fit for the easie birth of the Infant for lying thus vvith his head betvvixt his legges vvhen he seeketh meanes to get out he is sooner turned vvith his head dovvnevvard to the orifice of the vvombe vvhich manner of trauell is of all other the easiest and most secure both for the Infant and the mother as shall better appeare in the next Chapter CHAP. IX The exclusion or birth of thr Childe THE tender and soft particles of the Infant being now all perfected and established hee becommeth euery day greater and hotter and requireth more nourishment and being now not contented onely with transpiration desireth and striueth after a more free vse of the ayre Now when as the mother is not able to supply vnto the Infant either the ayre whereby it liueth in sufficient quantity through the narrow vmbilical arteries or other nourishment by the vmbilicall veines whereby it might be supported and refrigerated the Infant then as it were vndertaking of himselfe a beginning of motion striueth to free himselfe from the prison and dungeon wherein he was restrayned kicking therefore hee breaketh the membranes wherein he was inwrapped and arming himselfe with strong violence maketh way for his inlargement with all the strength and contention that he may This contention and distention the wombe ill brooking and besides being ouer burthened with the waight of the Infant now growne striueth to lay downe her loade and with The causes of a womās deliuerance all her strength by that expulsiue faculty wherewith she is especially furnished she rowzeth vppe her selfe and with violence thrusteth her guest out of possession of his true inheritance Thus the ioynt strife and as it were consent betwixt the Infant and the wombe bringeth to light a new man not vppon his feete nor side-long but as diuine Hippocrates hath foreshewed In what manner the Infant is borne 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is head-long so be his out-gate be naturall The reason is because the vpper parts which hang vpon the nauel string as at the beame of the ballance do ouerway the neather Furthermore this strife and contention of the Infant and the wombe is assisted by the voluntary endeuor of the woman in trauell which is by drawing in her breath and by that meanes bearing down the midriffe adde hereto the skilfull hand of the heads-woman or Midwife as we cal them for she setteth the woman in a due posture or position of parts receiueth the Infant gently which falleth from betwixt her knees directeth it if it offer it selfe amisse and finally draweth away as easily as is possible the after-birth which stayeth behinde Here Galen in his 15. Booke de vsu partium breakes out into an admiration of the Immortall Galens admiration at the prouidence of God God for the mouth or orifice of the womb which in the whole time that the burthen was carried was so exquisitly closed vp nowe enlargeth it selfe to that extent that the body of the Infant passeth through it This birth hath no certaine or limitted time in man as in other creatures but hapneth vncertainly at any time of the yeare the reason is because other creatures haue set times of copulation but man because the propagation of his kinde was most necessary is not tyed to any time or season but left to the liberty of his appetite and guidance of his discretion The time
concocted seede falleth from the Brayn and the spinall marrow This also may be confirmed by some sleight reasons In coition the Brayne is most chiefly affected then the spinall marrow and the veines Reasons to confirme this opinion Hippocrates and oftetimes as Hippocrates obserueth in his Books Epidemiωn and Lib. de internis affectibus vppon the immoderate vse of Venus there followeth Tabes dorsalis a consumption of the marrow of the backe Albertus Magnus maketh mention of a petulant lasciuious Stage-player whose head A story out of Albertus mag when he was dead was opened and there was found but a little part of his Brayne left the rest forsooth was consumed vpon harlots Adde hereto that vpon immoderate vse of women followeth baldnesse now baldnes we know commeth from the want of a hot and fatty moysture which kinde of moysture is spent in coition And Aristotle saith that no man growes bald before he haue knowne the vse of Venus This was often cast in Caesars teeth when he triumphed ouer the Galles Citizens keepe vp your wiues for wee bring home a bald Caesars disgrace Leacher And these are the authorities histories and reasons whereby some are perswaded to thinke that the seed floweth from the head vnto the testicles concerning this matter we will be bold to speake freely I confesse that Hippocrates had a most happy and diuine wit which as sayeth Macrobius would neuer deceiue any man nor could it selfe be deceiued Yet herein hee hath neede to be Hippocrates commendations excused and no maruell for in his age the Art of dissection was but rude scarcely knowne to any man and therefore it is that many of his sayings concerning Anatomy wee cannot His age rude in Anatomicall dissections either vnderstand or giue consent vnto Sure we are that there are no manifest or conspicuous passages as yet found from the Brayn and Spinall marrow to the Testicles vnlesse haply some small nerues which carry onely spirites but are not capable of seede neyther yet doe we finde any braunches deriued to the Testicles from the externall iugular veines vnlesse as all the veines of the body are continued one with another wee therefore cannot conceiue how thick and well laboured seed should passe into the Testicles from those veins which run behind the eares The Story of the Scythians which they obiect who grewe barren vppon the cutting of How the ScythiaÌ„s become barren the veines behinde their eares is of no force for they vnderstand not aright the cause of that barrennesse Some think that the Cicatrice or scar which grewe vppon the wound did shutte vppe the wayes of the seede Auicen thinketh that it came to passe because the descent of the Animall spirit was intercepted others think that the arteries were cut and so the passage of the vitall spirit hindered but these are fond assertions and sauour little of any knowledge in Anatomy for these veines and arteries which appeare behinde the eares are externall vessels There are farre larger vesselles internal which runne into the Brayne through the holes of the skull by which as by riuerets the brayne is wâ—tered and by which rather then by these outward which touch not the brayn at all the seede should fall from the head But let vs grant that the seede falleth through these outward veines shall we thinke that a scarre will hinder the passage or interclude the wayes of the seede and the spirites by no meanes For if thicke bloud floweth and returneth through these vesselles notwithstanding those hinderances why should not the seed passe also which is full fraught with spirits and will passe through insensible pores VVee must therefore enquire further 3. Causes of their barrennes out of Hippocrates for the cause of this sterility or barrennesse and not impute it to the interception of the wayes I finde in Hippocrates three causes of this their sterility their much riding their sciatica payne and the too great effusion of bloud vpon the cutting of those veines Continuall riding weakneth the strength of the loynes the kidneis and the spermatick parts now the Scithians did vse to ride perpetually and without stirrups That much riding may bee a cause of barrennesse Hippocrates sheweth in the place before Much riding may cause barrennes quoted where hee sayeth Amongest the Scythians the richest and most noble weere most of all others thus affected the poorer sorte least of all for the noble spirites because they vsed to ride much incurred these mischiefes whereas the poorer sorte went on foot From their frequent riding proceeded also their hip-gouts which is the second cause of sterility For nothing so much infirmeth and weakneth the body and to weaknes addeth the corruption So may paine of the humors as payne This payne that they might mittigate they cut the veines behinde their eares out of which issued great aboundance of bloud And hence came the third cause of their sterilitie for by the losse of much blood which is the very treasure of Nature theyr Braynes weere ouer cooled Nowe the Brayne is a principall part into consent wherewith the Heart and the Liuer were eftsoones drawne and hence came it to passe that their Seede was waterish And large effusion of bloud barren and vnfruitfull For the principall partes are all of them knitte and tyed together in so great and in so strayght bandes of conspiration that but one of them fayling or faltering both the other are sodainly deaded or be-numbed all their vigor and strength quite abated That their Braynes were refrigerated by the immoderate effusion of bloud Hippocrates Hippocrates playnely declareth in these wordes When the disease beginnes to take hould of them they cut both the veines which are behinde their eares And presently after abundance of bloode yssuing foorth they fall asleepe for meere weakenesse by which it appeareth that the cause of their barrennesse was not the closing vp of the passages but their inordinate riding the paine of the Sciatica and the refrigeration of the braine by the immoderate effusion or expence of blood and so consequently of spirits That which they obiect concerning the Macrocephali doth indeede proue that the sormatiue Faculty yssueth from the braine vnto the Testicles but it dooth not prooue that The obiectioÌ„ of the Macrocephali answered white and perfect seede descendeth thither from thence And whereas in coition the braine and the spinall marrow are especially affected that commeth to passe say we because their soft substance is soonest exhausted and doth lesse why the brain is most affected in coition resist the traction of the Testicles Add heereto that the braine is the last part wherein the traction of the Testicles doth rest and determine Galen in the third Chapter of his second Booke de Semine writeth that Empedocles doth not thinke that the seed fell from the whol body but half of it from one parent halfe from Empedocles opinion the other the
but a single coat that is by Veines But there are no passages from the hollow Veine into the Lungs and therefore it was of necessity that that hollowe Vein should haue a passage bored into the venal Artery This therefore is the first and primary vse of this hole or perforation The vse of the other coniunction which is betweene the great Arterie and the arteriall Veine by a canale or pipe running betweene them he thinketh ought to be referred to the maintenance of the life of the Lungs For all life is from the vitall spirite and the arteriall blood this is deriued by the riuerets of the arterie which because they no way pertayne or Illustrated reach vnto the Lungs it was of necessity that the great artery should be vnited to the arteriall Veine This is Galens demonstration which haply wil seem to many obscure but I will make it brighter then the mid-day Sun The Lungs in the Infant are red much like the flesh or Parenchyma of the Liuer and thicker beside then they are after a man is borne red they are because they are both generated and nourished by red blood thicker because they are neither attenuated by inspirated ayre nor yet moued perpetually as they are after the birth For we do not think that the Chest of the Infant is moued in the wombe if the Chest be not mooued then it is not likely that the Lungs are distended or contracted because the Lungs are not mooued by any proper or in-bred faculty of their own nor by the pulsatiue faculty of the Heart nor by the Brain but onely they follow the motion of the Chest to auoyde vacuity as wee shall hereafter more clearely proue when we come in the next Booke vnto the History of the Chest But when the Infant is borne the Lungs become suddenly more rare and spongy and whiter by much because they are attenuated by perpetuall motion and by the permixtion of ayre breathed into them Wherefore the substance of the Lungs is not the same in the Infant when he lieth darkling in the corners of the wombe and when he enioyeth the vse of the worlds light If the substance bee not the same neither is it proportionable that the Aliment should bee the same The Lungs being rare and spongy stand in neede of thinne blood laboured in the hotte and boyling right ventricle of the Heart and therefore Galen thought that that right ventricle was onely made for the vse of the Lungs And as Aristotle first obserued those Creatures which haue no Lungs do also want the right ventricle of the Heart Now the thick red and immoueable Lungs of the Embryo do not need blood attenuated but are contented with that which is thicke and like themselues This crasse and red blood is onely conueyed in the branches of the Hollow Veine But how should it attayne out of these branches of the Hollow veine vnto the Lunges seeing there are no braunches from that Hollow veine dispersed into the Lungs for the Lungs haue onely three vessels The Venall Artery the Arteriall Veine and the Rough Artery Heere therefore Nature with wonderful prouidence and Art perforated the venal Artery which adioyned vpon the hollow Veine therein to inoculate the veine that so the bloode might haue a free passage for the nourishment and encreasing of so fleshy a bowell as the Lungs are so that in the infant Auicens opinion of the vse of this Communion the venall Artery performeth onely the office of a veine and may absolutely then bee called a veine as well for his vse as for his structure This therefore is the true vse of that open hole this the necessity of that famous inoculation Auicen the Prince of the Arabians hath confirmed this demonstration of Galen The Lungs saith he are red in the tender infant because he draweth no aer into them for they grow not white but onely by the permixtion of breathed aer They are therefore nourished vvith redde blood and to that end is the hole made out of one vessel into another which is presently stopped after the Infant is borne Neither yet is this inoculation made onely for the Nourishment of the Lungs but also Second vse of it for the first generation of their Parenchyma or substance For it is out of doubt that the flesh of all the bowels is made of the blood congealed or clodded together This blood is onely brought by veines but there were no passages from the hollow veine to the Lunges and therefore there was bored an open and patent hole out of the Hollowe veine into the Venall Artery I will add a third vse of this Communion that that venal Arterie might bee formed out of the hollow veine For a thin and venall vessell could not arise out of the thicke crasse left ventricle of the heart now it was necessary both that this vessell should bee fixed into A third the left ventricle of the heart and also be thin that when wee draw in our breath it might suddenly receiue the aer and when we exspire it might expell fumid and sootie vaport It was necessary therfore that the hollow vein should be vnited with the venall artery so that the venall artery may seeme to be a production of the hollow veine and his first originall is not from the heart as is commonly imagined but from the Liuer by the continuation of the Hollow veine The vse of the other Communion which is betweene the great Artery and the arteriall Veine by the interposition of a Canale or 〈◊〉 I thus manifest The Lungs do liue in the The vse of the the other cōmunion by the Canale Embryo therefore they stood in neede of vitall spirits and arteriall bloode for their conseruation This vitall spirits and blood are onely conteined in the branches of the great Artery from this great artery into the Lungs there was at all no passage Nature therefore least the Lungs should be defrauded of that quickning Nectar made an arterial pipe perforated from the great artery into the arteriall veine by which a part of the arteriall blood vitall spirits might be conueyed vnto the substance of the Lungs I acknowledge also another vse of this second communion that this arterial veine might take his originall from the Aorta or great artery For the veine of the right side of the heart Another vse of it stood in neede to be Arteriall that is to haue a thicke coate like that of the Arteries Now the fountaine of the Arteries was in the left ventricle Wherefore Nature propagated the great Artery and made out of it an Arteriall production or pipe which reacheth into the right ventricle there to forme the arteriall veine so that hence it is euident that the arteriall veine is a production of the great Artery and the venall Artery a production of the hollow The vse of the vessels of the Lungs in the Infant veine So it is therefore with the vessels of
descending from the lefte ventricle of the Heart to the same Iliacke branches which thing albeit we confesse it somtimes hapneth in Critical euacuations and notable indeuours of Nature so that it should be perpetuall we cannot be perswaded Let vs then wipe away this myst from our eyes and let vs beleeue that the two vmbilicall arteries were made for the vse not of the Lungs alone but also for the whole body Now let vs come vnto the vse of the other Inoculation Petreus conceit is that the hollow Veine is perforated into the venall Artery that the His vse of the other in oculation impugned bloud might be powred into the left ventricle of the Heart for the generation of vitall spirits neither doth he acknowledge any other vse thereof But wee with Galen thinke that it was formed for the generation and nourishment of the Lungs For if there be a new generation of vitall spirits in the left ventricle of the Heart made of the bloud vvhich is conuayed in the hollovv Veine as Petreus vvould haue it then vvhat neede vvas there of that hole or perforation Doth not the hollow Veine gape into the heart with a wide mouth to poure abundance of blood into his right ventricle Why is not the blood there boiled attenuated and after sweateth through the partition into the left ventricle and there receiue the stampe or impression of the vital spirit The blood so attenuated in the right ventricle would be purer and more defaecated then if it should be transfused out of the hollow Veine into the left ventricle by that Anastomosis there would haue therefore beene no necessity of vitall spirits but for the nourishment of the Lunges there is absolute necessity thereof Againe it is an axiome in Physicke and Philosophy which Galen often beateth vppon that there is neuer made any perfect elaboration vnlesse a preparation go before So the 2. Reason Animall spirits are prepared in the webs of the braine the seed is delineated in the writhen complications of the seede vessels the blood attaineth a rudiment in the veines of the Mesentery and the preparation to the third concoction is made in the small veins of each particle But if according to Petreus Hypothesis the blood should be transfused from the hollow Veine into the venal Artery which toucheth it and from that into the left ventricle of the heart where I pray you shall that blood be prepared or attenuated If that newe conceite of the Generation of vital spirits in the infant were to be admitted at all it were more probable to say that the blood were powred out of the hollow Veine into the right Ventricle and there prepared because the Membranes do not hinder the ingate heereof and beside the partition is bored with so many passages to conuey it into the lefte For it is the opinion of all learned men that the right ventricle was ordained for the preparation of the vitall spirit Moreouer it is most certaine that there is a double matter of the vitall spirite Aer and Blood Now Petreus doth not thinke that aer is carried into the heart for the infant in the 3. Reason wombe doth not respire how then shall that vitall spirit be generated and preserued Out of doubt it will decay and bee extinguished beeing defrauded of conuenient Aliment Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri saith Euery thing that is hot is nourished vvith that which is moderately colde Indeed Transpiration is sufficient to preserue a little heat but for the perpetuall generation of vitall spirits in bloody Creatures there is required great abundance of aer which onely can be supplied by Respiration But let vs pursue these Detractors a little farther If we shall admit this new and onely vse of the hole or inoculation that is that all the blood should be conueyed from the Hollow Veine through the venall Artery into the lefte 4. Reason ventricle of the heart with what blood shal then the Lungs be nourished Open the waies shew me the veine of the Lungs For now al the venall Arterie is taken vp forsooth to lead blood vnto the heart and the Arteriall Veine only leadeth vitall spirits and arteriall blood which it receyueth from the Great Artery by the Canale or arteriall pipe Shall the Lungs be without aliment He wil answere that it is nourished with arteriall blood which commeth from the Mother and that for that purpose the two vmbilicall arteries were ordained But hath he forgotten that all parts want two sorts of blood one Venall another Arteriall The venall blood by true assimulation turneth into the substance of the part The arteriall is appointed to conserue refresh and cherish the naturall heate of the particular parts which is but fugitiue I will not deny but some part of the Mothers arteriall blood is conueyed into the Lungs by the arteriall pipe to preserue their life and to defende their naturall heate but that the Lungs are therewith nourished I altogether deny For the Lungs of the Embryo are thicker faster and heauier then they are after the birth and therefore must be nourished with thicker blood for it is a constant truth that we are norished with that which is like vnto vs euen euery particular part is nourished with that which is most like vnto it This Law and Constitution of Nature Petreus by this new demonstration doth quite He abrogates the Lawes of Nature abrogate and annihilate because he appointeth thinner blood for the Lunges of the infant which are red heauy sad and thicke then for the Mothers which he must confesse are whiter and thinner For the Mothers Lungs are nourished with blood attenuated in the right ventricle of the heart and deriued vnto them by the arteriall Veine hee stiffely maintaines that the Lungs of the Embryo are nourished with no other then arteriall bloode laboured and heated in the left ventricle of the Mothers heart and brought vnto them by the vmbilicall arteries forsooth to make recompence for their want of motion Heere also we haue Another contradiction in Petreus demoÌ„stration a manifest contradiction He confesseth that the Lunges are thinner after birth thicker in the Embrâ—â— and yet he saith that the first are nourished with thicker blood the latter with pure 〈◊〉 all blood â—â—ll of spirits And whereas he buildeth vpon Galens foundation that the 〈◊〉 are made of the 〈◊〉 of the blood and therefore do require for their nourishment thâ—â— and after all blood Hee Galen expounded seeâ—h not that that place is to be vnderstood of the Lungs after the birth for in the Infant the Lungs are noâ—â—â—â—athy nor whiâ—sh but red heauy and 〈◊〉 yea euen a while after the birth doe the Lungs remaine heauy and red whence it 〈◊〉 to passe that many Infants shortly after their birth are strangled because the Lungs cannot play themselues eytheâ— How children are often strangâ—â—â—â— How to remedy it when the childe lyeth vpon his back or by some
the substance of the Lungs attaineth a quality familiar to the inbred spirit The blood is prepared in the right which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the bloody ventricle But in the infant there is neyther any plenty of aer conueyed into the Lungs for the Weazon is idle neither is there any bloode powred into the right ventricle There is therefore in the heart of the infant no shop nor worke-house of the vital spirits That neither Aer nor Blood is deriued into the Ventricles of the infants heart is manifestly prooued by the structure of his vessels For the vessels are vnited the hollow veine and the venal artery by a large hole the great artery and the arteriall veine by an arteriall pipe or Canale wherefore the Hollow veine doth not poure blood into the right ventricle as it doth after we are borne but into the venall artery through that hole for the nourishment of the Lungs The venal artery leadeth not aer but blood and that thicke and venall The great artery doth not drawe spirits from the heart but from the vmbilicall arteries which it transmitteth by the arteriall pipe into the arteriall veine Now if the vitall spirits were generated in the left ventricle of the heart what need were there of that Arteriall pipe seeing there is in the heart a wide vessell which is diuersely dispersed through the whole substance of the Lungs I meane the venall artery This surelie is a strong demonstration whose force no man can perceiue vnlesse he be skild in Anatomy for it dependeth wholly vpon ocular demonstration and the credite of a mans owne sight But this we will establish by other reasons There is in the infant no necessity of that common storehouse or worke house of the spirits because the two vmbilicall arteries do supply vnto him arteriall blood and a sufficient The second argument proportion of vitall spirites and those very pure and bright as beeing made by the strong heate of the Mothers heart Nature doth nothing idly or in veine why therefore should she make two vmbilicall arteries if new arteriall blood were to be generated in the infantes heart You will say that the Mothers arteriall blood was vnprofitable and not so fit for the There is no necessitie of new vital spirits vse of the infant and therefore it needed to be re-boyled by his heart But I desire to bee shewed the wayes whereby that arteriall blood can be transmitted into the left ventricle by the mouth of the great artery it cannot passe together ward because Nature hath bolted it with 3. values which look from within outward albeit we think with Galen that some small quantity of the bloud sypeth into the Heart to nourish it and preserue his life From the great artery it is freely powred into the arteriall veine through the arteriall pipe but from the arterial veine into the heart there is no way open for the membranes or values of this vessell are open outwardly but closed within which giue way to any thing that commeth out of the hart but do intercept the returne of it into the heart Seeing therfore that the arteriall bloud of the mother doth not forsake the Arteries neither hath any accesse vnto the left ventricle of the Infants heart wee cannot admit any new preparation of the old or preparation of any new Again if that the spirit of the mother and the arteriall bloud be prepared for the nourishment The third argument of the Lungs and for the conseruation of their heate as Petreus would haue it why also should not the other parts of the body liue by the influence and illustration of the same spirite Or if the heart of the Infant doe generate vital spirits whereby the life of the whole is preserued why shall it be thought insufficient for the preseruation of the Lungs which are but a little part of the whole Wherefore the Infant truely liueth by his owne proper life but he neuer ingendreth new spirits nor hath any vse of the motion of the heart Notwithstanding Why the hart of the Infant cannot be said to be idle wee must not say that therefore the heart is idle for Philosophers say that is onely idle which doth not worke when it ought and when it can The Heart of the Embryo neither can make vitall spirits nor ought if it could It ought not because the two vmbilicall Arteries doe supply both a sufficient number of spirites and those also very pure Nether can it because there is a want of matter for it hath no ayre which it should draw As therefore we doe not acknowledge any new Chilification or Sanguification in the Infant for where should the recrements of either of them be reserued or treasured for seauen months together So neither doe we admit a new generation of vitall spirites in the Heart of the Infant But you will obiect that Infants Arteries are mooued and all motions Obiection of the arteries are from the Heart because the Heart and the Arteries are continuated together VVherefore if the Arteries be mooued together with the Heart it will follow necessarily that we must admitte in the Infant the vitall faculty by which the spirites are ingendred I answere that the Arteries of the Infant are indeed moued but that their motion followeth Answere or floweth from the Arteries of the mother so that his Arteries doe not beate by a proper and ingenite faculty of their owne nor by any power issuing from his heart but by The arteries of the Infant are moued after the motion of the mothers arteries a force and efficacy transmitted from the heart and the arteries of the mother That these things are thus this elegant demonstration I thinke will sufficiently proue It is most certaine that the Veines and the Arteries of the wombe doe so adhere to the Veines and Arteries of the Chorion that both arteriall and venall bloud doe flowe out of one vnto the other And this continuity of the vessels Galen maketh often mention of for in his Booke The first demonstration de dissectione vteri he sayeth The end of that vessell which is propagated through the wombe giueth beginning to that which is in the Chorion so that you may call these two one vessell for their mouthes are so vnited that the Veine draweth bloud from the Veine and the Artery spirit from the Artery If this be true in the Arteries so opening into the mouths either of other it must needs follow that the end of the artery of the mothers wombe when it beateth must driue arteriall bloud into that part of the Chorion which is continuall therewith otherwise that arteriall bloud must either recoyle into the wombe out of the which it is issued or else there must bee a conculcation of two bodies confused and mingled in the same time and place mutually penetrating one the other whence it shall come to passe that if we graunt there is a
dilatation in the diastole wee must also yeelde that there is at the same time and in the same vessell a compression in the systole Furthermore is it not true which the Philosopher so often vrgeth that a part of that The second which is continuall being moued the whole is moued vnlesse it bee hindered The arteries of the Infant are continuated with the arteries of the mother therefore when the mothers arteries are dilated it is of necessity that the arteries also of the Chorion must be dilated But if that pulsatiue faculty did flow from the heart of the Embryo there should flowe also vitall spirits from the left ventricle into the arteries of the Infant which alwayes be accompanyed with arteriall bloud and so the arteriall bloud of the mother should bee alwayes mixed with the arteriall bloud of the Infant and there should be a double motion in the arteries of the Infant one from the heart of the Embryo the other from the mothers arteries which would not be answerable but contrary the one to the other VVe conclude therefore that the Arteries of the Infant are moued after the mothers arteries because they are continuated with them and therefore that that vitall faculty which procreateth the vitall spirits and the arteriall bloud must by no meanes be admitted to bee in the Infant Galen sometimes seemeth to haue beene of this opinion for in his Booke de formatione Galens opinion foetus hee sayeth that the Infant liueth after the manner of a Plant and therefore standeth neither in neede of the action of the Heart nor of the Brayne as neither of the eyes nor of the eares As therefore a Plant oweth all his life vnto the earth so the Infant oweth all to the mother yea sometime hee sayeth that the Infant is as it were a part of the mothers body As therefore a part of the body needeth not any particular respiration nor any particular stomacke to digest his Aliment yet of necessity requireth the pulsation of Arteries so the Infant liueth contented onely with transpiration which is accomplished by the Dyastole and Systole of the Arteries In the 21. Chapter of his sixt Booke de vsu partium Galen sayeth Wee neede not wonder Galen that the Heart of the Infant to his proper life needeth but a little spirit which he may draw out of the great Artery seeing it sendeth neither bloud nor spirits to the Lungs nor to the Arteries of the whole body as it doth in perfect creatures VVhere marke that hee sayeth The Heart may draw a little out of the great Artery For the values or floud-gates there set by Nature do not hinder a little arteriall bloud and spirites from siping into the Heart but they hinder a sudden and plentifull consluence such as should be necessary if of them the Heart shoulde make vitall spirits and arteriall bloud for the whole body of the Infant This I say was Galens opinion yet in many places he seemeth to say the quite contrary that the Arteries of the Infant are moued by a faculty sent from his Heart vnto them The contrary opinion That the arteries of the Infant are moued by a power issuing from his hart Authorities out of Galen and that the Heart itselfe is moued by an in-bred and proper motion In the 22. Chapter of the seauenth Booke de vsu partium The Heart sayth he not onely in perfect creatures but also in Infants supplyeth to their Arteries the power by which they are moued and in 21. Chapter of the sixt Book If you tie the Arteries of the Nauel whilst the Infant is in the womb all the Arteries which are in the Chorion will cease beating yet those Arteries which are in the body of the Embryo will continue their pulsation but if with the vmbilicall Arteries you tye also the vmbilicall veines then will the arteries which are in the body of the Infant leaue beating also By which it is manifest first that that power which moueth the arteries of the Chorion proceedeth from the heart of the Infant againe that the arteries get spirits from the veines by their inoculations In the same Booke in another place hee sayeth The Heart in the Infant when it dilateth itselfe draweth bloud and spirites from out of the venall Artery In the ninth Chapter of his Booke de formatione foetus When the Heart of the Infant commeth to haue ventricles and hath receiued venall and arteriall bloud then it pulseth and together with it selfe moueth the Arteries so that it liueth now not onely as a Plant but also as a Creature This opinion may also be confirmed by reasons Seeing the Heart is the hottest of all the Bowels and as it were a fire-hearth if you depriue it of motion it hath nothing left wherewith it may bee refrigerated by transpiration The first argument it cannot because it is included in a hotte and narrow roome nor by the appulsion of externall ayre for the solidity and thightnesse of the membranes wherewith it is compassed hinder the accesse thereof adde hereto that those watery excrements doe hinder the perspiration Neither hath the Heart of the Infant any refrigeration from the mothers arteries by the accesse of a new matter or spirit for nothing can ariue into the Heart of the Infant from his arteries because of the membranes which lye vpon the mouth of the great arterie The motion therefore of the Heart was necessary by the benefite whereof both bloud and spirit are drawne into it and from thence communicated to the whole body The credite The 2 argument also of this opinion is increased by Histories For many women report that some haue beene cut out of their mothers womb after they were dead and so saued as Scipio and Manilius Histories of many cut out of their mothers wombs The Ciuill Lawyers doe condemne him as a murtherer that shall bury a woman great with childe before he hath taken the Infant from her because togither with the dead mother he seemeth or his held in construction to haue buried a liuing Infant which Law being made with the consent of Physitians doeth sufficiently declare that the Infant may suruiue after the Mother is dead It is reported that Gorgias the Epirote after his Mother was dead and vppon the Beere to be buried yssued aliue from her wombe which could not haue beene vnlesse the heart of the infant had had in it a vitall faculty which without the assistance and communion of the mothers heart for a while did sustaine his life But I thinke it will not be hard to giue a sufficient answere to all these authorities and arguments For Galens authority we make the lesse account of it because it contradicteth Answeres to the authorities and arguments himself Moreouer we say that the experiment which Galen biddeth vstry is impossible for you cannot intercept the vmbilicall veine and arteries of the infant vnlesse the Mother bee dead and her wombe opened and
then we say the infant doth respire not transpire And whereas they say that the heart hath not wherewith it may be refrigerated vnlesse it be moued VVe answere that the infant contained in the prison of the womb hath sufficient for the preseruation of his life from the mothers Arteries because it liueth as those creatures do which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 beside it receiueth some refrigeration from the lukewarme water wherein it swimmeth The last reason from the cutting out of liuing Infants our of their dead Mothers may seeme to some to vrge much but the answere is at hande That the vitall faculty diffused through all the arteries without the communion of the heart may for a short time preserue the infant aliue after the Mothers death We haue seene sayth Galen in his second Booke de Placitis a Sacrificed Beast walke after his Galen heart was taken away and haue often made experiment of the same in a Dogge What also if I shall say that those Mothers were Hystericall and esteemed as dead when yet they were aliue which thing is not vnvsuall The truth therfore of our opinion remaineth firme that the heart and the arteries of the infant do pulse or beate from a power proceeding from the The Conclusion heart and arteries of the Mother not from any proper and ingenit faculty of their owne that no new Arteriall blood is generated in his left ventricle seeing the Mothers Arteries do supply a sufficient quantity and that very pure From hence let the Peripatetiks learne how vnaduisedly Aristotle calleth the heart the Against the Peripatetiks principality of the heart first liuer moouer and blood-maker For both the Arteries of the infant do mooue before his heart and the heart liueth onely by the pulsation of the Arteries Finally as long as the infant is included in the wombe of his mother we do not beleeue that his heart is the Shop or Store house either of vitall spirits or of Ateriall blood QVEST. XXVIII Whether there be in the infant any generation of Animal spirits and what position the Infant hath in the womb THE moouing Faculty floweth into the flesh of the Muscles from the brain by the Nerues not by a simple irradiation or separated quality but by a Corporeall substance which the Physitians call Animalem spiritum an Animal spirit Seeing then the Infant in the wombe mooueth of his own accord sometimes to the right side sometimes to the left and oftentimes kicketh with his neeles it followeth necessarily that he hath also Animall spirits But whether he draweth these from his Mothers wombe as he doth the vitall or generateth them in the sinus or substance of the braine by a proper and inbred faculty it hath of long time beene a The generation of the Animall spirits in the infant great question In thinke that they are generated in the braine and my reasons are these Because there is no Communion or connexion betweene the Nerues of the wombe and of the infant as there is betweene their Veines and Arteries Now onely the Nerues conuey the Animall spirits You will Obiect that the Animall spirit standeth in neede of aer for his conseruation expurgation but no aer is inspirated as long as the infant is in the Mothers wombe I answere Obiection Solution that this Animall spirit is cherished purged tempered by that transpiration which is made by the vmbilicall arteries but his generation we thinke to be the same in the womb that is after the infant is borne which how it is we shal declare more at large in the seuenth Booke where we shall of purpose entreate of it Concerning the time of the infantes motion Hippocrates seemeth not alwaies of one In the time of the infantes motion Hippo. varrieth minde For in his Booke de Morbis mulierum he saith that male children moue the third moneth and females the fourth but in the third Section of his second Booke Epidemiâ—n he saith the infant is mooued the seuentith day in these words Whatsoeuer is mooued the seuenth day is perfected in the Triplicities And in his Booke de Nutritione thirty dayes forme the infant 70 mooueth it and 210. perfect it You may reconcile Hippocrates to himselfe in my The places reconciled opinion if you say that there is one motion obscure another so manifest that the eye may iudge of it and the hand may feele it if it be laide vpon the belly In 70. dayes the Infant may mooue but the motion shall be neyther visible nor to bee felt till after the thirde or fourth month And surely my selfe haue knowne a woman in three children confidentlie That the Infant may mooue at viii weekes auouch that after 8. or 9. weekes she hath alwayes felt her infant mooue very sensibly which I could not beleeue till I had well considered of this place in Hippocrates Concerning the position also or scituation of the infant in the wombe which is referred to the moouing Faculty there are some places which neede to be reconciled Hippocrates Concerning the position of the infant Different places reconciled in his Booke De Natura pueri saith that in the womb the infants head is neere vnto his feet Thou canst not iudge saith he though thou shouldst see an infant in the womb whether his head be placed aboue or below But in his Booke de Octimestri partu hee writeth that the head is placed in the vpper part of the wombe in these words All Infants are begotten hauing their heads vpward Aristotle in the 8. chapter of his 7. Booke De Natura Antmalium seemeth to reconcile these places on this manner All creatures saith hee in the first months after their Conformation beare their heads vpward but when they encrease and grow toward their byrth their heads bend downward Againe in Hippocrates Booke De Natura pueri almost all Copies haue it thus The Infant A diuers teading in Hippo seated in the wombe hath his hands at his cheekes yet all interpreters translate it ad Genua at the knees I thinke that both readings may be maintained for there are some Copyes of both readings For the Infant hath his hands at his cheekes and at his knees The palmes How both readings are made good of his hands take hold on his knees and the backes of his hand touch his cheekes For if as Aristotle writeth in the place next before quoted the infant is so rowled vp that his nose is betwixt his knees his eyes vppon his knees his eares on either side his knees and that with his hands he take hold of his knees he must necessarily rest both his cheekes vpon his hands Those things some haue written of the different scituation of Males and Females are but deuices of their owne braine But those things which Aristotle hath written in his seauenth Booke De Natura Animalium concerning the different scituation of diuerse creatures are well woorth the
another vpper arising from The membranes of it the pleura with which it is compassed for more strength although it haue another coat of his owne but a very thinne one that it might bee distinguished from all other parts by proper circumscription Veines it hath arising from the trunke of the hollow table 1. m table 6. A veine called Phrenicae sometimes also it receiueth branches from the fatty veine called His veines Adiposa which are accoÌ„panied with arteries from the great artery tab 1. c called also Phrenica the veines table 1. n. table 6. c the arteries table 1. co table 13. KK the veines carry vnto Arteries it bloud for his nourishment the arteries vitall spirits together with the vitall faculty beside by ventilation with their motion they preserue his naturall heat It hath two nerues table 2. figure 1. P P proceeding out of the lower rackebones or vertebrae of the necke made of three surcles on each side and this is peculiar to this muscle for Sinewes other parts vnder the patell bones or clauicles receiue none from the marrow of the necke A propriety which nerues being carried through the cauity of the Chest are contorted or wound about the Mediastinum by it fastned and stayed aloft least they should be hurt And it was necessary that these nerues should come from an vpper place that they might more equally exteÌ„d their action into euery part of it wherfore they are disseminated through his whole Why his nerues come from aboue substance that they might affoorde vnto it all sence and motion whence it is of very exquisite sence and when it is iniured for the most part death followeth It hath two passages or holes one on the right hand table 1. and table 2. figure 2. m in The passages the middle neruous part for the ascent of the hollow veine out of the vpper and gibbous part of the Liuer vnto the Heart another on the left hand table 1. and table 2. figure 2. l a little backwarder greater through which passeth the Oesophagus or gullet and 2. nerues vnto the stomacke vnto which not withstanding his membranes do grow and encompasse streightly and very strongly At the originall or beginning of this muscle or midriffe betweene his productions tab His diuision for the artery and the veine non parill 1. and table 2. figure h i at the racke-bones there is a diuision table 1. and table 2. figure 2. k resembling a semicircle or halfe Moone for the descent of the great Artery the vein without a peere or non parill and for nerues of the sixt payre fixed to the ribbes which are carried vnder the pleura and this diuision imbraceth the racke-bones vpon which the great artery leaneth The chiefe vse of the Midriffe which Galen found out as appeareth in the 15. and 7. The vses of the midriffe The chiefe vse Chapters of his 5. Booke de vsu partium and which dependeth especially vpon her scituation is that it might be the organ or instrument of free gentle and voluntary respiration or breathing euen as the instruments of violent or deepe breathings are the 64. muscles which are about the Chest exactly dilating or contracting it For his fibres being equally retracted or drawne together all the bastard ribs are drawne toward the centre of the Chest and so they draw the vtmost parts of the Chest vnto the rack-bones and constringe or contract the lower part whereupon the Midriffe is lift vp streached and serueth for expiration Hence it is that in a dead body it alwayes appeareth contracted and streatched for the life endeth with expiration and if the Chest be perforated within the ribs or Midriffe it falleth straight loose downeward and suffereth the Liuer the stomack which before were somewhat suspended to fall But when the fibres are loosened the Midriffe falleth for the bastard ribs are loosened the lower parts of the Chest and consequently the Lungs are dilated so we draw in breath wherfore when the Midriffe is hindred or affected then must needs follow difficulty of respiration as Galen saith in the 8. Chapter of his 4. Booke de locis affectis This motion according to some authors Archangelus among Of what kind the motion of the midriffe is the rest is mixed of a voluntary a naturall motion voluntary it is but not simply because there is a necessity which vrgeth and exacteth this motion as in respiration a necessity of cooling the hart vrgeth euen as in vnburdening the belly making water the excrements do vrge and prouoke the sphincter muscles of the Fundament and of the Bladder The first Figure sheweth the middle Belly the Skinne and the Muscles being cut away the Breast-bone also is remooued and the ribbes broken that the capacity of the Chest the Membranes thereof and the Lungs might better be discerned TABVLA II. FIG I FIG II. Figure II. sheweth the midriffe taken out of the body Another vse of the midriffe is to ventilate or fanne the Hypochondria especially the Liuer Another vse because in his conuex or vpper part it wanteth Arteries to doe that office as also the moyst vapours contayned in the capacity of the lower belly least being at rest they should putrifie and corrupt for which cause Hippocrates in his first Booke de morbis mulierum calleth it the breather or bellowes of the lower belly Another vse of it is as Galen aduiseth vs in the 9. Chapter of his second Book de motâ— A third vse musculorum to helpe forward the expulsion of the excrements and the Infant in trauell by helping the muscles of the Abdomen as wee haue shewed in the former Booke for which it is the more conuenient because of his oblique scituation For aboue it presseth the guttes as it were with hands and so driueth the excrements downward which otherwise might as well be excluded vpward as downward if this helpe were not The last vse is that according to Plato it might deuide the Irascible or Angry part and The last vse of the midriffe Plato Aristotle Plinâ—es conceit faculty of the Soule from the Concupiscible lustfull or according to Aristotle it might distinguish the naturall parts from the vitall the ignoble from the noble that the vapours which arise from the lower parts as from the sinke of the body might not offend the heart the seate of life and sence as he thought Pliny ascribed to it the subtility or nicenesse of the wit and esteemed it the seate of mirth which appeareth by tickling for if the skinne about the Hypochondria be gentlely touched we are tickled and laugh presently but more rare was that of a young man in my knowledge who had the cause of an Epilepsie in his foot which at certaine times would rise vp and might be stayed by binding the legge and thigh but when the vapor or breath came vp about the place of the Midriffe then would
against iniuries wherefore according to the opinion of Galen in the 6. Chapter of his third book de motu musculorum and in the 7. Chapter of his 8. Booke de vsu partium who sometime calleth it after the common name of the bowels a parenchyma sometime the fleshy bowell it is not a muscle because it hath all kinde of fibres and is not moued with a voluntary motion for after Gal. determination a muscle is the instrument of voluntary motion but the motion of the heart which dependeth vppon his substance and flesh is not Voluntary but Naturall neither can cease so long as the creature liueth but the action of the muscles resteth sometimes and is againe set on woorke according to the determinate purpose of the Creature to which it is obedient Notwithstanding Hippocrates in his Booke de Corde calleth it a very strong muscle and not vnwoorthily How Hippoc. is to be vnderstood when he calleth the heart a muscle for he defineth a muscle to bee flesh rowled into a globe and such is the flesh of the heart wherefore both of them resting vpon their own definitions haue deliuered the trueth And therefore Picholomenie answered for Hippocra that there is in vs one motion Naturall whose muscle is the heart another motion voluntary to which all the other muscles of the bodye are obedient and he maketh a generall definition of a muscle that it is a fleshy instrument working motion in a creature vnder which the heart also may be contayned The perpetuall motion of the heart because of the continuall generation of spirites because The double motion of the heart Contrary motions must haue a rest between theÌ„ euery part standeth in neede of them is double consisting of a Dyastole or dilatation and a Systole or contraction which is accomplished by the fibres for as long as the Creature liueth it is dilated and contracted and betwixt either of these motions commeth a rest or cessation for contrary motions saith the Philosopher cannot be without a rest between them It is dilated when the cone or end is drawne to the basis with right fibres and then it becommeth How the hart is dilated short indeed but his sides are so distended that it appeareth sphericall or round The vse of this motion is to drawe bloud into the right ventricle by the hollow veine and How it is contracted ayre into the left by the venall artery the values falling downe and giuing way to their entrance but it is contracted when the cone or poynt departeth from the basis and then the heart becommeth longer indeed but narrower the right fibres being loosed to their length and the transuerse which encompasse the heart round being strongly gathered together straightned the values of the hollow veine and the venall arterie partly shutte but those of the great artery the arteriall veine are opened yeelding out-gate to the bloud out of the right ventricle by the arteriall veine into the Lungs and to the vitall spirite out of the lefte ventricle into the great artery and to a portion of the vitall bloud together with the soote through the venall artery This motion of the heart is called Systole or contraction and depression This contraction is not a little helped if not altogether performed by certayne strong Ligaments in the heart helpers or authors of contraction ligaments table 10. figure 6. L figure 7. HH which are streatched in the inmost parts of the ventricles of the heart for when these being contracted doe fall they also drawe together with them the coats of the heart inward Finally the oblique fibres which lye obliquely along the length of the hart are the cause The rest of the hart how wrought of the small rest that is betweene these contrary motions and those things whether bloud or spirits which are drawne into the heart by their helpe are a little while reteyned in the ventricles the heart being on euery side straightned about those things it contayneth but 4. Motions in the heart distinguished by their times and places if in the dissection of a liuing creature you carefully obserue the motion of the heart you shall discerne foure motions distinguished by their seuerall times and places whereof two are proper to the eares of the heart and two to the ventricles The cauities of the heart which we call ventricles Hippocrates called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bellies so doth Galen in the 11. Chapter of his 6. Booke de vsu partium but by a diuerse name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 They are two very notable differing in largenes and in form Figure II. Figure III. Figure 4. and 5. Fig VI. Fig. 7. A the trunke of the great Artery DA portion of the arteriall veine CC the orifice of the venal Artery DD A bunching circle in the same orisice EF the two Values of the venal artery GG Filaments drawne downward from the Values HH the fleshy portions to which they are fastned I the left eare of the heart turned inward K the wall or partition betwixt the ventricles L A bosom or canity reaching the orifice of the great Artery M M. A portion of the heart compassing the left Ventricle Fig 8. A the orifice of the great artery B C D the Values that are set belore that Orifice E F the beginning of the Coronall Arteries G Portions of the same arteries shutting foorth H the Orifice of the Venal artery I K hâ—â— two Values L the Filaments of the same M the fleshy portions to which they grow N. The left eare of the heart inuerted O. A portion of the arterial Veyne P Q. the substance of the heart compassing the left Ventricle R. the wall betwixt the ventricles of the heart called Septum SS A certaine substance at the roote of the great Artery which sometimes in Beasts is bony FIG I. Table 10. Fig. 1. sheweth the right side of the heart freed from the Pericardium or purse which together with the Lungs is reflected to the left side that the continuity of the Hollowe veine with the heart at his basis might better bee discerned together with the vessels and a part of the Midriffe FIG II Fig. 2. sheweth the heart turned vpon the right side that so the left side the venall Artery with his Nerue might better be discerned III. Fig. 3. sheweth the heart cut ouerthwart that the thicknesse of the ventricles might better appeare IV Fig. 4. sheweth the bones of the heart as some expresse them V Fig. 5. sheweth the heart freed froÌ„ the Lungs the midriffe the right ventricle the orifice of the hollow-veine dissected VI. Fig. 6. sheweth the heart cut thorough the right ventricle and the orifice of the Arteriaell veine VII Fig 7. sheweth the heart cut through the left ventricle as also the orifice of the venall Artery cut open VIII Fig. 8. sheweth the heart cut through the left ventricle the orifice of the great artery Tabula X. The left
ventricle table 10. figure 3. HH is made iust in the middest of the heart if you The left ventricle take away that part which made the right you shall better perceiue it It is narrower then the former because it is made to contayne a lesse quantity of matter and his cauity is rounder and goeth sayth Galen in the first chapter of his 7. booke de Anatom Administ though Vesalius be of another minde as we haue sayed vnto the verie end of the cone His flesh or The reason of his thicknes wall is thrice so thicke table 10. fig. 8. RQ as that of the other as well because of the smalnesse of his cauity which must needs leaue the sides thicker as also for that it preserueth the in-bred heate it is also harder and more solide to keepe in the vitall spirits that they do not exhale or vapour out and to poyse the body the thicknes of this and subtilitie of the contents answering to the largenes of the other and thicknes of his contents that so the hart might not incline too much on either side In this the vitall spirites are laboured and contayned The poyse of the heart together with the arteriall bloud wherefore Galen in the 7. and 11. chapters of his sixt booke de vsu partium and Russus call it the spirituall others the spongie ayry and arteriall ventricle For in the cauity of this ventricle the vitall spirits are laboured and from hence by the What is contained in it arteries are distributed through the whole body to cherish the in-bred heat of the parts to reuiue it when it growes dull or drowsie and to restore it when it is consumed The matter of this spirite sayeth Galen is double ayrie and bloudy mingled together The matter of the vital spirit The ayre drawn in by the mouth and the nose prepared in the Lungs is carried through the venall artery into the left ventricle whilest the heart is dilated And the bloud attenuated and concocted in the right ventricle is partly distributed into the Lungs by the arterial veine for their nourishment partly is drawne by the left ventricle through his wall and retayned by an in-bred propriety which being mingled with the ayre is absolued and perfected by the proper vertue of the heart his in-bred spirit heate and perpetuall motion and so putteth on the forme of a spirit which is continually nourished by the arteriall bloud This bloud thus fraught with spirits in the contraction of the heart is powred out into the great artery to sustayne the life of the whole body for all life is from the heart and the vitall spirite The inward face of both the ventricles is vnequall and rugged that the substances which The inward superficies of the ventricles come into the heart should not slippe out before they are perfected for which purpose also the values doe stand in great stead That inequality commeth partly by reason of many small dennes which are more notable Whence the inequality is in the left ventricle wherefore Hippocrates in his booke de Corde sayeth it is more broken and abrupt then the right because here Nature hid the diuine fire which the Poets feyne Prometheus stole from heauen to giue life vnto man and Hippocrates because of the great heat of this place thought it to be the seate of the Soule partly because there are Prometheus fire certaine small fleshy particles table 10. figure 5. OO figure 6. L figure HH figure 8. M table 12. fig. 2. sâ— which about the cone of the heart appeare small slender to which the neruous fibres of the values table 10. figure 7. GG figure 8. L called by Galen in the 8. Chapter of his â— Booke de vsu partium and by Archangelus the ligaments of the heart do grow These ventricles are diuided by a wall or partition table 10. figure 3. H figure 6. HH figure The wall of the ventricles 7. â— figure X. R least the contents should bee mingled and shufled together which on the right side beareth out as we sayed and is gibbous on the left concaue and hollow and is of the same thicknesse with the left side of the left ventricle as if the heart were only made for the left ventricles sake This wall is also full of holes and small trenches it may be Aristotle therefore called it â— third ventricle that in them the bloud might be wrought into a further thinnesse porous also it is especially on the right side that the bloud might more freely passe out of the right â—nto the left side for the generation of vital spirits which Galen insinuateth in these words in the 15. Chapter of his third booke de Naturalibus facultatibus Out of the right ciuity that which is thinnest is drawne by the pores of the wall whose vtmost ends a man can scarce discerne because in dead bodies all such passages fall together That the bloud is carried by these passages it appeareth because nature neuer endeuoured any thing rashly or in veine but there are many trenches as it were and deep caues in the partition which haue narrow determinations Thus far Galen These breathing passages are most conspicuous in an Oxe heart after it is long sodden How best discerned But there are some as Varolius Columbus and Vlmus who deny that there is any such passage and wil that the bloud should be carried by the arteriall veine out of the right ventricle The opinion of some learned men into the Lungs part of which to remayne for their nourishment and the remaydâ—â—â— to be conuayed after some alteration in the Lungs mingled with the ayre which is drawne by the breath through the venall artery into the left ventricle of the heart for the nourishment and generation of the vitall bloud and spirits But wee will leaue this subtle question to Philosophers for vs it shall bee sufficient to haue made this mention of both waies by which it may passe leauing the Controuersie to farther disquisition At the Basis of the heart on either side hangeth an appendixe Table 9. figure 2. â—â— â—â— 10. figure 3. BE which is called the Eare not from any profite action or vse it hath sayeth The deafeeares Galen in the fifteenth Chapter of his sixt Booke de vsu partium and therefore wee in English call it commonly the deafe-eare but for the similitude for it hath a long Basis and endeth in an obtuse or blunt cone or poynt These are placed about the ventricles before the orifices or entrances of the vessels Their scituation The right which carry matter into the heart The right Table 9. figure 2. 1table 10. figure 1 B fig. 3. 2 which is placed neare table 10. figure 3. A the hollow veine is the larger and maketh as it weere a common body together with the veine and his cone or poynt looketh vpward But the left Table 10. figure 2 F figure 3. E placed
them is like a semi-circle or halfe-moone or the Whence the Values are Their figure Latine Letter â— If all these three be together stretched and set vpright they seeme to bee but one great Value stopping vp the whole Orifice whilst they are stretched carry their Figure of the halfe-Moone but when they sinke or flagge then they become rugous and resemble the Moone in the first quarter Their outward Couering or CircuÌ„ference as also is that of the great Artery is more solid The Vtter coate of this Vessel then the rest of their body for where in both Orificies they touch themselues or ioyn some way together they become so indurated that they appeare to bee like a long and rounde tilage The Venall artery Tab. 10 fig. 2 G H not rightly expressed Table 11 fig. 1 D is a vessell of the left Ventricle An artery because of his vse for it containeth and bringeth aer The venal arteries as also because it beateth as other Pulses doe not so indeede that it can bee discerned by the eye but so it must of necessity bee because it is continuated with the left ventricle It hath pulsation though not visible where is the originall of pulsation A veine it is as being of the substance that veines are of It proceedeth out of the left ventricle of the heart at his Basis with a spacious round open orifice table 10. figure 7. CC greater then that of the great artery It is supposed to haue his beginning out of the softer part of the ventricle but it may better be beleeued to haue sprong out of the hollow veine if wee marke the connexion that is found in Infants vnborne It hath but one thinne and simple coate in growne bodies that the Lungs might bee His coate but single nourished with defaecated thinne and vaporous bloud brought by it but sent by the heart and that in a greater quantity then a thick stiffe vessell would carry because the Lungs are parts of great expence as well because of their continuall motion as also for the rarenesse and loosenesse of their substance which suffereth the thinner part of the bloud to exhale Why this vessel is to be capacious many reasons from them againe it was needfull that this vessell should be capacious becaue the heat of the left ventricle required great store of ayre for the tempering of it beside that it needed for the reparation of spirits for in growne men it hath the vse of an artery to carry ayre not of a veine as it had whilest the Infant was in the mothers wombe and againe the larger it is and more spacious the better may the smoake and soote passe through it into the braunches of the weazon without infecting the ayre it brinketh into the heart which in a narrower passage would necessarily haue beene mingled and in the Infant it had no vse of a double coate because it onely carried the Aliment of the Lungs vnto them from the hollow veine It is a notable vessell and as soone as it is gotten out of the heart is diuided into two trunks table 11. figure 4. BBCD so that it seemeth to be a double orifice of the same vessell The right of these is sent vnder the Basis of the heart into the right Lung table 11. figure 1. D The left into the left like the arteriall vein and so they are both disseminated through The right branch The Lest the Lungs and make the representation of rootes tab 11. figure 4. â—â—â—â— and may be compared to the rootes of the gate-veine for as it doth sucke the nourishment with his ends or extremities so the venall artery is deriued into the Lungs to draw ayre out of the branches of the weazon But at the originall of this vessell and the great artery they both meete and are ioyned together by the interposition of a good thicke and large particle which in the Infant was perforated and made a passage as we shall declare hereafter The vse of this venal artery is in the dilatation of the heart to draw ayre out of the Lungs for the generation of spirits and in his contraction to expell or drawe out into the Lungs a portion The vse of the venal artery of the vitall bloud for their nourishment and life as also the soote and smoake that ariseth from the flame of the heart but least all the ayre should returne again out of the hart His values into the Lungs there groweth to the orifice of this vessell a membranous circle table 10. figure 7. DD out of the substance of the heart which is ledde inward and deuided into two values table 10. figure 7. FF table 12. fig. 2. r bending from without inward which as they exceede in largenes the values of the hollow veine so also they are stronger hauing longer thredy strings Table 10. figure 7. GG to which more fleshy Table 10. figure 7. HH table 12. figure 2 ss explantations or risings do accrew one of these values looketh to the right side another to the left which when they are ioyned do resemble a Bishops myter They are but two because this vessell was not to be ouer closely shut and that for two Why but two causes first seeing that all parts need vitall spirits and bloud to be sent vnto them for their life the Lungs also must neede them wherefore as they receiued Alimentary and nourishing bloud by the arteriall veine so were they to receiue vitall by the venall artery therefore in the venall artery there is alwayes contayned subtile and arterial bloud which that it may be it hath onely two values set to it that in the contraction of the heart the way might not be altogether stopped vp but so much space lefte as was necessary for the transvection of vitall bloud But if the values were wanting then would the arteriall bloud in contraction flow forth in greater quantity and with more violence and so the great artery and consequently the The necessity of them whole body should be defrauded Againe that if there should bee any smouldry excrements ingendred betweene the ayre attracted and the natiue heate which is conteyned in this ventricle they might haue free egresse this way into the Lungs and so goe out by the weazon which otherwise if they were retayned might endanger the suffocation and extinction of the creatures naturall heate The second vessell of the left ventricle is the great artery of which though wee doe entreat at large in his proper place yet it will be necessary to discourse of it here so far as shall make for out present purpose CHAP. XIIII Of the great Artery and his values and vse about the Heart THis great Artery called Aorta was made before the heart hauing as the heart The great artery a beginning of generation from the seed out of which it is immediately made at the same time that the other parts are Albeit his originall
yet so that in a man they adhere together by Membranous Fibres so that there is rather a note or footstep of diuision then any true diuision indeede though it bee otherwise in Dogges and the lower is longer then the vpper And it is so diuided as well that the whole Lungs might more safely and swiftly be dilated and contracted the act breathed in more easily penetrating into their narrowest passages as also that they might the more firmely embrace the heart and not be compressed when we bow downward And althogh they be found to be distinguished though not with any true diuision somtimes into three sometimes into more sometimes into two yet rarely shall we find in a man because of the shortnes of his brest fiue Lobes in a dogge and an Ape often and if it happen to be so then saith Galen in the 2. and 10. Chapters of his 7. Booke de vsu part they ly very high into the throat vnder the hollow-vein Their substance Tab. 14 fig 2. is fleshy wherupon it is called Parenchyma a fleshy bowell wouen with three sorts of vessels Tab. 14 fig. 2 BCD and Their substāce couered with a thin Membrane which varieth in softnes and colour according to the age How their substance and colour differeth before after birth of the party In yonger men it is faster in the prime of our age rare caue and hollow For the Lunges being not mooued in the wombe of the Mother as neither the heart are then thicke and firme as is the substance of the Liuer red also from the colour of their nourishment for nourished they are in the Mothers wombe with that wherewith they were generated that is blood brought out of the Hollow veine to the venall artery by inoculation and spirits sent from the great artery to the arteriall veine by the pipe or canale before mētioned but the infant being borne when the heart beginneth to mooue his motion and heate softneth and puffeth vp their flesh by little and little and so being mooued with the motion of the Chest they also become pliable to the motions thereof and are lifted vp and fall againe with ease they lye also bedded as it were betweene the diuisions of the Plato his Mollis saltus Why they ioyne after death being cut or sliced vessels filling vp the empty places and by that meanes are a defence and strengthning vnto them that they be not broken in their continuall motions And this is the reason that Plato calleth their motion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saltus mollis a soft motion which is furthered in that their substance is full of a slimy and viscid moysture insomuch that Varolius saith that after death if they be cut yet will they glue together againe by this viscidity Their substāce Their substance also is laxe spongy and rare made as it were of the froth of the blood that it may better admit the aer drawne in like a paire of Bellowes and be freely filled therwith Their colour is yellowish oftentimes ashie spotted with certaine dull and blackish Their colour speckes or cloudye streames and in those that dye of any long and lingering disease they grow yet blacker They haue a Membrane bred out of the Pleura for where the vessels passe into the lungs Their Membrane Tab. 14 fig. 1 CD ther their common coate sprung from the Pleura departeth from them and is finely stretched ouer the superficies or vpper face of the Lungs to forme containe their soft substance which otherwise being shaken with continuall motions would quickly breake off by peece meale This Membrane is thin that it should not be burthensome and soft that it might better stretch with the motion of the Lungs full also of pores though after death insensible that if any quitture or matter should be gathered in the chest in a pleurisy or inflamation of the Why the mēbrane is porous Lungs called Peripneumonia it might by these pores haue yssue so be spit out by Cough albeit we are not ignorant that in both these diseases the Lungs themselues are affected which we are taught by the dissection of Pleuriticall bodies and also by them which haue recouered of Pleurisies in whom doth remaine difficulty of breathing and some payne in the weakned side as long as they liue This porosite also makes their vpper face smooth and bedewed with a kind of slimy moisture Into this Membrane because it needed but a little sense there are smal Nerues disseminated from the sixt coniugation on the right side Tab. 8. fig. 1 t after the right Recurrent is framed but on the left side Tab. 8 fig. 1 q before the framing of the recurrent these Why Vlcers of the Lunges are with paine Nerues do not reach vnto the substance of the Lungs least they should be pained or wearied in their continuall motion and hence also it is that all the vlcers of the Lunges are without paine Table 14. Figure 1. sheweth the fore-side of the Lungs taken out out of the Chest from which the Heart vvith his Membranes are cut Fig. 2. sheweth the backe and gibbous side of the Lunges as it lyeth vpon the backe Figure 3. Sheweth the Arteriall Veine Figure 4. Sheweth the Venall Arterie separated from the substance of the Lungs TABVLA XIIII FIG I FIG II FIG III FIG IV. Two vessels it receyueth from the heart of which wee haue spoken before one called the arteriall veine tab 14. fig. 1 C Fig. 13. the whole arteriall veine which out of the right The Arteriall veine ventricle ministreth to the Lungs Alimentarie blood therein attenuated for their nourishment and with this blood the naturall spirit and the naturall soule therein residing with all her powers and faculties are communicated to the Lungs The other called the venall artery tab 14 fig. 1 D figure 4 the venall arterie separated which is an instrument onely of the spirits but conteyneth also pure thinne and vaporous blood wherefore the aer which was attracted by the winde-pipe and prepared in the lungs it leadeth to the heart and from the lefte ventricle bringeth foorth vitall bloode with the vitall spirit and faculty to the Lungs partly that therewith they may bee nourished partly Whence life it for their life that the in-bred heate may be cherished for life is from the vitall spirite and the arteriall bloud perfected in the left ventricle of the hearte partly that by it the smoake and soot may be carried out of the heart These two vessels are farre greater then the magnitude of the Lungs may seeme to require if the proportion be compared to that of other parts that because the Lungs with their perpetuall motion do consume and dissipate much moysture and moreouer because they serue not onely to carry out naturall bloud and vitall bloud with vitall spirits but also by their extremities doe receiue from the ends of the winde-pipe ayre which they lead into the
purses bagges and the hogges bladder with which boyes often play themselues are distended because they are filled But we must carefully marke that whereas there are foure vesselles of the heart onely The former distinction concerneth only the arteries the arteries is filled because it is dilated the other three are distended because they are filled and doe fall because they are emptyed because onely the arteries haue the motion of Systole and Dyastole from the faculty of the heart the other vesselles are immouable And this is the reason why when the heart is contracted the left eare is dilated because Why the left eare is dilated when the hart is contracted the eare is a kinde of store-house of ayre and bloud which suddenly rush into it from the which when the heart draweth bloud or ayre it is of necessity that it should contract it selfe These things being determined it will bee easie to make satisfaction to whatsoeuer is obiected on the contrary part The authorities of Galen and Auicen are not contrary to our determination for they call the heart and the arteries diuers moouable bodies which satisfaction to the â—uthorities alledged at the same time are mooued with diuers motions for they are dilated and concracted at once and together by the same vitall faculty And I imagine that Galen and Auicen spake this against the antients who sayde that onely the dilatation was from the faculty but the contraction from the Elementary forme and from the waight of their bodies The reasons The reasons answered The first are thus to bee answered The arteries are not distended because they are filled but are filled because they are distended neither doe the arteries fall altogether when they are contracted but retayne still their cauity and the plenty of the matter is more which issueth from them then that which is receiued into them the arteries therefore are not dilated by the influence of the matter which goeth out of the heart The second argument is of no moment for there is not the same reason of the heart The second and the eares thereof for the eares expell nothing but the arteries expell more at that time then they receiue beside the eares are dilated because they are filled but the heart Hippocrates de corde expounded arteries are therefore filled because they are dilated and this did Hippocrates silently insinuate where he sayth The heart is mooued by his whole Nature that is by his proper faculty but the cares doe priuatly swell and fall againe that is as they are filled or emptied of ayre and bloud To the third reason we thus make satisfaction in other parts the attractiue and expelling The third vertues are in-bred but contraction and dilatation the arteries haue by influence The fourth reason instanceth but in a light contraction which is into length not into The fourth bredth Last of all the last reason is against experience for we haue before proued that the brest is beaten in the dilatation the left ventricle being largely displayed The last QVEST. VI. Of the generation of the vitall spirit and by what wayes the bloud goeth out of the right into the left ventricle of the Heart WEE haue hitherto prooued that the motion of the Heart and the Arteries is Of the vitall spirit one and that a perpetuall motion consisting of a Systole a Dyastole and a double rest arising from a naturall pulsatiue faculty of the Soule residing in the heart there assisted by the structure of the fibres and thence deduced by influence or irradiation into all the arteries at one instant not through the cauity but along their coates Now because all this curious and maister-peece is wrought by Nature onely for the generation of vitall spirits it is more then requisite that we vnderstand what this spirit is how generated We will not trouble you with many things hereabout but those we will insist vpon shall not be triuiall and ordinary but hewen out of the deepe quarries vnueyled from amongst the most secret mysteries of Nature That there is a vitall spirit in perfect creatures no man euer denyed Hippocrates in his Booke de Generat de principiis first put vs in minde of it Galen hath a thousand times inculcated the same The prince of the Arabian tribe Auicen hath set his seale vnto it and all the multitude All physitians agree that there is a vitall spirit of Greek and Arabian Physicians haue added their suffrages And amongst the later waters though some haue doubted concerning the Naturall and the Animall spirites yet all with a ioynt consent allow of the vitall There is therefore a vitall spirit which is primarily seated in the Left caue or denne of the heart as it were in a shoppe or work-house and from hence it is diffused by the arteries as by conduits or pipes into the whole body This spirit cherisheth the in-bred heat of euery part quickens it when it becommeth drowsie bringeth it forth when it lyes hid and being spent or wasted restoreth it againe This spirit whilest it shineth in his brightnes and spredeth it selfe through all the Theater of the body as the Sunne ouer the earth it blesseth all partes with ioy and iolitie and The office of this spirit dies them with a Rosie colour but on the contrary when it is retracted intercepted or estinguished all things become horred wanne and pale and finally doe vtterly perish So wonderfull and almost so heauenly are the powers of the heat and spirit that the diuine Senior Hippocrates applying himselfe to the rude capacity of the people as Galen witnesseth Hippocrates calleth the spirit the soule hee sticketh not often to doe calleth it the Soule that is the chiefe instrument of the Soule The Soule of a man sayth hee is seated in the left ventricle and is nourished not by meates or drinkes from the lower belly but by a most pure and bright substance out of the separation of the bloud as if he should say it is creamed as it were off from the bloud and by the heat of the heart rarified into an aetherial consistence For the Soule it selfe being a denison of heauen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for wee are also of his generation how could it be Paul The spirit is the medium between the soule and the body tyed to this house of clay vnlesse it were by the mediation of some middle Nature participating as neere as mortality will suffer of the puritie of the Soule and yet hauing his originall from the body that the Soule might haue a nimble and agile instrument to follow her sudden designes By the Soule therefore in this place Hippocrates meaneth the vitall spirite which is nourished with pure and attenuated bloud that is Restored for therein lyeth a mystery that the nourishment of the spirit is not in all things like the nourishment of the partes but rather is an illumination vnition and establishment of them as
wee shall heare afterward The vses of this vitall spirite are according to his nature deuine also both within and The vses of the vitall spirit within without the heart Calor influens without the heart In the heart to bee the principall instrument of the functions of the heart without the heart his vse is double one to bee the subiect of the heat of the heart which wee call Calor influens the influent heate which it may receiue as the ayre doeth the light and so exhibite it to the whole body and the other to bee the marter of the Animall spirit This vitall spirit hath a double matter aery and sanguine for it is made as Galen saith in His matter double his seuenth Booke de placitis Hipp. Platonis of aer and blood mingled together That it is made of aer Hippocrates taught in Epidemijs when he saith Such as is the aer such are Ayre the spirits a foggie and cloudy aer engendreth a grosse and duskish spirit and againe Hippocrates The Southwinds dull the hearing are misty and breed a dissolution of the spirits This aery substance alone cānot contein within the body the vital heat It is necessarie therfore that there should be an admistion of thin and subtle blood which should restraine the Bloud impetuous force of the aire And both these matters before they come vnto the left ventricle of the heart stand in neede of preparation The aire drawne in by the mouth and the How wher the aer is prepared nose is prepared in the Lungs his vessels and his whole soft rare and spongie substance by a long delay doth acquire a qualitie familiar to the in-bred spirite This aire thus prepared is conueyed by the venall Artery into the left ventricle And this is the preparation of the aer these the passages by which it is conducted to the heart Concerning the preparation of the blood in what place it is made and accomplished How the blood is prepared 4. Opinions and by what waies it is deriued into the left Ventricle the Anatomists do striue with implacable contention I haue read and turned ouer many of the Monuments both of the Ancients and also of later Writers and I finde foure opinions euerie one repugnant to another The first and the most ancient is that of Galen He thinketh that the blood is carried The first and truest of Galē through the Hollow veine which with an open mouth gapeth into the right ventricle of the Heart as into a Cisterne and is there boyled attenuated and subacted and then a part of it is sent by the arteriall veine into the Lungs distributed into thē for their norishment the remainder is carried through the middle partition which like a wall seuereth the two Ventricles asunder into the left where it is by the in-bred vertue of the heart mingled with the aer and doth there acquire the forme of a vitall spirit assisted partlie by the inbred spirit of the heart partly by an exceeding heate flame whereby it is wrought as in a Furnace into a more pure Elementary forme This opinion of Galen which of all the rest is most true some of later times haue condemned For they do not thinke it possible that in so short a time so great a quantity of blood as is sufficient for the generation of Obiections vitall spirits for the vse of the whole body can sweate thorough the wall of the heart into the left ventricle there being no apparant and sensible passages and the wall also beeing very thicke and solid Moreouer they obiect that if it should be so then the labour of the heart were vaine and idle for why shold not the blood and aire being thus attenuated repasse again out of the left into the right seeing the same way is open for them the same passages no values or gates to hinder it But these Obiections are of lesse weight then that they shold weaken Galens minde explained by himself the authority of so great an author of our Art and Galen himselfe foresaw in the 15. cha of his 3. Booke De Facultatibus Naturalibus that there would be some which would make these childish Obiections Wherefore in another place he thus elegantly explaineth him selfe Out of the right Ventricle that which is the thinnest is drawne through the pores or passages of the partition whose vtmost ends can hardly be perceyued because after death all such yea all other passages that are not distended by the matter conteined in them doe fall together But that it is this way transmitted hence it is manifest because Nature neuer endeuoureth any thing rashly or in vaine but there are certaine dens in the fence or partition deep bosomes very many which grow narrower to their outlet by which the blood may freely and with a large streame yssue out of one ventricle into another But the cause why this blood doth not returne againe out of the left into the right side may be well referred to the peculiar force and vertue of the heart The left Ventricle drawes this bloode and retaineth it by an inbred propriety and for a while enioyeth it and then thrusteth it foorth into the Tunnels of the arteries So the blood which either hath sweate through the coates of the veines or is powred foorth at their mouths into the substance of each part returneth not into the veines againe because it is reteyned and receyued into the substance of the part The truth of this opinion albeit it be most cleare of it selfe yet it will bee better manifested vnto vs after wee haue taken knowledge of other mens conceites and discussed them to the full The second opinion therefore is that of Columbus That the bloode indeede is attenuated and prepared in the right Ventricle of the heart but is carried into the left ventricle by The second opinion of Columbus other passages and not through the pores of the Fence or partition And what neede we seeke for so small and secret pores when it hath an open channell the arteriall veine which sayth he carryeth all the bloud out of the right ventricle into the Lungs where a part of it is distributed for their nourishment the rest is returned into the venall artery and from it together with the ayre into the left ventricle and this opinion of his he strengthneth with two reasons The arteriall veine sayth he is greater then was necessary for the nourishment of the Lungs it is therefore like that it was destinated also for the conueiance of the bloud for the generation of the vitall spirits His other reason is this there is alwayes in the venall artery thinne and arteriall bloud this bloud is receiued not from the left ventricle for the three-forked Membranes wil not suffer it therfore frō the veine of the Lungs These things are very probable and cloked with the vaile of truth yet not to be admitted for
currant For whereas he saith the veine of the Lungs is larger then their small body The answere to Columbus his First reason stands in need of we vtterly deny it For the rare lax and spongy substance of the Lungs is easily dissipated it is also continually moued and by reason of the neighbourhood of the heart is easily inflamed whence comes a huge expence of the threefold nourishment but where there are great goings out there also had need be great commings in now the bloud could not come plentifully in but by a wide vessell therefore the vessell of the Lungs was of necessity very ample and large Besides saith Galen Nature made this vessell large that how much was abated in the nourishment of the Lungs by the vessels thicknesse so Lib. 6. de vsu part cap. 10. much might be recompenced in his amplitude and largenes To the second reason we may answere thus The bloud that is found in the venall artery To the secoÌ„d is a portion of the vitall sprits and arteriall bloud which the heart poured foorth into the substance of the Lungs for all life being from the heart and the vitall spirit and no deriuations of vessels from the great arterie vnto the Lungs it is likely yea necessary that vitall spirits should bee conueyed to the Lungs by the venall artery neither is there any reason they should obiect the opposition of the thre-forked Membranes for there are but two in the orifice of this vessell because it behoued not that it should bee perfectly closed vp Happly they may obiect the contrary motions and the mixture of smoky vapor with the An obiection Answere spirits but they attribute very little to the wonderfull prouidence of Nature and are ignorant what the diuers appetites and attractions of particular parts can do The veines of the messentery do together and at once distribute Chylus and bloud Milke passeth sometimes out of the brests all along the trunke of the hollow veine yet is not mingled with the Pure milke auoyded by vrine bloud but passeth out by vrine pure and sincere and as we shall by and by proue the matter and quitture of those we call Empyici is purged by the left ventricle of the heart and so through the arteries into the kidnies and the bladder yet is not the vitall spirit stained with this filthinesse if all things be in good order with the patient and so much for Columbus The third opinion is that of Iohn Botallus the french Kings Physition who boasteth The third opinion of Botallus that he found a passage open which no man euer knew out of the right deafe eare into the left by which he imagineth that the bloud prepared in the right ventricle passeth into the left This he saith is very euident in Calues and other young creatures but in man creatures that are growne it is not so open This opinion of Botallus hauing no reasons to establish it ouerthroweth it selfe for if Confuted Nature made this passage for this vse to transfuse the bloud from the right ventricle vnto the left then should it be manifest in all creatures in all times of their life yea the creature growing large and the naturall heat daily increasing the passage also should grow more manifest as whereof there is euery day greater vse But Botallus confesseth it is not found in Oxen nor in creatures of any growth Beside this passage is in the orifice of the hollow veine how therefore should the attenuated bloud flow backe from the right ventricle vnto the veine seeing there are three values open without and shut within which doe admit the bloud indeed into the right ventricle but will not suffer it to flow backe into the hollow veine This good honest man was ignorant of the vse of his passage which Galen acurately describeth first of al men in his golden Botallus ignorant of the vse of the passage he thinkes hee found bookes of the vse of the parts My selfe haue seene this passage very often with the other arteriall pipe but they serue onely for the Infant before it be borne because his life and nourishment is much vnlike to that it is afterwards and therefore after the birth the passage is altogether shut the pipe so dryed vp that a man would deny that euer any such thing was the vse of this passage pipe we haue at large described aboue and thether do we transmit the Reader that is not satisfied concerning them The last opinion of the preparation of the bloud is that of Vlmus a Physition of Poyâ—â—â— The fourth opinion of Vlmus who set out a very eligant booke of the spleene He is of opinion that the arteriall bloud is concocted attenuated and prepared in the spleene and thence conueied into the great artery and so to the left ventricle of the heart where by an admirable and mysticall worke oâ— Nature it is mixed with the ayre already prepared by the Lungs I must needs confesse that the opinion of Vlmus pleased me wondrous well both for the nouelty of the conceite as for that he handled the matter with great subtilty of argument and deepe discourse but because he leaneth vpon vnsound foundations to establish a new doctrine which do shaddow A subtile disputation the brightnes of the Art of Anatomy it wil not be amisse to recal the principal points of it to the touch-stone in this place First of all hee thinketh that the bloud cannot passe out of the right ventricle into the left by the fence or partition because sayth hee if this way were not sufficient in a tender Infant in whome the vesselles are more laxe and the substance of the wall more rare and thinne and wherein there is lesse dissipation or wast of spirit then surely it will much lesse suffice in an older man but this way is not sufficient in the Infant so that nature prouided another to wit two arteries which are carried from the Nauel to his crural arteries Therefore in a growne man it is necessary there should be other more open passages An argument truely most subtile but most false and stuffed with error For in the Infant Answere to Vlmus the bloud doeth not sweate through from the right ventricle to the left because there is no generation of vitall spirits in the ventricles of the heart but the Infant draweth the mothers spirite by the vmbilicall arteries which is diffused into all the streames of the great artery The Lungs are not nourished with pure and thin bloud but with thicke carried vnto them by the hollow veine wherefore from that hollow vein to the venal arterie there is a cleare passage and a conspicuous pipe from the great artery to the arteriall veine by whose interposition the vessels of the heart in the Infant are vnited The opinion therefore of Vlmus is false because in the Infant there is no shop of the spirits neither doth the orifice
of the hollow veine powre out bloud into the right ventricle of the heart for that as Galen sayth in the 15. Chapter of his 6. Booke de vsu partium the Lungs in an Infant are redde dense and immouable and are nourished with thick and grosse bloud Secondly the membranes placed in the orifice of the great artery which hee calleth not well three-forked for the values of the hollow veine and the venall artery one are three forked the rest are semicircular he doth not imagine are made to that end that they should prohibit bloud for going out of the great artery into the hart because while the Infant was in the wombe they hindered not the arteriall bloud from entring into the left ventricle of the heart But here Vlmus offendeth at the stone at which he stumbled before for nothing Nothing goeth into the Infants heart out of any of the vessels floweth into the ventricles of the Infants heart by his foure orifices Not bloud by the hollow veine for what need is there of his attenuation when the Infants Lungs are nourished with thick bloud Not ayre by the venall artery for the Infant breatheth not in the womb Not arteriall bloud by the Aorta or great artery for this labor were vaine because in a moment it should bee thrust backe into the same Aorta againe adde to this that there should haue beene no neede of that arteriall canale or pipe going from the great artery to the arteriall veine vnknowne to thee Vlmus as I see and almost to all Anatomists Thirdly whilest Vlmus assenteth to Botallus and fashioneth to himselfe a peculiar vse of that hole or passage he walloweth in the same puddle with him and deserueth the same reproofe Botallus had In confuting of Columbus he is most subtile at length he bringeth Vlmus opiniō to the birth his witty conceite which he trauelled with and after many sharpe throws and pinches is deliuered of it To wit that in the spleene the arteriall bloud is prepared because the spleene is made as it were of a woofe and web of veines and arteries inexplicably wouen How it cannot be true together that when it is so prepared it is sucked away by the arteries and carried into the trunk of the great artery and so into the left ventricle of the heart but there be indeed many obstacles which will hinder this ready passage if wee will but stay a while and follow the streame a little First of all in the orifice of the great artery there are three membranes shut without against it so that by them the arteriall bloud cannot passe This our very eies teach vs and beside our great Dictator in his Booke de Corde hath in direct wordes deliuered the same Vlmus I know also will deny this vse of the values and yet I know also hee will not say that Nature formed them in vaine I say then that if they doe not altogether interclude or hinder the egresse and regresse of the bloud yet as he himselfe is constrayned to confesse they break and stay the aboundant and violent influence of the same which if they doe then cannot the whole matter of the vitall spirits bee brought from the spleene by the great artery vnto the left ventricle of the heart because seeing the generation of the spirits must bee sudden and aboundant their matter also had neede to bee ministred with a full streame and not drop or sipe by degrees into the heart Furthermore in the structure of the heart there is one point of Natures excellent worke-manship that draweth by one vessell and expelleth by another It draweth blood by the Hollow-veine the same it expelleth by the Arteriall veine it draweth aire hy the venall artery which it mingleth with the blood and expelleth the vitall spirit into the great artery but if by the great arterie it should draw the matter of the spirites and almost in the same moment shoulde expell the spirit into the same great artery againe there would be a mixture of those iuices and in the arteries would there also be perpetually two contrary motions one of the bloode ascending from the spleene to the heart another of the arteriall bloode descending from the heart to the spleene which as we admit may be sometimes in criticall euacuations in notable Maister-prises of Nature so we deny it to be perpetuall but the generation of spirits is perpetuall Vlmus will obiect that the venall Arterie leadeth aire vnto the heart and shutteth also out into the Lungs smokie vapours together with some portion of bloode but we will answere Obiection that there is not the like reason of aire and of blood Aire by reason of his subtilitie Answere and finenesse can passe through the blood and the coats which blood cannot do Moreouer if the Arteriall blood be prepared in the Spleene and not in the right ventricle of the heart as Galen thought why doth the Hollow veine open into the heart with so wide a mouth Was it onely for nourishment of the Lungs No verily for the orifice An argument of the Hollow veine is much larger then the orifice of the arteriall veine as Galen saith in his 3. booke and 15. chapter De facultate Natural was it for the nourishment of the heart Nothing lesse For the heart hath a peculiar veine called the Crowne veine by which it is nourished therefore that patent orifice of the Hollow veine at the right ventricle of the heart was ordained to cast in the seede of the spirites into the wombe of the heart where they are forced and sent out into the little world of the bodye Finally from hence I gather that the Spleene was not ordained for the preparation of the Vitall spirites because why thesplene cannot prepare the blood for the heart the Spleene is very subiect to obstructions not by reason of his vessels which are very ample and large nor by reason of his Parenchyma or flesh which is rare and spongie and therefore by reason of the foeculent and muddie humour conteined in it but how shall it serue for the expurgation of the drosse and the bloode and for the preparation also of the same blood Wee therefore conclude that the bloode is prepared in the right Ventricle of The conclusiō the Heart and thence is deriued into the left by the holes and nooks of the partition wal QVEST. VII Whether the Matter and Quitture of those that are called Empyici maybe purged by the left Ventricle of the Heart and the Arteries and how it is purged by the Vrine by the Seidge and by Apostemation THis Question hath wrung the wittes of many Schollers a long time notwithstanding according to the meane modele of our wit we will heere if Who be Empyici it may be vntie that knot Wee call those Empyici with Hippocrates who haue an impostume as we call it or a bladder broken in the side or the Lungs the matter of which
it is whitened After it is so praepared it is conveighed to the Epididymis thorough whose insensible passages it sweateth into the spongie and friable substance of the Testicles themselues where hauing atteined the forme and perfection of seede it is deliuered ouer by the eiaculatory or rather the Leading-vessels to the Parastatae and from them transcolated to the Prostatae which reserue the seed being now turgid and full of spirits for the necessary vses of Nature Hence it followeth that that power which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the seede-making Faculty or the Faculty of generation is from the Testicles immediately by which Faculty the parts being stirred vp do poure out of themselues the matter of the seede when Venus dooth so require This Faculty is the authour in men of Virility and in women of Muliebrity and breedeth in all creatures that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by which the heate being blowne vp is the cause 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so that the bloode being heated and attenuated distendeth the Veines and the bodie or bulke of that part groweth turgid and impatient of his place which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And thus much of the Lower Region In the Middle Region there are many parts of great woorth but the excellencie of the The Middle Region Heart dimmeth the light of the rest which all are to it but seruants and attendants The Heart therefore is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth to beate because The Heart it is perpetually mooued from the ingate to the outgate of life This is a Pyramidal Bowell whose Basis is in the middle of the Chest the mucro or point reacheth toward the left side The magnitude but small that the motion might be more free and nimble the flesh very fast and exceeding hot intertexed or wouen with all three kinds of Fibres and nourished with bloode which it receiueth from two branches of the Coronary Veine On the out-side it hath a great quantity of fat and swimmeth in a waterish Lye which is conteyned in the Pericardium wherewith as with a purse the Heart is encompassed On the inside it is distinguished by an intermediate partition into two Ventricles The right is lesse noble then the left and framed most what for the vse of the Lungs It receiueth a great quantity of blood from the yawning mouth of the Hollow-vein and after it is prepared returneth the same blood againe through the Arteriall veine into all the corners of the Lunges This right ventricle hath annexed to it the greater care and sixe Values are inserted into the Orifices of his vessels The left Ventricle which is also the most noble hath a thicker wall then the right because it is the shop of thin blood and vitall spirites Out of this Ventricle do two vessels issue the first called the Venall artery which receyueth the ayer prepared by the Lungs and for retribution returneth vnto them vitall blood and spirits at which artery the left deafe care is scituated and in whose orifice there slande two Values bending from without inward The other vessell of the left Ventricle is the Aorta or great Artery which distributeth vnto the whole body vitall blood and spirits For according as the opinion of some is it draweth the better part of the Chylus by the Meseraicke Arteries into the bosome of the left ventricle for the generation of arteriall blood and at his mouth do grow three Values opening inward We say further that the Heart is the The Vitall faculty habitation of the vitall Faculty which by the helpe of Pulsation and Respiration begetteth Vital spirits of Ayer and Blood mixed in the left ventricle And this Faculty although it be vitall yet is it not the life it selfe and differeth from the Faculty of Pulsation both in the functions and in the extent and latitude of the subiect The Faculty of Pulsation is Naturall to the heart as proceeding and depending vpon the Vitall Faculty For it is not mooued 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or voluntarily as is the Animall Faculty but onely obeyeth the command of the necessity of Nature From the foresaide Faculty of Pulsation do proceede two motions the Diastole the Systole betweene which there is a double Rest These motions in the Heart and Arteries are the same and at the same time but so that the cause of the motion is supplied from the Heart vnto the Artrries as from a principle both mooued and moouing Finally to come vnto that which we are now in hand withall In the vpper Region wee meete with the Braine compassed with the strong battlements of the scull adorned with The vpper Region the Face as with a beautifull Frontispice wherein the Soule inhabiteth not onely in essence and power as it is in the rest of the body but in her magnificense and throne of state This Braine is the most noble part of the whole body and framed with such curiositie so many Labyrinthes and Meanders are therein that euen a good wit may easily bee at losse when it is trained away with so diuers sents in an argument so boundlesse and vaste Notwithstanding we will as briefely and succinctly as we can giue you a viewe of the Fabricke and Nature thereof referring the Reader for better satisfaction to the ensuing discourse wherein we hope to giue euen him that is curious some contentment The substance therefore of the Braine is medullous or marrowy but a proper marrow not like that of other parts framed out of the purest part of the seed and the spirites It is The Braine moouable and that with a naturall motion which is double one proper to it self another comming from without It is full of sence but that sence is operatiue or actiue not passiue For the behoofe of this braine was the head framed nor the head alone but also the whole body it selfe being ordained for the generation of animall spirits and for the exhibiting of the functions of the inward senses and the principall faculties in this brain we are to consider first his parts then his faculties The Braine therefore occupieth the whole cauity of the skull and by the dura mater or hard membrane is diuided into a forepart and a backpart The forepart which by reason of the magnitude retaineth the name of the whole and is properly called the Braine is againe deuided by a body or duplicated membrane resembling a mowerssy the into a right side a left both which sides are againe continued by the interposition or mediation of a callous body This callous body descending a litle downward appeareth to be excauated or hollowd into two large ventricles much resembling the forme of a mans eare through which cauities a thrumbe of crisped vessels called Plexus Choroides doth run wherein the Animal spirits receiue their preparation and out of these Ventricles doe yssue two swelling Pappes which are commonly called the Organes of smelling and do determine at the
spongy bone aboue the top of the nose These two venticles are disseuered by a fine and thin body called speculum lucidum or the bright Glasse vnto which adioyneth the Arch of the braine called Corpus cameratum which is supported by three finials or Columnes which like Atlas do sustaine the weight of the braine so that the thirde ventricle which lieth vnder them is not obliterated This middle ventricle which is a common cauity of the two vpper occupieth the very center of the braine and runneth out with a double passage The first descendeth to the Basis of the braine where the originall of the Nerues is most manifest and the extremity thereof endeth in a portion of the Pia mater or thinne membrane very like vnto a Tunnel through which Tunnell the flegmaticke excrement of the braine is transcolated into the pituitary glandule thereunder disposed and so thorough the holes of the wedge-bone distilleth into the Pallate of the mouth The other passage of the thirde Ventricle which is larger then the former is directed into the fourth Ventricle where the Glandule or Kernell called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is seated at each side of which do adioyne the Buttockes of the Braine and vnder them the Testicles appeare which seuer the passage of the Animall spirit out of this into the fourth ventricle Finally the fourth ventricle succeedeth which is the least and most solid of all the rest and wherein say some the Animall spirit receiueth his vtmost perfection and therefore it is made in the Cerebellum that is the backe-ward or after-braine which for this very reason was framed of a harder consistence then the former And so much of the parts of the braine Now for the faculties we determine that the Braine is the Pallace of the Rationall Soule which soule vsing for her instrument the temper confirmation of the braine according The Animall Faculty to the diuersity of her functions bringeth forth mixt actions by the mediation of the animall spirit These very actions produced according to the variety of the temperament and medium into diuers acts of Ratiocination Imagination and Memory as the soule is best pleased to worke we call Faculties which are seated and established together promiscuously in one and the same place Againe we say that this braine as it is the beginning of the inward so is it also of the outward senses from which each of them receiuing their proper vessels or passages together with their Faculty do suffer the incursions of Species or Images resorting vnto them according to the diuersity of the Organe The eye receiueth the visible formes the care the audible the nose such as cast an odour from them and so of the rest All these indiuiduall formes receiued by the sences are by them resigned vp in token of foealty to the Common sense or priuy-chamber of the soule from whence they receiued their faculties and then out of those formes the soule gathering phantasmes or notions doth eyther lay them vp in the Memory or worke vpon them by discourse of Reason Finally we attribute to the braine the faculties of sense or motion which faculties together with the animall spirit differing in forme and kinde from the vitall and prepared concocted and perfected in his ventricles and substance he doth continually and without intermission transmit through the same Nerues into the whole body to supply the expence of the foresaid spirits which is made either by action or by passion And thus haue wee runne through not onely the two lower Regions to refresh our memories but also the vpper wherein the Reader may haue such a taste of that which followeth as may haply make him sauour it the better when he commeth thereto And so wee proceede to our businesse CHAP. I. Of the Names scituation forme and parts of the head HAuing hitherto as exactly as we could and with great leasure made our progresse through the two lower Regions Naturall and Vitall It is now time we should ascend into the third venter the seate very residence of the soule the sacred Pallace or Tower of Pallas there suruay her royall Court her guard of outward Sences her Councellors of state and all their aequipage This Region therefore is by the Graecians called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Appians Interpreter holds it was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of a word which signifieth to grow dry because being of a bony substance it must needs be dry Apollidorus deriues it from the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to hide or couer because it is the couering of the braine Others because there The names of the head 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the lights are placed Others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the Cauity or hollownes of it The Latines call it Caput because from hence the sences do Capere initium take their beginning There is a double acception of the word Caput among Physitions one strickt presse another large and ample In the strict signification it is vsed by Celsus out of Hippocrates booke of the wounds of the head and thus discribed The Head is the Mansion and skonce A strict signification Celsus description of the Head of the braine whose skull is made of two Tables between which is a marrow eye substāce called Diplois inuironed with Caruncles and small veines ouer which is spread the membrane called Perieranion which Membrane is couered againe with the hairy scalpe but vnder the skull lyeth the Membrane called Dura mater And in this signification the antients called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Vessel of the braine we also in our common speech cal it the Skonce Skonce But in the large and ample signification vnder the name of the head we vnderstand all The large signification that is circumscribed within the first racke-bone of the Necke and the top of the Crowne We will intreate of it in this large signification wherein therefore we are to consider of the forme the scituation the magnitude the frame and structure the motion the particular parts thereof First therefore the head was made round and that for diuers reasons Inprimis That it The forme might be of greater receipt and capacity because it was to receiue the vast and huge bulke of the Braynes For the braines of a man are foure times as big as of an Oxe now of all figures the round figure is of most capacity witnesse the world it selfe Secondly the head was made round ad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that it might bee lesse subiect to Why round outward iniuries nor so easily wounded For this figure as it is most capacious so is it the strongest because it hath no asperity whereupon a blow might fasten but is euery where alike smooth hauing no point whence the dissolution of it should commence Thirdly the head is round for his better motion that it might be speedily and easily turned to euery side The Platomists
but how perfected Vesalius thinketh by the particular substance and forme of the Brain Archangelus Archangelus Laurentius thinketh they haue no such vse or power as to make Animall spirites Laurentius sayth that they serue for the inspiration and expiration of the Braine to receiue smels and to prepare the Animall spirites and to containe them as it were in a store-house yet not perfectly accomplished but inchoated onely Archangelus subscribeth vnto this and Archangelus his other vses addeth moreouer that the ayre drawne through the nose and spongy bone into the ventricles is laboured and prepared for the nourishment and refection of the Animall spirites as the ayre is prepared in the Lungs for the refrigeration recreation of the vital spirits Another vse sayth he of them is but that onely a secundary vse to serue for wayes whereby the excrements of the braine may be purged Neither sayth he is there cause why we should wonder that the same ventricles should hold the Animal spirits and serue also for the ablegation of excrements seeing we know that Nature hath ordained the Nose first and primarily to be a meanes of smelling and secondarily to call out the phlegme out of the brain and auoide the same Wee sayeth Bauhine thinke they serue to gather the excrements which are separated Bauhine in the nourishment of the Brain the phlegme for example there engendred and by their common passage to send it into the Tunnell called Infundibulum to bee conuayed away by the throate Archangelus in this place maketh mention of a passage which is sayth he is in the middest A passage to be obserued vnder the mamillary processes and hath a double issue one directly into the ventricles wee speake off the other into the pallate and so into the Lungs This passage is knowne but to a few neither can it be found but in a sound Brain when the man commeth to a sudden and vnlooked for end and is presently dissected for the partes of the braine that are about this passage do in a short time so fall and close together that the passage is cleane obliterated Hence Galen in his 8. booke of the Vse of parts and the 10. Chapter sayed that the ayre Galen explayned we breath in by our noses passeth vnto the heart but a part of it getteth into the ventricles where it is prepared and made the nourishment of the Animall spirites Columbus ascribeth the finding out of this passage to himselfe but Archangelus taxeth him therfore And so much of the two first ventricles The third ventricle followeth which is nothing else but the concurrence or meeting of the two former lengthned out somewhat backward For the two former ventricles in their The 3. ventricle lower part vnder the Arch Table 10. fig. 5. STV figure 6. AAA do meet together in one place there determine being in their nether parts like a narrow path which runneth out backe ward a pretty length into the hindmost ventricle This is called by Galen in his 8. booke of the Vse of parts and the 12. Chapter the common cauity or common place of the foreward Galen ventricles Table 10. figure 6. vnder M I table 11. fig. 7. and 8. M by others who doe deny the third ventricle it is called the perforation of the two former ventricles others call it the third ventricle or the middle ventricle because it is in the middest of the braine yea and in the very Center of the marrowe betwixt the two forewarde ventricles and the fourth This at the first sight is like a long slit or cauity Tab. 11. fig. 7. and 8. ◠but more backward The forme of It after Galen it becommeth larger and is discerned part of it when the arch is drawne a little backward part of it when the Testicles and the Buttocks of the braine are diuided in the midst It tendeth directly from the forward ventricles vnder the arch the testicles and the buttocks Table 12. fig. 10. from I to K toward the fourth ventricle Tab 12-fig 10. ◠sheweth the end of it And this is Galens delineation of his passage in his 8. book of the Vse of parts and the 11. chapter whereunto Vesalius Platerus Archangelus and Laurentius do subscribe but Columbus maketh it shorter and sayth it endeth at the backeward passage neare to the Glandula pinealis The figure of it sayeth Archangelus is vncertaine because there are many eminencies or inequalities in it This third ventricle hath two passages of both which Galen maketh mention in his 9. The two passages thereof booke of Anatomicall Administrations and the fourth Chapter the one he calleth the vpper hole or the Tunnell the other the great hole of the third ventricle wee according to Bauhine will describe them thus The one Table 11. fig. 7. and 8. I proceedeth out of the middest of the ventricle and is The first reasonable large it is caued in the substance of the braine and runneth directly downward toward the Bason which receiueth the phlegme at the Basis of the braine and by it the phlegme of the two forward ventricles doth descend The other passage Table 11. fig 7. and 8. K which is the more backeward Laurentius addeth the larger also is not round in his originall although it be a part of the third ventricle Second which is round Galen in the 9 booke of his Anatomicall Administrations and the 5. Chapter thinketh that it hath a peculiar coate like that of the pia mater wherewith it is lyned It runneth vnder the Buttocks Table 11 fig. 7. MN fig. 8. NOPQ table 12. fig. 19. DEFG and Another passage the Testicles into the fourth ventricle aboue the beginning of the spinall marrow Out of the lower and forward angle of this passage as soon as it is gotten vnder the testicles there issueth another passage Table 11. fig 8. neare to K farre narrower then the former which passing slily forward through the substance of the braine sinketh downeward and determineth in the end Table 11. fig. 8. I of the first passage out of both which ariseth an orifice Table 15. figure 20. D which endeth in the Bason and leadeth the phlegme out of the third ventricle This Vesalius taxeth Galen for pretermitting in the place next aboue named Vesalius taxeth Galen Now whereas at the second passage there appeareth a certaine slitte or cleft Columbus will needs liken the same vnto the lap or priuity of a woman The vse of the third ventricle is to be a receptacle of the Animall spirit which also is by The vse of the 3. ventricle Nature so quaintly formed for Archangelus referreth all those resemblances of the arch the buttocks the testicles the fundament the womans lap and the yarde vnto the third ventricle that it driueth them into the fourth ventricle Aboue this third ventricle lyeth the Fornix or Arch called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because in forme and vse it resembleth a crosse
large and ample Tab. 12 fig. 11 E fig. 12 B but after is straightned into a pipe till it end in a long Fistule or quill wouen with small but many veines which through a proper hole Tab. 12. fig. 11 F made for it in the Dura mater descendeth and determineth into the Pine-Glandule This passage by Galen in his ninth Books of the Vse of parts and of Anatomicall Administrations and the third Chapters as also by many that haue followed him is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 peluis the Bason He calleth it also in the place before named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Infundibulum the Tunnell because in the top it serueth as a Tunnels top to admit the Humor His Names and in the bottome like the pipe to let it out for by this the thicker excrements of the Braine stored vp in the ventricles are receiued and transmitted to the Flegmaticke Glandule of which we shall speake by and by Vesalius maketh the vpper part to be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and compareth it to a Bathing tub such as they vse in Hot houses The neather part 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which cannot be better compared then to the pipe of a Tunnell such as they Vesalius run Beere with Concerning the vse all Anatomists do agree but Laurentius me-thinkes for the fashion and the vse compareth it best to such a bagge as wee call Manica Hippocratis in English commonly an Hippoccas bagge because through it they run Hippoccas which is called Hip. wine Next to the bason followeth the flegmatick Glandule Galen in his 9. book de vsu partium and the third Chapter calleth it simply 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is a Glandule The seate of it Glandula pituitaria is vnder and without the Meninges at the end of the Tunnell in the saddle of the wedge-bone For this saddle or bosome of the bone was purposely made to receiue this Glandule and therefore the forme of them both differeth little for it is flat hollow aboue gibbous below and almost foure square The substance is Glandulous but yet more compact His substance and harder then other glandules Thicke it is and compassed about with the Pia mater haply with that part thereof which maketh the Tunnell and by this Membrane it is tyed to the bone and leaneth to two branches of the soporary Arteries called Carotides which creepe vp by the sides thereof Table 12 fig. 12. CDEF This Glandule receiueth the excrements in Vse manner of a sponge as they fall from the braine which excrement it not onely emptieth into the palate but also some fals downe by his sides through those holes which are bored in the Basis of the Scul Neyther was Hippoc. ignorant hereof who in his books de Glandulis de locis in omine saith that Humors fal out of the head through the eares the eies the nose others Hippocrates by the Pallat into the throat the gullet some also through the veins into the spinal marrow and into the bloud that is 7. wayes For at the sides of this Glandule there are bored two holes in the bōe which descēd one forward ending in that hole where through the 2. payre of sinewes is led the other descendeth more backward and passeth by the sharp Cleft at the sides of that hole through which that notable branch of the soporary Artery ascendeth into the Scull of which outlets we shall speake more at large in the History of the bones And these are the wayes by which the phelgme is euacuated out of the braine For the braine being great and large stood in need of much aliment and because it is very moist not very hot out of that much aliment many excrements do arise are gathered therein which excrements being of two kindes thinne and thicke the thin do vapour out through the Sutures the thicke are euacuated partly by the Nostrils as we haue saide already partly by the Palate For those that arise aboue the Ventricles and are stabled in the diuision of the braine are purged by the foreward hole and the Nose and is called Mucus we giue it a homely name but proper to it and call it Snot But those that are gathered in the ventricles do most what descend to the Tunnell and are auoided by the Palate eyther by simple spitting which we call Rheume or else by ercreation or hawking which we cal phelgme And thus much of the Glandule vse therof The Rete mirabile or wonderfull Net which Galen in the 9. booke of the Vse of parts Wonderful Net the third chapter calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tab. 13 fig. 14 that is the Net like complication hath his name from the artificiall figure for it is made of the soporary arteries tab 13 fig. 14. A B which arising vpward from the heart through the Chest climbe vnto the head Wherof made and at the Basis of the Brayne neere the originall of the opticke Nerues do make this web or Net This net compasseth the glandule Tab. 13 fig. 14 ◠at the sides of the saddle of the wedge-bone and is not like a simple Net but as if you should lay many fishers Nets The vse of it one aboue another wherein this is admirable that the replications of one are tyed to the replications of another so that you cannot separate the Nets asunder but they are all of them so wrought into one another as if it were a bodye of Net meshed together not into breadth onely but euen into thicknesse also In these according to Galen the Animall spirits make long stay which haue for this proper and immediate matter the vitall spirits raised vp in the arteries and heere wrought into Animall from whence they are conueyed into the ventricles of the braine For saith Galen in his 9. booke of the Vse of parts and the fourth chapter where Nature intendeth exactly to forme any thing she prouideth that it shall remaine some good space in the instruments of concoction Some are of opinion that the vitall spirits are prepared in these small arteries and some Archangelus for instāce that the Animall spirits are inchoated heere and perfected in the Plexus Choroides that hauing receiued their power and efficacy from the Braine the marrow thereof they might yssue into the ventricles and there be stored vp for vse Vesalius affirmeth that this wonderfull Net is onely found in the heads of beasts but we saith Bauhine haue beene able to make demonstration of it in all the mens heads we Bauhine Vesalius haue hitherto cut vp although we confesse that in Calues and Oxen it is much greater more conspicuous Now these three particles the Tunnell the Glandule and the Net cannot be demonstrated before the substance of the After-braine be taken away and the 2. The way how to demostrate these parts latter not before the Dura meninx be dissected Finally before you make demonstration of these
or apprehend colours onely as the eyes sauours onely as the tongue c But it is a common instrument of sensation discerning colours sauours smels sounds and tactile qualities and in a word all sensible obiects Wherefore the braine feeleth vniuersally whatsoeuer is offered vnto it not with choice as the eye which receiueth not the sound but onely his owne obiect and so in the rest It remayneth therefore that the Naturall sence of the braine is none at all or at least so weak and dull as it is hardly perceiued for in his substance there is rather a faculty of Touching then an instrument of Touch. Fernelius thinketh that all motion is from the marrow of the braine and all sence from Fernelius his Philosophy about this his membranes because the body of the braine is perpetually moued but hath no feeling at all on the other side his membranes are of themselues immouable especially the Dura mater but feele very exactly So in the Lethargy or Phrensie which are diseases of the substance of the braine there is no paine at all but if a sharp vapour or humour be raised vp vnto the Meninges then grieuous paine followeth Moreouer the spinall marrow and all the nerues haue their marrow from the braine that couered with the Meninges al which haue the same and no other power or faculty then what they receiued from their original wherefore the forepart of the braine is the beginning of Sence the hinder part of Motion but of Touching the Meninges or Membranes are the originall Those nerues which are full of marrow are the instruments of Motion of Touching those whose greater parts are produced by the Meninges And this is Fernelius his Philosophy concerning this poynt but how consonant to reason we shall see afterward Concerning the motion of the braine great difference there is among Authors Galen in his 8. booke of the Vse of Parts and the second Chapter sayth it hath perpetuall motion The motion of the braine Vesalius denies it answeres his arguments addeth that he could neuer perceiue any such Vesalius against Galen motion either in great woundes of the head or which is more in his dissections of liuing Creatures Fallopius halteth in this poynt he sayes it but hee dares not auouch it Platerus thinks that those that say it moues mistake the motion of the braine for the motion of the third Sinus which beateth like an artery Columbus Archangelus and Laurentius doe all consent that it moueth continually and instance in woundes of the head Laurentius Laurentius is so confident that he sayth he is a mad man and wants his sences that will deny it To resolue vpon somewhat among so many opinions we think that the braine is not moued by any Animall or voluntary motion but by a Naturall and that double one proper of his owne another from the arteries albeit this last Archangelus doth deny because those What we resolue of arteries that runne aboue are too small but those that are in the bottom of the brain much lesse yet it giueth the power of voluntary motion to other parts This motion is proper and peculiar to the braine for the generation nourishment and expurgation of the Animall spirit for it is dilated and againe constringed as may be seene The vse of the motion in wounds of the head where a notable part of the Scull is taken away as also of the membranes sayth Bauhine And in children new borne in the mould the braine is so manifestly How the motion is discerned seene to beate and pant that euen the bones which at that time are very soft are mooued therewith When it is dilated it draweth out of the Sinus of the dura mater some say out of the wonderful net or web of the soporarte arteries vitall spirits and ayre by the nosthrils for the restauration and preseruation of the Animall spirites when it contracteth it selfe it driueth out the Animall spirits laboured in his substance through the nerues as through The Animal spirits pipes and canals into the organs of sence and motion or as Archangelus hath it out of the foreward ventricles being contracted into the third and fourth and so into the organs aforesaide which spirites when they ariue in the particular parts they nourish the Animall spirits bred and fixed in those partes For the Animall spirit floweth through the nerues into all the parts not onely to be the conuayer of the sensatiue and mouing Soule but also to giue nourishment to the Animall spirits fixed in the parts and this spirit is the medium or Meane by which the Sensatiue Soule and al his faculties which are incorporeal are ioyned with the body The outward parts because their instruments are farther off stood in neede of nerues as it were Channels through which the Animall spirites accompanied by the Vital as it were by guides might be conuaied but the inward parts because their instruments are neare and at hand needed no nerues but receiue the same by blind and inuisible by-waies yet guided by the same Vital spirits We haue also sayd that at the entrance into and at the out-gate from the heart there are A witty conceit of Archangelus certain Values or floud-gates set and their vses wee haue allotted Now Archangelus is of opinion that the Buttocks and Pine-glandule of the Braine doe here the same offices that the values did in the heart For sayth he in the dilatation of the braine the way out of the third ventricle into the fourth closeth it selfe and beside is shut vp by the glandule falling betweene the Buttocks that no part of the spirits can returne out of the fourth ventricle into the third On the contrary in the contraction the glandule is lifted vp and the Buttocks are diuided and so away is made for the Animall spirit to flow out of the third ventricle into the fourth Concerning the generation of Animall spirits there are diuers opinions especially Diuers opinions of the generation of the Animall spirits seauen one of Galen another of Vesalius a third of Columbus a fourth of Argenterius a fift of Archangelus a sixt of Laurentius and a seaueth of Varolius to which Bauhine our author subscribeth Galens opinion was that they were made of the vitall spirite brought by the soporarie arteries Galens and of ayre breathed in mary as for the place of their generation he seemeth to be altogether vncertaine for sometimes hee assigneth the Plexus Choroides sometimes the ventricles sometimes the substance and body of the braine Vesalius sayeth they are laboured in the right and left ventricle by a power and efficacy Vesalius receiued from the brain and haue for their matter vitall spirits from the heart aire drawn in by inspiration ascending through the third ventricle Columbus sayth they are made of ayre drawne by the nosethrils and altered in the cauities Columbus of the forehead bone and the wedge-bone and carried through
the pores of the spongy bone to the forward ventricles where it meeteth with the vitall spirit sent vpward from the hart by the soporarie arteries powred into the Plexus choroides which is in the ventricles both which spirits and ayre sayth he by the perpetuall motion of the braine and this Plexus Choroides are exactly mingled and of them the Animall spirits are generated in that Plexus Choroides which is in the ventricles and this he sayth was his owne inuention Argenterius will haue but one influent or moouable spirite besides the fixed spirites of Argenterius the particular partes whose arguments shall be sufficiently answered in our Controuersies by Laurentius Archangelus opinion is that the Animall spirits are made of the vitall changed by many Archangelus exagitations and alterations by the arteries which make the Rete mirabile and the Plexus Choroides but receiuing his vttermost perfection in and by the substance of the Braine so becommeth a conuenient vehicle of the sensatiue soule The processe of which generation he sayth is after this manner There is an inchoation or beginning made in the Retemirabile but the plenarie perfection is in the Plexus Choroides yet that from a power or facultie of the marrow of the braine in which alone such power resideth being so perfected they are powred out into the ventricles which adde nothing to their generation as into store-houses or places of receyte where they are kept to bee transported into the whole body Laurentius thus the Animall spirit is generated of the vitall spirit and the aire breathed Laurentius in whose preparation is in the labyrinthian webs of the small arteries in the vpper or forward ventricles but they receiue a farther elaboration in the third ventricle and their perfection in the fourth and from thence by the nerues are diffused into the whole body but he reprehendeth those that auouch that this spirit receiueth his forme and specificall difference in the webs before named Finally Varolius and with him Bauhine and wee with them will resolue first for their matter that it is arterial bloud aboundantly fulfilled with vitall spirits and ayre drawn in by the Varolius What we resolue of nosethrils for the manner wee say it is thus The spirituous and thin bloud is sent vp from the heart by the soporarie arteries vnto the braine and is powred out into the Sinus of the dura mater whilest they are dilated as is venall bloud out of the veins With this is mingled ayre drawne by inspiration through the nosethrilles and ariuing into the braine through the pores of the spongy bone These substances thus mingled and mixed in the vesselles Bauhine whilest they are carried through the conuolutions of the Braine are altered and prepared purged also from phlegmatick excrement which whilst it nourisheth the braine the more subtile part is transfused into his substance and there that is in the marrowy substance of the braine it is laboured into a most subtile Animall spirite and so is from thence by the same passages returned and communicated to the spinall marrow and to the nerues of the whole body Neither saith Varolius is it necessary that these spirits should haue any cauities to be laboured in and hee sheweth it by an example When wee shut one eye the Animall spirit in a moment returneth vnto the other so that it dilateth the ball or pupill of the other and yet is there no manifest passage between them sauing those insensible poâ—â—s which are in euery nerue and also in the substance of the braine And hereunto subscribeth also Platerus on this manner the common opinion saith he is that the Animall spirit is generated and contayned in the Plexus Choroides which I cannot approue as well because Platerus these vesselles are so very small as also because so many excrements of the braine fall through the ventricles I thinke therefore that the Animall spirit is tyed to the substance of the braine so that the braine is neuer without Animall spirites neither can the Animall spirites subsist in any part without the substance of the braine for what else is the inward substance of euery Nerue but a kinde of production of the braine compassed about with a production also of the membranes of the same And thus much shall be sufficient to haue sayed concerning the vse of the Braine and the generation of the Animall spirit Now wee proceede to the After-braine or the Cerebellum CHAP. XIIII Of the Cerebellum or After-braine THat the whole Masse of the Braine is diuided into the Braine After-braine we haue already shewed The cause of this diuision Varollius taketh to be this Whereas of those things which are apprehended by the senses there are two chiefe differing much the one from the other yet both of them so immediately seruiceable to the vnderstanding that they cannot be substituted one for the other wherof one belongeth to the Sight the other to the Hearing and because there The reason of the diuision of the Braine is required to the perfection of sight the mediation of a moist and waterish body as we see in the eyes therefore for their behoofe especially and of the visible Species which they admit that part of the braine was made which is the softer and so great that it filleth almost the whole Scull and this is called properly Cerebrum or the Braine But because those Species which are apprehended by sound or resounding do require a kinde of drines in their Organ as Hippocrates excellently acknowledgeth for where there is only moysture there is little or no resonance at all therefore vnder the braine in the backepart of the head there is ordained and scituated a lesser and faster portion which they call Cerebellum we the After-braine which as it is truely harder then the braine it selfe so is it consequently dryer And this is Galens opinion in the 6. chapter of his 8. booke de vsu partium where Galen he saith that therefore it is harder then the braine because it produceth hard Nerues albeit Vesalius Columbus and Archangelus wil not admit any difference in their substances Vesalius Wherefore the Braine it selfe was especially made for the behoofe of the eyes theyr obiects the After-braine for the vse of resounding species or such things as were to bee Why the braine is aboue the after braine The after-braine Aristotle represented to the hearing And because the sight is more excellent then the hearing ministring vnto vs more difference of things therefore it is seated aboue the braine The Cerebellum or After-braine called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and by Aristotle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is after the Braine is as it were a priuate and small Braine scituated in the backe and lower part of the scull vnder the Braine Tab. 11. fig. 8. R R from which it is separated it is also couered with both the Meninges or Membranes and is vnited
the originall of all the sinnewes should be but one simple and single originall For if all the Arteries and Veines be reduced to one originall the Arteries to the Heart the Veines to the Liuer it is agreeable to the wisedome of Nature that the Nerues also should proceede from one originall because these are three common Organs or Instruments of the body through which the Animall Vitall and Naturall Faculties are by the helpe of spirites transported together with the vitall naturall blood And this both Hippocrates Plato seeme to haue known Hippocrates who in the beginning of his Booke De Natura Ossium writeth that the Originall Hipp. Plato insinuate so much of Sinnewes is from the Occipitium which is the seate of the After-brain And Plato in Timaeo speaking of all the Sinnewes writeth that God disposed the Nerues about the lower part of the Head and compassed them with a spinal Marrow which is of a substance like vnto theirs Now the originall of the spinall marrow was to bee out of the middle part of the why the spinal marow ariseth out of the cēter of the braine Braine Tab. 25. fig. 2. b c and character 4. do manifestly shew it because through it as it were through a common water-course the spirits which are perfected in the middest of the Braine were to be deriued into other Riuerets and so into the whole body Wherefore their beginning was to bee placed in the center of the Braine neere the Store-house or shop of the spirits whence they might receiue them as it were with a ful streame like as Anatomy teacheth vs that the Arteries and the Veines do arise out of the middle of the Heart and the Liuer It will be obiected that this Trunke which heere we call the Spinal marrow ought not to haue that denomination till it haue attained into the Vertebrae or racke-bones of the Chine and therefore it is improperly saide that the Opticke Nerues doe arise from Obiection the Spinall Marrow We answere that we haue before sufficiently satisfied this doubte in the 15. chapter of this Booke yet for further contentment if they will bee contented with reason we answere by instance doe not the Nerues of the Sight Hearing and of Answere by instance the rest of the senses receyue their names from the Organes to which they are destinated before they touch those Organes yea whilst they remaine within the scull So also this Marrow may be called the Marrow of the backe or the Spinall Marrow before it enter into the Spine For whilst it remaineth within the scull it is diuided from the Braine and in it may be obserued proper Fibres belonging to it selfe alone Of the After-Braine or Cerebellum Table 25. Fig. 1. sheweth the Braine taken out of the Scul separated from the Dura Meninx and inuerted whose right side exhibiteth the Originall of the Spinal Marrow and the seauen Coniugations of the Sinnewes of the Braine according to the ordinary receiued opinion but the left side sheweth their true originals Fig. 2. sheweth the Braine inuerted the partes thereof in the Basis distracted as also the Original of the Spinall Marrow out of the braine and the After-braine the largenesse of the Ventricle and the originall of the Opticke Nerue out of the Marrow TABVLA XXV FIG I. FIG II The Second Figure a. The right part of the Spinall Marrow reflected vpward to his owne side that so the originall therof which is in the cauity of the Ventricle might be perceyued c b. The beginning of this Marrow as it respecteth the hollownesse of the Ventricle d e. The Optick Nerue reflected about the roote of the Spinall Marrow The first originall of the Optick Nerue f g h. The whole Cauity of the Ventricle f sheweth the Anterior g the middle and h the Posterior Cauity hollowed in the Braine i k. The complication of vessels cald Plexus Choroides about the roote of the spinall Marrow in the ventricle l m. A portion of the Basis of the brain which together with the Spinall Marrow maketh the cleft which entreth into the ventricle n o. the length of the callous body which ioyneth together the two sides of the Braine p q r. Portions of the braine reflected backward that the cauity of the ventricle might better be perceyued This processe is a very notable one tab 25 figure 1 k arising on eyther side out of the The processe called the Bridge Cerebellum neere the trunks wherof the spinall marrow is amassed and runneth ouerthwart forward and downeward by the mediation whereof this After-braine imbraceth the forepart of the spinall marrow after the same manner that the transuersall or ouerthwart muscles of the Larynx making the third paire of common muscles doth imbrace the back-part of the beginning of the oesophagus or Gullet and thence are called oesophagaei and this processe is distinguished by a course of ouerthwart fibres with a kinde of eminency from the right fibres of the spinall marrow This processe Varollius calleth pontem Cerebelli the bridge of the After-braine from the similitude it hath with a bridge because vnder it the spinall marrow runneth as a streame runneth vnder a bridge At this processe the nerue of hearing hangeth and hence ariseth table 25 fig. 1 ii so that we may boldly auouch that the Cerebellum is also the first originall of the sense of hearing How the auditory nerue ariseth out of the Bridge And this beginning of the auditory nerue teacheth vs the cause why more from their infācy are deaf then destitute of any other sense for because the nerues proceed from the after-brain and run no long course they are easily filled and choaked with Mucous and slimy excrements this is the reason as saith Cassius in his 17 Probleme why children from their Two pretty questions resolued infancy loose their hearing of both eares together whereas vpon an accidentall disease it is more vsuall to haue one alone vitiated Seeing therefore almost halfe of the spinall marrow and this processe or bridge from which the auditory nerue ariseth do proceede from the After-braine Varollius thinketh that Galen hath great wrong to be taxed by the late Writers when as they affirme against Galen iniured by the Neotericks him that no nerue hath his originall from the Cerebellum for saith hee some nerues arise onely from the braine and not from the After-braine as the optick sinewes some from the After-braine only and not from the braine as the auditory nerues some from them both together as the nerues of the spine but no nerue ariseth immediately out of any of the two Varollius principles but all out of their owne principles eyther by the mediation of the spinall marrow or by the mediation of that transuerse processe which we called the Bridge Of the Nerues of the eyes Next followeth the nerues of the eyes and because there are two payre of them the one called optici the
conceptacles or receptacles of the Animal spirits as the left ventricle of the heart is the place of the The vse of the ventricles vitall spirit But although we will not deny that there may bee many vses assigned to one and the same part and therfore Galen in the tenth chapter of his eight book de vsu partium was of opinion that the vpper ventricles did serue for the preparation of the spirits Galen also for the expurgation of superfluities yet we are of opiniō that these ventricles are the receptacles That the ventricles receiue the phlegme of the phlegmatick humor which is ingendered in the braine which through the infundibulum or Tunnel is conuayed to the phlegmatick glandule and so purged away For the ventricles haue no where any outlet but onely at the Tunnell but for the Animall spirits we think that they are disseminated through the whole substance both of the brain of the After-brain And this we shew first by the testimony of Hippocrates who when he had Hippocrates his first reasō deliuered that man consisted of foure humors and did assigne to euery one their proper place he saith That the place of the spirits and of the bloud is in the hart of yellow choller in the Liuer of blacke in the spleene And if the place of phlegme be in the braine there must of necessity be a cauity which may containe it such as is the ventricle in the heart and the bladder of gall in the Liuer Now beside these two ventricles there is in the braine no cauity at all Secondly it is proued by the general vse of Glandules which is to sucke vp and consume superfluous humidity Whereas therefore in these ventricles there are Glandules found in 2. reason that complication or web of vessels therein disposed it followeth that phlegme is therein gathered which distilleth out of that textute or web into the ventricles and there is heaped together for they are not able to consume so great a quantity otherwise both the Glandules should be in vaine added by Nature and their vse and commodity assigned by Hippocrates should be idle and of no vse Furthermore it is acknowledged by all men that the phlegme doth distill from the 3. reason braine through the Tunnell vnto the Pallet Now the beginning of the Tunnell is in the ventricle neyther is there any passage from any part of the braine vnto the Tunnell vnlesse it be out of the said ventricles Fourthly it is proued by an argument taken from necessity because this phlegmatick 4. reason excrement did require great and large cauities For if there had beene no conuenient place wherein a notable quantity thereof might be stabled or heaped together wee should haue beene troubled with continuall spitting and spawling euen as they in whose bladders the vrine is not collected and retayned doe continually auoid their water by drisling or drops and so our speech and other noble actions interrupted And hence it is that in sleepe a Many instances from our sence great quantity of this phelgme being collected after we awake we auoid it plentifully in a short time Now this quantity because it could not be contained within the Dennes or hollow cauities of the nose behooued to haue some other receptacle in the braine wherein it might be reserued till conuenient time of euacuation We do also sensibly perceiue that if a man be desirous to spit and therefore sucke the vpper part of his Pallate he shall gather great quantity of this phlegmatick excrement into the cauity of his mouth and thence spit it foorth But if hee againe instantly striue to spit he shall auoid a lesse quantity and so lesse and lesse till by sucking hee can gather no more spittle But after a short interim or interposition of time the excrement wil againe fal into his mouth which is a most euident signe that this matter is in some notable quantity colected or gathered together before it be auoyded as it is in the Vrine the excremēts of the belly We conclude therefore that these Cauities of the ventricles do receyue the foresaid excrements because those Glandulous complications doe enter into them and out of What we conclude them onely are the passages by which the moysture is auoided Mercurialis opposeth on this manner How may it be that so thicke cold and obscure or dull a humor so contrary to the spirits should be collected in that place where the spirits Mercurialis his obiections themselues which are pure and subtle bodies are as it were in an Ouen baked perfected Moreouer the causes of an Apoplexie Epilepsie or Falling sickenesse and the Incubus or Night-Mare are by all Physitians acknowledged to be when as Flegm or Melancholy or crasse and thicke winde is reteyned in the Ventricles which stopping them vp either wholy or for the most part do strangle the spirits therein conteined which as Galen saith in his third Booke De Locis affectis Hip. signifyed in darke and obscure words in the end of the second Section of the sixt booke Epidemiωn where he writeth That the Hippocrates disease called Melancholia hapneth when the humour falleth into the seate of the minde and the Epilepsie when it falleth into the body of the Brain Plato also consenteth with Hippocrates in Timaeo where he writeth that the Falling sicknesse happeneth when Flegme mingled with Melancholy entreth into the diuine cauities Plato of the braine Varolius maketh answere on this manner For the Causes of the Apoplexie Varolius his answere to Mercurialis Epilepsie and Incubus although I sometimes read in Hippocrates as in the Ninth Text of his Booke De Glandulis that the Apoplexy is occasioned by the Corrosion of the braine and in the nineteenth and twentith Texts of his Booke De Flatibus that the Epilepsy is caused when the blood is disquieted and defiled in all the veines as also vvhen The causes of the Apoplexie Hippocrates Galen the same veines are obstructed And that I reade in Galen in the seauenth Chapter of his third booke De Locis Affectis that hee doubted whether the Epilepsy were made by an obstruction of the ventricles of the Braine or of the Spinall Marrow and therefore that I willingly graunt that these diseases may haue these causes yet I conceiue that it wil not abhorre from reason to thinke that the Ventricles though the Animall spirits bee conteyned in them are sometimes so fulfilled with a viscid humour or thicke wind that the Do not contradict Varolius opinion first roote of the Spinall Marrow may be compressed by the aboundance thereof so that the transportation and affluence of the spirits thereunto may bee interrupted and intercepted and consequently the whole bodye depriued of sense and motion Like as the bladder in the suppression of the Vrine being beyond measure distended lying hard vpon Another satisfaction the guts the auoyding of the excrements is hindred And
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 teacheth vs that all the nerues which arise out of the marrow of the braine are altogether distinguished and seperated in their originall progresse and insertion excepting onely the opticks which in the middle of their iourney do meet that necessarily that they might passe directly to the apple of None but the opticks doe intersect the eye that they might not grow flaccid or loose in their long iourny being very soft that the simple single obiect of the eye might not seeme double and finally that the formes and images of visible things might be vnited Onely therefore the opticke nerues do meet yet so that they neuer intersect or crosse one the other VVee haue also of late obserued saith Laurentius that the nerues of the second coniugation haue beene continuall in their originall As for the nerues of the spinall marrow the right are separated from the left neuer cutting one ouerthwart another It is therefore absurd to referre the cause of the convulsion and Palsie which hapneth on the aduerse side to the intersection of the nerues their Crosse permutation as Aretaeus would haue it because it is a meere fable Some conceiue that not the nerues but the veines and small arteries of the braine are The 2. opinion that the spirits passe by the arteries which intersect implicated first in the basis of the braine then in those two labarynthian textures the one called Choroides the other Rete mirabile so that they are diuaricated out of the right side into the left and our of the left side into the right They thinke therefore that when the ventricle on the right side of the braine and the parts therof are obstructed or compressed the left side is conuelled or resolued because the entercourse of the spirites is intercepted by the oppression or obstruction of their common fountaine and at length by stopping of the way of the spirit which they perswade themselues is communicated to the whole body by the arteries not by the marrowey and inward substance of the nerues I cannot but acknowledge this conceite to bee very ingenuous and seemingly true if it were not that it is Consuted contradicted by the principles of Anatomy For to winde vp the matter in a few words this opinion taketh these two positions for good First that the vessels doe intersect or crosse one another and againe that the Animall spirites are conuayed by vesselles not by the marrow of the nerues which how dissonant they are from the trueth may thus be demonstrated by the two common and most competent iudges of all Controuersies reason and sence All the vessels which irrigate or water the whole body of the braine and his membranes The diuarication of the vessels of the braine are propagated from the internall Iugular veine and from the arteries called Carotides and Ceruicales now we are taught by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or ocular inspection that the diuarication of these is on this manner The right Iugular veine powreth the bloud into the right sinus of the dura mater as it were into a Cisterne and the left into the left out of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Concourse of these two ariseth the third sinus which running through the length of the sagittall suture is conuayed The sinus or duplication of the dura meninx to the top of the nose and from this many small veines are diuersly dispersed into the pia mater the fourth sinus concaued between the Braine and the After-brain determineth at the buttocks of the Braine These sinus as it were riuerets substituted by Nature instead of vessels doe disperse the bloud on al hands and from them as out of a presse the bloud ariving vnto them from the Iugular veines is expressed into the whole body of the Braine The Iugular veines therefore doe meete and vnite themselues in the third and fourth sinus of the dura mater but yet are neuer so implicated that the right doe passe vnto the left side or the left vnto the right there is no intersection of these vessels no 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Neither is there any intersection of the right Carotidall or sleepy arteries with the left because they doe not power vitall spirits into those sinus or duplications of the membrane as the veines doe the bloud neyther are the right implicated with the left but each artery maketh his owne texture the right artery the right texture and the left the left These textures or complications which are manifest in the vpper ventricles and called The arteries of the brayne do not intersect Plexus Choroides doe neuer so intersect themselues that the right should passe vnto the left the left vnto the right parts for the vpper ventricles are disseuered by their proper wall or distinction And if they say that the Carotides are implicated in the Basis of the braine at the sides of the buttockes and there intersect themselues I will indeede confesse that the arteries of the same side are implicated that is are contorted manifould like the tendrilles of a Vine crumpled vp together for the better preparation of the spirits but that they intersect them selues and from the right side passe vnto the left that I constantly deny For the holes of the buttocks do stand off one from the other through which the arteries ascend to the Basis of the braine and from them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or by a right line to the vpper ventricles which he that will not otherwise beleeue may thus proue by his owne experieÌ„ce Put a hollow Probe Experience of Bugle into the right sleepy arterie and blow it and you shall perceiue that the arteries of the right side will be distended more then the arteries of the left Let vs therefore cleare our conceites of this mist and cloud of errour concerning the intersection of the vesselles which Autopsie it selfe conuinceth to be a forged conceite Beside experience we haue good reason also against it for if we admit this intersection Reason of the vessels then it wil necessarily followe that whensoeuer the right partes are stuffed or compressed the left parts shal be resolued because the course of the spirit is intercepted But wee finde it often to fall out that when the right Ventricle is obstructed the parts of the same side are resolued But let vs for disputation sake admit though wee The Artâ—â—ies do not coÌ„uty the Animall spirits do not grant it that those smal arteries and complications of them do intersect one another must it thervpon needes follow that when the vesselles are compressed the Palsye should seize vppon the contrary side The arteries are onely conceptacles of the Vitall spirits Those Vital spirits do onely conferre their helpe to the cherishing rowzing vp and restoring of the in-bred heate of the particular parts but affoord no helpe at all to motion or sense Now in the palsy the part liueth though the Motion and Sense be
both of them quite intercepted Wherefore by the Arteries the Animal spirit is not conueyed which is the author of all sense and motion I know well that when the Iugular Veines and the Carotidall arteries are obstructed the Caros Apoplexy and Lethargie do follow whēce the Carotidal Artery is called Lethargical and Apoplectical and Hippocrates vseth to call that kinde of Apoplexie A light kinde of Apoplexie whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the interception of the Veynes but this Apoplexie hapneth but by accident and is cureable wherein accesse is denied to the vitall spirite which ministereth matter to the Animall But the Question in this place is of a true Palsy which happeneth vpon the exolution madefaction and that I may vse the Arabians word Mollification of the Nerues or when the wayes of the Animall spirits are shut vppe or intercepted These wayes are the Nerues which albeit they haue no conspicuous cauity yet is their inward substance altogether spongie through which the Animal faculty and those impetuous spirits which Hippocrates calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 do easily finde their way Many learned men there are who will not admit of this trueth and especiallie among Rondeletius opinion that the Animall spirits passed through the Arteries the late writers Rondeletius striueth to prooue that the Animal spirit is conueyed through the Arteries not through the marrowy substance of the Nerues the onely vse of the Marrow he acknowledgeth to bee that like flockes it may sustaine and strengthen the smal and slender vessels Argenterius also thinketh that the spirits neuer forsake the Arteries It was an old opinion of Praxagoras as Galen remembreth in the 7. chapter of his first Booke De Placitis Hippocratis Platonis that the Nerues were continuated with the Praxagoras opinion out of Galen Arteries and that the Nerues were nothing else but Arteries become now slender and smal But the weaknes and insufficiency of this opinion is hence conuinced because the intercostal Arteries are smal threddy the arteries of the brain which make the two Consuted textures therof as fine as haires and yet no man euer durst call them Sinews But of this we shall haue better occasion to dispute in our booke of the vessels In this place it shal be sufficient to haue saide that the Animal spirits cannot passe by the Arteries because they were destined and ordained by Nature for the transportation of the Vital spirites now two spirits distinct in forme and kinde as we vse to say cannot be conueyed by the same Vessels When the Opticke Nerue is obstructed the action of the sight perisheth That the Animall spirites passe not by the Arteries are there then any small Arteries intercepted Or is their interception the cause of blindnesse Nothing lesse for the part should be vtterly extinguished if it wer no more illustrated with the beames of the Vital spirits Wherefore when the marrowy substance is affected when the spondils or rack-bones are luxatedt he body is often resolued because Diuers Arguments the Marrow of the Nerue is pressed by reason of which compression the passage of the animal spirit is intercluded In those that are afflicted with the Stone the legge on the same side becommeth stupified the Nerues and Muscles which are ordained to bend it being compressed by the Kidnie lying thereupon As for those smal Arteries which run thorough the Membranes that couer the nerues they minister the spirit of life vnto the Nerues not the faculty of Sense and Motion Againe the Arteries of the braine do not essentially differ from other arteries but other where the Arteries neyther engender nor conteine Animall spirits therefore not in the braine Add heereto that the forme of euery thing is stamped vpon the aliment and the spirit onely by the substance of the part now in those complications there is onelie a power to prepare and as it were to delineate the spirites their forme they haue onely from the Marrowy substance of the braine Finally as the Braine by reason of this marrowy substance is called the braine and this marrow is the principal part of this noble Organ the seate of the Memory Reason and Discourse so I thinke that the chiefe part of the nerue is the marrow thereof which carrieth the commaundement of the Sensatiue and Motiue Faculty not onely by irradiation but by a corporeal spirit And therfore it is that Galen in his eight Bôoke de vsupartium calleth the braine Nervum amplissimum molissimum A soft and large Nerae and againe he calleth a nerue Cerebrum durius resiccatum A hard and dryed Braine But if as Rondeletius conceited the inwarde part of the nerue hadde beene onely ordained for the establishing and sustaining of the sinal Arteries ioyned to their Membranes then certainely is the Marrowye part of the nerue the basest and most ignoble Let therefore the opinion of Galen and of the Ancients remaine with vs as current and Cannonicall to wit that the Animall spirits passe through the marrow of the nerues not through the Arteries These things being thus establisned it remaineth that we discouer the cause of the palsie which happeneth on the contrary side to the wounded or affected part When the The cause of the palsie in the opposite part right part of the Head is wounded a portion of the Ichor may fall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Rectitude into the right fore ventricle now out of it into the third which is common there is a manifest passage this Ventricle Galen calleth the middle either because it is in the very center of the Braine or else because it is scituated betwixt the two vppermost and the fourth Ventricle which is the lowest and the humour conteyned in that Ventricle is as it were in the center of the Braine Wherefore if it follow the Motion of the Elementary forme it must fall into a lower place now the sound part is alwayes the lower because the patient euer leaneth or lyeth vpon the sound side not vpon the sore side for auoyding of paine VVhat therefore should hinder but that the humour may fall out of the thirde ventricle into the fourth and from thence into the spinall marrowe on the opposite part vnto that which is wounded and so that part become Paralyticall or resolued The Braine is not as some haue dreampt diuided from the top to the very bottome the vpper Ventricles determine into a common cauity into which they thrust downe their supersluities This common cauity is directed into the fourth Ventricle which is common both to the After-braine and the spinall Marrow It is not therefore against our Anatomicall Principles or groundes that Matter Flegme and Blood may be transmitted from the right Ventricle to the thirde and from hence through he fourth Ventricle into diuers parts of the spinal marrow now into the right side and now into the left as either of them is lower or weaker Another reason also may be brought of
the palsy in the sound part not in the affected Another reason because Nature vseth to auoyd the excrementitious humour by the wound as sometimes by a flux of blood sometimes by quitture sometimes by Medicines which draw away and exhaust the humour either sensibly or insensibly so that the affected part is well purged by some or more of these meanes but the opposite part which is not expurged is easily affected either by simpathy or when the matter is transmitted or falleth vpon it Some thinke that almost all the spirits do flow to the part wherein the tumor or inflamation Another is whence it is that the opposite part being defrauded of them is resolued QVEST. VII VVhat is the Nature of the animall spirit what is the manner of his generation and the place thereof WEe haue sufficiently prooued by strong Arguments that to Motion Sense is requited not onely an influence of a Faculty but also of a corporeall spirit Now what name we shall giue this spirit what his nature is what is the maner and place of his generation we will breefely declare Galen calleth this spirit euery where Animalem the Animall spirit because What is the animall spirit Galen the Soule vseth it as her immediate Organ for the performance of all the animall functions of sense and motion and those which we commonly call Principall This spirit in the 17. chapter of his sixt Booke de Vsu partium he desineth to bee an exhalation of pure blood Some thinke it to be a part of the liuing Braine yea both a Similar and an Organicall part Similar as it hath a certaine and designed temper Organical as it is thin lucid subtile pure and moouable This Spirit some haue thought doth not differ in kinde and nature from the Vital but onely in accidents as in temperament place the originall à quo and the manner of diffusion For the Animall spirit is moyster and more temperate the Vitall hotter The Animall commeth from the braine the Vitall from the heart the Animall is dispersed through the nerues for Motion and Sence the Vital through the arteries to maintayne the life We are of opinion that these two spirits are of a diuerse forme and kinde as Chylification is diuers from Sanguification For the Organs are diuers the faculties diuers diuers The vital and animal spirits differ in form kinde is the manner of Generation and as the Aliment by a new concoction receiueth a newe forme and so a new denomination so is it with the spirits Galen in a thousand places distinguisheth this Animall from the Vitall spirit whatsoeuer some new Writers say to the contrary In the 5. Chapter of the 12. Booke of his Method The Animal spirit sayth he ariseth out of the Braine as out of his fountaine The demonstration of the Vitall spirit is not euident but yet it is agreeable to reason that it is contayned in the heart and the arteries And if there be any Naturall spirit that is included in the Liuer and the veines In the 7. Chap of his 3. Book de locis affect is Gal. saith Diuers places in Galen The Epilepsie hapneth in the braine when the humour hindreth the Animall spirit which is contayned in the ventricles thereof that it cannot haue yssue out In the 10. Chapter of his 16. Booke de vsupartium The complications of the arteries doe nourish the Animall spirit contayned in the braine which differeth much in Nature from other spirits In the third Chapter of his 7. Booke de placitis Hip. Plat. The spirit which is contayned in the arteries is indeed Vitall and so is also called that which is contayned in the braine is Animall not that it is the substance of the Soule but because it is the Soules first and most immediate instrument The same also he writeth in the 4. Chapter of his 9. Book de vsupartium In the 8. Chapter of the 9. Booke de placitis Hip. Plat. and in the 5. Chapter of the ninth Booke de vtilitate respirationis By all which places we may gather that Galen made a difference betweene the Vitall and the Animall spirits And truely that there should be an Animall spirit it was very necessary The necessity vse of the animall spirit first to conuay vnto the partes the facultie of Motion and Sense which is not fixed in them and againe that we might be more apprehensiue of outward accidents For seeing that the Organs of the Sences ought to be affected on the sudden by sensible things it was fit they should not be altogether solide but houed and fulfilled with spirits that they might the sooner be altered Moreouer these spirites doe transferre the species or formes of all outward things perceiued by the outward Sēces vnto the brain as vnto a Censor or Iudge The same spirits doe conceiue in the braine the images of those outward thinges so that the Animall spirit may bee called the place and promptuarie of the species or formes So in the Vertigo or Giddinesse neither the thing it selfe nor the Image of it nor any thing beside The nature of the Vertigo the spirit is rowled about and yet notwithstanding all things seeme to him that is so affected to runne round VVherefore this spirite is necessary both for motion and sence As for the principal faculties to the performance of all their functions the braine vseth the ministery and helpe of this spirit so that it worketh both within the braine and without the braine within the braine it helpeth the principall faculties without the braine it conferteth Motion and Sence Nowe it is not onely abiding in the ventricles but also in the pores and in the whole marrowy substance of the braine so that in the pores and substance it is communicated to the principall faculties In the ventricles it serueth more immediately for Sence and Motion Furthermore this spirit which is the immediate Organ of Sence and Motion and of the How the animall spirit is manifold principall faculties is indeede of one kinde notwithstanding it is esteemed manifould according to the variety of the obiects and instruments where about it is imployed which thing Arts̄totle elegantly hath taught vs in the last chapter of his 5. booke de generatione Animalium The spirit sayth he in Naturall things is like the hammer in the Art of the Smith that is to say but one instrument yet profitable for the performance of many offices Actuarius compareth it to the beames of the Sunne which though they bee all of one kinde yet they become vnlike when they light vpon different colours It remayneth now that we should manifest vnto you the Matter of the Animall spirit The matter of the animall spirit and the manner of his generation The matter of it is double Ayre and the Vitall spirit The Ayre is drawne in by the nosethrils the Vitall spirites are conuayed through the Arteries called Carotides and Ceruicales into the
Basis of the braine VVith this Ayre the spirit is nourished and therefore Galen acknowledgeth a double vse of Respiration to witte the conseruation of Naturall heate and the Nutrition or Generation of the Animall spirites Now if the passage of these two matters to the braine be intercepted then will there be no generation of Animall spirits If the sleepy arteries be bound an Apoplexy ensueth if Respiration bee prohibited the Creature dyeth instantly and is depriued of Sence and Motion Galen concerning this poynt seemeth to differ from himselfe but we will reconcile those different places well enough In the 5. Chapter of his book de vsu Respirationis he sayth that in a liuing creature he tyed the Sleepy Arteries and yet the creature perished not therefore it followeth his Animall spirit was nourished onely with Ayre not with the vitall spirit In his third booke de placitis and in the 9 booke de vsu partium hee writeth Certaine places of Galen concerning the Animall spirit reconciled that the Animall spirit may bee cherished and sustained with the vitall conueighed by the Arteries and maketh no mention at al of the Ayer Wee answere that the Animall spirit may be for a little time sustained if it be depriued of eyther of his Aliments for there is stored vp a supply against time of need in those two complications or textures called Plexus Choroides Rete mirabile but long that supply will not maintaine them The preparation of this spirit is made in those Labyrinths of the small Arteries their Where the Animal spirit is prepared coction or elaboration as some think in the ventricles and finally their distribution into the whole body of the braine and into the sinewes They therefore are in an error who do conceiue that this spirit attaineth his proper forme and specificall difference in those textures For all the complications of vessels as well in the braine as in the testicles and other parts are ordained onely for preparation but the forme and difference of a thing is supplied by the substance of the part both to the Aliment and to the spirit VVherefore we conclude that in those complications the spirits are prepared that in the ventricles they are boyled and labored but receiue their vttermost perfection in the Where labored and perfitted substance of the Braine QVEST. VIII Argenterius his opinion concerning the Animall spirit confuted ARgenterius an accute Scholler indeed but whose pen especially against Galē yeeldeth too much gall in his booke de somno et vigilia and in his Commentaries in artem medicinalem auoucheth that there is but one spirit that Vitall neither will he bee brought to admit any Animall spirit at all And first as his custome is he inueigheth bitterly against his Maister Galen accusing him sometimes of leuity and inconstancy sometimes of ignorance Of inconstancy Argenterius accuseth Galen of inconstancy in his assignation of the matter and the place of generation of the Animall spirit In the matter because sometimes he writeth that it is made of the ayre we breathe in sometimes of the vitall spirits sometimes of bloud In the place of generation because hee assigneth it sometimes to bee generated in the Textures or complications of the Braine sometimes in the forward ventricles sometimes in the backward sometimes that it is contained in the body and substance of the braine But Argenterius wit was to nimble to fasten vpon the depth of Galens iudgement which if he had well attended he should not haue found repugnancy in him For the most remote He vnderstandeth not Galens meaning matter of the Animall spirit is bloud the neerer matter is vitall spirit the neerest of al is ayre inspired or breathed through the mammillary processes conuaighed not into the textures but into the vpper ventricle And as the matter so also the place of their generation is manifold for they are prepared in the Textures vpper ventricles boyled in the third and perfitted in the fourth or in the substance of the braine Finally they are diffused into the nerues and from them conueighed into the bodye He accuseth Galen of ignorance because from the Net-like texture he gathereth that ther is an Animall spirit because saieth Argenterius neyther is that Texture conspicuous in a Galen accused of ignorance man neyther is there alwayes required a complication of vessels where there is any spirit generated For in the heart where the vitall spirit is aboundantly generated there is no such admirable web of vessels But Argenterius was so headily transported with a desire of contradiction that he did not obserue the tenor of Galens Argument for he neuer concludeth that therefore there But defended is an Animall spirit because in the braine the vessels are intangled and interbrayded one with another but he saith that this spirit is irrigated or watered nourished by that which that Net-like web supplyeth vnto it as we haue read in the 5. chapter of the 12 booke of his Method and in his 7. booke de placitis Hip. et Plat. and the third chapter But let vs yeelde that Galen meant as Argenterius vnderstandeth him shall wee therefore conclude that he hath written absurdly Nature is not wont to create any such texture vnlesse it be for a new elaboration but in the braine there appeareth a notable texture which we call Choroides therefore in the braine there is a preparation of a new spirit Argenterius wil obiect that in the left ventricle of the heart the vitall spirit is generated and Obiection yet in the heart there is no complication of vessels Wee answere that such Laberynths were not necessary in the heart because the necessity of the vitall spirit is greater then that of the Animall And therefore there is a greater Answere proportion of them required then can be confected in so narrow vessels For the Animall functions are not perpctuall and beside when a man sleepes they are also at rest But the vitall the sounder we sleepe the stronger they are Furthermore all the parts of the creature haue not sence as bones gristles and ligaments yet all of them do liue VVherefore because there is a greater exhaustion of vitall spirits there restauration must be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is sudden and plentifull Adde heereto that the vitall spirit doth not onely serue for the accomplishment of the vitall functions but also is the matter of the Animall spirits and therefore it is necessary that their generation should be in great aboundance which cannot be accomplished in small Arteries and narrow caulties Finally the heart which is the hottest of al the bowels doth suddenly boyle generate spirits albeit there be not so precise a contaction in al the parts which thing the braine being far colder cannot performe and therfore in the brain there was great vse and necessity of complications of vessels and not in the hart Argenterius proceedeth to goade Galen farthet Why are
and the Nerues is voluntary Furthermore we are not to thinke that the Nerues are so much the fitter for motion Second by how much they haue more marrow rather we beleeue the contrary that the harder Nerues are fitter for motion and the softer for sense because sensation is a passion but motion an action we know also by experience that the Opticke Nerue which is the softest of all the Nerues hath more Marrowy substance then the Nerue of the seconde Coniugation yet the Opticke is the Nerue of Sense the other the nerue of Motion Add heereto that Motion should bee rather ascribed to the Membranes then to the Marrow because the Marrow melteth away but the Membrane is stretched contracted so the Nerues of children are weake and soft and vnfit for motion To all these let vs add the authority of Galen in the third chapter of his seuenth Book de Placitis Hip. Platonis where he saith that the faculties of Motion and Sense are only conteined in The authority of Galen the Marrow of the Braine and that the Membranes were made to cloath and norish the Marrow for no other vse We conceiue therefore that this Paradox although it be witty yet will not holde at the Touchstone and therefore we determine that the Marrow of the Braine is without all sense and Animall motion and yet is the fountaine and originall of all Animall The Braine hath neyther sense nor motion and yet is the original of both Sense and motion Of Sense because it perceyueth the representations and receyueth the impressions of all sensible things Of Motion because it dispenseth and affoordeth al that power and command for the auoyding of that which is noxious and prosecution of that which is profitable from whence it commeth to passe that when the Braine is il affected the inferior parts haue neither Sense nor Motion QVEST. XI Of the Temperament of the Braine THE Physitians and the Peripatetikes in this do agree that the brain in the Actiue qualities is cold in the Passiue moyst But heere in they differ that Aristotle in the seuenth Chapter of his second booke De partib Animalium and in the fift Chapter of his booke De Somno Vigilia determines that the braine is actually cold and ordained to refrigerate or coole the heart Contrariwise the Physitians say that it is Actually hot For Galen in his eight booke De Placitis Hip. Platonis saith that the brain is hotter then the most soultry aer in summer Reconciliatiō of Aristotle and Galen Some there are that do thus reconcile Galen and Aristotle There is say they a double temperament of the braine the one In-bred the other Influent by the In-bred temper the proper composition and the marrowy substance the braine is very cold but by the influent temper it is hot for it is full of spirits and intertexed with very many small Arteries If you respect the in-bred temper then is the temperament of the braine and the spinall marrow one and the same because they haue the same marrowy substance If you respect the Influent temper then saith Galen in the ninthe chapter of his second booke De Temperam the braine is hotter then the spinall marrow as well because there passe vnto it more Arteries as also because many fumid exhalations do ascend vnto it Some say that the braine is simply and obsolutely hot but colde comparatiuely because it is the coldest of all the bowels And Galen in Arte medica writeth That a hot braine is colder then the coldest heart In which respect Hippocrates in his booke de Glandulis calleth the braine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Seate of Coldnesse But I cannot approue this opinion For if the brain be colder then the skinne which is in a meane betwixt the extremes then it is simply cold and not hot Now that it is colder then the skin Galen teacheth in his second booke de Temperamentis It will be obiected that if the braine be laide bare it will presently be refrigerated Obiection by the aer whereas the skin is not affected therewith I answer that the braine is altered Solution by the aer because it is not accustomed thereto as the skinne is so the Teeth beecause they are accustomed to the aire do not grow blacke as other bones do if they bee layde bare Or againe that the braine is hotter to feele to then the skin because it is couered with the scull and the membrane and hath many complications of the arteries therin We determine therefore that the Braine of his in-bred temper is colder then the skin but by his influent temper is hotter That the Braine should be colde it was very necessary least a Member set a part for continuall cogitation or discourse should bee enflamed and set Why the braine ought to be cold on fire Againe that the animall spirits which are very fine and subtill might be retained and not vanish away Finally that our Motions and Sensations should not be rash or phanaticall as they are in such as are phreneticall that is haue their braines in flamed It may be obiected if the Braine be cold how then doth it ingender animal and attenuate vitall spirits for these are Obiection Solution the workes of a vehement heare I answer that the spirits are attenuated in the textures of the small arteries in the strayghtes of those passages that the animall spirit is formed not so much by any manifest qualitie such as is heate as by an in bred and hidden proprietie But the reason why the spirits of the extreame hote Heart are thicker then those of the Why the spirits of the extreame hot heart are thicker then the Animall spirits very cold Braine must not be referred to the weaknes of the heate which is the worker but to the disposition of the matter which is the sufferer For the heart maketh vitall spirits of of thicke blood brought vnto it through the hollow veine the Braine maketh Animall spirits of subtill and thin vital blood and spirits so a weaker heate boyleth a thin and easily concocted aliment whereas a very strong heate will hardly ouercome a thicke aliment It remaineth therefore that in the actiue qualities the braine is cold That in the passiue qualities it is moist both by the in-bred and influent temper no man I thinke is vnresolued for it appeareth euen to the touch Now it was by nature Why the braine was made moist created moist as well for more perfect sensation for sensation is a passion and those things that are moyst do more easily receiue the images and representations of things offered vnto them as also for the originall and propagation of the nerues which would not haue beene so flexible if the braine had beene hard Adde heereto that if the braine had beene hard it had also beene heauy and the waight and hardnesse thereof would haue bin offensiue to the sinewes Finally it
of these Opticke nerues is to leade the visible faculty from the braine which in the eies is gathered vnto the visible formes where the Nerue is dilated into the Membrans of the eie For if this Nerue be obstructed as it is in that disease which the Arabians call Gutta serena the cleare drop the action of seeing is altogether taken away or intercepted Gutta serena And so much concerning the Optick Nerues The Nerues of Motion are on either side one which sendeth a small surcle to eache Muscle by which it is mooued Tab. 2. fig. 3. 4. sheweth this as he may perceiue who diligently The Nerues of motion shall separate the beginning of the Muscles from the Nerue which also is spred abroad into the Membranes These moouing Muscles in their originall are continuall that is the right is ioyned with the left whence it commeth to passe that when one eye Where they are continual is mooued the other also followeth the same motion for they proceede ioyntly out of one point as it were in the fore-part of the spinall Marrow so that the same obiect and the same light after the same manner and at the same time insinuateth it selfe into either eye that the sense and discerning might be one and the same and this maketh much to the perfection of the sense that one and the same thing might not appear double which doubtlesse would happen if one eye might be mooued vpward and the other downward at the same time That this is true you may easily learne if with your finger you either Demonstrations heereof depresse or lift vp one of your eyes for then all obiects will appeare double one higher another lower But if you mooue your eye toward the side because the pupilla or Sightes are in the same line the obiects will not seeme double Wherefore Galen in the thirteenth chapter of his tenth booke de vsu partium writeth that the Diameters of the visible Cones must be placed in one and the same plaine least that which is one do appeare double Hence it is that in the palsye and convulsion of the Muscles of the eye the patient often seeth double Obiects because the eyes do depart from the same plaine So also when the Opticke Nerues are either conuelled or relaxed the pupilla or Sight not beeing in the same line all thinges appeare double which also for the same cause happeneth oftentimes to men when they are drunke From these Instrumentes Veynes Arteries and Nerues are deriued vnto the eye aboundance of Spirits Natural Vitall and Animall which are properly called visible spirits The spirits of the Eies wherfore acording to the plenty of the Spirits conteyned in the eyes their magnitude as also their splendor or brightnes is greater or lesse And hence it is that whē men are nere their death their eyes becom litle languid obscure as also those that do too much follow venerial combats haue their eyes smal and extenuated so also wee see that in liuing men the eyes are full and turgid but when they are deade they become lesse as also laxe and rugous for the presence and absence of the spirits maketh a difference betwixt a liuing and a dead eie Againe according to the diuers disposition of the spirites and of the eyes from them Diuers argumentes to proue there are spirites in them we are able by our sight to distinguish and iudge oftentimes of the affections of the mind which is a cleare argument and euen liable to our sense that the body of a man is ful of spirits which thing Galen also in the tenth booke de vsu partium prooueth by an elegant and demonstratiue argument For saith he if vpon the closing of one eye you do attentiuelie marke the pupilla or sight of the other you shall perceyue it in a verie moment to be dilated because a greater quantity of spirits do fall into the Grapie coate which we call Vuea through that coate which is called Reticularis or the Nette where they dilate the hole of the Vuea which hole is properly called Pupilla or the sight and Apple of the eye Finallie that the eyes are full of spirites is hence conuinced because they are sometimes obscure dull and languid or weake sometimes bright or shining quicke and apprehensiue But least these spirites which are of an admirable finenesse and subtiltye might exhale or euaporate they are kept in and retained by a thick thight and strong Membrane which is called the Horny coate CHAP. VI. Of the Membranes of the Eyes HAuing declared the Muscles the vessels of the eies now remoued them away the eye it selfe round like a bowl appeareth Ta. 2. fig. 3 4. Ta. 1. fi 2 3 which may be compared to the world an egge both for the figure construction To an Egge which consisteth of Membranes the shel which is an indurated Membrane a thin Membrane The eie compared to an Egge vnder it humors the white the yolke So the globe of the eye hath membranes humors Membranes that being of a watery nature it might better be conteined in his positiō and the humors by them encompassed which membranes had need to haue a more solid substance beside they are a great furtherance to the sight Humours onely for the sight Concerning the number of the Membranes the authors are at great difference Hippocrates The Membranes of the eie in his Booke De Locis in Homine acknowledgeth but three the vppermost thick the middlemost thinner and the third thinnest of all which conteineth the humors but in his booke De Carn he saith they are manie The later Grecians reckon four Siluius fiue Vesalius sixe Galen in the seuenth chapter of his tenth book De vsu part seuen vnto whō Fuchsius Aquapendens do consent We wil diuide them into two kinds some are common to the whole eie some are proper to the humors the common Membranes are the Their number verie diuerse according to authors Cornea and the Vuea the horny and the grapie coates The proper Membranes are the Cristaline and the glassye But whereas there are commonly reckoned seauen Adnata Cornea Dura Vuea Choroides Aranea and Retina whereto some haue added those which are called Vitrea and Innominata we wil runne thorough them al after our Anatomical order The first is called Adnata which is the seauenth according to Galen in the second chapter First Adnata of his tenth booke De vsu partium so called as it were Nata circa oculum bred about the eye Galen cals it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it cleaueth on the outside of the other mēbranes of the eye whereupon it is also called Adherens or the cleauing Membrane This is the vtmost Aquapendens supposeth that it ariseth from the Periostium tendons or chords of the Muscles It first offereth itselfe before Dissection together with the transparant part of the horny Membrane
themselues yet their Organ is obscure and hidden others be cleare and manifest both of themselues and in respect of their Organ others be obscure both in themselues and in their Organ I call that action manifest of it selfe What action is manifest of it selfe and obscure of it selfe which is sensible and may be iudged of by the Sense and that obscure of it self which doth not appeare but from those workes which proceed from it I call also that manifest by the means of his Orgā whose organ doth presently appeare in this without all doubt do al consent but I account that obscure in regard of his organ when the action doth appeare yet the Organ doth not presently be wray it self without much study discorse of the mind which is held of some only for probable where about many do dissent Those which be manifest both in thēselues by their Organs be these vociferation pulsation respiration the locall motion of the parts expulsion of excrements the expulsion of vrine the emission of the seed c. In respect of both with Galen in the 8. 16. chap. of his 1. book de vsu partiū are the apprehension of the hand the walking of thee feete chewing vision hearing c. Finally these are esteemed obscure in respect of both the transmission of the blood the carrying and recarryinge of the spirits the generations of animall spirits he preduction of vitall the sucking of vrine out of blood chylification sanguification and the generation of seede QVEST. V. That Sense is not apure passion Eeing therefore that vnto an action there doe necessarily concurre an agent and a patient the agent for to worke and the patient to be a fit subiect for the agent and to receiue the action it may now be demanded whether the action proceede from the Organ vnto the sensible obiect or from the Whether the obiect or the organ doe worke in the sense obiect vnto the Organ and whether this be to bee accounted an agent the other a patient or on the contrary Concerning this poynt there bee diuers opinions of Authours for some maintaine Sense to bepassiue others actiue others both actiue passiue Aristotle doth contend for those which would haue Sense to bee passiue especially in the 118. text of his 2. book de Anima wherein expresse termes he affirmeth that to perceiue is a kind of suffering also calleth the obiect an agent again in the 51. text of the same booke he saith that Sensation hapneth in that which is moued and suffereth And he seemes most Their reason which say sense doth suffer exactly to demonstrate it in the 12. text of his 7. booke of Physicks saying That the senses are altered for they suffer and their action is a motion througha body which suffers in the Sensation So that it may be gathered out of these places of Aristotle that Sense is made passiuely that is that the act of Sensation is not made by the Sense but by the sensible obiect and that the sense doth nothing else but receiue the species from the thing obiected and suffer from it but this opinion though it be approued of many and be held for Aristotles yet it is neither agreeable to Aristotle nor to the truth That the places cited out of Aristotle doe not confirme this we will proue by and by when as by many reasons we shall haue demonstrated how farre distant it is from the truth For first if the Sense should onely concurre passiuely vnto sensation that is if sensation were onely a reception of the sensible species then we must needes euen when we are asleepe heare smell see seeing therfore that although That opinion disproued 1. Reason when we are a sleepe some certaine noyses or sounds be carryed to our eares and some odors do strike the nosthrils and colours if so be we sleep with our eyes open as some doe bee presented to our eyes yet we doe not heare or smell or see it will follow necessarily that something else must concurre vnto sensation beside a simple reception of the sensible species Add further that though wee receiue a visible thing into our Eyes 2. Reason and a sound into our Eares yet we neither see nor heare when wee are intent another way or haue our vnderstanding exercised in greater matters Wherefore there must be some part of the mind present in sensation and hence it is that wee sometimes seeke a very small thing and yet see it not though we be very neare it and though it be already receiued into the eye Surely this is an argument most euident that the mind must be applied to that thing which we would see and that something more is required to Sense then the bare reception of the species for else a glasse might also perceiue in as much as it doth receiue the images Moreouer if onely the reception of species were a sensation all action should proceede from the sensible species that species should be so prompt vnto action that it would worke euery where and vpon euery subiect and so would make sense euen as heate doth make hot euery where and euery thing but this is impossible for who euer affirmed that sense was made out of his proper Organ Sensation is not therefore an action onely of the sensible species neither was it Aristotles opinion for in the 37. text of his second booke de Anima hee teacheth the plaine Arist thought the contrary contrary and affirmeth manifestly that the soule is the efficient cause of sensation and therefore not the sensible thing and in the ninth chapter of the ninthbooke of his Metaph. he prooues that vision is an action of the sight And what can be more manifest then that which he expresseth in the second chapter of his book de sensu sensili where he reprooueth Democritus for saying that vision was an operation of the obiect and propounding the conformity of the similitude which the sensible thing hath with the Organ hee saith the sensible thing causeth the sense to worke as if he should say the obiect doth excite and prouoke the sense vnto action The poynt is as cleare as the light but yet what shall wee answer to those contrary places quoted euen now out of Aristotle for it seemeth by them to bee plainly affirmed that sense is passiue But I deferre the reconciliation of this contradiction till the seuenth Question where you shall haue also Placentinus his resolution QVEST. VI. That Sense is not a simple action THat Sensation is not a meere passion is plaine from that which hath beene said Now it is to bee considered whether it ought to bee called an Action Passion is necessary to Sense that is whether Sense doe perceiue onely by doing or acting And that setting aside all digressions I may come to the matter I say Seeing euery Agent in doing and acting doth also suffer againe it followes necessarily that the
either Spermaticall or fleshie but this ayre neither deriued his Originall from the seede nor from The inbred is no part the blood therefore it is no part If it be answered that it is not indeede a simple ayre but a kinde of spirit I againe reply that it cannot be a spirit for if you conceiue it to be a vitall spirit it should not forsake the Arteries If you say it is Animall then should it follow that an animall spirit should be accounted the chiefe Instrument in the organs of the other Senses Againe a spirit is the most common organ of the Soule which that noble forme vseth vnto the performance of all her functions But as there is a peculiar part in the eye which doth primarily cause vision to wit the Cristaline humor a Similar and Spermaticall part generated of the purest portion of the seede so there must be such a Similar part found in the Eare. But such is not that ingenit or inbred ayre because it differeth nothing from the outward ayre but onely in purity and rest It is generated of the How it is generated outward ayre not indeed by coction and elaboration as are the spirits nor yet by any action of the Soule but by the continuall arriuall of new ayre which partly is brought thorough the hole of the Eares being alwayes open and winding vnto this Cochlea or Snaile-shell partly deriued thither by inspiration thorough a certaine little hole or pipe like a water-course opening into the palate Moreouer wee may out of Aristotle in the second booke de Anima prooue that nothing without life can be the instrument of any Sense but the inbred ayre is without life It is not animated or soule because the Soule is not an act of a simple body Neither hath this inbred ayre any organs of a soule for why should this ayre which is onely generated by the outward ayre not concocted by any faculty of the Soule be rather animated then that ayre which is in the other cauities of the body But this ayre doth rest in the Eare and not in other cauities because it is concluded in a straite hole and by reason of the windings of these darke laborinths cannot easily passe forth It is not therefore the organ of Hearing but rather an internall Medium For as the It is an internall Medium outward ayre is strucken by the beating of two bodies together so is this internall strucâ—â—en by the externall that by the interiection of the Tympane or Drume of the Chord or String and of the three little bones The same ayre being altered doth carie the bare Character and species of the Sound seperated from the matter to a nerue of the fift coniugation led a long and dilated in each Eare. And this Nerue is the chiefe organ of Heaâ—ing as the mammillary processes are of the Smell Now that this internall Medium is required in euery Sense may bee demonstrated by The internall meanes of all the Senses example for the watery humor is the internall Medium of the Sight the spittle of the â—ast the cuticle or scarfe-skin of the Touch and the spongie bones of the Smell In all â—hich the formes are seperated from their matter and being so seperated are conuayed to the principall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Organ that is the Christalline for the Sight the Pulpe of the Tongue for the Tast the Mamillarie processes for the Smell the true skin for the Touch and so the Auditorie nerue for the Hearing QVEST. XLIII An explication of certaine hard Problemes about the Eares IT remaineth that wee proceede vnto the dilucidation of some difficult questions concerning the Eares which knots we will vntye and explane for a conclusion of these controuersies The first thing propounded is How it comes to passe that wee are more recreated with Hearing then with Reading Why Hearing is more delightfull then reading For we are wonderfully delighted in the hearing of fables and playes acted vpon a Stage much more then if wee learned them out of written bookes Cardan as Scaliger saith in his 308 Exercitation contents himselfe with Cardanus this onely reason because saith he those things which are published in bookes are made vulgar and common and therefore are not so curiously nor with so much delight read ouer but good Actors are more rare Scaliger refuteth this argument both because good bookes are as rare as good Actors as also because it is not the part of a humane ingenuous disposition but of a liuid and Disproued by Scaliger malicious minde to esteeme those things most precious or more pleasant which are vnknowne to others Scaliger therefore presenteth many other reasons of this Probleme First because we learne those things which we heare with lesse labour then those things which we reade His Reasons Secondly because a voyce doth more affect vs by reason of his inflexion and insinuation into our Sense whereas reading is onely a dumbe Actor Thirdly because those things which be heard take a deeper impression in our minds which is made by the appulsion or ariuall of a reall voyce But those things which are seene are alwayes intentionally imprinted therfore the Act of Seeing is sooner ended and passeth more lightly by the Sense then the Act of Hearing Whence it followes necessarily that things seene do not sticke so fast vnto vs. And this the Apostle insinuateth when he saith He beholdeth his face in a glasse and goeth away and presently forgetteth what manner of one hee was Neither is that of the Lyrick Poet any sufficient contradiction or this where he saith Segnius irritant animos demissaper aures Quam quae sunt oculis subiect a fidelibus The voyce that sinkes in by the eare doth not so soone offend Or gall the minde as when the eyes more faithfull message send For that is true of those things which we doe onely beleeue by heare-say which indeed doe not so neerely affect vs as those things we see done before our eyes The fourth reason is because there is a kinde of society in narration and acting which is very agreeable to the nature of man but reading is more solitary Fiftly because a certaine shamefastnesse and obseruancie doth cause vs to apply our eares to him that vttereth any thing by voyce but in reading there is a kinde of remission in the minde and security from any blame of not profiting Now wee conceiue more pleasure in a diligent and curious acting then in a negligent and carelesse Sixtly wee haue opportunity to demaund a reason of some doubts from him which speaketh to vs and thence we receiue more profit then by bare reading from which profit a certaine delight doth arise Againe because Bookes cannot digresse from their discourse for the better explication of a thing as those may which teach by their voyce For in changing of words or mutuall conference many pleasant passages are brought in by accident as the
arteries nor nerues And according to Galen they are in the last of those parts which haue faculties inbred seated in them not flowing from otherwhere but these glandulous bodyes haue manifest and conspicuous vessels and are also of exquisite sense The former haue onely an vse in the body these latter haue not onely an vse but doe also performe an action So in Galen the Testicles are called glandulous bodyes for their substance is soft and hollow in which the seede is boyled and perfected So the dugs are glandulous bodyes and haue a power or faculty in them for the generation of milke Notwithstanding these glandulous bodyes doe sometimes affoord the same vse that the other glandules doe that is to sucke or sup vp the recrements or excrements of the whole body for Nature doth often abuse one and the same part to diuers vses So Hippocrates reckoneth the Kidneyes in the number of the Glandules yea and the braine it selfe is like vnto a Glandule for it is white and friable and performeth the offices of a Glandule to the head CHAP. XLIII A briefe enumeration of the Glandules in the whole body THE number of the Glandules is almost infinite we will onely run ouer the most notable and of them giue you but a light view because you haue heard their particular descriptions in their proper places In the braine there are 2 Glandules not very great indeed but very notable The glādules in the braine The first is of a turbinated figure commonly compared to a pine-kernell and called Conarium of which you shall reade in the twelfth chap. of our seauenth booke It is thought to be ordained for an establishment vnto the veines and arteries which are dispersed into the braine and maketh the way open for the Animall spirit out of the thirde into the fourth ventricle The other is called Glans Pituitaria the phlegmaticke Glandule of which you shall reade in the thirteenth chapter of our seauenth booke His porous or open flesh like a sponge receiueth the superfluities of the vpper ventricles of the braine and distilleth them into the Pallate through the holes of the wedge-bone Vnder the eares and behind them there are many glandules called Parotides appointed to establish the diuisions of the vessels and to drink vp the humors of the braine whose Emunctories they are commonly stiled Betwixt the skinne and the fleshy membrane of the Face there are many glandules sayth Platerus which they call Animelles as also betwixt the lower side of the puffe of the cheeke and the beginning of the necke where the Kings euill doth often arise In the inside of the chops which from the narrownes is called Isthmus there do appeare two glandules like blanched Almonds and therefore they are called the Almonds The glādules of the Larinx of the throate and Tonsillae and these do perpetually moysten the chops the mouth and the tongue with spittle There are also two at the roote of the Larinx or throttle and two vnder the gullet which often-times do so swell that they interclude the way both of meate and drinke but of drinke especially for the solid meate makes it selfe a way by cōpression wheras that which is liquid doth rather fil the fungous substance of the glandule Vnder the top of the brest-bone in the very diuision of the ascending trunke of the hollow veine there is a glandule called Thymus a lecker or sweete-bit for nice pallats made to establish the vessels There are also many others in the cauity of the chest in the arme-pits in the groynes in the armes and in the legs All which want proper names Vnder the Stomacke and the Gut called Duodenum there is a glandulous body which because it resembleth a simple flesh they call Pancreas whose vse is to sustaine imbrace and comprehend the branches of the Gate-veine which are to be distributed into the stomacke the gut Duodenum and the Spleene which are onely supported by the lower membrane of the Kell In the Messentery there are many Glandules as well to distinguish the vessels as to keepe them from compression when the guts are ouer-filled or when the Abdomen is too much strained for otherwise the transcolation of the chylus would be hindered These Glandules also do moysten the guts and tye as it were the vessels together that in violent motions they might not bee broken In the necke of the bladder neare the sphincter muscle are those glandules which are called Prostatae of whose vse we haue spoken partly in the fourth booke and partly in the former chapter The Glandulous bodies we neede not in this place so much as to rehearse for their descriptions are large enough in their proper places whereto we referre the Reader and heere put an end to our booke of Flesh and proceede vnto the Vessels The end of the tenth booke THE ELEAVENTH BOOKE Of the Vessels vvhich hath three parts The first of the Veines The second of the Arteries The third of the Sinewes The Praeface AS in the Heauens the Angels are the Messengers of God carrying down his commandements vnto men whome also they guard and defend so in this Microcosme the dull Flesh being of too flow a kind to ensue the noble motions of the Soule which with his counterpoise it oftner doth oppresse our wise Creator ordained spirites of a middle Nature betweene the Soule and the Body which like quicke Postes like Purseuants or Heralds might trauell betweene them and communicate their commission to the particular partes which they receiue either at the first hand from the Soule it selfe in the Brayne or haue it sealed in the Heart or the Liuer as in her subordinate offices These Spirits Galen calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Impetuous bodies because their motion is sudden momentanie like the lightning which in the twinkling of an eye shooteth through the whole cope of Heauen yea so much more subtle are they then the Lightning as that the one is visible the other inuisible or they are like the winde which whiskes about in euery corner and turnes the heauy saile of a Wind-mill yet can we not see that which transports it How necessary therefore was it that such subtle and vndertaking or actiue Creatures should be confined as well to guide their motion which otherwise would be inordinate as also to keepe them from exhaling or vanishing away Nature therefore because the Spirites are of three forts Naturall Vitall and Animall hath prepared three kindes of Vesselles for their transportation Veines Arteries and Sinewes The Veines because their guest is not so subtile but a more cloudy and thick spirit generated immediately out of the purer substance of the bloud haue but a single coate as being sufficient to conteine a more quiet spirit The Arteries because their spirits are more sprightfull and impetuous mouing alwayes with a subsultation and perpetually playing vp down are made as some thinke sixe fould as thicke as the Veines the safer to immure the vnruly
within thicke wals would easily breake prison and vanish away This simple coate hath fibres of all kindes right oblique and transuerse if not for his owne priuate nourishment to which the attracting retayning and expelling faculties are seruiceable yet for a cōmon vse to retayn and draw the blood which is the treasure of Nature from the neighbour veynes to transmit the same from one to another and so to make distribution finaly to separate the pure from that which is impure I thinke also sayth Laurentius that the fibres were ordayned ad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to auoyde an inconuenience for because oftentimes the blood aboundeth in quantity and offereth a kinde of violence to the veynes Sometime by right sometime by oblique sometime by transuerse extentions he veynes stood in neede of all kindes of fibres that they might bee so extended according to all the violent occursions and impressions made by the blood for otherwise they would certaynly be broken These fibres are the first most simple and truly solyd particles of the veine but that substance which filleth vppe or stuffeth out the spaces betwixt the fibre is called fleshy by Analogy or proportion The fibres of the veyne sayth Galen in his second booke de temperamentis are colder then the skin but the flesh that commeth betwixt them is hotter Hence it appeareth that the coate of the veyne differs much from the nature of other membranes as of the peritoneum or rimme of the bell the pleura which compasseth the ribs and the periosteon which immedyatly inuesteth the bones for these are indeed simple hauing no separated fibres and may be borne or diuided euery way as paper may But the coate of the veynes is dissimilar because it hath both fibres and flesh This proper coate of the Veines is inuested oftentimes with another called a Common The common coate of the veines coate which it borroweth from the neighbour partes from the Pleura the Veines of the Chest doe borrow and from the Rimme those in the lower belly I said they haue often a Common coate for all veines haue it not for example those that are spinkled thorough some bowell those that wander through the bodies of Muscles and finally those which are inserted into the parts in them are propagated or encreased for such a membrane would hinder the bloud that it should not so readily sweat through Those Veines onely haue this common coate which either doe runne a long iourney or lye vpon some hard body or at some place are suspēded or hung to any particular part such is the struc a Veine The beginning of the Veines the Definition sayeth is the Liuer not a beginning of generation or original for that is the common worde though the first I thinke bee The common vse of the veines better for all the parts are formed together but of Radication and Dispensation Of Radication be cause the roots of the gate and hollow veines are sprinkled through the whole Parenchyma or flesh of the Liuer according to that of Hippocrates in his Booke de Alimento 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Radication of the Veines is the Liuer Of Dispensation that is of distribution and office because from it a common matter to wit the bloud which is the common Aliment of all the partes is deriued into the Veines wherefore by Hippocrates it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fountaine and originall of pleasant and benigne humour The last particle of the Definition designeth the common vse and action of the Veines for they are set a part to leade or transport to distribute or apportion to boyle the bloud But why this is so and how it commeth to passe I wil now addresse my selfe to declare CHAP. II. Of the Vse and Action of the Veines BEcause the threefold substance which is in euery particular part issuing from The necessity of the veines the originals or principles of our generation doth continually wast and suffer detriment Nature who is studious of her owne conseruation by a perpetuall affluence of Aliment laboureth to restore and make good that which is so necessarily spent and depopulated The common Aliment of the parts is the bloud which all the Veines do draw from the Liuer as out of a common magazine or store-house Now the bloud could not be transported from the Liuer to those parts which are most distant and remote from it vnlesse those parts had some continuity with the fountaine It was therefore necessary that there should be made and formed certaine canals as it were water-pipes bored to containe conserue and conduct the bloud throughout the whole body Such are the Veines which Aristotle cals the vesselles or conceptacles of bloud The bloud therefore is contayned in the veine as in his proper place and as the Their first vse Elemēts in their proper places receiue no alteration for the place is the conseruer of the thing placed so the bloud within the veines retaineth his benigne nature but out of the veines it presently either putrifieth or caketh There is therefore in the Veines an inbred power to contayne and preserue the bloud which also is their primary vse Another vse that the veines haue is to distribute the bloud which distribution is performed by an action that is by attraction or drawing from the The second neighbour veines and by transmission or transportation vnto others and for this action sake were the right and circular fibres of the veines ordayned Hippocrates in his Booke de Alimento maketh mention of a third vse of the Veines that is to leade along heat and spirits into the particular parts And thēce it is that though The third the Arteries bee tyed the partes doe not presently sphacelate or mortifie because by the veines there is an influence of a double heate and spirit that is to say Vitall and Naturall The Vitall they receiue from the Heart by the wonderfull Anastomoses or innoculations of the Arteries the Naturall they drawe directly from the Liuer By this influent spirite the Inbred Genius of euery part is roused vp and quickned and by it as by a good Manciple is the nourishment conuayed into the whole body The last vse of the Veines which must bee referred also to their common action is The fourth the alteration of the bloud for they are qualified to coyne and change the bloud some to prepare it as the Mesentery others to perfect it as the great branches of the hollow veine And this faculty or qualification they haue from the Liuer by Irradiation as the Seminary vessels haue from the Testicles that power which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There are also other particular vses of priuate veines as of the Emulgents to conuay Peculiar vses of priuate veines the Serous or wheyie humor of the seede vessels to giue a rudiment vnto seed of the Mesaraicks to alter the Chylus and to transport it to the liuer of
also to adde something vnto the perfection of his concoction there is no doubt but these values were ordayned to stay the course and violence of the bloud that the veines might haue time to bestow their trauell vpon it Thirdly they adde strength vnto the veines for were it not for these it is likely that where a varix hapneth there either the veine would breake or at least the dilatation be much more offensiue For because the veine is of a membranous simple and thinne substance it may easily be streatched or broken Fourthly when we exercise our ioynts vehemently and often the heat of the parts is stirred vp and the bloud partly disturbed partly called into the ioints where the values do breake the force of it and so keepe it from mischiefe Finally if it were not for them in those violent motions of the ioynts the whole masse almost of bloud would be called into the armes and the Legs and so the principall parts or bowelles of the body bee defrauded of their allowance and thus much of the Values Onely because they are not so well knowne nor so ordinarily demonstrated as the other particles of the body we haue exhibited in this Chap. 4. tables Two of the Hand and 2. of the Foote wherein the values of the veines are very liuely described and so we proceed vnto the second part of this Booke which is concerning the Arteries The second part of the Eleauenth Booke concerning Arteries CHAP. XII Of the Arteries in generall AS the Liuer is the beginning of Radication and Dispensation to the Veines so is the Heart to the Arteries This Artery the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is as an Arke or Conceptacle of arterial bloud Aristotle in his third Booke de histori 〈…〉 thinketh The names of an artery it was called aorta because his neruous part 〈…〉 euen in a dead body others thinke it was calle◠〈…〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to draw ayre Others 〈…〉 which signifieth to lift vp for in their dilatation th◠〈…〉 themselues Hippocrates cals Arteries 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but micantes that is beating 〈…〉 manner did the Arabians stile them and Auicen calleth them venas audac◠〈…〉 Pliny calles them spiritus semita the path or walke of the spirites Wher 〈…〉 of the Ancients which wrote before Galen you meet with the word 〈…〉 must you vnderstand it of the Rough Artery for so Hippocrates Plato 〈…〉 call that pipe which descendeth out of the mouth into the Longues and 〈…〉 â—nspirated ayre into them and by which wee returne our breath out But Galen and thâ—se after him called it aspera arteria and if they speake of an Artery simply we must vnderstand it of the smooth Arteries There are three forts of Arteries the first is called the Rough Arterie of which wee 3. sorts of arteries spake in the sixt Booke The other is called the Venall arterie of which also wee spake in the history of the heart The third is called the great artery which is the subiect of our discourse at this time Wee consider it therefore as it is Similar and as it is Organicall As it is similar in An arterie as it is similar may bee defined A Colde and dry part engendred of the slimy part of the Seede Colde it is of his owne Nature for by euent it is most hot in respect of the bloode and spirits therein contayned It is drie lesse drie then a Tendon and more dry then a Nerue But against this it may bee Obiected that Galen in his second Booke ad Glauconem sayth That Neruous parts require more drying then Arteriall and therfore are dryer then they Obiection Solution I answer that by neruous parts in that place he doth not vnderstand nerues properlie so called but neruous bodies as Ligaments and Tendons If wee consider an Artery as it is an organicall part it may be sayde to be a common instrument of the bodie long rounde and fistulated compounded of two peculiar Coates intertexed or wouen with Fibres receyuing and contayning Bloode and Vitall As Organical Spirits laboured of a permixtion of Blood and Aire in the left ventricle of the hart which also it conueyeth vnto all the parts of the bodie together with heat to sustayne their life The substance thereof is membranous or neruous that it might better be distended or The substauee compressed which conformation was more necessary for Arteries then for veins because of their motion The coats are one outward which is thin rare and soft like the coate of a veyne wouen with many right fibres and some oblique but none transuerse Another inward fiuefolde Coats thicker then the former fast and hard partly that the arterial and spirituous blood which is thin pure and vaporous and the vitall spirit might not exhale or vanish away partlie that by reason of his continuall Diastole add Systole which it receiueth from the Heart as from a beginning of dispensation it might not be broken It is also full of transuerse fibres the better to distribute the blood and vitall spirit to the whole body in his action motion for the inner coate onely of the arteries hath these transuerse fibres To these two coats Galen addeth a third in the fift chapter of his seauenth booke De administrationibus Anatom which some say is produced from the coate of the heart It is in the inner surface of the vessell much like a Cobweb and most conspicuous about the productions of the greatest arteries Moreouer they receyue a common and fine membrane in the lower belly from the Rim in the Chest from the Pleura which couereth them firmeth them or tyeth them to the neighbour-parts yet those arteries which run through the bowels haue not this coat The great artery is sometime called simply great sometime the greatest sometimes the thicke artery sometime Aorta and is indeed the mother of all the rest of the Arteries The great artery except the Rough artery and the venall and vmbilicall arteries being like a trunk or body of a tree out of which all the branches do yssue It was engendred saith Bauhine out of Galen de formatione foetus before the Heart was formed and hath one principle of Originall that is the seede out of which it is immediately made as beeing engendred at the His originals same time with other spermaticall parts Another of Dispensation and Radication which is the heart or the left ventricle thereof out of which it yssueth with a patent or open Orifice whereby it receyueth from the heart in his contraction Blood and vitall spirites together Values with heate to be transported to the body But because in the dilatation of the hart this blood and these spirits should not returne againe into the ventricle there are placed in his orifice three values yssuing from within outwarde as also there are in the arteriall veine But these of the artery are stronger
and greater because the body of the arterie is harder then that of the arteriall veine These values also doo hinder the aliment which is drawne by the Meseraicke arteries from the guts that is the Chylus which Hippocrates in his Booke De Corde cals Alimentum Hippocrates non principale as if he shold say an aliment at the second hand lest I say this Chylus shold get into the Heart The Orifice also of this artery is established with a hard substance which is sometimes gristly in some greater creatures a bony gristle for it is very rare if it be found a true bone notwithstanding that Galen saith it is a bone in an Elephant but in man there is no such thing found The branches of this great Arterie are distributed into the whole body as may appeare by this Table which we haue heereto annexed In this distribution of the branches of the great Artery they accompany the branches of the Gate and the Hollow-veynes yet are their propagations not so frequent because Tab. xv sheweth the great Artery whole and separated from all the parts of the body together with his diuisions and subdiuisions TABVLA XV. CHAP. XIII Of the vse of Arteries THE vse of the great Artery and of his branches may bee considered two wayes eyther as they are Canales or Pipes or as they mooue and beate A double consideration of their vse perpetually As they are Canales or Pipes they haue three vses or ends First to contayne spirituous and vitall bloud and to distribute it vnto the whole body partly for the perfect nourishment of the particular parts 3. vses as Canales for the parts sayth Galen in the tenth chapter of his sixt Booke de vsu partium which are neare vnto the Arteries doe draw out of thē vaporous bloud though it be but little partly for the nourishment and generation of the animall spirits The second vse is to leade vnto the parts vital spirits to cherish and sustaine those vitall spirits which are seated in the parts Thirdly with the same spirit to transmit heate and the vitall faculty perpetually into the whole body to cherish the in-bred heat of the particular parts to moderate and gouerne their vitall functions and to defend their life As the Arteries doe beate so haue they also a treble vse The first is to preserue the in-bred heat of all the members which they do by ventilation or wafting ayre vnto them 3. vses in respect of their motion For if it were not breathed it would by degrees languish and be extinguished Their second vse is by their motion to make a kinde of commotion in the bloud for the arteries accompany the veines which if it were at rest would putrifie like standing waters for bloud sayeth Hippocrates is water The third vse is to solliciate and to compell the bloud to fall out of the veines into the substance of the parts for more speedy nourishment This motion of the Arteries is called pulsus or pulsation of the worde Hippocrates Pulsation as Galen witnesseth was the first authour which is absolued by dilatation and contraction qualities not bred with the artery or seated in their substance but flowing into them from the heart which may be demonstrated if you intercept a part of an arterie with a tie for the part that is vnder the tye will haue no motion but as soone as the tye is taken away the motion will returne Erasistratus conceiued that the Arteries mooued quite contrary vnto the motion of the heart but wee agree rather with Herophilus Aristotle and Galen who thinke they are dilated and constringed in the Diastole and Systole of the heart onely we must remember that the motion of the heart is swifter and more vehement then that of the arteries which you may thus make experience off Lay your right hand vpon your heart and with your left hand touch the wrest of the right hand and then you shall perceiue whether the motion of both bee the same or contrary but the more certaine knowledge of this poynt is taken from the dissection of liuing creatures In the contraction of the Arteries they strongly driue vital spirits into the whole body and expel by expression sooty and smokie excrements arising from the humors which otherwise would suffocate the head When they are dilated they snatch from the heart spirits as a new matter which in their contraction they communicate to the particular parts to be a vehikle of the heat and do assume out of the neighbour veynes natural blood for their proper nourishment by the inoculations which are betwixt them and the veines and that is the reason especially why the veines the arteries do walke together throughout the whole body vnlesse some great obstacle be in the way But the arteries lye vnder the veynes vnlesse it be at the holy-bone not so much for defence as because by their motion Why they lye-vnder the veines they might constraine the veynes to powre out their blood as also to make a conspiration or consent betwixt the vessels and a communion of their matters that the arteries might affoord vnto the veynes spirit and life and the veynes vnto the Arteries naturall blood Againe by this vicinity of the vessels the membranes which couer the veynes tye them vnto the parts by which they passe are also of great vse vnto the Arteries It is also thought that these Arteries by the pores of the skin do draw Aier whereby the heate which is within is breathed which breathing is called Transperation But concerning the motions of the Arteries and by what faculty they are mooued whether they moue as the heart mooueth or contrary vnto it wee haue intreated in the second third fourth and fift Questions of the Controuersies of the sixt booke to which place we referre the Reader CHAP. XIIII Of the ascending Trunke of the great Artery THE great artery at the left ventricle of the heart from whence it ariseth is exceeding large whence Hippocrates Plato Aristotle and Galen haue al agreed The great Artery that the heart is the fountaine and originall of Arteries Tab. 16 fig. 1 A and before it fall out of the Pericardium or purse of the heart aboue the values Tab. 16 fig. 3 char 1 2 3 it affoordeth sometimes one sometimes two coronary arteries Tab. 16 fig. 1 BB which like a Crowne do compasse the Basis of the heart and through the length thereof together with the veyne dismisseth branches which The coronary Arteries are more and larger in the left side and those make the substance of the heart viuide or liuely Presently after a little vnder the trunke of the Arteriall veyne it ariseth vpward pierceth through the Pericardium is diuided into two vnequal parts one of which ascendeth vpward Tab 16 fig. 1 E vnto the head which is the lesser the other and the greater by much runneth downward Tab. 16 fig. 1 D because the parts of the creature
other surcles make that complication of vessels which they call Plexus Choroides so that this complication is compounded of foure arteries Plexus Choroides The second Artery of the Braine ta 19. fig. 13 q is a branch of the former which runneth obliquely and when it hath attained into the scull through the second hole of The 2 Artery the Temple-bone it is diuided into two branches whereof one runneth outward and the other inward The vtter which Vesalius calleth the second small branch of the third artery tab 19. fig. 13 f endeth through the eight hole of the Wedge-bone into the cauity of the Nosethrilles Tab. 19. figure 15 ◠where the Pulse is felt and offers a little surcle The pulse of the Nose to the end of the Nose Tab. 19. fig. 13 t but the interiour branch is diuided into two at the first Hand tab 19. fig. 13 uu which Vesalius calleth two great branches of the third artery Afterward it sendeth out of his vtter part another small braunch Tab. 19. fig. 13 r which Vesalius calleth the first small branch of the third Artery this branch togither with the second Veine F and after the same manner and for the same vse is distributed into the dura meninx or thicke Membrane The third Artery of the Braine which according to Vesalius and Platerus is the second The 3. arterie of the Braine Tab. 19. fig. 13 I is lesse then the first and runneth together with the branch of the internall Iugular veine tab 19. fig. 13 C vnto the backeside of the Scull and hauing affoorded a surcle vnto the Muscles which occupy the inside of the necke Φ it entreth in at the first hole of the Nowl-bone and so passeth into the sinus of the dura Meninx The fourth Artery which according to Vesalius Falopius and Platerus is the first is a propagation of that axillary artery being yet within the Chest which is called Ceruicalis This arising vpward through the holes of the transuerse processes of the neck after it hath The fourth giuen some surcles to the muscles thereabout betwixt the head and the first Racke of the necke it perforateth the thicke membrane which inuesteth the spinall marrowe in the side thereof to which after it hath giuen some propagations it entreth into the cauity of the Scull through the great hole Afterward vnder the marrow it is ioyned with his companion of the opposite side which being so vnited do passe along vnder the middle of the basis of the Braine till it come vnto the saddle of the Wedgebone wherein the Phlegmaticke Glandule is contained There againe it is diuided into two braunches The right runneth to the right side of the saddle the left creepeth on his owne side as farre as to the second paire of sinewes where on both hands it is diuided into infinite surcles and disseminated betwixt the first and second paire of sinews and complicated or intangled with the Pia Mater which afterward do make the Plexus Choroides And thus much of the distribution of the arteries within the braine Moreouer we must imagine that from these sleepy arteries an innumerable number of surcles or propagations are sprinkled heere and there throughout the whole substance of the Braine The Vse of the arteries of the Braine is to bee considred either as they are Canalesor The vse of the arteries of the Braine pipes running through the Braine or as they are perpetually mooued In the first consideration they were made to conuey vitall Bloode from the Heart vnto the Braine as also vitall spirits to sustaine the vitall spirits that are bred and seated in the substance thereof neyther do they carrie vitall spirits onely but also the vitall faculty furnished with all his indowments As they beat continually their vse is perpetually to ventilate the ingenite heare of the Braine which otherwise would quickly languish and be extinguished Againe this pulsation moueth and worketh the bloud in the veines which if it stood stil and at rest would like standing water sooner putrifie and corrupt Finally to sollicite the Alimentary bloud which is thicker to yssue out of the veines through small pores and vents or breathing passages into the substance of the braine which also doeth somewhat drawe it for his nourishment and refection Now we proceede vnto the exterior branch of the Sleepy Artery CHAP. XVIII Of the Arteries of the Face the Eyes the Nose the Teeth and the Larynx THE Carotides or sleepy Arteries Tab. 16. X Y being on both sides one doe accompany the Iugular veines by the sides of the neck and cleaning to the The diuision of the sleepy artery Rough artery ascend vnto the head and when they come vnto the Chops they are deuided Tab. 16. ss into an vtter branch g and an inner h the distribution of the inner we had in the former Chapter The vtter which is smaller then the inner and consisteth without the Choppes lendeth surcles to the Cheeks l and to the muscles of the Face afterward when it commeth vnto the roote of the Eare m it is deuided into twaine one of which runneth to the backside of the Eare o from which two arteries vnder the Eare doe passe into the neather Iaw throughout the length thereof are dispersed vnto the roots of all the lower teeth another part of it breaking out through a hole at the Chinne runneth along the Lip another yet n creepeth vp the Temples and the forehead and is consumed into the muscles of the Face Of the Arteries of the Eyes we haue spoken before in the former Chapter as also of the Nose of the Teeth a little before whence it is that wee often finde pulsing or beating paines in them such as wee feele in inflamations of fleshy partes and this was Galen Galens obseruation in the 8. chapter of his fift Book de compositione medicamentorum secundam loca who found in himselfe not onely the paine of his Teeth but also their beating or pulsation wherefore he affirmeth confidently that there is one kinde of paine in the gums and another in the substance of the Tooth and without the inflamation of the Gummes That there are arteries in the teeth sometime in the proper body of the Tooth sometimes in the Nerue paines doe perplex vs. And truely if there were no Artery at the roote of the Teeth how could it bee that when a Tooth is perforated so much cleare and perfect bloud should yssue out from it Eustachius his obseruation Which as Eustachius sayth he obserued in a man who had so great a fluxe of bloud from his tooth that almost powred out his life therewith Finally which wee also partly remembred before from the greater and inner bough of the sleepy artery which runneth vnder the Choppes some surcles are communicated to the Throttle and Tongue to conuay vnto them life and heat and thus much of the diuarication of the Soporary or sleepy arteries both without
the Scull and within it remayneth that we should entreat of the Axillary and Crurall arteries as they are distributed into the ioynts but we will begin with the Axillarie CHAP. XIX Of the arteries of the Hand in the large acception THE great Artery after it is out of the Chest distributeth foure branches from each side of the Axillary the first from the backeside to the Muscles 4 branches from the axillarie situated vpon the shoulder blade table 20. fig. 2. I another from aboue from the ioynte of the Arme with the blade which the Humerarie veine accompanyeth for a time K the third to the Muscles that lye vpon the forepart of the Chest L the fourth runneth downeward along the sides of the Chest M and communicateth smal branches to the glandules vnder the arm-pits betwixt the third branch and the fourth of these we haue spoken before the remaynder is conuayed vnto the hand from N. Table 20. Fig. 2. sheweth the branches of the great Artery running thorough the whole Hand TABVLA XX. FIG I. FIG II. VVe saide that the Artery runneth with the veine For it is certaine saith Galen in the Galen The Anastomosis of the vessels 10 and 17 chapters of his sixt Booke de vsu partium that in the whole body there is a mutual Anastomosis or inoculation betweene them that is their mouths open one into another so a Conspiration and Communion of their matters For the arteries doe impart vnto the bloode spirites and vitall heate and for retribution the arteries draw out of the veynes blood which is the nourishment not onely of their spirits but of the arteries themselues and these coniunctions of the vessels made by their orifices or mouthes are found especially in the armes and the legges and therefore it hapneth sometimes that one only vein being wounded not onely all the naturall blood of the bodye but together with it the vital also issueth so the wounded man perisheth And this GaleÌ„ also intimateth for going Galen about to demonstrate the vnions of the vessels he saith that if the greater veins be wounded if the blood be suffered to flow foorth the Arteries also will bee euacuated by conseqution and this apeareth true by experience For if you open a man that dieth of bleeding you shall finde not onely the veines but the arteries also empty But I return from whence I haue digressed The Axillarie Artery vnder the bent of the Cubit when it hath run a little way thorough The Axillary Arteries descent the inside of the Cubit descendeth into two bending muscles of the fingers and is diuided into two notable branches Columbus addeth oftentimes into three The one is the vpper and passeth along the Radius or wand Q till it come in a straight line vnto the wrest at which place the Physitians commonly feele the pulse making estimation of the disposition of the hart from the Dilatation Contraction and intermediat Rest of the artery Yet saith Columbus this is not alwayes seated in the inside of the wrest but runneth sometimes outward so that if a Physition be ignorant of Anatomy and search for the The pulse in the wrest Note this sicke mans pulse only in the vsuall place which is in the inside of the wrest a little aboue the roote of the thumbe not finding it hee will determine that the Patient is neere his death when haply the artery beateth well on the vpper side against that place Before the artery of the pulse get vnto the fingers it sendeth a shoote toward the outside of the hand Tab. 20 R betwixt the first bone of the thumbe and that of the Afterwrest whereby the fore-finger is supported distributeth it into the muscles of that place Afterward it goeth vnder the Annular or transuerse ligament the tendon of the muscle of the Palme as also do the veyne and the nerue fastened therto and is diuided into three branches The first of these offers two surcles to the inside of the thumb the second to the inside of the fore finger the third is vndiuided and attaineth to the middle finger Ta. 20 Three branches to the fingers betweene R and T. The other and inferior branch of which Columbus maketh no mention Tab. 20 S The lower branch of the Axilâ—ary runneth directly along the Vlna or Ell and attaineth likewise to the wrest at which place also we may feele the pulse to beate especially if the party be leane or haue a great pulse and this is the reason why we rather touch the other artery then this for the other is lesse couered by the tendons and offereth it selfe more manifestly that we may giue the better iudgement by it This branch also runneth vnder the fore-saide transuerse ligament into the palme of the hand and before it reach vnto the fingers affoordeth a small branch Tab. 20 * to the muscles that are seated neere the little finger The remainder accompanied with a veyne and an artery is communicated to the fingers the middle finger hath one surcle His diuision the ring-finger and the little finger each of them two The outside of the hand as it wanteth muscles so it wanteth arteries also vnlesse it be that branch which is marked with R. And thus much of the Arteries of the Hand CHAP. XX. Of the Arteries of the Foote in the large Acception WEe saide before that the great Artery about the lower spondels or rack-bones of the Loynes or aboue the beginning of the Os sacrum or holy-bone is diuided The diuision of the Iliack Arteries into two notable Iliacke branches Tab. 21 νν Each of these is againe subdiuided on eyther side into two others one exterior the other interior Tab. 21 ζ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The interior ζ and Tab. 17 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 shooteth out two scions one externall o and tab 17 ss called Muscula inferior the lower Muscle artery which runneth ouerthwart and is consumed into the muscles that couer the outside of the haunch-bones and the ioynt of the hip The other internall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and tab 17 uu called Hypogastrica which runneth directly downward and sendeth his surcles to the parts of the Hypogastrium or Water-course as the bladder the wombe c. The remainder of this branch Tab. 21. ζ descending vnder 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 first admitteth the vmbilicall artery of his own side after it assumeth a portion from the outward branch of the first diuision neere â— and so increased it passeth through the hole of the share bone into the leg and is distributed into the muscles which occupy the share-bone thirdly in the end it ioyneth tab 21 ω with another artery 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The vtter branch or the stocke it selfe running downeward accompanied with his veyne whilest it is yet in the belly aboue â— sendeth one branch vpward and outward through the cauity of the Abdomen called Epigastrica tab 21 â— tab 17 char
12 vnto the muscles thereof and another inward called Pudenda tab 21 ν tab 17 char 15 which issueth from the Artery somtime within the Peritonaeum sometimes without and runneth along the share-bone but of these we haue spoken before in the 15 chapter and repeated them briefly heere to make better way vnto that which followeth The Iliacke trunke of the great artery when it hath passed through the Peritonaeum and the cauity of the belly into the thigh is called Cruralis tab 21 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tab 17 char 16. from it branches on eyther side are propagated and disseminated into the whole foot eight in number The first is called Muscula Cruralis exterior the vtter crurall muscle Artery tab 21 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mus Cru exter Itissueth out of the outside of the crural trunke and running downeward is consumed into the foure muscles that compasse the bone of the thigh Table 21 Sheweth the distribution of the great Artery into both the feete TABVLA XXI The third is called Poplitaea Tab. 21. ◠the crurall trunke creeping downeward vnder Poplitaea the hamme being accompanied with ◠large veine maketh this propagation some surcles thereof run out into the back-ward muscles of the thigh the rest descendeth a good way to the ham-veyne The fourth is called Suralis the trunke lurking in the hamme or a little vnder it shooteth Suralis out on each side a deepe propagation tab 21 ΔΔ which are consumed partly in the ioynt of the knee partly into three muscles of the foote which make the Calfe and take their originall there abouts And these are the foure veynes which arise from the trunke in the region of the thigh from hence it descendeth to the hamme tab 21 Θ together with the interior veyne partly to the leg and partly to the foot when it is drenched within the muscles of the leg it is diuided into three notable branches tab 21 Λ Σ Π. The fift which is the first of these three Δ is called Tibiaea exterior the outward leg artery It is a notable branch arising from the outside of the trunke beeing accompanied Tibiaea exterior with the larger branch of the vtter veine and so descendeth along the Fibula or Brace is consumed into the muscles which occupy the leg as far as they are fleshy The sixt Crurall Artery is the second of the forenamed branches ta 21. σ and is called Tibiaea posterior elatior the vpper and backer Leg artery It yssueth a little below the Tibiaea posterior elatior former out of the backer and lower part of the trunk and descendeth as far as to the commixtion of the tendons of the muscles that make the Calfe being accompanied with the hinder branch of the interior veine The seauenth which is the third and last of the aforesayde branches Ta. 21. Πis called Tibiaea posterior humilior Tibiaea posterior et humilior the lower and backer Leg Artery It ariseth out of the backeward and exterior part of the trunke and being accompanyed through the membranous Ligament with the fore-branch of the inner veine which ioyneth the Brace vnto the Leg it is hidde within the muscles and runneth forward and downward further then the other two till it passe the transuerse Ligament and attayne to the top of the foote Table 21. q from whence it is disseminated into the muscles that leade the Toes backeward at which place Vessalius and Platerus say that the pulse may be easily felt The eight Artery of the Leg is nothing else but the remaynder of the Crurall trunke What the eight artery is descending along the backeside of the Tibea or Leg tab 21. the lower Ξ betwixt the 2. and 3. muscles of the Toes and so it passeth betwixt the heele the inner ankle vnto the soale of the foot but at the inner ankle it offers a branch to the foote ta 21. ψ which reacheth to the muscle of the great Toe and creepeth a good way vpon the top of the foot That which is left Ta. 21. Ω amongst the tendons of the muscles of the Toes is deuided into two branches ab each of which departeth into 5. surcles for the inner branch c affordeth two to the great Toe two to that next it and one to the middle The exterior b offereth two to the little Toe two to that next it and one to the middle Toe d and the lower side thereof And thus much concerning the distribution of the great Artery throughout the whole body It remayneth that wee come vnto the third sort of vesselles which are the nerues for whose prosecution we haue set aside the third part of this Booke The third part of the Eleauenth Booke concerning the Nerues CHAP. XXI Of Nerues in Generall AS the Naturall Faculty together with the Bloud and the thicker Spirit is deriued through the Veines the Vitall with Bloud and a thinner Spirite through the Arteries as through Canales and Water-courses into all the partes of the body so the Animall Faculties that is of Sense and Motion are conuayed into those parts which are capable thereof with a subtle and fine Spirite along by the Nerues as it were by the strings of an Instrument The Natures Vses and Diuisions of the Veines and Arteries wee haue vnfoulded in the two former parts of this Booke and are come in this place to the structure differences and diuarications of the Nerues The Grecians call Nerues 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the acception of which words among the Phisitians The names of Nerues and their kinds is manifould Erotianus thinketh that Hippocrates vsed the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for all sortes of vessels Veines Arteries and Nerues Galen in his first Booke de motu musculorum in the beginning of his Booke de ossibus and in many other places maketh three kindes of Nerues which appeare without bloud and without any hollownes Of these Nerues some proceede out of Bones others out of Muscles others are deriued from the Brayne and the spinall Marrow Those which yssue out of the Bones their protuberations are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vincula Tyes Bands or Ligaments Of these we shall heare particularly in the next Booke Those Nerues that yssue out of Muscles are parts of the Muscles and are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is neruous propagations and Tendons Now a Tendon is nothing else but an excressence or out-growing of the Fibres of a Ligament and a Nerue which being sprinkled through the flesh doe meete together as it were in one Chord by which chord the loynts are ledde according to the good pleasure of our will The third kinde of Nerues are those which the Phisitians doe properly call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and that from their office 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they doe nutare siue flectere that is incline or bend and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they doe Tendere that is stretch These Nerues do