Observations and firmly stablished better solve all the Phoenomena of the Sick viz. They declare more aptly the Causes of the Symptoms and shew the Reasons of Curing more accommodate to every Disease But as to the Remedies and Therapeutic Method althô we follow not exactly after the manner of others the Ancients we have nevertheless rejected nothing ratified by grave Authority or approved by daily Experience and besides we have added many things found out Emperically and Analogically by the Moderns Althô it is neither our Hope or Ambition that these should be pleasing to all yet what is my last wish I doubt not but that this may be an help to many for the illustrating the Medical Science and for the more happy Curing of Cephalick Diseases Farewel OF The Soul of the Brutes The First Part PHYSIOLOGICAL SHEWING Its NATURE PARTS POWERS and AFFECTIONS CHAP. 1. The Opinions of Authors both Ancient and Modern are recounted WIth what Pleasures and with what Delight beyond other things the Contemplation of the Soul hath drawn to it self the Wits of Men and most profoundly Exercised them appears even from hence that almost none of the Philosophers of whatsoever Sect they were and of every Age who have not laboured in the search of it But indeed how hard and abstruse it is and with what dark Blackness not less than the shades of Hell it self this Knowledge of the Soul is over-shadowed may be gathered from this because they are opposite and uncertain concerning it yea almost as many Men as there are so many several Opinions have they Published that truly 't is no unjust Complaint of the Soul that she understands all things but her Self Nevertheless in this Age most fruitful of Inventions when that so many Admirable things not before thought on as it were another Ancient World unknown are discovered about the building of the Animal Body when new Creeks are daily found out new humours spring up and altogether another Doctrine than what hath been delivered by the Ancients concerning the use of many of the Parts hath been instituted why may we not also hope that there may be yet shewn a new disquisition concerning the Soul and with better luck than hitherto Therefore however the thing may be performed I shall attempt to Philosophise concerning that Soul at least which is Common to Brute Animals with Man and which seems to depend altogether on the Body to be born and dye with it to actuate all its Parts to be extended thorow them and to be plainly Corporeal and that chiefly because by the Nature Subsistence Parts and Affections of this Corporeal Soul rightly unfolded the Ingenuity Temperament and Manners of every Man may be thence the better known as also the Causes and formal Reasons of many Diseases as of the Phrensie Lethargy Vertigo Madness Melancholy and others belonging rather to the Soul than to the Body as yet hidden may in some part be discovered Then Secondly because the ends and bounds of the aforesaid Corporeal Soul being defined the Rational Soul Superior and Immaterial may be sufficiently differenced from it nor is that Argument admitted so easily confounding them together whereby some deserving very ill of themselves have affirmed the Souls of Man and the Beasts only to differ in degrees of Perfection and so that either alike must be either Mortal or Immortal and alike propagated ex traduce or from the Parent Wherefore that the Dignity Order and Immortality of the Rational Soul discriminated from the Corporeal may be vindicated and likewise that we may make a way to the remaining Pathology or Method of Curing of the Brain and Nervous Stock in which not only Parts of the Body but often the animal Spirits yea sometimes the whole sensitive Soul seems to be affected altho we have formerly unfolded according to our slender Ability not after this manner the Descriptions and Uses of the Brain and Nerves Therefore at present we shall endeavour to deliver a certain Doctrine of the Soul previous to the shewing the Doctrine of the Diseases of those Parts But here it will be first expedient to rehearse the Opinions of others or at least the chiefest and most noted among them From which being put together if not what the Soul truly is may be made known yet what many considering it have thought of it and from thence a little more certain search of it we may enterprize And indeed if we would grow wise concerning the Soul only out of the Pleas of Authors and the Writings of Philosophers of every Age we should be intangled in a Labyrinth of Opinions following for truth mere Phantasms and for the genuine Idea of the Soul as it were the Apparitions of divers Specters But that we may reduce the various Opinions whatever have been declared both of the Ancients and Moderns to some certain Heads it will be fit that we observe some did affirm it to be Corporeal others Incorporeal In either Kind we meet with great diversity of Opinions For first of all among those who thought it Incorporeal some affirmed it to be a Substance existing of it self and immortal others without Substance having only an accidental form Those who believed the Soul an Incorporeal and Immortal Substance differed also among themselves The Platonists and Pythagoreans said the Souls of all living Creatures to be a certain Part of the Universal Soul of the World and that they were depressed or immerged in this lower Body as in a Sepulcher and therefore the Soul when the Animal received Life was not born but dyed for as much as by this inferior Birth it was divided from the simple and undivided fountain of Nature Further they thought that the same Soul so demersed did wander from one Body being dead to another and so by a various Metampseuchosis did inhabit or was a guest sometimes in the Bodies of Men and sometimes of Beasts The Manichees asserted That all Souls being taken out of the Substance it self of God did actuate Terrestrial Bodies and going from hence again returned into God himself The Origenists different from either taught that Souls were Created from the beginning of the World and at first to subsist of themselves then as occasion serv'd that Bodies being formed they enter'd into them being begun and actuated them during Life and that at length they returned to their private or singular Substances The state of which Souls tho some attributed it only to Humane Souls yet there were others who granted the like Immortality to the Souls of the Brutes yea and of Plants On the contrary Nemesius but untruly saith That Aristotle affirmed the Soul to be Incorporeal but without Perfection and Mortal when he had designed the Entelechia or Perfection of every living thing as to wit She as it were arising up of her own accord from Power only of matter rightly disposed understands nothing else but it s own Crasis or Temperament resulting from the mixture which as
the Body and is exactly formed according to the dimension and figure of that Body is Co-extended with it and fitted exactly as to a little Box or Sheath actuates inlivens and inspires the whole and all its parts Further on the other side the same Soul being apt presently to be dissolved from it self and to vanish away into Air is Conserved by the Containing Body in its Subsistance and Act. So indeed the Soul altho most thin yet Corporeal seems to be as it were the Specter or the shadowy hag of the Body Further this arising together with the Body out of matter rightly disposed receives its Hypostasis or Subsistence no less than the Body according to the Idea or Pattern fore-ordained to it by the Law of Nature But altho intimately united to the Body and is as its prop or stay Yet being made of a most subtil texture and as it were of a most slender thrid it cannot be perceived by our Senses but is only known by its Effects and Operations Moreover when as by reason of hurt hapning to it or to the Body that the Life of the Soul perishes is destroy'd presently its Particles being snatched away from the Concretion or its mutual adhesion they are altogether dissipated without any footsteps or marks left In the mean time the Body being made exanimat or Soul-less by and by tends to Corruption but indeed if it be more gross and more Compact its Principles waisting or unrolling themselves leisurely and by degrees it is not Corrupted but of a long time 2. The Existency of the Corporeal Soul depends altogether on its Act or Life and in this respect it seems most like to Common Flame and only like it to wit for as much as the substance of either as soon as it Ceaseth from all motion it is no more and can by no means be made whole again in the same number Wherefore the Essence of this begins altogether from Life as it were the infiring of a Certain subtil matter to wit when many active and chiefly spirituous and sulphureous Particles with some other salâ—e being praedisposed to Animality or Life come together in a fit Furnace or fire-place take Life sometimes being as it were inkindled by another Soul sometimes of their own accord which from thence being supplyed constantly as we have said by a sulphureous food within and a nitrous without Endures for some time until at length by the defect of Either of these or by reason of some Violence or Injury hapning outwardly the same as it were being Extinct perisheth quite The Act of the Corporeal Soul or the inkindling of the Vital matter in the more perfect Brutes being indued with an hot Blood appears so clearly and openly by noted heat by the Exhalation of its fumes or sut with other Accidents and Effects proper to the Kitching flame that any one Considering or weighing them may well believe that the blood doth truly flame forth and that Life is not so like to flame but even a flame it self as we have formerly shew'd at large But indeed in others less perfect or frigid Animals altho we do not say the Soul is properly flame yet which is next to it we say it is a most thin heap of subtil Particles and as it were fiery to wit a certain spirituous breath this being shut up in the Body agitates its thick bulk actuates all its members and arteries and in some with wonderful agility goes thorow and inspires the same more than in the more perfect animates as appears in some Reptils and Insects Further that there is a firey Vigor in these Kind of Souls may be even Collected from hence because whilst they live and do not lye asleep they have no less need of Food and access of Air than the more hot living Creatures as shall be declared anon 3. As to the Operations in General of the Corporeal Soul we say That as soon as it Exists in Act that it performs chiefly these two offices viz. First to frame the Body as it were its domicil or little house and then that Body being wholly made to render it apt and fitted to all the Uses necessary both to the Kind and to the Individuum for which Uses it is furnished with a manifold Guard or Company of Faculties or Powers also according to the Various instincts and suggestions of Nature it exerts or puts forth as it were predestinatedly the Acts of a Various Kind altho almost after the same manner It will not be an easy matter here to rehearse all the natural Powers and Habits with which all Corporeal Souls are wont to be gifted to wit because they are not in all after the same manner But as living Creatures are more or less perfect some than others also according as they being destinated for the Various Scene of this worldly Theatre are diversly figured and ought to live their Souls also are furnished by a divers manner of provision of Faculties The speculation of these things tho very pleasant and profitable is too copious and large for us to divert our selves within this place But for the illustrating of our Psychelogie or Doctrine of the Soul it may not be amiss to recite the chief Kinds of Living Creatures and to reduce them as it were into certain Classes or Forms and then to describe their Chief Species together with the Various degrees of the Souls that inhabit them CHAP. III. The Various Kinds of Brutes together with their respective Souls and the chief Species of each of them are rehearsed and described FOr as much as the Brutal Soul ought to be proportionate to the Organical Body it easily follows that as there are Various kinds of Bodies in the divers Habitacles of this world and offices of those Bodies destinated to life so also Various Souls by which they are actuated do exist and are indued with a Divers Gift of Faculties If we would consider the perfect Sense of these it were first needful to write the History of all Animals and to deliver the Anatomy of each of them But as that will be a business of an immense and tedious labour it seems much more to the purpose to reduce here all the Bruits to certain Kinds according to some certain affections in many of them and thence to describe some chief Species of those Kinds and their Various Compositions and Structures in respect of the Vital parts Living Creatures may be distinguished or reduced into certain Classes either First according to their Various Organs of Respiration which in some are numerous Branchiae or Gills and these dispersed thorow the whole Body as in many Infects or they are appropriated Branchiae or Gills in Fishes or lastly Lungs common besides to divers animals with Man Or secondly the rehearsal of the Brutes may be made according to the Various Constitution of the vital Humour in which respect they are either First without Blood or Secondly of a less perfect or frigid
Deliberation through innate faculties and acquired habits which truly if the whole be compared with the functions of the humane Intellect and its Scientifick Habits it will hardly seem greater than the drop of a Bucket to the Sea For to say nothing of that natural Logick by which any one endoued with a free and perspicacious mind probably and sometimes most certainly concludes Concerning all doubtfull things or things sought after if that we mind how much the humane mind being adorned by Learning and having learnt the Sciences and liberal Arts is able to work understand and search out it would be thought tho in an Humane Body to be rather living with Gods or Angels For indeed here may be Considered the whole Encyclopaedia or Circle of Arts and Sciences which excepting Divinity hath been the Product or Creature of the Humane Mind and indeed argues the Workman if not divine at least to be a particle of Divine Breath to wit a Spiritual Substance wonderfully Intelligent Immaterial and which therefore for the future is Immortal It would be tedious here to rehearse the Subtil Wiles of Logick and the extremely curious web of Notions or of the Reason of Essences or Beings where the things of Natural Philosophy being unfolded by their Causes are dissected as it were to the Life the most pleasant Speculations the profound Theorems or rather Celestial of the Metaphysicks or supernatural things yea and the grand Mysteries of other learning first found out by humane Industry But above the rest is it not truly amazing to see the most certain Demonstrations of the Mathematicks and therefore a-Kin and greatly alluding to the Humane Mind its Problems and Riddles how difficult soever to be extricated with no labour yea and many things of it attained and most glorious Inventions What is it below a Prodigy that Algebra from one Number or Dimension which at first was uncertain and unknown being placed should find out the quantity of another altogether unknown What shall I say concerning the Proportions of a Circle a Triangle a Quadrangle and other Figures and of their Sides or Angles variously measurable among themselves being most exactly computed what besides that the Humane Intellect having learnt the Precepts of Geometrie and Astronomie takes the spaces of inaccessible places and their heights the floor or breadth of any superficies and the contents of solids yea the dimensions of the whole Earthly Globe measures exactly the spaces of hours and days the times of the year the Tropicks by the progress only of a shadow yea it measures the Orbs Magnitudes and Distances of the Sun and Starrs for a long time to come Calculates and exactly Foretells their risings and settings motions declinations and Aspects one to another we should want time should we go about to enumerate the several portentous things either of the practice or speculation in the Mathematicks Then if passing over to Mechanical things We shall consider the several Works and Inventions of Workmen and the artificial Smiths-Works wonderfully made there will be no place for doubting but that the humane Soul which can so famously understand invent and find out and effect I had almost said Create things so stupendious must needs be far above the Brutal Immaterial and Immortal especially because Living Brutes obtain only a few and more simple Notions and Intentions of Acting yea and those always of the same Kind and not determinated but to one Thing altogether ignorant of the Causes of things and know not Rights or Laws of political Society further they make no Fires or Houses nor find out any mechanical Arts they put not on cloaths nor dress their food yea unless taught by Imitation they know not how to number Three When therefore we have plainly detected in Man besides the Corporeal Soul such as is Common with Brutes the prints of another superiour meerly spiritual we shall next seek out by what bond and by what necessitude these twins are conjoyned and intimately come together in the same Body Some of those who have shew'd the difference between the Souls of the Brute and of Man affirming the Irrational or Corporeal peculiar to them would have the Rational Soul of Man to perform not only the Offices of the Intellect and Discourse but also the other Offices of Sense and Life yea to do and administer the whole Oeconomy of Nature To which opinion however it may have prevailed in our Schools the opinions of most learned men of every Age has been clearly opposite That I may not be tedious in rehearsing of many I shall cite only two Authors but either of which is worth a Multitude in the Confutation of this Assertion One is that famous Philosopher Peter Gassendus who Physic. Sect. 3. lib. 9. Cap. 11. differencing the Mind of Man as much as he could from that other Sensitive Power of his by many and very remarquable notes of discrimination yea as 't is said in the Schools by Specifick Differences he has as they say divided the whole Heaven between Because when he had shewed this to be Corporeal Extensive and also Nascible or that may be born and Corruptible he saith that the other was an Incorporeal Substance and therefore Immortal which is Created mediately by God and infused into the Body which opinion he shews Pythagoras Plato Aristotle and many ancient Philosophers besides Epicurus very much to have favoured excepting however that they for as much as they not knowing the beginning of the Soul they judged Immortal affirmed it taken from the Soul of the world to slide into the humane Body and it to be refunded again either immediately into that Soul of the World or mediately at length after a Transmigration thorow other Bodies The other suffrage concerning this matter is of the most Learned Divine our Dr Hammond who unfolding that Text of St Paul to the Thessalonians 1 chap. 5. v. 23. The whole Body Soul and Spirit says that man is divided into three parts to wit First into the body which is the Flesh and Members Secondly Into an Animal Life which also being Animal and Sensitive is common to Man with the Brutes And Thirdly into Spirit by which is signified the rational Soul at first Created by God which being also Immortal returns to God Lib. Annot. on the New Testament p. 711. He Confirms this his Exposition by Testimonies taken from Ethnick Authors also from the Fathers And truly it is most evidently plain from what hath been said That Man is made as it were an Amphibious Animal or of a middle Nature and Order between Angels and Brutes and doth Communicate with both with these by the Corporeal Soul from the Vital Blood and heap of Animal Spirits and with those by an intelligent immaterial and immortal Soul And indeed Reason persuades us plainly that 't is so to wit for as much as we find in our selves as by and
by shall be more fully shown the Strifes and Dissentions of one Soul with another sometimes this and sometimes that getting the Rule or being in Subjection But as it is said That the Rational Soul doth exercise of it self all the Animal Faculties is most improbable because the Acts and Passions of all the Senses and Animal Motions are Corporeal being divided and extended to various Parts to the performing which immediately the incorporeal and indivisible Soul seems unable so that it would be finite Then as to what respects that Vulgar Opinion that the Sensitive Soul is subordinate to the Rational and is as it were swallow'd up of it as that which in Brutes is the Soul is mere Power in Man these are trifles of the Schools For how should the Sensitive Soul of Man which subsisting at first in Act was material and extended foregoing its Essence at the coming of the Rational Soul degenerate into a mere Quality if that it should be asserted That the Rational Soul by its coming doth introduce also Life and Sensation then Man doth not generate an animated Man but only an inform Body or a rude lump of Flesh. Therefore supposing that the Rational Soul doth come to the Body first animated by another Corporeal Soul we shall inquire by what Bond or Knitting since it is pure Spirit it can be united to it for as much as it hath not Parts by which it might be gathered to or cohere with this whole or any of its Parts Concerning this I think we may say with the most Learned Gassendus That the Corporeal Soul is the immediate Subject of the Rational Soul of which as she is the Act Perfection Complement and Form by her self the Rational Soul also effects the Form and Acts of the humane Body But for as much as it seems not equal nor necessary that the whole Corporeal Soul should be employed by the whole Rational therefore we may affirm this purely Spiritual to sit as in its Throne in the principal Part or Faculty of it to wit in the Imagination made out of an handful of Animal Spirits most highly subtil and seated in the Middle or Marrowie part of the Brain Because when as the Species or every sensible Impression of which we are any ways Knowing being inflicted any where on the Humane Body is carried to the Imagination or Phantasie and there all the Appetites or Spontaneous Conceptions or Intentions of things to be done are excited the Intellect or Humane Mind presiding in this Imperial seat easily performs the Government of the whole Man For as Gassendus properly has it As there is no necessity for a King to be in his whole Kingdom but only in his Palace to which place are carried whatever happens in the Kingdom so the Phantasie is the Kingly Palace of the Intellect to which may be brought whatsoever are acted Spontaneously and to our Knowledge in the whole Body But as to what has relation to the Functions merely Natural which being done by a constant manner of Oeconomy as it were by a Law from the Creator are performed unknown to the Animal it were not fit that the Imagination much less the Intellect should attend on these lower Offices althô also the faults of these as often as they are amiss lying hid to the Imagination the Intellect most often finds them out and procures them to be amended As to the Mode of the Intellect by which the Phantasms of all sensible Things being drawn in the Imagination is beheld it may be said That this is done not by perculsion from the Corporeal Species for this is repugnant to the Corporeal Faculty but by an Intuition into it self expressed in the Phantasie But as the Rational Soul will stay and preside in the Court of the Phantasie there is no need that she should be shut out from thence or bound by any Bond because destinated to this by the most high Creator to wit that it should be the informing Form of Man and also her self is very much inclined to the Inhabiting this House because whil'st in the Body it depends very much as to its Operation on the Phantasie without the help of which it can know or understand nothing For it draws its first Species and fundamental Idaea's by which it rears all its manner of Knowledge from the Imagination wherefore that the Mind of one Man understands more and reasoneth better than that of another it does not thence follow that Rational Souls are inequal but every disparity concerning the Intellect proceeds immediately from the Phantasie but mediately and principally from the Brain being variously disposed For as this being affected by an Intemperate or Evil Conformation the Spirits being made more dull or hindred cannot irradiate and actuate in their due manner therefore the Phantasms are difficient or distorted and the Faults or Vices of these infects the Intellect Hence it very often happens by reason of some hurt coming to the Brain that the Faculties or Habits or Ratiocination or Reasoning howsoever strong are diminished or taken away Because as the most Skilful Gassendus tell us That the acquisition and loss of an habit stands in the Power of the Brain and Phantasie a subject purely Corporeal but that the Intellect as it wants Parts cannot be wrought upon by Parts but that it is from the beginning and of its own Nature a full and perfect power of understanding which understands not more by the coming of any Habit but is rather it self an Habit always ready to understand wherefore he says that Aristotle has hit the mark when he says that his Agent having its Intellect as it were a Light had it therefore as it were a certain Habit to wit when this Intellect as it were a Light is ever ready to illustrate therefore it would have it self like to an Habit in a Workman or Artist to whom when you give an Organ or Instrument as an Harp to an Harper he is presently ready to Play by which it comes to pass as he says the Intellect also to come under such a Reason like as Art comes under Reason as to Matter So we may say As an Harper has in himself the Skill of Playing on the Harp and if he shews not his Art there is a defect not of himself but by reason of the absence or the depraved disposition of the Harp after the same manner the Intellect is aboundantly Instructed in its own Nature that it understands and uses Phantasies and if it may not do it the cause is not in it self but is either in the absence of the Phantasms or their Imperfection For indeed as the same Author afterwards adds The chief Function of the Humane Intellect seems to be like that of the Angels that it is of its own Nature merely Intelligent that is Knowing things by a simple Sight not by Ratiocination But that darkness is poured on it dwelling in the Body that
it self fom the beginning Melancholick foulnesses deposes them in the Spleen which receiving again after their being exalted into the nature of an evil Ferment is more vitiated in its disposition by their foulness Fourthly But besides it is said there is another kind of Melancholy distinct from the Hypochondriack and the former that is begotten in the whole Body together this is nothing else than the Mass of Blood being degenerated from its true nature by reason of errors in the six non-naturals and for many other occasions doth acquire at Atrabilary or Melancholick disposition that is where the Spirit being depressed the Sulphureous Particles together with the Saline and also with some Earthy are carried forth for the Melancholick disposition of the Blood is very much a-kin to this Sulphureous-saline which we have shewed oftentimes to excel in some kind of Scurvy For what causes and upon what occasions this is wont to be produced may be sufficiently known from the Aetiology of that Disease being at large explained The differences of this Disease may be easily gathered from what hath been said for in respect of its first subject which is sometimes the Soul sometimes the Body or rather the Blood it is called either Animal or humeral Melancholy Again it is impressed according to that with various powers to wit it is first impressed either on the Rational Will or the sensitive concupiscible or irascible Appetite also it is divided into very many kinds as it is employed about diverse things to wit either Sacred or Magical or Humane the huge cense or bead-roll of which is almost infinite the chief of which that are wont to come within the Cure of Medicne are Religious Amorous and Jealous Melancholy 2. By reason of the temperament of the sick according to which the Particles of the Melancholick blood being made sometimes Sulphureous sometimes Saline or Earthy the Spirituous being depressed are exalted more or less a Delirium or sadness fury or stupidity are more or less variously joined to Melancholy 3. The Disease is either continual or intermitting according to the conjuct cause either stronger both the Hypostasis of the Spirits and also the bloody Mass being both together vitiated or else lighter and less deeply fixed so that the Distemper'd sometimes are well enough for many days or months yet apt to relapse upon any great occasion 4. In respect of the hurt Imagination there are very many types of Melancholicks to be met with yea almost innumerable yet the chief difference of which is that some are dilirious in all things and others in one thing only The Prognostick of this Disease though as to health or death it is for the most part safe yet by reason of the event it is very uncertain For some quickly grow well others not of a long time and others are never cured This Distemper suddenly excited from a solitary evident cause as a vehement Passion is far safer than by leasure invading after a long Procatarxis or foregoing cause For the former if the evident cause be presently removed often ceases of its own accord or with a little help but in this latter for that the Mass of Blood and the whole heap of Animal Spirits are departed from their due disposition and not rarely the conformation of the Brain as to the tracts of the Spirits is altered The Cure very difficultly and not under a long time succeeds Melancholy being a long time protracted passes oftentimes into Stupidity or Foolishness and sometimes also into Madness further sometimes it brings on Consulsive Distempers or the Palsie or Apoplexy yea sometimes a violent Death As to the Cure there is little or no hopes if the Distemper'd being very contumacious and refractory reject all Medicines and every method of Physick Further there is scarce any better thing to be expected from them who lying sick with only imaginary Diseases take all Remedies and require still more and of diverse kinds to be given them As the Cure of Melancholy as it is always difficult and long so it is wont to be mighty intricate and perplexed for that it ought to be diversly and variously instituted in respect of the evident Procatartick and Conjunct causes of its kind also by reason of the Symptoms daily arising Neither is it only behoveful oftentimes to change the Remedies and Method of healing but also variously to make use of between whiles warnings deceits flatteries intreaties and punishments But first of all the Evident Cause of this Disease if any noted thing went before should be inquired into and if it may be either presently removed or else its removal to be in some sort feigned Further the affections of the mind being vehement and stirred up from thence are either to be appeased or subdued by others opposite Wherefore to desperate Love ought to be applied or shewed indignation and hatred Sadness is to be opposed with the flatteries of Pleasure Musick a desire or vain glory or also a pannick terror In like manner as to the rest of the Passions you must proceed to quiet or elude them The Curatory Method accommodated for the healing of Melancholy suggests many other indications the chief of which and to which the rest may be the better placed are these three commonly noted viz. Curatory which respects immediately the Disease and its Conjunct Cause Preservatory which cuts off the Procatartick and Evident Causes and Vital which is imployed about conserving of strength As to the first Indication the intention of the Physician is so much to lift up make volatile and corroborate the more fixed or dejected Animal Spirits that being also apt to go backwards or out of the way that afterwards they may irradiate more freely being stretched forth the whole Brain with a full and not broken beam for the Acts of the Imagination Judgment and other principal faculties and so lively actuate the Praecordia and make them to vibrate or beat strongly that the Blood being more plentifully inkindled it may be projected from thence without stop or stagnating into the whole Body Therefore for the healing of the Spirits first of all it is to be procured that the Soul should be withdrawn from all troublesome and restraining passion viz. from mad Love Jealousie Sorrow Pity Hatred Fear and the like and composed to chearfulness or joy pleasant talk or jesting Singing Musick Pictures Dancing Hunting Fishing and other pleasant Exercises are to be used They who care not for Sports or Pleasures for to some Melancholicks they are always ingrateful are to be roused up by imploying them in more light businesses sometimes Mathematical or Chymical Studies also Travelling do very much help moreover it is often expedient to change the places of habitation in their native soil Those who will still stay at home are to be warned that they take care of their Houshold affairs and that they should govern their Family that they should
TWO DISCOURSES CONCERNING The Soul of Brutes Which is that of the Vital and Sensitive of Man The First is PHYSIOLOGICAL shewing the NATURE PARTS POWERS and AFFECTIONS of the same The Other is PATHOLOGICAL which unfolds the DISEASES which Affect it and its Primary Seat to wit The BRAIN and NERVOUS STOCK And Treats of their CURES With Copper Cuts By THOMAS WILLIS Doctor in PHYSICK Professor of Natural Philosophy in OXFORD and also one of the Royal Society and of the renowned College of Physicians in LONDON Englished By S. PORDAGE Student in PHYSICK LONDON Printed for Thomas Dring at the Harrow near Chancery-Lane End in Fleetstreet Ch. Harper at the Flower-de-Luce against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet-street and Iohn Leigh at Stationers-Hall 1683. To the most Reverend Father in God GILBERT By Divine Providence Arch-Bishop of Canterbury Primate and Metropolitan of all ENGLAND and one of the Privy Council to His Sacred Majesty CHARLES the Second King of Great Britain France and Ireland c. Most Renowned Prelate IN that I still become troublesom to your greater Cares by this Kind of often repeated Duty I must also repeat my former Excuse For that these my VVritings with those formerly Published for the most part consist of those things which I have delivered in my Academical Readings by a necessitated Duty belong to you for that I received them from your Favours and indeed neither these had ever seen the Light nor perhaps my self had ever been in the number of Authors unless I had been made at first your Sidlie Professor at Oxford yours I say both for the ancient Honour with which you had advanced me and also for the more fresh magnificent Liberality which has obliged the whole Academy and all its Gowned Company All the Schools partake of what is imputed to your Theatre and moreover all the Professors whil'st every one of their private Patrons are acknowledged Celebrate Sheldon who exceeds by your gifts that of other Macaenatuses and Crowns the whole But as these Disquisitions are indebted to your Munisicence so they require your Patronage and we offer them not more in Duty to your Grace than for the Cause of your Tutelage Concerning the Soul I have enter'd upon a great and difficult thing and full of hazard where we may equally fear the Censures of the Church as the Schools For that I assert a Man as the Mad-man in the Gospel possess 't with a Legion to be indued with many distinct Souls and design sometimes a legitimate Subordination of them and sometimes wicked Combinations troublesom Contests and more than Civil Wars yea and in that I importunately describe the Manners and Affections the Mutual Exaltations Dejections and Productions of either and their state after Separation These I say some not only Philosophers but Theologists perhaps may find fault with And althô I have a place of Safety in that the Arguments and Reasons fight on my Side and that I have got the Suffrages of the ancient Philosophers and the holy Fathers and especially of St. Hierome and Augustine and among the Moderns of Gassendus and our Hammond yet suffer your Grace for my greater Safety to extend your help to me and grant that I may profess in the Entrance to this Discourse that I am Your Graces Most humble and devoted Servant Tho. Willis To the Most LEARNED and WORSHIPFUL By me ever Respected The Vice-Chancellor Doctors and Masters who diligently Profess greatly Adorn and happily Promote good Letters in the most Famous University of Oxford Health EXcuse me Learned Men if you who were once my Auditors I now desire to be my Readers and you whom I ever found Propitious and Favourable that I therefore wish you may be my Judges and Patrons Your singular Humanity hath formerly enflamed my Industry in this Physiological Undertaking and given me Life and Strength so that if that any thing of Praise be due to me it ought to be imputed and referred to you I know indeed how great difference there is betwixt the flying words of Speakers and those impress'd upon lasting Papers but it seems of great Authority that they have not been displeasing to your most Curious Judgments in their utterance and I hope they may now pass any Examen having already passed your Critical Ears It therefore belongs to you to defend if not these my Endeavours yet at least your own Judgments and if perchance the litterate Thrasoe's of this Age who are wholly ignorant in Philosophy every where wandring about attempt to overthrow me with their Clamors which is their chief Eloquence to oppose your Authority against them by which if they are not put to Silence it will be however an high Confidence and inviolable Security to Honored Sirs the Admirer of you all THO. WILLIS THE PREFACE TO THE READER Courteous Reader I Have here given you what I had long promised the Pathology of the Brain and Nervous Stock and with it the previous Physical Meditations of the Soul of the Brutes which is that inferior one of Man This difficult task when at first denied leisure and retirement it could not be performed after the Death of my Dear Wife being lonely with frequent and unseasonable Studies that I might the less think on my Grief I have at last finished this according to my flender Capacity But indeed in these Disquisitions which the Anatomy of the Brain and its Appendixes hath lately and more exactly shown as we have enter'd into a by-way and not before trodden there was a necessity to lead thee thorow some sharp and stony ways beset with bushes and thorns which might offend thee And indeed I know not whether it will be pleasing to all that instituting the something Paradoxical Doctrine of the Animal Soul that I should assign to that Soul by which the Brutes as well as Men live feel move not only Extension but Members and as it were Organical Parts yea peculiar Diseases and proper means or methods of Curing them and that moreover I should form this which is meerly Vital and different from the Rational and subordinate to it and so Man a Two-soul'd Animal and as it were a manifold Geryon That I may remove out of the way these little rubs I do not at all doubt to overcome them and evince the Corporeity of the Soul by Reasons not to be contemned and also by the full suffrage both of the Ancients and the Moderns and besides that it is Bipart or Twofold I have already in another place by a necessary Consequence deduced from the Life of the Blood as it were a flame and from the existency of the Animal Spirits and as it were lucid or aetherial Hypostasis asserted and proved For granting to the Soul one Vital Portion living in the Blood to be a certain inkindling of it and another Sensitive to be only an heap of Animal Spirits every where diffused thorow the Brain and Nervous Stock it follows from hence that Brutes have a Soul Co-extended to
the whole Body and Parts not only many and distinct but after a manner dissimilar But that some object that the Soul of the Beast because it perceives or knows that it feels to be immaterial for that Matter seems to be incapable of Perception that indeed had been likely if that Perception should pass beyond the limits of Material things or higher than what inspires them which things are usually attributed to Natural Instinct or Idiocrasie or peculiar Temperaments that I may omit Sympathies and Antipathies But who should be the Betrother I profess the great God as the only Work-man so also as the first Mover and auspiciously present every where was he not able to impress strength Powers and Faculties to Matter fitted to the offices of a Sensitive Life The Pen in the hand of the Writer Disputes Intreats gives Relations of things and is in the mid'st between things past and things to come and why should we not believe that greater things than any of these may be done when the Skill of the Deity is present Lastly If any one shall affirm that most subtle Substance and wholly Etherial which serves for the Vital Oeconomy or Government to be immaterial for that it enters upon the sluggish Disposition of inanimate Bodies let him remember to be indulgent to me if by chance I call it material for that it subsists very much below the Prerogatives of Reason But I shall not stand upon these things for truly I have prepared a far othergates defence to wit I speak not from the Tripos like an Oracle nor from the Chair but as one of a low form I play not the Prophet or Dictator but the Philosopher neither do I plant an Opinion but propose an Hypothesis and open my Iudgment Geometry has its Demonstrations in it self we are Skill'd in that part of Philosophy where it aboundantly suffices to have brought Logical Proofs Surely he only certainly pronounces who professes his Errors and whil'st he Philosophizes about Man remembers himself that he is a Man But that according to the Adage that I should declare some to be rather sick in Soul yea first and chiefly than in Body otherways than the Schools of Physicians which refer the Primary Seats of all Diseases into solid Parts Humors and Vital Spirits or innate Heat I say from our Hypothesis to wit that this Soul hath a material Subsistence extended equally with the Body and peculâ—ar Parts Powers and Affections may be concluded that it is found obnoxious also to preternatural Diseases and not seldom wants Medical help Moreover That the Corporeal Soul doth extend its Sicknesses not only to the Body but to the Mind or rational Soul which is of an higher linage and that it often-times involves it with its sailings and faults I think is clear enough in our Pathology or Method of Curing Further for the proving these two distinct Souls to be together and subordinately in Man as much as Authority and the force of Reasons can I think is there proved which Opinion is so far from that I need to fear it should be censured for Pernicious or Heretical that on the contrary we hope it is altogether Orthodox and appears agreeable to a good Life and Pious Institution from hence the Wars and Strivings between our two Appetites or between the Flesh and Spirit both Morally and Theologically inculcated to us are also Physically understood for that I see and approve the better things and follow the worser and this The Flesh lusts against the Spirit and the Spirit against the Flesh. So generally comes to pass in us for as much as the Corporeal Soul adhering to the Flesh inclines Man to Sensual Pleasures whil'st in the mean time the Rational Soul being help'd by Ethical Rules or Divine favours invites it to good Manners and the works of Piety Further from hence the chief Arguments is brought against Epicurism and Atheism for that it is moved by the force of Reasons our Sensitive Soul even as that of the Brutes miscarrying the other perpetually survives for truly being perswaded of an after and Eternal State why doth it not make it its whole business that it may live more happily in it or at least not miserably But also that it may be objected that there cannot be therefore two Souls in Man because many forms cannot actuate at once the same Matter It may be answer'd that the Supream form of the same Subject doth sometimes subordinately include many others but specifies it only a Compound Also the Corporeal Soul being subordinate to the Rational subsists immediately in the Humane Body and this Superior is in the same that mediating It would be a much more difficult solution of this hard Business if the Inferior Soul of Man common to that with the Brutes should be also affirmed to be immaterial for by what knitting together can two independent Souls subsist in the same Body being from thence separated and Combined by no common Bone into what place can they depart severally Certainly as to reason it is more probable and to the Humane government more agreeable to affirm that one most subtilly Corporal Soul is joyned immediately to the Body and is intimately united and that by the intervention of this Soul another immaterial residing in its Bosom inhabits the Body and is the supream and principal form of the whole Man But that after Death the Corporeal Soul being extinct this survives and is Immortal That the Corporeal Flameous and lucid Nature of this Soul and its Parts and Affections may be the better known I have thought it necessary to describe the Vital Organs both of all Kinds of living Creatures by the Action of which the Lamp of Light is maintain'd and also to shew plainly laid open even to their intimate recesses and least and secret Passages the Brains both of the more perfect Brutes and also of Man The Anatomy of which being manifold not being able to perform it only with my own hand and Skill being also almost continually interrupted by my Practice the Famous and Skilful Anatomist and Physician Dr. Edmond King was much helpful to me by his assiduous and notable assistance and labour Also that learned Man and my most intimate Friend Dr. John Masters Skilful in Physick and Anatomy imployed much of his Labour and Diligence in the same Business Out of his various Zootomie or Anatomy of the more perfect Beasts and many-flower'd dissection the wonderful things of God are very much made known for as much as in every the smallest and vilest little Animals not only the Face and Members but also the inward Parts as it were the Hearths and Altars for the continuing the Vital Fire shew them to be of a most Elegant and Artificial and plainly Divine Structure As to our Pathology or Method of Cure I must confess that in delivering the Theory of Diseases leaving the old way I have almost every where brought forth new Hypotheses but what being founded upon Anatomical
it adds nothing substantial to the praeexisting Matter the Soul it self seems to be from thence a mere Ens of Reason and only an extrinsical denomination Further when the Peripateticks from the Soul raised up out of the Grave of Matter which they affirmed to be a simple form without Extension and divisibility do contend that the Members of the same Body do perceive many things at once and together they have introduced into the Schools that Plea or rather Riddle to wit That it is whole in the whole and whole in every part To this Opinion thus unfolded that of Dicaearchus was a-Kin who said the Soul was Harmony and also that of Galen who call'd it a Temperament Nor do we meet with a less diversity of Opinions among the Philosophers of every Age delivering that all Souls or all others the rational excepted are Corporeal To pass by those who have affirmed the Soul to be either Fire or Air or Water or something made out of many of these Elements some as Critias and Empedocles have said that it was Blood Which Opinion the Sacred Scriptures in some places plainly favour where the eating of Blood is forbidden because it is the Life or the Soul Moreover there are not Reasons and Arguments wanting which conclude this to be very near or very like to Truth as shall be shewn anon To these may be added the Opinion of Epicurus delivered of old and of late revived in our Age which introduces the Soul plainly Corporeal and made out of a knitting together of subtil Atoms and asserts citing Laertius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. which according to the mind of Gassendus is as much as to say That the Animal is as it were the Loom in which the Yarn is the Body and the Woof the Soul From thence Laertius describing more fully its Corporeity saith 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. which is that the Soul is Composed of most light Atoms and round not much different from those out of which fire is Other Epicureans describing the Nature of the Soul otherways depaint it as from something hot flatuous and airy we need not to unfold any further this Opinion nor shew out of Laertius and Lucretius by what Rite the Assertors of the Epicurean Philosophy do accommodate such an Atomical Composition of the Soul to all the Actions and Affections of the Function or Animal Government which are to be performed Upon this Hypothesis of the Epicureans as it were its basis the Philosophers of this latter Age have built all their doctrines of the Soul tho very divers and I may almost say opposite For as the soul of the Brutes is affirmed by most of them to be Corporeal and divisible yet she is by some of them deprived of all Knowledg Sense and Appetite in the mean time not only Sense Memory and Phantasie is granted to her by others but the use of a certain inferior Reason And what is more to be wonder'd at the same end of their Assertion is proposed by either Sect to wit That the Soul of the Brutes both as it may be deprived of its gifts and also as it is most notably adorned by them may be very much distinguish'd or that I may use the Idiom of the Schools diversified from the humane Soul The first Assertor of the former Opinion was Gometius Pereira who affirmed that Beasts wanted all Knowledg or Perception whom in our latter Age the Famous Men Cartesius and Digby with others Exactly followed who endeavouring as much as they could to discriminate the Souls of Beasts from the humane affirmed them to be not only Corporeal and Divisible but also meerly passive that is that they were not all moved unless that they were moved by other Bodies striking some part of the Soul from whence it followed that every action of the Brute Consisted in it as it were an artificial Motion of a Mechanical Engine to wit that first some sensible thing affecting the animal spirits and Converting them inwards stirs up sense from which by and by the same spirits being moved as it were by a reflected undulation or wavering return back again and being determined for the fitted order of the organs and parts of the Fabrick it self in certain Nerves and Muscles they perform the respective motions of the Member◠For otherwise if Cognition be granted to the Brutes you must yield to them also Conscience yea and deliberation and Election and a Knowledge of universal things and lastly an incorporeal and rational soul. Whilst these famous Philosophers suppose Brute Animals to be only certain Machines wonderful made by a Divine Workmanship to wit which without any Knowledg Sense or Appetite perform only Corporeal Motions and the Acts of their Faculties according to the fitted structure of parts and the precise direction of the spirits within Certain measures or bounds of the Animals yet some of them differ in their Opinions about the structure and model of the Machine or moving Engine to wit for as much as the figure and properties of the Atoms out of which the same is supposed to be made are assigned one way by these and after a divers way by those The most illustrious Cartesius unfolding all things by matter and motion asserting the Souls of Brutes to consist altogether of round and highly moveable Atoms which he Calls the Elements of the first Kind affirms That nothing else is requisite for all its acts to be performed than that the fibres and nervous parts being struck by a stroke of a sensible thing they receive a motion after this or that kind of manner and transfer it by a Continued affection of the sensitive parts as it were by a Certain undulation or wavering into the respective parts But our Digby supposing mobility of the particulars of this kind out of which the Soul is made adds further That certain most thin Effluvia's falling away from the sensible Body do not only affect the Exterior sensories but entring into the more interior recesses mix themselves with the spirits and moving them into Various fluctuations do produce sense and divers sorts of local motions Moreover that out of these Extrinsical Atoms so entring into the nervous parts and the Brain it self do proceed not only Extempory Actions but out of those left in the feeling body and retaining the former Configurations are Constituted the remaining Idea's in the memory of things formerly done It would be too prolix a business to recount particularly what appertains to the aforesaid Hypothesis concerning the souls of Brutes or animal Actions or to Examine the Reasons of each also to shew by what manner of Solutions of that Kind those operations of the Brutes which seem to be made by a Certain Judgment and Ratiocination are wont to be unfoulded But indeed these Solutions of difficult Phaenomena's and the Reasons for the mechanical provision of living Creatures and their Souls tho artificially formed by these Authors seem not
to satisfie a Mind desirous of Truth And whilst every one expounds so the Works of the Creation according to the model of his Wit they seem to say That God is not able to make any thing beyond what Man is able to Conceive or Imagine Wherefore others also renowned Philosophers both Ancient and Modern professing themselves no less adverse to Atheism than the former Challenge in the behalf of the Beasts not only the operations of an external and internal Sense with Perception Appetite and spontaneous motions but besides grant to them a certain use of Judgment Deliberation and Ratiocination Nemesius an ancient Philosopher discoursing of the Cognation or Propinquity of all Created things after he had shewed from Minerals that some things came near towards the natures of Vegitables and some of Plants and Animals 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. which is The Common Architect passing from irrational Creatures to that rational Animal Man hath not effected this suddenly but first has referred certain natural Knowledges and Artifices and Subtilties to other Animals so that they appear near to rational Creatures Peter Gassendus a most Skilful and Cause-Expressing Man in his late Experimental Philosophy when he had enumerated very many Instances by which the Cunning and Wonderful Sagacity of brute Animals were declared and also the Epithets whereby these kind of Animals are noted by Philosophers to wit that some are called Excelling in Knowledg others Artificial these Dexterous and Compleat or Crafty and Wise at length the Author adds that These things could not deservedly be attributed to them unless they granted them a certain kind of Reason However it be we may seem at least to be able to distinguish by a ready way that as Commonly a two-fold Memory To wit a Sensitive and Intellective is distinguished so nothing forbids to Call Reason Sensitive and Intellectual And truly as we understand by the Name of Reason the faculty or beginning of Ratiocination and that to Reason is nothing else than to understand one thing by the Knowledg of another thing there is nothing more Easily to be observed than that Brutes do Collect one thing out of another or what is the same thing do reckon or recount and therefore are indued with Reason From these we may easily understand what dignity and beyond the powers of any Machine causing its Efficacy he affirms to be in the Souls of Beasts But in the mean time if it be marqu'd what Hypostasis or formal Idea he hath assigned them it doth not so Easily appear how that such Choyce Priviledges do agree with those Souls so slenderly gifted as to their Substances For when from the Opinion of Epicurus he had shewn these to be Corporeal and their Bodies to be made up of most light and round Atoms out of which sort fire and heat is Created at length he Concludes The Soul therefore to be a Certain Flame or a Species of most thin fire which as long as it lives or remains inkindled so long the Animal lives when it no longer lives or is Extinguished the Animal dyes But indeed concerning his Hypothesis he ought to have unfolded by what means this Fire Intelligent and Artificial to speak like the Stoicks could be or how a flame within certain bounds and Organs of the Body however framed with the most excellent artificie being inkindled and dilated can be able to produce the Acts of the animal Faculty This I say most difficult Problem this most Learned Man came to and pass'd over its Knot as it were purposely in that place CHAP. II. The Opinion of the Author Concerning the Soul in General That the Soul of the Brute is Corporeal and Fiery AFter having thus recited the chief Opinions of others It now remains that we propose our own Opinion or rather Conjecture in so hard a matter Where in the first place I am not easily led to believe That the Soul of the Beast is an Incorporeal Substance or Form For as to what relates to that Platonick Fiction concerning the Soul of the World that and also the Heresie of the Manichees hath already been refuted and clearly exploded both by the Ancient and Modern both Philosophers and Theologists that there remains no further dispute about it Further neither can I Consent to those Origenists who have affirmed the Souls of all Living Creatures to be immaterial and also to subsist before and after their Bodies For tho I should be little solicitous for the almost infinite multitude of the more perfect Beasts which have liv'd and do live yet where do so many Myriads of Souls even innumerable of Insects and Fishes which are dayly produced subsist and what do they The Bodies of very many of these serve only for Food to other Creatures And for that the Souls to these Bodies serve chiefly to preserve them only for a little time and as it were pickle them to keep them from putrefaction there is no need that these should be therefore immaterial and immortal Besides when of old Egypt was infested by Divine Punishment with Swarms of Fleas Flyes and other Various Kinds of innumerable Insects and that the same also abounded every where it is not easily to be Conceived from whence so many Souls were so suddenly Called and into what places the same being by and by separated could be placed Moreover as Heaven the Kingly Palace of the Great God challenges for it self Angels Gen. 2. and pure Souls free from all spot to be its Inhabitants but the Earth as it were a Certain sink draws forth and extracts the feces of things and from its bulk ruinous Bodies it seems more agreeable to the fitted Oeconomie of the World that all immaterial things with the humane Soul which we have noted to be placed in the Confines of Nature that it might be the fastning and knitting of either System should be ascribed to the Air but the other Animals Condemned to the belly and prone to the Earth to this Glebe so that the Souls of those may be said to be born and dye with their Bodies and to be altogether Corporeal Yea if that Reasons and Arguments of greater weight fight for this Opinion than those we have seen on the opposite side wherefore should we not rather follow this and pass farther on into its parts And indeed that the Soul of the Brute even as the inferior of Man Is material and divisible yea Co-extended with the whole Body seems to appear from many things both first because we perceive many and divers animal Acts to arise at once from divers members and parts of the Body For Examples sake in the same instant that the Eye sees the Ear hears the Nose smells the Tongue tasts and all the Exterior members Exercise the sense of feeling and motion and in the mean time all the Inwards and the Praecordia perform their offices Wherefore since there is no
medium between the Body and the Soul but that the members and parts of the Body are the Organs of the Soul what can we think else or affirm but that many and distinct portions of the same Extended Soul actuate the several members and parts of this Body Besides it is seen in several living Creatures whose Liquors both the Vital and Animal in which the Soul as to all its parts immediately subsists are viscous and less dissipable that the Soul is also divided with the Body and exercises its Faculties to wit of Motion and Sense in every one of the divided members layd apart by themselves So Worms Eeles and Vipers being cut into pieces move themselves for a time and being pricked will wrinkle up themselves together But that we have affirmed the Soul of the Brute to be not only Corporeal and Extended but that it is of a certain fiery nature and its Act or Substance is either a Flame or a Breath neer to or a-Kin to Flame besides the large Testimonies of Authors both Ancient and Modern Reasons and Arguments almost demonstrative have also induced me to it Some of the Chief of these we have of late Exposed in the Treatise concerning the Inkindling of the Blood there remains many others of no light moment to be added hereafter As to what appertains to the suffrages of others that I may not seem to stand upon the Authority of one Gassendus who has maintained this Hypothesis I shall here Cite many both Ancient Physicians and Philosophers For not to mention Democritus Epicurus Laertius Lucretius and their followers Hippocrates Plato Pythagoras Aristotle Galen with many others tho disagreeing about other things in this Opinion to wit That the Soul was either a Fire or something analogical to it they all shook hands to whom also have joyned themselves of the Moderns Fernelius Heurnius Cartesius Hogelandus and others and lately Honoratus Faber hath delivered in Express words That the Soul of the Brute is Corporeal and its Substance Fire it self But indeed he far otherwayes Explicates his saying than is propounded in our Hypothesis For having shewn this Soul to be material and supposed all sublunary matter to be nothing else but the four Elements he therefore Concludes the Soul of the Brute because it is not seen to be any thing Compounded out of the rest of the simple Elements or of many of them That it is mere Fire Tract 2. l. 2. pr. 33. ad 38. I shall take notice of one or two of our Countrymen The most noble Verulam chiefly distinguishes animals from inanimals in this respect for that the spirits of those are otherways inflamed and inkindled than the spirits of these Natur. Histor. Cent. 7. The most Learned and Famous Physician George Ent in his Apology against Parisanus That Blood even as Fire desires two things to wit Food and Ventilation hath most clearly demonstrated Wherefore after so many Learned Men it will be no Paradox to affirm That the Soul lying hid in the Blood or Vital Liquor is a certain fire or flame which Opinion agrees well enough with right Reason as appears by what follows Indeed if Fire and Flame are to be defined or unfoulded not by those External accidents of burning glowing and of heat which are not its proper Passions but by intrinsic Causes we conceive very easily the substances of them to be even as the Souls of the Brutes or altogether of the same sort For truly Fire if we would describe it according to its Essence it signifies an heap of most subtil Contiguous particles and existing in a swift motion and with a continued generation of some renewed by the falling off of others which indeed Conserves both its motion and substance for that its Food on which it continually feeds is perpetually supply'd from the subject matter which is Sulphur or some other nitrous thing in the Air that Compasses it about for from thence out of the Food of either the Particles being most minutely resolved and agitated with a most rapid motion the forms of Fire and Flame which differ only in more or less result Since we have in another place discoursed largely enough of these things it will not be needful to add any more here What if we should in like manner say That the Souls of Brutes are an heap of these sorts of most subtle Atoms heaped up together and extreamly moveable To wit which being stirred up with Life into motion as it were an infiring Continue the same and likewise its subsistance so long as Nutriment out of the apposite matter which is by degrees Consumed within Sulphureous and without Nitrous from the ambient medium is granted to it For that we say That the Souls of all Brutes so long as they live and flourish after the manner of fire do want Constantly either kind of aliment to wit Sulphureous and Nitrous That this is true is shewed hereafter as well concerning Insects and other bloodless Creatures also concerning Fishes and the more frigid bloody Creatures as well as in the more hot and perfect Creatures that have blood Which Conditions however are required to the Act and Subsistance of no subject besides But no motion either of Fermentation Ebullition Vegitation or of any other thing besides Life and Fire is immediately supprest by reason of the taking away of the Air. Concerning the Corporeal Soul in general these Three things first fall under our Consideration viz. First What kind of Subsistence or Hypostasis it is of Secondly In what its Life or Act consists And Thirdly What are its primary Offices or Operations As to the first we may believe That the Brutal Soul doth consist of Particles of the same matter out of which the organical Body is formed but that they are choyce most subtle and highly active which as a flower arising out of the grosser mass do mutually come together and do constitute fit passages which they produce thorow the whole frame of the Body having got one continued Hypostasis to wit very thin and as it were Spirituous and equal and extended to the whole For indeed so soon as any matter is disposed towards Animation by the Law of Creation and not by a Fortuitous Concourse of Atoms at once the Soul which is the form of the thing and the Body which which is called Matter begin to be formed under a certain Species or Kind according to the Model or Form impressed upon them Wherefore the more nimble and Spirituous Particles rowling away from the rest heap themselves together and by leasure grow Turgid These being thus moved stir up others more thick and dispose them into destinated places where they ought to stay and to increase and so they frame the Body according to its destinated Species In the mean time this heap of subtle Particles or the Soul which explicating it self more largely and insinuating its Particles into other more thick and weaving them together frames
Blood or Thirdly of a more perfect or hot Blood And to this partition as the more Known insisting here we shall run thorow the several members of it in Order and briefly Notifie in them the Fabricks of the chief Vital parts of the Body and the Constitutions of the Souls Inhabiting them First Bloodless Creatures are either belonging to the Earth in which number are very many Insects or belonging to the water of which Kind besides some certain Kinds of Insects are also found various Fishes which are wont to be divided into Soft of which sort are the Cuttle Fish the Sea Woolf c. Shelly as Oysters and Cockles c. And Pargated or other thinner shell'd Creatures as the Lobster and Crab We will examine in either sort some chief Species of these Bloodless Creatures as to the States of their vital Parts and their Souls First Therefore in earthly Insects altho indued with a small bulk that they have great Souls their Actions testifie which indeed are performed by some of them as the Silk-worm the Bee the Ant or Emmet the Spider to admiration Further That the Souls of these are of a certain fiery nature no less than those of the more hot and perfect Brutes we from hence deservedly suspect because they stand in need of a Copious Food after the manner of an inkindled Flame and of the access of much Air. The first appears by common Observation for as much as Insects often devour all the Corn and Leaves of Plants and so take away the grateful greenness of the Summer Besides it appears from hence that their Lives require a constant afflux of Air because as it hath been experienced by our noble Mr. Boyle Insects being put into a glassy Globe quickly dye after the Air is suckt out This the Learned Malpigius hath more fully declared in his most ingenious Tract of the Silk-Worm where he Observes That Insects have not only Lungs but so abound in them that every little ring or section of them is indued with two yea and that every part also of the Viscera or Inwards delight in the derived Lungs For as in the sides of Insects the whole length of the Body on both sides black spots or pricks appear he hath found that these were indeed tunnels or breathing holes leading from so many Wind-pipes or asper Arteries which by and by being branched forth into the Heart Ventricle Spinal Marrow and all the other Inwards and Internal parts carry in and out air to and from them all Moreover if these orifices be all smeared over with Oyl or Hony the Worm presently dyes but if only a part of those breathing holes be so stopped the neighbouring parts being by Convulsed and then resolv'd or loosned sink down or flag the rest keeping their motion But if the orifices of the Trachea or Wind-pipe be untouched and that the Head Mouth Belly or any other parts be sprinkled with Oyl neither death nor any trouble of the Sense will be induced and what is yet more wonderful the Insects that have oyl or the like poured into their Wind-pipes so suddenly dye that tho the Heart keep a motion for some space yet they can never be revived These Phaenomena happen alike not only in the Silk-Worm but in Wasps Bees Grass-hoppers Locusts Caterpillers and other the like Insects which certainly I believe gives very much Light concerning the use of Lungs in every Animal But first let us inspect some other Parts of Insects described by a most accurate Anatomy Therefore he says in the Silk-Worm and the like in others That the heart is placed all along the Back between the Muscles and the Lungs here and there appending and that it is stretched forth from the top of the Head to the extreme part of the Body This consisting of their Membranes as appears as it were one Tube or Pipe but unequal to wit sometimes broader sometimes narrower continuing from the Tail to the Head so that for their inequalities they seem as so many Eggs or little Hearts one laid by another and continued by one passage These little Hearts or the aforesaid parts of the Heart do gently drive forward not at once but successively and slowly after the manner of their membranes being bound and dilated from heart to heart sometimes upward sometimes downward the contained vital humour which is limpid or clear and so as we may believe a certain portion of the vital humour being squeezed forth into the Arteries which are so small and few that they cannot be seen is agitated by the Circulation of the rest contained almost only within the oblong Cavity of the Heart As to the head this most diligent searcher observed that Insects had no Brain within the Skull its Cavity being filled with the Muscles of the Eyes and some others but its spinal Marrow sufficiently large and divaricated in many places for the going out of the Nerves and as it were protuberated with knots is extended from the Head to the Tail and what is worthy to be noted in the whole passage branches of the Trachaea or Lungs were superinduced to this spinal Rope and inserted to it in very many places I omit what he most learnedly discourses of the members ventricle and other Inwards of Insects lest it should seem impertinent or too much Plagiarism But that the discourses may be the better understood concerning the vital parts of Insects it will be convenient here to borrow the draughts of the heart of the Silk-Worm and of the Trachaea or Wind-Pipes both of that and of the Grass-hopper and Locust in which the Trachaea or Wind-pipes are like to other Insects most diligently delineated by Malpigius which shall be added at the end of this Chapter with other Figures of other Animals but these the first Table shews Further as to what belongs to the Doctrine of the Soul we may with the Authors lieve Philosophize or at least conjecture concerning the Phaenomena of the Heart and Lungs by him described Therefore for that Insects first having such copious Lungs dispersed thorow all the Viscera or Inwards Heart and spinal Marrow to which that each might come distinctly they have many distinct Trachaeas or Wind-pipes with so many gaping orifices on the superficies of the Body it appears from hence that the use of the Lungs in these little Animals is not for the refrigeration of the Blood or its exact mistion nor for the suscitating the motion of the Heart because neither the Vessels carrying the Blood or Vital Humour accompany the Trachaea or Wind-Pipes nor is such a humour to be rapidly Circulated but seems to be only carryed and placed gently into all the parts But that the orifices of the Wind-pipes being stopped presently Life is extinguished in these as also in a glassy Globe empty of Air what can one imagine else but that this access of Air is required for the sustaining of the Vital Flame as it is wont
the Heart or at least to the Skin and other parts of the Body Truly by observation after what manner these parts which supply the place of the Liver and Messentery in some Fishes and Insects are made something may be thence gathered concerning the uses of the Liver and of the Vessels both Miseraick and Milky in bloody Brutes In the Male Lobster above the beginnings of the aforesaid parts on either side from the sides of the Oesophagus the spermatick Bodies begin which being sent down towards the bottom of the Trunk and there being more compacted and made smoother after the likeness of the Epididimis or thin covering of the Testicles are terminated in two Yards the Tops of which have their going out thorow holes forged in the last little feet but one In like manner in the Female Lobster two nests of Eggs on either side of the sides of the Oesophagus and Ventricle are placed and pass into two Wombs planted in the lowest Trunk of the Body and into those thorow the holes forged in the last little Feet but one there lyes a passage to the genital Members also a passage from the Womb for the laying of Eggs so that it appears how these living Creatures are most fruitful with a multiplyed Issue when as nature seems to be careful and industrious about their genital parts being double and greater than in many other Brutes to wit that as they being both at once double they might produce both by the works of Generation Conception and bringing forth not only always Twynns but almost Miriads of Twynns Below the Ventricle yea and lower also then the beginnings of the other Viscera the Pericardium in which the beating heart is included is placed in the bottom of the Back the Systole and Diastole of the heart are strong and swift as in Creatures of Blood this appearing of a whitish Colour is indeed a Conick Muscle whose Cavity being sufficiently large is framed with Fibres or Columns also with many strong and various little Furrows The Aorta going forth from its top is cleft presently into two Branches which go towards the Gills The venae cavae one ascending the other descending meet together from the bottom of the Heart and there enter into its little ear The Heart whilst it is relaxed receives the vital humour from the vein and by and by when it is contracted drives it forward into the Aorta The crusty Fishes even as the shelly altho without Blood are indued with numerous and large Gills which are instead of Lungs to which that all the Vital humour may be frequently carried therefore not as in earthy Insects are they dispersed thorow the whole Body but on either side under the brim of the armed coat and being gathered together in one place are made into certain little bundles The inferiour and utmost part of the Gills which are broad and obtuse is fixed to the Sternon or meeting of the Breast with hanging little feet the upper part ascending under the Coat is loose and free and by degrees grows sharp otherwise than in Fishes with Blood whose Gills are tyed together being solid at either end In all the Gills of the Lobster Three Bosoms are found of which two seem to be made for the carrying in and out of the vital humour because a black Liquor being injected into the heart passes to the Gills and there passing first thorow one Bosom returns by and by thorow the other We will speak by and by of the third from these Bosoms appear productions of small Vessels as if it were feathery arising on every side thick set and short like jagged welts or fringes which being spongy sup up the Waters continually flowing to them at every turn of the Diastole and press them forth by Systole to wit for the end that whilst it is there unfolded within the small passages the food for the vital humour may be inspired The Third Bosom being carried from the top of every Gill to its Basis ends in the common Channel in all the Gills of the same side which nigh to the insertion of the highest Gill which beats perpetually gapes with a large gap Any one may easily perceive this in a live Lobster whilst it breathes out of the water for in every Systole or pulse of this supream Gill one may see a bubble of water break forth out of that hole Further if into that hole a black Liquor be injected by and by entring under that Common passage it passes thorow from thence both into all the Gills and the small and feathery Bosoms of them and also into the Arms and all the little feet the Cavities of which the Muscles do not fully stuff yea and into the Cavity of the Body In like manner wind being blown into that hole all the aforesaid parts will be inflated or blown up From hence we may guess that hole with the common channel and the three bosomes of Gills to be a certain Trachea or Wind-pipe into which plenty of water entring at every Diastole is returned back at the next Systole In the mean time these waters in this passage do not only Communicate with the Vital Humour abounding between the Gills but besides are laid up between the Cavities of the Members and the Trunk that they may supply these Fishes whilst they are kept dry with matter for respiration and therefore they not only longer subsist in the open air but also live for some time in a place void of all air In Crusty Fishes for that for the agitating the Gills as it were with Lungs the Ribs belonging to the Sides the Muscles of the Breast and other things are either wanting or by reason of the stiffness of the neighbouring parts are made unable it is performed by an admirable artifice as whilst the Gills for the most part being loose and are left easily moveable the several little bundles of them about the basis of the bony little Foot being included with the Muscles within their Cavities as it were so many hanging Ribs are fixed being drawn forth far beyond the Trunk of the Body which as so many distinct Pendulums by the help of the Muscles which they include being almost continually shaken cause also continual Systoles and Diastoles for the inspiring and exspiring of the Gills But it may well be doubted whether we ought to assign Souls of the nature of fire to these bloodless Creatures inhabiting the waters because they rejoyce in an Element that is deadly to fire it self and to the Lives of more perfect Brutes But this Problem shall be satisfied by and by when we have first discours'd of the Use of the Gills in Bloody Fishes as also concerning the Praecordia of these and others of a more frigid blood In the mean time the Third Table shews the Figures representing to the Life the parts of the Lobster Secondly After the bloodless Brutes their
Divers or such as dive under the waters and he shews the manner whereby some men may be made able to dive to wit if whilst they are Infants they be provoked often to Cry they are suffered a long time to restrain the spirit from hence there will be a necessity of casting forth the Blood thorow the oval hole or navil and for that reason will hinder its Coalition or Closing up But indeed in these Brutes as to such a Conformation of the Praecordia the most skilful Anatomist Doctor Walter Needham did doubt and desired to have found it in some of them by an ocular search after many dissections However it is we are to suppose these living Creatures do not breath whilst they are under the Waters and from thence the Course of their Blood is by and by made more flow and smaller In which Condition it matters little whether it so growing torpid or sluggish creeps from the hollow vein into the Aorta by the navil hole or whether lying quiet it creeps forward by a gentle or slow pulse of the Heart for either way there will be a necessity that the Vital fire for defect of aerial food would be presently diminished and as it were depressed into a halituous or breathy substance Notwithstanding in the mean time that it may not wholly Expire or be Extinguished these two things are done viz. First Because in these Animals and as in all Fishes the Vital fire together with a certain Sulphureous and also Nitrous food within as we have shewed is injoy'd therefore it is able a long time to want its external supplement from the Air. Then Secondly in some of them the Hypostasis it self or Constitution of the Soul consisting of less subtle Particles is not so suddenly dissolved but that its parts stick together more strictly among themselves nor are they wont to be dissipated presently by any force as in more hot Animals Further as their Souls as to the greater part by much subsist in the Brain and Nervous stock more than in the Blood it comes to pass that however this fire being diminished and almost suppressed the Animal faculties remain still lively enough and indeed far otherways than in hot Living Creatures whose blood being obstructed about the Praecordia presently there follows an Ecclipse of the Animal faculties Notwithstanding Frogs Eeles and Serpents after their Hearts are taken forth will live for some time and leap about yea by reason of the animal spirits being intangled with a viscous matter and not easily dissipable retain for a little while motion and sense after their Bodies are cut in pieces and the several portions divided and lay'd apart as we have shew'd before The Third and highest Form of Animals Is that of Creatures of an hot Blood all which are framed with a two-Belly'd Heart and Lungs The Anatomy of these being already so accurately performed by many and commonly known there needs not any description of the History and Uses of the Vital or Animal parts in these kind of Creatures or Brutes The chief Species of this Kind are Fowls and Four-footed Beasts and in the same Class or Rank we place with the Souls of the later also the Inferior or Corporeal Soul of Man and that rightly because there is the same Conformity in either of their Praecordia of their Brain and also of their nervous Appendixes which notwithstanding differs from that of Fowls or Birds What kind of difference this is between those and these as to their Animal parts we have formerly declared at large and now we shall notifie what difference happens between them as to their Vital parts The Lungs of Men and Four-footed Beasts are every where shut in the outmost superficies that the Air entring by the Trachea or Wind-Pipe and by and by entring into its Chanels quickly blows up all the Lobes of the Lungs and distends them but it goes no further But in Fowls the Lungs being full of holes admit the inbreathed Air into the whole Cavity of the Belly which by the Muscles of the Abdomen or lower part of the Belly is exploded thence The reason of this I suppose to be in some part that there may be a greater plenty for singing and in some for the longer tuning of the Voyce or for the more strong or longer breathing forth of the Air. Besides for that all are not singing Birds it is so provided for in these Brutes that by reason of the Trunk of the Body being filled and as it were extended with Air they may the more easily fly and are more easily held up by the outward Air by reason of that within Indeed Fishes that they may the more lightly swim in the Waters have in their Bellyes Bladders blown up with Air. In like manner Fowls by reason of the Trunk of their Body being full and as it were blown up with Air whilst they rely on the open Air become less heavy and so fly more lightly and faster Hence it comes to pass that men being in danger of drowning whilst they swim receive great help by restraining the spirit and inflating the Breast as much as may be yea Dead Carcasses being drowned after the breath or fumes begotten by the inward putrefaction and shut up within blow up the fallen Cavities of the Viscera and extend them more rise up again and swim on the surface of the Water If we inquire into the Souls of the more hot Brutes without doubt it was at first in respect of these that the Ancients did declare the Soul to be Fire and the more modern Fire or Flame these placing it in the Heart those making it to be inkindled in the Blood And indeed since we have granted Souls as it were fiery to Bloodless Creatures and those of a more cold Blood which also the Lord Bacon grants to Plants it is not for us to deny the same dignity in Creatures of a more hot Blood For besides that the Souls of those like Flame require absolutely either sort of Food viz. the Sulphureous and the Nitrous and cannot be a minute without them the very hot Blood also is seen by mere accension for as much as we cannot shew how it can become so hot after any other way to boyl up yea and the Lungs hanging to the two-bellyed Heart to be the fire-place chimny or breathing hole of the Flame cherished within them Therefore as the Soul of the Brute of a more hot Blood being the perfectest in its Kind is as it were a Rule or Square by which others more inferior ought to be measured and as the same actuating and vivifying the humane body is sabordinate to the Animal and is the immediate substance of it as shall be more fully shown it remains now that we inquire into its Nature and Essence and first of all that we search into what parts powers and affections she has which shall be the chief Members of our Psycheology or Discourse
processes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 n. n. Spermatick Bodies arising on both sides of the Ventricle which descending under the Pericardium are terminated in the processes n. n. o. o. Processes out of the Spermatick Bodies like to the Epididymis from which are two Yards p. p. Two Yards in the tops of which thorow the holes made in the last little feet but one a passage-lyes open q. The hole in the little Foot for the going forth of the Yards R. The Pericardium with the Heart included S. The little Ear of the Heart into which the Vena Cava enters T. T. The ascending Trunk of the Vena Cava V. The Aorta going out of the Heart cleft into three branches W. The first Branch to its Head X. X. Two other Branches in either Side sent thence to the Gills Y. Y. The Tops of some of the Gills in view 1.2.3.4.5.6 Some portions of the Muscles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ligaments from the Pericardium to the Muscles of the Breast 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Muscles of the Belly and Breast 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Muscles belonging to the Tail 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Intestine from the Ventricle to the Arse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tubes or Pipes within which the Optick Nerves are brought to the Eyes The Second Figure Shews the Womb of the Lobster and its Neck and Privy Member or aperture made thorow the hole in the last little Foot but one together with the little Foot it self and the affixed Gills A. A portion of the Womb or place of Eggs full of Eggs. B. The neck of the Womb. C. Its Orifice in the hole of the little Foot D. The Basis of the little Foot E. The little Foot the shaking of which moves the Gills fixed to it F. F. Two Gills fixed to the basis of the little Foot with Finns or spongy borders G. The appendix of the Gills which like a bladder or membranous bagg may be blown up and distended The Third Figure Expresses a portion of the Gill cut off that its three Passages or Cavities may appear The Fourth Table The First Figure Shews an Earth-Worm laid with its belly upwards the greatest part of it dissected and lay'd open that the Brain Praecordia Viscera and other Parts may be seen A. The Mouth and Chin of the Worm B. The Brain in the superficies of which an Artery Expansed or stretched out descends to the Heart and from thence to the Tail b.b.b.b. Annulary or ringie Muscles opened and unfolded with their Tendons C. A portion of the Oesophagus D. The Heart E. e.e.e.e. The upper little white shining Globes both the greater and the lesser F. F. Two lower Globes bigg and full with Eggs. G. The Stomach of which there are three Bellies 1. 2. 3. H. The Intestine descending from the Ventricle which being bound by the Tendons of the ringie Muscles appears like the Gut Colon in perfect Animals I. A portion of the same Intestine opened that the Body included in it or the Intestine in the Intestine may be seen K. That interior Body which seems to be in the place of the Liver and Mesenterie The Second Figure Expresses a portion of the same Earth-Worm with the Tail cut off that the rowes of little Feet which are 4 to wit a. a. a. a. may be seen The Third Figure Shews the whole Earth-Worm prone or with its back uppermost that the ringie Muscles and the Wind-Pipes in them may be seen CHAP. IV. Of the Parts or Members of the Soul of the Brutes THE Corporeal Soul in more perfect Brutes and common to Man is extended to the whole organical Body and vivifies actuates and irradiates both its several parts and humours so it seems to subsist in both of them eminently and to have as it were its imperial seats But the immediate subject of the Soul are the Vital Liquor or the Blood Circulated by a perpetual Circulation in the Heart Arteries and Veins and the Animal Liquor or Nervous Juyce flowing gently within the Brain and its Appendixes The Soul inhabits and graces with its presence both these Provinces but as it cannot be wholly together at once in both it actuates them both as it were divided and by its parts For as one part living within its Blood is of a certain fiery nature as we have shown being inkindled like flame and the other being diffused thorow the animal Liquor seems as it were Light or the rayes of Light flowing from that Flame which from thence being Excerpted and manifold ways reflected and refracted by the Brain and Nerves as it were by Dioptrick Glasses are diversly figured for the Exercises of the Animal Faculties There are therefore Corporeal Souls according to its two chief functions in the Organical Body viz. the Vital and Animal two distinct parts to wit flamie and Iucid for what belongs to the said natural function that indeed is involuntary of the Animal and is performed by the help of the Animal spirits But besides these two members of the Soul fitted to the individual Body a Certain other portion of it taken from both and as it were the Epitomy of the whole Soul is placed apart for the Conservation of its Species This as it were an Appendix of the vital flame growing up in the Blood is for the most part Lucid or Light and Consists of Animal Spirits to wit which being Collected into a certain band and having got an appropriate humour viz. the genital are hidden within the spermatick Bodies to the end indeed that when opportunity shall serve that Band of spirits as it were a little Brand not yet inkindled may be able from thence to be drawn into fit fire and to be inkindled into another Vital Flame the formatrix of a new animated Body Concerning these three Members of the Corporeal Soul two to wit the Vital and Animal fiery by Act and the other viz. the Genital lay'd up for a future siring it should have been particularly and fully here treated on But since we have already sufficiently discoursed of the two former I shall only add briefly by way of Suppliment the Summ of what I have said before and then we shall also briefly discourse of the begetting part of this Soul First It appears that the part of the Corporeal Soul rooted in the Blood is truly flamy as to which we need only to refer you to what we have wrote lately in a particular Tract of the Accension of the Blood For there having shown the heat of the Blood to be necessarily required to wit whereby a greater plenty of spirits may be instilled into the Brain from its frame being very much loosned by and by we prove from those three ways by which all Liquors whatsoever are only made hot none can agree with the blood besides accension or inkindling For neither by heat put to it nor by reason of Salts and Sulphurs which are Corrosives of a divers Kind being put together
can the blood be made to boyl wherefore it follows that it is inkindled like the spirit of Wine and so as it were flames forth and boyls up Further we shewed that it is truly inkindled in hot living Creatures because the proper Passions of Fire and Flame are found only besides in the Life of the Blood for in like manner both to this and to them there is need constantly of an Internal Sulphureous Food together with the External nitrous yea and either Flame alike to wit the Kitchin and Vital whil'st they burn desire Eventilation To these may be added that the Life and Flame of the Blood as to their Various ways of production and extinction there particularly described and rehearsed are wholly after the same manner Lastly the analogie or agreement of either Flame being sufficiently unfolded we have declared by what beginnings the Vital Flame arises by what degrees it increases and after its hight is diminished Further we have shew'n reasons wherefore this is not visible and destructive as the common Flame but as it is Subordinate to the Corporeal Soul as to a Superiour Form it admitting a proper Species and serving to the uses of Nature destinated by the Creator silently burns with a gentle and friendly heat like a Fire shut up in Balneo Mariae apart by it self and as it so destroys not the Blood but inkindling the Liquor even so its Superficies wholly dissolves the frame of the whole mixture it follows thence that some particles being burnt others of a various Kind being manumitted or let go they are Variously imployed in the offices of the others but of these those which are chiefly Subtil as it were Beams of Light sent from a Flame are as it were distilled into the Brain and Cerebel These most subtil particles are called the Animal Spirits and first of all entring the Cortical Substances of those parts and from thence flowing into the Meditullia or middle parts of either of them and into the Oblong and Spinal Marrow and further into all the Nerves and Nervous Fibres dispersed thorow the whole Body Constitute the other and more noble part of the Corporeal Soul commonly called the Sensitive by us the Lucid or Etherial into whose Nature as also into the ways of its Subsisting Acting and Suffering we shall now in the next place inquire Secondly The sensitive part of the Soul even as the Vital is extensive and divisible whose Hypostasis when as the Animal Spirits as to the Integral parts do Constitute a great and difficult question arises concerning them of what sort of substance they are and from whence they are indued with so notable an Energy or Power I shall say nothing to those who wholly deny these Spirits for that the existencie of which is almost palpable and may be proved demonstratively by the effects nor am I much solicitous of those who arguing Contend that the Senses and Faculties of living Creatures however perceptive cannot be but from an Immaterial and Immortal Substance and therefore without any necessity multiply almost to Infinity and I know not for what end not only Essences but also immortal Souls of Brutes yea of Fleas Flys and of other more vile Insects Against these Opinions there needs no other Argument than that any one may consider truly in every Brute or Man the Organs of the Animal Faculties than which certainly nothing in the whole nature of things can be made more Mechanically and with a more neat Artifice The Brain and Cerebel the two Roots of the Lucid part of the Soul or rather the Fountains of the Primary Spirits are placed in the top itself of the Body into which when the Animal Spirits are distilled from the Blood placed above and round about as it were by a descent they from thence flow forth through the Medullary and nervous Appendixes as it were by Bills or Pelicans placed here and there into all the inferiour parts Either head consists of a double Substance viz. a Cortical or Barkie which for the most part serves for the reception of the Spirits and a Medullary or Marrowy which serves for their dispensation and exercise Further as the Animal Spirits for divers uses of the Animal Faculties ought to obtain Tendencies or Stretchings-forth of a divers sort within their distinct and peculiar passages either Medullary part being wonderfully Divaricated is cut every where into Various tracts of Labyrinths as it were so many Conclaves and Chambers all which Medullary tracts the Cortical part every where lies between and fortifies From these as it were Primary Palaces of the Soul the Oblong and Spinal Marrow like spacious Courts are stretched forth which also are furnished by reason of the Medullary substances variously lying between with many Porticoes and Walks planted here and there for the necessary works of the Animal Function From these Marrows the Nerves arising are carried to the several parts of the whole Body as it were so many distinct paths then from these many other small Shoots or nervous Fibres being on every side sent forth as it were so many smaller or lesser Paths are almost innumerable at the ends of which others secondary Fibres Membranaceous and Musculous are disposed though thick Series as it were so many martial Fields in every one of which is placed a Maniple or Band of Spirits In this most ample and highly intricate Labyrinth of Cloysters and Animal passages the Medullar or Nervous Processes how small soever being most thickly set variously implicating one another and ordinarily cutting cross one another yet all of them distinct and designed to certain offices allways agree mutually between themselves and intimately conspire together So that every Impulse or Instinct is carried from one end to another presently yea from every part to all the rest sooner than in the twink of an eye Further from the effects it is demonstrated that within these several tracts some subtil particles do flow and cause Animality or Life in all which tho they be most thin invisible and nimble we rightly call the Animal Spirits and the Constitutive parts of the sensitive Soul Altho it appears plain that such like Spirits are the Authors of the Animal Function and do constitute the Hypostasis of the Soul it self yet what they are according to their proper essence seems hard to be unfolded because we can hardly meet with any thing in Nature to which they may be compared in all things The comparing of these with the Spirits of Wine Turpentine and Harts-Horn and such like does not quadrate or agree For besides that those Chymical Liquors neither represent the Images of their Objects nor are indued with any Elastic Virtue as the Animal Spirits those also are less Subtle than these and less Volatil for as much as they may be powred forth out of one Vessel into another or may be distilled but the Animal Spirits presently vanishing after life is extinct
of the whole Body in which the animal spirits like Soldiers sent abroad perpetually running up and down on this side and on that perform the offices of Sense and Motion Further those who dwell within the Head it self the superior Legion of the sensitive Soul altho more freely ranging yet lye not disorderly or loosely but its numerous Company being limited with certain Bounds and Cloysters as it were within the narrow space of One Chamber perform infinite Variety of Actions and Passions Concerning these discoursing formerly more fully in our description of the Brain and Nerves we did distinguish the Seats of all the Faculties yea we did shew the Commands of the Animal Function voluntary and involuntary to be divers in themselves also to belong to divers Governments of the Brain and Cerebel with their respective appendixes of the Nerves Further we shewed that those Spirits the Authors of either function not only within the narrow Channels of the Nerves but also in the large meeting places or Emporiums of the Head have peculiar paths to wit the medullary tracts as it were intrinsick Nerves most curiously stretch'd forth here and there But indeed because it is objected that I have not described all and perhaps not exactly enough therefore that those medullary Passages may be the better beheld we have lately instituted another more accurate anatomy of the Brain to wit by gently scraping with the point of a Pen-knife its parts we removed every where the softer and brownish substance a-Kin to the Cortex of the Brain the whiter and more hard being left by which means in several places of the Brain and the Oblong Marrow many Medullary Chords or Strings as it were distinct Nerves wonderfully Communicating among themselves and with other white or medullary Bodies were brought into sight For as much as this Anatomical Administration render'd the more secret passages of the Spirits and the motions belonging to the Arcana's of the animal Government very Conspicuous we shall here shew a new Figure or two of the Brain rolled forth and the flesh when taken off in the chief places in which are plainly beheld both the Common Passages and the Private paths of the Spirits and which carry them backward and forward immediately thorow the beaten way of the medullary tail and which lead thorow the by-paths of the Prominences into the streaked Bodies Therefore in the Brain taken out and rolled abroad according to our Method let there be a dissection so made between the Orbicular Prominences to wit between the Testes or Testicles Nates or Buttocks that when they being whole and divided in the middle of the Pinal Glandula the parts are layed by themselves the streaked Cavity of either may be lay'd open As in the 6 th Table Fig. 1. A. b E. A. b. c. c. D. Then it it will easily appear that the said Prominencies called the Testes are marrowy Epiphyses or additions of the oblong marrow which sticking to the tails of the Cerebel from thence look towards the Brain and a Commerce is seen to be maintained between this and that This last Ephiphysis passes from the parts of the Brain into the next natiform or of the form of a Buttock B. which is an adjunct or some Augmentation of that To this Medullar a.a. in a Sheep Ox and many four-footed Beasts grows a Cortical substance B.B. But otherways in a Man Dog Fox and other more sagacious Creatures it is marrowy thorow the whole the reason of the difference I have shewed in another place This medullary Epiphysis reaching above the Testes and Nates and going under the Pineal Kernel tends towards the Chambers of the Optick Nerves approaching which F. by and by it is cleft into two Branches as it were Nervous one of which G is carryed to the Cone of the streaked Body and the other H. towards its Basis and in its oblique passage sends a shoot into the midst of the Border of the streaked Body this Branch going to the basis of the streaked Body behind the root of the Fornix is inserted into an Angle of the streaked Body As to the Use of these Parts we have proposed our Conjectures in our Tract of the Brain and truly nothing seems more probable than that by this side-path of the Prominences and by the Passage of the Medullary Passages there are Commerces held between the Brain and the Cerebel for as often as it happens that Impressions or Instincts meerly natural follow spontaneous Affections and Motions or are joyned to them all that within those private Tracts is occupied See our Anat. of the Brain p. 176. Further whereby every such Impression from the Viscera or Precordia by the mediation of the Cerebel are carried from them in the same way forward and backward into the streaked Bodies and on the contrary every force and perturbation The Medullary passage which is for their commerce enters in three places viz. In the middle and at either end into the streaked Bodyes To the Prominences which are called Nates and Testes succeed the Chambers of the Optick Nerves E. E. as also above the Medullary Trunk certain Epiphyses or Additions serve for a private office viz. only for the visive Function For as the sight is a most noble faculty and as the Organ of the eye is highly curious so it obtains a very spacious Furniture or Porch and also a very strait to the common Sensory viz. the streaked Bodies Because the Optive Nerves coming together under the Trunk of the oblony Marrow and being by and by disjoyned they climb up his sides where going under the appropriate Protuberances they go into a numerous company of hairy threads which are every where interwoven with the cortical Substance Fig. 2. Tab. 6. These Medullary or Nervous structures or bindings which without doubt the visible Species pass thorow are all parallels which being stretched forth Strait are brought to the streaked Bodies every where through their whole Compass Fig. 2. Hence it is probable the causes of the Sandy drops or Spots yea and of the sight otherways depraved or lost do lie hid not only in the Eye and Optick Nerve but sometimes in these parts for as much as those Filaments or Nervous threads being obstructed or bound together the visible Species are not able to beam themselves to the streaked Bodies I knew one being affected by his Imagination and Memory being grievously hurt that those diseases vanishing fell into blindness The reason of which accident seems to be that the morbifick matter occupying at first the superior frame of the Brain being slid thence lower by the Cortix at length enter'd into the Optick Chambers There remains yet a private passage of another sence to wit of the smelling to the common Sensory viz. the streaked Bodies The mamillary Processes being entered into the Prominences of the Inferiour Brain go under its Basis till they come to the border of the
streaked Body on both sides then being a little bent inwards they proceed by an oblique passage towards its Basis where they are inserted Fig. 1 Tab. 6. As to the Impressions of the other Senses and to the force and Instinct of every Spontaneous motion carried up and down there is a necessity that all these Kinds of Commerces between the streaked Bodies and the Nervous Appendix should be made by the Shanks of the longish Marrow The tops of these being large and broad Stick to the hindermost borders of those so that from these into those and so on the Contrary a going and returning is easily performed Further that the many and divers motive and Sensible Forces and Impressions together may be carried without confusion by this beaten and common way the whole frame of the Medullary Shanks appears thorow the whole to be made with Nerves or Medullary strings compacted together as if they were so many distinct paths in this common passage of the Animal Spirits for the inculcating the Various acts of the Senses and of Motions The Sixth Table represents these parts to the Life As to the Offices and Uses of the streaked Bodies though we can discern nothing with our eyes or handle with our hands of these things that are done within the secret Conclave or Closset of the Brain yet by the effects and by comparing rationally the Faculties and Acts with the Workmanship of the Machine we may at least conjecture what sort of works of the Animal Function are performed in these or those or within some other parts of the Head especially because it plainly appears that the Offices of the Interior Motions and Senses as well as the Exterior are acted by the help of the Animal Spirits ordained within certain and distinct Paths or as it were small little Pipes As therefore it appears from what we have said that the chamfered or streaked Bodies are so placed between the Brain and Cerebel and the whole nervous Appendix that nothing can be carried from these into that or on the contrary be brought back hither but it must pass thorow these Bodies and as peculiar passages lead into these most ample Diversories from the several Organs of Motions Sense and the other Functions and further as Passages lie open from these into the Callous Body and into all the Marrowy Tracts of the Brain nothing seems more probable than that these parts are that common Sensory that receives and distinguishes the Species and all Impressions transferrs them being ordained into fit Series to the Callous Body and represents them to the Imagination there presiding that also transmitts the Force and Instincts of all spontaneous motions begun in the Brain to the Nervous Appendix to be performed by the motive Organs By reason of these manifold and divers offices so many Marrowy streakes or internal Nerves are produced within the streaked Bodies for the Various Tendences and Beamings forth of the Animal Spirits it may very well be concluded that the Sensitive Soul as to all its Powers and Exercises of them is truly within the Head as well as in the nervous System meerly Organical and so extended and after a manner Corporeal The Explanation of the Figures The Fifth Table Shews the Figure of the Brain of a Sheep roled forth and derased and as it were made bare of the Flesh in many places that the Marrowy Tracts may be seen A. A. The Medullary Protuberances called Testes which being certain Epiphyses or excrescences of the oblong Marrow and joyned to the Trunks of the Cerebel look thence towards the Brain B. B. The Natiform Protuberances the Substance of which in a Sheep a Goat and many others is partly Cortical a. a. partly Marrowy b. b. in a Man Dog Fox and others it is wholly Marrowy C. The Cavity or Ventricle lying under the Prominences which is lay'd open these being dissected and opened D. D. Two Marrowy Chords or strings of the Medullary Trunk going strait to the streaked Bodies E. E. The Chambers of the Optick Nerves e. e. The parts of the pineal Kirnel cut thorow the midst and laid apart F. F. The Medullar or nervous passage proceeding from the Prominences which presently becoming forked sends forth one branch G. to the Cone of the streaked Body and the other H. to its Basis. I. A shoot from the medullary Branch going towards the Basis of the streaked Body reaching into the midst of its Border K. The latter border of the streaked Body receiving the nervous passages and under the root of the Fornix united to its like Border of the other side L. The whole streaked Body with its Vessels creeping thorow its Cortex or shell M. The other streaked Body with the shell scraped off that the Nerves or marrowy Tracts may appear N. N. The foremost border of both the streaked Bodyes Conjoyned to the Callous Body O. The Basis of the Fornix P. The Trunk of the Fornix Cut off and with the Brain rolled out removed at a distance Q. Q. The two roots of the Fornix R. R. The interior superficies of the Callous Body noted with transverse medullary streaks S. A medullary hedg or mound dividing the streaks of one side from those of the other T. T. Portions of the Brain Cut off and rolled forth which as also its whole Frame appears with a marrowy and a Cortical substance intermixt V. V. Portions of the divided Cerebel lay'd apart W. The Portion of the Oblong Marrow situated beyond the Cerebel The Sixth Table Shews the Basis of a Sheeps Head in certain parts of which Derased and in others Exposed naked the Streaks or Medullary Tracts as so many Nerves appear A. A. The Mamillary Processes carried to the Basis of either Streaked Body and inserted into them B. B. Some remaining portions of the Brain cut off from it greater bulk C. C. The streaked Bodies derased and as it were made bare of flesh that the Medullary streakes may appear also in its lower parts D. D. The Chambers of the Optick Nerves in which the strait and thick-set Medullary streakes are reached forth towards the streaked Bodies E. A Tract leading to the Tunnel of the Brain F. A Kirnel placed behind the Tunnel which is twofold in man G. G. The Trunks of the Optick Nerves divided and removed from their joyning together before the Tunnel H H. f.f. The Shanks of the oblong Marrow lying under the Orbicular Prominences in which strait and most thick streakes are also stretched forth towards the chamfer'd Bodies I. I. I. Transverse Medullary Tracts distinguishing the regions of the oblong Marrow K. K. Ringy Processes compassing about the oblong Marrow nigh the Cerebel L. The extremity of the oblong Marrow going into the Spinal M. The Top of the Spinal Marrow The Seventh Table Shews the orbicular Prominences and the Optick Chambers Erased and as it were made bare of Flesh that their inward Frames may be beheld A. A. The Testes which thorow the whole
being Medullar are marked with strait Fibres B. The Nates one of them being Derased in which the strait and thickest Medullary streakes are stretched forth towards the Brain C. The Medullary Hedg or Mound dividing the Natiform Prominences from the Optick Chambers and from which one Medullary Process is carried into the Basis of the streaked Body and the other into its Cone D. One Optick Chamber scraped that its straight and most thick-set streakes stretched forth towards the streaked Body may appear E. The hinder Border of the streaked Body receiving the Optick Medullar streakes and other Medullary Processes F. The streaked Body decreased whose little Medullary Nerves and Passages are explained in the 5th Table G. The foremost border of the streaked Body H. The Bosome leading from the Mamillary Process into the Ventricle of the forepart of the Brain I.I. The Hemisphear of the Brain opened and seperated by it self The rest here described are explained in the former Figures CHAP. V. The Beginnings and Increase of the whole Corporeal Soul also some Innate Habits and Inclinations of it are noted FRom what has been said concerning the Hypostasis and Members of the Corporeal Soul or of the more perfect Brutes which is also the inferiour Soul of Man it will be easier to trace out the Original and the Increase of the whole From hence also we may collect its figure and dimensions as also the proportion habits and inclinations of its parts in respect of it self and the members of the Body together with its Various ways of acting and suffering As to the first beginnings or original of the Corporeal Soul this like as a Shell-fish forms and fits its shell to its self exists something a little sooner and so more nobler than the organical Body Because a certain heap of animal Spirits or most subtil Atoms or a little Soul not yet inkindled lies hid in the Seminal humour which having gotten a fit cherishing or Fire-place and at length being inkindled from the Soul of the Parent acting or endeavouring or leaning to it as a flame from a flame begins to shine forth and to unfold it self a little before the Foundations or first ground-work of the body is lay'd This orders the web of the conception agitates and inkindles the applyed matter disposes and by degrees forms the Figure designed by the Archetypal Law of Creation In this stupendious Fabrick together with its bodily bulk being daily increased and Imaged into the due Species of each animal the Soul also takes its increase and still renders it self like to the Body which it forms For when as the more thick particles from matter continually put together are bestowed in the Corporeal Organs in the mean time the more subtil and spirituous being loosned and more rarefied by the burning of the others they dilate the Hypostasis of the Soul and together with the Body unfold and equally extend it But that after this manner the Seeds of the Soul being laid from the beginning together with those of the Body do rise up to a due figure and bulk in either it ought not to be attributed to the fortuitous concourse of Atoms nor to the proper Energie of the Soul it self but the beginning of all things proceeds wholly from divine Providence directing Generations to the Ends and Ideas of Forms according to the original Types primitively ordained by the same Secondly As the Increase of the animated Body and the first marrying together of the Elements proceed from this Soul informing and disposing the matter so the duration and subsistence of the same Soul is the Bond of its Mixture oâ— Concretion For the flame of the Soul being extinct or the inkindling and motion of the subtil particles ceasing presently the frame of the Body it self begins to be dissolved and loosned so that in a short time the Elements being loosned and laxed one from another fly away and by degrees break their Concretion wherefore this Soul as it were salt or pickle preserves the fleshy bulk of the Body from putrefaction yea the â—ame is almost in an animated Body as the Flower or Spirit in Wine which indeed being present and unfolding its spirituous Particles thorow the whole the Liquor continues still generous and flourishing but as soon as this Spirit of the Wine flies away forthwith the remaining water or liquor degenerates into an insipid and dead thing Thirdly So long as this Soul subsists in the Body according to an ancient saying of Hypocrates It is always Born even till Death In which respect also it seems to be most like flame or rather the same thing which is continually renewed almost every moment Some parts of eithers subsistence in like manner are consumed by burning and fly away and others in the mean time are laid up anew from the Food continually laid in For as the more Crass or thick Particles of the nourishing juice wrought in the Viscera fill up the losses of the Corporeal bulk so the more subtil make up the layings forth or wastings of this Soul which as they come to the blood are as it were Oyl to a Lamp and being perpetually inkindled within its bosom restore to the Soul both Flame and Light which would otherways perish For whilst the purer part of the nourishing Liquor cherishes the flame of the Blood and sustains it the most spirituous Particles falling off by its burning are instilled into the concavity of the Head which there propagate and nourish the other part of the Soul to wit the Sensitive So the making of Blood is owing very much to Chylification or the making of the Chyle and Animality or like to this notwithstanding which offices the Animal Function payes back to the Vital and both to the Organs of Chylification for as much as the Animal Spirits bestow a pulsifick force to the Heart and Arteries whereby the Blood may be agitated and carryed about to the places of accensions or inkindlings yea the Viscera of Concoction receive heat which they want from the flame of the Blood and a motive and sensitive virtue which they have need of for their Offices from a Constant afflux or flowing in of the Animal Spirits so the Brain is indebted to the Heart and both of them to the Stomach yea and on the other side this Region to that and both to the third To the end that the Hypostasis of the whole Soul might the longer continue the Tributes of all the Parts are Compensed with mutual Offices one to another and so at once the members both of the Body and of the Soul being conjoyned by a Circular necessity they desire and shew their mutual Labour Fourthly The Soul of the Brute as it is Fire according to Philosophy has these two innate Dispositions by the Law of Creation to wit that it should defend it self or delay its proper inkindling long for whose sake it is still careful of taking of food and also that it might
propagate its Species or produce other Souls for which end it Continually lays up from its provision an incentive matter and Continually desires to expose it to an inkindling It is natural for every Animal without guide or example to take its proper food and to Swallow it down both that the web of the Body being daily increased might grow to its due magnitude and also that the Soul as it were its woof being daily supplyed with new plenty of Spirits may be able to be Coextended or stretched forth equally with the Body and able to perform lively the Acts of its Functions Then assoon as the Lineaments both of the Body and the Soul being sufficiently drawn forth and the Compass and Bulk of each Compleated some Animal Spirits superfluous from the individual work begin to abound and so seperate into the genital parts with a Subtil humour picked from the whole Body as it were into a Store-house destinated for the propagating the Species and there being lay'd up forme the Idea of the Animal which afterwards is transferred into a fit Matrix for to be perfectly formed The genital Humour is not as Hippocrates formerly taught and as now commonly believed carried from the Brain into the Spermatick Vessels for no peculiar passages lye between that and these Bodies far remote but without doubt the bloody mass it self sends its most noble part into the Genitals as well as into the Brain Wherefore when as there are no Nerves that reach to the Testicles and that there are noted Arteries sent and admirably made thorow wandering Passages and frequent engraftings of the Veins to wit for that End that they may carry the most pure flower of the Blood as it were thorow the winding Chanels of an Alembick distilled by a long passage and so wrought and made most highly subtil into those parts what is superfluous of this or less clarified the Veins do not only receive and carry back but also because from the much Spirit a great quantity of Serous water which serves always for its Vehicle abounds therefore the Water-Carryers are produced in these parts abundantly more than in any others But that a great loss of the genital Humor doth hurt very much the Brain and the Nerves and bring to them a notable debility the reason is because the blood as it makes up the losses of the seed destinated for the propagating its Species carries thither and bestows whatsoever is most precious of its own in the mean time as the Brain is defrauded of its due provision by the great plenty of Spirits being carried into the Spermatic Bodies yea as the blood is not able sufficiently to impart to the Genitals out of its proper store it remands or snatches its Tribute from the Brain and other parts that it might be there bestowed so that not seldom the strength of the whole Soul and Body is consumed on the mad insatiate fulfilling of Lust or Venus and in these desires everyone or the unskilful complains of Flames and feels the blood not only to flame forth but a greater fire increasing to make hot the marrow yea oftentimes it is known to burn up the Flesh Inwards and Bones and to reduce them to a rottenness As to that most quick and Intimate Commerce of the brain with the genital Members for as much as the Venerian imagination Causes presently an insurrection in these parts and on the other side a swelling up of the seminal humor stirs up the Venerial Imagination the Cause is not an Instinct thorow the private passages of the Nerves which are wholly wanting reciprocated from this to that but because for the Act of Generation greatly necessary and performed with a most vehement Affection one part of the soul by it self or one part after another is not moved but the whole Hypostasis together and on a sudden and is inclined or snatched towards the Genitals hence every most light incentives of Lust are most swiftly powred forth thorow the universal parts of the Soul fiery of themselves and Extreamly perclive or apt for such fires Whilst this Corporeal Soul being inkindled like flame in the animated Body on every side diffuseth Heat and Light we may take notice of its various tremblings shakeings inequalities and irregular Commotions these sorts of Irregularities to be observed concerning the phasis or appearance of this Soul of which we treat tho they are more perspicuous in Man than in Brute Animals yet they altogether respect the inferiour Soul of Man which is Common to him with the Brute Animals But that we may briefly handle some of these Affections of the Corporeal Soul first it is to be noted that its flame does not always flame forth equally For besides that its food is sometimes afforded more plentifully and too sulphureous sometimes more thinly and less inflameable so that the Flame is inlarged or Contracted its accension also in the praecordia tho of it self moderate and equal is wont to be variously shaken by the fanning of Passions so that it is carried sorth sometimes into an Excessive burning as from Anger and Indignation sometimes this vital flame is in danger to be always blown out as by sudden Joy and another time almost suffocated as by sudden fear or sadness In like manner the Systasis or Constitution of the Soul from the rest of the Affections being exposed as flame to the winds is diversly changed in its appearance as will more clearly appear when we shall speak particularly of its Affections Nor do these sorts of Inordinations only proceed from the sudden impulses of Passions but sometimes the Vital flame habitually becomes decayed weak and as it is were half exstinct as by intemperate Cold and also as is observed in the phlegmatick diseaâ—e the dropsie longing of maids and other diseases in whom the Blood being too watery like moist and green wood sends forth but a small and inconstant flame and almost overwhelm'd with fume and vapour But sometimes the bloody Liquor being more sulphureous than it ought is almost wholy inkindled as happens in a Choleric Complexion and in an intemperate Feavor According to either of these hights as the inkindling of the vital flame is altered so the lucid particles which flow from it to wit the beamie texture of the Animal spirits diversly shines and breaths forths from the decayed or bound up inkindling of the Blood the sphear of the sensitive soul is seen to be straitned and to be drawn in within the limit of the Body and to be immerged or sunk down so that it doth not sufficiently actuate or illustrate the whole frame of the Brain and its Appendix On the Contrary when the Vital Fire is very strong so it doth not burn forth too much and feavourishly the Constitution of the Animal Spirits being made greater in it self is much inlarged forth far beyond the Compass of the Body so that any one exulting for Joy
or blown up with pride is seen to grow very great and not be able to be contained within its proper Dimension Besides these Kind of Alterations which the Soul properly sensitive or the lucid part receives from the Vital and flamie variously changed many other things happen which disturb its Systasis or Constitution and its wonted manner of Order immediately both from a certain affection of the Brain and Nervous stock and also from external Objects because in the night the Brain it self from a too great infusion of the nutricious Juce or from the black darkness or vapours is filled so that the lucid part of the Soul in sleep is wholly obscured as it were with darkness not seldom from a morbiâ—ic matter somewhere gathered together and as it were obstructing the Spirts or the ways of their Beams there arises an Eclipse of some or more of their faculties sometimes the Animal Spirits themselves are not light or airey enough but are infected with heterogeneous effluvia's to wit either Saline Vitriolic Nitrous or otherwise Cloudy which deform the sensible species change them into some affrightful thing and excite inordinate Motions Hence it comes sometimes that the whole Soul suffers various Metamorphoses or Changes and puts on strange species's as often happens in Melancholy diâ—eaâ—es or to mad men As to the various gestures of the Soul by which for the variety of sensible objects it expresses now Joy and Pleasure by and by loathing and trouble it is observed that sometimes it is allured more outwardly by the Organ of this or that sense and as occasion serves almost wholly to wander into the Eye or Ear Palate or any Sensory meeting with something pleasant sometimes on the Contrary for the sake shunning or flying away from some approaching evil that she retires inwardly and leaving her watch hides her head so that we think or Imagine nothing without being touch'd but that the whole Soul almost is moved and trembles at every apprehension of the sensible object and its Systasis is variously agitated as it were the leaves of a Tree exposed to the blasts of Winds Nor do these sensible Impressions induce Metamorphoses only to the sensitive soul or the beamy Texture of the Animal spirits but undulations or waverings being brought to it presently they go forward an impress alterations on the vital Soul lying in the blood and move about its flame as â— were with blasts driving it hither and thither and unequally inkindling it For as we mentioned before the same moment in which an object carried from the sense or memory stops at the Imagination as that Comes under the shew of good or evil it affects the Animal Spirits destinated to the Motion of the Precordia and causes the Precordia by the influx of them to be variously Contracted or dilated and for that Cause it is that the inordinate motions and inkindling of the Blood are so performed But of these there will be a more opportune place of treating when we shall speak especially of the Affections of the Soul CHAP. VI. Of the Science or Knowledge of Brutes WE have hitherto spoken of the Original Nature and manner of the Soul of the Brutes subsisting in the Body as also of its various degrees or species and as it hath in the more perfect Living Creatures Parts or Constitutive Members Further the Hypostasis figure and dimensions of the same Soul being rightly delineated we have Considered how that she is capable of Impressions from outward Objects also to what passions and alterations besides she is obnoxious yet from all this furniture of the Corporeal Soul and of its powers being put together it doth not plainly appear what the same is able to do beyond the Virtue or force of any other machine and to perform by its own proper Virtue or strength For altho an Impression of an Object driving the Animal spirits inwards and harmonizing them by a certain peculiar manner causes sensation and the same spirits for as much as they leap back from within outwardly as it were by a reflected undulation or waving stir up local motions yet it is not declared how this Soul or any part of it perceives it self to feel and is driven according to that perception into divers Passions and Actions directed to the Appetite or desire of this or that Action and sometimes as we have generally observed in some Beasts for the prosecution of the desired thing doth pick out and choose Acts which seem to flow from Council or a certain Deliberation In Man indeed it is obvious to be understood that the Rational Soul as it were presiding beholds the Images and Impressions represented by the sensitive Soul as in a looking Glass and according to the Conceptions and notions drawn from thence exercises the Acts of Reason Judgment and Will Yet after what manner in Brutes Perception a discerning or discrimination of Objects Appetite Memory and other species or Kinds of Inferiour Reasons as one may say are performed seems very hard to be unfolded therefore when some could not solve this Knot or difficulty they attributed to Brutes Immaterial Souls and subsisting after their Bodies Which if that were true I Know not why Four footed Beasts should not be indued with reasoning and understanding as well as man yea and might learn Sciences and Arts for as much as in either besides their immaterial souls alike there is altogether the same Conformation of the Animal Organs upon which indeed it appears that the Rational Soul whilst in the Body hangs or depends as to its acts and habits because the Organs being hurt or hindred a privation or an Eclipse of these succeeds wherefore that the Soul of the Brute using the same Organs as man can Know nothing clearly nor rise above the Acts and material Objects it planly follows that she is different from the Rational Soul and also that she is much inferiour and Material But that it is objected that all matter whatsoever is not only insensible and sluggish but also meerly passive therefore incapable of sense and animal activity omitting here many instances of aequivocal productions the Epicureans affirm to be equally stupendious and inexplicable of which we shall discourse anon we shall propose as to the former this one thing as very Consentaneous to our Hypothesis to wit that there is not much more difference between an insensible and a sensible Body than between a thing uninkindled and a thing kindled and yet we ordinarily see this to be made from that why therefore in like manner may we not judge a sensible thing or Body to be made out of an insensible Every matter as it is not Burnt so not animated but being disposed by either of the active Elements it behoveth it to be indued with Spirit chiefly with Sulphur and Salt Combustible things as Oyl Rosin Wood and the like of themselves torpid and sluggish lye unmoved without fire heat or some agitation of the
parts or particles But as soon as they have taken flame from some incentive being put to it by and by their Particles being rapidly moved and as it were animated produce a shining with Heat and Light and not only make light all about them but Create innumerable Images of all things that are seated near them and thickly object them on every side In like manner the Vital humour in an Egg remains torpid and sluggish in the beginning and like to unkindled matter but as soon as it is actuated from the Soul being raised up presently like an inkindled fire it excites Life with Motion and Sense and in the more perfect Creatures with heat Further the Animal Spirits as Rays of Light proceeding from this Fire are Configured according to the Impressions of every of their Objects and what is more as it were meeting together with reflected irradiations cause divers manner of motions Then what is vulgarly delivered that Matter out of which Natural things are made is meerly passive and cannot be moved unless it be moved by another thing is not true but rather on the contrary Atoms which are the matter of sublunary things are so very active and self-moving that they never stay long but ordinarily stray out of one subject into another or being shut up in the same they cut forth for themselves Pores and Passages into which they are Expatiated Yet it may be argued That if the Soul of the Brute be Composed out of these whilst the same is Extended and is Corporeal it cannot perceive For it admits the Species of the Object into its whole self or into some part of it self not the first because then neither the Senses would be distinguished one from another nor any of them by a perception or common sensation of these But if as indeed it is it shall be said that all the sensible Species being received by appropriated Sensories to a certain part of the Soul to wit the first or common Sensory where they are perceived Then it may be again objected That so manifold and divers Species or Images of sensible things which at once are Conceived from Objects cannot be painted forth in a certain small part of the Brain but that some should obliterate or blot out or at least Confound others I say none ought to wonder who hath beheld the Objects of the whole Hemisphere admitted thorow an hole into a dark Chamber and there on a sudden upon Paper exactly drawn forth as if done by the Pencil of an Artist Why then may not also the Spirits even as the Rays of light frame by a swift Configuration the Images or Forms of things and exhibit them without any Confusion or Obscuring of the Species But yet tho it be granted That the Images of sensible things are represented in a certain part of the Soul to wit actuating the Brain it self to which there happens a most speedy Communication with the whole and also with the several Parts however we are yet to inquire of what Kind of power that is which sees and knows such like Images there delineated and also according to those Impressions there received chooseth Appetites and the respective Acts of the other Faculties That we may go on to Philosophize concerning this matter I profess indeed whilst I consider the Soul and the Body to wit either of them by it self and distinct I cannot readily detect in this or in that or in any material subject any thing to which may be attributed such a Power with a self-moving energy But indeed when I consider the animated Body made by an Excellent and truly Divine Workmanship for certain Ends and Uses nothing hinders me from saying That it is so framed by the Law of Creation or by the Institution of the most Great God that from the Soul and Body mixed together the same Kind of Confluence of the Faculties doth result by which it is needful for every Animal to the Ends and Uses destinated to it In most Mechanical things or those made by humane Art the Workmanship Excels the matter who would think there could be an Instrument made out of Iron or Brass being most fixed and sluggish Mettals whose Orbs like to those of the Celestial without any external Mover should observe almost continual motions the Periods of which being renewed at a constant turn or change should certainly shew the spaces of Time No Body admires that a rude and simple sound is given by wind blown into a Pipe but indeed by Wind sent into musical Organs and that being carryed variously thorow manifold openings of Doors into these or those pipes that it should create a most grateful Harmony and Composed Measures of every Kind this I say deservedly amazes us and we acknowledg this Effect far to Excel both the matter of the Instrument and of the hand of the Musitian striking it Further altho the Musical Organ very much requires the labour of him playing on it by whose direction the spirit or wind being admitted now into these anon into those and into other Pipes causes the manifold harmony and almost infinite Varieties of Tunes yet sometimes I have seen such an Instrument so prepared that without any Musitian directing the little doors being shut up by a certain law and order by the mere Course of a Water almost the same harmony is made and the same tunes equal with those Composed by Art And indeed Man seems like to the former in which the rational Soul sustains the part of the Musitian playing on it which governing and directing the animal spirits disposes and orders at its pleasure the Faculties of the Inferior Soul But the Soul of the Brute being scarce moderatrix of its self or of its Faculties Institutes for Ends necessary for it self many series of Actions but those as it were tunes of harmony produced by a water Organ of another Kind regularly prescribed by a certain Rule or Law and almost always determinated to the same thing This indeed holds good concerning the more imperfect Brutes in whose Souls or Natures are inscribed the types or ways of the Actions to be performed by them which they rarely or never transgress or go beyond and that according to the vulgar saying in the Schools They do not so much act as are acted yet in some more perfect Brutes whose Actions are ordained to many and more noble Uses there are far more Original Types and to their Souls there ought to be attributed a certain faculty of Varying their Types and of Composing them in themselves for the Brutal Soul it self being so gifted naturally as she is Knowing and Active concerning some things necessary for it she is taught through Various Accidents by which she is wont to be daily affected to know afterwards other things and to perform many other and more intricate Actions But how all this may be done without calling an immaterial Soul into play to wit by what
humidity therefore the Spirituous Effluvias or the lucid part of the Soul which ought to irradiate these Bodies is very much obscured as the beam of the Sun passing thorow a thick Cloud Wherefore at this time the strokes of sensible things being not deeply fixed are presently obliterated and in them local motions hardly follow yea in some Beasts in whom the Blood being continually and habitually thick and who have a less Clear Brain tho through their whole Life some acts of the Exterior Senses and Motions are performed yet few Characters are left of any interiour Knowledg Wherefore we shall here inquire only concerning Brutes that are more docil to wit in whom are besides local motions and the five Exterior Senses Memory and Imagination and in these we may conceive this kind of Introduction or Method of Institution concerning the Exquisite Knowledge by the sense with which they are wont to be imbued Therefore as soon as the Brain in the more pefect Brutes grows Clear and the Constitution of the Animal Spirits becomes sufficiently lucid and defecated the exterior Objects being brought to the Organs of the Senses make Impressions which being from thence transmitted for the continuing the Series or Order of the Animal Spirits inwards towards the streaked Bodies affect the Common Sensory and when as a sensible Impulse of the same like a waving of Waters is carried further into the Callous Body and thence into the Cortex or shelly substance of the Brain a Perception is brought in concerning the Species of the thing admitted by the Sense to which presently succeeds the Imagination and marks or prints of its Type being left constitutes the Memory But in the mean time whilst the sensible Impression being brought to the common Sensory effects there the Perception of the thing felt as some direct Species of it tending further creates the Imagination and Memory so other reflected Species of the same Object as they appear either Congruous or Incongruous produce the Appetite and local motions its Executors that is the Animal Spirits looking inwards for the Act of Sension being struck back leap towards the streaked Bodies and when as these Spirits presently possessing the Beginnings of the Nerves irritate others they make a desire of flying from the thing felt and a motion of this or that member or part to be stirred up Then because this Kind or that Kind of Motion succeeds once or twice to this or to that Sension afterwards for the most part this Motion follows that Sension as the Effect follows the Cause and according to this manner by the admitting the Idea's of sensible things both the Knowledg of several things and the habits of things to be done or of local Motions are by little and little produced For indeed from the beginning almost every Motion of the animated Body is stirred up by the Contact of the outward Object to wit the Animal Spirits residing within the Organ are driven inward being strucken by the Object and so as we have said constitute Sension or Feeling then like as a Flood sliding along the Banks of the shore is at last beaten back so because this waving or inward turning down of the Animal Spirits being partly reflected from the Common Sensory is at last directed outwards and is partly stretched forth even into the inmost part of the Brain presently local Motion succeeds the Sension and at the same time a Character being affixed on the Brain by the sense of the thing perceived it impresses there Marks or Vestigia of the same for the Phantasie and the Memory then affected and afterwards to be affected but afterwards when as the Prints or Marks of very many Acts of this Kind of Sensation and Imagination as so many Tracts or Ways are ingraven in the Brain the Animal Spirits oftentimes of their own accord without any other forewarning and without the presence of an Exterior Object being stirred up into Motion for as much as the Fall into the footsteps before made represent the Image of the former thing with which when the Appetite is affected it desiring the thing objected to the Imagination causes spontaneous Actions and as it were drawn forth from an inward Principle As for Examples sake The Stomach of an Horse feeding in a barren Ground or fallow Land being incited by hunger stirs up and variously agitates the Animal Spirits flowing within the Brain the Spirits being thus moved by accident because they run into the footsteps formerly made they call to mind the former more plentiful Pasture fed on by the Horse and the Meadows at a great distance then the Imagination of this desirable thing which then is cast before it by no outward Sense but only from the Memory stops at the Appetite that is the Spirits implanted in the streaked Bodies are affected by that Motion of the spirits flowing within the middle part or Marrow of the Brain who from thence presently after their former accustomed manner enter the origines of the Nerves and actuating the Nervous System after their wonted manner by the same Series produce local Motions by which the hungry Horse is carried from place to place till he has found out the Imagined Pasture and indeed enjoyes that good the Image of which was painted in his Brain After this manner the sensible Species being intromitted by the benefit of the Exterior Organs in the more perfect Brutes for that they affix their Characters on the Brain and there leave them they constitute the Faculties of Phantasie and Memory as it were Store-houses full of Notions further stirring up the Appetite into local Motions agreeable to the Sensions frequently they produce an habit of Acting so that some Beasts being Taught or Instructed for a long time by the assiduous Incursion of the Objects are able to know and remember many things and further learn manifold works to wit to perform them by a Complicated and Continued series and succession of very many Actions Moreover this Kind of acquired Knowledg of the Brutes and the Practical habits introduced through the Acts of the Senses are wont to be promoted by some other means to a greater degree of perfection For in the third place it happens to these by often Experience that the Beasts are not only made more certain of simple things but it teaches them to form certain Propositions and from thence to draw certain Conclusions Because draught Beasts having sometimes found water to be Cooling they seek it far as a remedy of too much heat wherefore when their Precordia grow hot running to the River they drink of it and if they are hot in their whole Body they fearlesly lye down in the same In truth many Actions which appear admirable in Brutes came to them at first by some accident which being often repeated by Experience pass into Habits which seem to shew very much of Cunning and Sagacity because the sensitive soul is easily accustomed to every Institution or
joyned together in the Humane Body by what means they agree in the same habitation also what offices they perform each 3. Shall be declared for what means and for what occasions these Souls differ among themselves yea sometimes are wont to dissent and move more than Civil Wars The eminency of the Rational Soul above the Brutal or Corporeal shines clearly by comparing either both as to the Objects and to the chief Acts or Modes of Knowing As to the former when as every Corporeal Faculty is limited to sensible things and every one of these to certain Kinds of things the object of the humane Mind is every Ens whether it be above or sublunary or below the Moon Material or Immaterial true or fictitious real or Intentional wherefore Aristotle who seemed to hesitate something about the Nature of the Rational Soul hinting its acting Intellect as if it were Immaterial and Immortal doth pronounce it not only separable and without Passion but also unmixt because it understands all things Lib. de Animâ 3. Cap. 4. Secondly The Acts or degrees of Knowledg Common to either Soul are Vulgarly accounted these three To wit simple Apprehension Enunciation and Discourse how much the Power of the Rational excells the other Corporeal in each we shall consider First The Knowing Faculty of the Corporeal Soul is Phantasie or Imagination which being planted in the middle part of the Brain receives the Sensible Species first only impressed on the Organs of sense and from thence by a most quick Irradiation of the spirits delivered inwards and so apprehends all the several corporeal things according to their Exterior Appearances which notwithstanding as they are perceived only by the sense which iâ— often deceived they are admitted under an appearing and not always under a true Image or Species For so we Imagine the Sun no bigger than a Bushel the Horizon of the Heaven and the Sea to meet and then the Stars not to be far distant from us in the Horizon and that in respect of us there are no Antipodes further we may think the Image in the Glass or in a Fountain delineates it self that the Eccho it self is a Voyce coming from some other place that the shore moves being on the water yea and many other things being received by the Sensories whilst Phantasie is the only guide seem far otherways than indeed they are But indeed the Intellect presiding o're the Imagination beholds all the Species deposited in it self discerns and corrects their obliquities or hypocrisies the Phantasie there drawn forth sublimes and divesting it from matter formes universal things from singulars moreover it frames out of these some other more sublime Thoughts not Competent for the Corporeal Soul so it speculates or Considers both the nature of every substance and abstracted from the Individuals of Accident viz Humanity Ratiotinality Temperance Fortitude Corporeity Spirituallity Whiteness and the like besides being carried higher it Contemplates God Angels It self Infinity Eternity and many other notions far remote from Sense and Imagination And so as our Intellect in these kind of Metaphysical Conceptions makes things almost wholly naked of matter or carrying it self beyond every sensible Species consider or beholds them wholly immaterial this argues certainly that the Substance or Nature of the Rational Soul is Immaterial and Immortal Because if this Aptness or Disposition were Corporeal as it can conceive nothing Incorporeal by Sence it should suspect there were no such thing in the World Secondly It appears clearly from what was said before that Phantasie or the Knowing facultie of the Corporeal Soul doth not only apprehend simple things but also Compose or Divide many things at once and from thence to make enuntiations Because living Brutes in various objects together which are for food discern things Convenient from others Inconvenient or unfit moreover they choose out of these things grateful before others less gratâ—ful and get them sometimes by Force sometimes by Cunning and as it were by stealth A Dog knows a Man at a great distance if he be a Friend he runs to him and fawns on him If an Enemy and fearful he barks at him or flies at him but if armed or threatning him he flyes away from him These kind of Propositions the Brutes easily conceive for as much as some Species of the sensible thing being newly admitted meets with Species of one thing or other before laid up in the memory or being suggested by a Natural Instinct associates with them or repulses them But indeed how little is this in respect of the humane Intellect which not only beholds all enunciations conceived by the phantasie but judges them whether they be true or false Congruous or Incongruous orders and disposes them into Series of Notions accommodated to speculation or practise Moreover it restrains the phantasie it self being too instable and apt to wander through various phantasies it calls it away from these or those Conceptions and directs it to others yea it keeps it within certain limits at its pleasure lest it Should expatiate or divert too much from the thing proposed Which out of doubt is a sign that there is a Superior Soul in Man that moderates and governs all the faculties and Acts of the Corporeal But the Intellect not only eminently Contains every Virtue of the phantasie but from the Species perceived in it deduces many other thoughts altogether unknown to the sense and which the Phantasie of it self could no way Imagine For Besides that it conceives the formal notions of Corporeal things abstracted from all matter and attributes to them praedicates meerly Intentional yea and understands axioms or first principles alone and as it were by a proper Instinct without recourse to Corporeal Species the humane mind also beholds it self by a reflected Action it supposes it self to think and thence Knowing a proper existency not to be perceived neither by Sense nor by Phantasie when in the mean time neither Sense nor Imagination of which no Images are extant do perceive it self to know or imagine Besides these the Rational Soul comprehends as it were by its own proper light God to be Infinite and Eternal that he ought to be Worshipped that Angels or Spirits do inhabit the World Heaven and places beneath the Earth that there are places of Beatitude and Punishment and many other notions meerly Spiritual by no means to be learnt from Sense or Phantasie 3. The perogatives of the Rational Soul and the differences from the other Sensitive or Corporeal may be yet further noted by Comparing the Acts of Judgment and Discourse or Ratiocination which it puts forth more perfectly and often time demonstratively when these Kind of Acts from this power in the Brutes are drawn forth imperfectly and only analogically we have already declared the utmost that Brutes can do and how far they can go towards the exercise of Reasoning and
it doth not perceive all that it understands simply nakedly and as it were through the means of Intuition but attains it very much by reasoning that is successively and proceeding as it were by degrees From these we may probably Conclude or at least Conjecture after what manner the Rational Soul remains in the other Corporeal and using as it were its Eyes and other Powers understands yea and this mediating or coming between she is said to be united to the Body and to be its informing Form As to the first yoaking of the one Soul with the other thô the Rational Soul it self and this is altogether ignorant of its Birth we may affirm notwithstanding what is Consonant to Holy Faith right Reason and to the Authority of Divines who were of the chiefest note That this immaterial Soul for as much as it cannot be born as soon as all things are rightly disposed for its Reception in the Humane formation of the Child in the Womb it is Created immediately of God and poured into it But that some have said That the Rational Soul is propagated Ex traduce or of its Kind for as much as oftentimes the Son in respect of Wit Temperament Ingenuity the Affections and other Animal Faculties is exactly like the Father it follows not because these Gifts and Offices proceed immediately from the Corporeal Soul which we grant to be begotten by the Father together with the Body but not the Rational Soul In what State this at last exists being freed from the Body and what Kind of Understanding and Knowledge it enjoys is not easie to be determined but since we shall be like the Angels we may think that the separated Soul doth see all Objects with a Simple sight and by no Corporeal Species and wants no Ratiocination for the discovering any thing lying hid in them But this Speculation being let alone as too airy we shall further Consider other Gestures and Manners of the Rational Soul whil'st it lives in the Body and as hitherto we have seen the Marrying together of it with the Corporeal Soul and the mutual Commerces and Friendships as to the Knowing Faculties of either we will now consider the Disputes and Wranglings of these which in respect of their Powers often happen because the Intellect and Imagination do not agree in so many things but that it and the Sensitive appetite are wont to disagree in more from which Strifes may further be argued the distinct means of the aforesaid Souls both as to their subsisting and working 3. As there is said to be in Man a twofold Knowing Power viz. The Intellect and the Imagination so it is commonly affirmed that there is a twofold Appetite viz. The Will which proceeding from the Intellect is the Handmaid of the Rational Soul and the Sensitive Appetite which cleaving to the Imagination is the Hand or Procuress of the Corporeal Soul Which Opinion thô it be founded on the Sayings of the Ancient Philosophers for that by Plato and Aristotle The Will is attributed to the Rational Part and to the Irrational Lust and Wrath yet it ought not to be so taken as if the Rational Soul for that it is immaterial and therefore esteemed without Affection should be obnoxious to the Affections of desires or aversations from every shaking approach of Good or Evil of that being turbulent for this indeed is repugnant to its incorporeal Nature and to its Dignity and Prerogative above other Powers Without doubt in the Contemplation of Truth and Goodness and especially of that which is the sum of either in the doing of good Works in the Knowlâ—dge of things by their Causes and in the Exercises of Habits both Scientifick and Practical great Complacency happens to this and on the contrary a certain displeasure for the want of these Moreover the Love of God of Virtue and of all that is good and the detestation of Vices and of wicked Men yea and other pure Affections and such as are Simple coming without perturbation or trouble belong to the Rational Soul In the mean time That she according to Plato like the top of Olympus might enjoy a perpetual Serenity hath the whole â—eap of Perturbations below it self and in the irrational part placed like Clouds Winds and Thunder in an inferior Region and under its feet And truly all the vehement Affections or Perturbations of the Mind by which it is wont to be moved and inclined hither and thither for the Prosecuting the Good or shunning Evil belong wholly to the Corporeal Soul and are seen to obtain the same seat with the Phantasie within the middle or marrowy part of the Brain by what means the Passions also affect the Praecordia by consent shall be declared afterwards in the mean time the Intellect even as it beholds all the Phantasms and Orders and Rules them at its pleasure so it not only perceives but whil'st it is its self governs and moderates all Concupiscences and Floods of Passions that are wont to be moved also within the Phantasie and so as it approves these Affections and rejects those now excites others now quiets them or directs them to their right ends the Rational Soul it self is said to exercise certain Acts of the Will or Power by these kind of Dictates of hers and that she her self wills or wills not the same thing which by her Permission or Command the Sensitive Appetite desires or hates But the Corporeal Soul does not so easily obey the Rational in all things not so in things to be desired as in things to be known for indeed she being nearer to the Body and so bearing a more intimate Kindness or Affinity towards the Flesh is tied wholly to look to its Profit and Conservation to the Sedulous Care of which Office it is very much allured by various Complacences exhibited through the Objects of every Sense Hence she being busied about the Care of the Body and apt by that pretext its natural Inclination and indulging Pleasures most often grows deaf to Reason perswading the contrary Further the lower Soul growing weary of the yoak of the Other if occasion serves frees it self from its Bonds affecting a License or Dominion and then there may plainly be seen the Twinns striving in the same Womb or rather a Man clearly distracted or drawn several ways by a double Army planted within himself to wit Where Ensigns Ensigns meet And where with Arms they one another threat This Kind of Intestine Strife does not truly cease till this or that Champion becoming Superior leads the other away clearly Captive Althô in the mean time to the Establishing the Empire of the Rational Soul also for the Vindicating of its Right and Principality from the Usurpation of the Sensitive Soul the Precepts of Philosophers and Moral Institutes are framed and when these can do little Sacred Religion gives far more potent helps whose Laws and Precepts being rightly observed are able to
carry Man not only beyond the Brutes but himself to wit above his Natural State for as much as they subject the Sensitive Soul to the Rational and both to the most high God But yet such a Divine Politie is not erected in Man without great Contention Because whil'st Reason using its proper force and also Institutes and Sacred Ethicks endeavours to draw the Faculties of the Corporeal Soul to its Party she rising against it adheres pertinaciously to the Flesh and is hardly pull'd away from its Blandishments yea what is to be lamented it seduces in us the Mind or Chief Soul and snatches it away with it self to role in the Mud of Sensual Pleasures So that Man becomes like the Beast or rather worse to wit for as much as Reason becoming Brutal leads to all manner of Excess But indeed 't is not always so with the Empire of the Mind but that she returning at length sometimes on her own accord or awakened by some occasion and knowing of its â—all arises up against the Sensitive Soul as against an Enemy or Traitor casting her out of her Throne commands her to Servitude yea sometimes by reason of some wickedness committed it compels it to torment it self and its Lover the Flesh and so to expiate as much as it may its faults by inflicting on it proper Punishments Indeed these kind of Acts and Affections of Conscience near to Man plainly shews that there is in him either two Souls subordinately or at least the Parts of the same are far different to wit when one of which opposâ—s the other and either strives for the obtaining of Proselytes it happens that Man is hurried into contrary Endeavours and is acted little less than like a Daemoniack possess'd with a Legion But having proposed these things concerning the Rational Soul which we have touch'd only by the by as besides our purpose we will return to the Corporeal and as we have illustrated its Essence Hypostasis and Integral Parts we shall now descend to the Explaining of its Affections or Passions But in the mean time as we have shewn by comparing the Corporeal Soul of the Brute with the Rational of Man what vast difference there is between them perhaps it might be to the purpose to compare the Brains of either and to observe their differences But this Anatomy being elsewhere made we have noted little or no difference in the Head of either as to the Figures and Exterior Conformations of the Parts the Bulk only excepted that from hence we concluded the Soul Common to Man with the Brutes to be only Corporeal and immediately to use these Organs But as we have shewn the description of a Sheeps Brain dissected within the Cortex and as it were made bare of Flesh whereby all the Interior Parts might appear we shall here also to Crown the work give you the Figure of an Humane Brain so as all the inward Parts may be laid open The Eighth Table Contains a new Anatomy of the Humane Brain where by a Dissection with an Instrument made thorow the Bill the Callous Body and the Fornix or Arch and their Parts being taken away and separated the streaked Bodies also the Optic and Orbicular Prominences one side erased and the other whole and plain are Exhibited A. A. A. A. The Hemisphear of the Brain divided and separated by themselves B. B. B. B. Portions of the Callous Body with the Fornix cut off and removed apart C. The Basis of the Fornix with its Roots which cohered with its Trunk Y Y divided Portions of which with Cuttings off of the Callous Body are laid apart on the right and left hand D. One streaked Body scraped or Erased that the Medullary streakes or nervous Tracts may appear E. The formost border of this Body sticking to the right Hemisphear of the Callous Body F. G. The Basis and the Cone of the same Body H. The hinder Border of the same in which the Optick streaks yea and other Medullary Processes are sent from the Orbicular Prominences I. The streaked Body of the left-side plain with the Vessels creeping thorow them whose Borders and Ends are made after the same as in the right K. The right Optick Chamber erased whose Medullary streaks being strait and thick set K.K. are stretch'd forth into the Border of the streaked Body L. The right Nati-form Prominence in like manner erased with streaks stretched forth into the Medullary Process M. M. The Medullary Process which proceeding from the Testes and compassing about the Nates sends from thence other Medullary passages into the streaked Body as more plainly appears in the left side being whole N. The Pineal Kirnel in its proper place O. O. The Orbicular Prominences called Testes Marrowy thorow the whole P. The left Nati-form Prominence plain and whole which is smaller in Man and for the most part Marrowy Q. A Medullary Process Compassing the Nates from which is sent one Medullary Pipe or passage R. towards the Cone of the streaked Body and another S. towards its Basis of which by and by a forked branch goes forth one r. to the middle of the streaked Body the other s. to the corner of its Basis. T. A Transvers shoot knitting together the aforesaid Branches V. The hinder Borders of the streaked Bodies joyned together among themselves W. The Gap or Chink leading to the Tunell X. The Gap or Chink leading into the Cavity lying under the Orbicular Prominences Y. A Medullary Process leading from the Oblong Marrow into the Cerebel which seems to be the root of this Z. Z. Separated Portions of the Cerebel cut off that its Tracts both Marrowy and Cortical or Barkie may be seen X. The Cavity or hollowness lying under the Cerebel 〈◊〉 44 Tabula VIII CHAP. VIII Of the Passions of Affections of the Corporeal Soul in General THe whole Corporeal Soul so long as she is quiet and undisturbed she is fittted to her proper Body equally as to a certain Chest or Cabbinet and waters all its Parts gently both with little Rivulets of Blood Circulating and actuates and inspires them every where with a gentle falling down of the Animal Spirits But it sometimes happens that the whole Constitution of this same Soul is so shaken and moved that both the Blood being interrupted in its equal Circule is compelled into irregular Excursions and Recursions and various Fluctuations and also that the Animal Spirits being snatched hither and thither inordinately perform the Acts of their Functions yea the Animal Spirits themselves whil'st being moved irregularly do shake the Praecordia and flow into them in an undue manner cause the Course of the Blood more to be perverted Further from the Corporeal Soul being disturbed not only the Animal Spirits and Rivers of the Blood are driven into disorders but they induce alterations both to the other Humors and to very many Parts and Members of the Body and to the Rational Soul it self in Man
As there are manifold Examples of these kind of Perturbations by which the Corporeal Soul being too much swell'd up or Contracted or otherways distorted it becomes as it were unequal and not Conformable to the Body the Chief of them may be referred to these two Heads To wit First Sometimes this Soul as it were leaping forth erects and stretches out it self beyond measure and so dilating its Hypostasis desires to reach it self beyond the bound of the Body Hence the Animal Spirits being respectively moved in the Brain enlarge the Sphear of their Irraâ—iation and as they so shake the Praecordia by a more full inflowing they Compel the Blood therefore to be snatched together and to be poured forth more freely into all the Parts Secondly Sometimes on the contrary this Soul being struck is more narrowly Compressed within it self so that being drawn inwardly and sinking down within its wonted Compass of Emanation becomes less than the Body wherefore the Animal Faculties wonderfully flagg and their Acts are either sluggishly or perversly performed Moreover the Praecordia also being destitute of their due influx of Spirits almost sink down and suffer the Blood to stay too long there and to stagnate oftentimes There are besides some other Gestures of the aforesaid Soul by which the same departing from its equal Expansion becomes not Congruous to the Body and in these kind of Cases chiefly the Sensitive Power according to the received Impressions affects a new Species and brings the Brain and Imagination into its Party Then by and by by the passage of the Nerves it affects the Praecordia as it were with a certain stroke and determinates them after her measure so that according to the Idea received from the Imagination the Motion of the Blood is Composed as it were after the measures of a Dance we shall add anon Instances and Examples of these when we shall treat of the Passions particularly In the mean time that we may inquire into the Causes of the Passions in general it plainly appears from what hath been said that the Corporeal Soul is found under a twofold state to wit either of Quiet or Commotion That she is like a Calm Sea with a smooth Superficies and squared altogether gentle and serene or she becomes troubled like water shaken into various Circles and wavings by the blasts of the Winds or by some solid things cast into it The former state of the Soul is perceived not only in Sleep when the Spirits are bound up or lye quiet of themselves but often in Waking to wit as often as objects or sensible things being brought from without or imaginary things conceived within do import nothing of Good or Evil to us and that we only know and apprehend them for so without any Trouble or Molestation they pleasantly slide into the common Sensory and Imagination and thence quickly pass away but if the object is offer'd under the Species of Good or Evil presently the Sensitive Soul prepares for the embracing or the avoiding it and not only procures to its Endeavors the Animal Spirits but also the Blood and Humors yea draws the solid Parts to help her For as soon as the Imagination conceives any thing that is to be embraced or shuned presently the Appetite is formed by the Spirits inhabiting the Brain ordered into a Series then by an impression sent to the Praecordia as they are either dilated or contracted the Blood is carried into various Motions of Fluctuations and then by an instinct of the Appetite transmitted to the proper Nerves the respective Motions are drawn forth And upon these kind of Furnitures and Affection of the Spirits and Humors and of the solid Parts the Affections or Passions of the Mind wholly depend we have elsewhere shewed after what manner and by what Trajection or Irradiation of the Spirits within the Nervous Processes such quick Commerces are made between the Brain and the Praecordia and between both these and other Motive Parts But that we may yet more fully describe the Affections or Passions of the Corporeal Soul as they are chiefly to be found in Man it is here to be noted That not every Species or Appearance of Good or Evil does excite these Commotions of the Soul because we behold undisturbed the prosperous or adverse things of others not related to us But further 't is requisite that the Goodness or the Malice of the Object belongs properly to a Man althô what happens to our Friends or Relations is as if it happened to our selves Also besides Good and Evil happen to the same Man after various ways and under a diverse reason both in respect of the Object and also in respect of the Subject Concerning the former we shall speak anon As to the other Good or Evil being brought to Man either respect the Corporeal Soul by it self and as it were abstracted from any other Relation or they respect her as conjoyned to the Body and intimately dear to her Or lastly they respect her as subdued by the Rational Soul so indeed althô the Affection is continually poured into the Corporeal Soul yet it respects Good or Evil either of this or that or of another Subject and is excited for the sake of that And according to this threefold Relation of the Sensitive Soul the Passions by which she is affected are called either Physical or Metaphysical or Corporeal or Moral we shall discourse singly and a little more plainly of these First Therefore as to the Passions merely Physical we say That the Sympathies and Antipathies of a diverse Kind which are as it were proper and intimate Affections seem to belong to the Corporeal Soul by it self and abstracted from all Relation Besides the highly attractive Species of Beauty and Fairness by the sight of which this Soul is wont to be insnared most certainly so that neglecting the Care of the Body and laying aside the dictates of Reason cleaves most closely to her Lover Also sometimes less fair things which every whole Man would forsake snatches this Soul drawn as it were by Witchcraft and leads it Captive as indeed lost Lovers though they see better things and approve them yet follow the worse the reason of which is that the Sensitive Soul enters into Friendships of which the Affections are not knowing with certain things in Secret and inseparably and firmly loves them Concerning Antipathies we meet with many things to be admired as some sensible Objects innocent of themselves yea and grateful enough to many Men and sought with delight become most horrid to some others and more Killing than the Head of Medusa at the sight only So some abhor the presence of a Cat others an Eel or Toad and others this or that Dish of meat made ready Nor do they only fly things by the sight but also received by the smell yea when they lye hid and are not at all suspected they suffer Swounings and Fainting of their
unable for Exercising the Acts of Judgment and Reason but are found very prone to all manner of Wickedness and most filthy Desires As to the Moral Passions or by us called Corporeal we may observe that the Sensitive Soul is more often and easilyer affected by reason of Good or Evil which is of its Subject that is of its Body which includes its good Habit. Altho also she hath her proper and occult Loves and Aversations and is bound to shew due obsequiousness to the Rational Soul for as much as it is united to the Body as it were by a Conjugal Compact therefore all other relations being lay'd aside it minds only this Concerning the Care of it 't is mostly solicitous and by reason of its prosperous or adverse Affairs it is wont to be affected with Pleasure or Grief and other Passions depending on either of these For indeed as we mentioned before there are two Chief and Primary Gestures of the Sensitive Soul as often as it is moved from its wonted and Natural State or Condition to wit either she stretches forth her self into a greater Compass by profuse Pleasure as if it affected to be dilated beyond the bounds of the Body or being overthrown by Sorrow or Grief she is contracted more narrowly and runs her self within the wonted Sphear of her Emanations from this twofold Affection of the Sensitive Soul all the other Passions take their Origine For truly Pleasure or an Elation of the Soul is its most pleasing Constitution which desiring to gain for it self by any means it follows all Objects promising it with Love Desire Hope Faithfulness Boldness and other means of getting it On the contrary Sadness or a Contraction or Dejection of this Soul is a Gesture most ungrateful to it what things then soever threaten or induce it we endeavour to remove away far by Fear Hatred Anger Desperation Shame Pusillanimity and other motions of shuning it In the first place therefore we will speak briefly of Pleasure and Grief which are according to Aristotle as it were a forked measure of the Sensitive Appetite for the double Ladder of Affections flowing thence by which she is carried to this or that First Pleasure and Grief because they bend or incline the whole Corporeal Soul after a diverse manner therefore it s two roots to wit the Brain and Praecordia are chiefly affected When the Soul is stretched forth in Pleasure and is drawn to its utmost Sphear of Irradiation the Animal Spirits being carried within the Brain stir up most pleasant and pleasing Imaginations and further they actuating lively the Nervous System Cause the Eyes Face Hands and all the Members to shine and as it were leap forth Further then more fully shaking also the Praecordia by the Influence of the Brain delivered by means of the Nerves they thrust forth the Blood more rapidly and as a Flame more brightly inkindled they pour it forth with strength thorow the whole Body On the contrary in Grief whil'st the Soul sinks down contracted into a more narrow space the Spirits inhabiting the Brain as it were struck down by flight and troubled put on only sad and fearful Imaginations from whence the Countenance is cast down the Limbs grow feeble and the Praecordia being contracted or bound together by reason of the Nerves carrying the same affection from the Brain restrain the Blood from its due Excursion which being therefore heaped up in the same place with a weight brings in a troublesome oppression of the Heart and in the mean time the Exterior Parts being deprived of its wonted afflux languish and Contract a paleness The aforesaid Affections of Pleasure and Sadness which is wont the Imagination being employed to be poured from thence on the Praecordia and by and by from that double Root into the whole Corporeal Soul as to their first Originals wholly depend upon the Sense For from the beginning Sensible Objects affect the Sensory with a certain sweetness or asperity and there bring to the Spirits a certain Ovation or Triumph or Confusion from whence presently the Impression like a waving of Waters being Communicated to the Brain excites the Spirits inhabiting it into a consent either of the delight or trouble and this Affection being delivered from the Sensory to the Imagination if it be short there ends and is not carried to the Praecordia but if the stroke being carried from the Sensible Object is like a more strong waving of Waters impressed more vehemently it reaches from the Sensory to the Brain and presently thence to the Breast that the Motions of the Heart and Blood are intangled together with the disorder of the Animal Spirits so as to the first Conceptions of the Affections as well as Notions there is nothing in the Imagination or I may rather say there is nothing in the Brain or Heart that was not first in the Sense But afterwards when many Idea's of Pleasures and Griefs are impressed on the Phantasie and Memory then very often without any previous Sense or feeling of Pleasure or Sadness the Imagination being repeated is wont to excite a Passion of the pleasant or troublesome thing for when at any time we conceive in our Mind Good or Evil things belonging to us not only present but also past or to come that Conception employs the Phantasie and not rarely very much exercises it Further being thence transmitted to the Breast it inordinately either Contracts or Dilates the Breast and so pours forth the Affection together with the disturbed Blood on the whole Body A Wise and Strong man easily moderates the passions of Pleasure or Grief lest these being brought either from the Sensories or suggested from the Memory should affect the Phantasie and the Praecordia by too great a waving For the Brain and Heart which are the supports of the Soul ought not to be moved much by the more light Objects of the Senses nor are these principal Powers at leisure to be present at every small thing Hence some have born the torture of the Body or the cutting off a Member beyond Stoical Patience undisturbed whil'st others in whom the sensible Species being above measure increased vehemently shakes the Praecordia the Skin scarce wounded swoon away or fall into fainting Fits In like manner it is observed that some are carried away by a most light Pleasure of the Senses into softness and Luxury in the mean time others are scarce moved with any Pomp of Delights or Exquisite Blandishments of Pleasures It is observ'd in the fruition of a pleasing Object which also holds of the appulse of a pleasant or a painful sensible thing there happens a certain reciprocation between the Spirits of the Brain and the Inhabitants of the Sensory We imagine the Drinking of excellent Wine with a certain Pleasure then we indulge it the Imagination of its Pleasure is again sharpned by the taste and then by a reflected Appetite drinking is repeated So as
it were in a Circle the Throat or Appetite provokes the Sension and the Sension causes the Appetite to be sharpned and iterated this Kind of mutual reciprocation of the Animal Spirits from the Brain to the Sensory and on the contrary persists for some time till the same like â—waving of Water either leisurely vanishes or is obliterated by the exciting of a new waving So indeed Passions and Desires wear out themselves or are consumed by time or they are blotted out by the coming of some other Passion When the Animal Spirits desiring too much a sensible Delight do often and for a long time iterate and intend the Appetite and Act of the pleasurable Sension there is need of Reason to come between whereby they being changed into Sacred and Moral Meditations may be called away from their Carnal Genius which Avocation however they obey not but difficultly and unwillingly for as much as to be expanded and to enjoy pleasing Objects is the Recreation and Food of the Spirits and to be restrained or kept in and very much to be employed about the works of the Mind is to them a Labour and a difficult task CHAP. IX Of the Passions Particularly COncerning the Number of the Passions as it hath been variously disputed among Philosophers so in famous Schools this Division into Eleven Passions long since grew of use to wit the Sensitive Appetite is distinguished into Concupiscible and Irascible to the first are counted commonly six Passions viz. Pleasure and Grief Desire and Aversion Love and Hatred but to the latter five viz. Anger Boldness Fear Hope and Desperation are wont to be attributed But this distribution of the Affections is not only incongruous for that Hope is but ill referred to the Irascible Appetite and Hatred and Aversion seem rather to belong to this than to the Concupiscible But it is also very insufficient because some more noted Affections as Shame Pity Emulation Envy and many others are wholly omitted Wherefore the Ancient Philosophers did determinate the Primary to a certain Number then they placed under their several Kinds very many indefinite Species Truely the Sensitive Soul like a Proteus is wont to be so diversly disturbed and altered into manifold Kinds with the various Flâ—ctuation and divers sorts of Inclination of the Animal Spirits Blood and other Humors that a cense or view of all the Passions can scarce be had But however that these if not all at least the chief of them may be in some measure discovered we will here ordain Pleasure and Grief for the extreams or the opposite bounds of the Inclinations of the Corporeal Soul then we will consider after what manner the Objects belonging to either by what means soever may be applied and what sorts of Impressions they are wont to fix on the Spirits Blood and solid Parts The Corporeal Soul therefore affecting Pleasure as the greatest height of its felicity in which it would acquiesce is moved at the appearance of any Good if it be to come and contrary to opinion by and by for the getting it Desire or Love arises if with Opinion Hope and Boldness if Opinion esteems Fruition hopeless Desperation is raised up if this Good be past or should be lost by our default Shamefacedness or Repentance is brought in if it be possessed by others Emulation and Envy Love is busied about it being taken absolute without respect to time or possession Besides also there are other respects and habitudes of appearing Good able to excite many other Affections with ease In like manner on the contrary side Grief or Trouble is a Sickness of the Sensitive Soul and a Disposition very much ingrateful to it wherefore at all the Objects apparently threatning its Induction the Soul variously Contracts her self and is inclined hither and thither that she might shun the approaches of the threatning Evils wherefore there are so many Affections respecting Grief and Subordinate to it as there are means by which the Sensitive Soul or the Disposition of the Spirits composes her self for the shaking off or the shunning of any Evil. Hatred is busied about Evil taken absolutely that being absent we prosecute with Aversion by and by about to come with Fear and unworthily brought with Anger falling upon our selves we sustain it with sadness inflicted on our Friends with Pity There are besides many other Appearances of approaching Evil for the shuning of which the Soul is compelled into many Metamorphoses and at the same time draws into the like Gestures as it were Mimical the Humors and Members of the Body and oftentimes the Rational Soul it self As it would be a business very tedious and of immense Labour to rehearse all the Kinds of Passions and to unfold them we have designed therefore to speak only of the Chief Species of the Passions with their manner of affecting in respect both of the Body and also of the Superior Soul Love and Hate follow next and as it were at the back of Pleasure and Grief because the Sensitive Soul being greatly prone as hath been said to Pleasure Prosecutes all things apparently Good without respect to Circumstances with an Universal and most ample Affection of Love in like manner shunning Grief or Trouble it hates and detests all things apparently Evil which may seem to induce Evil by any manner of way The Good exciting Love is objected after a twofold manner to wit either to the Sense or the Opinion As to the first Objects which consist of Particles Congruous and Curiously fitted to the Sensory so that they stroke gently the Spirits there flowing and cause them to run and to rejoyce together these bring forth a desirable Sension whose Impression being transmitted by the passage of the Nervous Processes to the Brain by pleasing there in like manner the Spirits stirs them up into a pleasant apprehension of the sensible thing and a desire of it Hence these Spirits inhabiting the Brain for the fruition of this Object try several or manifold Endeavours viz. Some being reflected towards the Sensory desire to cleave more closely and to be united to this Good in the mean time others flowing towards the Breast sometimes dilate and open the Bosoms of the Heart that they may more plentifully receive the Blood imbued with a certain Virtue of the Object and enjoy it and sometimes the Spirits draw together these receptacles of the Heart and drive outwardly the Blood as if about to seek something more largely of Good from the Object with which being filled at last it is received by the heart by and by dilated Further in this Affection of Love concerning the sensible Object if that it be very strong the whole Sensitive Soul or the whole Systasis of the Spirits is inclined towards the beloved thing lifts up to it the whole Nervous System and together with the solid Parts draws and leads the Humours so when we are indulged with a fair Aspect or Melody
Desire and then an inflowing being made into the appropriate Nerves into a Prosecution of the desired thing all this is performed without the Image of the Object increased by the Imagination also without any Perturbation known in the Praecordia or the Blood It is much otherwise concerning sensible Desires got by Custom for when as a Fruition once happens to the Spirits inhabiting this or that Sensory of a more pleasant Object having moderate things in Contempt afterwards desire the same and being not long Content therewith still aspire to others more pleasant so the Palate being accustomed to more delicate Victuals loaths every thing unless spiced Aliments and prepared with most exquisite Sawce In like manner may be observed concerning the Smelling Sight Hearing and other Sensitive Functions to wit that the Appetite proper to any of them for as much as it once exceeded what sufficed Nature is always carried to more excellent Objects and they for the most part only fresh the reason of this seems to be that the chief Pleasure of the Sensitive Soul consists in a more lively Motion and larger Expansion of the Spirits implanted in every part but such a Motion of them depends very much upon the Excellency also the Variety and Change of the Objects For whatsoever moderate or too familiar thing happens to the Spirits it little affects them for every motion supposes a Superior and a Virtue of the Object somewhat unlike to the Agent wherefore when any Object by daily use obtains a Similitude or Equality with the Spirits that is less apt to move them therefore that the Activity or the lively unfolding of the Spirits which is the Effectress of Pleasure may be continued a long time leaving the Fruition of every old and worn-out Good it always tends to new and more high things After this manner thô every Organ of Sense puts forth Desires peculiar and proper to themselves it reiterates them with a perpetual change but for as much as Objects applied through Corporeal Contact rather than by Effluvia affect more vehemently the Sensory therefore the greatest Company of Desires arising from the Sense are wont to be referred to Luxury or Lust. The Desires of the Spirits dwelling in the other Sensories for as much as they take only the Species or the little Bodies falling off from sensible things and less thick Embraces therefore they are more temperate and are often directed to better uses But our wants are chiefly Imaginary and proceed from Opinion and from hence a most plentiful Crop of Desires grows up For indeed every Man breaths after Felicity or after a certain Divine State wherefore it seeks very much things apparently Good which are said to Conduce to this State and endeavours to obtain them But having followed certain Goods it finds not the desired Satisfaction in them therefore it seems to want others and then again others So for as much as Men always tend to the highest Good or last end and that he attains it not in his life-time there is a Necessity of infinite Wishes and Desires concerning the intermediate Goods Hence it is that whatsoever another has yea whatsoever of Good the Phantasie can conceive or feign presently we believe we have need of it and therefore we desire it and wish for it So though there is an immense Company of Concupiscible things yet as most Men place their felicity in Riches or Honours hence the Chief Species of Desires arising from Opinion and therefore not to be satisfied are Covetousness and Ambition As to Aversion this Passion seems only to be the former inversed and in like manner to take its Original either from a certain Defect perceived by the Sense or taken from Opinion for a Sense or Opinion of want calls to either a declination of the same manner of State Wherefore when the Animal Spirits in the Sensories are deprived of the Enjoyment of a necessary Good or of what they were before accustomed to they either conceive or set before them the approach of its Contrary and these being very unquiet let go the Embraces of every present Object and set themselves to perform or enter into a new Confederation until either the Sense or the Opinion shall detect some apparent Good to the desire and following of which the same Spirits are busied And so Aversion being for the most part a Passion of it self Vain and quickly perishable terminates in the desire of Good that may supply the Defect so Carefully shun'd Having shown after this manner for what Causes and upon what Preparations or fore Occasions the Sensitive Soul enters into Passions of Desire and Aversion Let us now see after what manner or ways of Gesticulations or Gestures she is Composed in either Affection As to Desires begun from the Organs of the Senses it is observed that whil'st the Spirits there implanted are carried towards the absent Object all fruition being left they as it were naked and destitute of all helps like Beggars ask an Alms which as they most greedily desire as it were about to take by force that Good they exceed the limits of their Subject and oftentimes when the Desire is vehement almost the whole Soul is drawn into Parties and by a certain going out from the Body wanders towards the desired thing or at least emits a Portion of it self That it is so it plainly appears in that mad affection of Lust in which the genital Humor containing Fragments picked from the whole Soul is poured forth In like manner in a pleasant Sight Sweet Odor and most pleasing Harmony the Animal Spirits as it were lifted up role together out of the Sensories towards their Objects but on the contrary in Aversion they betake themselves inward and sometimes forsake the Sensories themselves As to desires excited by reason of the Opinion of want the Sensitive Soul being impatient of a Lot so poor becomes very instable and unquiet all the acquired Goods of its Body it neglects and disesteems also refuses to hearken to the dictates of Reason yea being altogether precipitate in desires she always looks outward and as it were with wings is ready to fly to this or that apparent Good hence by the disorder of the Spirits flying hither and thither the Nervous Parts are variously distracted and Men betray their desires by their Countenance and going also the Breast and the Praecordia being moved together the Blood like the Sea working with the winds is compelled into various Fluctuations that those affected sometimes grow Pale and sometimes are over-spread with redness also from the same Blood entring inequally and impetuously the Confines of the Brain succeed inconstancy of Judgment and frequent Changes of a thing proposed as sometimes they will do this anon that as if ten Minds were together by the Ears in one Man According to the aforesaid Characters or Scheams the Sensitive Soul is composed about absent Good and Evil and not
quickly about to come but when these seem to be at the Doors the Soul alters her Position and is respectively urged with Hope or Fear Concerning which First it is observed that these Passions do not as the forementioned proceed equally from the Sense and the Imagination but are founded only on Opinion from whence after entring into the desire of any thing the Spirits being Solicitous concerning the following of it and as it were depressed when they upon some other Occasion as the Drinking of Wine are a little elevated with the fruition of another pleasing Object and they begin to strengthen Opinion forthwith doubtful desire is changed into a certain Confidence that we hope shortly to possess the desired Good In like manner when as Aversion beholds the absent Evil a long way off the depression of the Spirits places it near and by and by Causes a fear of its being about to come upon them Indeed Hope and Fear are very near of Kin to Desire and Aversion and either of these Symbolical Affections denote only the more near or more remote approach of the same Object As to what appertains to the Provision and Exercise of Hope when we desire greatly any absent Good and that an Opinion arises that we shall shortly obtain it presently the Animal Spirits who first like Soldiers sent before carefully seek after and observe the willed thing forthwith returning towards the Soul bring News of the Coming of its Guest and prepare a Reception for it wherefore the whole Soul is presently brought into an Expectation of its coming all the Doors of the Senses are opened that this Good with all its Train might enter thorow open Gates In the mean time the Spirits inhabiting every Sensory are prepared to go forth to salute this approaching the Imagination doth forestall its Entrance to wit this frames an Idea of the wish'd for and coming Good which it places within its Borders as in a Throne and confers on it Adornments and Splendor borrowed from the Phantasie Moreover the Praecordia are Careful for a part of its Reception for they being actuated with a more full Influx of Spirits send forth the Blood more lively into the Exterior Parts as it were for the meeting of this new Guest hence any one being full of Hope feels in his whole Body a certain Inflation with the Spirit and Heat plentifully poured forth Then if by any accident an occasion of fear or doubting is brought in presently a sudden girding together in the whole with a certain putting down of the Spirits and a sinking of the whole Soul ensues For in the Passion of Fear the Sensitive Soul being first stretched out being struck by the nearness of the approaching Evil and being as it were prickt on every side for as much as she conceiving her self taken by the Enemy cannot fly away into this or that Part she enters into her self and that the Animal Spirits may be pressed together she is Contracted most strictly if the Affection be vehement whil'st the Animal Spirits suddenly go back from the Superficies of the Body they greatly bind up at the same time the Pores and Passages as it were fastning the Doors to shut out the Enemy from this Constriction the Pores of the Skin being drawn inward oftentimes succeeds an erection of the hairs or the hair standing an end then the same Spirits being acted into Confusion they are inhihited from performing the wonted Offices of their Functions and not only want the helps of Reason but sometimes the Locomotive Faculties fail yea by a resolution or loos'ning of the Nerves made in the Bowels oftentimes the Excrements involuntarily flow out Further when the Animal Faculty languishes so much the Motion of the Praecordia is tyred hence the Blood stagnating within the Bosoms of the Heart oftentimes a swonning follows and when therefore it is not carried lively enough into the outward Parts a Coldness and Paleness succeeds in them In a sudden fear we feel a certain stiffness whence 't is commonly said that the Blood is curdled in the Body but this happens because whil'st the Nervous Parts compassing about the Blood-carrying Vessels are suddenly bound together they at the same time repress the Blood from its Excursion and so stop or plainly invert its Circulation In the mid'st of fear lest the Spirits being driven too much into flight the Sensitive Soul should be wholly loosned Reason is wont to interpose something of Hope and so by degrees to lift up the dejected Spirits and to animate them to stay so that this Passion being alleviated by such a remedy may more easily pass over but if by the strong Evil falling on one all means of Hope be cut off then a greater Affection to wit Desperation comes in the place of Fear in which for the most part this Soul yielding her self overcome wholly sinks down and being half dead is drowned in her proper Body as in a Sepulcher of if she retains any strength presently being carried into Confusion all things being turned upside down she Contracts Melancholy or Madness As Desperation follows Fear all helps being cut off so Hope when it is joyned to more and more certain of the same passes in Audaciousness And in this Affection the Sensitive Soul swells up and opposes her self dauntless to any ensuing Evil wherefore the Spirits Guardian by a more strong Connexion of themselves every where extend the Muscles and strengthen them by a more full Inspiration to the bearing or resisting any thing hence the Breast being inlarged and then strongly bound together a bigger Voice is sent forth the Fists being Contracted the Arms lifted up the Head erected the Face grim and threatning the Neck swollen and the rising up or the stretchings forth of other Parts shew the Animal Spirits in the whole Body unfolded and prepared for Battel as if about to enter into Conflict In the mean time the Praecordia being moved most strongly by a more full influx of the same Spirits notably rarifie the Blood and like Lightning send it forth impetuously and drive it into the outward Parts Anger is of some Kin to Boldness in which the Sensitive Soul by reason of the Evil unworthily brought to it at the same time is made sad and grows hot wherefore as she Contracts her self by reason of Sadness so presently girding her self for Revenge she is dilated therefore as here divers Contractions come together this Passion is performed with a mighty Perturbation of Spirits and of the Blood for those affected at the beginning wax Pale by and by they are overspread with Red the Forehead is wrinkled the Lips quiver the Tongue murmurs the Countenance is sometimes cast down sometimes lifted up and threatning but the Praecordia are especially agitated with a notable heat and boyling up of the Blood which kind of Various and sometimes Contrary Symptoms may easily be resolved to wit that the Soul at
once conceiving Sadness and Indignation like the Sea working with opposite winds has Floods excited from every Coast and striking one against another among themselves Besides the Eleven Affections even now recited and unfolded according to the Vulgar Opinion there remains some others excited according to the other manifold Affections and Gestures of the Corporeal Soul the chief of which are Pity and Envy Glory or Boasting and Shame which however are very near related to the afore recited or are Composed out of them For Pity is made out of Love and Sadness by reason of the Evils of a Friend On the contrary Envy out of Hatred and Sorrow by reason of the Good things of an Enemy Glory or Boasting is a certain kind of Joy and Exultation conceived by reason of an Opinion of our Good had from others and Shame is a certain Sadness and Consternation of the Soul by reason of an Opinion of our ills conceived by others Further Concerning this Passion 't is observable that when the Corporeal Soul being abashed is enforced to repress its Compass she notwithstanding being desirous as it were to hide this Affection drives forth outwardly the Blood and stirs up a redness in the Cheeks to wit the Sensitive part of the Soul as it were hiding its head puts before her self a Portion of the Vital or the Bloody Soul under whose wings somewhat stretched forth the Confusion might be hid Besides we take notice that the Corporeal Soul is not only affected by Objects and their Impressions and compelled into various Gestures and the aforesaid Passions but besides she hath certain innate Dispositions by reason of which by the mere instinct of Nature without any Influence of the Object she puts forth her self and is excited into certain Emanations or Spontaneous forces Of which sort are first an amplification or inlarging the Individual Person and then a Propagation of its Kind It is Natural for every Animal without example or teaching to seek for and swallow down its food both that the Body may be daily increased to its due Magnitude and also that the Soul being daily supplied with a new Score of Spirits may be co-extended to the Body and be able lively to perform the Acts of her Functions Then as soon as the Lineamenâ—s both of the Body and Soul being sufficiently drawn forth and the Bulk and Compass of either are Compleated some Animal Spirits flowing over from the work of the Individual begin to abound and then being separated into the Genital Parts with a subtil Humor picked from the whole Body destinated for the Propagating the Species as it were in a Store-house and there layed up they form there the Idea of a new Animal which afterward is transferred into a convenient Womb to be perfectly formed When the Seeds of a new Animal are so lay'd the whole Corporeal Soul is drawn with all its Powers into this work of Propagating the Species more than of the Conserving of the Individual wherefore the Blood supplies the Testicles no less than the Brain with a most subtil and noble Matter for the store of Animal Spirits and when after too great Expence the Spirits are deficient in them that presently the loss may be made up oftentimes the Brain and Nerves are defrauded of their due Pension and are suffered to languish that in the mean time the Blood may pour forth more plentifully spirituous Particles into the Spermatic Vessels Yea it is thought that it doth sometimes snatch the Animal Spirits from the Brain it self which it bestows on the Genitals in the Act of Venery For it appears so when by immoderate Venery the Brain presently labours with a want of Spirits for as much as from thence there is no passage for them to the Spermatick Vessels but by the Blood if that the Animal Spirits superabound with a Prolifick Humour Swelling up within the Genital Parts presently the whole Corporeal Soul as it were incited to the begetting of a young one is inclined to Concupiscence or Lust The Incentives of Lust even against the Mind are sought for and they are lay'd hold on however brought by any Sense the Blood boils up the Marrow in the Back grows hot the Eyes are inflamed the Genitals are inflated so that there wants little unless Reason coming between recalls her and Prohibits her from the Beastliness of it but that the whole Corporeal Soul on every occasion should be dissolved in Lust. In these kind of Affections of Concupiscence may be most clearly discerned the distinct Strivings and contrary Endeavours of two Souls because whil'st the Corporeal Soul being incited to Lust inclines her self wholly towards the Genital Members and Compels thither greater floods of the Blood and greater store of the Animal Spirits the Heart and Brain being left wanting of Provision on the contrary the Superior Mind rising up and shewing the Commands of Reason and Religion shews a receipt to the other and Commands that the Animal Spirits return to their tasks to be performed within the Brain and also that the raging Blood should be recalled towards the Praecordia and being there suppressed might be restrained from disorderly Excursions Hence the flame of Lust being re-extinct for a time and the Powers of the Inferior Soul being reduced into Order the Acts of Sobriety Prudence and of other Science and Discipline may be exercised but if the reins of Reason be let loose or new incentives of Lust are brought the Corporeal Soul shaking off the yoak snatches her self again to the like Enormities There remain yet some other Affections of the Corporeal Soul as Sleep and Watching Grief and Pleasure excited in private Members which for as much as they respect not the whole Soul at once but this or that Portion of the Body or Peculiar Powers of it and chiefly the Sensitive or Locomotive therefore we shall handle these anon and shall next proceed to the Sense and its Kinds CHAP. X. Of the Sense in General THe Vital or Flamy part of the Corporeal Soul being rooted in the Blood seems not much to know or perceive what things are offer'd outwardly to or acted inwardly in the Body So althâ— the Blood have life yet 't is scarce sensible or knowing for this which ought to be always employed with a perpetual Motion and even inkindling for the Offices for the sustaining of Life cannot be at leisure to mind any smaller Matters or outward Accidents Indeed great Passions also in some measure disturb the Blood and pervert and variously drive it from its wonted Course and like violent Blasts shake not only the Leaves or Body of the Tree but also sometimes pull up the Roots out of the Earth So whatsoever mutations or alterations happen to the Blood proceed either from the Complexion of its Liquor being changed or from the impulse or incitation of the containing Bodies But the other Sensitive part of this Soul which being
diffused within the Brain and stock of Nerves is Co-extended or equally stretched forth with the Organical Body and almost with all its Parts is affected with every Contact or with the meeting of other Bodies she perceives all Impressions either outwardly objected or raised up within and as she is moved by these every where diversly inflicted she indues according to the various impulse of the Objects various Gestures and Species in her self and also draws the Members and Parts of the Body it self with her wholly into the same Figures and Motions For indeed it is the Energie or the Act of the Soul it self from which every Function of the animated Body primarily and chiefly arises If at any time any Stroke or Impression be inflicted any where to the animated Body presently a certain Fluctuation or waving is stirred up in the Hypostasis of the whole Soul or of the struck Member by which some Animal Spirits or subtil Particles shut up in the Organical Parts as a blast of Wind in a Machine being struck run hither and thither and so produce the Exercises of Sense and Motion in the whole Body or respective Parts Truly among the various Gestures of the Corporeal Soul by which she altering her Species or Hypostasis brings a change to the containing Body the Sensitive and Locomotive Powers obtain the chief place for as much as they are Common almost to all living Creatures at least to the more perfect to which also all the rest of the Faculties may easily be reduced These are the chief Advancers of the animated Body upon which all the other Wheels of this Self-moving Divine Machine depend But the Internal and next efficient Cause both of Sense and Motion are the Hypostasis of the Sensitive Soul or the Animal Spirits instilled from the inkindled Blood into the Brain and from thence diffused into the Nervous Stock which being distributed from the Brain as the Fountain thorow the Nerves to the whole Body imbue irradiate and blow up all the Parts and bring a certain Tensity or stretching forth to each so that the passages of the Nervous Bodies like Cords stretched forth straitly on every side from the Brain and its dependencies reach forth into all the Exterior Parts by which so stretch'd forth and actuated by a certain Continuity of the Soul if one end be struck presently the stroke is perceived through the whole so that every Intention conceived within the Brain presently performs the designed work in every Member or Part and on the other side every impulse or stroke which is inflicted from without to any Member or to the Sensitive Body is communicated instantly to all Parts within the Head If that an Impression or force tends from the Brain outwards thorow the Nerves into the moving Parts Motion is produced but if they being made outwardly are directed inwards towards the Brain Sense arises But whil'st either of these are performed it is not so to be understood as is commonly asserted as if the same Spirits make hast and leap back presently as it were from one end of the Course or Circuit to the other but as the Soul is stretched forth thorow the whole with a certain Continuity its Particles viz. the Spirits contiguous one with another are set like an Army in Array for they after a Military fashion whil'st they move not from their station and keep Order perform their Offices and whether they be set in Battel Array or on the Watch they perform the Commands carried outward from the Brain themselves being almost immoveable and effect Motion and deliver presently to the Brain the news of any sensible thing impressed whereby Sensation is made So indeed the same Animal Spirits thô with an opposite and inverse tendency and aspect of them cause Motion and Sense But both Faculties as to the Exercises of their Acts require something divers Organs yea the Animal Spirits planted within the same for the performing the divers Offices of their Faculties are ordered with a various Affection and with a different manner of Orders That each of these may be the more clearly illustrated we shall first of all speak of the Sense and of whatsoever belongs to it both in General and in Special and then afterwards concerning Motion The Sense as it is taken in a more strict acceptation viz. for the proper Function in animated Bodies and by which they are distinguished from inanimates is wont to be described after this manner That it is the faculty of perceiving Sensible objects Because the Sensitive soul as hath been said being apt to be affected or moved by every Contact or Impulse of an exterior Body forces its constitution to vary in the whole or in part according as it is struck But exterior Bodies because they consist of Particles of a various Kind and diversly figured therefore when some are applied to others their approaches one among another are not always made after one and the same manner but after a manifold manner and with notable variety to wit either by Corporeal Contacts or by Effluvia's falling from them or by Particles of Air Breath or Light reflected from them issuing from them on every side like Darts Further and to every one of these Kinds many Species are attributed Because not only Concretes but also various little Bodies of the same Subject shew and impress manifold Types of their Contacts several of which as they are received and so known distinctly by living Creatures the Sensitive Soul using Corporeal Organs hath many Sensories fitted for such variety of Objects and divers representations of things in which several both the Conformation of the Pores as also the disposition of the Animal Spirits are proportionated to the little Bodies sent in from the Object which are only of one Kind fitly to be received By this means sensible Impressions at least that may be of use to any Animal are perceived and from this manifold way of Sension proceeds the Knowledge of all things according to that of the Philosopher All Knowledge is made by the Sense when on the contrary if Bodies and their Particles should strike the Systasis of the naked Soul or part of it always after one and the same manner nothing at all would be known because one thing or parts from another or these from those Members would not be distinguished Wherefore that all the chief Objects and their Accidents might be distinctly noted it is so provided that some Particles strike this Organ and not that so that they affect their several respective Sensories only the rest being untouched From hence it is clear that 't is necessary that there should be many Sensories in perfect Animals which may perform divers Actions both for the preserving of Life and propagating the Kind and also for the knowing many things and chiefly for the embracing of what things are Congruous to themselves and for the shunning all incongruous things for this things 't
the Sense are not distinctly painted in the Common Sensory as on a Table but every Impression there shown depends on the Motion as it were by a certain waving of some Spirits separate from others and within these or those peculiar Tracts of them Nor is it irrational to affirm that some Spiritual Particles are moved within the Hypostasis of the Sensitive Soul and her the same Portion of it whil'st others lye quiet lying between them for it plainly appears and which afterwards is more largely shown that within the Body of the Air the lucid Particles are agitated whil'st the rest lye at ease yea also that Sonorifick yea and odorous little Bodies and perhaps many others of another Kind are moved by a distinct and peculiar Agitation apart by themselves from the other texture of the Air for both Images pass thorow Sounds are poured out Odors flow warm or cold Effluvia's and other little Bodies are variously carried yet notwithstanding others in the mean time are neither driven by force by some others nor is the Consistency of the whole Air disturbed by some Singulars Yea various Impressions not only pass thorow the Air unchanged but also the Superficies of the Water for we have observed in a River or a Fish-pond when many wavings have been stirr'd up by various and divers strokes together that all of them however they meet one another pass thorow or cut one another continue still distinct and inconfused why then may we not suppose that in the Airy Systasis of the Soul which is also is founded in a Watry Humor there are Particles of a various and unlike make and that manifold Species by their passing thorow may be at once brought to the Common Sensory without Confusion As for Example Suppose that for seeing most Subtil and as it were Aetherial Particles others almost Saline and notably moveable for the Hearing and so for the other Senses Spirits endowed after this or that manner to be interwoven together and every peculiar Sension to be produced by a particular affection of them to which it happens that for the various passing thorow of the Spirits of so diverse a Nature divers Tracts or Paths are produced both in the Organ it self and in the Common Sensory and so when the Animal Spirits are affected which are of this or that Nature apart from others which are of another Nature and as there are beamings forth of several kinds as it were within various Inlets or Passages 't is no wonder if in divers Organs distinct Acts of Sensions are performed and that all of them however different in Kind and coming together from many ways are shewn within the same Common Sensory to wit the streaked Bodies because in this Marrowy Part Spirits of every kind abound and also passages of every sort of Conformation are found therefore every Impression impressed on any Organ from without may be distinctly represented in this same Body That it is so it more clearly appears from hence because both the streaked Bodies and the way leading to these consist of many white Ligatures which seem as so many soft Nerves or marrowy Tracts for the divers ways of receiving the Impressions of sensible Species When a sensible Impression is brought through the Animal Spirits being affected by a continued Series from the Organ to the Common Sensory if it be light it is there terminated and the perception of the External Sense quickly vanishes without any other Affection but if which more often happens the impulse of the Object be stronger the Sense excited from thence like the vehement waving of waters in a Whirl-pool both partly passes thorow the streaked Bodies and going forward to the Callous Body it oftentimes raises up two other Internal Senses to wit the Imagination and Memory either one of both of them and also is partly reflected from them and from thence by a declining of the Spirits leaping into the Nerves local Motions are made For indeed Impressions of sensible things from the beginning furnish both the Imagination with the Memory and Appetite and induce the first attempts of local Motions It is first effected for as much as the sensible Impulse is often propagated beyond the streaked Body into the marrowy part of the Brain or the Cortex or the extream Confines of it But local Motions ordinarily succeed to Sension for as much as the Animal Spirits being struck back from the bolt or stay of the streaked Bodies spring up outwardly and as they enter these or those Nerves by a certain Consequence or by chance they excite fortuitous local Motions or depending on the previous Sense for in the reciprocal exercise of these Faculties to wit of Sense and local Motion before Animals are imbued with Phantasie and Memory almost the whole Animal Function consists because Brutes or Men whil'st they as yet know not things want Spontaneous Appetite So long therefore they being destitute of the Internal Principle of Motion move themselves or Members only as they are excited from the impulse of the External Object and so Sension preceding Motion is in some manner the Cause of it Therefore in every Sension the Animal Spirits are moved and their Motion being excited in the utmost Sensory from the approach of the Object and harmonised according to its Impression turns inwards and as hath been said is conveyed to the first or Common Sensory wherefore it is not to be thought that the little Body 's sent from the Object do penetrate deeply and enter the inward parts of the Brain it self as some have asserted but it suffices that they being cast forth like Darts from the sensible thing do affect the Spirits placed in the fore-front and then they from thence most swiftly pass thorow by their Irradiation the impressed Motion As to the Parts within which the Animal Spirits dwelling do carry thorow as it were by Pipes and Dioptrick Glasses the impressed Species of sensible things they are the Fibres Nerves and the Oblong Marrow and chiefly the tops of it to wit the streaked Bodies The Fibres being stretched forth in every Sensory as it were Nets spread abroad take the Particles of the Object diffused and entring here and there from which whil'st the Spirits implanted in those Fibres are affected and are marked with the type of shaddow of the Objected thing forthwith the same Character being expressed by a continued Series of Spirits passes forward thorow the little Pipes of the Nerves and the Medullary Trunk into the streaked Bodies and is there represented as upon a white well But the Rational Soul easily beholds the Image of the thing there painted or perhaps carried forward beyond into the Callous Body the Imagination and Phantasie being excited But after what manner Brutes perceive themselves to feel and by reason of that Sension they either imprint it in their Memory or draw forth the Acts of the Appetite we have shewn elsewhere Concerning the number
thô the Chrystalline Humor be of the form of a Lentil it doth not bear out enough so as it might receive the Beams of the whole Hemisphear therefore the watery Humor is lay'd to it as an addition which thrusting forth the Cornea or horny Coat and rendring it more bunching out encreases outwardly the Convexity or bending forth of the Eye which is indeed that the visible Species might be from this place and from that and on every side more plentifully admitted into it as into a Window made forth or butting out beyond the plane of the Wall Further the watery Humor swelling forth with the horny Coat breaks a little the oblique Beams falling towards the Perpendicular and so compelling them nearer together directs more together into the Convexity of the Chrystalline swelling There is yet another use of this watery Humor to wit to temperate the Beams passing thorow it being sometimes somewhat fiery and so to render them more proportionate to the Sensory On the other side of the Chrystalline Humor to wit on the back of it the glassy Humor stands like to fused Glass this much more plentiful than both the other possesses the greatest part of the Optic Chamber also being less Compact in it self is apt somewhat to flow out and is included with a most thin little Membrane this lyes upon the Retine Coat and contains the Chrystalline within its Bosom It s Primary use is to separate the Retine Coat in a just space from the Chrystalline Humor that after the Beams have past thorow this as it were thorow the Burning-Glass with a due Refraction they may have in that placed at a just distance their habitation Hence in those who have the Chrystalline Humor in the form of a Lentil and so the Beams passing thorow can't come together but at a greater distance have great plenty of this glassy Humor and its plenitude causes the Spherical Figure of the Eye But in those who have the Chrystalline swelling round that the Beams passing thorow are more crooked and have a dwelling or nest at a less distance the quantity of the glassy Humor is found less and its defect causes the depressed Figure of the Eye or of the form of a Cheese Further the glassy Humor according to Scheinerus being somewhat a more thin Medium than the Chrystalline Humor breaks a little the Beams passing thorow from the Perpendicular and therefore somewhat enlarges or draws forth the Picture of the visible thing otherwise more contracted and shews the same more conspicuous in the Retina Thus much concerning Seeing and of all the Senses in the next Chapter we should speak of the other Power to wit the Locomotive but being we have formerly largely discoursed concerning that we shall handle in the following certain Affections belonging to the Corporeal Soul as to the Exercise of the Motions and the Senses to wit Sleep and Waking CHAP. XVI Of Sleeping and Waking SUch is the weak and instable Nature of all living Creatures that they are not able neither to Live perpetually nor to Act and Labour continually but that there is a Necessity for them even as once and at last to dye so daily to repeat frequent turns of Sleep as it were so many previous Monitors of Death Though we have not experienced it we easily know what it is to dye to wit when the vital Flame like a Lamp is either by degrees consumed or violently extinguished presently Heat and Light and what flow from them both all the Vital and Animal faculties are abolished But what is the formal Reason Essence and Causes of Sleep which we suffer and daily experience is almost wholly unknown Concerning this there are various Opinions both of Ancients and Moderns but they rather seem Dreams than satisfactory Reason To wit whil'st some affirm Sleep to be mere Privation others a Bond of all the Functions these place for its Cause a retraction or introcession of Heat those an assent of Vapours from the Stomach to the Head Some assign for the subject the Brain others the Heart others the Stomach and Spleen and some again the Soul others the Body by it self and lastly others both together to wit the whole Animal Body Among the latter Writers Conradus Schneiderus hath of late been Eminent who rejecting the Opinions almost of all others and asserting Sleep not to be produced from Vapours nor from any material Cause nor to depend either upon any affection of the Brain or of any other part affirms it to be and Waking also mere faculties of the Soul to wit innate or born in it and wholly inorganical Also he saith that the formal Reasons of either are that the Soul or its animadversive Faculty sometimes withdraws and as it were hides it self and sometimes puts forth and expunds it self This Opinion thô in some part it seems likely does not easily deserve our assent because notwithstanding he asserts Sleep and Waking to be proper Faculties of the Soul and these inorganical and independing of the Body he further supposes other chief Powers of the Soul to wit common Sense Memory and Appetite not to be performed from the divers Organs within the Brain nor to be distinguished by their Seats but to be diffused thorow the whole Body Therefore that we may the more rightly Philosophize concerning Sleep we ought to consider what are its Subject formal Reason Causes Differences and Effects First As to the first it clearly appears that Sleep is not extended neither to the whole Soul nor to the whole Body for the Praecurdia and Organs of respiration are exercised with a perpetual Systole and Diastole the Viscera dedicated for Concoction perform their Offices more and better in Sleep than in Waking Further when as the aforesaid Parts are wont to alter their actions according to the urgencies of evident Causes as may be argued by the Pulse and respiration variously changed also from Vomiting and sometimes a sudden loosning of the Belly the exercises of the sensitive Power as well as the Motive ought to be granted to them in Sleep But the Blood is circulated and flames forth in quiet the nourishing and Nervous Humors are dispensed yea and the superfluous and what is excrementitious are best separated or put forth Hence as it appears perpetual watches are kept about the midst or inmost part of the Animal Body In the mean time it is observed that Sleep urging all the External Senses are shut up also that all Spontaneous Motions whatsoever cease so that the Bodies being wholly subjected to ease lye as they were dead Further the Internal Powers related to these such as are the Common Sense Phantasie Memory Appetite conspire together with these External Powers and either wholly omit their Acts or exercise them but obscurely and confusedly From these it may be plainly gathered that the Animal Spirits which are the next or efficient Instrument of Sense and Motion are also the immediate
Subject of Sleep but not all of them but some Bands as it were of a Superior Order at those times keep Holy-day but others whose task is more assiduously required for the Preservation of Life are wholly inhibited Concerning these that the reason of the difference may appear and that the bounds of Sleep may be defined we must note that there is need for all the Animal Spirits which constituting the Hypostasis of the Corporeal Soul perform all its Functions because they cannot incessantly exercise or ever continue their Acts to have frequent intermission by which being worn out and tyred they might be refreshed notwithstanding there is not granted a Vacation or rest to the Spirits of every Regiment after the same manner nor in the like dimension For the Animal Spirits which being born within the Brain there constitute the chief Faculties of the Soul and from thence flow into the Nervous stock for the performing of the Spontaneous Acts of Sense and Motion and effect the more hard and laborious tasks are not tyed to the continual performance of them but are permitted after hard labours to lay aside their work and as it were to be idle so that the Privilege of Sleep properly pertains only to these But as to the Animal Spirits of the other Kind which being procreated within the Cerebel and there receive and emit the Instincts and forces of Sense and Motion merely Natural and from thence flowing into the Praecordia and Viscera perform the more assiduous Offices of the Vital and Nutritive Function I say that the Labours of these are more easie and less laborious but as they are absolutely necessary for the preserving of Life that they ought not almost at any time to lye still therefore the aforesaid Spirits being busied about these Offices are not suffered to keep Holy-day long and to indulge themselves with Sleep but it is sufficient for them to intermit their tasks for a short space and presently to resume them and so to have in stead of a longer Vacation some broken times from their Labours as chiefly appears from the pulse and breathing in which the times of motion and of rest are reciprocal and almost equal Indeed the Spirits performing these tasks seem as if condemned to the Stone of Sisyphus to wit that they still lift up the same burthen then resting whil'st it slides down again they presently and so perpetually repeat their Labour Further whil'st that the Animal Spirits influencing the Viscera of Concoction propagate the Acts of Vermiculation from Part to Part receive and give place to motion and rest mutually in themselves which also is more amply performed when we Sleep soundly in so much that sometimes the work of more difficult Concoction is not to be done but in Sleep Therefore the Empire of Sleep chiefly and almost only belongs to the Animal Spirits inhabiting the Brain and the Executors of the Animal Function there of whose Acts we are knowing and in the Appendix both Medullary and Nervous If those Spirits arising from the Cerebel as influencing some Pathetick Nerves to wit of the fifth and sixth Pair seem to participate of Sleep that happens by a consent deliver'd from the Brain to wit by which the Commands as of Motion so of rest are conveyed to them We affirm That the immediate Subject of Sleep is the greater Portion of the sensitive Soul which being rooted in the Brain and thence diffused into many Parts of the Body is the Author of every Spontaneous Motion But the Mediat the Brain it self and all the sensible and moving Parts which Communicate with it Also on the contrary the other lesser part of the sensitive Soul which being rooted in the Cerebel and thence stretched forth into the Praecordia Viscera and some other Bodies is the Parent of the Vital and merely Natural Function to wit of whose Acts the Animal is not conscious is freed from the Bonds of Sleep From these that we may proceed to deliver the formal Reason of Sleep let us conceive that this greater portion of the sensitive Soul the Animal Sleeping doth lay aside its expansion like a Veil sinks within it self and hiding its head as it were within its own Bosom sees nor cares for nothing that is without so that both the Emanation of the Spirits into the globous Part of the Brain and also their irradiation into the Nervous stock ceasing the Act of spontaneous Sense and Motion both outwardly and inwardly is suppressed If it be demanded in what Part or Region these Spirits dwell who first of all possess Sleep and begin to be indulged with rest before any others it may be well supposed that the Spirits first Sleeping are those which flowing within the globous part of the Brain create the Acts of the Fantasie and Memory To wit these either of their own accord or by reason of the incourse of Strangers falling down from the Pores of the Exterior Brain in which they were wont to expatiate convey themselves into its more deep Matrows or middle Parts where as it were lying down idely intice the Spirits there implanted to the like slothfulness and from thence flowing into the Nervous stock recall others from their Efflux and solicite them to idleness Indeed the Spirits irradiating the outer Brain do first of all grow stupified and begin Sleep in their recess as appears from hence because there is a Necessity for these sometimes to be repressed from their expansion and to be driven inwards that there may be a place left for the instilling the Nervous juice or matter for new bands of Spirits into the Brain wherefore those veterane or old ones being not only wearied go from their Station but being as it were drowned by the Humor plentifully rushing in are compelled from their watches From these things it will not be difficult to assign the Causes of Sleep and first that we may begin with the Final which is always the Key to the rest If it should be demanded for what end the Animal Spirits going out of the globous part of the Brain into its middle or marrowy Parts are bound up with chains of Sleep and so after a solemn manner alter the vicissitudes as of Exercise so of Rest this easily occurs that the Animal Spirits at least those who are wont to be more strongly exercised lest they being wholly loosned should perish and break the Hypostasis of the Soul want for the sustaining of themselves a twofold prop to wit Rest and Food by the former care is taken lest the Spirits for that they are highly volatile should be very much drawn asunder by too much Occupation and acted into Confusion wherefore after that they have long and much laboured they desire to rest and be at quiet of their own accord then by the other to wit Food the wastings both of themselves and of the spirituous Liquor with which they are washed are repaired therefore needful for them But
Subject of Sleep and she entertains it for as much as being restrained from Expansion and as it were drawing a Curtain she enters into her self and sinks down on every side towards the middle of the Brain we say that such a subsiding of the Soul or its chiefest part thô done in the Brain is oftentimes excited by reason of the Cause lying hid in the Stomach because there is a mighty Sympathy between this and that or rather the Animal Spirits inhabiting the Ventricle althô arising from the Cerebel conspire so intimately with the desiring or knowing Soul which is the Inhabitant of the Brain that they are able to bend exalt depress it every way The Appetite of necessary or delicate food snatches it from any other proposition or desire The frustrated longing of big-belly'd Women causes an Abortion or a Monstrous Birth At the first taste of a draught of Wine before the Liquor can be carried into the Blood it lifts up and wonderfully chears the drooping Soul In like manner on the contrary Opiats or Sleeping Medicines because they stupifie or mortifie the Animal Spirits implanted in the Stomach bring presently a Torpor to the Knowing part of the Soul and sometimes an extinction to its whole Hypostasis both flamy and lucid For the same reason undigested Aliments because they fix and burthen the Spirits inhabiting the Ventricle render the others Presiding in the Brain for some time Dull and Torpid But sleep seems to begin not only from the Ventricle but for the most part from the Eyes for when about to Sleep of our own accord we our selves first of all shut our Eyes our Eyes being made heavy and dull Sleep creeping upon us whether we will or no love to be closed yea if we would watch longer we rub our forehead and Eye-lids and open them with a certain force as if about to cast off Sleep chiefly there arising Concerning these we may say that rest being about to be indulged to Animals may be the less disturbed Divine Providence hath so provided that the Windows being presently shut the meeting with External Objects may be hindred The Eyes ought to perform this Office especially as the most noble Sensory also that they may more certainly perform it whil'st the Knowing Soul withdraws it self and Contract its Compass the Spirits being recalled towards the middle of the Brain the Sight as the Organs of the other Senses are destitute and left flaccid and apt to fall down and this happens chiefly and more certainly to the Eyes because Sleep coming on the Brain becoming full and swell'd with the flowing in of the Nervous juyce at that time more uberous or plentifully abounding very much presses upon the Optic Nerves and those moving the Eyes lying under its basis with a long passage different from any others and so hinders the wonted inflowing of the Spirits into the Sensory of Sight Thus much for the Nature Causes and the various ways of inducing of Sleep there yet remains for us to consider of the chief Effects and Alterations of it which it is wont to bring to Soul and Body and their Parts and Humors and first what it brings to the Vital or Flamey part of the Soul radicated in the Blood Concerning this first of all we shall note That the Blood is more inkindled and much more plentifully burns forth in Sleep than in Waking the Truth of this is plain from the standing Observations of such as have given it for Law that Men Sleeping exhale or breath forth a departure of a far greater weight than Men Waking thô they use Exercise and Sweat Moreover Reason and Experience dictate the same thing for as a Combustible Matter being placed near the Centre of inkindling and heaped about it burns more than if the same being divided into parts smoaking and half inkindled should be drawn out and planted here and there in various places in like manner it may be judged of the Blood which being quiet in Sleep being called aside or disturbed with no Passions nor with the impulses of the Muscles out of the Praecordia or detained out of doors enters the Lungs with a more full Flood and there more slowly passes thorow the Centre or place of accension whence there is a Necessity that it should then be more plentifully inkindled and burn with a greater flame than if touch'd only with a more light burning it should hastily pass thorow those places But every one doth know by Experience in himself that in Sleeping the Praecordia grow very hot and the External Parts are apt to be cold wherefore there is need of covering them with Bed-Cloaths whereby the Effluvia deteined about the Compass of the Body might warm it whil'st in the mean time there is a Burning in the Breast and from the Flame and Soot ascending from thence the Tongue and Parts about the Mouth as if roasted are white Hence in the Day-time those Sleeping in the open Air or any where else unless well defended with Cloaths take Cold for by reason of the Heat being drawn back the Cold little Bodies of the Air compassing them enter into the Pores and stop them up but on the other side Asthmatical People and such as have their Lungs stuffed or bound together or are otherways difficult to be moved hardly Sleep within the Bed because the ambient Heat so greatly increases the Flame inkindled in the Praecordia that for the eventilating it and conveying it thorow the Arteries the Lungs being weak and growing tyred in the Motion are scarce nay not at all sufficient 2. For as much as the Blood is more inkindled during Sleep therefore then chiefly its disorders are allayed But these are of a twofold Kind to wit either the Blood is variously agitated hither and thither by the impulses of the Conteining and Neighbouring Bodies as in violent Passions and Commotions both of the Body and of the Soul Or it grows turgid or swells up by its proper rage after the manner of fermenting Wine from the Heterogene and heating Particles being mixed with it As to the First so long as we are Waking the Course of the Blood being very much disturbed is continually agitated as it were with certain winds because the Fantasie more strong Meditation the Appetite and the several Passions drive the Blood sometimes more swiftly sometimes repress it by their Influence snatch it impetuously sometimes into these sometimes into those Parts and thence again repel it Besides these Floods stirred up by the Mind also the Motions of the Body and Members render its Course yet more troubled and dangerous because the Sanguiferous Vessels being variously pressed by the Motive Parts and by and by released they variously transfer and call back the Blood and by and by snatch it elsewhere hence its Humour so long as it rapidly runs from place to place evaporates less and so heaps together a greater stock of Excrementitious Matter which
being suppressed within stirs up Preternatural Heat and renders the Flame of the Blood unequal more smoaky and troubled yea sharp and biting and so troublesom to the Heart and Brain and also to several Viscera and sometimes to the whole Nervous Kind all which notwithstanding Sleep allays yea whil'st the Animal Spirits lye quiet like allayed winds the Sea of the Blood presently becomes Calm Nor is the Blood disturbed by reason of its proper Effervescency less quieted by Sleep for when it grows hot from such a Cause it flames not forth with a clear and bright Flame but fumes up with Smoak and Soot and therefore being less eventilated diffuseth a very troublesom and sharp heat which also is more infestous because the Recrements of the Blood to wit the Serum and adust and otherways viscous Particles being involved with its smoaking Latex cannot be separated and carried away But in Sleep the Blood is soon quieted and passes more slowly thorow the place of inkindling to wit the Lungs wherefore being there first more inkindled it burns with a clearer Flame and also more mildly and so the smoak presently ceasing and some Heterogenious Particles being burnt all the rest extricating themselves from Confusion what are profitable are imployed in their designed Offices and what are unprofitable are bolted or sifted forth partly by Breathing Transpiration or Sweat and partly thorow the other Emunctories 3. The Blood burning forth more clearly and plentifully in Sleep at that time also performs better yea chiefly or almost only its Offices the chief of which are the Stilling forth of the Animal Spirits and the Nutrition of the solid Parts And first it Prepares best of all Matter for both these to wit it well subdues dresses and ripens the Chyme infused into its Mass then it instills the more pure and more subtil Part into the Shell of the Brain from which the veterane Spirits during Sleep depart for the end that a way may be open for the Nervous or Spirituous Liquor to restore their Stores and in the mean time the other part of the Chyme is conveyed every way by the Arteries to the solid Parts and whil'st they are quiet it is best of all put upon them and suffered to grow to them otherwise by their too great Motion and Agitation as in Waking it is apt to be shaken and wiped off But that Nutrition and the Production of Animal Spirits may be rightly performed in Sleep it is not to be presently indulged after Eating for so the aforesaid Offices are wont not only to be hindred but perverted into Evil because if any one Sleep with his Belly full the Chyle as yet Crude is snatched into the Blood then before it can be there broken small and mixed with the Blood exactly it is exposed to a more full inkindling within the Lungs that from thence the Lungs themselves not rarely draw as from Juyces and Vapours there sent forth from the Crude inkindled Matter as it were from green Wood an Evil which thing indeed is observed of many falling into the Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs Thirdly At length from the Chyme so evilly prepared neither pure Spirits are dispensed to the Brain nor laudible nourishment to the solid Parts yea that is obscured and made dull by Fumes and Vapours and these are disposed into a Cachexie or Atrophie So much concerning the Effects and Alterations of Sleep which indeed are wont to be more immediately impressed on the Flamey part of the Soul rooted in the Blood but mediately on the Parts of the Body depending upon it Now let us see next what this Passion brings to the other Part of the Soul viz. the Lucid and its Subjects to wit the Brain and Nervous Stock Concerning these we will shew what Sleep contributes to the dispensation of the Nervous Liquor and to the generation of Spirits out of it we shall also further Consider what sort of influence it has on their Exercises and Government As to these First It is to be noted which we before-mentioned to wit that the Spirits of the Regiment of the Brain the Executors of every Spontaneous Function are employed only Waking and that others arising from the Cerebel both Waking and in Sleep There is need for Sleep only for the former whil'st they are well that their Expences or consumed Stores might be by it repaired yea and that the languishing or weariness of those remaining might be refreshed This every one experiences in himself and feels that there is no farther need of explaining it But if the same Spirits by some Morbifick Cause being provoked are moved into disorder that they become irregular about the Acts of Motions or of the Senses whether Interior or Exterior and stir up a Delirium Convulsions or Pains Sleep like a Charm fully quiets these Spirits how mad and devilish soever they be wherefore if it comes not of it self in these Cases it ought to be fetch'd with Opiats But as to the Spirits the inhabitants of the Cerebel because in Waking they are disturbed by the business and tumult of the Spontaneous Functions and being called away from their Labours are hindred therefore they perform their tasks better in the rest and deep silence of the others Hence the Concoction and the distribution of the Food and the Separation of the Excrements yea and the Oeconomy of the whole Animal Function is best performed by reason of Sleep Hence if at any time too much Meat or more gross than is wont being eaten molests the Stomach and inducing fulness nauseousness or bitter and acid belching to it approaching Sleep for the most Parts takes away these Evils and facilitating the Concoction of the Chyle clears it from its sharpness foulness and bitterness The reason of which is because the Animal Spirits which actuating the Fibres of the Stomach serve for Digestion whil'st awake being forced to bear its manner or guise towards the Brain and its Parts are distracted here and there and are called away from their proper work so that the Meat being as it were unfermented and undigested stays in the Ventricle This every one plainly experiences in himself if presently he sits down after feeding to Study or serious Reading for then the Brain being full and disturbed the ponderous and heavy Chyle in the Stomach is deprived of Digestion But in Sleep the Spirits inhabiting the Ventricle being freed from the Businesses of the Brain do best of all perform their task and rightly digest and exalt by Fermentation the Chyle in the Stomach like an Elixir in a Furnace with an equal and convenient heat I might here enumerate other benefits of Sleep for as much as it refreshes the whole Faculties of the Soul renews the vigour of the Intellect or Wit sharpens the Senses stops the tumults of Passions recollects the forces of the Cogitations as often as they are either wholly enervated or distracted by immoderate Study
conjunct cause yea and do not always drive forward but pull back the matter impacted in the Nerves do greatly shake and often break it in bits so that when the continuity of the heap is broken the Animal Spirits themselves easily dissipate the Particles of the Morbific matter loosened one from another We have before mentioned another reason of the help of Emeticks in the Sleepy Disease which also may have a place in the Palsie Instances and examples of Paralyticks are so ordinarily and almost daily met with that their various Types and Histories would fill a Volume if they should be described Wherefore I shall only add here some few and more rare ones to wit one or two by which the chief kinds of this Disease may be illustrated For as it will be little to the purpose to describe the resolutions of members excited by outward accident as from a fall wound or stroke I shall insist only on those cases where the Palsie either arises by its self after a previous disposition or comes upon some other Disease Some time since a certain Gentleman strong and well flesh'd and beyond the tenth lustre of his age almost ever healthful at length being given to a sedentary and idle life and from thence becoming more dull and heavy than usual refused any exercise and more hard motion of the body moreover he was wont to be melancholick and sad upon any light occasion yea sometimes to break forth into weeping and tears without any manifest occasion This man a little after which I also observed in many others was distemper'd with an imbecillity and trembling of all his members and then with a resolution of the lower parts to which Disease for that he was melancholick and soon weary of Medicines he gave himself up as overcome and by degrees being made more weak and languishing he dyed within six months I remember many others but especially two committed to our Cure who were highly ingenious and very learned in the former part of their life but afterwards in their declining age partly through the evil disposition of the body and partly through the perturbation of the mind became dull â—nd forgetful and after that notwithstanding the use of the Remedies in the beginning of the Disease Paralytick In these kind of cases first the Brain it self as to its temper and make seems to be so weakened that the Spirits inhabiting it becoming torpid and wandring out of their tracts did not rightly perform the acts of Memory and Imagination then by reason of their failure and disorders in their first spring or fount which are not enough taken notice of till they become uncureable there is a necessity that an impotency or an eclipse of the motive faculty should succeed in the nervous appendix But the Cure of these Distempers as often as they are excited from such an occasion is ever very difficult because the antecedent cause is hardly or scarce ever taken away A young man of a Sanguine temper ingenious and for the most part healthy sitting in a Chair after a large supper and immoderate drinking of Wine was so distemper'd with a numness or stupidity in his right hand that his Gloves which he held in it fell of themselves out of his hand then getting up and endeavouring to walk he felt a resolution or loosening in his Thigh and Leg of the same side and a little afterwards falling into a certain hebetude or dulness of mind and stupefaction yet without an Apoplexy for he was still himself answering aptly to questions asked him though but slowly and with difficulty and doing those things that were bid him Presently a skilful Physician being sent for Phlebotomy Vomiting and Purging were celebrated in order Cupping-Glasses Scarification Oyntments Frictions and other fit administrations were carefully applied Nevertheless the Palsie increased that besides the motion of his members on the right side being taken away he also lost the sight of that eye yet still being stupefied and sleepy he was compos mentis and knew his Friends and being conscious of his infirmity and solicitous for the recovering his health he took all remedies were given him but notwithstanding all this the animal functions daily more and more languished and at length by their consent the vital so that about the seventh or the eighth day from thence falling sometimes into a Delirium and sometimes into Convulsions or other distractions of the Animal Spirits his strength being at length quite lost he yielded to Death His Head being opened the anterior cavity of the Brain was filled partly with Ichorous Blood partly concreted and in clodders or gobbets with plenty of Serum Hence as it is easie to conceive from this deluge pressing upon one of the Streaked bodies and binding up its Pores and Passages the flowing of the Spirits into the nervous appendix of that side was hindred and for that reason the resolution in the respective members was excited and because of the optick chamber where it is inserted into the Streaked Body being also pressed together the Eye of that side lost its sight further because the Callous Body chambring that den was somewhat pressed by the heaped matter from thence the hebetude and stupefaction of the chief functions of the soul were excited yet without their subversion or inordination By reason of the evil being fixed on the substance of the Brain and the Spirits inhabiting it these sorts of Distempers do proceed and not from the impletion of the Ventricle as appears clear enough by this instance and by what we have elsewhere mentioned A Servant to a certain Nobleman being about forty years of Age indued with a sharp Blood and Cholerick temperament and for some time obnoxious to the Vertigo whilst he was riding in the Country to a certain Village being taken suddenly with a dizziness in the Head he fell upon the ground headlong and being instantly taken up by the inhabitants and put to bed he lay for many hours insensible and as if dead But afterward being awakened he felt an universal Palsie and all his members loosened on both sides Visiting this Man the day after I took from him presently about twelve ounces of Blood and prescribed forthwith some other Remedies both outward administrations and also inward Medicines to be carefully given him and indeed with good success for after five or six days he began to bend and stretch forth his hands and feet yea though slowly to move them about hither and thither then by the constant use of Remedies within two months he was able to rise up to stand on his feet and to walk a little with the help of Crutches then using at home for some time daily a temperate artificial Bath he got strength and motion by degrees in his members at length as soon as the season of the year served going to the Bath within a fortnights time by the use of the Baths he grew perfectly well and leaving his
part of his Neck an immense quantity of water flowed and from that time even till he dyed it still flowed forth hence as I suspect he became so waking by reason of the watry humor being so greatly drawn away from the Brain The head of this dead Man being opened the interior cavities of the Brain or all the Ventricles being filled to the top with clear water appeared as if they were distended yea the medullary cord it self about the top of the Back-bone seemed to be drowned and compassed about with water laid up there Without doubt for this reason the Pains and Convulsions so cruelly tormented him in his Loins Members and all over his Body and by reason of the deluge in the Ventricles he became obnoxious to blindness of his sight and to frequent loosenings of his limbs Nevertheless hence no Lethargy but a waking was induced by reason of the waters being so much derived from the compass of the Brain by the Blistering Plasters He had also a Dropsie in his Breast by reason of his Lungs being much vitiated His Liver appeared of a mighty bulk besprinkled every where with white spots and almost without blood so that to these faults of the Viscera the vices of the Blood and nervous juice ought in some measure to be ascribed CHAP. X. Of the Delirium and Phrensie THUS much concerning Cephalick Diseases by which the Animal Functions by themselves and as they are Corporeal without any respect to the Animal Soul are wont to be hindred or perverted In some of which viz. the Vertigo and Palsie the Intellect for the most part remains clear and lively and in the rest like the eye placed in an obscure place it beholds the species either not at all or a few objects only of a more rude appearance but is not easily snatched into any great error or fury which kind of symptoms are ordinarily induced by reason of other Distempers of the Head and of the Spirits inhabiting it of which we are now about to treat For if at any time the Imagination is so disturbed or perverted that it falsly conceives or evilly composes or divides the species and notions brought from the Sense or Memory presently for that reason the intellect beholds or forms conceptions and thoughts only deformed distracted one from another and very confused Which indeed are represented to it from the Brain evilly affected and as it were monsters from a multiplying or distorted Glass As there are many ways by which the Imagination and by consequence the mind and will and the other powers of the superior soul are wont to be perverted or depraved all of them are noted by the common word Foolishness or talking idly But this Distemper is distinguished into shorter which is called a Delirium and into a longer or continual which is either conjoined with a Feavour and termed Phrensie or it happens without a Feavour and then their is joyned with it either raving sadness or stupidity and so it is divided into madness melancholy and morosity or foolishness we shall speak of each of these in order and first of the Delirium and Phrensie Although the Delirium is not a Disease of it self but only a symptom proceeding from other Distempers yet because it happens in some of them that for the most part it is cured by Remedies appropriate to it therefore it will not be amiss for us to inquire a little more strictly into the causes and nature of it This word taken after an especial manner is the same with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or a going crooked or out of the right or straight way and denotes an hurt of the same Animal Function such as ariseth in fits of the Feavour Drunkenness and sometimes in the passions called Hysterical and induces men for a short time to think speak or do absurd things either some of these or all of them together The Delirium is excited forasmuch as the Animal Spirits being either too much irritated or acted into confusion are carried tumultuously into disorders hither and thither within the globous compass of the Brain where the Phantasie and Memory have their seats and so whilst the various images of the imagination and the memory being excited at once are confounded together they object only incongruous and absurd phantasies to the rational Soul and so both the acts of the intellect and the will are only inordinately chosen or drawn forth In like manner it happens by reason that the Animal Spirits being moved within the middle of the Brain or the Callous Body that incongruous conceptions and confused thoughts are objected to the rational Soul as in a long circumgyration or turning about of the body the images of visible things are carried to the common sense whence all things seem to be turned about and sometimes to be lifted up and sometimes to be depressed to the ground that nothing is beheld stable or standing in its due place and position In a Brain rightly disposed the motion of the Animal Spirits are performed as it were in certain numbers ways and measures whilst some Spirits are raised up in these tracts others lye still in those and so they succeed one another in their motions and the several acts of every faculty are made distinct like so many wavings of water in a River but in the Delirium all the Spirits leap forth at once and meeting one another tumultuously or variously laying hold on one another are agitated like mad Bacchanals Further even as these being struck with such a fury within the compass of the Brain do stir up manifold and very much disturbed cogitations so whilst they are carried without its confines into the nervous original they produce incongruous speeches absurd gestures of the body and members and not rarely Convulsive motions But for that such a rage of the spirits otherways than in the Phrensie or Madness presently grows cool and their tumult being over none of their wandring tracts are imprinted in the Brain the Delirium soon passes over and the distemper'd come immediately to themselves again without any marks left of their foolishness or idle raving If it be demanded from whence this short fury is impressed on the spirits inhabiting the Brain that the Reins of the mind being shaken off they turn thus all things upside down in their government we say that they conceive this kind of inordination from a twofold reason to wit this rage or madness is brought immediately to them from the blood washing the frame of the Brain or some Animal Spirits outwardly dwelling in the nervous Stock enter first of all into some disorder then the same being communicated by the nervous passages affecting in like manner the spirits there inhabiting stirs them into a Delirium There are various causes and kinds of either of these the chief of which we shall here touch upon and first shall be shewed how and for what occasions the Blood being either
and feet yea and stretch forth all their members with a mighty strength and a most strong force that indeed the whole Soul seems to grow hot and furious in the whole body to be mad or rather as it were to be inflamed with a sudden burning And truly a Phrensie cannot be more aptly defined than that it is a burning or inflammation of the whole sensitive soul or animal spirits as to their whole Hypostasis or Constitution This burning always beginning from the spirits inhabiting the Brain and wandring from thence into the other parts of the sensitive soul seems to receive from the Blood first growing hot and raging with a Feavourish fire both the first incentive matter and then the constant food of the burning For indeed it is probable that the blood burning Feavourishly doth pour forth on the Brain sometimes sulphureous Particles together with the spirituous which being half inflamed and after a sort burning forth penetrate together with the others and from thence immediately entring into all the marrowy and nervous passages adhere every where to the spirits and so render them being inflamed highly rageing and implacable Certainly it is more likely that the Phrensie is rather excited after this manner by an inflammation of the Spirits than from that of the Meninges or of the Brain which more surely causes an Headach or Lethargy than a Fury as we have frequently found by Anatomy And indeed that it is so is not only ours or any new opinion but that great follower and best interpreter of Hippocrates Prosper Martianus who hath affirmed the same thing almost in express words viz. Comment on his Book De Morbis 3. vers 99. pag. 151. he says That Hippocrates doth call the Phrensie a Delirium with a Feavour which is continual and depends upon a firm and stable Distemper to wit from an inflammation of those parts which serve to institute Nature Reason and the Mind For so the Animal Spirits whose viciousness cause the Delirium do not grow hot as it were by a simple quality but are altered as to their substance This Man manifestly distinguishes between heat and flame and affirming that to be in respect of quality and this an alteration in respect of substance plainly ascribes the cause of the Phrensie to the inflammation of the spirits He has in the same place more things apposite to our matter to wit that the containing cause of the Phrensie was not the inflammation of the Meninges but of the Spirits whose substance is indeed altered that is forasmuch as it is become fiery such a continual Delirium is excited I have oftentimes compared the production of the Spirits from the Blood into the Brain to a Chymical Distillation of which it is observed if the spirituous sulphureous liquor be provoked with too strong fire that in Distilling it sometimes takes fire and ascends in the Alembick with a very great flame This is known of Oyl of Turpentine of it self or with the Flowers of Sulphur to the great loss of some In like manner we may believe that the blood growing more strongly hot doth often communicate also a burning to the Spirits distilled out of it viz. that some half burnt Particles do insinuate themselves into the Pores of the Brain which rushing into all the passages of the Spirits both there and in its appendix every where inkindle the Spirits and compel them into most swift motions almost like Lightning But because the Phrensie doth not come upon all Feavours but only on those highly burning the reason is plain by what follows to wit the closure of the Brain ought to be so shut up that not only any extraneous thing might not be poured into them but that the more intense flame of the Blood however burning it be and though planted round about might not be able to break thorow wherefore some distemper'd with a burning Feavour although the Blood grows hot thorow the whole the Bowels burn the Marrow rages the Tongue and Jaws rosted like a coal yet the Brain being still firmly shut up all the Animal Functions remain whole and sound But on the contrary others who have a weak and too loose a Brain and their Blood more sulphureous than it ought become Phrensical not only from a burning Feavour but sometimes from a more gentle visit By reason of what foregoing cause and for what occasions or evident causes this is wont to happen is the next thing we shall inquire into Hitherto hath been shown that the immediate subject of the Phrensie is the sensitive Soul or the Hypostasis of the Animal Spirits and that the formal reason of the Disease doth consist in their Inflammation and that the conjunct cause is the sulphureous particles poured forth from the Blood into the inclosures of the Brain and there continually inkindling the Spirits and now it is no difficult matter to assign its procatartick or foregoing causes which we find partly in the Blood and partly in the Brain and its inhabitants The previous disposition of the Blood disposing to the Phrensie is sometimes simple sometimes twofold the former is an hot sharp or bilous constitution of it to wit that contains very many sulphureous Particles in it self which are apt to inflame the Blood in a Feavour more than ought to be and to insinuate its burning into the Brain This disposition when it is very potent and active often produces this Disease of it self but for the most part there is another disposition of the Blood which helps that former and renders it more efficacious to wit that besides the sulphureous and inflameable Particles there are others sharp and penetrative which enter into the Pores and open them so that the former more easily enter in or are introduced This the saline little Bodies conjoined with the sulphureous do in a manner effect hence Cholerick and Melancholick persons growing Feavourish are more prone to become furious but much more do the Heterogeneous Particles implanted in the Blood and moved by a Feavour open the doors of the Brain and intromit all that are inflameable wherefore a Phrensie frequently comes upon the Small-Pox and malignant and Pestilential Feavours The other provision to a Phrensie which is of the Brain consists partly in its temper and conformation and partly in the disposition of the Spirits inhabiting it As to the former those indued with an hot and dry Brain are found to be most prone to a Phrensie not because that constitution is more obnoxious to an inflammation or burning for to this it is less apt but because in such a Brain otherwise than in an hot and moist or cold and dry the Pores and passages are more open and too much gaping and so give an entrance to the incentive matter suggested from the Feavour which besides they much more easily admit if the Spirits being very fugacious or apt to flight or pathetick or passionate are upon every light occasion ready to fall
or for a long time continue in their irregularities and when the Palsie Apoplexy Vertigo or Convulsion are not joined to this Distemper of theirs which argue obstructions of the Brain it may be inferred that the Animal Spirits not fetching their force elsewhere are driven into such inordinations nor do chiefly conceive their disorders by reason of the Pores and passages of the Brain being obstructed but rather in this case they cause these aforesaid Symptoms in the sick from the default of their own Nature Such an indisposition of the Animal Spirits is wont to be described after this manner to wit that they when as they ought to be transparent subtle and lucid become in Melancholy obscure thick and dark so that they represent the Images of things as it were in a shadow or covered with darkness The explication of which does not seem incongruous forasmuch as we have already shewed that the Animal Spirits flowing forth from the inkindled Blood go forth after a manner as the rays of light from a flame And it sufficiently appears that the light shews and illustrates it self diversly according as it proceeds from the burning of bodies flaming forth after a various manner as of Spirits of Wine Oyl Fat Mineral Sulphur Nitre and others in like manner the Animal Spirits forasmuch as stilled forth from the Blood having got this or that or some other disposition they are either subtil clear or dull thick and as it were sooty they variously pass thorow and irradiate the organs of the Animal Functions and so for that reason diversly pervert their actions But further when as the Animal Spirits are not wholly loose and free as the little bodies of light but mutually cohere or stick together and left the continuity of the soul should be broken off they ought to be contained in a certain Latex therefore these with the Vehicle to which they cleave may be very aptly compared to some Chymical Liquors drawn forth by distillation from natural mixtures Which Analogy indeed seems fittest for the unfolding the mad distempers 1. Liquors Chymically Distilled are according to the active Elements after a various manner combined in them of a diverse kind the chiefest of these by the consent of all are said to be such as in which the Spirit being united with the Salt doth volatise it and on the other side is sharpned by it and after a sort fixed or kept Of this sort they conceive the great Elixir and the Liquor Alcahest to be and indeed in a manner are the Spirits of Blood of Harts-horn of Soot and such like very subtil volatil and penetrating yet not apt to be inflamed or suddenly to be dissipated And indeed the Animal Spirits seem to be after a manner having obtained a sound and legitimate disposition like a spirituous liquor stuffed with a volatile Salt which is distilled from Blood besides to this there is given from the fire an high Acrimony and Empyreuma or smatch of burning which are wholly absent from the liquor watering the Brain and Nerves 2. Other Chymical Liquors are sulphureous and burning as the Spirits of Wine and Turpentine which consisting of Spirit and Sulphur combined together are easily inflamed and depart one from another of their own accord and fly hither and thither what way they can find the Animal Spirits of this nature as we shewed in the former Chapter seem to be in the Phrensie 3. Some Liquors or Spirits are produced by Chymical operation in which the fixed Salt being carried forth to a Flux hath obtained the dominion of which sort are such as are distilled from Vinegar ponderous Woods and some Minerals with a gentle fire whose particles are very moveable and unquiet but of a short activity so that Effluvia's do not long flow from them that if they should be distilled in Balneo nothing but an insipid Phlegm would be carried into the Alembick And indeed the Animal Spirits in Melancholick Distempers are to be suspected to be of this kind of acetous nature with the dominion of a fluid salt as shall hereafter be more largely shewed 4. Some Stagmas drawn forth by Spagyrick art are sometimes most sharp to wit in which the untamed Particles of a fluid Salt and also Sulphureous and Arsenical being combined together are exalted as are the Stygian Waters distilled out of Nitre Vitriol Antimony Arsnick Verdigriece and the like all which are of a fierce nature very penetrating and not to be broken so that their Effluvia's are agitated with a perpetual motion penetrate every thing and are also diffused far and wide And these kind of Liquors may be aptly likened to the disposition of the Animal Spirits acquired in Madness as shall be anon declared But for the present that we may deliver the formal reason and causes of Melancholy let us suppose that the liquor instilled into the Brain from the Blood which filling all the Pores and passages of the Head and its nervous Appendix and watring them is the Vehicle and bond of the Animal Spirits hath degenerated from its mild benign and subtil nature into an Acetous and Corrosive like to those liquors drawn out of Vinegar Box and Vitriol and that the Animal Spirits which from the middle part of the Brain irradiating both its globous substance as also the nervous System and do produce all the Functions of the Senses and Motions both interior and exterior have such like Effluvia's as fall away from those Acetous Chymical Liquors Concerning which there may be observed these three things 1. Their being in perpetual motion 2. Not long able to flow forth 3. not only to be carried in open ways but to cut new Porosities in the neighbouring bodies and to insinuate themselves into them From the Analogy of these conditions concerning the Animal Spirits it comes to pass that Melancholick persons are ever thoughtful that they only comprehend a few things and that they falsly raise or institute their notions of them We shall consider of each of these a little more largely 1. Therefore we shall take notice that the Effluvia's falling away from these distiled Acetous Liquors are perpetually in motion for the Spirits of Vitriol or of Vinegar or Sea Salt continually evaporate the reason of which is because those Particles of the fluid Salt do scarcely agree with any others but where ever they are stopped being apt immediately to leave their subjects seem to endeavour to get new consorts And hence some have thought nothing more like to perpetual motion than the Acid Spirits of Minerals shut up and Hermetically seal'd in a Phial for so the Vapours or Effluvia's will creep about the sides of the Glass with a continual Circulation In like manner we may suppose That the nervous Acetous Liquor is instilled from the Blood sometimes stuffed with a fixed Salt or with Vitriolick Particles or other heterogeneous into the Brain for the matter and Vehicle of the Animal Spirits and
so these being admitted within the middle part of the Brain for the acts of the Animal Functions do not quickly pass thorow and irradiate all the Pores and Passages but like little acid Atoms creep about here and there slowly but incessantly and as it were with a certain unquiet motion of tingling or creeping diffuse themselves by little and little thorow the whole neighbourhood Hence a storm of thoughts is perpetually stirred up by which the Brain is wont to be busied without intermission so that Melancholic persons have continually day and night disturbed Phantasies for that their Animal Spirits consist of a continually moveable matter Hence also they look with eyes turned inwards or fixed or obliquely and sullen or dogged and exercise the other faculties both sensitive and loco-motive inadvertently because the Spirits being worn out and distracted by continual motion do not well actuate or beam into the nervous System 2. Though the Effluvia's continually fall away from an Acetous Spirit prepared by Chymical Art yet they do not go far but gather together on an heap thickly near the superficies of the liquor and penetrate only the neighbouring bodies not touching those that are at a distance Hence the Spirits of Vitriol Salt or Vinegar will not ascend out of the Cucurbit into the Alembick unless urged with a very strong heat but being included in a low Phial they shall corrode and pierce thorow the stopple It is after the same manner concerning the Phantasie of Melancholick persons for inasmuch as the Animal Spirits being degenerate into an acid nature do not irradiate or quickly pass thorow the whole compass of the Brain as before but flowing in the middle part are carried with its force only into the nearest Pores and Passages therefore cogitations raised up from thence though they be continual yet they comprehend but a few things and so as when many bands of Spirits are thrust together in strait bounds every small object and of very little moment seems to them very great and of notable weight certainly after the same manner and for the same reason as when the visible images passing thorow a Microscoptick Glass are carried to the Eye for because many beams of the same thing are concenter'd its magnitude seems to be increased into an immense greatness so when as every intentional Species or Image by the conflux of very many spirits together is formed in the Brain it appears to the soul greater and of more weight than usual Every one may experiment this truth in himself For when as we become thoughtful from eating gross or melancholick meats or by reason of the passion of sorrow the reason of which affection is because the Animal Spirits are unfit for a more free expansion then we are very solicitous and fearful concerning every little thing as if then our health or fortune were for ever in danger Hence also because the Animal Spirits though almost ever in motion are notwithstanding still limited within the same short bounds Melancholick persons persist a long while in thinking and revolving in their mind often the same thing 3. But there yet remains another similitude of the Animal Spirits with those distilled from Vitriol and other saline bodies to wit that as the Effluvia's sent away from these kind of Acetous Spirits do not evaporate so much from open spaces and tracts before made as they cut out Pores and Passages that are new for themselves in an objected body so that they easily pass thorow and render friable or crumbling the Cork or stopple to the Vessel where they are which happens not from the Spirit of Wine to any thing that stops up the Phial so indeed in Melancholick persons it is usually wont to be For because the Animal Spirits being as it were pointed with saline Particles whilst they flow from the middle of the Brain they observe not their former tracts and ways of their expansion but they thickly make for themselves new and unwonted little spaces within the globous substance of the Brain Hence cogitations are brought before the Soul not such as they were wont to be but new and incongruous and for the most part absurd But indeed because the Phantasie is prevaricated about the Conceptions of things and by reason that the acts of judgment and reason are falsly framed the only cause is for that the Animal Spirits leaving their former walks and going backward and forward in their ways in the Brain being carried hither and thither obliquely and transverse affect altogether unaccustomed and bye ways which indeed is proper for them to do out of the Acetous disposition with which they labour to wit forasmuch as the Effluvia of those kind of Liquors expand themselves not in a direct or free emanation as the rays of light but by a bending motion and as it were creeping they craul on every side into the neighbouring part Thus much for the primary Melancholick Distemper to wit a Delirium or Raving being excited by reason of the vices of the Spirits inhabiting the Brain The beginnings of which although they proceed chiefly and oftentimes almost only from the Acetous disposition of the Spirits yet afterwards the conformation of the Brain it self is often brought to be a part of the cause to wit forasmuch as the Recrements of the Melancholick Blood being perpetually poured forth renders its substance more thick and dark and the primary tracts or paths of the Animal Function being near blotted out new oblique and by-paths are made insomuch that the Spirits though better should be begotten could not easily irradiate the Brain or presently recover their former passages Melancholy is not only a Distemper of the Brain and Spirits dwelling in it but also of the Praecordia and of the Blood therein inkindled from thence sent into the whole Body and as it produces there a Delirium or idle talking so here fear and sadness but by what means we shall now see First in Sadness the flamy or vital part of the Soul is straitned as to its compass and driven into a more narrow compass then consequently the animal or lucid part contracts its sphere and is less vigorous but in Fear both are suddenly repressed and compelled as it were to shake and contain themselves within a very small spaces in either passion the Blood is not circulated and burns not forth lively and with a full burning but being apt to be heaped up and to stagnate about the Praecordia stirs up there a weight or a fainting and in the mean time the Head and Members being destitute of its more plentiful flux languishes The formal reasons of these Distempers and their causes we have before exposed But because these are habitual in Melancholick persons the cause is partly in the Blood and partly in the Animal Action of the heart For the Blood because of the saline particles being exalted becomes less inflamable from whence it is neither sufficiently
inkindled in the Lungs or doth it burn with a plentiful and enough clear flame within the passages of the Heart and its vessels but is apt to be repressed and almost blown out with every blast of wind Hence when that the vital flame is so small and languishing that it shakes and trembles at every motion it is no wonder if that the Melancholick person is as it were with a sinking and half overthrown mind always sad and fearful By reason of this kind of saltish Dyscrasie of the Blood Melancholicks rarely have a Feavour yet being taken with it by reason of the irregular burning of the Blood they are more in danger No less doth it come to pass by the fault of the Heart that Melancholick persons become sad and fearful by reason of the course of the Blood being retarded and called back from thence for because that Muscle is actuated but with an inflowing of weak and enormous Spirits it cannot perform its contractions strongly enough and constantly whereby the Blood may be driven forward into the whole body without stop or leaping back So the Blood and the Animal Spirits affect one another mutually with a reciprocal evil and bring hurt one to the other That is the Melancholick Blood consisting of Saline Particles carried forth together with Sulphureous begets Animal Spirits indued with an Acetous nature as hath been shown and these Spirits wrongly performing the offices of the Vital Function cause such an evil disposition of the Blood to be increased Thus much of Melancholy in general viz. of its Essence Conjunct Causes and chief Symptoms together with the reasons of them Before we proceed to the kinds and differences of this Disease we ought to explain from what kind of causes both Procatartick and Evident it is wont to arise and to be cherished and first from whence either part of the Soul viz. both Animal and Vital doth acquire their morbid dispositions First we say the former of these to be Acetous like to the Spirit of Vitriol or Vinegar and this to be Salino sulphureous or Atrabilary or Melancholick further as the one doth cherish the other so they at first beget one another For sometimes Melancholy beginning and for a long time persisting from the Animal Spirits being disturbed and driven into a certain confusion causes the Melancholick disposition of the Blood and sometimes also the Blood at first contracting this evil disposition perverts the nature of the Spirits That Melancholy doth very often arise from the Animal Government every common body doth sufficiently note to wit forasmuch as the Animal Spirits conceive inordinations from violent passions of the mind in which when they remain long they bend the whole Soul yea and the Body from their due temper and constitution So especially destroying Love vehement sadness panick fears envy shame care and immoderate study are wont oftentimes to excite this Distemper For by reason of these kinds of occasions the Animal Spirits being thrust down beyond their wonted paths of expansion and remaining in their error by reason of the assiduity of Passion at last they go into these deviating tracts which afterwards observing they are hardly reduced into their former due ways Then forasmuch as for that reason the motion and vigoration of the Heart as hath been shewed is lessened therefore the Blood is defective in its due temper and sanguification and is from thence made more fixed and Salino-sulphureous and the Animal Spirits coming from it are but degenerate into a sourness and so the Blood being depraved by the latter encreases to the Melancholick disposition begun from the Spirits No less often doth it come to pass that the seeds of Melancholy being at first laid in the Blood do at length impart their evil to the Spirits For this reason some are made obnoxious to this Disease from their Parents But an inordinate living long intermission of wonted exercise usual evacuations as of the Menstrual Blood or the Piles or bleeding at the Haemorrhoidal Veins also the Seed or the Serous Matter being suddenly suppressed and many other occasions easily infect and foul the Blood and render it Melancholick whose depraved disposition is of necessity communicated to the Spirits But we cannot here yield to what some Physicians affirm that Melancholy doth arise from a Melancholick humor somewhere primarily and of it self begotten and they assign for its birth several places to wit the Brain Spleen Womb and the whole habit of the Body for besides for that no such mines of such an humor appear unless perhaps some be planted in the Spleen moreover the Blood it self is it which conceives at first the Melancholick intemperance or any other by it self and then deposes the Recrements of the same nature in proper emunctories or receptacles For neither is the yellow Bile or Choler laid up in the Gall-Bladder or the black Bile so called or Melancholick humor in the Spleen unless the bloody Mass begets those humors before hand If at any time these or other Recrements being any where laid up are received of the Blood they produce its effervescency or growing hot but not presently or easily its intemperature Therefore because sometimes the original of Melancholy is ascribed to the Head and the intemperature of the Brain from these to wit too hot and accused to be from those too cold I rather think it ought to be affirmed that this Distemper doth sometimes at first begin from the Brain and the Soul dwelling in it because Hippocrates also plainly asserts it 6 Epidem Sect. 8. T. 58. For distinguishing Epileptical and Melancholick persons beings made so together or else successively as to the formal reasons of the Diseases he saith The defluxion which floweth from the Brain from the ill affection state or temperament thereof if it flows into the Body causeth the Falling-sickness if into the cogitation or the mind Melancholy So in Melancholy he grants the Soul distinctly and as it were apart from the Body or Brain to be affected Secondly Because sometimes the original of this Disease is deduced from the Womb it is not to be thought that the Melancholick humor is there at first generated but the occasion of Melancholy doth proceed from thence either bacause the whole Blood being infected and made degenerate by reason of a stoppage of the Menstrua strives to go into a Melancholy Dyscrasie or intemperature or because by reason of the provocations of Venus or Lust being restrained not without great reluctancy of the Corporeal Soul the Animal Spirits being for a long time forced and restrained become at length more fixed and Melancholick Thirdly It is a common opinion and also ours that sometimes Melancholy is either primarily excited or very much cherished from the Spleen being evilly affected and so from thence is called by a peculiar word Hypochondriack as we have shewed at large in another Tract of Convulsive Diseases But the Blood is first in fault begetting in
as it were acetous that is such as we but now described To this Noble man at the beginning we thought good to recommend these following Remedies Take of the Decoction of Senna Gerionis with Tamarinds half an ounce four ounces of the Syrup of purging Apples one ounce of Aqua Mirabilis two drams mix them and take it with government repeating it within nine days After Purging let Blood be taken away with Leeches about four ounces Take of our Syrup of Steel six drams take a spoonful in the morning and at five of the Clock in the Afternoon in the following liquor three ounces walking after it for an hour or two Take of the leaves of Balm Borrage Bugloss Pimpernel Elm-tree Harts Tongue Water-Cresses each four handfuls of the Roots of Borrage half a pound of Pinks and Marigold flowers each three handfuls the outer peels of eight Oranges and four Lemons of Mace half an ounce these being cut and bruised pour to them of Whey made of Cyder eight pints let them be distilled in common Stills Take of the Conserves of Gilliflowers Betony Borrage each one ounce and a half of Pearl powdered two drams of red Coral prepared one dram and a half of the Species Confect de Hyacintho two drams of the Syrup of Coral and red Poppies each what will suffice make an Opiate to be taken going to sleep every night the quantity of a Chesnut drinking after it of Cowslip flower water two or three ounces After sixteen or twenty days changing the method of altering Medicines the following things were used in their places Take of the Powder of Ivory Pearls red Coral prepared each two drams of male Poeony roots one dram and a half of the Wood-Aloes half a dram Lozenges made out of Oranges four ounces of the solution of Tragacanth made of Balm Water what will suffice make Troches weighing half a dram let him eat four in the Morning and at five in the Afternoon drinking after them a draught of Tea Take of the same Powder without the Lozenges half an ounce of the flowers of Sal Armoniack and of Salt of Coral each one dram with Turpentine of Chio six drams make a Mass take half a dram Evening and Morning drinking after it of the distilled water three ounces His food was only good and easily digested meats he drank small Ale with the leaves of Harts-tongue infused in it He tasted sometimes a little Water and Wine or Cyder and he was almost continually employed sometimes in some easie affairs sometimes in moderate exercises or in several sorts of recreations Thus much concerning universal Melancholy by which the sick are affected almost indifferently by any object so that they are intangled in every place and by any accidents and circumstances with a multitude of thoughts continually with raving fear and sadness We have largely enough handled the symptoms of this Disease being manifold and the reasons of them partly in this Chapter and partly in another Tract It is called special Melancholy when the sick respect a certain particular thing or some kinds of things of which they think almost without ceasing and by reason all the powers and affections of the soul being continually imployed about this one thing they live still careful and sad moreover they have absurd and incongruous notions not only about that object but also concerning many other accidents and subjects In this Distemper the Corporeal Soul bending from its proper kind assumes a certain new one but not being conformable either to the Rational Soul or to the Body or to it self it enters into a certain Metamorphosis This kind of Distemper is produced by many ways and on various occasions for vehement passions desire fear anger pleasure yea all other passions both of the concupiscible and irascible Appetite being long continued and carried forth to the height are wont to excite the same But there are two general occasions from which special Melancholy chiefly and most frequently doth arise to wit first when there lyes a most heavy pressure on the mind of some present evil or an evil just at hand whether it be true or imaginary or secondly if the loss or privation of some good before obtained or desparing of something wished for or desired happen In these opposite cases the Corporeal Soul being either drawn forth outwardly omits all domestick care either of it self or of the Body or of the Rational Soul or being pressed inwardly it relinquishes or perverts the offices of Reason and of both the Vital and Animal Functions It would be an huge work to enumerate the various cases in either kind and their ways of affecting out of the great plenty which being of the greatest moment seem to require the care of a Physician are chiefly furious Love Iealousie Superstition despair of Eternal Salvation and lastly the imaginary Metamorphosis of the Body or its parts and the good and evil phantasticks of fortune of these severally we shall speak briefly Concerning the power of Love saying nothing here of some most noble Lord or Heroick actions which appear chiefly on the stage of the Theatre and on that of humane life it is a most common observation that if any one being taken with the aspect and conversation of any Woman begins to desire her and to grow mad for her inwardly and for his most devoted affection has nothing but loss and contempt allotted him unless he be very much supported by a firm reason or is averted as it were by other cross affections there is great danger lest he falls into Melancholy Stupidity or Love-Madness with which passion if by chance he be distemper'd he forth with seems transformed from himself as it were into an animated statue he thinks on nor speaks of any thing but his Love he endeavours to get into her favour with the danger of both the loss of his Life and Fortune in the mean time he not only neglects the care of his houshold affairs or of the publick yea his own health but becoming desperate of his desires he oftentimes lays violent hands of himself But if he be content to live yet growing lean or withering away both in Soul and Body he almost puts off man for the right use of reason being lost omitting food and sleep and the necessary offices of Nature he sets himself wholly to sighing and groaning and gets a mournful habit and carriage of body If we should inquire into the reason of this Distemper it easily appears that the Corporeal Soul of Man being obnoxious to violent affections when it is wholly carried into the object most dear unto it self viz. the beloved Woman and cannot obtain and embrace her there is nothing besides that can quiet or delight it yea being refractory it grows wholly deaf to the Rational Soul and hears not its dictates but carrying only tragical notions to the Imagination darkens the sight of the intellect Further forasmuch as the Praecordia the more
plentiful afflux of the Spirits being denyed to them do slacken of their motions the blood heaped up in the bosoms of the heart and apt to stand still stirs up a great weight and oppression and for that reason sighs and groans in the mean time the face and the outward members grow pale and languish for that the affluence of the Blood and Spirits is withdrawn Hence in our Idiom or Speech the Heart of despairing Lovers is said to be broken to wit because this Muscle is not lively enough actuated by the Animal Spirit and so is shaken weakly and slowly and doth not amply enough cast forward the blood with vigor into all parts Indeed in Love the Corporeal Soul intimately embracing the Idea of its most grateful object endeavours all it can to be joyned and fully united to the same emitting toward her the roots of the affections with which it is most strictly enfolded seems from thence to draw its chiefest life and growth so that the body being neglected when as it inclines it self wholly towards the thing beloved if by chance being broken off from this union it suffer a divorce like a plant taken out of its natural soil for that it does not receive any more or assimilate food convenient for it self it soon withers Hence the Animal Spirits leaving their accustomed offices and wonted tracts of expansion do not actuate or irradiate either the Brain or the Praecordia nor the nervous Appendix after their due manner wherefore not only for the present an untrimmed and a delirous disposition of mind with a mournful habit of body are excited but from thence the vitiated Blood and the Spirits having gotten an acetous nature an habitual Melancholy is introduced Such an inordination of the Animal Function as Mad-Love hath about the acquisition of its object the same or very like hath Iealousie about the retention of the same being gotten so always as well in the fruition as in the desire Res est solliciti plena timoris Amor Love is ever full of careful fear This Soul if it be not secure of its most dear prey it presently grows hot and pours forth darkness and clouds upon its own serenity Then afterwards being infected by a Cholerick tincture it receives every object as if it were imbued with a yellow colour for indeed as the ferment of the stomach being too much indued with a sourness perverts all things that is put into it into its nature so Iealousie being once arisen changes all accidents and circumstances into the food of its poison and when the sensitive Soul being as it were bowed inward in this passion becomes not conform to its Body for that reason the Oeconomy of the Functions both Animal Vital and vegetative being depraved Iealousie makes one rave and to wither away Superstition and a despair of Eternal Salvation are wont to impress on the sensitive Soul the Blood and the Body almost the like Distempers of Melancholy as Love and Iealousie but their way of affecting is somewhat different for in those the object whose acquisition or loss is indanger'd is wholly immaterial and its affection being at first conceived by the Rational Soul is impressed on the other Corporeal In the prosecution of which if â—he easily obtains her desires then no perturbation of the humane mind arises but if as it often is wont to happen the Corporeal Soul being oppugned or refused it will not stand to the monitions of the Rational but presently growing hot moves inordinately the Blood and Spirits opposes the Corporeal goods and blandishments to the spiritual objects from the intellect and endeavours to draw the man to its side and so whenas there is a continual skirmish between the two Souls and that sometimes the superior Will and sometimes the sensitive Appetite prevails at length the judgment seat of the Conscience is erected by the mind where every several action is scrupulously examined By reason of this more frequent strife of the Souls the Animal Spirits being too much and almost perpetually exercised and often commanded and as it were drawn hither and thither into contraries at length they depart something from their vigor and their nature and at length being made more fixed and Melancholick for that they are detained from their wonted expansion cut unaccustomed and by-tracts in the Brain and so induce a Delirium or idle raving with mighty fear and sadness In this sort of Distempers the Corporeal soul being snatched as it were violently departs both from it self and from the Body and according to the characters of the impressed Idea being modified it is wont to assume a new image either Angelical or Diabolical in the mean time the Intellect because the Imagination furnishes it only with undecent and monstrous notions is wholly perverted from the use of right reason By the like means of affecting it happens that some Melancholick persons undergo imaginary Metamorphoses as to their fortunes or as to their bodies viz. whilst one imagines himself and plays the part of a Prince and another a Beggar another believes that he has a Body of Glass and another that he is a Dog or a Wolf or some other Monster for after the Corporeal Soul's being distemper'd with a long Melancholy and the mind blinded it wholly departs both from it self and also from the Body and affects and as much as in it lyes truly assumes a new image or condition CHAP. XII Of Madness AFter Melanchoâ—y Madness is next to be treated of both which are so much akin that these Distempers often change and pass from one into the other for the Melancholick disposition growing worse brings on Fury and Fury or Madness growing less hot oftentimes ends in a Melancholick disposition These two like smoke and flame mutually receive and give place one to another And indeed if in Melancholy the Brain and Animal Spirits are said to be darkned with fume and a thick obscurity In Madness they seem to be all as it were of an open burning or flame But indeed for that as we have already shewn that the Animal Spirits being inkindled or inflamed do excite a Phrensie with a Feavour which is wanting in Madness their affection will be better illustrated in this Disease as well as in Melancholy by the Analogy of Chymical Liquors Whenever therefore Madness without a Feavour being excited with a remarkable hurt of the animal Function is wont to be permanent and continue long its next and immediate subject are the Animal Spirits which acting not by consent nor from any force from another but of themselves are habitually distemper'd and depart from their proper and genuine nature to wit a Spiritual saline into a Sulphureous-saline disposition like to Stygian-Water as we have shewed above therefore they perform only inordinate acts and so persist a long while to act amiss or evilly To this vice of theirs perhaps the Brain or the Blood or other parts may contribute
and too much inflamed afterwards burning forth get to themselves Saline Particles and so in like matter get a most sharp and as it were a Stygian nature wherefore the Feavour then ceasing the Fury becomes fixed and continual 2. The disposition of Madness hath no less frequently its roots in the bloody Mass and is at length produced into act to wit when as the Blood being depraved and becomes Nitro-sulphureous it either perverts the nervous Liquor as also the Animal Spirits or supplies them but evilly Which kind of taint of the Blood is either hereditary or acquired First It is a common observation that men born of Parents that use sometimes to be mad are obnoxious to the same disease and though they have lived above thirty or forty years prudent and sober yet afterwards without any occasion or evident cause they have fallen into Madness The reason of which is for that the Blood at that time bending from its due temper by degrees into a Nitro sulphureous affords to the Head Animal Spirits and also the nervous juice participating as hath been said of a most sharp nature We have formerly shewn that in our Complexion Elementary Particles do persist during life apart from the secondary afforded by nutrition and have their times of crudity maturity and defection wherefore we suppose the morbid seeds do ripen into fruit according to the periods of Ages Further we take notice that oftentimes the fruits of Diseases of this kind do remain ripening for a long time or perpetually as long as life yet sometimes falling off as it were of their own accord do wither away then sometimes in another tract of time from the infection being left new fruits do spring up and by little and little rise up to their height Wherefore Hereditary Madness is sometimes continual and sometimes intermitting Its fits are wont sometimes to come again after a shorter time and sometimes after a longer interval Secondly As the foregoing Cause of Madness sticking in the Blood is oftentimes innate or original so sometimes the same is by degrees begotten either by an evil manner of diet or by the suppression of usual evacuations or by reason of a Feavour going before or for some other causes and at length being brought to maturity breaks forth into Madness It is an usual thing in great want of sustenance that some poor people being constrained to feed only on very disagreeing meats and of ill digestion become at first sad with an horrid aspect louring and dark and a little after Mad. The Haemorrhoids and the after flowings of Women in Child-bed being restrained in their flux or some evil and foul running Ulcers being suppressed dispose some towards this Disease Further those who originally or by acquisition are indued with a more sharp temper and with fierce manners and threatning countenance by reason of the dispositition of their Blood being nigh to a Nitro-sulphur are in danger to fall into Madness from some strong evident cause Thirdly Venomous Ferments being insinuated to the Blood and nervous juice as first of all from the biting of mad Animals or by the taking of some poisons are wont to stir up Madness Concerning the reasons of the former we have proposed our conjectures in another place Of late a very Noble Lady and to be credited told me from her own knowledge that a certain Gentleman having eaten at dinner time the tender leaves of Wolfs-bane in a Sallad with other herbs in the Evening found himself ill and complaining of a great unquietness and agitation of his Blood and Spirits he desired his Friends to send for a Chirurgeon to let him blood or that otherwise he should grow Mad which indeed as he said came to pass for before he could be let blood he fell into Madness and dyed in a nights space This kind of deadly Distemper so suddenly happened for that this poison had not only perverted the Blood and Animal Spirits as to their temper but had slain or beat them down immediately with its malignant Ferment Thus much for the formal Reason and Causes of Madness The primary Symptoms of it we have mentioned to be a Delirium and a Fiâ—ry the reasons of which appear clear enough from what has been already said To these we may moreover add Boldness Strength and that they are still unwearied with any labours and suffer pains unhurt of which we will speak briefly Mad-men are not as Melancholicks sad and fearful but audacious and very confident so that they shun almost no dangers and attempt all the most difficult things that are The reason of which is because the Animal Spirits being very fierce and provoked both fortifie the Imagination that no object may seem greater or bigger than it is wont to be and actuate also the Praecordia with vigor so that they cast forth the Blood strongly and swiftly and drive it forwards lively to the utmost borders of the Body In this Distemper the Soul endeavours to be carried forth and to lâ—ap beyond the compass or sphere of the Body and so striving on every side against the incursions of any exterior things bears it self without fear Secondly Mad-men are still strong and robust to a prodigy so that they can break cords and chains break down doors or walls one easily overthrows many endeavouring to hold him The certain cause of which is because in the Blood and nervous juice of Mad people are contained Particles as it were Nitro sulphureous or otherways most sharp and as it were Stygian from whence the Animal Spirits are indued or are strong with an Elastick or Explosive force stupendous great and far beyond what 's natural Thirdly it is observed that Mad men are almost never tired for although by playing mad pranks and striving many days and nights they strongly exercise their members and live in the mean time without sleep or eating yet they scarce languish at all nor desist from their agonies for want of strength Which without doubt comes to pass for that the Animal Spirits though very moveable and Elastick are not however volatile and easily dissipable but by reason of the Saline Particles being depressed from their volatileness into a flux being joined with the Sulphureous become firm and more fixed and therefore continue longer in their activity In like manner as we have observed in Aqua fortis which though it be contained in a vessel that 's open perpetually sends forth very many Effluvia's and yet still retains its substance unwasted and its corrosive force otherwise than the spirit of Wine or Blood the virtue of which soon evaporates In the fourth place almost for the same reason Mad-men what ever they bear or suffer are not hurt but they bear cold heat watching fasting strokes and wounds without any sensible hurt to wit because the spirits being strong and fixed are neither daunted nor fly away Further the blood having gotten a Nitro sulphureous
every where by equal angles of reflections But those who have a flat head or too sharp or otherways improportionate are affected for the most part with some noted fault of the Animal Function for these kind of Brains like distorted Looking-Glasses do not rightly collect the Images of things nor truly object them to the Rational Soul Thirdly The substance of the Brain should be well temper'd and of a laudable frame not only as to the qualities of heat and cold of driness and moisture but its Systasis or Constitution consisting of plenty of a volatile Salt and Spirit with a moderate proportion of the rest should be thin and airy that the Spirits may pass thorow the whole and cut out to themselves paths also it should be moderately firm and compacted that the tracts and passages being made may remain and not be presently blotted out again by the sinking of the too soâ—t parts But in Stupidity it is to be suspected that there is in the Brain an excess of some manifest quality as of moisture or coldness for which reason Children and old people are wont to be affected with a dulness of their senses or sometimes the Texture is too thick and Earthy so that the spirits do not easily irradiate it or cut tracts for themselves to wit they cannot penetrate an opacous or thick body no more than rays of light To this kind of deadish Texture of the Brain those that are born of Plowmen and Rusticks as if they were formed of a worser clay are obnoxious hence in some Families reckoning many descents backward there is scarce one witty or wise man found In some places the influences of the Heaven and Air incline as it is thought the Inhabitants to Stupidity so to be born in Batavia is proverbially as much as to say a Fool. Fourthly Besides these vices of the Brain which are for the most part original and born with it sometimes its evil conformation as to its Pores and Passages by reason of some acquired inordinations is a cause that the Animal Function is not rightly performed For first of all as to what appertains to the smaller Passages and Pores of the Brain which the spirits themselves frame every where thorow its whole substance and perpetual flow into them for the exercise of the Animal Functions it sometimes happens that these are either defective or perverted and so bring on a dulness of mind or Foolishness These little spaces are defective because the consistency of the Brain being either too obdurate or too fluid it will not indure to be cut thorow after a due manner or to remain or continue so bored thorow But we suspect those Passages to be perverted either because they are too loose or too strait or else for that their making is unequal Too strait Pores do not sufficiently admit store of matter for a good plenty of Spirits Those loose above measure receive together with that matter Heterogeneous Particles and infesting the Animal Regiment They seem to be unequally formed where they are more open in one part of the Brain and more strait in another For this cause we think it to be that some understand or know things well enough but still judge evilly for that their notions and conceptions like the visible Images passing thorow a diverse Medium become distorted Further perhaps for this reason it comes to pass that some excel or are strong in Imagination and Phantasie yet are very deficient in Memory and others on the contrary 3. It sometimes happens that both these conjunct causes do concur together to Foolishness to wit because both the Animal Spirits are dull and toâ—pid and also the Brain evilly conformed And in truth which part soever is first in fault it quickly will make the other in like manner guilty Because when the Spirits being blunt and sluggish do not freely pass thorow the Brain the Pores and Passages in it are not either sufficiently cut thorow or else they close again and the Spirits if they cannot expand themselves by reason of the evil texture of the Brain as they should do they at length becoming slothful and idle grow heavy and acquirâ— a vicious disposition Thus much concerning the Conjunct Causes of Foolishness as to its Procatartick and Evident there belong more occasions by reason of which the aforesaid evils are wont to be brought to the Brain or the Spirits or to both together For in the first place Stupidity as we but now observed is sometimes original or born with one and so it is either hereditary as when Fools beget Fools the reason of which is clear enough to wit the same weak Particles flowing for the constituting the Animal Organs in the Son which were in the Fatherâ— or Stupidity being born with one is as it were accidental to wit it frequently happens that wise men and highly ingenious do beget Fools and Changelings or heavy witted which we suppose so to come to pass sometimes for this cause for that the Parents being too much given to study reading and meditation the Animal Spirits that inhabit the Brain are so much wasted that for the supply of them the most generous Particles of the Blood are still carried to the Head and but few only and small are permitted to descend to the Spermatick Bodies When the rational Soul becomes greatly solicitous in bringing forth its child which are the works of the Intellect then the Corporeal Soul the Spirits being called away to wait on the other becomes not at all or very weakly prolifick Besides this reason there is another frequently to be met with wherefore the first implanted sagacity of men as well as of Brutes is not often propagated from the Parents to the Children For when as we presume certainly the Colt of a generous Horse or of a delicate strain or the Chickens of a Game-Cock that they will patrissare or be like their Sires so that they are sold at a great rate and the virtues of these if not broken by inordinate and preternatural feeding or bringing up descend by a long series to their young from age to age This often happens otherwise to men to wit because the Parents do so enervate and weaken their bodies by intemperance luxury and evil manners that they beget only languishing and unhealthy Children Hence it is that for the most part those who are born of Parents broken with old age or of such as are not yet ripe or too young or of drunkards soft and effeminate men want a great and liberal ingenuity or wit Nor does there happen a less detriment to them of the Animal Faculty whose sires are obnoxious to evil affections of the Brain as the Palsie Epilepsie Carus Convulsions and the like so that to be born of Parents who have a sound mind in a sound body is far beyond a large patrimony Secondly There are more evident causes by which Stupidity is wont to be induced
character 54. 't is of kin to boldness ibid. Animals reduced into classes 7. as Fire and Light are chiefly energetical in mechanical things so in Animals In perfect ones there ought to be many senses 56 Animal spirits what they are 23. to what compared ibid. they abound in an objective and an active virtue 24. they are the efficient cause of sense and motion 56. a most swift communication of them implanted within all the parts ibid. an opposite tendency of them effect both sense and motion ibid. they pass through the sensible species and not the effluvia of the object penetrate even to the head 59. they actuate the Rainbow of the Eye very much 85. they are the immediate subject of sleep 87. and the immediate subject of the Vertigo 147. their distemper being after a diverse manner as it is the cause of the phrensy so it is of Melancholy Madness and Stupidity 188. from what disposition of them the primary Phaenomena of a melancholick Delirium proceed ibid. as they are compared to light they are call'd opacous or full of darkness 189. these kind of spirits in melancholy compar'd to those in Chymical Liquors ibid. they are not like the spirit of Blood as they should be nor like the spirit of Wine for such is rather in the Phrensy ibid. they are like acid spirits distill'd out of Salt Vinegar Box and such like ibid. Stygian Waters are like the nature of the Animal Spirits in madness ibid. three chief affections of acetous Chymical Liquors which agree with them in Melancholy first the effluvias falling away from these Liquors are perpetually in motion in like manner also the Spirits in the Phantasy of a Melancholick Person thence the effluvias from acetous Chymical Liquors do not proceed far in like manner the imagination of a Melancholick Person though always imployed comprehends only a few things and therefore every thing is conceived with a greater Image than it should be Lastly effluvias from acetous Liquors do not evaporate so much from open Pores as they make new and in like manner whilst the Animal Spirits form new tracts in the Brain produce unwonted and incongruous notions 190 191. after they have for some time been vitiated in melancholy the conformation of the Brain is also hurt 191. how they acquire a disposition like to Stygian Water 202. they are the subject of Madness 201 Antiscorbutick Medicines good for pains in the head 116 Apoplexy its seat 153. a description of the disease ibid. its subject ibid. the spontaneous functions only deficient in it ibid. the opinions of others concerning this disease ibid. the theory of this disease is best shown by Webser 154. a reason added by the Author ibid. a twofold Apoplexy 155. The Theory of the former delivered ibid. this disease either accidental or habitual ibid. the cause of the former 156. an extinction of the Spirits comes from opiates or immoderate drinking of hot Waters ibid. the formal reason of the habitual Apoplexy ibid. what its conjunct cause is 157. it consists in the Pores of the Callous Body being suddenly stopp'd and the spirits being driven away by the contact of malignant matter ibid. what the nature or disposition of the morbifick matter ibid. the procatartick cause of the habitual Apoplexy ibid. the differences of this disease 158. its prognosticks ibid. the curatory method ibid. what is to be done in the fit and in what position the sick ought to be kept ibid. Phlebotomy and other administrations noted as Vomiting-medicines Comforters Cupping-glasses hot or glowing Iron 159. the preservatory method ibid. purging and bleeding Spring and Fall ibid. Cephalick remedies ibid. Spirits and Tinctures Lozenges Tea Coffee and Chocalet prepared how to be made and taken 160 a medical Ale ibid. Examples and Histories of Apoplectical Persons ibid. an Anatomical observation 161 Appetite it stirs up local motion 36. the Appetite Imagination and Phantasy in the callous Body of the Brain 25 Approach of the sensible object is made either by contact or effluvias sent forth or by reflected or repercussed particles of the Air Breath or Light 56 Arguments and Reasons of very many Authors perswade that the Soul of Brutes is not only Corporeal but Fiery 5 Artery cutting what it may profit in the head-ach 120 121 Authors for two distinct Souls in man 40 B. BAths when their use is hurtful to the Palsy 173 Bewailing wherefore oftentimes joined with weeping 80 Blasting or withering of Trees like the Palsy 164 Blood animated but hardly sensible 55. its disorders allayed by sleep 92. it performs its offices which are the generation of the Animal Spirits and nourishing the parts better in sleep ibid. how it excites the head-ach 108. the Blood and its contents are sometimes the means of the conjunct sometimes of the evident cause in head-achs 109. for what causes it is wont to be moved and bring hurt to the distempered head ibid. it delivers to the head the morbifick matter received from any other part 110. its inordinations how they may be taken away and prevented 114. its exclusion from the Brain does not easily happen because all the Arteries communicate one with another and some of them supply the defects of others 154. its total exclusion from the Brain sometimes happening causes a terrible Syncope 155. which depends oftnest on the motion of the heart being hindred and so either by reason of the Cardiak Nerves being bound together or by reason of the Spirits in the Cerebel being hindred from their flowing into the Nerves ibid. the original of madness either from the Blood or the Spirits themselves 203 Bloody Brutes why some more hot some more cold 13 Bloodless Creatures whether they have Fiery Souls ibid. Brain and Cerebel 2. Roots of the sensitive Soul 23. a twofold action in the Brain and its Appendix of begetting and dispensation and of Exercise and Government 24. the reason and manner of the former ibid. an exact anatomy of the Brain through its corticated or shelly part 25. the Brain and Praecordia the two Roots of the Soul 48. vices of the Brain noted 148. its distempers wherein the reason is hurt as wel as the other Animal functions 179. what its indisposition is to the Phrensy 183. the Procatartick cause of the Phrensy partly in the Brain 184. Melancholy a distemper of it and the Heart 188. its conformation is hurt after the Animal Spirits being for some time vitiated in melancholy Diseases 191. the Brain labours in stupidity as to its magnitude and figure 209. as to its substance or texture 210. and in its evil conformation as to its pores and passages ibid. Bridges passing over them looking down from on high places and drunkenness how they cause a turning round of the head 146 Brutes their various kinds with their Souls described 7. all their Souls after the manner of Fire want a twofold Food viz. a Sulphurous and Nitrous 6. the more perfect Brutes are indued with knowledge either inbred or
acquired 34. what natural instinct brings to them ibid. some examples and instances of it ibid. Brutes in some things are taught by the impressions of sensible things 35. the direct sensible Species creates in them the Phantasy and memory ibid. the reflected the Appetite 36. by example imitation and institution also 37. how far 't is they are able to know ibid. their Syllogisms 38. their raciocination what and how vile 39 A Burning-Glass placed before a dark Chamber declares how light is made 77 C. CAros how it differs from the Lethargy and Apoplexy 136. its seat a little deeper in the Brain than that of the Lethargy ibid. it s conjunct cause ibid. 't is either a primary Disease or comes upon other distempers ibid. its prognosticks 137. its cure the same with the Lethargy and Apoplexy ibid. its Histories ibid. Cartesius and others their opinions concerning the Souls of Brutes 3 Coma waking its description 141. its causes shown ibid. more often a Symptom than a Disease ibid. V. Caros Colick whence its denomination 225. why counted among the Diseases of the Nervous stock ibid. its description ibid. its seat not always or often in the Gut Colon neither in its Cavity or Coats ibid. it s conjunct cause are not the contents of the intestines nor the humour impacted in the Membranes 226 the Nervous Liquor seems most of all to contribute to its cause ibid. its seat and part affected 227 228. why pains of the Loins often come upon Colick pains ibid. in what the foregoing cause consists ibid. the evident cause 229. the differences of this disease ibid. its prognosticks ibid. its câ—re ibid. to 233. its Histories 233 234 Corporeal Soul the subject of the rational 41. after what manner 't is affected in melancholy and madness 191 Custome its force 89. a notable example thereof ibid. D. DEafness sometimes proceeds from the loosness of the Drum 73 Declination of age disposes some to foolishness 211 Delirium what it is 179 its formal reason ibid. its causes either from the blood or ex teriour Spirits planted in the Nervous Stock 180. by what and how many ways it is caused by the blood ibid. how it proceeds from the irregularities of the exteriour spirits 181. its prognosticks ibid. its cure ibid. the primary Phaenomena of a melancholick Delirium and from what dispositions of the Spirits they proceed 188 Desire and aversion chiefly imploy the Soul 51. how excited c. ibid. to 53 Digby and others their opinion of the Souls of Brutes 3 Dreams what they are 93. sometimes excited by the Spirits inhabiting the Brain sometimes inhabiting other parts viz. the Stomach c. 94. they sometimes stir up local motions ibid. Drunkenness and looking down from high places c. how they cause a Vertigo 146 E. EAR and its uses 71 72 Eating is a certain solution 62 Epicurus and his late followers opinion that the Soul is made of Atoms 2 3 Epilepsy its seat the middle of the Brain which is the seat of the Apoplexy also 161. Eye its description and reason of its diverse conformation inquired into à p. 78 to 86 F. FEar its character c. 53 54 Feeling more thick but most ample of all the senses 60. its kinds c. from 60 to 62. what its proper organ 168 Fire its definition agrees by its causes and essences with the Soul of Brutes 5 Fishes why they rejoice rather in the Water than Air ibid. they breath by the Gills ibid. Flame V Fire part of the Soul 22 31 33. its difference from light 76 Foolishness V. Stupidity G. GAssendus his assertion of the Soul 4 according to him every body is either lâ—cid or illustrated 77 Gometius and Pereira deny the Souls of Brutes to have sense and perception 2 Gout a distemper of the Nervous Stock 214. its subject its appearances rehearsed ibid. parts affected 215. morbiâ—ick matter not any simple humour ibid. in its mine two humours concur and mutually grow hot exemplifyed how ibid. the Blood full of a fixed Salt as it were its feminine the Nervous Liquor being sharp the masculine seed 216. its foregoing causes ibid. 217 218. the evident causes of the goutish fit 218. whence the debility of the Ioints 217. differences of the Gout 219 wont to be complicated with the Scurvy and Stone and the reason of that shewed ibid. its prognostick ibid. cure ib. a notable history of the Stone converted into the Goâ—t and of the Gout into the Stone 224 H. HEad-ach the most common and chiefest affection among diseases 105. its causes so manifold that they can hardly be methodically recited ibid. hence its cure often instituted empirically ibid. what things belong to its pathology ibid. its subject ibid. it s formal reason differences and kinds 106. either within or without the Soul universal or particular ibid. many 〈◊〉 differences noted ibid. an habitual one hath always a more remote cause besides the evident ibid. its causes a p. 107 ad 110. arising from the Nervous Liquor it chiefly infests in the morning 108. how stirred up by many humours meeting together and growing hot ibid. the habitual one chiefly depends on the fault of the Nervous humour 109. its kinds noted at large 112 113. how it seems to arise from the Spleen mesentery or womb ibid. its prognosticks 113. cure from 114 to 125. Histories ibid. a continual headâ—ach not to be accounted incurable 123 Hearing its excellency as to use and activity performed at a distance c. 69. its organ described 71 Heart hardned what it is 47 Histories of head-achs from 121 to 125. of one killed presently by taking too large a dâ—se of Opium 128. of Lethargick 232 c. of continual sleepiness 135 137. of long waking 140. of the Vertigo 151 152. of the Apoplexy 160. of the Palsie 174 175 176 177. of the delâ—rium or Phrensy 187. of Melancholy 197 198. Histories of mad people are to be sought in Hospitals for mad people 208. A notable History of the Stone converted into the Gout and the Gout into the Stone 224. of the Colick 233 234. of a mortal madness from eating the leaves of Wolfs-bane 204 Hope 53 54 I. IMages light and colour are of the same substance 75 Imaginary Metamorphosis of melancholick persons 200 Imagination V. Phantasy Incubus or Night-mare its seat in the cerebel 142. its description ibid. it most often proceeds from natural causes ibid. its seat falsely placed in the Brain ibid. the Praecordia truly labour in this Disease ibid. its cause doth not stick partly in the Brain and partly in the Breast ibid. its next cause is the hindrance of the inflowing of the Spirits to the Praecordia 143. this not in the parts affected nor Nerves themselves but in the cerebel where the first spring of the spirits is ibid. from whence the sense of the weight and loss of motion proceeds ibid. why the fit being so grievous is so often ended without leaving any evil ibid.
use of an inferiour reason 3 Nervous Liquor how a cause of the head-ach 108. the habitual head-ach depends chiefly upon its fault c. 109 wherefore it oft-times becomes corrosive c. 202 Nutritious juice how it excites the head-ach 108.110 111 O. OPâ—ats how they cause sleep 128. how they operate in the Ventricle or Brain how as assigned by Webfer 156 P. PAlace or seat of the humane mind in the Phantasy 41 Palsie what it is 161. its seat ibid. it s conjunct causes 162. in the Palsie either motion or sense only or both together is hurt ibid. spontaneous motion is abolished by reason of the ways being obstructed either in the beginnings or middle passages or about the ends ibid. the ways are obstructed by impletion or compression or by a breaking of the unity ibid. an obstruction in the streaked Bodies causes the universal Palsie or the Palsie of one side ibid. why sense is not hindered as well as motion in every Palsie 163. why all Muscles of the Eyes and Face are not loosened in an universal Palsie ibid. a compression of the streaked Body sometimes stirs up the Palsie ibid. a paralytick obstruction doth sometimes happen in the oblong and spinal Marrow ibid. a Palsie often succeeds Stupidity ibid. a Palsie sometimes from the pressing together of the Marrowy chord ibid. sometimes from the unity being broke 164. the seat of the Palsie sometimes in the Nerves themselves which are either obstructed or compressed or the unity broken ibid. an obstruction sometime in the beginning of the Nerves sometimes in the middle or in their utmost processes ibid. the other conjunct cause of the Palsie ibid. in every Palsie the matter is not so thick or cold as it is vitriolick and other ways infestous to the Spirits ibid. the blasting or withering of Trees like the Palsie ibid. the more remote foregoing causes of the Palsie ibid. the Palsie is either a primary Distemper and a Disease of it self or secondary coming upon or succeeding other Diseases ibid. why the Palsie often succeeds convulsive Diseases ibid. why the distemper of the Colick 166. why the Gout ibid. the evident causes of the habitual Palsie ibid. want or paucity of Spirits oftentimes the cause of the spurious Palsie ibid. for which reason old men are obnoxious to this Disease 167. also scorbutical Persons and such as are full of ill humours ibid. also others long sick ibid. hence some dare not venture on local motion others endeavouring cannot bear it long ibid. the second kind of Palsie in which motion and sense are hurt at once ibid. the third kind in which sense only is affected 168. why feeling is sometimes lost and motion safe ibid. the Prognostick ibid. the Cure 171. Histories and Examples of Paralyticks 174 Paraphrenesis what it is 181. its conjunct causes 181 182. wherefore breathing is hurt in this Disease ibid. its Prognosticks 184. Cure 185 Parts of the corporeal Soul 22. parts serving for hearing how they differ in man and some four-footed Beasts 74 Passions their History from 45 to 55 Phantasy or imagination the power thereof in Brutes 38. 't is often deceived ibid. in man 't is the intellect presiding over the imagination V. Intellect the seat or palace of the humane mind in it 41. the pleasing of it and the senses cause sleep 90 Phantastick desires are immense 52 Phrensy V. Delirium Platonists and Pythagoreans affirm'd the Soul of Brutes to be an incorporeal substance 2 Pleasure and Grief the two primary affections of the Soul 48. they affect the two roots of the Soul viz. the Brain and Praecordia ibid. and 49 Praecordia wherefore and how esteemed the seat of holy affections 47. why call'd the seat of Prudence and Wisdom ibid. they and the Brain the two roots of the Soul 48. they truly labour in the Incubus 142 Prototype of a sound by and by stirs up innumerable Ectypes 70 Pupil of the Eye in some round in others longish the reason inquired into 83. its colour in some black in others grey reddish or otherwise colour'd the reason shewn ibid. R. REasons of very many Authors perswade that the Soul of Brutes is not only corporeal but fiery 5. the reason of good and evil either concerns the corporeal Soul by it self or united to the Body or subjected to the rational 45. reasons of Colours and Images unfolded 77. reasons of the symptoms in Love-madness explained 199. of Tumors and Vlcers in the Kings Evil c. 202 203. of symptoms in Madness 205. why wise and strong men are not always begot of strong and wise men 210 S. SAlivation in inveterate head-achs without suspicion of the Venereal Disease whether it ought to be administred 119. the means and manner of salivating by Mercury unfolded 119 120 Sense what it is 56 57 to 60 Serum how it excites the head-ach 108. its evacuation through its right way being suppressed brings its Flux to the head 110 Sight the most noble Sense 75 77 78 Sleep unknown or greatly controverted what it is 86. Schneiderus's opinion that it is an inorganical faculty of the Soul ibid. its subject not the whole Body 87. the Animal Spirits its immediate subject ibid. all the Spirits injoy rest but not in sleep c. ibid. it s immediate subject is the knowing part of the sensitive Soul ibid. the mediate are the Bodies contemning it 88. its formal reason and beginning ibid. and causes 89. 't is either natural not natural or preternatural ibid. by what and how many ways it begins from the Brain first affected 90. not from fumes ibid. its matter conveyed only by the Arteries 91. why raw and indigested meats induce sleepiness ibid. how it seems to begin in the Eyes ibid. the effects thereof 92. why those that sleep are apt to be cold outwardly ibid. the Blood performs its offices better in sleep ibid. what it affords to the lucid part of the Soul ibid. benefits of sleep noted ibid. Soul the contemplation thereof whereto it conduces 1. divers opinions of the Soul 2 3. three things to be considered in the Soul of Brutes 6. various kinds of Brutes Souls described c. 7. Insects have fiery Souls c. 8. whether fiery Souls in Bloodless Creatures 13. the corporeal Soul in man subject to the rational 18. a double subject of the Brutal Soul 22. whence two parts thereof c. ibid. the sensible part divisible 23. the Animal Spirits constitute its Hypostasis ibid. its beginning 29. frames it self before the Body and increases with it ibid. the Bodies duration depends upon it ibid. like flame it has its trepidations c. 31. as strong in sense and motion as a machine 32. if immaterial also rational ibid. the common sensory not the whole Soul 33. 't is like a self-moving musical Organ 34. the rational far exceeds the Brutal how both joyn'd in man and how they frequently disagree 38. the rational Souls priority ibid. the first act of either is simple apprehension ibid.
the second enunciation 39. how little the Brutes Soul can do in respect of man 40. Authors for two distinct Souls in man ibid. which reason also dictates 41. the rational does not exercise the Animal faculties nor obliterate the sensitive by its coming nor transmute it into a mere power ibid. by what bond united to the Body ibid. the corporeal its subject ibid. created and poured into the formed Body not propagated extraduce 42. plurality of Souls in man manifested by their differences ibid. the rational of it self without affections and how it governs and orders them and the Phantasy 43. in things to be known the corporeal obeys it but not in things to be done and inclining it self to the flesh fights against it ibid. how 't is reduc'd to obedience ibid. it oft seduces the mind ibid. it s twofold state 45. its lucid part feels or perceives the impulse of all objects and is moved by them 56. after what manner the corporeal Soul is affected in Melancholy and Madness 191 Spirits their distinct offices in various provinces c. 24 25. how they receive sensible species so very divers 57. the Animal the immediate subject of Sleep 87. for what causes they lye down of their own accord 89. compell'd into sleep by Narcoticks 90. their penury perswades to sleep ibid. the distemper of the Animal Spirits being after a diverse manner as it is the cause of the Phrensy so it is of Melancholy Madness and Stupidity 188 compared to light they are opacous or full of darkness 189. these kind of Spirits in Melancholy compared to those in Chymical Liquors for they are not like the Spirits of Blood as they should be nor the Spirits of Wine for such are rather in the Phrensy but like acid Spirits distâ—â—â—â—d out of Salt Vinegar c. ibid. Stygian Waters like the Animal Spirits in Madness ibid. three chief affections of acetous Chymical Liquors which agree with the Animal Spirits in Melancholy 191. after the Animal Spirits in Melancholy being for some time vitiated the conformation of the Brain is also hurt ibid. how the Animal Spirits acquire a disposition like to Stygian Water 202. the original of Madness either from the Spirits themselves or from the Blood 203. it begins from the Spirits for two occasions ibid. Squinting whence it comes 82 Stupidity arises chiefly from the failing of the imagination and memory 209. wherefore the Organs of these faculties labour in this Disease ibid. chiefly the Brain first as to magnitude and by reason of figure ibid. as to substance or texture 210. its evil conformatiâ—â— as to its pores and passages whence Stupidity sometimes proceeds from both of them being in fault together ibid. what the antecedent causes of foolishness are ibid. ripeness and the declination of Age dispose some to foolishness 211 great hurts of the head sometimes cause dâ—ting or want of ingenuity ibid. and frequent Drunkenness ibid. and vehement affections ibid. and the more grievous Diseases of the head ibid. the differences of this Disease 212. how Foolishness and Stupidity differ ibid. Stupidity its degrees ibid. the prognostick ibid. if from an hurt of the head evil ibid. if excited from a Lethargy it admits of Cure ibid. sometimes 't is cur'd by a Fever ibid. the Cure requires both a Master and a Physician 213. what the Labour of the former ought to be ibid. what the Medical intentions are ibid. what kinds of remedies are shown ibid. T. TAngible species immediately carried either to the cerebel or to the stroaked Bodies 61. and from thence go forward sometimes to the other faculties ibid. Taste of kin to feeling c. 62 63 Tears their matter 80 Touch the same Nerves are observ'd to serve for its sense and motion 63 V. VEnus an enemy to the Brain and Nerves 55. necessary to the preserving of the individual 62 Vertigo its seat 145. a description of it ibid. the causes and manner of an unnatural one ibid. why looking down from on high and passing over Bridges cause it 146. how Drunkenness causes it ibid. from what causes the preternatural one is wont to be excited ibid. sometimes 't is a symptome of other cephalick Diseases sometimes 't is excited by reason of the distemper of other distant parts viz. from the Stomach Spleen c. 146 147. not by reason of Vapors elevated from these parts 147. its immediate subject is the Animal Spirits ibid. it s formal reason ibid. it s conjunct cause 148. is seen by things helpful and hurtful ibid. the more remote foregoing cause ibid. the differences of this Disease ibid. its prognosticks 149. the Cure ibid. the curatory method shown 150. why vomiting Medicines are so much noted in this and other Diseases of the head ibid. what is to be done out of the Fit for prevention sake ibid. cases and examples of the sick in three Histories and the reason of the case of the second History described 151 152 Vices of the Brain noted 148 W. IN Waking the Spirits inhabiting the cerebel are disturbed with the Spirits of the other Regiment 93. why those being disturb'd perform their offices better whilst these lye quiet in sleep ibid. a double consideration of waking 95 Long Waking of two sorts 't is either the symptom of other Diseases or a Disease it self 138. how many ways the unquiet or elastick Spirits stir it up 139. its causes assign'd ibid. its Cure and History ibid. Natural Waking its cause consists in the restlesness of the Spirits and the openness of the cortical part of the Brain 138 Want or paucity of the Spirits oftentimes the cause of the spurious Palsie 166 Watching preternatural depends either upon the restlesness of the Spirits or the openness of the cortical part of the Brain 139 Weeping its causes and the manner of its being made described 80. wherefore a bewailing is oftentimes joyned with weeping ibid. wherefore it comes from sudden joy 81. why mankind only or chiefly weep ibid. Wise and strong men why not always begotten of wise and strong men 210 Withering or blasting of Trees like the Palsie 164 FINIS Advertisement DOctor Willis's Practice of Physick being all the Medical Works of that Renowned and Famous Physician Containing these Ten Treatises following viz. I. Of Fermentation II. Of Feavers III. Of Urines IV. Of the Accension of the Blood V. Of Musculary Motion VI. Of the Anatomy of the Brain VII Of the Description and Use of the Nerves VIII Of Convulsive Diseases IX Pharmaceutice Rationalis the first and second Part. X. Of the Scurvey Wherein most of the Diseases belonging to the Body of Man are treated of with excellent Methods and Receipts for the Cure of the same Fitted to the meanest Capacity by an Index for the explaining of all the hard and unusual Words and Terms of Art derived from the Greek Latin or other Languages for the benefit of the English Reader With a large Alphabetical Table to the whole With Thirty Copper Plates Done into English
by S. Porâ—â—age Student in Physick Printed for T. Dring and C. Harper in Fleetstreet and I. Lâ—igh at Stationers Hall Price Thirty Shillings There is now Published the second Volume of Dr. Nalson's Impartial Collections of the Great Affairs of State from the beginning of the Scotch Rebellion in the Year 1639. to the Murther of King Charles the First wherein the first occasions and the whole series of the late Troubles in England Scotland and Ireland are faithfully represented taken from Authentick Records and methodically digested with a Table Published by his Majesties special Command Sold by Thomas Dring at the Harrow at the Corner of Chancery-Lane in Fleetstreet The Contemplation of the Soul pleasant but difficult It Conduces to the knowing of the Manners of Men and the Diseases of the Soul It distinguishes the Rational Soul of Man from that other of the Brute Some have affirmed the Soul of the Beast to be an Incorporeal Substance to wit the Platonists and the Pythagoreans Cap. 2. de Nat. Hom. Others an Incorporeal form as the Peripateticks Others affirm the Soul to be Corporeal and either something out of the Elements or the Blood c. The Opinion of Epicurus that the Soul is made out of Atoms The late followers of the Philosopher Epicurus have affirmed the Soul to be made of Atoms Others of them deny it to have Sense and Perception as Gometius Pereira Cartesius Digby and Others Others attribute to the Corporeal Souls sence and Perception and further the use of an inferior Reason as Nemesius De Nat. Hom. Cap. 1. Phys. Sect. 3. Membr post Lib. 8. Cap. 4. Who asserts the Soul to be a little flame or a Certain fire Why the Soul of the Beast seems not to be an incorporeal and immortal substance It is shown that it is Material and Coextended with the Body The Suffrages and Reasons of very many Authors perswade that the Soul of the Brute is not only Corporeal but Fiery The more Ancient Philosophers and Physicians have so affirmed Also many Moderns of great Note Hon. Faber Tract de Plantis et gener anim c. Arguments and Reasons perswade the same thing The diffinition of Fire and Flame by its Causes and Essences agrees also with the Soul of the Brute The Souls of all Brutes after the manner of Fire want a two-fold Food to wit a Sulphureous and Nitrous There are three things to be Consider'd of Concerning the Soul of the Brute It s Subsistance or Hypostasis In its Life or Act. In its Offices and Operations Animals are reduced into Classes either according to the Organs of Respiration Or according to the Vital Humour and they are either without Blood or of frigid Blood or hot Blood Bloodless Creatures are either of the Earth or Water It appears that Insects have fiery Souls because they want Sulphurous and Nitrous food Malpigius de Bombyce p. 28. These have Lungs or numerous wind-pipes the Orifices of which if stopped up by Oyl presently death follows The Heart of the Silk-Worm is long unequal and stretch'd forth thorow the whole Body The Brain is wanting the Spinal Marrow being sufficiently large The Vse of the Parts is exposed Why such numerous Wind-pipes Wherefore the Heart is so long Bloodless Creatures belonging to the Water Soft Fishes The Anatomy of the Oyster The Muscles opening and shutting the shells Circular Muscles moving the Gills The Mouth of the Oyster The Ventricle of the Oyster The Liver and Mesentery The Intestine An Intestine in an Intestine Which perhaps is the Spinal Marrow It s Pericardium with the Heart and Vessels The Gills The Description and use of them The motion of the Gills depends upon the Circular Muscles Shelly and crusty Fishes contain waters in their whole bodies to wit whereby they may be able to live out of the Waters The parts and Viscera of Fishes swiming backwards are inversed The Brain of the Lobster The Nerves and spinal Marrow The Oesophagus The Ventricle from which there is a passage into the Liver and Messentery De Bombie p. 40. Things answerable to the Liver and Messentery in Insects Spermatick Bodies Two Yards in the Male. Two Wombs in the Female The Pericardium and Heart The Aorta The Gills The Gills of the Lobster have three Bosoms Two of these carry about the Vital Humour The third receives and casts out the Waters flowing to it Shelly and Crusty Fishes receive the Waters that when they remain dry they may be able to live The Gills of Crusty Fishes hanging from the Sides or Ribs are moved as it were by shaking Pendulums Whether there be fiery souls in bloodless Creatures From whence the vital humour becomes bloody Why the bloody Brutes are some of them more hot Animals others more cold Why some are indued with an heart with a twofold Belly Lungs others with one Belly and Gills or Wind-pipes dispersed Description of an Earth-Worm It s local motion The little Feet It s Snout It 's Brain Oesophagus Pericardium and Heart White Globes which are Spermatick Bodies The like to these in other Insects The Ventricle of which there are three Bellies c. The Intestine An Intestine in an Intestine which is in the place of the Liver and Mesentery The holes in the back of the Earth-Worm which seem to be Wind-Pipes Earth-Worms and Fishes abound in nitrous Salt being almost wholy destitute of a fixed and Volatile Salt In the next degree of the more frigid bloody Creatures are Fishes They are indued with an one Bellyed Heart and Gills The Structure and use of the Gills Not all the Blood but a part only is carryed thorow between the Gills at every Circulation Fishes breath by the Gills wherefore Fishes rejoyce rather in the Waters than in the Air. Certain Animals change the Regions of the Air and Water Brutes of a more cold blood which are framed with a Heart with a two-fold Belly and with Lungs On which the faculty of diving depends In the highest form of Animals are those of an hot Blood They are furnished with a two fold belly'd Heart and Lungs How the Lungs differ in Birds and four footed Beasts For what end the Lungs are perforated in Birds That the Souls of the more hot Brutes is chiefly Fire In Man the Corporeal or fiery Soul is subordinate to the Rational The parts of the Corporeal Soul A double Subject of the brutal Soul The blood or vital Liquor The Nervous juyce or animal Liquor From hence two parts of the Soul Flamy and light To which may be added another the Epiphysis or dependence of the whole Soul viz. the Genital part The parts or Members of the Soul The Flamy part of the Soul in the Blood Which we have shewed to be truly inkindled The sensitive part of the Soul divisible and extensed The Animal Spirits constitute its Hypostasis The Brain and Cerebel two roots of the sensitive Soul The substance of them two-fold viz. Cortical and Medullary To them are
belonging the oblong Marrow the spinal Marrow Nerves nervous Fibres Both Membranaceous and Muscular A most quick Communication between all these Parts What the Animal Spirits are They are not well compared to spirits of Wine Harts-horn Turpentine c. Better to the Rays of Light interwoven with the Air or the Element The Animal Spirits abound both in an Objective and an Active Virtue As Fire and Light in Mechanical things so in Animals they are chiefly Energetical A two-fold Action of the spirits in the Brain and its Appendix 1. Of begetting and dispensation 2. Of Exercise and Government The reason and manner of the former The distinct Offices of the spirits in various Provinces The perception of Sensions in the streaked Bodies The Imagination Phantasie and Appetite in the Callous Body The memory and remembrance of a thing or reminiscency within the folds of the Brain The series and order of their powers The tracts or paths of the Spirits are distinct within the head it self even as within its nervous Appendix Every where the various Medullary tracts are distinct from the Cortical A more exact Anatomy of the Brain through its Cortication or Shelly part The Common passages and the private pathes of the Spirits To wit which thorow the orbicular prominences are the Testes and Nates The description and use of them From these Medullary tracts into the streaked Bodies And wherefore To the orbicular Prominences succeed the Chambers of the Optick Nerves The description of them The vse The Mamillary Processes are carried by a private passage to the streaked Bodies The common passage of the Spirits to the streaked Bodies is made by the shanks of the oblong Marrow The use or Offices of the streaked Bodies They receive the Impressions of sensible things and convey the Instincts of Motions The beginning of the Brutal Soul Frames it self before the Body And increases likewise with it The duration also of the Body depends upon the Soul The Soul always Born The Offices of the Organs and Faculties are reciprocal towards one another It is natural to the Soul to defend it self and to propagate its species Hence the young one as soon as it is born seeks for food When the In dividâ—â—â— is made the genital humor for the propagating the Species is lay'd up The Genital Humor not from the Brain but from the Blood why the loss of seed disturbs the Brain and Nerves From whence is this Wonderful Commerce of the Brain with the Genital Members The Soul like Flame has in equalities Trepidations c. The Flame of the Soul is sometimes enlarged by passions Sometimes Contracted The same habitually is now decayed Now intense or strong Also the lucid part of the Soul shines diversly And is altered on the part of the Fame Also from the Various affection of the Brain and Nervous stock Also from the various incursions of sensible things Alterations of the Flamy part of the Soul impressed by the Lucid. The Soul of the Brute is strong in sense and motion as a Machine But wonderful how by perception If the Soul of the Brutes be immaterial it is also rational A sensible thing or Body is produced from an insensible as an inkindled Body from one not kindled That matter is not meerly passive But sometimes too active The common Sensorie is not the whole Soul but a certain part of it This receives all species without Confusion How this perceives that her self feels or knows As in mechanical things so much more in an animated body the work is more excellent than the matter A self moving musical Organ To which the soul of the Brute is like The more perfect Brutes are indued with knowledge That is either inbred Or acquired What natural instinct is What it brings to the Brutes Some examples and instances of it Natural Instinct dictates to Brutes what is wholesome and what unwholesome Leads not only to simple Actions but also to very Complicate Actions But yet those always and in all of one Kind only 2 Brutes in some things are taught by the Impressions of sensible things The direct sensible Species creates in them the Phantasie and the Memory The reflected be Appetite The Appetite stirs up local Motion Which being often stirred up produce an habit of Acting 3 Brutes are also taught by experience 4 By Example Imitation and Institution also How far it is that Brutes are able to Know. How natural Instinct iâ— wont to be Compared with acquired Notions With the Impressions of sensible things With Habits learnt from Example or Institution With notions learnt from Experience and Imitation The Syllogisms of Beasts Three heads of this Discourse viz. 1. It is shown that the Rational Soul far excels the Brutal 2 How both Souls are joyned in Man and 3 How they frequently disagree among themselves The Priority of the Rational Soul as to 1 The Objects which are Every Ens. 2 The Acts of Knowing The first Act of either Soul is simple Apprehension The power of this in Brutes is Phantasie or Imagination Which is often deceived In man it is the Intellect presiding or'e the Imagination Which discerns the errors of this Sublimates its notions divests them from Matter Contemplates immaterial Substances The Second Act of either Soul is Enunciation What and how slender this is in Brutes The rational judges discerns and directs the propositions of the Phantasie It deduces from these others more sublime thoughts It beholds it self by a reflected Action And Contemplates other things remote from sense as God c. The Ratiocination of the Brute what and how vile The humane Mind immensly more excellent Is imbued with a natural Logick It hath Created all Arts Sciences except Theologie Logick Physick Metaphysicks Mathematicks Algebra Admirable things of Geometry and Astronomy The humane Mind does wonders in mechanical Things In respect of Man how little is it that the Soul of a Brute Can do That there are two distinct Souls in Man besides many other of latter Time there are for Authors Gassendus And Hammond This also Reason dictates The Rational Soul does not exercise the Animal Faculties Obliterates not the Sensitive Soul by its Coming Nor transmutes it into a mere Power By what Bond the Rational Soul is united to the Body That the Corporeal Soul is the Subject of the Rational Gass. Physic. Sect. 3. Memb. Post l. 9. c. 11. Gassend Ibid. The Seat or Palace of the Humane Mind is in the Phantasie The manner by which the Phantasms are behold by the Intellect viz. Intuition not Perculsion The Rational Soul is inclined to the Body The Intellect depends upon the Phantasie By reason of the various Constitution of this and the Brain Souls seem unequal How the Habits of Reasoning are acquired and performed Gassendus Ib. That the Rational Soul is Created and poured inâ—o the formed Body Not propagated Ex traduce Separate States A Plurality of Souls in Man is manifest by their differences In Man
a twofold Knowing Power and a twofold Appetite The Rational Soul of it self without Affections how it gâ—verns and orders the Phantasie and Affections In things to be Known the Corporeal Soul obeys the Rational but not in things to be done The Corporeal Soul inclining her self to the Flesh Fights against the Rational How it is reduced to Obedience It often seduces the Mind Wars are moved between them Affections of Conscience nigh to Man A Twofold state of the Corporeal Soul Tranquil or Quiet And Disturbed In which either part of the Soul is moved And is either too much inlarged Or Contracted The Trouble of the Soul impressed on the Sensitive Part by and by is Communicated to the Blood The quiet of the Soul happens not only in sleep but often waking when pleasing or unhurtful things are met with On the Contrary when from the Objects Good or Evil is promised Then first the Imagination afterwards the Appetite is mâ—â—ed The Reason of Good and of Evil either concerns The Corporeal Soul by it self Or her united to the Body Or her subjected to the Rational Soul Hence Passions are called either Physical Metaphysical or Corporeal Passions merely Physical are Sympathies and Antipathies Some Instances of Passions merely Physical Passions Metaphysical By these first the Rational Soul Then the Sensitive and Sanguineous part of the other are affected Wherefore and how the Praecordia are esteemed the seat of Holy Affections What it is to have the Heart hardened Wherefore the Praecordia are called also the seat of Prudence and Wisdom Three Corporeal or Moral Passions The two Primary Gestures or Affections of the Soul are Pleasure and Grief They affect the two Roots of the Soul to wit the the Brain and the Praecordia Grief and Pleasure first of all arise from the Sense Afterwards both from this and also from the Phantasie and Memory Some are more Pathetical or moved than others How the Affections are wont to be iterated also how allayed or obliterated The Number of the Passions uncertain Pleasure and what Affections are subordinate to it Love Hope Boldness c. Grief with the Affections subordinate to it Hatred Aversion Fear c. Next to Pleasure and Grief are Love and Hatred The Objects of these are Sensible or Imaginary things By what means desirable things affect the Spirits and the Blood A Pleasant Sensation is described Love is excited by Opinion The Object of this is set up like an Idol in the Phantasie And Worshipped Hatred excited by the Sensible or Imaginary Species How the first of these Affects the Spirits and Blood The Imaginary Evil affects both the Blood and Spirits Love and Hate are transitory Passions Quickly changed into Desire and Aversion The Soul is chiefly employed by these Both proceed either from the Sense or Opinion The desire of a sensible thing is excited either from Natural Instinct or from Custom The former is moderate and easily satisfied Desire got through Custom despising moderate things aspires to new things The reason declared Because the Agent and Patient ought to be unlike The Desires of sensible things tend chiefly to Luxury or Lust. Phantastic Desires are immense But are chiefly carried to Riches or Honors Aversion is excited either from the Sense or from Opinion This Passion being frail is soon changed into Desire Sensible Desire affects both the Spirits and the Blood What Alterations Imaginarâ— Desire brings upon them The Fluctuation of the Mind Plaâ—t Hope and Fear Succeed to Desire and Aversion The Provision of Hope It s Obâ—ect both the Sense and the Imagination Affects both the Spirits and the Blood A Character of Fear How it Affects the Spirits and all the Faculties How the Blood It often passes into Desperation In like manner Hope into Audaciousness To which Anger is of Kin. The Character of Anger There are more than Eleven Affections Pity Envy Boasting Shame c. A Character of Shame Innate Affections Viz. An Inlargement of the Individual A begetting of its Kind Venus an Enemy to the Brain and Nerves The madness or fiery of Lust. Reason suppresses its flowing The Blood is animated but hardly sensible The lucid part of the Soul feels or perceives the impulse of all Objects and is moved by them Sense and Motion are the chief Advancers of the animated Body The efficient Cause of either are the Animal Spirits A most swift Communication of them implanted within all the Parts An opposite tendency of them effect both Sense and Motion What the Sense is The approach of the sensible Object is made either by Contact or by Effluvia's sent forth or by reflected and repeâ—â—â—ssed Particles of the Air Breath or Light As these several are made manifâ—ld they requiâ—e divers Sensories All Knowledge from Sense In Perfect Animals there ought to be many Senses That one of the Touch or Feeling suffices not How the same Spirits receive sensible Species so very divers Than this may be done are required First a Structure of the Organ after a diverse manner Secondly a Various Constitution of the Animal Spirits After what manner Sension is made All sensible Impressions do beam forth from all the Organs into the streaked Bodies In every Sension is required First That the Species be impressed on the Sensory Secondly That it be carried thence by the passage of the Spirits to the Common Sensory How the divers sensible Species are distinctly represented in the same Common Sensory It is shown by an example of the Air whose divers Particles have divers carryings forth Also by the example of Water in which many wavings being at once made are all distinct The like is in the Airy Hyposiasis of the Corporeal Soul For the divers Perceptions of which together in the Common Sensory there are many and distinct Tracts produced Sensible Impressions as they are stronger weak stir up other Powers either more or fewer All the other Powers of the Soul proceed at first from Sension The Animal Spirits pass thorow the sensible Species and not the Effluvia of the Object penetrate even to the head The bounds and passages by 〈◊〉 and into which the Species pass thorow The Number of the Senses is well affirmed to be Five So many and not more are requisite The Sense of Feeling is more thick but the most ample or large Exhibits Signs of Iudgment to the rest of the Senses It hath a mighty diffusive Sensory or Organ Which are the Nervous Fibres In all the Parts both External and Internal Which Fibres thô every where of the same Conformation Yet Exhibit various Species according to the various approaches of tangible things Tangible Species immediately carried either to the Cerebel or to the streaked Bodies And from thence goes forward sometimes to the other Faculties Viz. the Imagination Memory and Appetite The Kinds and Differences of Feeling are either In respect of the Object In respect of the Sensory And so it is either manifest or private Pleasant or Sad. The Taste a
what meaâ—â— in the Brain The History of one presently kill'd by taking too large a Dose of Opium Sometimes a Lethargy arises from Narcotick Particles begotten in the Body Even as Convulsions from a nitro-sulphureous or explosive matter What things belong to the Theory of the Lethargy Its symptoms The chief of which are a sleepiness and oblivion By what means the other faculties of the Soul to wit the knowing desiring and locomotive are affected The evil of the Disease reaches also to the Cerebel Hence breathing is often hurt or altered This proceeds not from the Inflammation of the Midriff From whence the Lethargick Feaver Not from Phlegm putrifying in the Brain Nor is the former always the cause of it in the Lethargy Lib. de Morb. Convuls Cap. viij p. 96. More often the effect of this Disease proceeds from the Organical Circulation of the Blood being hindred or altered How none dyes without a Feaver The Prognostick of the Lethargy When the Disease is desperate When it is only so When some hope may be conceived From whence more hope may be had Whence more of hope than of fear A red Swelling coming upon a Lethargy sometimes cures it Lib. 9. of Convulsive Diseases The Cure of the Lethargy Phlebotomy almost always necessary Outward Administrations Internal Rememedies Iulep Spirits A Powder A Vomit or Purge How they are indicated When to be avoided Starification Catharticks Erthines Sneezing Powders and Apophlegmatisms c. A Blistering applyed to the Forepart of the Head very much helps The first History The reason of this A second History The third History The Cure described Sleepy Diseases do not arise by reason of the Ventricles of the Brain being filled with water The ends or limits of the Lithargy as to the places distempered are constituted Some sleepy Distempers lesser than that viz. Sleepiness and the Coma The Caros is greater than it Continual Sleepiness described It s Seat assigned In what respect it differs both from the Lethargy and the Coma. The conjunct cause of Sleepiness What the deluge or Anasarca of the Cortical part of the Brain is To which happen an heaping up or as it were a stagnation of the Blood about the compass of the Brain Also a Torpor or Sleepiness of the Spirits The Cure of Somnolency An History The 〈…〉 Sick 〈◊〉 The sleepy Coma. The reason of it The Coma is either a primary Disease or it comes after other Distempers The Cure of it when it is a Disease of it self The Cure of the Coma as it is the symptom of another Disease In Lib. Of Convulsive Diseases Chap. viij 3 Of the Caros How it differs from the Lethargy and the Apoplexy The Seat of the Caros is a little deeper in the Brain than that of the Lethargy It s Conjunct Cause The Caros is either a primary Disease or it cometh upon other Distempers The Prognostick of the Carus The event of this Disease is various sometimes it passes into an Apoplexy Sometimes into the Palsie It s Care is the same with the Lethargy and the Apoplexy The first History Another History Long Waking is either the symptom of other Diseases or else is a Disease of it self The cause of natural Waking consists in the restlessness of the Spirits and the openness of the Cortical part of the Brain In like manner also preternatural Watching depends upon one or both The former means described by shewing how many ways the unquiet or elastick Spirits stir up long waking First Because being recalled for Sleep into the middle part of the Brain they grow tumultuous Secondly Because being called back into the nervous Stock they impetuously leap forth And so either into the interior Nerves serving the Praecordia and Viscera Or into the Spinal Marrow and the exterior Nerves The causes of the aforesaid Distempers assigned The Cure of them declared The second sort of thorow or long waking arising both from the too much openness of the Brain and from the unquietness of the Spirits its foreleading Cause Which also causes waking in Melancholick People For the same reason Coffee causes waking An History shewing an example of this Disease A description of the waking Coma The cause of this Distemper shewn It is more often a symptom of other Distempers than a Disease of it self The Seat of the Incubus is in the Cerebel A Description of it It most often proceeds from natural causes The Seat of this is falsly placed in the Brain The Praecordia truly labour The cause doth not stick partly in the Brain and partly in the Breast The next cause of this is the hindrance of the inflowing of the Spirits to the Praecordia This not in the Parts affected Nor in the Nerves themselves But happens in the Cerebel where the first Spring of the Spirits is From whence the sense of the Weight proceeds Whence loss of motion proceeds Wherefore the fit being so grievous is so soon ended without leaving any evil Whence after the Fit the tremblings of the Heart and the Praecordia The Incubus of it self rarely dangerous The Prognostick of the Incubus The Event of it is shewn It s Cure Infants and Boys obnoxious to this Disease how they ought to be handled The Stat of the Vertigo A Description of it The Causes and the Manner of the non-natural Vertigo The Reasons of them shewn Why looking down from on high and passing over Bridges cause a turning round in the Head How Drunkenness A perturbation of the Spirits in the Brain and a revocation of them from their flowing into the Nerves depend mutually on one another From what causes the preternatural Vertigo is wont to be excited Sometimes the Vertigo is a symptom of other Cephalick Diseases Sometimes it is excited by reason of the Distemper of other distant parts viz. from the stomach spleen c. and so by two means 1. Either by reason of the Flood of the Blood being kept back 2 Or by reason of an inordinate recourse or flowing back of the Spirits towards the Brain Not by reason of vapours elevated from these parts is it excited The immediate Subject of the Vertigo is the Animal Spirits The mediate the Callous Body It s formal reason It s Conjunct Cause 1 From the perturbation of the Spirits 2 From their ways or passages being obstructed This is seen by things helpful and hurtful The more remote foregoing cause of the Vertigo consists both in the vice of the Bloud and of the Brain The Reason of the former explained The vices of the Brain noted The differences of this Disease It s Prognostick The Cure of the Vertigo There are three chief intentions of healing 1 To take away the root or feeding of the Disease 2 To remove the procatartick causes 3 To take away the Conjunct Cause The Curatory Method as shewn Why vomiting Medicines are so much noted in this and other Diseases of the Head What is to be done out of the Fit for prevention sake Electuary A