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son_n father_n know_v reveal_v 18,684 5 9.8918 5 false
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A62632 Several discourses viz. Of the great duties of natural religion. Instituted religion not intended to undermine natural. Christianity not destructive; but perfective of the law of Moses. The nature and necessity of regeneration. The danger of all known sin. Knowledge and practice necessary in religion. The sins of men not chargeable on God. By the most reverend Dr. John Tillotson, late lord arch-bishop of Canterbury. Being the fourth volume; published from the originals, by Ralph Barker, D.D. chaplain to his Grace. Tillotson, John, 1630-1694.; Barker, Ralph, 1648-1708.; White, Robert, 1600-1690, engraver. 1697 (1697) Wing T1261A; ESTC R221745 169,748 495

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mankind_n john_n 15._o 22_o 23_o 24._o if_o i_o have_v not_o come_v and_o speak_v unto_o they_o they_o have_v not_o have_v sin_n that_o be_v in_o comparison_n their_o sin_n have_v be_v much_o more_o excusable_a but_o now_o they_o have_v no_o cloak_n for_o their_o sin_n he_o that_o hate_v i_o hate_v my_o father_n also_o if_o i_o have_v not_o do_v among_o they_o the_o work_n which_o none_o other_o man_n do_v they_o have_v not_o have_v sin_n but_o now_o have_v they_o both_o see_v and_o hate_v both_o i_o and_o my_o father_n how_o be_v that_o our_o saviour_n mean_v that_o they_o have_v now_o sin_v against_o all_o the_o advantage_n of_o know_v the_o will_n of_o god_n that_o mankind_n can_v possible_o have_v at_o once_o oppose_v natural_a light_n which_o be_v the_o dispensation_n of_o the_o father_n and_o the_o clear_a revelation_n of_o god_n will_n in_o the_o dispensation_n of_o the_o gospel_n by_o his_o son_n now_o have_v they_o both_o see_v and_o hate_v both_o i_o and_o my_o father_n the_o two_o remain_a observation_n i_o shall_v reserve_v to_o another_o opportunity_n sermon_n xi_o the_o danger_n of_o all_o know_a sin_n both_o from_o the_o light_n of_o nature_n and_o revelation_n rome_n i._o 18_o 19_o for_o the_o wrath_n of_o god_n be_v reveal_v from_o heaven_n against_o all_o ungodliness_n and_o unrighteousness_n of_o man_n who_o hold_v the_o truth_n in_o unrighteousness_n because_o that_o which_o may_v be_v know_v of_o god_n be_v manifest_a in_o they_o for_o god_n have_v show_v it_o unto_o they_o i_o have_v handle_v four_o of_o the_o observation_n which_o i_o raise_v from_o these_o word_n and_o shall_v now_o proceed_v to_o the_o other_o two_o that_o remain_v five_o observation_n that_o the_o natural_a knowledge_n which_o man_n have_v of_o god_n if_o they_o live_v contrary_a to_o it_o be_v a_o sufficient_a evidence_n of_o their_o hold_v the_o tr●th_n of_o god_n i●_n unrighteousness_n for_o th●●eason_n why_o the_o apostle_n charge_v they_o with_o this_o be_v because_o 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justification_n and_o absolution_n by_o the_o sentence_n of_o the_o great_a day_n mat._n 5._o 8._o bless_a be_v the_o pure_a in_o heart_n for_o they_o shall_v see_v god_n joh._n 3._o 3_o except_o a_o man_n be_v bear_v again_o he_o can_v see_v the_o kingdom_n of_o god_n heb._n 12._o 14._o follow_v holiness_n without_o which_o no_o man_n shall_v see_v the_o lord_n 1_o john_n 3._o 3._o the_o apostle_n there_o speak_v of_o the_o bless_a sight_n and_o enjoyment_n of_o god_n tell_v we_o what_o we_o must_v do_v if_o ever_o we_o hope_v to_o be_v partaker_n of_o it_o every_o man_n that_o have_v this_o hope_n in_o he_o purify_v himself_o even_o as_o he_o be_v pure_a and_o this_o condition_n here_o mention_v in_o the_o text_n of_o our_o be_v new_a creature_n be_v the_o same_o in_o sense_n and_o substance_n with_o those_o expression_n which_o we_o find_v in_o the_o two_o parallel_a text_n to_o this_o where_o faith_n which_o be_v perfect_v by_o charity_n and_o keep_v the_o commandment_n of_o god_n 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not_o but_o that_o mankind_n have_v always_o apprehension_n and_o jealousy_n of_o the_o danger_n of_o a_o wicked_a life_n and_o sinner_n be_v always_o afraid_a of_o the_o vengeance_n of_o god_n pursue_v their_o evil_a deed_n not_o only_o in_o this_o life_n but_o after_o it_o too_o and_o though_o they_o have_v turn_v the_o punishment_n of_o another_o world_n into_o ridiculous_a fable_n yet_o the_o wise_a sort_n of_o mankind_n can_v not_o get_v it_o out_o of_o their_o mind_n that_o there_o be_v something_o real_a under_o they_o and_o that_o ixion_n wheel_n which_o by_o a_o perpetual_a motion_n carry_v he_o about_o and_o sisyphus_n his_o stone_n which_o he_o be_v perpetual_o roll_v up_o the_o hill_n and_o when_o he_o have_v get_v it_o near_o the_o top_n tumble_v down_o and_o still_o create_v he_o a_o new_a labour_n and_o tantalus_n his_o continual_a hunger_n and_o thirst_n aggravate_v by_o a_o perpetual_a nearness_n of_o enjoyment_n and_o a_o perpetual_a disappointment_n and_o prometheus_n his_o be_v chain_v to_o a_o rock_n with_o a_o eagle_n or_o vulture_n perpetual_o prey_v upon_o his_o liver_n which_o grow_v as_o fast_o as_o it_o be_v gnaw_v i_o say_v even_o the_o wise_a among_o the_o heathen_n look_v upon_o these_o as_o fantastical_a representation_n of_o something_o that_o be_v real_a viz._n the_o grievous_a and_o endless_a punishment_n of_o sinner_n the_o not_o to_o be_v endure_v and_o yet_o perpetual_o renew_v torment_n of_o another_o world_n for_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o all_o the_o ignorance_n and_o degeneracy_n of_o the_o heathen_a world_n man_n conscience_n do_v accuse_v they_o when_o they_o do_v amiss_o and_o they_o have_v secret_a fear_n and_o misgiving_n of_o some_o mighty_a danger_n hang_v over_o they_o from_o the_o displeasure_n of_o a_o superior_a be_v and_o the_o apprehension_n of_o some_o great_a mischief_n likely_a to_o follow_v their_o wicked_a action_n which_o some_o time_n or_o other_o will_v overtake_v they_o which_o because_o they_o do_v not_o always_o in_o this_o world_n they_o dread_v they_o in_o the_o next_o and_o this_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o those_o superstition_n whereby_o the_o ancient_a pagan_n endeavour_v so_o careful_o to_o appease_v their_o offend_a deity_n and_o to_o avert_v the_o calamity_n which_o they_o fear_v they_o will_v send_v down_o upon_o they_o but_o all_o this_o while_n they_o have_v no_o certain_a assurance_n by_o any_o clear_a and_o express_a revelation_n from_o god_n to_o that_o purpose_n but_o only_o the_o jealousy_n and_o suspicion_n of_o their_o own_o mind_n natural_o consequent_a upon_o those_o notion_n which_o man_n general_o have_v of_o god_n but_o so_o obscure_v and_o deprave_v by_o the_o lust_n and_o vice_n of_o man_n and_o by_o the_o gross_a and_o false_a conception_n which_o they_o have_v of_o god_n that_o they_o only_o serve_v to_o make_v they_o superstitious_a but_o be_v not_o clear_a and_o strong_a enough_o to_o make_v they_o wise_o and_o serious_o religious_a and_o to_o speak_v the_o truth_n the_o more_o know_v and_o inquisitive_a part_n of_o the_o heathen_a world_n have_v bring_v all_o these_o thing_n into_o great_a doubt_n and_o uncertainty_n by_o the_o nicety_n and_o subtlety_n of_o dispute_n about_o they_o so_o that_o it_o be_v no_o great_a wonder_n that_o these_o principle_n have_v no_o great_a effect_n upon_o the_o life_n of_o man_n when_o their_o apprehension_n of_o they_o be_v so_o dark_a and_o doubtful_a but_o the_o gospel_n have_v make_v a_o most_o clear_a and_o certain_a revelation_n of_o these_o thing_n to_o mankind_n it_o be_v write_v before_o upon_o man_n heart_n as_o the_o great_a sanction_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n but_o the_o impression_n of_o this_o be_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n blur_v and_o wear_v out_o so_o that_o it_o have_v no_o great_a power_n and_o efficacy_n upon_o the_o mind_n and_o manner_n of_o man_n but_o now_o it_o be_v clear_o discover_v to_o we_o the_o wrath_n of_o god_n be_v reveal_v from_o heaven_n which_o expression_n may_v well_o imply_v in_o it_o these_o three_o thing_n first_o the_o clearness_n of_o the_o discovery_n the_o wrath_n of_o god_n be_v say_v to_o be_v reveal_v second_o the_o extraordinary_a manner_n of_o it_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v reveal_v from_o heaven_n three_o the_o certainty_n of_o it_o not_o be_v the_o result_n of_o subtle_a and_o doubtful_a reason_n but_o have_v a_o divine_a testimony_n and_o confirmation_n give_v to_o it_o which_o be_v the_o proper_a meaning_n of_o be_v reveal_v from_o heaven_n first_o it_o import_v the_o clearness_n of_o the_o discovery_n the_o punishment_n of_o sinner_n in_o another_o world_n be_v not_o so_o obscure_a a_o matter_n as_o it_o be_v before_o it_o be_v now_o express_o declare_v in_o the_o gospel_n together_o with_o the_o particular_a circumstance_n of_o it_o namely_o that_o there_o be_v another_o life_n after_o this_o wherein_o man_n shall_v receive_v the_o just_a recompense_n of_o reward_n for_o all_o the_o action_n do_v by_o they_o in_o this_o life_n that_o there_o be_v a_o particular_a time_n appoint_v wherein_o god_n will_v call_v all_o the_o world_n to_o a_o solemn_a account_n and_o those_o who_o be_v in_o their_o grave_n shall_v by_o a_o powerful_a voice_n be_v raise_v to_o life_n and_o those_o who_o shall_v then_o be_v find_v alive_a shall_v be_v sudden_o change_v when_o our_o lord_n jesus_n christ_n the_o eternal_a and_o only_o beget_v son_n of_o god_n who_o once_o come_v in_o great_a humility_n to_o save_v we_o shall_v come_v again_o in_o power_n and_o great_a glory_n attend_v with_o his_o mighty_a angel_n and_o all_o nation_n shall_v be_v gather_v before_o he_o and_o all_o mankind_n shall_v be_v separate_v into_o two_o company_n the_o righteous_a and_o the_o wicked_a who_o after_o a_o full_a hear_v and_o fair_a trial_n shall_v be_v sentence_v according_a to_o their_o action_n the_o one_o to_o eternal_a life_n and_o happiness_n the_o other_o to_o everlasting_a misery_n and_o torment_n so_o that_o the_o gospel_n have_v not_o only_o declare_v the_o thing_n to_o we_o that_o there_o shall_v be_v a_o future_a judgement_n but_o for_o our_o far_a assurance_n and_o satisfaction_n in_o this_o matter_n and_o that_o these_o thing_n may_v make_v a_o deep_a impression_n and_o strike_v a_o great_a awe_n upon_o our_o mind_n god_n have_v be_v please_v to_o reveal_v it_o to_o we_o with_o a_o great_a many_o particular_a circumstance_n such_o as_o be_v very_o worthy_a of_o god_n and_o apt_a to_o fill_v the_o mind_n of_o man_n with_o dread_n and_o astonishment_n as_o often_o as_o they_o think_v of_o they_o for_o the_o circumstance_n of_o this_o judgement_n reveal_v to_o we_o in_o the_o gospel_n be_v very_o solemn_a and_o awful_a not_o such_o as_o the_o wild_a fancy_n and_o imagination_n of_o man_n will_v have_v be_v apt_a to_o have_v dress_v it_o up_o withal_o such_o as_o be_v the_o fiction_n of_o the_o heathen_a poet_n and_o the_o extravagancy_n of_o mahomet_n which_o though_o they_o be_v terrible_a enough_o yet_o they_o be_v withal_o ridiculous_a but_o such_o as_o be_v every_o way_n become_v the_o majesty_n of_o the_o great_a god_n and_o the_o solemnity_n of_o that_o great_a day_n and_o such_o as_o do_v not_o in_o the_o least_o ●avour_n of_o the_o vanity_n and_o lightness_n of_o humane_a imagination_n for_o what_o more_o fair_a and_o equal_a than_o that_o man_n shall_v be_v try_v by_o a_o man_n like_o themselves_o one_o of_o the_o same_o rank_a and_o condition_n that_o have_v experience_n of_o the_o infirmity_n and_o temptation_n of_o humane_a nature_n so_o our_o lord_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o father_n have_v commit_v all_o judgement_n to_o the_o son_n because_o he_o be_v the_o son_n of_o man_n and_o therefore_o can_v be_v except_v against_o as_o not_o be_v a_o fit_a and_o equal_a judge_n and_o this_o st._n paul_n offer_v as_o a_o clear_a proof_n of_o the_o equitable_a proceed_n of_o that_o day_n god_n say_v he_o have_v appoint_v a_o day_n in_o which_o he_o will_v judge_v the_o world_n in_o righteousness_n by_o that_o man_n who_o he_o have_v ordain_v and_o than_o what_o more_o congruous_a than_o that_o the_o son_n of_o god_n who_o have_v take_v so_o much_o pain_n for_o the_o salvation_n of_o man_n and_o come_v into_o the_o world_n for_o that_o purpose_n and_o have_v use_v all_o imaginable_a mean_n for_o the_o reformation_n of_o mankind_n i_o say_v what_o more_o congruous_a than_o that_o this_o very_a person_n shall_v be_v honour_v by_o god_n to_o sit_v in_o judgement_n upon_o the_o world_n and_o to_o condemn_v those_o who_o after_o all_o the_o mean_n that_o have_v be_v try_v for_o their_o recovery_n will_v not_o repent_v and_o be_v save_v and_o what_o more_o proper_a than_o that_o man_n who_o be_v to_o be_v judge_v for_o thing_n do_v in_o the_o body_n shall_v be_v judge_v in_o the_o body_n and_o consequent_o
and_o unstable_a wrist_n as_o they_o do_v also_o the_o other_o scripture_n to_o their_o own_o destruction_n here_o the_o danger_n object_v be_v take_v notice_n of_o but_o the_o remedy_n prescribe_v by_o st._n peter_n be_v not_o to_o take_v ●●om_o the_o people_n the_o use_n of_o the_o scripture_n and_o to_o keep_v they_o in_o ignorance_n ●ut_v after_o he_o have_v caution_v against_o the_o like_a weakness_n and_o error_n he_o exhort_v they_o to_o grow_v in_o knowledge_n ver_fw-la 17_o 18._o you_o therefore_o beloved_n see_v you_o know_v these_o thing_n before_o that_o be_v see_v you_o be_v so_o plain_o tell_v and_o warn_v of_o this_o danger_n beware_v lest_o you_o also_o be_v lead_v away_o with_o the_o error_n of_o the_o wicked_a fall_v from_o your_o own_o steadfastness_n but_o grow_v in_o grace_n and_o in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o our_o lord_n and_o saviour_n jesus_n christ_n that_o be_v of_o the_o christian_a religion_n believe_v it_o seem_v that_o the_o more_o knowledge_n they_o have_v in_o religion_n the_o less_o they_o will_v be_v in_o danger_n of_o fall_v into_o damnable_a error_n i_o proceed_v to_o the_o second_o observation_n viz._n that_o the_o knowledge_n of_o our_o duty_n and_o the_o practice_n of_o it_o may_v and_o often_o be_v separate_v this_o likewise_o be_v suppose_v in_o the_o text_n that_o man_n may_v and_o often_o do_v know_v the_o will_n of_o god_n and_o their_o duty_n and_o yet_o fail_v in_o the_o practice_n of_o it_o our_o saviour_n elsewhere_o suppose_v that_o many_o know_v their_o master_n will_n who_o do_v not_o do_v it_o and_o he_o compare_v those_o that_o hear_v his_o say_n and_o do_v they_o not_o to_o a_o foolish_a man_n that_o build_v his_o house_n upon_o the_o sand_n and_o st._n james_n speak_v of_o some_o who_o be_v hearer_n of_o the_o word_n only_o but_o not_o doer_n of_o it_o and_o for_o that_o reason_n fall_v short_a of_o happiness_n and_o this_o be_v no_o wonder_n because_o the_o attain_n to_o that_o knowledge_n of_o religion_n which_o 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and_o conversation_n and_o by_o die_v for_o our_o sin_n and_o rise_v again_o for_o our_o justification_n these_o be_v thing_n which_o man_n may_v easy_o understand_v and_o yet_o for_o all_o that_o they_o be_v difficulty_n bring_v to_o the_o practice_n of_o religion_n i_o shall_v instance_n in_o three_o sort_n of_o person_n in_o who_o the_o knowledge_n of_o religion_n be_v more_o remarkable_o separate_v from_o the_o practice_n of_o it_o and_o for_o distinction_n sake_n i_o may_v call_v they_o by_o these_o three_o name_n the_o speculative_a the_o formal_a and_o the_o hypocritical_a christian_a the_o first_o of_o these_o make_v religion_n only_o a_o science_n the_o second_o take_v it_o up_o for_o a_o fashion_n the_o three_o make_v some_o worldly_a advantage_n of_o it_o and_o serve_v some_o secular_a interest_n and_o design_n by_o it_o all_o these_o be_v upon_o several_a account_n concern_v to_o understand_v something_o of_o religion_n but_o yet_o will_v not_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o practice_n of_o it_o the_o first_o of_o these_o who_o i_o call_v the_o speculative_a christian_a be_v he_o who_o make_v religion_n only_o a_o science_n and_o study_v it_o as_o a_o piece_n of_o learning_n and_o part_n of_o that_o general_a knowledge_n in_o which_o he_o affect_v the_o reputation_n of_o be_v a_o master_n he_o have_v no_o design_n to_o practise_v it_o but_o he_o be_v loath_a to_o be_v ignorant_a of_o it_o because_o the_o knowledge_n of_o it_o be_v a_o good_a ornament_n of_o conversation_n and_o will_v serve_v for_o discourse_n and_o entertainment_n among_o those_o who_o be_v dispose_v to_o be_v grave_a and_o serious_a and_o because_o he_o do_v not_o intend_v to_o practise_v it_o he_o pass_v over_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v plain_a and_o easy_a to_o be_v understand_v and_o apply_v himself_o chief_o to_o the_o consideration_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v more_o abstruse_a and_o will_v afford_v matter_n of_o controversy_n and_o subtle_a dispute_n as_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o trinity_n predestination_n freewill_n and_o the_o like_a of_o this_o temper_n seem_v many_o of_o the_o schoolman_n of_o old_a to_o have_v be_v who_o make_v it_o their_o great_a study_n and_o business_n to_o puzzle_v religion_n and_o to_o make_v every_o thing_n in_o it_o intricate_a by_o start_v infinite_a question_n and_o difficulty_n about_o the_o plain_a truth_n and_o of_o the_o same_o rank_n usual_o be_v the_o head_n and_o leader_n of_o party_n and_o faction_n in_o religion_n who_o by_o needless_a controversy_n and_o endless_a dispute_n about_o some_o thing_n or_o other_o common_o of_o no_o great_a moment_n in_o religion_n hinder_v themselves_o and_o other_o from_o mind_v the_o practice_n of_o the_o great_a and_o substantial_a duty_n of_o a_o good_a life_n second_o there_o be_v the_o formal_n ch●istian_n who_o take_v up_o religion_n for_o a_o fashion_n he_o be_v bear_v and_o breed_v in_o a_o nation_n where_o christianity_n be_v profess_v and_o countenance_v and_o therefore_o think_v it_o convenient_a for_o he_o to_o know_v something_o of_o it_o of_o this_o sort_n there_o be_v i_o fear_v a_o great_a many_o who_o read_v the_o scripture_n sometime_o as_o other_o do_v to_o know_v the_o history_n of_o it_o and_o go_v to_o church_n and_o hear_v the_o gospel_n preach_v and_o by_o this_o mean_n come_v in_o some_o measure_n to_o understand_v the_o history_n of_o our_o saviour_n and_o the_o christian_a doctrine_n but_o do_v not_o at_o all_o bend_v themselves_o to_o comply_v with_o the_o great_a end_n and_o design_n of_o it_o they_o do_v not_o hearty_o endeavour_v to_o form_n and_o fashion_v their_o life_n according_a to_o the_o law_n and_o precept_n of_o it_o they_o think_v they_o be_v very_o good_a christian_n if_o they_o can_v give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o article_n of_o their_o faith_n profess_v their_o belief_n in_o god_n and_o christ_n and_o declare_v that_o they_o hope_v to_o be_v save_v by_o he_o though_o they_o take_v no_o care_n to_o keep_v his_o commandment_n these_o be_v they_o of_o who_o our_o saviour_n speak_v luke_n 6._o 46._o who_o call_v he_o lord_n lord_n but_o do_v not_o the_o thing_n which_o he_o say_v three_o hypocritical_a christian_n who_o make_v a_o interest_n of_o religion_n and_o serve_v some_o worldly_a design_n by_o it_o these_o be_v concern_v to_o understand_v religion_n more_o than_o ordinary_a that_o they_o may_v counterfeit_v it_o handsome_o and_o may_v not_o be_v at_o a_o loss_n when_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o put_v on_o the_o garb_n of_o it_o and_o this_o be_v one_o part_n of_o the_o character_n which_o the_o apostle_n give_v of_o those_o person_n who_o he_o foretell_v will_v appear_v in_o the_o last_o day_n 2_o tim._n 3._o 2._o he_o say_v they_o shall_v be_v lover_n of_o their_o own_o self_n covetous_a heady_a highminded_a lover_n of_o pleasure_n more_o than_o lover_n of_o god_n have_v a_o form_n of_o godliness_n but_o deny_v the_o power_n of_o it_o now_o these_o man_n do_v not_o love_v religion_n but_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o make_v use_n of_o it_o and_o therefore_o they_o will_v have_v no_o more_o of_o it_o than_o will_v just_o serve_v their_o purpose_n and_o design_n and_o indeed_o he_o that_o have_v any_o other_o design_n in_o religion_n than_o to_o please_v god_n and_o save_v his_o soul_n needs_o no_o more_o than_o so_o much_o knowledge_n of_o it_o as_o will_v serve_v he_o to_o act_v a_o part_n in_o it_o upon_o occasion_n i_o come_v to_o the_o three_o and_o last_o observation_n viz._n that_o the_o practice_n of_o religion_n and_o the_o do_v of_o what_o we_o know_v to_o be_v our_o duty_n be_v the_o only_a way_n to_o happiness_n if_o you_o know_v these_o thing_n happy_a be_v you_o if_o you_o do_v they_o not_o if_o you_o know_v these_o thing_n happy_a be_v you_o but_o
that_o he_o will_v not_o do_v what_o he_o know_v he_o ought_v to_o do_v or_o will_v do_v what_o he_o know_v he_o ought_v not_o to_o do_v now_o if_o a_o man_n be_v simple_o and_o invincible_o ignorant_a of_o his_o duty_n his_o neglect_n of_o it_o be_v altogether_o involuntary_a for_o the_o will_n have_v nothing_o to_o do_v where_o the_o understanding_n do_v not_o first_o direct_v and_o this_o be_v the_o case_n of_o child_n who_o be_v not_o yet_o come_v to_o the_o use_n of_o reason_n for_o though_o they_o may_v do_v that_o which_o be_v material_o a_o fault_n yet_o it_o be_v none_o in_o they_o because_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o incapacity_n they_o be_v at_o present_a invincible_o ignorant_a of_o what_o they_o ought_v to_o do_v and_o this_o be_v the_o case_n likewise_o of_o idiot_n who_o be_v under_o a_o natural_a incapacity_n of_o knowledge_n and_o so_o far_o as_o they_o be_v so_o nothing_o that_o they_o do_v be_v impute_v to_o they_o as_o a_o fault_n the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v of_o 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