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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A40104	The history of the troubles of Suethland and Poland, which occasioned the expulsion of Sigismundus the Third, king of those kingdomes, with his heires for ever from the Suethish crown with a continuation of those troubles, untill the truce, an. 1629 : as also, a particular narration of the daily passages at the last and great treaty of pacification between those two kingdomes, concluded at Stumbsdorff in Prussia, anno 1635 : concluding with a breife commemoration of the life and death of Sr. George Duglas, Knight, Lord Ambassadour extraordinary from the late King of Great Brittaine, for the treaty above mentioned / faithfully couched by J. Fowler ...	Fowler, J. (John); Sweden. Treaties, etc. Poland, 1635 Sept. 12.; Poland. Treaties, etc. Sweden, 1635 Sept. 12.	1656 (1656)	Wing F1731; ESTC R42031	226,818	260

it's neighbouring bounds which kept firme therunto and would not admit of a Newtrality with the Suethes albeit they had been once if report err not upon a Treatie For which their fidelity they have since obtained no small priviledges from that Crown prejudiciall not onely to the Neighbour Cities as that of Elbing where formerly the English Merchants of the Eastland Company had a flourishing residence but also to those Merchants and their Nation in the point of trade by their Stample upon all wollen cloaths imported to be dispersed through Poland which Monopoly hath been and is no small greivance unto that Society Neither hath that yoake been taken off notwithstanding Englands merits towards that Crown and the intervention and earnest Solicitation of Englands Ambassadors and other Ministers as will hereafter further appear But returne we now to what is yet remaining that so we may proceed unto the promised Treatie The Polanders as hath been said being wholly on the losing hand and having other ancient constant enemies as the Turk and Tartar and the Russian no assured friend to cope withall besides the Sueths a Peace or if that could not be a truce was mediated Neither was King Gustavus reluctant thereunto as having then a designe upon the main body of the Roman Empire as well to revenge the Injuries he pretended to have received from the Austrian Family for aiding the Polander against him as to assist and succour the all-most totally oppressed Protestant Princes of Germany sundry of whom were his Allaies and who had secretly re clamed his power for their Protection GVSTAVVS ADOLPHVS D. G. SVECORVM GOTHORVM ET VANDALORVM REX MAGNVS PRINCEPS FINLANDIAE etc. The Most Illustrious Puisant and Victorious Prince GVSTAVVS ADOLPHVS by the grace of GOD. King of the Swethens Goths and Vandals great Prince of Finland Duke of Esthonia Carelia Lord of Ingria c sould by P Stent Tho Cecill sculp The King of France deputed the Baron of Charnace The Elector of Brandenburg also had his Ambassadors there and by the Mediation of those publike Ministers interposing the Authority of their Potent Principalls a Truce was upon the sixteenth of September 1629. concluded between those jarring Crownes upon the tearmes that the Curious may see in the Articles themselves long since exposed to publike view and not necessary to be here inserted Before the expiration of this Truce King Sigismundus paying the Debt that all men owe to Nature left the Polanders free to a new Election and three Sons the Princes Vladislaus and Casimir the name of the third Brother I remember not to the hopes thereof Also one Daughter Which three besides their mutuall relations of Brothers and Sister by the same Father might also be said to have been Cousin Germanes to each other by their respective Mothers who both were Sisters to the then Germane Emperour King Sigismundus after the decease of the elder whom he had first married Espousing also the younger by Papall dispensation The more Superstitious and Jesuited Faction which there is very powerfull in prejudice of the accustomed way of Elective Succession to that Crown would have baulked Vladislaus the elder howbeit not for want of merit but as by them conceived to be more favourable towards Protestanisme then they desired and would have chosen Casimirus the younger at present their King by his Brothers decease whom they thought as having amongst them received his Education would prove more inclining toward them but were vigorously opposed by the Illustrious Prince Christopher Radzivill Duke of Bierze and Dubinskie Palatine of Vilnen and great Generall of Lithuania who is said to have brought five thousand Horse to that Parliament a prevaling Argument by whose meanes the elder Prince obtained his Elective Right and was Crowned by the name of Vladislaus the fourth He was a Prince of great Courage and Vigour both of mind and body and inherited not only his Fathers pretensions unto his Hereditary Crown of Suethland but the fame desires for its recovery and hatred against the Detainer thereof Nor is it likely but that upon the terminating of the truce currant he would willingly have entred into a War for the re-gaining of the Right devolved unto him from his Paternall Ancestors had not the States of Poland shewed themselves more willing to a Treatie as having been but late before engaged against the Russian from whom he had gained the Citie and Dukedom of Smolensko with other Territories as also against the Turke and Tartar whom by the losse of two set Battels he had forced unto tearmes of accommodation by means wherof the Crowne of Poland had sustained a vast Charge with other Inconveniencies incident and might therfore require a time of breathing Yet not withstanding they also raised a powerfull Army to countenance the Cause and not without resolution for a vigorous Engagement in case the means used for obtaining a Peace or longer Truce should have proved uneffectuall It is certainly much to be lamented that the Spirit of Discord hath so much power over the minds of Christian Princes as that their Emulations and Dissentions which are the steps whereby the Othoman Empire hath mounted unto its present formidable height should be rendred perpetuall to the prejudice of Christendome the reproach of the Christian Profession and the advantage of insulting Infidells as then it did for the Polish Army at that time had the Turkish Forces at such a bay as that the great Generall of Poland Kaenigspolskie in the hearing of this Relator afterwards told the Ambassadour of Great Brittaine that but for the difference like to ensue between the two Crownes of Poland and Suethland by reason of the then neer expiring Truce hee would have convoyed those Miscreants unto the Gates of Constantinople but leaving this digression As the Crown of Poland might be not unwilling for the reasons pre-alledged to admit of Peace so likewise may the Suethes be conceived not to have been averse thereunto as having lost their Coesar in that famous Feild of Lutzen and being still engaged in the Germane War their Forces were then in decadence constrained to retire toward Pomerania and to keep a long the Sea Coast So as both parties being apparently willing a second Treaty was consented unto and those Princes who had assisted at the former as also the States of Holland were by the interessed Crownes invited to resume the Mediatoriall Office whereunto none of them being backward no more then to contribute their endeavours for a Worke so pious and beseeming Christians Sir George Duglass Knight Ambassadour from the late King of Great Brittaine Claudius de Mesme Baron D'Avaux from the King of France the Prince Sigismundus of Brandenborg Uncle to that Elector from his said Nephew with others of the Electorall Counsell as also Ambassadours from the States Generall of the united Provinces did accordingly howbeit at severall times as opportunity by reason of distance of places would permit meet in Prussia the

then Duke of Sudermannia c. by them Parliamentarily Constituted Governour of Suethland is demonstrated The heads of the severall Letters which passed between that King and his said Uncle in that conjuncture and even when the Armies of both sides were in the Feild and in sight of each other are touched The Kings bad successe the accord ensuing between them with his Retreat into Poland contrary thereunto set forth Contents of their subsequent as well as preceding Acts of Parliament inserted Their renouncing of Fidelity and Subjection to him and his Heirs for ever with their exaltation of the forenamed Duke Charles unto his Nephews Throne manifested The Warrs thereupon between them with advantage to the Suethes and upon other intervenient occasions a Truce mediated and concluded for six years An. 1629. hinted That Truce neer expiring a second Treaty being set on foot An. 1634. for a finall Peace or longer Truce and the latter for six and twenty years assented unto by both Parties the year following the daily passages thereof are faithfully couched Lastly A breife Commemoration of the Ambassador who from England did Mediate that Truce A touch likewise of sundry as aforesayd Emergencies in Germany relating to Englands and the Protestant Interest there in those times not unnecessary for the better understanding of Passages referring as well to the sayd Treaty as to the Ambassadors Person and Death wherein sundry occurrences not usuall may be observed with a cursory mention of the now Raigning Princes of Suethland and Poland and the present posture of affiares in those Nations conclude the Triple Narrative SUETHLAND AND POLANDS TROVBLES Preceding Causing and Ensuing the Expulsion of King SIGISMUND the Third from the Crown of SUETHLAND The Rise of the WARS between Suethland and Poland THE Crown of Poland as also that of Suethland untill of latter Ages hath ever been and still is Elective and albeit not neer so ancient as the other in the Title of a King 〈…〉 yet at present not of consideration inferiour to most in Christendom the same being the only Bulwark in those parts against the incroaching power of the insulting Turk and his Blood-hound the numerous over-running Tartar Unto the time of Boleslaus sur-named Chrobrus that Country was governed somtimes by Dukes otherwhiles by Palatines But Otho the Third the Germane Emperour who in the year 997. first instituted the Colledge of Electors for the choice of future Successors to the Imperiall Crown after an expedition by him made into Italy undertaking a Journey into Poland to visite the Tomb of S. Adelbert and being there Magnificently received and entertained by the said Boleslaus in requitall therof and to tye him in the more strickt Bonds of Amity towards himself and the Roman Empire Of Duke stiled and Crowned him King of Poland about the year of Grace 1000. After whom the said Title continued by the space of 82. years unto the time of Vladislaus the first who abandoned the same using only that of Prince or Duke in which frame the Government remained for the term of 213. years at the end wherof Lescus Niger deceasing and the State distracted into divers Factions being for some time without a Prince the supream Rule was at last electively setled upon Primislaus surnam'd Posthumus who resumed the Title of King An. 1295. That Royall Title hath been ever since retained by his Successors yet not fully established untill the Raign of Casimir the second stiled the Great after whose death his Nephew Lewis King of Hungaria son to Charles King therof by Elizabeth Sister of the said Casimir succeeding electively to the Regall Chair of Poland deceased without Heirs Males and Mary eldest Daughter of the said Lewis being chosen Queen of Hungaria Heduigis the younger was elected to the Crown of Poland and married unto Jagello great Duke of Lithuania who in contemplation of the said Match and the Crown of Poland wherunto he was therby advanced became a Christian in the year 138● by the name of Vladislaus the fifth and wrought so with his Subjects the Lithuanians as that they also embraced the Christian Profession and likewise united his said Dutchy of Lithuania with Samogitia and that part of Roxo●ania which was under his obedience unto the Crown of Poland for ever To which three conditions he was obliged by the Articles of his Marriage The first was forth with the second soon after effected albeit not without reluctancy as may be conceived where a People is rooted and therby become obstinate in Idolatrie The third point the Union was yet more hard to compasse and took more time of deliberation neither was it fully accomplished untill of latter years For the Princes of the Race of Jagello who after him succeeded to the Crown of Poland being unwilling to deprive their Posterity of their Hereditary Estates and to submit the same to the election of the Polanders least being pre-termitted therin they might remain deprived of their ancient Patrimonicall Rights and Dignities deferred the fulfilling therof from one time to another alleadging that the States and people of Lithuania would not consent therto as apprehending future prejudice by that Conjunction But at last seeing that of the one side their Princes Males began to fail as they did in the time of Sigismundus Augustus and on the other part apprehending the power of the Russians and the renewing of former pretensions the Lithuanians condescended to the Union in the Raign of the said Sigismundus who procured that the Lithuanian Bishops the Palatines and a certain number of Castellans should have Session and Vote in the Parliaments of Poland at the election of their Kins and all other Priviledges which the Native Polonians have wherby the Rights of the Lithuanian Princes to their Patrimoniall Estates might seem secured It may be generally observed that in those Elective Kingdoms regard is had to the next in right line unless known to be unfit and unworthy of so great a Power as is apparent in Hungaria Bohemia and Suethland before the same became Hereditary in Denmark also and in Russia most usually and at present is and hath been practised in Germany since the time of Charles the fifth By virtue of this regard to the Progeny of well deserving Princes the Jagellonian Posterity hath continued successively elected to the Crown of Poland ever since his death about 137. years under the Raign of six Kings Viz. Vladislans the sixth his Son Casimir Son to the said Vladislans John Albert second Son of Casimir the elder being pre-termitted by reason of his embracing the Crowns of Hungaria and Bohemia Alexander the third Brother and these two dying without Issue Sigismund fourth Son of the said Casimir succeeded and to him his Son Sigismundus the second sur-named Augustus the last Prince of the Issue Male of Jagello who deceased about the year 1573. After him was chosen Henry of Valois Duke of Anjow second Son to Henry the second King of

France The only meer stranger to the blood in all the Catalogue of the Polish Kings who secretly deserting that Crown and Kingdom upon notice of the death of his Brother Charles the nineth conveyed himself privily into France where An. 1574. he succeeded by the name of Henry de Valois his Raign in Poland not during one whole year Sigismundus Augustus had left albeit no Sons to whom that Crown might accrue two Sisters of whom Anne the elder was wedded to Stephen Bathor Prince of Transilvania an unequall Match her years much exceeding his considered He was therupon chosen King of Poland An. 1579. having been also recommended to that Crown by Amurath the third then Emperor of Turkie which administred occasion to the proud Sultan of boasting that he had given the Polanders a King During the Raign of Sigismund Augustus John Duke of Finland brother to Erick King of Suethland had been sent into Poland to treat a Marriage between his Brother and Catherine the second Sister of the said Sigismund but upon his Brother Ericks mean and unworthy matching with another himself espoused that Princess in the year 1562. by means wherof Sigismundus their first-born being descended from the Jagellonian Regall Race was upon the death of Stephen preferred before all the other Candidates as the Duke of Parma the Arch-Duke Ernest of Austria the Wayvode of Transilvania and his Kinsman the Cardinall Bathory to the Scepter of Poland and was there Crowned during the life of his Father John who having seised his Brother King Erick whom he kept in Prison untill his death then raigned in Suethland as will appear more particularly when the Suethish Princes of the Gustavian Race shall be deduced which now follows in order to the matter in hand Suethland according to Bureus a Native there is a most ancient Kingdom the people wherof issue from that Scandia or Scandinavia comprehending the two Northern Countries of Suethen and Norway Ancient Writers have called the same the Shop of Nations and some have tearmed it the Magazine or Storehouse of People for from thence flowed not only those Warlike Suevians Normans Vandalls but likewise the Terrors and Tamers of the World the Stock or Race of the home-bred Goths and Suethes the Visi-gothes or Westro-gothes and Ostro-gothes who having penetrated into sundry Realms and wearied out not a few of the Europaean Kingdoms with often renewed Wars seated themselves at last in Spain where they continue even hitherto their Empire Gothland if I may use the words of Johannes Magnus seated between the Suethes and Danes too mighty and scarce ever well agreeing Nations fearing least if the same were infested by both it should be constrained to an unequall defence did enter into a perpetuall conjunction of Amity and Society with the Suethes either in regard of their Potency or the conformity between them of dispositions and manner of living Thus far he Jornandes according to Bureus writeth that Rudolphus King of Scandia leaving his owne Kingdome went into Italy to visite Theodoricke a King of the Gothes there was as saith the said Bureus the 85. King of the Suethes It is likewise apparent say their Authors that the Gothes were in Graecia and Thracia before the time of Alexander the Great whom he pronounced were a people to be shunned They were also before the birth of Christ a terrour to the Romans by means of whom they dared not to extend their bounds beyond the Danubius And even the Romans themselves not concealing the Military vertue of others that they might extoll their owne have recorded to posterity how the Visi-gothes and Ostro-gothes had like a deluge overflowed other Nations under their severall Princes the Theodorick's Attalarick's Totila's Tesa's Radagir's Alarick's Attulph's Sigerick's Villia's Roderick's and other like cognominations The same Author saith further that from the time of the first introduction of Monarchie amongst the Suethes both the Nations viz. they and the Gothes were subject mostly to one and the same Prince and became as one and the same people and howbeit that sometimes through emulation they might have distinct Princes yet those breaches were seldome long lasting but they re-peiced and renewed their former concord with mutuall force opposing each others enemies Neither may it seem unworthy of recordation that the Gothes who were so famous amongst all Nations for warlike fortitude as in a manner they became formidable to most in Europe did neverthelesse so farre submit unto the Suethes remaining in their Native soil that as the most ancient Laws of the Westro-gothes affirme the power of electing or rejecting a King for both those people 's remained unto those of Suethland Alphonsus Carthaginensis doth also assert the same saying albeit the Gothes did many times divert to other parts people their Rulers who had the government of the whole Nation remained in Scythia now what that Scythia is Rodoricus Sancius doth explain saying that Isidorus other writers agree concerning the originall of the Gothes that they are of the Island of Scandia to wit Scythia Septentrionalis And A. Kranizius treating of Suethen in his first Book and first Chapter comprehends the summe of those things which were performed by the Gothes after the time of Alexander the Great in these words The renowne of the Gothes in remote Military expeditions was great and famed with most losty Titles for that in contestation with the Romans then most Masters of the knowne world somtimes repressed they rested quiet but other whiles they afflicted the Romans with greater blowes and not seldom retired on equall terms And at last treading the Roman Empire under foot they overspread Italy and having sackt Rome kept there their Kingdome many yeeres They infested Gaule layed the foundations of their Monarchie in Spaine and have from thence derived a Stock of most noble Families of Princes So farr he Wolfgangus Lazius relates that out of those Septentrionall Islands many and great Bands went frequently toward their people the Visi-gothes who had planted themselves in France and the Ostrogothes seated in Illyrico and Italy yea that before the distruction of Troy sundry of the Gothes being as then in Thracia severall Colonies removed toward them Nor were those expeditions undertaken constrainedly but they allured with the successe of their Compatriots in forraigne parts and w th the fame of their exploits did emulously flock unto them which being observed by the then Kings of Suethes and Gothes Lawes for preventing the utter desertion of the Originall territory were there enacted that no persons abandoning their native soile should retaine any inheritance therein and that in regard of the uncertainty of the death abroad of such as so removed and for avoiding the intricacy of contention between their nearest of bloud he who so departed should be reputed as dead from that very hower and his nearest kinsman possessed of the inheritance And therfore it seemes not consentaneous to reason that the Originall Seats should be subject to the

extraneous Gothes for if the Kings of that people who warred abroad had retained a power over them that remained in the Ancient and Paternall Soil they would not probably have permitted that they who marched under their Standarts and with them underwent the dangers and uncertainties of forraign Warfare should have been dispossessed of their Inheritance at home But leaving these things it is evident from their Authors that the Suethes have anciently been an elective Kingdom and free to choose either a Native or Stranger to possess the Regal Chair with this Obligation enjoyned that the King who ere he were should defend the Multitude committed unto him from injury and violence and should endeavour the enforcement and observation of their Laws ancient Customs rightfull Constitutions and Priviledges according to the received custom in all well regulated Nations Notwithstanding which freedom of Election they alwaies made choice of the Son to succeed the Father where they found the Rayes of Vertue corresponding to the Royall Dignity as being conformable to the Laws of Suethen and the continued Annals of that Regions History The truth hereof may appear by the Royall Progeny of Ericus Sanctus whose Son Canutus obtained the Regall Wreath of King Suercherus also to whom his Sons Charles and John succeeded after them Ericus Balbus the Nephew of Ericus Sanctus by election ascended the Royall Chair next whom Valdemarus Nephew to Ericke last named by his Sister and Birgerus that Illustrious Prince of the Ostro-gothes obtained the Scepter which was afterwards swayed by his Brother Magnus sur-named Ladulas Birgerus the Son of Magnus was next elected and he ejected for Cruelty and Fratricide was succeeded by Magnus Erickson his Nephew surnamed Smeek The Suethes as themselves assert have alwaies esteemed that beyond the Proximity of blood pretence of hereditary right or utilitie of friendship Vertue only and Heroick Actions were worthy of a Crown This freedom of Sufferages or Votes in the election of their Kings flourished amongst them many Ages even untill latter times wherin they not moved with the wind of Levity to use their own words but induced by the strickt Law of necessity having first at Strengnesia upon the sixth of June 1523. proclaimed and afterwards at Vpsall on the eighth day of January 1528. Crowned Gustavus Ericke Son sprung from Illustrious Ancestors and worthy of the Regall Charge as having freed them from the Tyranny of Christierne the second King of Denmark did at Orobrogia the fourth of January 1540. by an Act of hereditary Union of their whole Senatoriall Colledge with a numerous Circle of the Equestriall Order assume his Heirs Males from the first to the last into a right of Succession which Act was by the universall States of Suethland assembled in Parliament confirmed and established at Arosia the 13. of January 1544. Thus of Elective the Crown of Suethland became hereditary Neither did their Rulers therby obtrude ought of new or never before practised upon that Nation but followed the stepts and examples of their Ancestors For about 200 years before the whole Orders of that State had bound and obliged themselves almost in the same manner to the forenamed Magnus Smeeke and to his Sons Ericus and Haquinus under such limitations and conditions as are contained in the heredirary Union made at Varburg in Holand An. 1343 wherunto the Curious are referred Yet for the better comprehending of what hath been said we will deduce the Succession of their Kings from the said Magnus the fourth sur-named Smeeke who having in his own time conferred Norway upon his second Son Haquinus was after the death of Ericke his eldest to whom he had designed the Crown of Suethen ejected by the practises of his Nephew Albert Duke of Meckleburg But by the fore-named Bureus this Magnus is taxed of contempt of things sacred of libidenous lust and inhumane cruelty deserving the name of a Spoyler of the Publike And that he not brooking the co-partnership of his Sons which he had seemed to desire had caused to attempt the murther of his Son Ericke who the Traytor being suppressed before he could perpretrate the Fact was soon after poysoned by his Mother Blanca or Blanche a French-woman Magnus being not long after taken in Battell by his second Son Haquin King of Norway yet soon freed fled into Denmark He intercepted the Dutchess of Holstein his Sons betroathed and obtruded upon him Margaret of Denmark whilst he prepared greater Forces he thundred out Proscriptions against the Suethish Nobility Albert Duke of M●ckleburg Son of Euphemia Sister of the said Magnus was by the proscribed Peers in prejudice of Haquin King of Norway elected to the Crown of Suethland in the year 1363. but being afterwards vanquished An. 1387. by Margaret Queen of Denmark and Norway the Widow of Haquin fore-named after seven years detention desirous to regain his liberty to her he resigned the Kingdome Margaret Queen of Denmark Suethland and Norway by some stiled the Semiramis of Germany having united the three Kindoms under her Soveraignty caused an Act of State to be passed in Calmar for a perpetuation of the said Union to her Successors the Laws Privliedges of each Kingdom reserved entire She is by the Suethes taxed of extream covetousness and of breach of promise hated of them she departed into Denmark having by threats and terrours obtained the Kingdom for her Nephew Ericke a youth of fourteen years of age It was she who being admonished not to commit the Forts of the Kingdom unto Strangers contrary to her agreement replyed Keep you those Our Covenants the best you can We will take care for the securing of the Castles She being dead was succeeded by Ericke Duke of Pomerania in the year 1411. by vertue of the said Union and of his Adoption by the fore-named Margaret being the Son of her Sister Ingelburgis He Raigned over the three Kingdoms but was expelled from them all by a strong faction as some say Others as the fore-named Suethish Author that enleavened by his Aunt he was a Violater of promises an Extirpator of the Nobility by extraneous Wars and unseasonable tempestuous Navigations a Spoyler at home He had for Antagonist Engitbert a Prince elected out of the Nobility of the Dalicartes and he being bereaved of life by Danish treachery Carolus Canutus was appointed Governor of the Kingdom He fled into Denmark and there also hated attempting a return into Suethen seised on Gothland from thence infesting the Aquilonian Navigators with Piracies At last besieged by Carolus Canutus and distrusting the Danes he retired to his ancient Inheritance and rest when he had Raigned from his Coronation fourteen years this hapned An. 1433. Christopher Count Palatine and Duke of Bavaria in title only Son of another Lady Margaret Sister of Ericke forenamed promoted by the endeavours of the Danes and their exceeding commendation was not without much reluctancy consented unto by the Suethes in the year 1442.

His laudable beginnings by dessention and mutuall supplantings changing to worse he prepared by craft to have surprised Lubecke but in vain for suffering Shipwrack on the Suethish shoar he was necessitated to quit the design of attempting upon the Vandalian Cities His libidinous desires were by divine Justice punished with Famine and a Plague through the Kingdom himself having lost by Sea the treasure he exported from Suethen deceased in Denmark without Issue An. 1448. Carolus Canutus the Governor forenamed after a vacancy of some years albeit not of the chiefest of the Nobility was by the great Ones who disdained an extraneous Yoak Crowned King An. 1458. He subdued the Norwegians and sorely vexed the Danes then waging War The people moved by the insolency of his Commanders the Arch-bishop of Vbsall sounding the All-arme make insurrection and whilest Charls retired to Dantzig to crave aid of the Polish King they call in and Crown Christierne of Denmark In the mean time Catillus Nephew to the Arch-bishop Prelate of Lincopia turning Souldier gathers Forces from severall parts of the Countrey and expels all that favoured Christierne and having defeated himself in a memorable Battell given upon the Ice he recalled Charles out of Prussia who recovered the favour of the people and placed over them more mild Governors and finally full of Honour both for his Vertues and his Raign deceased An. 1470. After Charls some place the fore-mentioned Christierne called in by a Faction of the Suethes but soon again ejected and the Kingdom governed for a time by Marshals yet he by promises drew the Norwegians to his subjection After him his Son John King of Denmark and Norway in An. 1458. was received say they by the Suethes whom the Russians then overpowred but their turn served they forthwith expelled him returning to their former Government by Marshals And lastly they name Christierne the second the Son of John But Johannes Magnus omitting the three last named whom he esteems but as Usurpers or Kings of a factious Party accounts of none but of the three following who ruled under the notion of Princes only Steno Sture Sisters Son to the forenamed Charles having totally routed Christierne the first who had brought a Navy and an Army to the Gate of Stockholme compelled him to desist from attempting upon Suethen all his time He likewise repressed his Son John who had entred the Kingdom and was Crowned by faction at such a time when as Suethland was infested by the Russians and that Emulation had sprung up between Steno and Suanto Afterwards conducting the Queen of Denmark whom he had taken into Smaland to her Husband King John at a Feast he contracted sickness wherof he died in the year 1503. and of his Government the thirtieth A man of most eminent Vertues yet by this the more eminent in that he refused the Diadem when offered unto him Suanto Prince of the Ostro-gothes a Counsellour of the Kingdom was constituted Prince or Governor of Suethland He confederating with the Lubeckers waged War with Christierne the second the Son of John who seemed to be now desired by many against whom whilst he made greater preparations he departed this life An. 1512. and of his rule the eight A man endowed with most choice Vertues liberall and free from praevious severity Steno Sture the younger the Son of Suanto prudently evaded the Traps and Snares of Christierne the second by sending Gaddus Bishop of Lincopia and Gustavus Erickson to the Parly desired by the Dane But whilst he valiantly opposed Christierne who had invaded Suethen with a new Army he was in a most violent conflict slain with a great shot and the Suethes being by his fall discomfited Christierne was received by the Nobles of the Danish Faction and Crowned and on his very Coronation day and Feast beheaded the chief of the Nobility whom he conceived to be averse unto him for which outrageous cruelty he was expelled the Kingdom the first month of his Raign being in the year 1520. But let it not seem tedious that here be inserted what that excellent Historiographer Thuanus hath written more fully concerning these three forementioned Danish Kings Christierne the first John his Son Christierne the second the Son of John who had each by faction or otherwise been Crowned over Suethland Christierne the first the Stock of the ancient Regall Race of Denmark being extinct was from the Earldom of Oldenburg advanced to the Scepter of Denmark by the Suffrages of that Kingdoms Senators but chiefly by the recommendation of his Uncle Adolphus Duke of Holstein Sedition arising in Suethland and Carolus Canutus their King being forced to withdraw himself Christierne was called in by the faction of John Benedict Arch-bishop of Vbsall and constituted King from thence came the Danish pretensions to the Crown of Suethland John his Father being dead held the Kingdom of Denmark thirty and two years and he also Steno the elder who had succeeded his Uncle Canutus being rejected was by the tumultuous Gothes elected King but soon after driven out and being in many Battels defeated by Suanto who through the favour of Heningius Gaddus the stout Lincopian Prelate was substituted to Steno he betook himself into Denmark Suanto dying in the City of Arosia a Prince of so eminent Vertues as not to be equalised by many his Son Steno Sture the younger after many contentions as being opposed by Ericus Trollus of the Danish faction was by the Senators of the Kingdom the fresh memory of his Fathers merits prevailing ordained King Two years after the death of Suanto Christierne the second succeeding his Father John in Denmark resolved to pursue by Armes the revenge of those great defeats his Father had sustained and the pretensions of right to the Crown of Suethland which he derived by succession from his Father and Grand-father Steno being as he thought confirmed in the Kingdom became corrupted by the counsel of flatterers doing many things amiss and the minds of the Peers being alienated from him he lost liewise the love of many of the people The Dane observing this and conceiving it to be very advantageous to his pretences raiseth a great Army and therwith begirt Stocholme the Regall City yet upon the approach of Steno he raised the Siege But when by reason of contrary winds he could not in three moneths time transport his Forces back being oppressed with extream want of all things from Steno who endeavoured to merit and obtain his friendship he received supply and permission to retire securely with his Army into Denmark This exceeding humanity the Dane recompenced four years after with as great and detestable ingratitude and treachery For pretending to a Parly with Steno when but little wanted that he unwarily had adventured his person into his Enemies Ship he finding himself frustrate of that hope carried away Gaddus and Gustavus Erickson sent by Steno to treat with him Prisoners into Denmark contrary to

might find acceptance with him and that he would prosecute the Friends of the deceased whom he had loved whilest living with all reciprocall friendly Offices and concluded with wishing to us an unmolested proceeding on our journey He vvas pleased afterwards to enquire hovv vve intended to dispose of the body wherunto answer was made that having advertised into England by expresse we would expect Orders at Hamburg Upon our taking leave his Excellency desired that at our arrivall in England his most submissive respects might be tendered to the King to whose many favours both to himselfe and his he acknowledged an exceeding engagement and withall desired that when admitted to the Regall presence we would make mention of the present low condition of the Protestant Affaires in Germany wherin the interest of his Nephews was so deeply concerned which their King had Patronized to the losse of his life and their Crown the like to the great exhausting both of their Treasure and Men That the necessities of those Parts now emplored his Majesty to rise up their Protector by a vigorous assistance wherby that which had with so much sweat and blood beene wrung out of the hands of the common Enemy might not again be lost The like discourse had been made to this Relator at Marienburg above eight months before by Baron D' Avaux the French Ambassadour who willed him to represent the same unto his Lordship and added that the King of Great Brittaine sate then as Umpire over the two maine Interests of the Christian World and held in his hand the beam of the Ballance so as the side he inclined unto must of force over-poise the other wherof he earnestly desired that his Lordship would advertise the King his Master Of all which a faithfull relation was then made to his Lordship From Wismar we returned Colonell Cuningham there leaving us to the place where the Corps remained and thence without disturbance We came within a mile or two of Hamburg where once more leaving the body under the same charge as before Colonell Duglass with the Dutch Secretary formerly named and this Relator went into the City to take order for the sad Solemnity of the Funerall Entry and to see what place had been by Mr. Joseph Avery the late Kings Resident there provided for the Bodies Repositary he having been formerly by Letters solicited therunto and had accordingly procured a Room in the English House there with Lodgings for the more neer related Servants By him it was also thought convenient to acquaint the Senate of that City therwith to prevent any mistake or opposition of the entry of those armed Horse as vve intended Notice therof being given a scruple vvas made as he had fore-seen of admitting the two Troops that conveyed the Body they affirming that it vvas a thing never used and inconsistent vvith their Cities Customes that any extraneous Forces should enter Armed vvithin their Gates and that it might prove of dangerous consequence Reply vvas made that such a handfull in so populous and vvell guarded a City could neither breed danger nor suspition of any That vvhat vvas desired vvas onely in honour to the memory of the deceased and to render the Solemnity more celebrious in a remote Country vvhere confluence of friends could not be made as also for the more satisfaction to those Troops that had attended the Corps so far vvho might think themselves slighted if not permitted to accompany the same unto the Repository prepared It was urged on the other side that whatsoever came within the limits of their jurisdiction needed no other guarde but was by them in point of honour to be protected neither could they admit of such a President Thereunto was rereplyed that their Entrie might be permitted under the name of his Meniall attendants for the more fullnesse of the Ceremonie which could be no way derogatorie to their Citie wherein for ought yet knowne to us the last obsequies might be performed That otherwise we would divert to Attenaw a village thereby neer the Sea but without their precinct and there retaine the same guard The Senate at last consented to what was desired conditionally that the Corps being once lodged the two Troops should immdiately retire without the Gates which also was our desire In Order to the Entrie direction was sent to those without to move toward the Citie next afternoon but to make halt within halfe an English mile thereof whither the Eastland Company of Merchant Adventures with their Deputy and the forenamed Resident all in long Mourning cloakes made their repair as also the honourable Lord Fleetwood forementioned with his said Lievtenant Colonel and sundry other Commanders of qualitie then in that Citie who being all come to the place where the Bodie remained the Advance began First the two Troopes moved next them his Lordships foure sadle Horses led covered to the ground with blacke after those the Body in a Chariot purposely made covered with mourning drawn with six Horses likewise so cloathed to the ground attended on each side by his Footmen and other inferiour Servants The Resident Master Joseph Avery forenamed followed the Hearse as chiefe mourner being a publike Minister from the same Prince on his right hand the Deputy of the English Company Colonell Duglass before named on his left his Lordships Nephew William Lockhart then aged about fifteen years son to Sir James Lockhart by the onely Sister of the deceased Ambassador since Colonell and a Member for his Native Countrey in the two late Parliaments in England and at present one of the Councell of State for Scotland came next to them Single He was followed by the Ambassadors Gentlemen two and two and next to them his other domesticks after whom the Merchants in mourning Cloaks one by one and each accompanyed by a Commander or other Officer his owne Coach covered as also the six Horses with black unto the ground next came his Callosh or Waggon which usually carryed his meaner Menie and last his Baggage or Rust Waggon both covered in like manner each drawne with foure Horses likewise cloathed with black closed up the Traine Thus was the Body by Torch-light brought through the City to the English House and there placed in the Room appointed The Horse immediately retyred and a Banket prepared for those Commanders and Gentlemen as well of the Civill as Military function ended the sad Ceremony About two dayes after for avoyding of trouble to his Servants as also to the house by the curiosity of people who hourely flocked to see the visage of the deceased there being in the Coffin a Casement through which his face might be discerned with part of his bodie lying in a close Gowne of black damaske on his head a cap of the same over one of plaine linnen silke stockings plaine band and cuffes with white gloves His Heart and Tongue well preserved within a damaske cover lying under his head which rested on

the premises at Stockholme the fourteenth of March 1633. Thus was the young Princesse Christiana then aged about seven yeares designed Queene of Suethes Goths and Vandalls c. as before fully expressed conforme to what had been decreed in her Fathers time at the forespecified Stockholmian Parliament An. 1627. Her Person and Kingdome was governed by the Tutors untill the yeare 1650. in which she was Crowned and hath since in a continued single condition swayed that Scepter more absolutely the Surname of Augusta may be not unduely attributed unto her for certainely that Princesse happy in a wise Councell and valiant Commanders hath done great things and for many yeares since her Fathers death hath held up the Bucklers against the Imperiall and Austrian Forces even in the heart of the Empire and left it unconstrained with honourable conditions both for her selfe and her Allyes Casimirus King of Poland Great Duke of Lithuaniae c c. Ao. 1649 But this Princesse borne bred and habituated to raigne hath in one late action outstript all her former by resigning uncompelled that the World hath heard of that Crown and Kingdome unto her Kinsman the present King A concession to be admired and which after Ages will perhaps account rather fictitious than true Examples of such great voluntary renounciations seldome hapning amongst men nor doe we reade of more than two Dioclesian a Heathen divested himselfe of the Imperiall Wreath Charles the fifth likewise after a forty years Regall and thirty six years Imperiall Domination in the fifty and sixth of his age surrendred his Kingdomes to his Son Phillip and the Empire to his Brother Ferdinand But from the weaker Sex which by how much it is so is the more avidously tenacious of Power by what meanes soever acquired as Histories Divine and humane doe testifie none to be excepted nor any equall President to be produced Neither had this Lady those motives which may be conceived to have induced that great Emperor last named to quit his severall Soveraigneties thereby to live eternally in the memories of men As the neernesse of Relations mentioned his advance into years under the burthen of such occasions as could not but render him sensible of having received as he had caused unto others infinite toiles and troubles having undergone nine Voyages into Germany six into Spaine seven into Italy foure into France ten into the Low Countreys two into England two into Affrica besides eleven times traversing the maine Ocean Certainely He having been mostly Successful in continued Wars might be apprehensive of a Reverse of fortune and therfore not unwilling to prevent it as he did by a Monasticall Retirement But this Princesse never exposed to personall hazards hath denuded her selfe of a Royalty and therwith invested her neerest Kinsman yet more remote then either a Son or a Brother What Women do we read of that ever refused ought of Glorious Much lesse doth History record any Princesse who in the prime of her years hath freely relinquished a long continued hereditary devolved Possession of a Diadem this Lady excepted who by this Conquest over her self hath atchieved a greater then by all her Commanders she ever could which happily may incite some accurate Pen to afford the World an Elogium befitting the Magnanimity of that Act in one of the fairer Sex then which former Ages have not preduced a more lofty Subject wheron to ground the Gallantry of a Discourse That Queen hath all along demonstrated a good inclination to preserve a faire correspondency with England even in the heat and height of its late troubles In An. 1644. Shee sent Mr Hugh Mowet her Agent to the Parliament then sitting in which publike Ministry he was employed about two yeares Neither did he make in all that time the least addresse or application elsewhere Severall subsequent entercourses have since continued the Amity between this and that Nation Neither have her respects as well to our present Government as to the Person of his Highnesse the LORD PROTECTOR been obscurely testified by her solemne Reception and honourable Entertainment of the Right Honourable the Lord Whitlock late Ambassadour Extraordinary in Suethland and by her faire compliance with what desired for the good of both Nations which having concluded and as witnessing to the World that She would Dignifie that Act by rendring it the last of her Raigne she soon after resigned her Kingdome Crown and Scepter unto CAROLVS GVSTAVVS the present King of Suethes Gothes and Vandals Great Prince of Finland Duke of Esthonia and Carelia Lord of Ingria who hath ratified the same and setled a future good understanding between the Realmes of England and Suethland by a most Solemne and Magnificent Embassie He was borne in Ostrogothia about the year 1620. if information erre not Son to the most Illustrious Prince John Casimir Duke of Zwey Bruchie descended from the Electorall House Palatine and of the most Illustrious Princesse Catherina eldest Daughter to the often fore-named Charles the ninth King of Suethland and half Sister to the Great Gustavus Adolphus He was in England An. 1640. since which time he hath been Generalissimo of all the Suethish Forces in Germany and there gave beginning to those great expectations of himselfe which have rendred him the desire of the Suethes who have Crowned him their King in An. 1654 He was as I have been informed entitled to that Kingdome by Act of that Nations Parliament in the year 1650. if the then Queen Christina should decease without lawfull Male Issue His early great Commencements as well before as since his Exaltation to that Crown do promise an equall progresse and the addition of Semper to his sur-name of Gustavus which literis transpositis is Augustus for a perpetuating of the Glory of that Gustavian Line unto whose name and Scepter he hath so happily succeeded as his late Armed Entry into Poland and Successe hitherto may seem to witnesse The Motives that induced him therunto the Curious may read in his Letter to the present Emperour Ferdinand the third dated from Wolgast in the month of July of the year currant 1655. But leaving this Digression In the Treaty of Pacification continued Vicissitudes may be seen somtimes hopes of accommodation other whiles nothing but present rupture to be expected about empty Airey Titles or not much more And when things seeme most desperate and without mediate meanes of reconcilement the stiffer Partie comes fairely to hand by a gentle complyance We may observe the Mediators turne Parties for precedencie and formalities which in a just valuation what amount they unto thereby necessitating in a manner the Parties to become Mediators and so make compensation for Offices received In its Signature how little trustis to be imputed to the assurances of great ones doe they not measure observation of promises by the rule of Interest or selfe pleasing In the Ambassadors life we may see one nobly descended sprung from a race of Ancestors honoured by