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A48871 An abridgment of Mr. Locke's Essay concerning humane [sic] understanding; Essay concerning human understanding Locke, John, 1632-1704.; Wynne, John, 1667-1743. 1696 (1696) Wing L2735; ESTC R23044 115,066 330

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Relation may be the same in those Men who have far different Ideas of the things that are Related Thus those who have different Ideas of Man may agree in that of a Father There is no Idea of any kind which is not capable of an almost infinite number of Considerations in reference to other things and therefore this makes no small part of Men's Words and Thoughts Thus one single Man may at once sustain the Relations of Father Brother Son Husband Friend Subject General European Englishman Islander Master Servant Bigger Less c. to an almost infinite number he being capable of as many Relations as there can be occasions of comparing him to other things in any manner of Agreement Disagreement or Respect whatsoever The Ideas of Relations are much clearer and more distinct than of the Things related because the Knowledge of one Simple Idea is oftentimes sufficient to give me the notion of a Relation but to the knowing of any substantial Being an accurate collection of sundry Ideas is necessary CHAP. XXVI Of Cause and Effect and other Relations THE Ideas of Cause and Effect we get from our observation of the vicissitude of Things while we perceive some Qualities or Substances begin to exist and that they receive their existence from the due application and operation of other Beings that which produces is the Cause that which is produced the Effect Thus Fluidity in Wax is the Effect of a certain degree of Heat which we observe to be constantly produced by the application of such Heat We distinguish the Originals of things into two sorts First When the thing is wholly made new so that no part thereof did ever exist before as when a new Particle of Matter doth begin to exist which had b●fore no Being 't is ca●led Creation Secondly When a thing is made up of Particles which did all of them before exist but the thing so constituted of pre-existing Particles which altogether make up such a collection of simple Ideas had not any Existence before as this Man this Egg this Rose c. when produced in the ordinary course of Nature by an Internal Principle but set on work by some External Agent and working by insensible ways which we perceive not 't is called Generation When the Cause is Extrinsical and the Effect introduced by a sensible Separation or Juxta-position of discernible Parts we call it Making and such are all Artificial Things When any simple Idea is produced which was not in that Subject before we call it Alteration The Denominations of Things taken from Time are for the most part only Relations Thus when it is said that Queen Elizabeth lived Sixty nine and Reigned Forty five Years no more is meant than that the duration of her Existence was equal to Sixty nine and of her Government to Forty five Annual Revolutions of the Sun and so are all words answering How long Young and Old and other words of Time that are thought to stand for positive Ideas are indeed Relative and intimate a Relation to a certain length of Duration whereof we have the Idea in our Minds Thus we call a Man Young or Old that has lived little or much of that time that Men usually attain to This is evident from our application of these Names to other things for a Man is called Young at Twenty but a Horse Old c. The Sun and Stars we call not Old at all Because we know not what period God has set to that sort of Beings There are other Ideas that are truly Relative which we signify by names that are thought Positive and Absolute such as Great and Little Strong and Weak The things thus denominated are referred to some Standards with which we compare them Thus we call an Apple Great that is bigger than the ordinary sort of those we have been used to And a Man Weak that has not so much Strength or Power to move as Men usually have or those of his own size CHAP. XXVII Of Identity and Diversity ANother occasion the Mind takes of comparing is the very Being of Things when considering a Thing as existing at any certain time or place and comparing it with it self as existing at any other time c. we form the Ideas of Identity and Diversity When we see any thing in any certain time and place we are sure it is that very thing and can be no other how like soever it may be in all other Respects We conceiving it impossible that two Things of the same kind should exist together in the same place we conclude that whatever exists any where at the same time excludes all of the same kind and is there it self alone When therefore we demand whether any thing be the same or no it refers always to something that existed such a time in such a place which it was certain at that instant was the same with it self and no other We have Ideas of Three sorts of Substances First God Secondly Finite Intelligence Thirdly Bodies First God being Eternal Unalterable and every where concerning his Identity there can be no doubt Secondly Finite Spirits having had their determinate time and place of beginning to exist the Relation to that time and place will always determine to each its Identity as long as it exists Thirdly The same will hold of every Particle of Matter to which no Addition or Substraction is made These three exclude not one another out of the same place yet each exclude those of the same kind out of the same place The Identity and Diversity of Modes and Relations are determined after the same manner that Substances are only the actions of Finite Beings as Motion and Thought consisting in Succession they they cannot exist in different times and places as permanent Beings For no Motion or Thought considered as at different times can be the same each part thereof having a different beginning of Existence From whence it is plain that Existence it self is the Principium Individuationis which determins a Being to a particular time and place incommunicable to two Beings of the same kind Thus suppose an Atom existing in a determin'd time and place it is evident that considered in any instant it is the same with it self and will be so as long as its exstence continues The same may be said of Two or more or any number of Particles whilst they continue together The Mass will be the same however jumbled but if one Atom be taken away it is not the same Mass. In Vegetables the Identity depends not on the same Mass and is not applied to the same thing The reason of this is the difference between an animate Body and mass of Matter This being only the Cohesion of Particles any how united The other such a disposition and organization of Parts as is sit to receive and distribute nourishment So as to continue and frame the Wood Bark Leaves c. of an Oak for instance in which consists the