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plead_v in_o bar_n upon_o which_o the_o defendant_n will_v be_v certain_o relieve_v in_o chancery_n may_v notwithstanding_o it_o have_v not_o heretofore_o be_v hereafter_o allow_v in_o our_o law-court_n we_o shall_v be_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n restore_v to_o our_o easy_a expedite_a cheap_a and_o certain_a justice_n which_o the_o method_n of_o our_o common_a law-court_n have_v most_o excellent_o provide_v until_o a_o parliament_n sometime_o or_o other_o may_v consider_v whether_o it_o be_v not_o fit_a to_o take_v it_o quite_o down_o by_o enable_v court_n of_o law_n to_o do_v true_a right_n in_o all_o cause_n that_o shall_v come_v before_o they_o for_o nothing_o render_v the_o chancery_n tolerable_a but_o the_o mo_z exemplary_a virtue_n and_o great_a endowment_n of_o our_o present_a lord_n chancellor_n in_o which_o he_o be_v not_o like_a to_o have_v a_o successor_n but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o curia_fw-la regis_fw-la it_o be_v not_o only_o the_o great_a judicature_n of_o the_o 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habendum_fw-la commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la de_fw-la auxilio_fw-la assidendo_fw-la aliter_fw-la quà m_fw-la in_o tribus_fw-la praedictis_fw-la casibus_fw-la i._n e._n those_o case_n of_o aid_n to_o make_v the_o elder_a son_n a_o knight_n to_o marry_v the_o elder_a daughter_n and_o of_o ransom_n and_o de_fw-fr scutagiis_fw-la assidendis_fw-la faciemus_fw-la summoneri_fw-la archiepiscopos_fw-la episcopos_fw-la abbates_n &_o comites_fw-la &_o majores_fw-la barones_n regni_fw-la sigillatim_fw-la per_fw-la literas_fw-la nostras_fw-la et_fw-la praeterea_fw-la faciemus_fw-la summoneri_fw-la in_o generali_fw-la per_fw-la vicecomites_fw-la &_o ballivos_fw-la nostros_fw-la omnes_fw-la alios_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la tenent_fw-la de_fw-la nobis_fw-la at_o present_a we_o make_v no_o other_o use_n of_o this_o grand_a charter_n than_o to_o prove_v it_o a_o distinctive_a mark_n of_o a_o parliament_n where_o the_o summons_n be_v personal_a to_o the_o bishop_n earls_z and_o the_o great_a baron_n this_o charter_n of_o king_n john_n declare_v the_o ancient_a usage_n of_o summon_v the_o great_a baron_n by_o special_a summons_n to_o they_o several_o direct_v for_o that_o the_o king_n before_o he_o as_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_a p._n 80._o propter_fw-la crebra_fw-la bella_fw-la &_o simultates_fw-la quas_fw-la aliquando_fw-la habuêre_fw-la cum_fw-la his_fw-la ipsis_fw-la majoribus_fw-la suis_fw-la baronibus_fw-la alios_fw-la etiam_fw-la eorum_fw-la interdum_fw-la omitterent_fw-la &_o aegrè_fw-la hoc_fw-la ferentes_fw-la proceres_fw-la johannem_fw-la adegêre_fw-la sub_fw-la magno_fw-la sigillo_fw-la angliae_fw-la pacisci_fw-la ut_fw-la archiepiscopos_fw-la episcopos_fw-la comites_fw-la &_o majores_fw-la barones_n regni_fw-la sigillatim_fw-la per_fw-la literas_fw-la summoneri_fw-la faceret_fw-la by_o which_o it_o be_v provide_v that_o all_o the_o baron_n shall_v have_v pro_fw-la more_o summons_n to_o the_o parliament_n that_o none_o of_o those_o great_a baron_n shall_v want_v his_o several_a summons_n and_o they_o have_v ancient_o several_a summons_n for_o in_o a_o general_n summon_v no_o body_n be_v exclude_v by_o which_o it_o do_v appear_v that_o the_o council_n at_o northampton_n wherein_o thomas_n of_o becket_n be_v bring_v in_o judgement_n be_v a_o parliament_n and_o not_o the_o curia_fw-la regis_fw-la for_o that_o the_o bishop_n have_v their_o several_a writ_n of_o summons_n which_o appear_v in_o that_o fitz_n stephens_n tell_v we_o as_o matter_n of_o observation_n that_o thomas_n of_o canterbury_n have_v not_o his_o writ_n of_o summons_n but_o be_v cite_v as_o a_o criminal_a to_o answer_v which_o we_o before_o observe_v and_o this_o be_v but_o necessary_a that_o when_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o baron_n which_o principal_o at_o least_o make_v the_o parliament_n be_v to_o be_v consult_v about_o some_o arduous_a affair_n that_o they_o shall_v have_v notice_n and_o a_o solemn_a intimation_n thereof_o and_o their_o presence_n require_v and_o enjoin_v by_o writ_n to_o they_o particular_o and_o personal_o direct_v beside_o that_o it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o all_o the_o form_n of_o government_n then_o in_o use_n to_o have_v their_o ordinary_a and_o extraordinary_a council_n for_o omnes_fw-la germanicae_fw-la originis_fw-la reges_fw-la atque_fw-la imperatores_fw-la duplici_fw-la concilio_n antiquitùs_fw-la utebantur_fw-la altero_fw-la statario_fw-la qui_fw-la senatus_n dicitur_fw-la ad_fw-la res_fw-la quotidianas_fw-la altero_fw-la evocato_fw-la concilium_fw-la aut_fw-la conventus_fw-la ordinum_fw-la ad_fw-la res_fw-la momenti_fw-la majoris_fw-la as_o grotius_n assure_v we_o neither_o can_v it_o be_v deny_v by_o any_o man_n of_o modesty_n who_o have_v hear_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o state_n of_o our_o government_n before_o the_o conquest_n and_o that_o know_v that_o many_o ancient_a burrough_n send_v burgess_n to_o parliament_n by_o prescription_n and_o will_v consider_v the_o record_n produce_v by_o mr._n petit_n in_o his_o very_a learned_a and_o elaborate_a book_n call_v the_o ancient_a right_n of_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n to_o prove_v the_o right_n of_o ancient_a burrough_n to_o send_v member_n to_o parliament_n who_o represent_v they_o but_o that_o such_o though_o not_o suitor_n to_o the_o curia_fw-la regis_fw-la be_v member_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la of_o the_o great_a council_n of_o parliament_n but_o the_o truth_n be_v they_o be_v not_o mention_v in_o any_o record_n or_o history_n of_o any_o parliament_n from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o conqueror_n reign_v to_o the_o end_n of_o henry_n 3._o as_o a_o distinct_a part_n of_o the_o parliament_n of_o england_n their_o number_n and_o quality_n be_v little_a and_o mean_a of_o no_o consideration_n in_o comparison_n to_o that_o great_a body_n of_o the_o baronage_n that_o constitute_v our_o parliament_n in_o that_o time_n but_o our_o parliament_n seem_v by_o the_o style_n use_v in_o history_n and_o record_n to_o be_v only_o the_o baronage_n of_o england_n william_n the_o first_o in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n consilio_fw-la baronum_fw-la suorum_fw-la say_v hoveden_n pag._n 343._o fecit_fw-la summoneri_fw-la per_fw-la universos_fw-la consulatus_fw-la angliae_fw-la anglos_n nobiles_fw-la &_o sapientes_fw-la &_o sva_fw-la lege_fw-la eruditos_fw-la ut_fw-la eorum_fw-la &_o jura_fw-la &_o consuetudines_fw-la ab_fw-la ipsis_fw-la audiret_fw-la those_o who_o be_v return_v show_v what_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v which_o with_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o same_o baron_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n confirm_v in_o that_o assembly_n which_o be_v a_o parliament_n of_o that_o time_n say_v mr._n selden_n title_n of_o honour_n pag._n 701._o among_o the_o law_n of_o hen._n 1._o publish_v by_o mr._n abraham_n whelock_n cap._n 2._o i_o find_v thus_o forestas_fw-la communi_fw-la consensu_fw-la baronum_fw-la in_o manu_fw-la mea_fw-la retinui_fw-la sicut_fw-la pater_fw-la meus_fw-la eas_fw-la habuit_fw-la and_o after_o lagam_fw-la regis_fw-la edwardi_fw-la vobis_fw-la reddo_fw-la cum_fw-la illis_fw-la emendationibus_fw-la quibus_fw-la pater_fw-la meus_fw-la emendavit_fw-la consilio_fw-la baronum_fw-la suorum_fw-la the_o parliament_n be_v style_v commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la gentis_fw-la anglorum_fw-la and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la baronum_fw-la and_o also_o clerus_fw-la &_o populus_fw-la matth._n paris_n fol._n 52_o 53_o 54._o and_o this_o be_v sometime_o call_v communitas_fw-la for_o that_o it_o represent_v the_o whole_a people_n and_o involve_v their_o consent_n which_o appear_v by_o 48_o h._n 3._o pars_fw-la unica_fw-la m._n 8._o d._n haec_fw-la est_fw-la forma_fw-la pacis_fw-la à _fw-la domino_fw-la rege_fw-la &_o domino_fw-la edwardo_n filio_fw-la svo_fw-la praelatis_fw-la &_o proceribus_fw-la omnibus_fw-la &_o communitate_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la communiter_fw-la &_o concorditer_fw-la approbata_fw-la and_o that_o communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la have_v no_o other_o sense_n than_o common_a concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o use_v as_o a_o comprehensive_a term_n of_o they_o that_o make_v it_o be_v evident_a for_o that_o it_o be_v say_v in_o the_o second_o record_n si_fw-mi videntur_fw-la communitati_fw-la praelatorum_fw-la &_o baronum_fw-la and_o again_o per_fw-la consilium_fw-la communitatis_fw-la praelatorum_fw-la &_o baronum_fw-la further_o magnates_n &_o vniversitas_fw-la regni_fw-la sometime_o use_v for_o the_o parliament_n matth_n paris_n 659,666_o and_o after_o king_n john_n charter_n wherein_o it_o be_v
like_o this_o be_v before_o attempt_v by_o king_n john_n by_o this_o writ_n of_o king_n john_n the_o like_a of_o which_o be_v not_o find_v rex_fw-la vicecomiti_fw-la oxoniae_fw-la salutem_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la tibi_fw-la quod_fw-la omnes_fw-la milites_fw-la ballivae_fw-la tuus_fw-la qui_fw-la summoniti_fw-la fuerant_fw-la esse_fw-la apud_fw-la oxoniam_fw-la ad_fw-la nos_fw-la à _fw-la die_fw-la omnium_fw-la sanctorum_fw-la in_o 15_o dies_fw-la venire_fw-la facias_fw-la cum_fw-la armis_fw-la suis_fw-la corpora_fw-la vero_fw-la baronum_fw-la sive_fw-la armis_fw-la singulariter_fw-la &_o 4_o discretos_fw-la milites_fw-la de_fw-la comitatu_fw-la tuo_fw-la illuc_fw-la venire_fw-la facias_fw-la ad_fw-la nos_fw-la ad_fw-la eundem_fw-la terminum_fw-la ad_fw-la loquendum_fw-la nobiscum_fw-la de_fw-la negotiis_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la testae_fw-la meipso_fw-la apud_fw-la written_n 11_o die_v novembris_fw-la dor_n claus_n 15._o johannis_n regis_fw-la part_n 2._o m._n 7._o but_o that_o hen._n 3._o in_o that_o parliament_n have_v some_o notable_a expedient_a for_o the_o establishment_n of_o the_o public_a peace_n and_o quiet_n his_o hope_n and_o desire_v of_o accomplishng_v it_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o style_n of_o the_o fore-recited_a writ_n if_o compare_v with_o another_o writ_n of_o summons_n in_o a_o cursory_a form_n in_o the_o 26_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n which_o be_v thus_o henricus_n etc._n etc._n venerabili_fw-la in_o christo_fw-la patri_fw-la waltero_fw-la eboracensi_fw-la archiepiscopo_fw-la salutem_fw-la mandamus_fw-la vobis_fw-la qualenus_fw-la sicut_fw-la &_o honorem_fw-la nostrum_fw-la pariter_fw-la &_o vestrum_fw-la diligitis_fw-la &_o in_o fide_fw-la qua_fw-la nobis_fw-la tenemini_fw-la omnibus_fw-la aliis_fw-la negotiis_fw-la omissis_fw-la sitis_fw-la ad_fw-la nos_fw-la apud_fw-la london_n à _fw-la die_fw-la sancti_fw-la hillani_n in_o 14_o dies_fw-la ad_fw-la tractandum_fw-la nobiscum_fw-la una_fw-la cum_fw-la caeteris_fw-la magnatibus_fw-la nostris_fw-la statum_fw-la nostrum_fw-la &_o totius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la specialiter_fw-la tangentibus_fw-la &_o hoc_fw-la nullatenus_fw-la omittatis_fw-la but_o short_o to_o deduce_v the_o history_n of_o this_o change_n which_o be_v but_o conjectural_a under_o the_o authority_n of_o mr._n selden_n in_o which_o nothing_o be_v certain_a but_o that_o the_o bishop_n continue_v in_o the_o change_n of_o the_o baronage_n in_o the_o same_o state_n of_o greatness_n mention_v the_o same_o order_n have_v their_o writ_n of_o summons_n continue_v to_o they_o as_o before_o and_o though_o many_o of_o the_o regular_a baron_n be_v after_o omit_v to_o be_v summon_v to_o parliament_n yet_o not_o one_o bishop_n ever_o want_v his_o summons_n this_o discrimination_n show_v that_o they_o be_v now_o baron_n by_o writ_n as_o the_o lay_v baron_n be_v and_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n that_o be_v because_o tenor_n do_v not_o now_o make_v they_o baron_n but_o such_o only_o be_v so_o who_o have_v the_o king_n writ_n send_v to_o they_o of_o summons_n to_o parliament_n so_o that_o the_o bishop_n be_v not_o now_o to_o be_v reckon_v barones_n feudales_n or_o baron_n by_o tenure_n but_o barones_n rescriptitii_fw-la as_o all_o baron_n at_o this_o day_n except_o those_o by_o patent_n which_o be_v so_o without_o any_o respect_n to_o tenure_n the_o feudal_n baronage_n as_o we_o say_v be_v as_o large_a and_o as_o numerous_a as_o the_o tenor_n by_o knight_n service_n in_o chief_a which_o be_v capable_a of_o be_v multiply_v several_a way_n for_o every_o part_n of_o the_o fee_n however_o divide_v the_o service_n reserve_v upon_o that_o fee_n that_o be_v entire_a and_o indivisible_a be_v to_o be_v perform_v by_o the_o several_a proprietor_n of_o the_o several_a part_n of_o the_o divide_v fee_n the_o feudal_n barony_n beside_o be_v ambulatory_a not_o fix_v to_o family_n but_o assignable_a as_o estate_n and_o pass_v with_o the_o land_n who_o see_v not_o that_o by_o this_o constitution_n and_o nature_n of_o baronage_n a_o great_a many_o mean_a person_n not_o agreeable_a to_o that_o high_a order_n must_v be_v entitle_v to_o it_o and_o so_o in_o truth_n it_o happen_v and_o hereupon_o a_o distinction_n be_v make_v first_o between_o barones_n majores_fw-la &_o barones_n minores_fw-la the_o barones_n minores_fw-la soon_o lose_v the_o title_n of_o baron_n altogether_o this_o be_v conjecture_v by_o mr._n selden_n to_o be_v before_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o king_n john_n reign_n and_o their_o legal_a style_n become_v milites_fw-la or_o libere_fw-la tenentes_fw-la which_o some_o upon_o a_o mistake_n anticipate_v the_o change_n of_o the_o government_n make_v in_o h._n 3._o time_n think_v when_o they_o meet_v with_o milites_fw-la or_o libere_fw-la tenentes_fw-la in_o parliament_n they_o have_v find_v knight_n of_o the_o shire_n choose_v for_o representative_n in_o parliament_n and_o if_o they_o retain_v the_o name_n and_o style_n of_o baron_n it_o be_v now_o but_o abusive_o apply_v to_o they_o for_o their_o barony_n be_v in_o truth_n estimable_a but_o as_o knight_n fee_n only_o and_o of_o this_o sort_n of_o baron_n there_o remain_v some_o to_o this_o day_n this_o appear_v by_o a_o passage_n in_o the_o grand_a charter_n of_o king_n john_n make_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o his_o reign_n as_o it_o be_v in_o mat._n paris_n 343._o ad_fw-la habendum_fw-la commune_v concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la de_fw-la auxilio_fw-la assidendo_fw-la aliter_fw-la quam_fw-la in_o tribus_fw-la casibus_fw-la predict_v these_o three_o case_n of_o aid_n to_o make_v the_o elder_a son_n a_o knight_n of_o aid_n to_o marry_v the_o elder_a daughter_n and_o aid_n of_o ransom_n be_v understand_v heir_n as_o be_v plain_a by_o the_o charter_n et_fw-la de_fw-la scutagiis_fw-la assidendis_fw-la faciemus_fw-la summoneri_fw-la archiepiscopos_fw-la episcopos_fw-la abbates_n comites_fw-la &_o majores_fw-la barones_n angliae_fw-la sigillatim_fw-la per_fw-la literas_fw-la nostras_fw-la et_fw-la praeterea_fw-la faciemus_fw-la summoneri_fw-la in_o generali_fw-la omnes_fw-la alios_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la tenent_fw-la this_o be_v one_o step_v to_o remove_v these_o barones_n minores_fw-la from_o the_o dignity_n of_o baron_n which_o by_o h._n 3._o be_v quite_o discharge_v and_o never_o appear_v after_o in_o parliament_n except_o choose_v knight_n of_o the_o shire_n but_o because_o i_o find_v this_o great_a charter_n of_o king_n john_n not_o well_o understand_v by_o several_a considerable_a writer_n nor_o by_o mr._n selden_n explain_v i_o will_v offer_v my_o thought_n and_o the_o rather_o because_o it_o be_v not_o impertinent_a to_o our_o present_a purpose_n the_o first_o part_n to_o which_o the_o part_n before-recited_n do_v refer_v be_v thus_o nullum_fw-la scutagium_fw-la vel_fw-la auxilium_fw-la ponam_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la nisi_fw-la per_fw-la common_a concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la nisi_fw-la ad_fw-la corpus_fw-la redimendum_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la primogenitum_fw-la filium_fw-la nostrum_fw-la militem_fw-la faciendum_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la primogenitam_fw-la filiam_fw-la nostram_fw-la semel_fw-la maritandum_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la hoc_fw-la non_fw-la fiet_fw-la nisi_fw-la rationabile_fw-la auxilium_fw-la and_o then_o follow_v &_o ad_fw-la habendum_fw-la concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la aliter_fw-la quam_fw-la in_o tribus_fw-la casibus_fw-la praedictis_fw-la &_o scutagiis_fw-la assidendis_fw-la etc._n etc._n i_o conceive_v that_o by_o the_o first_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la he_o mean_v the_o curia_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o that_o he_o do_v grant_v that_o out_o of_o that_o court_n he_o will_v not_o impose_v escuage_z or_o aid_v upon_o his_o tenant_n except_o it_o be_v those_o three_o case_n of_o aid_n mention_v for_o escuage_z be_v then_o and_o after_o assess_v in_o that_o court_n and_o that_o proper_o as_o be_v due_a by_o their_o tenure_n only_o the_o opportionment_n there_o be_v to_o be_v make_v which_o be_v a_o proper_a office_n for_o the_o king_n tenant_n among_o themselves_o until_o the_o statute_n of_o 34_o e._n 1._o de_fw-fr tallagio_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la in_o which_o it_o be_v provide_v that_o no_o tallage_n or_o aid_n shall_v be_v put_v or_o levy_v without_o the_o will_n and_o assent_v of_o the_o archbishop_n bishop_n earls_z baron_n knight_n burgess_n and_o other_o free_a commons_o of_o the_o realm_n but_o for_o all_o matter_n other_o than_o those_o three_o mention_a aid_n and_o escuage_z which_o be_v due_a by_o tenure_n it_o shall_v be_v do_v by_o that_o commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la that_o be_v his_o parliament_n and_o he_o there_o declare_v how_o he_o will_v have_v it_o summon_v as_o to_o his_o baronage_n who_o in_o that_o part_n of_o his_o charter_n be_v to_o receive_v their_o satisfaction_n and_o for_o the_o liberty_n of_o send_v burgess_n to_o parliament_n they_o be_v likewise_o confirm_v in_o the_o same_o charter_n and_o therein_o provide_v for_o so_o that_o i_o be_o persuade_v that_o the_o modus_fw-la parliamenti_fw-la in_o king_n john_n time_n be_v in_o the_o say_a charter_n declare_v it_o be_v probable_a that_o before_o this_o charter_n there_o be_v some_o law_n to_o declare_v who_o those_o majores_fw-la barones_n be_v and_o who_o those_o tenant_n in_o chief_a be_v that_o shall_v be_v account_v now_o no_o long_a baron_n and_o after_o the_o tenant_n in_o chief_a have_v lose_v the_o honour_n of_o a_o particular_a