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sense_n protestant_n scripture_n word_n 3,549 5 5.2268 4 true
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A25846 Logic, or, The art of thinking in which, besides the common, are contain'd many excellent new rules, very profitable for directing of reason and acquiring of judgment in things as well relating to the instruction of for the excellency of the matter printed many times in French and Latin, and now for publick good translated into English by several hands.; Logique. English. 1685 Arnauld, Antoine, 1612-1694.; Nicole, Pierre, 1625-1695. 1685 (1685) Wing A3723; ESTC R7858 106,112 258

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aristotle_n which_o he_o be_v persuade_v that_o aristotle_n mean_v and_o so_o if_o several_a believe_v that_o aristotle_n have_v a_o different_a opinion_n of_o the_o same_o thing_n these_o term_n the_o sense_n of_o aristotle_n in_o such_o a_o matter_n though_o singular_a in_o themselves_o can_v never_o be_v apply_v to_o many_o that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o all_o those_o thing_n that_o aristotle_n shall_v be_v say_v to_o have_v write_v upon_o such_o a_o subject_a for_o so_o they_o shall_v signify_v with_o every_o one_o what_o every_o one_o be_v persuade_v the_o philosopher_n think_v but_o that_o we_o may_v the_o better_o understand_v where_o lie_v this_o equivocation_n of_o error_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o term_n of_o it_o be_v connotative_a either_o express_o or_o in_o sense_n now_o as_o i_o have_v say_v in_o connotative_a term_n may_v be_v consider_v as_o well_o the_o subject_a which_o be_v direct_o or_o confuse_o express_v as_o the_o form_n or_o mode_n which_o be_v 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the_o occasion_n of_o his_o nourishment_n and_o growth_n have_v call_v it_o a_o soul_n and_o have_v extend_v this_o idea_n not_o only_o to_o what_o resemble_v it_o in_o animal_n but_o in_o plant_n and_o perceive_v also_o that_o he_o have_v thought_n he_o have_v call_v this_o principle_n of_o thought_n by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o soul_n whence_o it_o have_v come_v to_o pass_v that_o by_o this_o resemblance_n of_o the_o name_n he_o have_v take_v for_o the_o same_o thing_n the_o principle_n of_o thought_n and_o the_o principle_n of_o nourishment_n and_o growth_n in_o like_a manner_n the_o name_n of_o life_n be_v give_v to_o that_o faculty_n from_o whence_o the_o animal_n function_n proceed_v as_o also_o the_o cogitative_a faculty_n which_o be_v two_o thing_n absolute_o different_a thus_o these_o word_n sense_n and_o sensation_n when_o they_o be_v speak_v of_o any_o of_o the_o five_o sense_n be_v vehement_o pester_v with_o equivocation_n for_o three_o thing_n happen_v to_o we_o when_o we_o make_v use_v of_o our_o sense_n as_o 1._o when_o we_o see_v any_o thing_n there_o be_v a_o motion_n in_o the_o corporeal_a organ_n as_o the_o brain_n and_o eye_n 2._o these_o motion_n give_v a_o occasion_n to_o the_o soul_n to_o perceive_v something_o as_o when_o by_o the_o motion_n first_o begin_v in_o the_o eye_n by_o the_o reflection_n of_o the_o light_n in_o the_o fall_a rain_n oppose_v to_o the_o sunbeam_n it_o have_v the_o idea_n of_o red_a blue_a and_o yellow_a 3._o we_o make_v a_o judgement_n of_o what_o we_o see_v and_o thus_o we_o judge_v these_o colour_n to_o belong_v to_o the_o rainbow_n which_o we_o pronounce_v to_o be_v of_o such_o a_o magnitude_n of_o such_o a_o figure_n and_o at_o such_o a_o distance_n from_o we_o of_o these_o three_o the_o first_o only_o belong_v to_o the_o body_n the_o other_o two_o sole_o to_o the_o mind_n however_o by_o occasion_n of_o what_o be_v perform_v in_o the_o body_n nevertheless_o we_o comprehend_v all_o these_o three_o thing_n under_o the_o name_n of_o the_o sense_n or_o sensation_n of_o the_o sight_n or_o hear_v for_o when_o we_o say_v the_o eye_n see_v or_o the_o ear_n hear_v it_o can_v be_v understand_v but_o according_a to_o the_o corporeal_a organ_n it_o be_v apparent_a that_o the_o eye_n do_v not_o apprehend_v the_o object_n which_o it_o see_v nor_o judge_v of_o '_o they_o on_o the_o other_o side_n we_o do_v not_o say_v we_o have_v see_v such_o a_o one_o if_o the_o mind_n call_v off_o by_o another_o object_n have_v not_o make_v reflection_n upon_o the_o person_n that_o present_v himself_o before_o our_o eye_n and_o then_o we_o take_v the_o word_n see_v for_o the_o think_v form_v in_o our_o mind_n in_o pursuit_n of_o what_o pass_v in_o our_o eye_n and_o in_o our_o brain_n and_o according_a to_o this_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n see_v it_o be_v the_o soul_n and_o not_o the_o body_n which_o see_v as_o plato_n maintain_v and_o cicero_n after_o he_o for_o indeed_o say_v he_o we_o do_v not_o now_o behold_v with_o our_o eye_n the_o thing_n which_o we_o see_v for_o there_o be_v no_o sense_n in_o the_o body_n there_o be_v as_o it_o be_v certain_a passage_n make_v from_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o soul_n to_o the_o eye_n the_o ear_n and_o nose_n and_o therefore_o see_v often_o interrupt_v either_o by_o some_o thought_n or_o the_o force_n of_o some_o disease_n we_o neither_o hear_v nor_o see_v with_o open_a or_o entire_a eye_n or_o ear_n whence_o we_o may_v easy_o apprehend_v that_o the_o soul_n both_o hear_v and_o see_v not_o those_o part_n which_o be_v but_o as_o the_o window_n of_o the_o soul_n in_o short_a we_o take_v those_o word_n sensation_n of_o sight_n hear_v etc._n etc._n for_o the_o last_o of_o these_o three_o thing_n that_o be_v for_o the_o judgement_n which_o the_o soul_n make_v in_o pursuance_n of_o the_o preception_n it_o have_v make_v by_o occasion_n of_o what_o pass_v in_o the_o corporeal_a organ_n as_o when_o we_o say_v the_o sense_n be_v deceive_v at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o we_o see_v a_o crooked_a stick_n so_o appear_v in_o the_o water_n or_o the_o sun_n but_o two_o foot_n in_o diameter_n for_o it_o be_v certain_a there_o can_v be_v no_o error_n or_o falsity_n neither_o in_o those_o thing_n that_o happen_v in_o the_o corporeal_a organ_n nor_o in_o the_o bare_a perception_n of_o the_o soul_n which_o be_v only_o a_o simple_a apprehension_n but_o the_o error_n proceed_v from_o hence_o that_o we_o judge_v amiss_o in_o conclude_v that_o the_o sun_n be_v but_o two_o foot_n in_o diameter_n in_o regard_n that_o by_o reason_n of_o its_o vast_a distance_n from_o we_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o image_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o be_v form_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o eye_n be_v near_o at_o hand_n of_o the_o same_o bigness_n which_o a_o object_n of_o two_o foot_n will_v form_v at_o a_o distance_n more_o proportionable_a to_o our_o manner_n of_o sight_n but_o because_o we_o have_v make_v this_o judgement_n in_o our_o youth_n and_o for_o that_o we_o be_v so_o much_o accustom_a to_o it_o that_o it_o be_v make_v at_o the_o same_o instant_a that_o we_o see_v the_o sun_n without_o any_o examination_n hardly_o we_o attribute_v it_o to_o the_o sight_n and_o we_o say_v we_o see_v the_o object_n little_a or_o great_a as_o they_o be_v near_o or_o more_o distant_a from_o we_o though_o it_o be_v indeed_o the_o mind_n not_o the_o eye_n that_o judge_n of_o their_o smallness_n or_o magnitude_n all_o language_n be_v full_a of_o word_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n which_o not_o have_v any_o more_o than_o one_o sound_n be_v nevertheless_o the_o signification_n of_o idea_n altogether_o different_a but_o we_o be_v to_o understand_v that_o when_o a_o equivocal_a word_n signify_v two_o thing_n which_o have_v no_o relation_n one_o to_o another_o and_o which_o man_n have_v never_o confound_v in_o their_o thought_n it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a that_o man_n shall_v thereby_o be_v deceive_v or_o that_o they_o shall_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o error_n for_o the_o equivocal_a word_n aries_n a_o ram_n which_o signify_v both_o a_o certain_a creature_n and_o a_o sign_n in_o the_o zodiac_n shall_v never_o impose_v upon_o a_o person_n that_o have_v but_o a_o grain_n of_o common_a sense_n whereas_o it_o be_v a_o difficult_a thing_n not_o to_o be_v deceive_v when_o the_o equivocation_n arise_v from_o the_o error_n of_o man_n who_o have_v regligent_o confound_v different_a idea_n as_o in_o the_o word_n soul_n for_o we_o take_v it_o for_o grant_v that_o they_o who_o first_o make_v use_v of_o those_o word_n do_v inquire_v into_o their_o signification_n and_o so_o it_o suffice_v we_o to_o pronounce_v they_o without_o ever_o examine_v whether_o the_o idea_n which_o we_o have_v of_o it_o be_v clear_a and_o distinct_a nay_o sometime_o we_o attribute_v those_o thing_n to_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o same_o word_n which_o fall_v not_o but_o upon_o idea_n of_o thing_n altogether_o incompatible_a not_o perceive_v that_o we_o have_v confound_v two_o different_a thing_n under_o the_o same_o word_n chap._n xi_o of_o the_o remedy_n of_o confusion_n in_o our_o thought_n and_o ratiocination_n arise_v from_o the_o confusion_n of_o word_n of_o the_o benefit_n of_o define_v word_n and_o of_o the_o difference_n between_o the_o definition_n of_o thing_n and_o name_n the_o best_a way_n to_o avoid_v the_o confusion_n of_o word_n which_o we_o find_v in_o different_a language_n be_v to_o make_v a_o new_a language_n and_o to_o coin_v new_a word_n to_o belong_v only_o to_o those_o idea_n which_o they_o be_v assign_v to_o signify_v to_o which_o purpose_n there_o be_v no_o necessity_n to_o frame_v new_a sound_n of_o word_n because_o we_o may_v make_v use_n of_o such_o as_o be_v usual_o practise_v look_v upon_o they_o as_o if_o
they_o have_v no_o signification_n that_o we_o may_v ascribe_v to_o they_o those_o notion_n which_o we_o intend_v they_o which_o it_o behoove_v we_o design_n by_o other_o simple_a word_n free_a from_o all_o equivocation_n thus_o be_v it_o to_o be_v prove_v that_o the_o soul_n be_v immortal_a this_o word_n anima_fw-la the_o soul_n be_v equivocal_a will_v easy_o make_v a_o confusion_n in_o what_o be_v to_o be_v say_v for_o the_o avoid_n of_o which_o i_o will_v retain_v this_o word_n soul_n as_o a_o sound_a destitute_a of_o all_o notion_n and_o make_v use_n of_o it_o only_o to_o denote_v that_o thing_n which_o in_o we_o be_v the_o principle_n of_o thought_n by_o say_v i_o call_v the_o soul_n that_o which_o in_o we_o be_v the_o principle_n of_o thought_n behold_v here_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o word_n with_o so_o much_o benefit_n make_v use_v of_o by_o the_o geometrician_n which_o be_v cautious_o to_o be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o thing_n for_o in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o thus_o a_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a creature_n time_n be_v the_o measure_n of_o motion_n we_o leave_v to_o the_o term_n define_v that_o be_v man_n and_o time_n the_o usual_a notion_n wherein_o we_o assert_v other_o idea_n to_o be_v contain_v as_o the_o idea_n of_o rational_a creature_n measure_v of_o time_n whereas_o in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o word_n as_o we_o have_v already_o say_v we_o only_o mind_v the_o sound_n and_o afterward_o determine_v the_o sound_n to_o be_v the_o sign_n of_o some_o idea_n design_v for_o other_o word_n but_o great_a heed_n be_v to_o take_v lest_o we_o confound_v this_o definition_n of_o the_o word_n of_o which_o we_o here_o discourse_v with_o that_o other_o of_o which_o other_o speak_v who_o will_v have_v it_o be_v the_o explanation_n of_o what_o a_o word_n signify_v according_a to_o the_o vulgar_a idiom_n of_o the_o language_n or_o its_o etymology_n which_o we_o shall_v speak_v more_o of_o in_o another_o place_n but_o here_o we_o only_a mind_n the_o particular_a use_n to_o which_o he_o that_o define_v a_o word_n will_v have_v it_o apply_v for_o the_o better_a understanding_n his_o meaning_n not_o care_v whether_o it_o be_v take_v in_o the_o same_o sense_n by_o other_o and_o from_o hence_o it_o follow_v 1._o that_o the_o definition_n of_o word_n be_v at_o pleasure_n but_o that_o those_o of_o thing_n be_v not_o so_o for_o every_o sound_n be_v of_o its_o self_n and_o in_o its_o own_o nature_n indifferent_a to_o signify_v any_o thing_n it_o be_v lawful_a for_o i_o for_o my_o particular_a use_n provide_v i_o advertise_v other_o of_o it_o to_o determine_v a_o sound_n to_o signify_v any_o thing_n precise_o without_o the_o mixture_n of_o any_o other_o but_o it_o be_v quite_o otherwise_o with_o the_o definition_n of_o thing_n for_o it_o do_v not_o depend_v upon_o the_o pleasure_n of_o man_n that_o idea_n shall_v include_v whatever_o they_o will_v have_v they_o to_o include_v for_o that_o if_o in_o define_v idea_n we_o add_v any_o thing_n which_o they_o do_v not_o comprehend_v we_o fall_v into_o inevitable_a error_n to_o give_v a_o example_n of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o if_o in_o despoil_v the_o word_n parallellogram_n of_o all_o other_o signification_n i_o apply_v it_o only_o to_o signify_v a_o triangle_n this_o be_v lawful_a for_o i_o to_o do_v nor_o do_v i_o commit_v any_o error_n in_o so_o do_v nay_o provide_v i_o only_o take_v it_o in_o this_o manner_n i_o may_v affirm_v that_o a_o parallellogram_n have_v three_o angle_n equal_a to_o two_o right_a angle_n but_o if_o i_o leave_v the_o vulgar_a idea_n to_o this_o word_n to_o fignifie_v a_o figure_n who_o side_n be_v parallel_n and_o yet_o affirm_v that_o a_o parallellogram_n be_v a_o figure_n consist_v of_o three_o line_n in_o regard_n this_o will_v be_v then_o a_o definition_n of_o the_o thing_n it_o will_v be_v absolute_o false_a it_o be_v impossible_a that_o a_o figure_n consist_v of_o three_o line_n shall_v have_v its_o side_n parallel_v in_o the_o second_o place_n it_o follow_v that_o contention_n about_o the_o definition_n of_o word_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v raise_v for_o that_o reason_n because_o they_o be_v arbitrary_a for_o you_o can_v deny_v that_o a_o man_n have_v not_o give_v the_o signification_n to_o a_o sound_v which_o he_o say_v he_o have_v after_o he_o have_v give_v notice_n of_o it_o nor_o that_o it_o have_v not_o that_o signification_n according_a to_o the_o use_n which_o he_o make_v of_o it_o but_o we_o may_v contend_v about_o the_o definition_n of_o thing_n because_o they_o may_v be_v false_a as_o we_o have_v already_o show_v three_o it_o follow_v that_o every_o definition_n of_o a_o word_n when_o it_o can_v be_v call_v in_o question_n may_v be_v take_v for_o a_o principle_n which_o can_v be_v say_v of_o the_o definition_n of_o thing_n in_o regard_n they_o be_v proposition_n that_o may_v be_v deny_v by_o those_o who_o shall_v find_v any_o obscurity_n therein_o and_o therefore_o like_o other_o proposition_n they_o ought_v to_o be_v prove_v and_o not_o to_o be_v take_v for_o true_a unless_o they_o appear_v perspicuous_a in_o themselves_o like_o axiom_n but_o as_o to_o what_o i_o say_v but_o now_o that_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o name_n may_v supply_v the_o place_n of_o a_o principle_n it_o require_v a_o far_a illustration_n for_o it_o be_v only_o true_a in_o regard_n it_o can_v be_v controvert_v but_o that_o the_o determine_a idea_n may_v be_v call_v by_o the_o assign_v name_n nevertheless_o we_o ought_v not_o to_o conclude_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o idea_n itself_o nor_o to_o believe_v it_o can_v exhibit_v any_o thing_n positive_o to_o we_o for_o that_o reason_n alone_o because_o it_o be_v call_v by_o such_o a_o name_n for_o example_n i_o may_v define_v the_o name_n of_o chimaera_n and_o say_v i_o call_v a_o chimaera_n that_o which_o imply_v a_o contradiction_n however_o it_o do_v not_o thence_o follow_v that_o a_o chimaera_n be_v any_o thing_n in_o like_a manner_n a_o philosopher_n say_v to_o i_o i_o call_v ponderosity_n the_o interior_n principle_n which_o cause_v a_o stone_n to_o descend_v without_o any_o compulsive_a violence_n i_o shall_v willing_o grant_v the_o definition_n without_o contradiction_n because_o it_o lead_v i_o to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o what_o he_o desire_v to_o make_v i_o understand_v but_o i_o will_v deny_v that_o what_o be_v signify_v by_o the_o word_n gravity_n be_v any_o thing_n real_a in_o regard_n there_o be_v no_o such_o principle_n in_o stone_n i_o will_v explain_v this_o a_o little_a far_o because_o there_o be_v two_o great_a error_n commit_v in_o vulgar_a philosophy_n upon_o this_o subject_a for_o it_o confound_v the_o definition_n of_o the_o name_n with_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o attribute_n to_o the_o former_a what_o only_o belong_v to_o the_o second_o for_o the_o philosopher_n have_v coin_v a_o infinite_a number_n not_o of_o name_n but_o of_o thing_n accord-to_a their_o own_o fancy_n which_o be_v altogether_o false_a as_o not_o explain_v neither_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n nor_o the_o idea_n which_o natural_o we_o have_v of_o they_o yet_o they_o obtrude_v these_o definition_n upon_o we_o for_o such_o as_o be_v not_o to_o be_v contradict_v so_o that_o if_o any_o one_o deny_v they_o when_o deserve_o they_o may_v be_v deny_v they_o exclaim_v against_o he_o as_o one_o that_o ought_v to_o be_v exterminate_v the_o school_n as_o not_o fit_a to_o be_v dispute_v with_o second_o the_o vulgar_a philosopher_n very_o seldom_o or_o never_o make_v use_n of_o those_o definition_n of_o name_n to_o remove_v or_o clear_v any_o obscurity_n nor_o fix_v they_o to_o any_o certain_a idea_n clear_o design_v but_o leave_v they_o in_o darkness_n and_o confusion_n whence_o it_o happen_v that_o most_o of_o their_o dispute_n be_v only_o dispute_v of_o word_n and_o whatever_o be_v clear_a and_o true_a in_o idea_n that_o they_o abuse_v to_o establish_v and_o maintain_v what_o be_v confuse_v and_o dark_a in_o the_o same_o which_o error_n will_v be_v avoid_v by_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o name_n thus_o the_o philosopher_n believe_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o in_o the_o world_n more_o unquestionable_a than_o that_o fire_n be_v hot_a or_o that_o a_o stone_n be_v heavy_a and_o that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o folly_n to_o deny_v either_o which_o indeed_o they_o may_v make_v all_o the_o world_n believe_v so_o long_o as_o they_o forbear_v from_o the_o definition_n of_o name_n but_o when_o once_o they_o do_v that_o it_o will_v present_o appear_v what_o be_v obscure_a and_o what_o apparent_a in_o reference_n to_o those_o thing_n first_o than_o it_o be_v to_o be_v ask_v they_o what_o they_o mean_v by_o these_o word_n hot_a and_o ponderous_n for_o if_o they_o answer_v that_o by_o hot_a they_o
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cause_v in_o we_o a_o sense_n of_o heat_n by_o that_o action_n whereby_o it_o operate_v upon_o our_o body_n but_o it_o be_v no_o way_n evident_a that_o there_o be_v in_o the_o fire_n any_o thing_n like_o to_o that_o which_o we_o feel_v in_o the_o fire_n and_o it_o be_v as_o evident_a in_o the_o same_o manner_n that_o stone_n fall_v down_o but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o clear_a that_o they_o fall_v of_o themselves_o without_o any_o outward_a detrude_a violence_n thus_o we_o see_v the_o great_a benefit_n of_o define_v name_n for_o that_o by_o this_o mean_v we_o understand_v what_o it_o be_v we_o dispute_v of_o that_o we_o may_v not_o contend_v in_o vain_a about_o word_n which_o we_o understand_v some_o one_o way_n some_o another_o as_o be_v frequent_o practise_v even_o in_o our_o ordinary_a discourse_n but_o beside_o this_o benefit_n there_o be_v also_o another_o which_o be_v that_o we_o can_v many_o time_n have_v a_o distinct_a idea_n of_o a_o thing_n unless_o we_o make_v use_v of_o many_o 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this_o world_n the_o wicked_a be_v advance_v to_o the_o end_n that_o fall_v from_o on_o high_a their_o fall_n may_v be_v the_o great_a they_o can_v because_o they_o think_v they_o can_v such_o a_o prince_n be_v unfortunate_a because_o he_o be_v not_o bear_v under_o such_o a_o planet_n under_o these_o sort_n of_o proposition_n may_v be_v also_o reduce_v those_o which_o be_v call_v reduplicatives_n man_n as_o man_n be_v rational_a king_n as_o king_n be_v subject_a to_o none_o but_o god_n that_o these_o proposition_n be_v true_a it_o be_v require_v that_o one_o of_o the_o part_n shall_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o other_o whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o both_o be_v true_a for_o that_o which_o be_v false_a be_v no_o cause_n nor_o have_v it_o any_o cause_n why_o it_o shall_v be_v yet_o both_o part_n may_v be_v true_a when_o the_o causal_n be_v false_a thus_o a_o prince_n may_v be_v unfortunate_a and_o bear_v under_o such_o a_o planet_n though_o it_o be_v false_a that_o he_o be_v 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not_o upon_o riches_n but_o upon_o knowledge_n that_o happiness_n depend_v which_o proposition_n may_v be_v contradict_v several_a way_n happiness_n depend_v upon_o riches_n and_o not_o upon_o knowledge_n happiness_n depend_v neither_o upon_o riches_n nor_o knowledge_n happiness_n depend_v both_o upon_o riches_n and_o knowledge_n thus_o we_o see_v that_o copulative_n be_v contradictory_n of_o discretive_n for_o these_o two_o last_o proposition_n be_v copulative_a chap._n viii_o of_o proposition_n compose_v in_o sense_n there_o be_v other_o compose_v proposition_n who_o composition_n be_v more_o conceal_v and_o intricate_a which_o may_v be_v reduce_v under_o four_o sort_n 1._o exclusive_a 2._o exceptive_a 3._o comparative_a 4._o inceptive_a or_o desitive_a 1._o of_o exclusives_n those_o be_v call_v exclusive_a which_o denote_v that_o a_o predicate_v so_o agree_v with_o his_o subject_n as_o to_o agree_v with_o that_o alone_a and_o no_o other_o whence_o it_o follow_v that_o they_o 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affirm_v it_o agree_v with_o something_o else_o 3._o by_o allege_v it_o agree_v with_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o thus_o this_o proposition_n only_a virtue_n be_v true_a nobility_n it_o may_v be_v contradict_v 1._o that_o virtue_n do_v not_o make_v any_o one_o noble_a 2._o that_o birth_n render_v a_o man_n noble_a as_o well_o as_o virtue_n 3._o that_o birth_n ennoble_v a_o man_n and_o not_o virtue_n so_o the_o maxim_n of_o the_o academic_n this_o be_v only_o certain_a that_o there_o be_v nothing_o certain_a be_v various_o contradict_v by_o the_o dogmatics_n and_o the_o pyrrhonian_n for_o the_o dogmatics_n deny_v it_o by_o maintain_v that_o it_o be_v double_o false_a because_o there_o be_v many_o thing_n that_o we_o know_v most_o certain_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v not_o true_a that_o we_o be_v certain_a that_o we_o know_v nothing_o and_o the_o pyrrhonian_n aver_v that_o it_o be_v false_a for_o the_o contrary_a reason_n that_o every_o thing_n be_v so_o uncertain_a that_o it_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o any_o thing_n be_v certain_a and_o therefore_o there_o be_v a_o defect_n of_o judgement_n in_o what_o lucan_n speak_v of_o the_o druid_n because_o there_o be_v no_o necessity_n that_o only_o the_o druid_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o truth_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o god_n or_o that_o they_o shall_v only_o be_v in_o a_o error_n for_o in_o regard_n there_o be_v sundry_a error_n concern_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o god_n it_o may_v well_o be_v that_o though_o the_o druid_n have_v different_a thought_n concern_v the_o god_n from_o those_o of_o other_o nation_n they_o be_v no_o less_o in_o a_o error_n than_o other_o nation_n here_o it_o be_v also_o to_o be_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v proposition_n which_o be_v exclusive_a in_o sense_n though_o the_o exclusion_n be_v not_o express_v as_o in_o this_o verse_n of_o virgil_n where_o the_o exclusion_n be_v mark_v out_o una_fw-la salus_fw-la victis_fw-la nullam_fw-la sperare_fw-la salutem_fw-la thus_o lucky_o translate_v into_o french_a where_o the_o exclusion_n be_v understand_v le_fw-fr salut_fw-fr des_fw-fr vaincus_fw-fr est_fw-fr de_fw-fr n'en_fw-fr point_fw-fr attendre_fw-fr the_o safety_n of_o the_o vanquish_a be_v not_o to_o expect_v it_o nevertheless_o it_o be_v more_o usual_a in_o the_o latin_a then_o french_a to_o suppress_v exclusion_n so_o that_o there_o be_v some_o passage_n not_o to_o be_v translate_v with_o all_o their_o force_n without_o make_v exclusive_a proposition_n though_o in_o the_o latin_a the_o exclusion_n be_v not_o mark_v thus_o 2_o cor._n 10._o 17._o qui_fw-la gloriatur_fw-la glorietur_fw-la domino_fw-la aught_o to_o be_v thus_o translate_v whoever_o rejoice_v let_v he_o rejoice_v in_o the_o lord_n gal._n 6._o 7._o quae_fw-la seminaverit_fw-la homo_fw-la haec_fw-la &_o metet_fw-la a_o man_n shall_v reap_v no_o more_o than_o what_o he_o have_v sow_v ephes_n 4._o 5._o vnus_fw-la dominus_fw-la una_fw-la fides_fw-la unus_fw-la baptismus_fw-la there_o be_v but_o one_o god_n but_o one_o faith_n but_o one_o baptism_n mat._n 5._o 46._o si_fw-mi diligitis_fw-la eos_fw-la qui_fw-la vos_fw-la diligunt_fw-la quam_fw-la mercedem_fw-la habebitis_fw-la if_o you_o love_v only_o those_o that_o love_v you_o what_o recompense_n shall_v you_o deserve_v seneca_n in_o his_o troas_n nullas_fw-la habet_fw-la spes_fw-la troja_n si_fw-la tale_n habet_fw-la if_o troy_n have_v no_o other_o hope_n then_o this_o it_o have_v none_o at_o all_o as_o if_o the_o latin_a have_v say_v si_fw-la tantum_fw-la tale_n habet_fw-la 2._o of_o exceptives_n exceptives_n be_v those_o where_o a_o thing_n be_v affirm_v of_o the_o whole_a subject_n except_o some_o one_o of_o the_o inferior_n of_o the_o subject_a by_o add_v a_o particle_n of_o exception_n which_o denote_v that_o what_o be_v predicate_v do_v not_o agree_v with_o that_o inferior_a which_o visible_o include_v two_o judgement_n and_o render_v those_o proposition_n compose_v in_o sense_n as_o if_o i_o shall_v say_v none_o of_o the_o sect_n of_o the_o
believe_v that_o epicurus_n do_v not_o place_v chief_a happiness_n in_o bodily_a pleasure_n and_o it_o shall_v be_v say_v to_o he_o that_o only_a epicurus_n place_v chief_n happiness_n in_o pleasure_n if_o the_o other_o bare_o deny_v it_o without_o add_v any_o other_o thing_n it_o will_v be_v in_o full_a declaration_n of_o his_o sense_n because_o a_o man_n may_v have_v reason_n to_o believe_v upon_o that_o bare_a negation_n that_o he_o still_o believe_v that_o epicurus_n place_v his_o chief_a happiness_n in_o pleasure_n but_o that_o he_o be_v not_o the_o only_a person_n who_o be_v of_o that_o opinion_n also_o if_o a_o person_n shall_v ask_v i_o know_v the_o integrity_n of_o a_o judge_n whether_o he_o still_o sell_v justice_n i_o can_v not_o answer_v bare_o no._n for_o that_o such_o a_o no_o will_v only_o signify_v that_o he_o do_v not_o still_o sell_v justice_n but_o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o other_o be_v leave_v to_o believe_v that_o he_o have_v former_o do_v it_o which_o show_v we_o that_o there_o be_v some_o proposition_n to_o which_o it_o will_v be_v unjust_a to_o require_v a_o bare_a answer_n by_z yes_o or_o no_o for_o that_o when_o they_o include_v two_o sense_n a_o true_a answer_n can_v be_v give_v but_o by_o explain_v both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o chap._n ix_o observation_n to_o find_v out_o the_o predicate_v and_o subject_n in_o proposition_n express_v after_o a_o less_o usual_a manner_n certain_o it_o be_v a_o defect_n of_o vulgar_a logic_n that_o it_o do_v not_o accustom_v young_a beginner_n to_o understand_v the_o nature_n of_o proposition_n or_o argument_n but_o according_a to_o the_o order_n and_o form_n which_o be_v use_v in_o the_o school_n which_o be_v frequent_o different_a from_o what_o we_o find_v in_o the_o write_n of_o other_o whether_o in_o oratory_n morality_n or_o any_o other_o of_o the_o science_n and_o therefore_o they_o have_v no_o other_o idea_n of_o a_o subject_a or_o a_o attribute_n but_o that_o the_o one_o be_v the_o first_o term_n of_o the_o proposition_n and_o the_o ●he_v other_o the_o latter_a and_o of_o universality_n and_o particularity_n but_o that_o there_o be_v in_o the_o ●ne_n all_o or_o none_n and_o in_o the_o other_o some_o whereas_o all_o these_o thing_n be_v subject_a to_o frequent_v error_n and_o it_o require_v judgement_n to_o discern_v these_o thing_n in_o several_a proposition_n let_v we_o begin_v with_o the_o subject_a and_o attribute_n the_o only_a and_o true_a rule_n be_v to_o observe_v by_o the_o sense_n of_o what_o a_o thing_n be_v affirm_v and_o what_o be_v affirm_v be_v this_o for_o the_o first_o be_v always_o the_o subject_a and_o the_o latter_a the_o predicate_a however_o dispose_v in_o order_n thus_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o common_a than_o these_o sort_n of_o proposition_n it_o be_v a_o shameful_a thing_n to_o be_v a_o slave_n to_o lust_n where_o by_o the_o sense_n it_o be_v visible_a that_o a_o shameful_a thing_n be_v that_o which_o be_v affirm_v and_o consequent_o the_o predicate_a and_o to_o be_v a_o slave_n to_o lust_n be_v that_o which_o be_v affirm_v of_o the_o thing_n that_o it_o be_v a_o shameful_a thing_n and_o consequent_o the_o subject_a likewise_o in_o st._n paul_n according_a to_o the_o latin_n est_fw-la questus_fw-la magnus_fw-la pietas_n cum_fw-la sufficientia_fw-la whereas_o the_o true_a order_n shall_v be_v godliness_n with_o sufficiency_n be_v great_a gain_n likewise_o in_o this_o verse_n happy_a the_o man_n that_o know_v the_o cause_n of_o thing_n happy_a be_v the_o predicate_a all_o the_o rest_n be_v the_o subject_a but_o the_o subject_a and_o the_o attribute_n be_v yet_o more_o difficult_a to_o be_v find_v out_o in_o complex_fw-la proposition_n and_o we_o have_v already_o show_v that_o sometime_o there_o be_v no_o discern_v but_o by_o the_o consequence_n of_o the_o discourse_n and_o the_o author_n intention_n which_o be_v the_o chief_a proposition_n and_o which_o the_o incident_a in_o the_o two_o proposition_n but_o beside_o what_o have_v be_v say_v we_o may_v yet_o observe_v that_o in_o complex_fw-la proposition_n where_o the_o first_o part_n be_v only_o the_o incident_a proposition_n and_o the_o latter_a be_v the_o principal_a as_o in_o the_o major_n and_o conclusion_n of_o this_o argument_n god_n command_v we_o to_o honour_v king_n lewis_n the_o fourteen_o be_v king_n therefore_o god_n command_v we_o to_o honour_n lewis_n the_o fourteen_o here_o the_o verb_n active_a be_v to_o be_v change_v into_o the_o passive_a to_o find_v out_o the_o true_a subject_n of_o this_o principal_a proposition_n for_o it_o be_v plain_a when_o i_o argue_v after_o this_o manner_n that_o my_o principal_a intention_n in_o the_o major_n be_v to_o affirm_v something_o of_o king_n whence_o i_o may_v conclude_v that_o we_o be_v to_o honour_n lewis_n the_o fourteen_o and_o therefore_o what_o i_o affirm_v of_o the_o command_n of_o god_n be_v only_o a_o incident_a proposition_n which_o confirm_v this_o affirmative_a that_o king_n be_v to_o be_v honour_v whence_o it_o follow_v that_o king_n be_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o major_n and_o lewis_n the_o fourteen_o the_o subject_a of_o the_o conclusion_n though_o if_o we_o consider_v thing_n but_o only_o superficial_o both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o seem_v to_o be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o part_n of_o the_o attribute_n these_o proposition_n be_v also_o frequent_a in_o our_o language_n it_o be_v a_o folly_n to_o listen_v to_o flatterer_n it_o be_v the_o hail_n that_o fall_v it_o be_v god_n who_o have_v purchase_v we_o but_o the_o sense_n sufficient_o demonstrate_v that_o to_o replace_v these_o proposition_n in_o their_o natural_a order_n they_o ought_v to_o be_v thus_o express_v to_o listen_v to_o flatterer_n be_v a_o folly_n it_o be_v the_o hail_n that_o fall_v he_o that_o have_v purcbase_v we_o be_v god_n and_o this_o be_v almost_o universal_a in_o all_o proposition_n that_o begin_v with_o it_o be_v and_o where_o afterward_o follow_v who_o or_o that_o to_o have_v the_o attribute_n at_o the_o beginning_n and_o the_o subject_a at_o the_o end_n and_o let_v this_o suffice_v for_o once_o to_o let_v you_o see_v that_o the_o example_n produce_v demonstrate_v that_o we_o be_v to_o judge_n by_o the_o sense_n and_o not_o by_o the_o order_n of_o the_o word_n and_o this_o be_v necessary_a to_o be_v know_v that_o we_o may_v not_o be_v deceive_v in_o take_v those_o for_o false_a syllogism_n that_o be_v real_o true_a for_o that_o want_n of_o discern_v the_o subject_a and_o the_o attribute_n in_o the_o proposition_n we_o believe_v they_o contrary_n when_o they_o be_v conformable_a to_o the_o rule_n chap._n x._o other_o observation_n to_o know_v whether_o the_o proposition_n be_v universal_a or_o particular_a some_o observation_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n and_o no_o less_o useful_a may_v be_v make_v of_o particularity_n and_o universality_n 1._o observation_n we_o must_v distinguish_v universality_n into_o two_o sort_n the_o one_o may_v be_v call_v metaphysical_a the_o other_o moral_a i_o call_v metaphysical_a universality_n when_o the_o universality_n be_v perfect_a and_o without_o exception_n as_o every_o man_n be_v live_v which_o admit_v no_o exception_n i_o call_v moral_a universality_n that_o which_o admit_v some_o exception_n for_o in_o moral_a thing_n it_o suffice_v that_o thing_n be_v so_o for_o the_o most_o part_n as_o st._n paul_n both_o cite_v and_o prove_v the_o cretan_n be_v always_o liar_n evil_a beast_n slow-belly_n or_o as_o the_o same_o apostle_n allege_v in_o another_o place_n all_o seek_v their_o own_o thing_n not_o the_o thing_n of_o jesus_n christ_n or_o according_a to_o that_o of_o horace_n all_o musician_n have_v this_o vice_n etc._n etc._n or_o according_a to_o the_o usual_a phrase_n all_o woman_n love_v to_o chat_n all_o young_a man_n be_v inconstant_a all_o old_a man_n praise_v the_o time_n past_a in_o all_o these_o proposition_n it_o suffice_v that_o it_o be_v so_o for_o the_o most_o part_n neither_o be_v any_o thing_n to_o be_v conclude_v strict_o for_o as_o all_o these_o proposition_n be_v not_o so_o general_a but_o that_o they_o admit_v exception_n so_o they_o may_v render_v the_o conclusion_n false_a for_o it_o can_v not_o be_v particular_o infer_v that_o any_o cretan_a be_v a_o liar_n or_o a_o evil_a beast_n though_o the_o apostle_n cite_v in_o general_a that_o verse_n of_o one_o of_o their_o own_o poet_n the_o cretan_n be_v always_o liar_n evil_a beast_n and_o slow-belly_n for_o that_o some_o of_o that_o island_n may_v not_o be_v guilty_a of_o those_o vice_n which_o be_v common_a to_o other_o therefore_o the_o moderation_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o these_o conclusion_n which_o be_v only_o moral_o universal_a be_v on_o the_o one_o side_n to_o draw_v from_o thence_o with_o great_a judgement_n particular_a conclusion_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n not_o to_o contradict_v they_o nor_o to_o reject_v they_o as_o
false_a though_o we_o may_v oppose_v certain_a instance_n wherein_o they_o may_v stray_v from_o the_o truth_n but_o to_o be_v satisfy_v if_o they_o may_v be_v extend_v from_o other_o beyond_o their_o just_a limit_n that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v take_v too_o rigorous_o according_a to_o the_o letter_n 2._o observation_n there_o be_v some_o proposition_n that_o ought_v to_o pass_v for_o metaphysical_o universal_a though_o they_o may_v admit_v of_o exception_n that_o be_v when_o those_o exception_n be_v exotic_a and_o such_o as_o according_a to_o common_a use_n be_v not_o comprehend_v in_o those_o universal_a term_n as_o when_o i_o say_v all_o man_n have_v two_o arms._n this_o proposition_n ought_v to_o pass_v for_o true_a according_a to_o ordinary_a use_n and_o it_o will_v be_v but_o mere_a brangle_v to_o oppose_v against_o it_o that_o there_o have_v be_v monster_n who_o be_v man_n though_o they_o have_v four_o arms._n it_o being_n plain_a that_o there_o be_v nothing_o intend_v concern_v monster_n in_o these_o general_a proposition_n and_o that_o the_o only_a meaning_n of_o the_o assertion_n be_v that_o according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o nature_n all_o man_n have_v two_o arms._n in_o like_a manner_n it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o all_o man_n make_v use_v of_o word_n to_o express_v their_o thought_n but_o that_o all_o man_n do_v not_o make_v use_n of_o writing_n nor_o will_v it_o be_v a_o rational_a objection_n to_o contradict_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o proposition_n by_o instance_v dumb_a people_n because_o it_o be_v evident_a though_o the_o sense_n be_v not_o express_v in_o word_n that_o it_o be_v not_o mean_v of_o such_o as_o have_v a_o natural_a impediment_n to_o make_v use_n of_o sound_n either_o clude_v it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o speak_v of_o another_o sort_n of_o knowledge_n which_o ofttimes_o be_v no_o less_o certain_a nor_o less_o evident_a in_o its_o manner_n then_o that_o which_o we_o draw_v from_o authority_n for_o there_o be_v two_o general_a way_n by_o which_o we_o know_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v true_a the_o first_o be_v the_o knowledge_n which_o we_o have_v by_o ourselves_o whether_o we_o have_v attain_v it_o by_o observation_n or_o ratiocination_n whether_o by_o our_o sense_n or_o by_o our_o reason_n which_o may_v be_v general_o term_v reason_n in_o regard_n the_o sense_n themselves_o depend_v upon_o the_o judgement_n of_o reason_n or_o knowledge_n the_o word_n be_v here_o more_o general_o take_v than_o in_o the_o school_n for_o all_o manner_n of_o knowledge_n of_o a_o object_n draw_v from_o the_o same_o object_n the_o other_o way_n be_v the_o authority_n of_o person_n worthy_a of_o credit_n who_o assure_v we_o that_o a_o thing_n be_v so_o though_o of_o ourselves_o we_o know_v nothing_o of_o it_o which_o be_v call_v faith_n or_o belief_n according_a to_o the_o word_n of_o st._n austin_n for_o what_o we_o know_v we_o owe_v to_o reason_n for_o what_o we_o believe_v to_o authority_n but_o as_o this_o authority_n may_v be_v of_o two_o sort_n either_o from_o god_n or_o man_n so_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o faith_n divine_a and_o human._n divine_a faith_n can_v be_v subject_a to_o error_n because_o that_o god_n can_v neither_o deceive_v we_o nor_o be_v deceive_v human_a faith_n be_v of_o its_o self_n subject_n to_o error_n for_o all_o man_n be_v liar_n according_a to_o scripture_n and_o because_o it_o may_v happen_v that_o he_o who_o shall_v assure_v we_o of_o the_o certainty_n of_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v deceive_v himself_o nevertheless_o as_o we_o have_v already_o observe_v there_o be_v some_o thing_n which_o we_o know_v not_o but_o by_o a_o human_a faith_n which_o nevertheless_o we_o ought_v to_o believe_v for_o as_o certain_a and_o unquestionable_a as_o if_o they_o be_v mathematical_o demonstrate_v as_o that_o which_o be_v know_v by_o the_o constant_a relation_n of_o so_o many_o person_n that_o it_o be_v moral_o impossible_a they_o shall_v ever_o have_v conspire_v to_o affirm_v the_o same_o thing_n if_o they_o be_v not_o true_a for_o example_n man_n have_v be_v natural_o most_o averse_a from_o conceive_v any_o antipode_n nevertheless_o though_o we_o never_o be_v in_o those_o place_n and_o know_v nothing_o of_o any_o antipode_n but_o by_o human_a faith_n he_o must_v be_v a_o fool_n that_o do_v not_o believe_v '_o they_o and_o he_o must_v be_v out_o of_o his_o wit_n who_o question_n whether_o ever_o there_o be_v any_o such_o person_n as_o caesar_n pompey_n cicero_n or_o virgil_n or_o whether_o they_o be_v not_o feign_a name_n as_o amadis_n de_fw-fr gaul_n true_a it_o be_v that_o it_o be_v a_o difficult_a thing_n to_o know_v when_o human_a faith_n have_v attain_v to_o this_o same_o assurance_n and_o this_o be_v that_o which_o lead_v man_n astray_o into_o two_o such_o opposite_a deviation_n so_o that_o some_o believe_v too_o slight_o upon_o the_o least_o report_n other_o ridiculous_o make_v use_v of_o all_o the_o force_n of_o their_o wit_n to_o annul_v the_o belief_n of_o thing_n attest_v by_o the_o great_a authority_n when_o it_o thwart_v the_o prejudice_n of_o their_o understanding_n and_o therefore_o certain_a limit_n be_v to_o be_v assign_v which_o faith_n must_v exceed_v to_o obtain_v this_o assurance_n and_o other_o beyond_o which_o there_o be_v nothing_o but_o uncertainty_n leave_v in_o the_o middle_a a_o certain_a space_n where_o we_o shall_v meet_v with_o certainty_n or_o uncertainty_n as_o we_o approach_v near_o to_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o of_o these_o bound_n now_o than_o if_o we_o do_v but_o compare_v the_o two_o general_a way_n by_o which_o we_o believe_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v true_a reason_n and_o faith_n certain_a it_o be_v that_o faith_n always_o suppose_v some_o reason_n for_o as_o st._n austin_n say_v in_o his_o 122._o epistle_n and_o in_o several_a other_o place_n we_o can_v never_o bring_v ourselves_o to_o believe_v that_o which_o be_v above_o our_o reason_n if_o reason_n itself_o have_v not_o persuade_v we_o that_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n which_o we_o do_v well_o to_o believe_v though_o we_o be_v not_o capable_a to_o apprehend_v they_o which_o be_v principal_o true_a in_o respect_n of_o divine_a faith_n for_o true_a reason_n teach_v we_o that_o god_n be_v truth_n itself_o he_o can_v deceive_v we_o in_o what_o he_o reveal_v to_o we_o concern_v his_o nature_n and_o his_o mystery_n whence_o it_o appear_v that_o though_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o captivate_v our_o understanding_n in_o obedience_n to_o faith_n as_o say_v st._n paul_n yet_o we_o do_v it_o neither_o blind_o nor_o unreasonable_o which_o be_v the_o original_n of_o all_o false_a religion_n but_o with_o a_o knowledge_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o for_o that_o it_o be_v but_o a_o reasonable_a act_n to_o captivate_v ourselves_o to_o the_o authority_n of_o god_n when_o he_o have_v give_v we_o sufficient_a proof_n such_o as_o be_v his_o miracle_n and_o other_o prodigious_a accident_n which_o oblige_v we_o to_o believe_v that_o he_o himself_o have_v discover_v to_o man_n the_o truth_n which_o we_o be_v to_o believe_v as_o certain_a it_o be_v in_o the_o second_o place_n that_o divine_a faith_n ought_v to_o have_v a_o great_a power_n over_o our_o understanding_n then_o our_o own_o reason_n and_o that_o upon_o this_o dictate_v of_o reason_n itself_o that_o the_o more_o certain_a be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o less_o certain_a and_o that_o be_v more_o certain_a which_o god_n assure_v we_o to_o be_v true_a then_o that_o which_o reason_n persuade_v we_o when_o it_o be_v more_o contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o god_n to_o deceive_v we_o than_o the_o nature_n of_o our_o own_o reason_n to_o be_v deceive_v chap._n xiii_o certain_a rule_n for_o the_o guidance_n of_o reason_n the_o belief_n of_o event_n that_o depend_v upon_o human_a faith_n the_o most_o customary_a use_n of_o sound_a judgement_n and_o that_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n by_o which_o we_o discern_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n be_v not_o employ_v in_o speculative_a science_n about_o which_o so_o few_o person_n be_v oblige_v to_o spend_v their_o time_n and_o yet_o there_o be_v no_o occasion_n wherein_o it_o be_v more_o frequent_o to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o and_o where_o it_o be_v more_o necessary_a than_o in_o that_o judgement_n which_o we_o ought_v to_o make_v of_o what_o pass_v every_o day_n among_o men._n i_o do_v not_o speak_v of_o judge_v whether_o a_o action_n be_v good_a or_o bad_a worthy_a of_o applause_n or_o reproof_n for_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o regulation_n of_o morality_n but_o of_o judge_v of_o the_o truth_n or_o falsehood_n of_o human_a event_n which_o may_v only_o be_v refer_v to_o logic_n whether_o we_o consider_v they_o as_o past_a as_o when_o we_o only_o endeavour_v to_o know_v whether_o we_o ought_v to_o believe_v they_o or_o not_o or_o whether_o we_o consider_v they_o as_o be_v to_o come_v