it adds nothing substantial to the praeexisting Matter the Soul it self seems to be from thence a mere Ens of Reason and only an extrinsical denomination Further when the Peripateticks from the Soul raised up out of the Grave of Matter which they affirmed to be a simple form without Extension and divisibility do contend that the Members of the same Body do perceive many things at once and together they have introduced into the Schools that Plea or rather Riddle to wit That it is whole in the whole and whole in every part To this Opinion thus unfolded that of Dicaearchus was a-Kin who said the Soul was Harmony and also that of Galen who call'd it a Temperament Nor do we meet with a less diversity of Opinions among the Philosophers of every Age delivering that all Souls or all others the rational excepted are Corporeal To pass by those who have affirmed the Soul to be either Fire or Air or Water or something made out of many of these Elements some as Critias and Empedocles have said that it was Blood Which Opinion the Sacred Scriptures in some places plainly favour where the eating of Blood is forbidden because it is the Life or the Soul Moreover there are not Reasons and Arguments wanting which conclude this to be very near or very like to Truth as shall be shewn anon To these may be added the Opinion of Epicurus delivered of old and of late revived in our Age which introduces the Soul plainly Corporeal and made out of a knitting together of subtil Atoms and asserts citing Laertius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. which according to the mind of Gassendus is as much as to say That the Animal is as it were the Loom in which the Yarn is the Body and the Woof the Soul From thence Laertius describing more fully its Corporeity saith 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. which is that the Soul is Composed of most light Atoms and round not much different from those out of which fire is Other Epicureans describing the Nature of the Soul otherways depaint it as from something hot flatuous and airy we need not to unfold any further this Opinion nor shew out of Laertius and Lucretius by what Rite the Assertors of the Epicurean Philosophy do accommodate such an Atomical Composition of the Soul to all the Actions and Affections of the Function or Animal Government which are to be performed Upon this Hypothesis of the Epicureans as it were its basis the Philosophers of this latter Age have built all their doctrines of the Soul tho very divers and I may almost say opposite For as the soul of the Brutes is affirmed by most of them to be Corporeal and divisible yet she is by some of them deprived of all Knowledg Sense and Appetite in the mean time not only Sense Memory and Phantasie is granted to her by others but the use of a certain inferior Reason And what is more to be wonder'd at the same end of their Assertion is proposed by either Sect to wit That the Soul of the Brutes both as it may be deprived of its gifts and also as it is most notably adorned by them may be very much distinguish'd or that I may use the Idiom of the Schools diversified from the humane Soul The first Assertor of the former Opinion was Gometius Pereira who affirmed that Beasts wanted all Knowledg or Perception whom in our latter Age the Famous Men Cartesius and Digby with others Exactly followed who endeavouring as much as they could to discriminate the Souls of Beasts from the humane affirmed them to be not only Corporeal and Divisible but also meerly passive that is that they were not all moved unless that they were moved by other Bodies striking some part of the Soul from whence it followed that every action of the Brute Consisted in it as it were an artificial Motion of a Mechanical Engine to wit that first some sensible thing affecting the animal spirits and Converting them inwards stirs up sense from which by and by the same spirits being moved as it were by a reflected undulation or wavering return back again and being determined for the fitted order of the organs and parts of the Fabrick it self in certain Nerves and Muscles they perform the respective motions of the Member◠For otherwise if Cognition be granted to the Brutes you must yield to them also Conscience yea and deliberation and Election and a Knowledge of universal things and lastly an incorporeal and rational soul. Whilst these famous Philosophers suppose Brute Animals to be only certain Machines wonderful made by a Divine Workmanship to wit which without any Knowledg Sense or Appetite perform only Corporeal Motions and the Acts of their Faculties according to the fitted structure of parts and the precise direction of the spirits within Certain measures or bounds of the Animals yet some of them differ in their Opinions about the structure and model of the Machine or moving Engine to wit for as much as the figure and properties of the Atoms out of which the same is supposed to be made are assigned one way by these and after a divers way by those The most illustrious Cartesius unfolding all things by matter and motion asserting the Souls of Brutes to consist altogether of round and highly moveable Atoms which he Calls the Elements of the first Kind affirms That nothing else is requisite for all its acts to be performed than that the fibres and nervous parts being struck by a stroke of a sensible thing they receive a motion after this or that kind of manner and transfer it by a Continued affection of the sensitive parts as it were by a Certain undulation or wavering into the respective parts But our Digby supposing mobility of the particulars of this kind out of which the Soul is made adds further That certain most thin Effluvia's falling away from the sensible Body do not only affect the Exterior sensories but entring into the more interior recesses mix themselves with the spirits and moving them into Various fluctuations do produce sense and divers sorts of local motions Moreover that out of these Extrinsical Atoms so entring into the nervous parts and the Brain it self do proceed not only Extempory Actions but out of those left in the feeling body and retaining the former Configurations are Constituted the remaining Idea's in the memory of things formerly done It would be too prolix a business to recount particularly what appertains to the aforesaid Hypothesis concerning the souls of Brutes or animal Actions or to Examine the Reasons of each also to shew by what manner of Solutions of that Kind those operations of the Brutes which seem to be made by a Certain Judgment and Ratiocination are wont to be unfoulded But indeed these Solutions of difficult Phaenomena's and the Reasons for the mechanical provision of living Creatures and their Souls tho artificially formed by these Authors seem not
the nervous process to the common sensory without any endeavour or labour of the Spirits which may be done though the common sensory be in some measure obstructed and the Spirits inhabiting it benummed But motion is a difficult and laborious action to which is required that the Spirits expand or stretch out themselves lively and not only put forth as it were explosive endeavours in the moving organs but chiefly about the parts where the beginning of the motion and its first force is and from thence in the whole passage thorow the nervous parts Wherefore as but a few Spirits and bound suffice for sense many free and expeditious as to their expansions are required for motion But that the Morbific matter being slid down into the Streaked Body the Muscles of the Eyes Mouth and Face do still retain their motions it is because that some of them about the beginning of the Spinal Marrow below all the Nerves arising from the oblong Marrow have their place of obstruction I say that it is so because the Nerves destinated to the aforesaid Muscles the motions of which are stirred up by natural instincts and brought from the fifth and sixth pair even as the Nerves serving the Praecordia and Viscera derive chiefly the influences of the Animal Spirits from the Cerebel whose regiment though the Streaked Body be distemper'd remains often unhurt Not only an obstruction of the Streaked Body but also a compression sometimes causes the Palsie as shall be shewed by and by from Anatomical observation to wit when the blood is extravasated and growing cloddery within the inferior cavity of the Brain and perhaps a Serous deluge is there heaped up and doth lie heavily upon the Streaked Body and press it together so that for that reason the Medullary tracts being bound together are hindred from the Spirits flowing into them Next after the Streaked Bodies the seat of the Morbific Cause is in the oblong and spinal Marrow also sometimes in these though rarely an obstruction but more often a compression or a solution of the unity excite the Palsie As to the former it is not probable that great plenty of Morbific matter should be sent from the Brain into this or that part together and in heaps for such a great and sudden flux hardly happens beyond the streaked Bodies But it may be suspected that Narcotick or otherways deadly Particles being forthwith poured forth into the Brain and from thence thrust forth into its appendix doth at first stick within the more narrow spaces of the Medullary Trunk and then by degrees being heaped up causes the Paralytick obstruction whilst these Particles are carried in the Brain here and there in the Callous or Streaked Bodies they stir up frequent Vertigoes and mists before the eyes and sometimes in the motive parts short numnesses but these being by degrees heaped up together within the Trunk of the oblong Marrow or the spinal forasmuch as they possess all or part of its passage and by that means either obstruct all the Pores of the Spirits at once or some ranks or orders of them they bring forth either an half Palsie or a loosening of some members sometimes the superior sometimes the inferior I have observed in many that when the Brain being first indisposed they have been distemper'd with a dullness of mind and forgetfulness and afterwards with a stupidity and foolishness after that have fallen into a Palsie which I often did predict to wit the Morbific matter being by degrees fallen down and at length being heaped up some where within the Medullar Trunk where the Marrowy Tracts are more straitned than in the Streaked Body to a stopping fulness For according as the places obstructed are more or less large so either an universal Palsie or an half Palsie of one side or else some partial resolutions of members happen But in either Marrow and especially the Spinal an interception or inhibition of the Spirits creating a Palsie most often happens from a compression or a breaking of the unity The extravasated Blood or the Corruption flowing from the broken Imposthum and perhaps a Serous deluge being deposited within the hollowness of the Back-bone yea also an hard Tumor being risen somewhere in it by pressing together the marrowy rope shuts up the ways of the Spirits Further either a stroke wound or bruise of the Head or spine yea and a distortion of this latter do often pervert or break off the Marrowy Tracts yea an excess of cold taken in Frost and Snow straitens and stops up the passages of the Spirits Those kind of cases and instances being obvious enough to common observation there will not be any need here to speak of them particularly or to unfold them more largely Thirdly The Morbific cause being sometimes planted lower possesses either the greater Trunks or the lesser shoots of the Nerves themselves and that likewise is either an obstruction or a compression or a breaking of the unity by reason of any of these ways and according to the like means of affecting within the nervous passages as in the marrowy it is wont to be excited The oppilative or stopping Particles being fallen down from the Brain and carried forward into the oblong Marrow enter into the Nerves destinated to the Muscles of some parts of the Face and by obstructing the ways of the Spirits in them bring forth the Palsie in the Tongue and sometimes a loosening in these or those Muscles of the Eyes Eye-lids Lips and of other parts and then by reason of the contrary Muscles being contracted beyond measure they stir up a Cramp or Convulsion in the opposite part Nor is it less usual for the same Particles for that they are fewer to be carried yet further without any great hurt into the Spinal Marrow and lastly going forth from it to run sometimes into the several Trunks of the Nerves and sometimes into some handfuls of them and for that reason to induce the Palsie to the several Muscles or members or in some of them only As often as for this cause the Muscles of one side of the Neck are resolved or loosened the other opposite being too much contracted render the Neck twisted or awry It ordinarily happens by reason of some private Nerves being so obstructed for some Fingers of the Hand or Toes of the Feet to be loosened But if many handfuls of Nerves together happen to be stopped a Palsie follows oftentimes in the whole Arm or Thigh It would be too tedious to mention every case here by which the Nerves are wont to be stopped about their beginnings middle processes or utmost ends to wit the Membranaceous or Musculous Fibres by reason of compression or breaking of the continuity and so deny the exercise of the moving faculty to the respective parts The reasons of these kind of Distempers are so clear and manifest and so commonly known that it would be superfluous to insist on the
humidity therefore the Spirituous Effluvias or the lucid part of the Soul which ought to irradiate these Bodies is very much obscured as the beam of the Sun passing thorow a thick Cloud Wherefore at this time the strokes of sensible things being not deeply fixed are presently obliterated and in them local motions hardly follow yea in some Beasts in whom the Blood being continually and habitually thick and who have a less Clear Brain tho through their whole Life some acts of the Exterior Senses and Motions are performed yet few Characters are left of any interiour Knowledg Wherefore we shall here inquire only concerning Brutes that are more docil to wit in whom are besides local motions and the five Exterior Senses Memory and Imagination and in these we may conceive this kind of Introduction or Method of Institution concerning the Exquisite Knowledge by the sense with which they are wont to be imbued Therefore as soon as the Brain in the more pefect Brutes grows Clear and the Constitution of the Animal Spirits becomes sufficiently lucid and defecated the exterior Objects being brought to the Organs of the Senses make Impressions which being from thence transmitted for the continuing the Series or Order of the Animal Spirits inwards towards the streaked Bodies affect the Common Sensory and when as a sensible Impulse of the same like a waving of Waters is carried further into the Callous Body and thence into the Cortex or shelly substance of the Brain a Perception is brought in concerning the Species of the thing admitted by the Sense to which presently succeeds the Imagination and marks or prints of its Type being left constitutes the Memory But in the mean time whilst the sensible Impression being brought to the common Sensory effects there the Perception of the thing felt as some direct Species of it tending further creates the Imagination and Memory so other reflected Species of the same Object as they appear either Congruous or Incongruous produce the Appetite and local motions its Executors that is the Animal Spirits looking inwards for the Act of Sension being struck back leap towards the streaked Bodies and when as these Spirits presently possessing the Beginnings of the Nerves irritate others they make a desire of flying from the thing felt and a motion of this or that member or part to be stirred up Then because this Kind or that Kind of Motion succeeds once or twice to this or to that Sension afterwards for the most part this Motion follows that Sension as the Effect follows the Cause and according to this manner by the admitting the Idea's of sensible things both the Knowledg of several things and the habits of things to be done or of local Motions are by little and little produced For indeed from the beginning almost every Motion of the animated Body is stirred up by the Contact of the outward Object to wit the Animal Spirits residing within the Organ are driven inward being strucken by the Object and so as we have said constitute Sension or Feeling then like as a Flood sliding along the Banks of the shore is at last beaten back so because this waving or inward turning down of the Animal Spirits being partly reflected from the Common Sensory is at last directed outwards and is partly stretched forth even into the inmost part of the Brain presently local Motion succeeds the Sension and at the same time a Character being affixed on the Brain by the sense of the thing perceived it impresses there Marks or Vestigia of the same for the Phantasie and the Memory then affected and afterwards to be affected but afterwards when as the Prints or Marks of very many Acts of this Kind of Sensation and Imagination as so many Tracts or Ways are ingraven in the Brain the Animal Spirits oftentimes of their own accord without any other forewarning and without the presence of an Exterior Object being stirred up into Motion for as much as the Fall into the footsteps before made represent the Image of the former thing with which when the Appetite is affected it desiring the thing objected to the Imagination causes spontaneous Actions and as it were drawn forth from an inward Principle As for Examples sake The Stomach of an Horse feeding in a barren Ground or fallow Land being incited by hunger stirs up and variously agitates the Animal Spirits flowing within the Brain the Spirits being thus moved by accident because they run into the footsteps formerly made they call to mind the former more plentiful Pasture fed on by the Horse and the Meadows at a great distance then the Imagination of this desirable thing which then is cast before it by no outward Sense but only from the Memory stops at the Appetite that is the Spirits implanted in the streaked Bodies are affected by that Motion of the spirits flowing within the middle part or Marrow of the Brain who from thence presently after their former accustomed manner enter the origines of the Nerves and actuating the Nervous System after their wonted manner by the same Series produce local Motions by which the hungry Horse is carried from place to place till he has found out the Imagined Pasture and indeed enjoyes that good the Image of which was painted in his Brain After this manner the sensible Species being intromitted by the benefit of the Exterior Organs in the more perfect Brutes for that they affix their Characters on the Brain and there leave them they constitute the Faculties of Phantasie and Memory as it were Store-houses full of Notions further stirring up the Appetite into local Motions agreeable to the Sensions frequently they produce an habit of Acting so that some Beasts being Taught or Instructed for a long time by the assiduous Incursion of the Objects are able to know and remember many things and further learn manifold works to wit to perform them by a Complicated and Continued series and succession of very many Actions Moreover this Kind of acquired Knowledg of the Brutes and the Practical habits introduced through the Acts of the Senses are wont to be promoted by some other means to a greater degree of perfection For in the third place it happens to these by often Experience that the Beasts are not only made more certain of simple things but it teaches them to form certain Propositions and from thence to draw certain Conclusions Because draught Beasts having sometimes found water to be Cooling they seek it far as a remedy of too much heat wherefore when their Precordia grow hot running to the River they drink of it and if they are hot in their whole Body they fearlesly lye down in the same In truth many Actions which appear admirable in Brutes came to them at first by some accident which being often repeated by Experience pass into Habits which seem to shew very much of Cunning and Sagacity because the sensitive soul is easily accustomed to every Institution or
diffused within the Brain and stock of Nerves is Co-extended or equally stretched forth with the Organical Body and almost with all its Parts is affected with every Contact or with the meeting of other Bodies she perceives all Impressions either outwardly objected or raised up within and as she is moved by these every where diversly inflicted she indues according to the various impulse of the Objects various Gestures and Species in her self and also draws the Members and Parts of the Body it self with her wholly into the same Figures and Motions For indeed it is the Energie or the Act of the Soul it self from which every Function of the animated Body primarily and chiefly arises If at any time any Stroke or Impression be inflicted any where to the animated Body presently a certain Fluctuation or waving is stirred up in the Hypostasis of the whole Soul or of the struck Member by which some Animal Spirits or subtil Particles shut up in the Organical Parts as a blast of Wind in a Machine being struck run hither and thither and so produce the Exercises of Sense and Motion in the whole Body or respective Parts Truly among the various Gestures of the Corporeal Soul by which she altering her Species or Hypostasis brings a change to the containing Body the Sensitive and Locomotive Powers obtain the chief place for as much as they are Common almost to all living Creatures at least to the more perfect to which also all the rest of the Faculties may easily be reduced These are the chief Advancers of the animated Body upon which all the other Wheels of this Self-moving Divine Machine depend But the Internal and next efficient Cause both of Sense and Motion are the Hypostasis of the Sensitive Soul or the Animal Spirits instilled from the inkindled Blood into the Brain and from thence diffused into the Nervous Stock which being distributed from the Brain as the Fountain thorow the Nerves to the whole Body imbue irradiate and blow up all the Parts and bring a certain Tensity or stretching forth to each so that the passages of the Nervous Bodies like Cords stretched forth straitly on every side from the Brain and its dependencies reach forth into all the Exterior Parts by which so stretch'd forth and actuated by a certain Continuity of the Soul if one end be struck presently the stroke is perceived through the whole so that every Intention conceived within the Brain presently performs the designed work in every Member or Part and on the other side every impulse or stroke which is inflicted from without to any Member or to the Sensitive Body is communicated instantly to all Parts within the Head If that an Impression or force tends from the Brain outwards thorow the Nerves into the moving Parts Motion is produced but if they being made outwardly are directed inwards towards the Brain Sense arises But whil'st either of these are performed it is not so to be understood as is commonly asserted as if the same Spirits make hast and leap back presently as it were from one end of the Course or Circuit to the other but as the Soul is stretched forth thorow the whole with a certain Continuity its Particles viz. the Spirits contiguous one with another are set like an Army in Array for they after a Military fashion whil'st they move not from their station and keep Order perform their Offices and whether they be set in Battel Array or on the Watch they perform the Commands carried outward from the Brain themselves being almost immoveable and effect Motion and deliver presently to the Brain the news of any sensible thing impressed whereby Sensation is made So indeed the same Animal Spirits thô with an opposite and inverse tendency and aspect of them cause Motion and Sense But both Faculties as to the Exercises of their Acts require something divers Organs yea the Animal Spirits planted within the same for the performing the divers Offices of their Faculties are ordered with a various Affection and with a different manner of Orders That each of these may be the more clearly illustrated we shall first of all speak of the Sense and of whatsoever belongs to it both in General and in Special and then afterwards concerning Motion The Sense as it is taken in a more strict acceptation viz. for the proper Function in animated Bodies and by which they are distinguished from inanimates is wont to be described after this manner That it is the faculty of perceiving Sensible objects Because the Sensitive soul as hath been said being apt to be affected or moved by every Contact or Impulse of an exterior Body forces its constitution to vary in the whole or in part according as it is struck But exterior Bodies because they consist of Particles of a various Kind and diversly figured therefore when some are applied to others their approaches one among another are not always made after one and the same manner but after a manifold manner and with notable variety to wit either by Corporeal Contacts or by Effluvia's falling from them or by Particles of Air Breath or Light reflected from them issuing from them on every side like Darts Further and to every one of these Kinds many Species are attributed Because not only Concretes but also various little Bodies of the same Subject shew and impress manifold Types of their Contacts several of which as they are received and so known distinctly by living Creatures the Sensitive Soul using Corporeal Organs hath many Sensories fitted for such variety of Objects and divers representations of things in which several both the Conformation of the Pores as also the disposition of the Animal Spirits are proportionated to the little Bodies sent in from the Object which are only of one Kind fitly to be received By this means sensible Impressions at least that may be of use to any Animal are perceived and from this manifold way of Sension proceeds the Knowledge of all things according to that of the Philosopher All Knowledge is made by the Sense when on the contrary if Bodies and their Particles should strike the Systasis of the naked Soul or part of it always after one and the same manner nothing at all would be known because one thing or parts from another or these from those Members would not be distinguished Wherefore that all the chief Objects and their Accidents might be distinctly noted it is so provided that some Particles strike this Organ and not that so that they affect their several respective Sensories only the rest being untouched From hence it is clear that 't is necessary that there should be many Sensories in perfect Animals which may perform divers Actions both for the preserving of Life and propagating the Kind and also for the knowing many things and chiefly for the embracing of what things are Congruous to themselves and for the shunning all incongruous things for this things 't
the Sense are not distinctly painted in the Common Sensory as on a Table but every Impression there shown depends on the Motion as it were by a certain waving of some Spirits separate from others and within these or those peculiar Tracts of them Nor is it irrational to affirm that some Spiritual Particles are moved within the Hypostasis of the Sensitive Soul and her the same Portion of it whil'st others lye quiet lying between them for it plainly appears and which afterwards is more largely shown that within the Body of the Air the lucid Particles are agitated whil'st the rest lye at ease yea also that Sonorifick yea and odorous little Bodies and perhaps many others of another Kind are moved by a distinct and peculiar Agitation apart by themselves from the other texture of the Air for both Images pass thorow Sounds are poured out Odors flow warm or cold Effluvia's and other little Bodies are variously carried yet notwithstanding others in the mean time are neither driven by force by some others nor is the Consistency of the whole Air disturbed by some Singulars Yea various Impressions not only pass thorow the Air unchanged but also the Superficies of the Water for we have observed in a River or a Fish-pond when many wavings have been stirr'd up by various and divers strokes together that all of them however they meet one another pass thorow or cut one another continue still distinct and inconfused why then may we not suppose that in the Airy Systasis of the Soul which is also is founded in a Watry Humor there are Particles of a various and unlike make and that manifold Species by their passing thorow may be at once brought to the Common Sensory without Confusion As for Example Suppose that for seeing most Subtil and as it were Aetherial Particles others almost Saline and notably moveable for the Hearing and so for the other Senses Spirits endowed after this or that manner to be interwoven together and every peculiar Sension to be produced by a particular affection of them to which it happens that for the various passing thorow of the Spirits of so diverse a Nature divers Tracts or Paths are produced both in the Organ it self and in the Common Sensory and so when the Animal Spirits are affected which are of this or that Nature apart from others which are of another Nature and as there are beamings forth of several kinds as it were within various Inlets or Passages 't is no wonder if in divers Organs distinct Acts of Sensions are performed and that all of them however different in Kind and coming together from many ways are shewn within the same Common Sensory to wit the streaked Bodies because in this Marrowy Part Spirits of every kind abound and also passages of every sort of Conformation are found therefore every Impression impressed on any Organ from without may be distinctly represented in this same Body That it is so it more clearly appears from hence because both the streaked Bodies and the way leading to these consist of many white Ligatures which seem as so many soft Nerves or marrowy Tracts for the divers ways of receiving the Impressions of sensible Species When a sensible Impression is brought through the Animal Spirits being affected by a continued Series from the Organ to the Common Sensory if it be light it is there terminated and the perception of the External Sense quickly vanishes without any other Affection but if which more often happens the impulse of the Object be stronger the Sense excited from thence like the vehement waving of waters in a Whirl-pool both partly passes thorow the streaked Bodies and going forward to the Callous Body it oftentimes raises up two other Internal Senses to wit the Imagination and Memory either one of both of them and also is partly reflected from them and from thence by a declining of the Spirits leaping into the Nerves local Motions are made For indeed Impressions of sensible things from the beginning furnish both the Imagination with the Memory and Appetite and induce the first attempts of local Motions It is first effected for as much as the sensible Impulse is often propagated beyond the streaked Body into the marrowy part of the Brain or the Cortex or the extream Confines of it But local Motions ordinarily succeed to Sension for as much as the Animal Spirits being struck back from the bolt or stay of the streaked Bodies spring up outwardly and as they enter these or those Nerves by a certain Consequence or by chance they excite fortuitous local Motions or depending on the previous Sense for in the reciprocal exercise of these Faculties to wit of Sense and local Motion before Animals are imbued with Phantasie and Memory almost the whole Animal Function consists because Brutes or Men whil'st they as yet know not things want Spontaneous Appetite So long therefore they being destitute of the Internal Principle of Motion move themselves or Members only as they are excited from the impulse of the External Object and so Sension preceding Motion is in some manner the Cause of it Therefore in every Sension the Animal Spirits are moved and their Motion being excited in the utmost Sensory from the approach of the Object and harmonised according to its Impression turns inwards and as hath been said is conveyed to the first or Common Sensory wherefore it is not to be thought that the little Body 's sent from the Object do penetrate deeply and enter the inward parts of the Brain it self as some have asserted but it suffices that they being cast forth like Darts from the sensible thing do affect the Spirits placed in the fore-front and then they from thence most swiftly pass thorow by their Irradiation the impressed Motion As to the Parts within which the Animal Spirits dwelling do carry thorow as it were by Pipes and Dioptrick Glasses the impressed Species of sensible things they are the Fibres Nerves and the Oblong Marrow and chiefly the tops of it to wit the streaked Bodies The Fibres being stretched forth in every Sensory as it were Nets spread abroad take the Particles of the Object diffused and entring here and there from which whil'st the Spirits implanted in those Fibres are affected and are marked with the type of shaddow of the Objected thing forthwith the same Character being expressed by a continued Series of Spirits passes forward thorow the little Pipes of the Nerves and the Medullary Trunk into the streaked Bodies and is there represented as upon a white well But the Rational Soul easily beholds the Image of the thing there painted or perhaps carried forward beyond into the Callous Body the Imagination and Phantasie being excited But after what manner Brutes perceive themselves to feel and by reason of that Sension they either imprint it in their Memory or draw forth the Acts of the Appetite we have shewn elsewhere Concerning the number
are eaten which may open the Pores of the Tongue and clear away the sticking Viscousness As to the Nerves which serve to the Fibres of the Tongue thickly interwoven with it and which carry the Impressions of Savours to the chief Sensory it seems that they are of a double Kind for as Nerves are inserted in the Tongue from both the Fifth and the Ninth pair and are every where distributed thorow its whole frame with a most thick Series of shoots it is very likely that they are both Sensitive Concerning the Nerves sent hither from the Fifth pair the thing is out of doubt and as from the same pair other shoots are sent into the Nostrils hence we may say the reason is of that Consent which is between both these Sensories but indeed as to the Nerves bestowed also on the Tongue from the Ninth pair it may be something doubted because it is commonly believed that the Office of these serve to the Motion of the Tongue and to Speech wherefore from the same pair are sent certain branches into the Muscles of the Tongue and of the Bone called Hyoides which without doubt are destinated for their Motion Nevertheless thâ— it be granted that the Nerves of the Tongue and its Appendix inserted from the Ninth pair do bestow on them the moving Power which indeed is necessary to this Part as well for Tastings as for speaking to wit as the Tongue is very versatile it takes in with delight the Savours from every corner or recess of the Mouth yet what hinders that however the same Nerves should not serve for both to wit Motion and Sense For it appears that many Nerves which serve for the Sense of Feeling do in like manner serve for the performing of the Motions of those Parts to which they belong Wherefore as Tasting is a certain Species of Feeling it is probable that it enters in some measure through the moving Nerves of the Tongue it self neither does it appear otherwayes for what end Branches of the Nerves derived from the Ninth pair into the Tongue disperse such thick-set shoots into its whole frame unless they should serve for the receiving of the Particles of Savours coming from every Part. But for as much as after this manner two Nerves of a distinct Original belong to the Tongue and one of them arises from the Parts of the Brain and the other from the Cerebel Hence a Sension being carried inwards by the same it is stay'd from either at the Common Sensory and so according to the diverse Nature of the Object a pleasant and delectable fruition or an ingrateful and sad Aversion at once in either Government the Imagination and the Praecordia are affected There is a sufficient indulgement to the Taste for a reward of its necessary work to wit Eating therefore its Objects are sought far and near through the Regions of the whole World yea and all the Elements are imployed Further as to its Ministry all the rest of the Senses serve to this for nothing pleases the Palate unless the Sight and Hearing Smell and Touch approve it 'T is fit it should be so for this Sensory by which Food is conveyed for Humane Life and that it might enjoy great variety for the shunning of nauseous things and use a guard upon the rest for Discrimination lest instead of Food it might unawares take Poison The Speculation of Savours which are the next Object of Taste contains in it self very many Pleasant and no less Profitable things wherefore I think it will not be from the Matter to turn aside here a little into this Theory and as we shall divide all Savours into Simple and Compound First we shall rehearse what Nature suggests of that Kind particularly according to their several differences both of themselves and of the Subjects in which they are Then secondly we shall add the Parallels by what means and by what service of Art the same Savours in Subjects are produced anew in which they are not by Nature Thirdly After what manner Savours both Natural and Artificial are any way altered and changed in their Subjects or wholly perish It will be worth our while to discourse briefly concerning these and lastly somewhat of Compounded Savours Savours called Simple are commonly counted to be Nine viz. Sharp Bitter Salt Acid or Tart Astringent or Biting Sowre Sweet Oyly insipid or without Taste The first is sharp or biting Savour such as is felt in Pepper or Pellitory being chewed which probably arises as often as the Particles of any Body are smooth and sharpned and after that manner figured like the stings of Nettles that they may prick and very much dig into the Sensory In Subjects indued with a sharp biting Savour a volatile Salt or an Alchalisat or suffering a Flux from Fire very much exceeds other Elements First Concretes which have by Nature Particles so figured are accounted among Vegetables Hearts-ease or Trinity-Herb Pepper Aron Country-Mustard Sea-Lettice or Milk-thistle Mustardseed Pellitory Ranunculus c. Of Minerals Arsneck Sandaraâ—h c. Among Animals it is scarcely met with nor among their Parts a savour of this Kind unless perhaps some Insects as Cantharides c. Secondly Sharp biting Bodies produced by the help of Art are Mercury Sublimate Butter of Antimony Strong-Waters and Causticks the fixed Salts of Herbs made by burning to Ashes Calcined Vitriol the Rust of Brass c. The oftner things suffer Calcination and Fusion in the Fire the more biting sharp they are made because by this means the Pricks and Spears of the Particles are sharpned An Example is in the fixed Salts of Herbs calcined Vitriol the Infernal Stone c. Bodies which are biting sharp and Corrosives mixt together and committed to the Fire acquire a most sharp force of burning An example is in Mercury Sublimate and Stygian Waters the reason of which is because Salts of a like Kind being mixed together joyn their forces or edges and are at the same time very much sharp'ned by the fire It happens otherwise to Salts of a divers Kind as are Spirits of Vitriol and Salt of Tartar mixed together Sugar and Honey subjected to distillation exhale a Caustick Water also the Spirit of Wine highly rectified becomes biting sharp and burning because the Saline or Spirituous Particles in both Substances being deprived of the sweetness of the others put forth their Spears and Pricks Thirdly Which was the Third Proposition the biting sharpness in Bodies both Natural and Artificial is put away or altered after various wayes Mercury Sublimate highly Corrosive if another quantity of live Mercury be added and sublimed it takes away all acritude or biting sharpness and it becomes insipid or without taste The reason of which is that when the Particles of the added Mercury do grow to the little Spears of the Salts they do thereby become more thick and obtuse The Spirit of Vitriol and Salt of Tartar being
of them should be stopped or pressed together at once yet the blood being admitted to the Head by the passage of one Artery only either the Carotid or the Vertebral it would presently pass thorow all those parts both exterior and interior which indeed we have sufficiently proved by an experiment for that Ink being squirted in the trunk of one Vessel quickly filled all the sanguiferous passages and every where stained the Brain it self I once opened the dead carcase of one wasted away in which the right Arteries both the Carotid and the Vertebral within the Skull were become bony and impervious and did shut forth the blood from that side notwithstanding the sick person was not troubled with the astonishing Disease wherefore it may be doubted whether the blood excluded from the Brain by reason of some Arteries being obstructed or compressed doth bring forth this Disease Certainly there is more of danger that the cause of the Apoplexy should be from its too great incursion and extravasation within the Brain as it was in the three Apoplectick people cited by the Author and that not only because the marrowie substance of the Brain was deprived of the Blood coming to its use for such a defect might have been supplied by the other Vessels extending their branches every where but rather because by the extravasated Blood and not seldom being concreted into an hard and mighty bulk the marrow of the Brain is pressed together the passages of the Spirits being by that means shut up But indeed though we deny this to the afflux of the blood into the Brain being hindred in any part only yet it may be granted to its total exclusion for therefore we have often noted a want of all motion to be caused which Distemper however hath been rarely taken for the astonishing disease but rather is wont to be called a Syncopy or Swooning away or the Hysterical Passion If at any time the motion of the Heart be wholly suppressed presently the Blood being retained without the Brain the Animal Spirits fall down even as the light vanishes when the flame is put out The action of the Heart is stopped or hindred either by reason of the improportionate flowing in of the Blood as in the violent passions of fear or sadness or by reason of the Animal Spirits which serve for its motion being denyed by the Cerebel This we think to happen sometimes because of the Cardiack Nerves being Distemper'd with a Convulsion or otherways bound together after which manner it is usual in Convulsive and Hysterical Passions sometimes for the outward parts as the Arms and Legs and sometimes the Inward to wit the Praecordia and Viscera one after another to be affected but a want of motion follows the inordinations of these in which the sick lie for some time without motion or sense with a small or seldom beating Pulse as if dead Which indeed so seems to come to pass by reason of the Cardiack Nerves being contracted at that time and so the Spirits which were about to flow being suspended though we believe such a want of motion sometimes to be produced by the mere confusion of the Spirits within the Brain but in this case the heart it self is lively enough moved and the Pulse is also strong and landable But besides it seems most likely that the motion of the Heart is ofen suppressed or inhibited by reason of the Animal Spirits destinated to the vital function being suppressed in the fountain it self to wit within the Cerebel We have mentioned this to be done in the Distemper of the Incubus but without doubt it ought to be attributed to this cause for that I have observed in some a failing of the Spirits with a sudden privation of all the Animal functions to follow upon a great weight in the hinder-part of the Head in which the sick become senseless and immoveable with the Pulse and breathing very much lessened and scarce perceivable and lye quite cold for many hours yea oftentimes a day or two more like dead than living persons I have known sometimes those distemper'd to be stiff and cold Pulse and breathing to be thought quite gone and to be indeed esteemed quite dead and put into their Coffin yet after two or three days to have reviv'd again but whoever awakes out of this fit whether it be of short or long continuance does not for that reason fall into a Palsie or half Palsie of one side as those for the most part do who are distemper'd with the Apoplexy Further no doubt but that many die from such a Morbific cause whose death wrongfully hath been ascribed either to the mortal Syncopy or to the Apoplexy properly so called Truly the case afterwards described can only have the like reason given for it Wherefore though it may seem a Paradox yet it is not incongruous to reason that we affirm that there is a twofold Apoplexy one in the Cerebel which we but now described the other seated in the middle of the Brain into the causes of which and the manner of it we shall now inquire But here in the first place we must distinguish concerning the various assault or fit of this Disease to wit forasmuch as sometimes being excited without any previous disposition or Procatarxis from a sudden and solitary cause it is often invincible and for the most part mortal against this there can be no preventive method of healing or preservatories instituted and the Curatory method which is wont to be taken proves very oft ineffectual Or Secondly the Apoplectick fit having an antecedent cause or previous Procatarxis is brought into act by reason of various occasions or evident causes As to what belongs to the blasting or being stricken of the former kind to wit suddenly and unthought of its conjunct or next cause is either a great solution or breach of the unity happening some where within or near the middle of the Brain by reason of which its Pores and passages being obstructed or pressed together the whole emanation of the Spirits is suppressed or else it is an huge and sudden profligation of the Spirits or an extinction of those dwelling in the Brain We shall shew the formal reasons of both of them particularly and the several ways of their being affected Extravasated Blood the breaking of an Imposthum and a great flood of Serous humor plentifully flowing forth are wont to effect the greater breach of the unity within the Brain From Blood effused or extravasated within the Brain and there either growing together in clodders or striking on the affected places doth often times cause mortal Apoplectick fits as I my self have proved by Anatomical inspection in some others besides the instances brought by the famous Webfer but such Morbific extravasations of the Blood within the Brain proceed either from an external cause as a fall from on high or by a blow on the Head or by hitting it
therefore here pass over purposely in this part of the Diseases belonging to the Head and according to our wonted method descend yet lower to the other regions of the Brain and its dependences and now we shall endeavour next to describe the Distempers which belong to the Streaked Bodies Oblong Marrow and also to the Nerves and nervous Fibres We have formerly shewed that these parts do perform all the functions belonging to motion and sense wherefore the failing or the enormities of these are the affections of those Bodies or of the Spirits inhabiting them But indeed sense and motion are hurt chiefly after two manner of ways to wit either is wont to be perverted or hindred when Motion is perverted Cramps and Convulsions when Sense pain arises when either function or both together is hindred or abolished the Distemper is thence stirred up called the Palsie which we are at present about to handle Concerning Convulsion and Pain we have already treated The Palsie is described after this manner to wit That it is a resolution loosening or relaxation of the nervous parts from their due tensity or stiffness by which means Motion and Sense to wit either one only or both together in the whole Body or in some parts cannot be exercised after their due manner The nervous pats are loosened because the Animal Spirits do not sufficiently irradiate them nor blow them up nor actuate them with vigor The cause of which defect is either an obstruction of the ways by which their trajection or passage is hindred or the impotency of the Animal Spirits for that they are distemper'd with a numness or that being but few in number they do not lively enough unfold themselves By reason of these various means of being affected there arise diverse kinds of Palsies For in the first place as to motion by it self this spontaneous faculty which is chiefly and almost only lyable to the Palsie is sometimes taken away in the whole or altogether in some parts but sometimes this being only hindred is lessened or depraved Secondly In like manner also one sense only by it self or more together is sometimes wholly taken away and sometimes only much diminished or vitiated Thirdly Sometimes it happens that both powers are hurt at once We shall speak of each of these in their order and first of the Palsie in which spontaneous motion is abolished which we say is excited from two causes chiefly to wit the ways being obstructed and the Animal Spirits being touched with a numness or as it were with a certain malignant blast As to the former an interception of the Spirits from the loosned parts by reason of their passages being obstructed that always existing above them is wont to be caused in various places and for divers causes but chiefly it happens in the first sensory viz. in the Streaked Bodies or some where about the Medullar Trunks or lastly in the Nerves themselves and so either in their beginnings or middle processes or in their extreme ends i. e. the nervous Fibres When the evil or hurt is brought to the Streaked Bodies or the oblong or spinal Marrow it either obstructs the whole Medullar thread or rope from whence arises an universal Palsie below the distemper'd part or one moiety of it whence comes the Hemiplegia or Palsie of one side or it affects in one side or in both at once the little heads of some Nerves whence loosnings or resolutions are caused in this or that member apart from the others There are many means whereby the ways or passages of the Animal Spirits are obstructed in the aforesaid bodies First Either their passages are filled by an extraneous matter impacted in them Or Secondly They are pressed together by Blood flowing out of the Vessels a Serous deluge or some Tumor lying upon them Or Thirdly and lastly the unity or continuity is broken as by a stroke or wound or bruise also by excess of cold or heat According as these several places are distemper'd and the several means of their being affected we shall run thorow the chief cases of the Palsie together with the Aetiology or reason thereof with the manifold appearances of Symptoms in them and in the first place we will speak of the Palsie arising from an hurt brought to the common Sensory to wit the Streaked Bodies And indeed that it so comes to pass I have proved by ocular inspection and shall be plainly demonstrated anon by Anatomical observation Further as often as an universal or an half Palsie follows as it is often wont to do upon a Lethargy the Carus or Apoplexy any one may conceive that such a change of the Disease happens from a translation of the Morbific matter for that this at length going out of the Pores and passages of the Callous Body which it at first possest and sinking down a little lower runs into the Medullary tracks of one of the Streaked Bodies or perhaps both of them And so when the Animal Spirits are hindred from their wonted out-flowing or irradiation into the nervous Stock the motive faculty only or if the obstruction be very great both this together with the sensitive is hindred I have sometimes observed in a Palsie coming after a grievous fit of some other Disease that all the moving parts of either side have been loosened after a more light manner For though they were not able to perform the more strong motive endeavours yet for the most part they could extend bend yea and move their members hither and thither to wit because the Morbific matter being diffused abroad thorow both the Streaked Bodies had not so closely filled every where all the passages Moreover on the contrary I have known in a Palsie of one side so suddenly excited that there has been a far greater resolution so that they so struck were not able to move any way hand or foot nor any other member on the distemper'd side Further sometimes it happens from the Morbific matter being copiously fallen down and obstructing closely all the Medullary tracts of one of the Streaked Bodies that all the respective parts have not only been destitute of motion but some of them also of sense so that some members felt not any painful impression how vehement so ever it was Such a Distemper happening in a lesser degree is wont to excite a sense of numness or pricking or tingling such as in members lean'd or lain upon If it be demanded why sense is not always hindred as well as motion in every Palsie since as it seems either is performed by the same Nerves and Fibres within the same Medullary tracts so that one faculty is only the inversion of the other as to this we may say that as light beams thorow glass when wind is excluded so also sense being safe oftentimes motion is lost Besides sense is only a passion and a sensible impression which is propagated from the organ by a continuity of
medium between the Body and the Soul but that the members and parts of the Body are the Organs of the Soul what can we think else or affirm but that many and distinct portions of the same Extended Soul actuate the several members and parts of this Body Besides it is seen in several living Creatures whose Liquors both the Vital and Animal in which the Soul as to all its parts immediately subsists are viscous and less dissipable that the Soul is also divided with the Body and exercises its Faculties to wit of Motion and Sense in every one of the divided members layd apart by themselves So Worms Eeles and Vipers being cut into pieces move themselves for a time and being pricked will wrinkle up themselves together But that we have affirmed the Soul of the Brute to be not only Corporeal and Extended but that it is of a certain fiery nature and its Act or Substance is either a Flame or a Breath neer to or a-Kin to Flame besides the large Testimonies of Authors both Ancient and Modern Reasons and Arguments almost demonstrative have also induced me to it Some of the Chief of these we have of late Exposed in the Treatise concerning the Inkindling of the Blood there remains many others of no light moment to be added hereafter As to what appertains to the suffrages of others that I may not seem to stand upon the Authority of one Gassendus who has maintained this Hypothesis I shall here Cite many both Ancient Physicians and Philosophers For not to mention Democritus Epicurus Laertius Lucretius and their followers Hippocrates Plato Pythagoras Aristotle Galen with many others tho disagreeing about other things in this Opinion to wit That the Soul was either a Fire or something analogical to it they all shook hands to whom also have joyned themselves of the Moderns Fernelius Heurnius Cartesius Hogelandus and others and lately Honoratus Faber hath delivered in Express words That the Soul of the Brute is Corporeal and its Substance Fire it self But indeed he far otherwayes Explicates his saying than is propounded in our Hypothesis For having shewn this Soul to be material and supposed all sublunary matter to be nothing else but the four Elements he therefore Concludes the Soul of the Brute because it is not seen to be any thing Compounded out of the rest of the simple Elements or of many of them That it is mere Fire Tract 2. l. 2. pr. 33. ad 38. I shall take notice of one or two of our Countrymen The most noble Verulam chiefly distinguishes animals from inanimals in this respect for that the spirits of those are otherways inflamed and inkindled than the spirits of these Natur. Histor. Cent. 7. The most Learned and Famous Physician George Ent in his Apology against Parisanus That Blood even as Fire desires two things to wit Food and Ventilation hath most clearly demonstrated Wherefore after so many Learned Men it will be no Paradox to affirm That the Soul lying hid in the Blood or Vital Liquor is a certain fire or flame which Opinion agrees well enough with right Reason as appears by what follows Indeed if Fire and Flame are to be defined or unfoulded not by those External accidents of burning glowing and of heat which are not its proper Passions but by intrinsic Causes we conceive very easily the substances of them to be even as the Souls of the Brutes or altogether of the same sort For truly Fire if we would describe it according to its Essence it signifies an heap of most subtil Contiguous particles and existing in a swift motion and with a continued generation of some renewed by the falling off of others which indeed Conserves both its motion and substance for that its Food on which it continually feeds is perpetually supply'd from the subject matter which is Sulphur or some other nitrous thing in the Air that Compasses it about for from thence out of the Food of either the Particles being most minutely resolved and agitated with a most rapid motion the forms of Fire and Flame which differ only in more or less result Since we have in another place discoursed largely enough of these things it will not be needful to add any more here What if we should in like manner say That the Souls of Brutes are an heap of these sorts of most subtle Atoms heaped up together and extreamly moveable To wit which being stirred up with Life into motion as it were an infiring Continue the same and likewise its subsistance so long as Nutriment out of the apposite matter which is by degrees Consumed within Sulphureous and without Nitrous from the ambient medium is granted to it For that we say That the Souls of all Brutes so long as they live and flourish after the manner of fire do want Constantly either kind of aliment to wit Sulphureous and Nitrous That this is true is shewed hereafter as well concerning Insects and other bloodless Creatures also concerning Fishes and the more frigid bloody Creatures as well as in the more hot and perfect Creatures that have blood Which Conditions however are required to the Act and Subsistance of no subject besides But no motion either of Fermentation Ebullition Vegitation or of any other thing besides Life and Fire is immediately supprest by reason of the taking away of the Air. Concerning the Corporeal Soul in general these Three things first fall under our Consideration viz. First What kind of Subsistence or Hypostasis it is of Secondly In what its Life or Act consists And Thirdly What are its primary Offices or Operations As to the first we may believe That the Brutal Soul doth consist of Particles of the same matter out of which the organical Body is formed but that they are choyce most subtle and highly active which as a flower arising out of the grosser mass do mutually come together and do constitute fit passages which they produce thorow the whole frame of the Body having got one continued Hypostasis to wit very thin and as it were Spirituous and equal and extended to the whole For indeed so soon as any matter is disposed towards Animation by the Law of Creation and not by a Fortuitous Concourse of Atoms at once the Soul which is the form of the thing and the Body which which is called Matter begin to be formed under a certain Species or Kind according to the Model or Form impressed upon them Wherefore the more nimble and Spirituous Particles rowling away from the rest heap themselves together and by leasure grow Turgid These being thus moved stir up others more thick and dispose them into destinated places where they ought to stay and to increase and so they frame the Body according to its destinated Species In the mean time this heap of subtle Particles or the Soul which explicating it self more largely and insinuating its Particles into other more thick and weaving them together frames
Blood or Thirdly of a more perfect or hot Blood And to this partition as the more Known insisting here we shall run thorow the several members of it in Order and briefly Notifie in them the Fabricks of the chief Vital parts of the Body and the Constitutions of the Souls Inhabiting them First Bloodless Creatures are either belonging to the Earth in which number are very many Insects or belonging to the water of which Kind besides some certain Kinds of Insects are also found various Fishes which are wont to be divided into Soft of which sort are the Cuttle Fish the Sea Woolf c. Shelly as Oysters and Cockles c. And Pargated or other thinner shell'd Creatures as the Lobster and Crab We will examine in either sort some chief Species of these Bloodless Creatures as to the States of their vital Parts and their Souls First Therefore in earthly Insects altho indued with a small bulk that they have great Souls their Actions testifie which indeed are performed by some of them as the Silk-worm the Bee the Ant or Emmet the Spider to admiration Further That the Souls of these are of a certain fiery nature no less than those of the more hot and perfect Brutes we from hence deservedly suspect because they stand in need of a Copious Food after the manner of an inkindled Flame and of the access of much Air. The first appears by common Observation for as much as Insects often devour all the Corn and Leaves of Plants and so take away the grateful greenness of the Summer Besides it appears from hence that their Lives require a constant afflux of Air because as it hath been experienced by our noble Mr. Boyle Insects being put into a glassy Globe quickly dye after the Air is suckt out This the Learned Malpigius hath more fully declared in his most ingenious Tract of the Silk-Worm where he Observes That Insects have not only Lungs but so abound in them that every little ring or section of them is indued with two yea and that every part also of the Viscera or Inwards delight in the derived Lungs For as in the sides of Insects the whole length of the Body on both sides black spots or pricks appear he hath found that these were indeed tunnels or breathing holes leading from so many Wind-pipes or asper Arteries which by and by being branched forth into the Heart Ventricle Spinal Marrow and all the other Inwards and Internal parts carry in and out air to and from them all Moreover if these orifices be all smeared over with Oyl or Hony the Worm presently dyes but if only a part of those breathing holes be so stopped the neighbouring parts being by Convulsed and then resolv'd or loosned sink down or flag the rest keeping their motion But if the orifices of the Trachea or Wind-pipe be untouched and that the Head Mouth Belly or any other parts be sprinkled with Oyl neither death nor any trouble of the Sense will be induced and what is yet more wonderful the Insects that have oyl or the like poured into their Wind-pipes so suddenly dye that tho the Heart keep a motion for some space yet they can never be revived These Phaenomena happen alike not only in the Silk-Worm but in Wasps Bees Grass-hoppers Locusts Caterpillers and other the like Insects which certainly I believe gives very much Light concerning the use of Lungs in every Animal But first let us inspect some other Parts of Insects described by a most accurate Anatomy Therefore he says in the Silk-Worm and the like in others That the heart is placed all along the Back between the Muscles and the Lungs here and there appending and that it is stretched forth from the top of the Head to the extreme part of the Body This consisting of their Membranes as appears as it were one Tube or Pipe but unequal to wit sometimes broader sometimes narrower continuing from the Tail to the Head so that for their inequalities they seem as so many Eggs or little Hearts one laid by another and continued by one passage These little Hearts or the aforesaid parts of the Heart do gently drive forward not at once but successively and slowly after the manner of their membranes being bound and dilated from heart to heart sometimes upward sometimes downward the contained vital humour which is limpid or clear and so as we may believe a certain portion of the vital humour being squeezed forth into the Arteries which are so small and few that they cannot be seen is agitated by the Circulation of the rest contained almost only within the oblong Cavity of the Heart As to the head this most diligent searcher observed that Insects had no Brain within the Skull its Cavity being filled with the Muscles of the Eyes and some others but its spinal Marrow sufficiently large and divaricated in many places for the going out of the Nerves and as it were protuberated with knots is extended from the Head to the Tail and what is worthy to be noted in the whole passage branches of the Trachaea or Lungs were superinduced to this spinal Rope and inserted to it in very many places I omit what he most learnedly discourses of the members ventricle and other Inwards of Insects lest it should seem impertinent or too much Plagiarism But that the discourses may be the better understood concerning the vital parts of Insects it will be convenient here to borrow the draughts of the heart of the Silk-Worm and of the Trachaea or Wind-Pipes both of that and of the Grass-hopper and Locust in which the Trachaea or Wind-pipes are like to other Insects most diligently delineated by Malpigius which shall be added at the end of this Chapter with other Figures of other Animals but these the first Table shews Further as to what belongs to the Doctrine of the Soul we may with the Authors lieve Philosophize or at least conjecture concerning the Phaenomena of the Heart and Lungs by him described Therefore for that Insects first having such copious Lungs dispersed thorow all the Viscera or Inwards Heart and spinal Marrow to which that each might come distinctly they have many distinct Trachaeas or Wind-pipes with so many gaping orifices on the superficies of the Body it appears from hence that the use of the Lungs in these little Animals is not for the refrigeration of the Blood or its exact mistion nor for the suscitating the motion of the Heart because neither the Vessels carrying the Blood or Vital Humour accompany the Trachaea or Wind-Pipes nor is such a humour to be rapidly Circulated but seems to be only carryed and placed gently into all the parts But that the orifices of the Wind-pipes being stopped presently Life is extinguished in these as also in a glassy Globe empty of Air what can one imagine else but that this access of Air is required for the sustaining of the Vital Flame as it is wont
Divers or such as dive under the waters and he shews the manner whereby some men may be made able to dive to wit if whilst they are Infants they be provoked often to Cry they are suffered a long time to restrain the spirit from hence there will be a necessity of casting forth the Blood thorow the oval hole or navil and for that reason will hinder its Coalition or Closing up But indeed in these Brutes as to such a Conformation of the Praecordia the most skilful Anatomist Doctor Walter Needham did doubt and desired to have found it in some of them by an ocular search after many dissections However it is we are to suppose these living Creatures do not breath whilst they are under the Waters and from thence the Course of their Blood is by and by made more flow and smaller In which Condition it matters little whether it so growing torpid or sluggish creeps from the hollow vein into the Aorta by the navil hole or whether lying quiet it creeps forward by a gentle or slow pulse of the Heart for either way there will be a necessity that the Vital fire for defect of aerial food would be presently diminished and as it were depressed into a halituous or breathy substance Notwithstanding in the mean time that it may not wholly Expire or be Extinguished these two things are done viz. First Because in these Animals and as in all Fishes the Vital fire together with a certain Sulphureous and also Nitrous food within as we have shewed is injoy'd therefore it is able a long time to want its external supplement from the Air. Then Secondly in some of them the Hypostasis it self or Constitution of the Soul consisting of less subtle Particles is not so suddenly dissolved but that its parts stick together more strictly among themselves nor are they wont to be dissipated presently by any force as in more hot Animals Further as their Souls as to the greater part by much subsist in the Brain and Nervous stock more than in the Blood it comes to pass that however this fire being diminished and almost suppressed the Animal faculties remain still lively enough and indeed far otherways than in hot Living Creatures whose blood being obstructed about the Praecordia presently there follows an Ecclipse of the Animal faculties Notwithstanding Frogs Eeles and Serpents after their Hearts are taken forth will live for some time and leap about yea by reason of the animal spirits being intangled with a viscous matter and not easily dissipable retain for a little while motion and sense after their Bodies are cut in pieces and the several portions divided and lay'd apart as we have shew'd before The Third and highest Form of Animals Is that of Creatures of an hot Blood all which are framed with a two-Belly'd Heart and Lungs The Anatomy of these being already so accurately performed by many and commonly known there needs not any description of the History and Uses of the Vital or Animal parts in these kind of Creatures or Brutes The chief Species of this Kind are Fowls and Four-footed Beasts and in the same Class or Rank we place with the Souls of the later also the Inferior or Corporeal Soul of Man and that rightly because there is the same Conformity in either of their Praecordia of their Brain and also of their nervous Appendixes which notwithstanding differs from that of Fowls or Birds What kind of difference this is between those and these as to their Animal parts we have formerly declared at large and now we shall notifie what difference happens between them as to their Vital parts The Lungs of Men and Four-footed Beasts are every where shut in the outmost superficies that the Air entring by the Trachea or Wind-Pipe and by and by entring into its Chanels quickly blows up all the Lobes of the Lungs and distends them but it goes no further But in Fowls the Lungs being full of holes admit the inbreathed Air into the whole Cavity of the Belly which by the Muscles of the Abdomen or lower part of the Belly is exploded thence The reason of this I suppose to be in some part that there may be a greater plenty for singing and in some for the longer tuning of the Voyce or for the more strong or longer breathing forth of the Air. Besides for that all are not singing Birds it is so provided for in these Brutes that by reason of the Trunk of the Body being filled and as it were extended with Air they may the more easily fly and are more easily held up by the outward Air by reason of that within Indeed Fishes that they may the more lightly swim in the Waters have in their Bellyes Bladders blown up with Air. In like manner Fowls by reason of the Trunk of their Body being full and as it were blown up with Air whilst they rely on the open Air become less heavy and so fly more lightly and faster Hence it comes to pass that men being in danger of drowning whilst they swim receive great help by restraining the spirit and inflating the Breast as much as may be yea Dead Carcasses being drowned after the breath or fumes begotten by the inward putrefaction and shut up within blow up the fallen Cavities of the Viscera and extend them more rise up again and swim on the surface of the Water If we inquire into the Souls of the more hot Brutes without doubt it was at first in respect of these that the Ancients did declare the Soul to be Fire and the more modern Fire or Flame these placing it in the Heart those making it to be inkindled in the Blood And indeed since we have granted Souls as it were fiery to Bloodless Creatures and those of a more cold Blood which also the Lord Bacon grants to Plants it is not for us to deny the same dignity in Creatures of a more hot Blood For besides that the Souls of those like Flame require absolutely either sort of Food viz. the Sulphureous and the Nitrous and cannot be a minute without them the very hot Blood also is seen by mere accension for as much as we cannot shew how it can become so hot after any other way to boyl up yea and the Lungs hanging to the two-bellyed Heart to be the fire-place chimny or breathing hole of the Flame cherished within them Therefore as the Soul of the Brute of a more hot Blood being the perfectest in its Kind is as it were a Rule or Square by which others more inferior ought to be measured and as the same actuating and vivifying the humane body is sabordinate to the Animal and is the immediate substance of it as shall be more fully shown it remains now that we inquire into its Nature and Essence and first of all that we search into what parts powers and affections she has which shall be the chief Members of our Psycheology or Discourse
leave no Foot-steps of themselves Wherefore it is better according to our Hypothesis that we liken these Spirits sent from the Flame of the Blood to the Rays of Light at least to them interwoven with the Element and the Air. For as Light figures the Impressions of all visible things and the Air of all audible things So the Animal Spirits receive the impressed Images of those and also of Odors and tangible qualities and stay them at the first Sensory But the Air or Aerial particles whilst free and unmixed create nothing of force or tumult yet they being more strictly pressed together shut up in Clouds or Instruments or imbued with Sulphureous and other Elastick Bodies being become presently raging they often break forth into Meteors viz. Winds Hurricanes and horrid Thunder After the same manner the Animal Spirits whilst pure are carried in the open spaces of the Head and its Appendixes remain quiet enough but they being shut up within the Muscles and there being mixed with Sulphureous Particles from the Blood and sometimes in other places with an heterogeneous matter become very impetuous to wit Elastick or Spasmodick or Causing Cramps as we have declared formerly at large Therefore the Animal Spirits according to this Analogy to wit which thing of them happens chiefly and almost only with other things we say are most subtil Bodies and highly active instilled from the inkindled Blood into the Brain and its Appendix which partly of their own nature for as much as they are lucid and aerial and partly from the agreeable furniture of the Organs for that they are shut up within Passages as it were Pipes and other Machines abound with both an objective Virtue by which many rays of Light promptly meet together in the Images of all sensible things and effect the sension of every Kind and also an Active by which the loco-motive powers and also the acts of the Spasmodic Affections are performed beyond the forces or Instincts of wind or any blast shut up in machines In Mechanical things Fire Air and Light are chiefly Energetical which humane Industry is always wont to use for the greatly stupendious and no less necessary works This the Furnaces of Smiths Chymists and Glass-men and of other boylers of several Kinds Dioptrick Glasses Musical Warlike Mathematical Instruments with many other Machines never enough to be admired do testifie In like manner we may believe that the Great Workman to wit the Chief Creator from the Beginning did make the greatly active and also the most subtil Souls of Living Creatures out of their Particles as the most active to which he gave also a greater and as it were a supernatural Virtue and Efficacy from the Excellent structure of the Organs most Exquisitly laboured beyond the Workmanship and artificialness of any other Machine We have described these Parts formerly in Plates so that we need not here repeat their Anatomy but only add a few things that were omitted In the Animal Government altho the Spirits are disposed as it were an Army spread abroad thorow the whole Field yet we say that they obtain Orders and Offices one thing in this part and something different in that In every one of these we have noted as it were a double Aspect or Gesture in the Provinces in the Medullary shanks of the Head in the Nerves and also nervous Fibres to wit one of Begetting and Dispensing and another of Exercise and Government As to the first we have shown that the animal spirits being procreated wholly in the Cortical or Barky substances of the Brain and Cerebel do descend by and by into the middle or marrowy parts and there are kept in great plenty for the businesses of the Superiour Soul in the mean time a sufficient stock of these gently flowing from this highest Province into the oblong and Spinal Marrow and thence into the Nerves Nervous Shoots actuates all these passages and blows them up into a certain Tensity Lastly a sufficient plenty of Spirits distilling forth from the ends of the Nerves enter into the nervous Fibres planted in the Muscles Membranes and Viscera and so constitute them the proper and immediate Organs of the Sence and Motion After this manner the Region of the whole Sensitive Soul being viewed if we would describe its Idea or Image we must altogether represent the same Figure and Dimension and the whole Head with its System and Appendix so that as we may behold all these parts shaddowed in the same Image we ought to frame at once the Hypostasis of this Soul adequate and Co-extended to them As to the several sorts of Offices and Exercises of the Spirits so planted in distinct Provinces First we deservedly attribute to them a two-fold Aspect to wit inward for Sense and outward for Motion But more particularly we may conceive the middle or Marrow part of the Brain as it were the inferiour Chamber of the Soul glased with dioptric Looking-Glasses in the Penetralia or inmost parts of which the Images or Pictures of all sensible things being sent or intromitted by the Passages of the Nerves as it were by Pipes or strait holes pass first of all thorow the streaked Bodyes as it were an objective Glass and then they are represented upon the Callous Body as it were upon a white Wall and so induce a Perception and a certain Imagination of the thing felt Which Images or Pictures there expressed as often as they import nothing besides the mere Knowledg of the Object then by and by further progressing as it were by another waving from the Callous Body towards the Cortix or shell of the Brain and entring into its folds the phantasie vanishing they Constitute the memory or remembrance of a Thing But if the sensible species being impressed on the Imagination promises any thing of Good or Evil presently the spirits being Excited respect or look back upon the Object by whose appulse they were moved and for the sake of embracing or removing it away by other spirits flowing within the Passages of the Nerves and successively by others implanted in the Members and moving Parts they swiftly give their Commands of performing the respective motions So the Sense brings in the Imagination this the Memory or the Appetite or both at once and at length the appâ—â—itâ— stirs up local motions performing the prosecution or driving away of the appeariâ—g Good or Evil. For the several Kinds of these sort of Animal Functions yea for the Various Acts of either Kind to be performed the Animal Spirits who are the immediate Instruments of them all obtain peculiar and distinct tracts or paths within which if there be any let or bar to hinder presently some function is hindred or some member of the sensitive Soul being as it were cut off becomes impotent Who can sufficiently admire the innumerable series of nervous Fibres distributed in a most wonderful order thorow the several parts
streaked Body on both sides then being a little bent inwards they proceed by an oblique passage towards its Basis where they are inserted Fig. 1 Tab. 6. As to the Impressions of the other Senses and to the force and Instinct of every Spontaneous motion carried up and down there is a necessity that all these Kinds of Commerces between the streaked Bodies and the Nervous Appendix should be made by the Shanks of the longish Marrow The tops of these being large and broad Stick to the hindermost borders of those so that from these into those and so on the Contrary a going and returning is easily performed Further that the many and divers motive and Sensible Forces and Impressions together may be carried without confusion by this beaten and common way the whole frame of the Medullary Shanks appears thorow the whole to be made with Nerves or Medullary strings compacted together as if they were so many distinct paths in this common passage of the Animal Spirits for the inculcating the Various acts of the Senses and of Motions The Sixth Table represents these parts to the Life As to the Offices and Uses of the streaked Bodies though we can discern nothing with our eyes or handle with our hands of these things that are done within the secret Conclave or Closset of the Brain yet by the effects and by comparing rationally the Faculties and Acts with the Workmanship of the Machine we may at least conjecture what sort of works of the Animal Function are performed in these or those or within some other parts of the Head especially because it plainly appears that the Offices of the Interior Motions and Senses as well as the Exterior are acted by the help of the Animal Spirits ordained within certain and distinct Paths or as it were small little Pipes As therefore it appears from what we have said that the chamfered or streaked Bodies are so placed between the Brain and Cerebel and the whole nervous Appendix that nothing can be carried from these into that or on the contrary be brought back hither but it must pass thorow these Bodies and as peculiar passages lead into these most ample Diversories from the several Organs of Motions Sense and the other Functions and further as Passages lie open from these into the Callous Body and into all the Marrowy Tracts of the Brain nothing seems more probable than that these parts are that common Sensory that receives and distinguishes the Species and all Impressions transferrs them being ordained into fit Series to the Callous Body and represents them to the Imagination there presiding that also transmitts the Force and Instincts of all spontaneous motions begun in the Brain to the Nervous Appendix to be performed by the motive Organs By reason of these manifold and divers offices so many Marrowy streakes or internal Nerves are produced within the streaked Bodies for the Various Tendences and Beamings forth of the Animal Spirits it may very well be concluded that the Sensitive Soul as to all its Powers and Exercises of them is truly within the Head as well as in the nervous System meerly Organical and so extended and after a manner Corporeal The Explanation of the Figures The Fifth Table Shews the Figure of the Brain of a Sheep roled forth and derased and as it were made bare of the Flesh in many places that the Marrowy Tracts may be seen A. A. The Medullary Protuberances called Testes which being certain Epiphyses or excrescences of the oblong Marrow and joyned to the Trunks of the Cerebel look thence towards the Brain B. B. The Natiform Protuberances the Substance of which in a Sheep a Goat and many others is partly Cortical a. a. partly Marrowy b. b. in a Man Dog Fox and others it is wholly Marrowy C. The Cavity or Ventricle lying under the Prominences which is lay'd open these being dissected and opened D. D. Two Marrowy Chords or strings of the Medullary Trunk going strait to the streaked Bodies E. E. The Chambers of the Optick Nerves e. e. The parts of the pineal Kirnel cut thorow the midst and laid apart F. F. The Medullar or nervous passage proceeding from the Prominences which presently becoming forked sends forth one branch G. to the Cone of the streaked Body and the other H. to its Basis. I. A shoot from the medullary Branch going towards the Basis of the streaked Body reaching into the midst of its Border K. The latter border of the streaked Body receiving the nervous passages and under the root of the Fornix united to its like Border of the other side L. The whole streaked Body with its Vessels creeping thorow its Cortex or shell M. The other streaked Body with the shell scraped off that the Nerves or marrowy Tracts may appear N. N. The foremost border of both the streaked Bodyes Conjoyned to the Callous Body O. The Basis of the Fornix P. The Trunk of the Fornix Cut off and with the Brain rolled out removed at a distance Q. Q. The two roots of the Fornix R. R. The interior superficies of the Callous Body noted with transverse medullary streaks S. A medullary hedg or mound dividing the streaks of one side from those of the other T. T. Portions of the Brain Cut off and rolled forth which as also its whole Frame appears with a marrowy and a Cortical substance intermixt V. V. Portions of the divided Cerebel lay'd apart W. The Portion of the Oblong Marrow situated beyond the Cerebel The Sixth Table Shews the Basis of a Sheeps Head in certain parts of which Derased and in others Exposed naked the Streaks or Medullary Tracts as so many Nerves appear A. A. The Mamillary Processes carried to the Basis of either Streaked Body and inserted into them B. B. Some remaining portions of the Brain cut off from it greater bulk C. C. The streaked Bodies derased and as it were made bare of flesh that the Medullary streakes may appear also in its lower parts D. D. The Chambers of the Optick Nerves in which the strait and thick-set Medullary streakes are reached forth towards the streaked Bodies E. A Tract leading to the Tunnel of the Brain F. A Kirnel placed behind the Tunnel which is twofold in man G. G. The Trunks of the Optick Nerves divided and removed from their joyning together before the Tunnel H H. f.f. The Shanks of the oblong Marrow lying under the Orbicular Prominences in which strait and most thick streakes are also stretched forth towards the chamfer'd Bodies I. I. I. Transverse Medullary Tracts distinguishing the regions of the oblong Marrow K. K. Ringy Processes compassing about the oblong Marrow nigh the Cerebel L. The extremity of the oblong Marrow going into the Spinal M. The Top of the Spinal Marrow The Seventh Table Shews the orbicular Prominences and the Optick Chambers Erased and as it were made bare of Flesh that their inward Frames may be beheld A. A. The Testes which thorow the whole
parts or particles But as soon as they have taken flame from some incentive being put to it by and by their Particles being rapidly moved and as it were animated produce a shining with Heat and Light and not only make light all about them but Create innumerable Images of all things that are seated near them and thickly object them on every side In like manner the Vital humour in an Egg remains torpid and sluggish in the beginning and like to unkindled matter but as soon as it is actuated from the Soul being raised up presently like an inkindled fire it excites Life with Motion and Sense and in the more perfect Creatures with heat Further the Animal Spirits as Rays of Light proceeding from this Fire are Configured according to the Impressions of every of their Objects and what is more as it were meeting together with reflected irradiations cause divers manner of motions Then what is vulgarly delivered that Matter out of which Natural things are made is meerly passive and cannot be moved unless it be moved by another thing is not true but rather on the contrary Atoms which are the matter of sublunary things are so very active and self-moving that they never stay long but ordinarily stray out of one subject into another or being shut up in the same they cut forth for themselves Pores and Passages into which they are Expatiated Yet it may be argued That if the Soul of the Brute be Composed out of these whilst the same is Extended and is Corporeal it cannot perceive For it admits the Species of the Object into its whole self or into some part of it self not the first because then neither the Senses would be distinguished one from another nor any of them by a perception or common sensation of these But if as indeed it is it shall be said that all the sensible Species being received by appropriated Sensories to a certain part of the Soul to wit the first or common Sensory where they are perceived Then it may be again objected That so manifold and divers Species or Images of sensible things which at once are Conceived from Objects cannot be painted forth in a certain small part of the Brain but that some should obliterate or blot out or at least Confound others I say none ought to wonder who hath beheld the Objects of the whole Hemisphere admitted thorow an hole into a dark Chamber and there on a sudden upon Paper exactly drawn forth as if done by the Pencil of an Artist Why then may not also the Spirits even as the Rays of light frame by a swift Configuration the Images or Forms of things and exhibit them without any Confusion or Obscuring of the Species But yet tho it be granted That the Images of sensible things are represented in a certain part of the Soul to wit actuating the Brain it self to which there happens a most speedy Communication with the whole and also with the several Parts however we are yet to inquire of what Kind of power that is which sees and knows such like Images there delineated and also according to those Impressions there received chooseth Appetites and the respective Acts of the other Faculties That we may go on to Philosophize concerning this matter I profess indeed whilst I consider the Soul and the Body to wit either of them by it self and distinct I cannot readily detect in this or in that or in any material subject any thing to which may be attributed such a Power with a self-moving energy But indeed when I consider the animated Body made by an Excellent and truly Divine Workmanship for certain Ends and Uses nothing hinders me from saying That it is so framed by the Law of Creation or by the Institution of the most Great God that from the Soul and Body mixed together the same Kind of Confluence of the Faculties doth result by which it is needful for every Animal to the Ends and Uses destinated to it In most Mechanical things or those made by humane Art the Workmanship Excels the matter who would think there could be an Instrument made out of Iron or Brass being most fixed and sluggish Mettals whose Orbs like to those of the Celestial without any external Mover should observe almost continual motions the Periods of which being renewed at a constant turn or change should certainly shew the spaces of Time No Body admires that a rude and simple sound is given by wind blown into a Pipe but indeed by Wind sent into musical Organs and that being carryed variously thorow manifold openings of Doors into these or those pipes that it should create a most grateful Harmony and Composed Measures of every Kind this I say deservedly amazes us and we acknowledg this Effect far to Excel both the matter of the Instrument and of the hand of the Musitian striking it Further altho the Musical Organ very much requires the labour of him playing on it by whose direction the spirit or wind being admitted now into these anon into those and into other Pipes causes the manifold harmony and almost infinite Varieties of Tunes yet sometimes I have seen such an Instrument so prepared that without any Musitian directing the little doors being shut up by a certain law and order by the mere Course of a Water almost the same harmony is made and the same tunes equal with those Composed by Art And indeed Man seems like to the former in which the rational Soul sustains the part of the Musitian playing on it which governing and directing the animal spirits disposes and orders at its pleasure the Faculties of the Inferior Soul But the Soul of the Brute being scarce moderatrix of its self or of its Faculties Institutes for Ends necessary for it self many series of Actions but those as it were tunes of harmony produced by a water Organ of another Kind regularly prescribed by a certain Rule or Law and almost always determinated to the same thing This indeed holds good concerning the more imperfect Brutes in whose Souls or Natures are inscribed the types or ways of the Actions to be performed by them which they rarely or never transgress or go beyond and that according to the vulgar saying in the Schools They do not so much act as are acted yet in some more perfect Brutes whose Actions are ordained to many and more noble Uses there are far more Original Types and to their Souls there ought to be attributed a certain faculty of Varying their Types and of Composing them in themselves for the Brutal Soul it self being so gifted naturally as she is Knowing and Active concerning some things necessary for it she is taught through Various Accidents by which she is wont to be daily affected to know afterwards other things and to perform many other and more intricate Actions But how all this may be done without calling an immaterial Soul into play to wit by what
Spirits by their secret Influence These Kind of Affections without doubt proceed from occult Enmities of the Sensitive Soul for when it happens this Systasis or Disposition of the Animal Spirits by the meeting of some Object to be driven into Confusion it ever after that abhors the coming of the same or its Contact by its Effluvia's Secondly Sometimes the Sensitive Soul receives the Superior Rational Passions which we call Metaphysical and solicitously busying it self concerning their Good and Evil it either draws forth or shortens the Compass of its Expansion For indeed the Rational Soul relying on the help and familiarity of the Spirits dwelling in the Brain aspires to Metaphysical Notions which having more fully learnt it not only falls upon higher Speculations but also exerts a certain Superior Appetite to wit the Will and implicates it with certain Affections as it were inspired of God the exercise of which sort of Sacred Affections are not performed by the mere Conceptions of the Mind But their Acts being delivered from the Rational Soul into the Sensitive do first employ the Brain with the Phantasie then being transmitted from the Brain into the Breast there for that they produce in the Heart and Blood variety of Motions receive their Complement or Perfection Wherefore in the Worship of God Piety and Devotion are attributed very much to the Heart Hence Repentance the Love of God and Hate of Sin Hope of Salvation Fear of Divine Vengeance and many other acts of Religion are wont to be ascribed to the work and endeavour of the Heart The reason of which seems to be for as much as the whole Corporeal Soul is Commanded by the Rational Power that in Adoring God she should very much bow her self before the Deity and as it were lye prostrate on the Ground therefore presently both Parts of it viz. both the Sensitive and Flamy do repress themselves and restrain their wonted Emanations hence plenty of Animal Spirits being drawn from the Phantasie for the more full actuating the Organs of the Senses they bestow the Operations of the Nerves on the Praecordia which whil'st they are more straitly drawn together and as it were constrain'd cause the Blood to stay longer within the bosomes of the Heart and so inhibit it lest it should be too much inkindled within the Lungs and lest being inkindled by the Heart in the whole Body and chiefly should be carried rapidly into the Brain For indeed the Blood containing Life as a most precious Jewel in it self is not only heaped up more plentifully about the Praecordia in all Fear and Danger and is there lay'd up as it were for defence sake that it might better preserve its Flame But further in devout Affections whil'st the Rational Soul orders the Spirits inhabiting the Brain into sacred Conceptions and Notions by the Influence of the same Spirits the Bosomes of the Heart are also so affected that they cause the Blood to Centre and to be more fully drawn into them and there longer retain it as it were an Holocaust to be offered to God so as often as we Pray most earnestly we endeavour nothing less than that our Life with the Blood be laid upon the Altar of the Heart For truely almost every body experiences in himself that in strong Prayer the Blood is more and more heaped up in the Bosomes of the swelling Heart wherefore that the Vacuities of the Lungs might be supplied we breath deeply and so the Air being more fully drawn in the Muscles of the Breast and the Diaphragma are detained almost in a continual Systole or more often iterated to wit for this end that the Vital Blood to be offered as it were a Sacrifice to God should be there kept nor suffer'd to go from thence or to be inlarged till as it were by a long immolation together with Prayers lieve may be had from the Godhead Yea 't is to be observed that those religiously affected are apt at all times to call back the Blood towards the Praecordia and to repress it from a more plentiful Excursion which may give a loose to Delights or Mirth Because 't is just that this Vital Humor should be Conserved even Holy and Pure for God and as it is so restrained in the Praecordia lest it should grow too luxurious nor be carried towards the Brain with too impetuous a Rapture the Conceptions also of the Mind without much heat and distraction of thoughts concerning Divine things Hence it is that Drinking of Wine Banquetting and every Kind of Dissolute Life because they render the Blood lawless and not able to be restrain'd or bridl'd are said to make hard the Heart and to obstruct the Duties of Religion Further not only the devout Acts of Religion and Pious Affections are attributed to the Breast and Praecordia but also the sober Counsels of Wise men yea and the Exercises of Virtues and Moral Habits are ordinarily ascribed by Philosophers to this Seat or Subject Hence Wise men are said to be Cordati Hearty or sage of Heart but when one that is unwise or plainly foolish doth a thing it is said That there is nothing leaps in the left part of his Breast The reason of which seems to be that when as the Animal Spirits which are the immediate Instruments of thoughts are procreated altogether from the Blood not only their more excellent disposition but their right and timely Dispensation depends chiefly on the Praecordia For to these are owing that the Blood be inkindled in its due manner and also Eventilated that it may give to the Brain firm and stable Animal Spirits which however Subtil and Active yet may not be volatile beyond measure and hence the Solidity of the Mind and the sharpness of Judgment are produced When on the contrary by reason of the Blood more slowly passing thorow the Praecordia or more swiftly than it should do the Animal Spirits become too fixed or volatile above measure and therefore either a stupidity or lightness of Mind arises But in truth Wisdom is much rather ascribed to the Heart for as much as from thence râ—ins are put upon the Blood apt for fiercenesses and Impetuosities lest that rushing into the Brain with an inordinate rapture should not only disturb its serious Cogitations but stir up enormous Motions of the Appetite and mad Lusts. For truely whil'st the Spirits inhabiting the Brain are disposed by the Intellect from thence presiding within the Imagination into Series and Orders of Notions the Blood about to break forth from the Heart ought very much to be restrained lest that growing luxurious it should confound all things by an importune evasion of the Brain and should agitate the Spirits called away from this work into Commotions and various Fluctuations wherefore from the immoderate drinking of Wine for as much as by it the Blood is made more head-strong and will not be repressed or contained by the Heart Men become not only
of the outward Senses we shall not recede from the vulgar Opinion affirming them to be Five for althô in some imperfect Animals perhaps one Sense or two are only found and thô it may seem that the more perfect living Creatures may exercise many more than Five because it is possible that the Kinds of sensible things far exceed that Number yet it is seen that those Five Organs of the Senses do abundantly enough supply the wants of all living Creatures at least it seems good to the great Creator not to grant to Man more than these nor perhaps better than brute Beasts have obtained Hence we may argue that whereas the first Notions of all Simple things are acquired only by the showing of the Sense and that Man notwithstanding is wont from thence to form Complicated Orations and Discourses beyond what Brutes are able to do that this is done by the Virtue and Operation of the Rational Soul in him of which indeed Beasts are wholly destitute As to the Order or Method by which we should treat of the Senses particularly to be consider'd if their worth or dignity be respected it is confessed by all that Seeing and then Hearing should by right have the Prerogative but indeed because Knowledge more easily and always more happily proceeds from more Known things to things less Known therefore I think to begin with the Touch or Feeling as the most Common Sense also for that the formal Reason of which seems to be most easily unfolded CHAP. XI Of the Senses in Particular and first of the touch or Feeling THe Touch or Feeling thô it seems a Faculty of a lower Order and as it were of a more gross Nature because it apprehends not the object unless it be brought near and as it were pressed with its Arms yet in some respect it is more excellent by far than the rest because this Sense beyond all others receives and knows the Impressions of many sensible things and those inflicted with greater variety and so obtains a most large and as it were a general Province For since that the Sensible Qualities so called are manifold and divers to wit Heat and Cold Moisture and Dryness Hardness and Softness and other Modifications of Bodies their Make Motions Influences and Types or Figures of Appearance which in Concretes result from the mixtures and divorces or the various Transpositions of the Elements the greatest part of them by much are the proper Objects of Feeling and are discerned only by its Judgment and as it were by its Will Further 't is observ'd That the Touch or Feeling gives notes of Judgment to all the other Senses concerning uncertain Objects for when the Sight cannot distinguish a Ghost or Spectre from a solid Body by the tryal of Feeling presently the thing is put out of doubt so likewise of the Smelling and Taste which oftentimes put away sensible things brought to them and fear their near Embrace unless first tryed by handling But this Power as it enjoys great variety as to its Objects so it hath a most ample Sensory and equally extended almost with the whole Body That indeed few Parts either within or without but partake of this Sense Further this Faculty for that 't is of a general and common use insinuates it self into the Organs of the other Senses destinated to the private Office of every one For both the Tongue and Nostrils also the Eyes and Ears perceive heat and cold hardness and Softness and other tangible qualities no less than their proper Objects If that we should further inquire what the immediate Organ of Feeling is in the several Members or Parts it may be said that it is the Nervous Fibres every where stuffed and as it were distended with a Company of Animal Spirits which as the Strings of a Lute as often as they are struck by the strokes of Tangible things propagate the Impulse every where received by the passages of the Nerves forthwith to the Common Sensory For as much Fibres being thickly set are interwoven in the Skin the fleshly Pannicle the Membranes and Musculous Flesh yea and with some of the Inwards so that the Approaches of outward Tangible things are not only felt in the Palm of the Hand or the Superficies of the Body but as often as sharp Humors are brought within into the Bowels or that Preternatural Contents cause a pulling or hawling a troublesome Sense of it is felt wherefore the proper Organ of Feeling is neither the Skin nor the Flesh nor the Membranes as hath been asserted after this manner by some and after that manner by others but the Fibres are that Organ implanted in the whole frame or make of these or those Parts Althô many sensible Fibres are placed every where thorow the whole Body also thô there are divers and manifold Tangible qualities yet it is not to be thought that these Fibres that they may be the better fitted for those qualities are of a different Kind or Conformation for neither are there some Fibres by which heat or others by which cold or others different from either by which other Tangible things are perceived but the same Fibres are every where alike and receive and distinctly carry the approaches of every Object for neither do the sensible Fibres planted in divers places or parts acquire a diversity of Office so that one Member should be the Index of heat another of cold or another of a several Tangible thing but every one indifferently feel almost all Tangible things from every Fibrous Part. The reason of the difference is because the Fibres thô of the same nature and frame enter into divers ways of Contractions or wrinklings from the various strokes of sensible things even as the strings of an Harp from the various strokes of the Musitian give forth different Sounds so also the Fibres which are the Instruments of Touching are affected after a different manner by the various impulse of Tangible things For it seems that these are irritated or provoked one way with heat and another way with cold and so from the rest of the Qualities after a manifold manner therefore the Animal Spirits implanted in them enter into a peculiar way of Gyration or turning round or of undulation or waving according to which the Spirits being harmonized which flow within the passage of the Nerve belonging to those Fibres do propagate the same Figure or Type of their carrying forth to the Medullary Stock and by its means to the Common Sensory The Tangible Species being impressed after this manner on the Nervous Fibres or the outward Organ of the Touch are not always carried from thence or at least not immediately to the same Common Sensory for we have shewed elsewhere that some Nerves spring from the Parts of the Brain and others from those of the Cerebel wherefore when they direct the Impulse hap'ning outwardly immediately to the striated or streaked Bodies these
latter convey the Sension from the Fibres which are planted somewhere more inwards about the Viscera to the Cerebel from which without Knowledge of the Animal oftentimes involuntary Motions are retorted as when Vomiting follows upon an Emetick Medicine unknown and against our Minds If that this private Sension belonging to the Cerebel be a little stronger and vehement passing thorow the same Cerebel goes further even to the streaked Bodies as when Medicines provoking the Stomach more sharply induce a Sension or trouble about the Heart or otherways molestious which they plainly give notice of Further when the Tangible Impression arrives first and immediately at the streaked Bodies if the same be light it is there terminated and the sensible Species presently vanishes but if the Impulse of the Object be somewhat stronger it passes further to the Callous Body and oftentimes to the Shell of the Brain and therefore their Affections Imagination and sometimes Memory gather'd from the touch of the thing succeed and when the sensible Species being also dilated to the Common Sensory a divergency or bending down of the Spirits from thence is reflected into the same Nerve or others related to it so it stirs up local Motions These sort of Effects are sufficiently known by the Common Proverb Where the Pain is there the Finger will be for it is implanted by Nature in every Animal to rub or press the place with its finger or foot where any sense of Trouble or Pain is As to the Kinds and Differences of Feeling both are taken either from the Objects or from the various affection of the Sensory the ways or means of the former are so manifold that they cannot easily be recounted for hither ought to be referred as we said but now the universal Tangible Qualities By Tangible Qualities we understand here the various habitudes of Natural Bodies which arise from the Crasis and Disposition of the Elements of which they are made as also from their Intestine Motion or Effluvia's variously appearing in themselves which kind of Modifications of Bodies the Sense of Feeling chiefly finds out and makes their knowledge or marks so certain that when we do not believe the Scrutiny of the other Senses we are wont to rest satisfied with the Examination of this Concerning the Species of Feeling Constituted in respect of the Sensory we shewed even now that the sensible Impression was immediately derived from the External Organ either to the streaked Bodies or to the Cerebel Therefore for that Reason Sension is either manifest and knows plainly every thing or private of which the Animal is scarce knowing but the Consequence declares this Kind of Sension to have been stirred up for a Motion being made in any inward unseen argues a previous sense of it to have been as from the change of the Pulse or a failure of Spirits shews a certain Malignity to have affected the Praecordia or the Cerebel In either of the aforesaid Kinds of Sension to wit whether the same be manifest or private the Tangible Impression either coming pleasantly to the Fibres gathers together the Spirits implanted in them and more nearly delights them and strokes them with a soft and gentle rubbing whence pleasure arises or the Impulse of the same pulling and wrinkling the Fibres distracts and dissipates the Spirits one from another and so Grief Pain or Trouble Succeeds But concerning these Affections viz. Grief and Pleasure we shall have hereafter a more fit place to speak of them so that it next remains for us to proceed from the Sense of Feeling to its nearest Neighbor and Relation the Taste CHAP. XII Of the Taste THe Taste is so like to the Sense of Feeling that it seems to be a certain Species of it and certainly the Object in either Organ ought to be brought near and laid upon it yea in tasting to be admitted more deeply within the Pores and its passages Upon this Sense depends chiefly both the Life and Vegetation of Animals for this chooses and takes in Juice for nourishment convenient and that by this Office it might be constantly and rightly performed it is furnished with a faculty or a certain implanted Judgment whereby some wholesome and agreeable Aliments fit for every Individual are discerned from those that are disagreeable and hurtful also further as it were in reward of its work it is delighted after a notable manner with the Exercise of its Function For unless convenient agreeable things â—it to be Eaten move Spittle and as it were prickle them with a most grateful pleasantness of Taste the appetite of desiring or taking of Food is quickly extinguished with oblivion or tediousness so for the preserving the Individual no less than the Species Desire and Pleasure ought to be had The Sensory of the Taste is not so diffusive and almost Co-extended with the whole Body as that of Feeling but is limitted to one part only yea and its Sensible is of one Kind only to wit a Savoury thing nor does it include as the Tangible Quality the Subjects of many Catagorical things Indeed the chief and almost only Organ of the Taste is the Tongue to which after a manner but obscurely do consent the Palate and the Upper part of the Throat But in all of them the Nervous Fibres are the immediate Instruments of Sension wherefore 't is observed that the Tongue is notedly more Fibrous than any other part also consists of a very porous Contexture for this end that the savory Particles of the thing might be more plentifully and more deeply admitted into the passages of the Sensory and so meeting at once with many Fibres might excite a more acute Sension yea it may be suspected that whil'st the subtil Particles of the savory Humor are imbibed so deeply by the Tongue the Animal Spirits do in some measure snatch the same for their nourishment and convey them inwardly by the passages of the Nerves towards the Brain for it plainly appears that in great Fastings or want of Food and swouning or failure of Spirits that a refreshment of them immediately follows upon the first tasting of any noble Liquor Eating is a certain Kind of Solution whereby the savory Particles may be the better taken in from the Food by the Sensory Because whil'st solid eatable things are reduced into bits by Chawing the Tongue and other parts of the Mouth and Throat pour forth as it were a certain Menstruum which washing and as it were Elixivating the savory little Bodies carries them into the Sensory and insinuates them into the Pores of the Tongue Further The savory Particles because so impacted in the Sensory do employ its passages hence it comes to pass that one savour not rarely excludes another so sweet things being tasted because they are clammy and very obstructing hinder or pervert the more exact taste of Wine wherefore that the hindred Faculty might be again restored salt or sharp things
belongs to the Organ of Smelling we have largely enough unfolded it in our Discourse of the Nerves to wit we have shewed that within the Caverns of the Nostrils are placed tubulated Membranes or like Pipes which contain sensible Fibres most thickly interwoven Into these Membranes very many small Nerves are sent from either Mamillary Process passing thorow the holes of the Seive-like Bones but those Mamillary Processes as they are plainly soft Nerves arise in the Medullary Trunk nigh the streaked Bodies wherefore when the odorous steams strike upon the Fibrous and very sensible Membranes forthwith an impression of the sensible thing is carried by the passage of the Nerves into the Mamillary Processes and from thence into the streaked Bodies Further We have formerly declared why the Smelling Nerves divided without the Skull are harder but united within it are not only softer but also tubulated or like Pipes and for the most part in Brutes filled with clear Water There is no need to repeat it here again nor what we have declared there concerning other Nerves coming from the Fifth pair and inserted also into the Organ of Smelling Of which certainly the Office is to cause a certain Sympathy and consent of action between the Smell and Taste and something also between the Sight and it I know some attribute the office of Smelling altogether to these Nerves arising from the Fifth pair denying it to the Mamillary Processes and from hence they render a reason not only of that consent between the Nose and the Palate from whence it comes to pass that the same Objects are embraced or refused but also wherefore it happens that one Sense being lost that oftentimes the other perishes to wit the Cause of this they say is nothing else than that both Sensories do borrow the branches of their Nerves from the same Trunk of the Fifth pair But this Objection is easily overthrown because the Nerves of a twofold Original are bestowed not only on the Sensory of the Smell but also of the Taste For the Tongue receives more and greater Branches from the Ninth pair than from the Maxillary Trunk of the Fifth pair to wit that if the Nerves of one Kind be obstructed the Animal Function may be performed by those of the other Kind Concerning this then we may say that the Principle Nerves serving to the Organ of Smelling are derived from either Mamillary Process also that the Nerves on which the Sense of Tasting chiefly depends are sent from the Ninth pair Nevertheless some secondary Nerves or that are as it were taken in are distributed to either Sensory as also to the Eye far fetch'd from the Fifth pair for this end that there might be an affinity or mutual respect between the Taste and the Smell and between both and the Sight hence therefore the Taste almost admits of no Object unless that the Smell first approves of it but both Faculties do require that sensible things do first stand to the examination of the Eyes But that the loss of one of them oftentimes brings in the defect of the other as it is sometimes observed in a Pose or Stopping of the Head that losing the Smell the Taste is lost also the reason of it is because either Sensory being planted near are both at once overthrown by the same serous Matter poured forth from the Blood and apt to be too much stopped for both the tubulated Membranes of the Nose and the frame or substance of the Tongue it self are made of a very rare and as it were spongy Texture wherefore the Pores and Passages of either Organ are wont to be overflown by the serous flood and the sensible Fibres in both in like manner to be obstructed which happens because when as the Nostrils and Tongue ought to be moistned with a continual Humor either of them are punished more grievously than other Parts by the shower of the Serum issuing forth so both on every light Cause become obnoxious to the same Evil. CHAP. XIV Of the Sense of Hearing AFter the Smell and Taste of which we have already treated we shall next speak of Hearing which as to the use is far more Excellent than the other Senses for as much as by its help chiefly Sciences and Learning are acquired also by whose instinct the Passions are excited yea and are wont to be governed and allayed further as to Activity this Sense is much more Efficacious because having got a larger Sphear perceives its Objects at a great distance and admits not the sensible Species unless brought in a more thin consistency For that it is the Interest of living Creatures to know some remote things by Contact and often placed out of Sight because they may be timely prevented if they should be inimical and disagreeable but if thought amicable that they may be come to and apprehended the Hearing serves for either Intention and by its sign the Marks and Symbols of approaching Bodies are received afar off Because the Hearing is always performed at a distance and a sound comes often farther than the Effluvia's of a sounding Body can be admitted therefore this Sense is supposed to be made even as Sight by reason of a certain activity of the Medium it self or by a Motion and as it were a certain waving of little Bodies which flow in it so as the sounding Body moves by its Vibration or shaking the Particles diffused in the intermediate space and they being moved at length affect the Sensory but they conceive a certain Figure of their carrying forth according to the Particles first agitated and they propagate the same in others and then in others or move forward as it were by undulation and so the sound still retaining the Character or Type of the first Impression is continued even to the Ear. Althô by the consent of all the Air is said to be the Medium that carries the sounds yet this ought not to be understood of the whole Atmosphear of the Air and Breaths for neither is the audible Species poured forth by the Motion of this most fluid Body as it were by a waving of Waters because this much sooner runs thorow than the Body or Consistency of the whole Air is wont to be moved and propagate its Fluctuation as may be discerned plainly by the successive blowing of the Winds and bending of Trees and the tops of Corn which happens because any sound whether great or small whether it comes with or against the wind is carried to a certain place always with an equal time which would be otherwise if it obey'd the waving of the whole Air or should depend upon that Further That the whole frame of the Air doth not wave by reason of the transmission of the sound appears by this because if a Lamp be held in a little Bell whil'st many other Bells being struck together yield a mighty sound its flame will hardly shake much less will it be moved up
manifold refraction it may become more clear and sensible then further that every Impression carried about by this winding and very narrow way may come more distinct to the Sensory because by this means care is taken that many confused Species together may not be brought in After the example and similitude of this Shell artificial Caverns and arch'd Meanders are wont to be framed by Architects for the increasing of sounds and for the distinct propagating of them to a wonderful distance Further there is another use of the Shell no less noted to wit that the audible Species may be impressed on the Fibres and the ends of the sensible Nerves inserted in this place not at once or at large but by little and little and as it were in a just proportion and dimension We have elsewhere discoursed concerning the Hearing Nerves which receive the sensible Species and carry it towards the Common Sensory and we shewed that the softer process of either of the seventh pair is destinated to this office wherefore the end of this Nerve is terminated in the nearest Chamber of the Shell whence it is manifest that the sensible Impression being disposed from the Shell into this Chamber is conveyed thence towards the Head by the passage of this Nerve But moreover which we took not notice of before it is observ'd that this softer auditory processe is cleft into two branches one whereof is inserted after the manner we have here described into the aforesaid Chamber but the other no less noted branch is implanted in the Shell it self about the mid'st of it or nigh to the meeting of either Labyrinth so that this branch seems to receive the Depositum of the foremost Shell and the other aforesaid of the latter Shell The extremity of either auditory Nerve which are implanted about the end of either Shell ending in slender thrids seems to cover over the places of Insertions every where with Nervous Fibres spread abroad as it were into a certain little Membrane whence it follows that towards the end of either shell the proper Sensory of Hearing ought to be placed for there is the Sense where the Nerve receiving the Idea of Sension is implanted but as the Shell is twofold and that in like manner there is a double insertion of the forked auditory Nerve it follows that in either Ear there is a twofold Organ of Hearing but for what use this is so made does not plainly appear That we may give our Conjecture concerning these perhaps there is need for the audible Species to be carried toward the common Sensory that its passage may be the more certain and that the perception of the sensible thing may be put out of doubt but we rather think that this Sensory is made double that when oftentimes the Idea's of sounds ought to be heard and perceived together some might pass this way and others that way without Confusion For it is observ'd that the Hearing not only as the other Senses receives many objects together and by and by whether united or confused comprehends them by the same act of the Sense but moreover this faculty in the time of Hearing so distinguishes things often divers admitted together at the Ears that it seems to hear one after another It ordinarily happen'd that in a confused multitude of voices and sounds that I have my self taken notice to have heard the peculiar voice of a certain Man and then a little after I have known that I have heard at the same time some other words o◠another Man that I did not perceive before the reason of which is that this sound being received together with that reached not at the same instant to the Common Sensory wherefore we may believe that the sensible Species of the former sound passing thorow only one Shell is by and by conveyed by the first branch of the auditory Nerve sooner to the Sensory but the other sensible Species because it could not be carried with it together by the same Nerve therefore it is carried by a winding about thorow the second Shell and at length to the second branch of the auditory Nerve and so coming later to the Common Sensory is afterwards perceived Thus much concerning the Instrument of Hearing and its parts both Preparitory and chiefly Organical of the first sort are the Ear the outward Den the Drum and what belongs to it the interior Den and its two doors to wit one admitting inward thorow the door from the palate the other emitting thorow the oval hole Of the latter sort are The twofold Shell with both the Branches of the auditory or hearing Nerves Both the Parts for the most part are of like make in all Animals the greatest mark of difference is as to their Ears which are variously figured partly for ornament sake and partly for a diverse use in respect of the inward Den placed behind the Drum for this is framed in a Calf Sheep and perhaps some other Animals of spongy Bones and long Caverns having recesses in themselves In Man and in Doggs and perhaps in many others who are indued with a more acute Hearing this Cavity is shut up with a round Bone having a plain Superficies within whence the sound is reflected more strongly into the Shell but in a Calf and Sheep the sound seems to be much broken and debilitated in these bony Caverns wherefore these Animals are said to have slow Ears for it is not expedient for such destinated for to be fatted for Food to hear acutely that they might be affrighted and provoked by every Noise CHAP. XV. Of the Sight IF there be any strife for Dignity among the Senses the Palm is given almost by the consent of all to Seeing as the most noble Power because this faculty apprehends things at a great distance under a most subtil Figure by a most clear perception and with great delight so this Sense acts that is next in virtue to the Eternal and Immaterial Soul To wit it views and measures both Heaven and Earth in a Moment and brings within its embraces whatever Bodies are situated in either and that are far remote from our touch 'T is needful that Seeing should be so performed at a distance that visible things might diffuse and every where propagate themselves by their Images far and wide so that where-ever the Eye is stop'd the Images of some Bodies objected are met with But after what manner this is done and by what means the sensible Species is received by the Organ ought a little more deeply to be inquired into As to the first althô Light Colours and Images are wont to be moved from place to place and by the help of Glasses to be transferred hither and thither and indeed affect the Eye with their Motion yet it is manifest that they are not meer Qualities but certain Bodies or consist of most thin little Bodies These three are very much of Kin
thô the Chrystalline Humor be of the form of a Lentil it doth not bear out enough so as it might receive the Beams of the whole Hemisphear therefore the watery Humor is lay'd to it as an addition which thrusting forth the Cornea or horny Coat and rendring it more bunching out encreases outwardly the Convexity or bending forth of the Eye which is indeed that the visible Species might be from this place and from that and on every side more plentifully admitted into it as into a Window made forth or butting out beyond the plane of the Wall Further the watery Humor swelling forth with the horny Coat breaks a little the oblique Beams falling towards the Perpendicular and so compelling them nearer together directs more together into the Convexity of the Chrystalline swelling There is yet another use of this watery Humor to wit to temperate the Beams passing thorow it being sometimes somewhat fiery and so to render them more proportionate to the Sensory On the other side of the Chrystalline Humor to wit on the back of it the glassy Humor stands like to fused Glass this much more plentiful than both the other possesses the greatest part of the Optic Chamber also being less Compact in it self is apt somewhat to flow out and is included with a most thin little Membrane this lyes upon the Retine Coat and contains the Chrystalline within its Bosom It s Primary use is to separate the Retine Coat in a just space from the Chrystalline Humor that after the Beams have past thorow this as it were thorow the Burning-Glass with a due Refraction they may have in that placed at a just distance their habitation Hence in those who have the Chrystalline Humor in the form of a Lentil and so the Beams passing thorow can't come together but at a greater distance have great plenty of this glassy Humor and its plenitude causes the Spherical Figure of the Eye But in those who have the Chrystalline swelling round that the Beams passing thorow are more crooked and have a dwelling or nest at a less distance the quantity of the glassy Humor is found less and its defect causes the depressed Figure of the Eye or of the form of a Cheese Further the glassy Humor according to Scheinerus being somewhat a more thin Medium than the Chrystalline Humor breaks a little the Beams passing thorow from the Perpendicular and therefore somewhat enlarges or draws forth the Picture of the visible thing otherwise more contracted and shews the same more conspicuous in the Retina Thus much concerning Seeing and of all the Senses in the next Chapter we should speak of the other Power to wit the Locomotive but being we have formerly largely discoursed concerning that we shall handle in the following certain Affections belonging to the Corporeal Soul as to the Exercise of the Motions and the Senses to wit Sleep and Waking CHAP. XVI Of Sleeping and Waking SUch is the weak and instable Nature of all living Creatures that they are not able neither to Live perpetually nor to Act and Labour continually but that there is a Necessity for them even as once and at last to dye so daily to repeat frequent turns of Sleep as it were so many previous Monitors of Death Though we have not experienced it we easily know what it is to dye to wit when the vital Flame like a Lamp is either by degrees consumed or violently extinguished presently Heat and Light and what flow from them both all the Vital and Animal faculties are abolished But what is the formal Reason Essence and Causes of Sleep which we suffer and daily experience is almost wholly unknown Concerning this there are various Opinions both of Ancients and Moderns but they rather seem Dreams than satisfactory Reason To wit whil'st some affirm Sleep to be mere Privation others a Bond of all the Functions these place for its Cause a retraction or introcession of Heat those an assent of Vapours from the Stomach to the Head Some assign for the subject the Brain others the Heart others the Stomach and Spleen and some again the Soul others the Body by it self and lastly others both together to wit the whole Animal Body Among the latter Writers Conradus Schneiderus hath of late been Eminent who rejecting the Opinions almost of all others and asserting Sleep not to be produced from Vapours nor from any material Cause nor to depend either upon any affection of the Brain or of any other part affirms it to be and Waking also mere faculties of the Soul to wit innate or born in it and wholly inorganical Also he saith that the formal Reasons of either are that the Soul or its animadversive Faculty sometimes withdraws and as it were hides it self and sometimes puts forth and expunds it self This Opinion thô in some part it seems likely does not easily deserve our assent because notwithstanding he asserts Sleep and Waking to be proper Faculties of the Soul and these inorganical and independing of the Body he further supposes other chief Powers of the Soul to wit common Sense Memory and Appetite not to be performed from the divers Organs within the Brain nor to be distinguished by their Seats but to be diffused thorow the whole Body Therefore that we may the more rightly Philosophize concerning Sleep we ought to consider what are its Subject formal Reason Causes Differences and Effects First As to the first it clearly appears that Sleep is not extended neither to the whole Soul nor to the whole Body for the Praecurdia and Organs of respiration are exercised with a perpetual Systole and Diastole the Viscera dedicated for Concoction perform their Offices more and better in Sleep than in Waking Further when as the aforesaid Parts are wont to alter their actions according to the urgencies of evident Causes as may be argued by the Pulse and respiration variously changed also from Vomiting and sometimes a sudden loosning of the Belly the exercises of the sensitive Power as well as the Motive ought to be granted to them in Sleep But the Blood is circulated and flames forth in quiet the nourishing and Nervous Humors are dispensed yea and the superfluous and what is excrementitious are best separated or put forth Hence as it appears perpetual watches are kept about the midst or inmost part of the Animal Body In the mean time it is observed that Sleep urging all the External Senses are shut up also that all Spontaneous Motions whatsoever cease so that the Bodies being wholly subjected to ease lye as they were dead Further the Internal Powers related to these such as are the Common Sense Phantasie Memory Appetite conspire together with these External Powers and either wholly omit their Acts or exercise them but obscurely and confusedly From these it may be plainly gathered that the Animal Spirits which are the next or efficient Instrument of Sense and Motion are also the immediate
being suppressed within stirs up Preternatural Heat and renders the Flame of the Blood unequal more smoaky and troubled yea sharp and biting and so troublesom to the Heart and Brain and also to several Viscera and sometimes to the whole Nervous Kind all which notwithstanding Sleep allays yea whil'st the Animal Spirits lye quiet like allayed winds the Sea of the Blood presently becomes Calm Nor is the Blood disturbed by reason of its proper Effervescency less quieted by Sleep for when it grows hot from such a Cause it flames not forth with a clear and bright Flame but fumes up with Smoak and Soot and therefore being less eventilated diffuseth a very troublesom and sharp heat which also is more infestous because the Recrements of the Blood to wit the Serum and adust and otherways viscous Particles being involved with its smoaking Latex cannot be separated and carried away But in Sleep the Blood is soon quieted and passes more slowly thorow the place of inkindling to wit the Lungs wherefore being there first more inkindled it burns with a clearer Flame and also more mildly and so the smoak presently ceasing and some Heterogenious Particles being burnt all the rest extricating themselves from Confusion what are profitable are imployed in their designed Offices and what are unprofitable are bolted or sifted forth partly by Breathing Transpiration or Sweat and partly thorow the other Emunctories 3. The Blood burning forth more clearly and plentifully in Sleep at that time also performs better yea chiefly or almost only its Offices the chief of which are the Stilling forth of the Animal Spirits and the Nutrition of the solid Parts And first it Prepares best of all Matter for both these to wit it well subdues dresses and ripens the Chyme infused into its Mass then it instills the more pure and more subtil Part into the Shell of the Brain from which the veterane Spirits during Sleep depart for the end that a way may be open for the Nervous or Spirituous Liquor to restore their Stores and in the mean time the other part of the Chyme is conveyed every way by the Arteries to the solid Parts and whil'st they are quiet it is best of all put upon them and suffered to grow to them otherwise by their too great Motion and Agitation as in Waking it is apt to be shaken and wiped off But that Nutrition and the Production of Animal Spirits may be rightly performed in Sleep it is not to be presently indulged after Eating for so the aforesaid Offices are wont not only to be hindred but perverted into Evil because if any one Sleep with his Belly full the Chyle as yet Crude is snatched into the Blood then before it can be there broken small and mixed with the Blood exactly it is exposed to a more full inkindling within the Lungs that from thence the Lungs themselves not rarely draw as from Juyces and Vapours there sent forth from the Crude inkindled Matter as it were from green Wood an Evil which thing indeed is observed of many falling into the Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs Thirdly At length from the Chyme so evilly prepared neither pure Spirits are dispensed to the Brain nor laudible nourishment to the solid Parts yea that is obscured and made dull by Fumes and Vapours and these are disposed into a Cachexie or Atrophie So much concerning the Effects and Alterations of Sleep which indeed are wont to be more immediately impressed on the Flamey part of the Soul rooted in the Blood but mediately on the Parts of the Body depending upon it Now let us see next what this Passion brings to the other Part of the Soul viz. the Lucid and its Subjects to wit the Brain and Nervous Stock Concerning these we will shew what Sleep contributes to the dispensation of the Nervous Liquor and to the generation of Spirits out of it we shall also further Consider what sort of influence it has on their Exercises and Government As to these First It is to be noted which we before-mentioned to wit that the Spirits of the Regiment of the Brain the Executors of every Spontaneous Function are employed only Waking and that others arising from the Cerebel both Waking and in Sleep There is need for Sleep only for the former whil'st they are well that their Expences or consumed Stores might be by it repaired yea and that the languishing or weariness of those remaining might be refreshed This every one experiences in himself and feels that there is no farther need of explaining it But if the same Spirits by some Morbifick Cause being provoked are moved into disorder that they become irregular about the Acts of Motions or of the Senses whether Interior or Exterior and stir up a Delirium Convulsions or Pains Sleep like a Charm fully quiets these Spirits how mad and devilish soever they be wherefore if it comes not of it self in these Cases it ought to be fetch'd with Opiats But as to the Spirits the inhabitants of the Cerebel because in Waking they are disturbed by the business and tumult of the Spontaneous Functions and being called away from their Labours are hindred therefore they perform their tasks better in the rest and deep silence of the others Hence the Concoction and the distribution of the Food and the Separation of the Excrements yea and the Oeconomy of the whole Animal Function is best performed by reason of Sleep Hence if at any time too much Meat or more gross than is wont being eaten molests the Stomach and inducing fulness nauseousness or bitter and acid belching to it approaching Sleep for the most Parts takes away these Evils and facilitating the Concoction of the Chyle clears it from its sharpness foulness and bitterness The reason of which is because the Animal Spirits which actuating the Fibres of the Stomach serve for Digestion whil'st awake being forced to bear its manner or guise towards the Brain and its Parts are distracted here and there and are called away from their proper work so that the Meat being as it were unfermented and undigested stays in the Ventricle This every one plainly experiences in himself if presently he sits down after feeding to Study or serious Reading for then the Brain being full and disturbed the ponderous and heavy Chyle in the Stomach is deprived of Digestion But in Sleep the Spirits inhabiting the Ventricle being freed from the Businesses of the Brain do best of all perform their task and rightly digest and exalt by Fermentation the Chyle in the Stomach like an Elixir in a Furnace with an equal and convenient heat I might here enumerate other benefits of Sleep for as much as it refreshes the whole Faculties of the Soul renews the vigour of the Intellect or Wit sharpens the Senses stops the tumults of Passions recollects the forces of the Cogitations as often as they are either wholly enervated or distracted by immoderate Study
moving Parts and drive them into Motions before accustomed to hence the divers movings of the Body and Members are produced But because the tendency of the Spirits excited is made only outwards and is not at all reflected inwards into the streaked and Callous Bodies therefore for that the Common Sensory nor the Imagination are affected they neither perceive nor remember the Actions they had done If it should be demanded for as much as the Common Sense at this time is stupified or asleep by what instinct the Animal Spirits are determined according to the Impressions of Sensible Things for the performing of local Motions of this or that Kind It may be said That this reciprocation of Sense and Motion depends chiefly upon Custom viz. The Spirits being before accustomed to be ordered after this or that manner and having gotten the Liberty of Action in Sleep compose themselves of their own accord for the performing of their wonted Measures even as when an Harper whil'st he is thinking of some other thing his Fingers being before taught the Nâ—mbers of the Tune exactly strike the Strings with wonderful agility and discretion Therefore the Cause of walking in Sleep seems to consist in this viz. That the Animal Spirits are too fierce and unquiet and will not all lye down together but that some of them more fierce than the rest leap forth of their own accord and enter into Motion like as perhaps one or two Dogs starting out without government leave the company of the rest and fall to Hunting For that Cause also the Spirits so apt to wander and roam about for Excursion obtain their more free spaces in the Oblong Marrow nigh the Nervous Original rather than in the Brain or in its middle or marrowie Part. For it seems that during Sleep the Pores and Passages in the globous frame of the Brain are stuffed up so that the Spirits there like to water frozen are thrust in hard together in the mean time the Substance within the Medullar Processes of the Brain and the Oblong Marrow which lead towards the Nervous Original is more loose and possessed less with an adventitious Humour that the Spirits there being ready for Motion easily make way for themselves to go forth and entring the little heads of the Nerves produce local Motions of which the Common Sense and the Superior Faculties of the Soul are utterly ignorant For such a Disposition of the Brain and its Appendix which inclines to wandring by Night as if it depended upon a certain peculiar Conformation of the Organ is proper to some Men from their Birth nor does it indifferently happen to all Men or is ever contracted by the reason of inordinate Living I have known in a certain Family where both the Father and all his Children were obnoxious to this Affection the Brothers would often run up and down in the Night in their Sleep sometimes meet and lay hold upon one another and so awake one another But others who had not this Evil impress'd upon them from their Birth have fallen into this Distemper without any fore-warning or manifest Occasion Thus much concerning Sleep and by the by of Dreams we have largely handled thus the Nature of it because this Speculation very much Conduces to the illustrating the Affections of the Brain and the Nervous Stock It behoves us next that we consider of the Aurora of Sleep to wit Waking but this may be considered under a twofold respect either First for as much as it succeeds Sleep it is its bound or Secondly according to its proper Essence As to the former we Awake or Sleep is shaken off either because it ends of its own accord or because it is interrupted That it may end of its own accord two things are requisite to wit that the Animal Spirits being enough refreshed rise up of their own accord and return to their wonted watches which indeed they for the most part do at a set-time unless hinder'd Secondly That what ever is superfluous of the serous Humor by whose Embraces the Spirits are bound be evaporated for after Banquetting or often Drinking by which a greater plenty of the serous and spirituous Latex is carried to the Brain we Sleep longer so that there is need that Sleep be longer protracted that it may suffice to spew forth the untamed Wine But Rest is very much interrupted by a violent Sensation to wit some Spirits dwelling about the Extremities of the Nerves being awakned by the impulse of some strong object awake others in the Common Sensory whereby Sensation is performed and then the stroke being further continued all being as it were at a Sign given called to Arms awake suddenly and fall to their watches This kind of troublesom Sensation which awakes the Animal Spirits from Sleep is not only brought in from an outward sensible thing as when a great sound or stroke made on the Flesh shakes off Sleep but sometimes the Nervous Parts are pulled by a sharp Humor Physick Worms and other Internal Distempers and so a Convulsion or Pain arising the Spirits are compelled into Motion and for that reason we are excited from Sleep As often as Sleep is broken off sooner than it ought often yawning and reatching for the most part follows the reason of which is because the Spirits being awakned strive by contracting and extending those Parts to shake off the Dewie Humor not sufficiently evaporated from the Brain and Nervous Parts Further If we are forced to awake before the Spirits are refreshed with their wonted Provision they from thence become dull and heavy and less ready for the exercise of the Animal Function As to the Essence or formal Reason of Waking it consists in the liberty and expansion of the Animal Spirits in the Brain and the whole Nervous Stock For these like standing Souldiers desire to watch both to meet the sensible Object also by reason of their obedience towards the Superior Powers of the Soul so long as they are fit for this work But that the Animal Spirits may be able to perform their watches in a just time and with their whole strength it is required that they should be free without any Impediments to wit that they be not irritated with any gross or otherways Excrementitious Humor nor drowned with a serous heap but that being free from all burthen they might remain ready and still nimble for the swiftest Motions Then Secondly That the Spirits may rightly perform their watches there is need that they should be only intangled in moderate Affairs Being fitted by these Kind of defences they lively accomplish their Task and daily for so many hours continue their Motion like the Wheels of a Clock and then the time being expired they go to Rest of their own accord The End of the First Part. THE SECOND PART PATHOLOGICAL OR Of the DISEASES which belong to the Corporeal Soul and its Subjects viz. The Brain and the Nervous Stock CHAP. I. Of the Headach THE
or shuts up their passages Hence it follows that preternatural Waking or that which is immoderate depends upon these two either on one or both together for either they being grown too outragious and as it were struck with a fury will not lye down of themselves or the nervous Liquor doth not so fill and stop up the Pores of the outward part of the Brain that from thence the Spirits may be compelled inward to rest Examples of both of these are ordinarily to be met withal And first of all we shall take notice that the Animal Spirits sometimes becoming outrageous and so Elastick or shooting forth or otherways enormous that they will not only not lye down and be quieted but scarce be contained within the proper sphere of their emanation wherefore being spread abroad in continual waking so fill the Brain and keep it extended that the nervous Juice though it lyes heaped up at their doors cannot be admitted but if it enters of it self and the Spirits are called back inwards from the Cortex of the Brain presently they being forced thither or tumultuating within the middle part of the Brain raise up many and often most horrid phantasies whereby sleep is driven away or directing thence their declination further into the nervous Stock there stir up great disorders which continually drive away and break off Sleep though it seems ready to creep upon them As to the former of these I have often observed that some being disturbed with waking were afraid to sleep though desiredly coming upon them for as soon as they shut their eyes to sleep presently leaping up they would cry out they should grow mad with a multitude of confused phantasms so that they were necessitated to abstain from sleep Secondly whilst the Spirits become more outrageous and are for sleep sake recalled towards the interior compass of the Brain sometimes they convert their rage into the nervous Stock and then tumultuarily rushing in upon the Nerves destinated for the Precordia or the Inwards raise up inordinations in the respective parts hence in those thus distemper'd as often as they shut their eyes to invite sleep either tremblings leapings and binding up of the heart with loss of Spirits and breathing stopped or inflations and rising up of the Bowels with a sense of choaking and other symptoms commonly called or taken to be Hysterical follow or else secondly the Spirits being recalled from their watches and turning on the nervous Stock transfer their rage sometimes on the spinal Marrow and the Nerves reaching from thence into all the exterior Members Wherefore in some whilst they would indulge sleep in their beds immediately follow leapings up of the Tendons in their Arms and Legs with Cramps and such unquietness and flying about of their members that the sick can no more sleep than those on the Rack Once I was consulted with for a noble Woman who was in the day-time cruelly tormented with the pain about the heart and Vomiting but in the night she was hindred from sleep though it seemed to approach by reason of these kind of Convulsive Distempers invading her with it nor indeed could she sleep all the night unless she had before taken a large Dose of Laudanum wherefore this Medicine at first being permitted her only twice a week afterwards she took it daily for three whole months contracting by it no hurt either in her Brain or about any other function and when in the mean time by the use of other Remedies the Dyscrasies of the Blood and the nervous Juice were amended and the Animal Spirits were made more benign and gentle she having after that wholly left off her Opium could sleep indifferently well These kind of sleep-destroying Distempers stirred up either within the middle part of the Brain or within the nervous Stock either more inward or more outward do depend wholly on the evil constitution of the Animal Spirits for those who ought to be gentle clear and bright and to actuate gently the containing bodies and to influence them with a benign influence become sharp and fierce and like Effluvia's sent from Stygian Waters unable to be restrained do distend them too much and refuse to be governed by the command of the will and to be quieted by sleep yea being restrained in one place they immediately grow tumultuous in another Such a constitution of the Animal Spirits proceeds from the acid and oftentimes as it were Vitriolick Dyscrasies of the Blood begetting it and of the nervous Juice cherishing and increasing it as shall be more fully shewed hereafter when we speak of madness In the mean time as to what belongs to the Cure of thorow or long waking which we but now described because it cannot be long tolerated therefore those things which may bring present ease ought first to be administred for this end those things which sooth the Spirits and gently moderate their disorders are convenient as those commonly called Anodynes viz. Distilled Waters Decoctions Syrups and Conserves of the Flowers of Water-Lilies Cowslips Mallows Violets Hearts-ease of the leaves of Willow Lettice Purslain also Emulsions or Juicy expressions If that the unquiet Spirits will not be allayed by gentle flatteries you must compel them into quietness as it were with bonds and strokes plenty of them ought to be diminished and the places also to be inlarged in which they may expand themselves in freedom and without tumult and quitted from the intanglements of other Humors to wit of the Blood and Serum For which ends sometimes the opening of a Vein is convenient and Blisterings are always to be made use of also Diacodium and Laudanum if it be convenient are frequently given and in the mean time whilst that Opiates give some truce to the Disease the cause of it ought carefully to be rooted out by the use of other Remedies as much as may be wherefore such as take away the sharpness of the Blood and nervous Juice and render a sweetness to them are to be administred day after day in Physical hours In which rank are shelly Powders Apozems and Distilled Waters Alterers made out of temperate Antiscorbuticks the more gentle prepared Chalybeats Spirits of Harts-horn and of Sut and almost before all other things the Tincture of Antimony is much esteemed There remains another sort of thorow or long Waking the cause of which in some if not in the greatest part consists in almost a continual openness or too much gaping of the Pores or passages in the Cortex of the Brain For besides that the Animal Spirits becoming sharp and somewhat outragious refuse to lye down of their own accord and to indulge rest moreover no stop or yoke is imposed upon them from the nervous Liquor entring into the Pores of the Brain but being free and quitted of all burthens they are also expanded within the exterior spaces of the Brain every where open wherefore for this cause those troubled with long Waking
when the Sun is in the Equinox the light on the Horizon and have neither perfect night nor perfect day so these only enjoy a kind of twilight betwixt sleep and waking The Waking Coma is rarely a Disease of it self but for the most part it is a symptom coming upon other Diseases as the Feavour Phrensie Lethargy and the like wherefore it requires not a Curatory Method peculiarly but there is only need that to the Remedies prescribed for the first or primary Disease there should be added other Cephalicks which may dispel these clouds and meteors of the Brain or if both will not be expelled together the same Medicine which cherishes the parts of the one getting the better will immediately overcome the other so in the Waking Somnolency it is convenient to procure either perfect sleep or perfect waking and in this case I have often given Narcoticks with good success CHAP. VI. Of the Incubus or Night-Mare THUS much concerning the morbid exorbitancies of irregular sleep and waking which are almost proper and as it were of the region of the Brain and affect not the Cerebel but rarely and that secondarily and collaterally as hath been shown But there remains a distemper commonly called the Night-Mare in Latine the Incubus which is both peculiar to this Region and also seems in some measure analogical to the sleepy diseases forasmuch as its fits arise for the most part from sleep by reason of the Animal Spirits being bound in the Cerebel or suppressed their eclipse or interruption though short about the exercise of the vital function is induced That the subject nature and causes of this Disease may be the better known we shall first consider its Phaenomena or the appearance of it The fits of the Incubus or Night-Mare for the most part and indeed only falling on one in sleep are used to be excited mostly after the stomach is loaded with undigested meats and lying on the back in Bed They who labour with it seem to feel the hurt chiefly in the Breast and about the Praecordia for respiration being suppressed and very much hindred they think that a certain weight lying heavily upon their Breast doth oppress them which weight mocks their imaginations with the Image of some spectre or other and this whilst they think to shake off or put away by the moving of their Body or members they are not able to stir themselves any way But after a long space and sometimes till they are almost dead they at last awake with a strugling about their heart and being more fully rouzed from sleep the imaginary weight suddenly vanishes and the motive force of the body is restored but for the most part a trembling of the heart remains and frequently a swift and violent beating of the Diaphragma Then the fit being over the deception of the phantasie conceiving the horrid image of the Incubus or spectre is perceived The common people superstitiously believe that this passion is indeed caused by the Devil and that the evil spirits lying on them procures that weight and oppression upon their heart Though indeed we do grant such a thing may be but we suppose that this symptom proceeds oftenest from mere natural causes though what they are and in what place the Morbific matter doth subsist is not agreed on among Authors nor indeed is it easily to be assigned Because the imagination is deceived and the error being propagated further into the senses themselves so imposes on the sight and feeling that they believe they plainly see and feel a monster of this or that shape or figure lying upon them and for that the loco-motive faculty of the whole body is hindred in the mean time some have placed the seat of this Disease wholly in the Brain and would have the oppression of the breast to be merely phantastical But although we grant the monstrous shape of the Incubus which is conceived to be a mere dream the Precordia to be truly affected is apparent and the motion of the Pulse and breathing is suppressed or hindred for that the heavy weight of the breast is plainly felt by most in their waking yea and when thorowly fresh awaked and when that is removed the tremblings of the Heart and Diaphragma and inordinate motions follow whence it follows that these parts labour and suffer a real hurt Wherefore others that they might the more easily unloose this knot dividing the Morbific Cause assign a portion of it to the Brain and another to the Breast for they say that the motion of the Lungs are hindred by a viscous and very gross humor impacted about them and that doth excite as it were the oppression of a bulk lying on them with want of breathing then Vapors being raised to the Head do fill the principal Nerves and so hinder the loco-motive force which opinion no more likely than the conceptions of those troubled with the Night-Mare deserves not to be assented to because there are not any signs of this humor heaped up about the Praecordia which appear before or after the fit yea when this region is very much burthened as in the Phthisis Asthma or Dropsie of the Breast the Incubus does not therefore infest more frequently or more grievously Further it appears not how the matter heaped up in the Praecordia should be only troublesome in sleep or by what passage or way the Vapours from thence so suddenly inducing want of motion should be elevated to the Head Wherefore the Reason or Aetiology of this Distemper I think to be taken or judged of far otherwise Therefore this heavy weight or load lying on the breast seems indeed to be left because the motion of the Heart and the organs serving for breathing is hindred for from the motion of the heart ceasing or being hardly performed the Blood in its bosoms and in the breathing or Pneumonick Vessels statgnating and being there very much streightned a sense of as it were a weight opresses the region of the breast which also seems therefore the more grievous because the Lungs Diaphragma and Muscles of the Thorax being hindred in their motions and as it were bound together at the same time with the heart do labour with a great endeavour to exercise or to put forth themselves But the most hard question yet is concerning the Cause by reason of which the motion or action of the Praecordia is suppressed or hindred This seems impossible to be done by matter impacted in the organs themselves of which indeed there must be a very great deal to suffice for the hindrance of so many parts and some signs of it at least would appear somewhat out of the fit wherefore it seems that we may rather say that the action of those parts are hindred because the influx of the animal spirits are hindred or suppressed This is frequently done in Convulsive Distempers as we have elsewhere declared and have clearly shewed by
as if they were enervated and cannot stand upright and dare scarce enter upon local motions or if they do cannot perform them long yea some without any notable sickness are for a long time fixed in their Bed as if they were every day about to dye whilst they lye undisturbed talk with their Friends and are chearful but they will not nor dare not move or walk yea they shun all motion as a most horrid thing Without doubt in these although the Animal Spirits do after a manner actuate and irradiate the whole nervous Stock yet their numbers are so small and in so few heaps that when as many spirits ought to be heaped together somewhere in it for motion there is great danger lest presently in the neighbouring parts their continuity should be broken Wherefore when the spirits inhabiting the Brain are conscious of the debility of others disposed in the Members they themselves refuse local motions for that it would be too difficult a task to impose on their companions wherefore the sick are scarce brought by any perswasion to try whether they can go or not Nevertheless those labouring with a want of Spirits who will exercise local motions as well as they can in the morning are able to walk firmly to fling about their Arms hither and thither or to take up any heavy thing before noon the stock of the Spirits being spent which had flowed into the Muscles they are scarce able to move Hand or Foot At this time I have under my charge a prudent and an honest Woman who for many years hath been obnoxious to this sort of spurious Palsie not only in her Members but also in her tongue she for some time can speak freely and readily enough but after she has spoke long or hastily or eagerly she is not able to speak a word but becomes as mute as a Fish nor can she recover the use of her voice under an hour or two In this kind of spurious Palsie arising from the defect or rather the weakness of the Animal Spirits than from their obstruction it may be suspected that not only the Spirits themselves as to their first numbers of them and particular originals are in fault but besides that sometimes the imbecillity and impotency of local motion doth in some measure also depend upon the fault of the explosive Copula suffused every where from the blood into the moving Fibres For indeed from a very Cacochymical blood or full of juice and for that cause vappid and liveless as the Animal Spirits are but few that are instilled into the Brain so it is probable that those themselves derived from the Brain into the Nerves being disposed at length within the muscular Fibres do meet with other Nitro-sulphureous Particles which we have somewhere shown to be necessarily required to the Musculary motion from the so vitious blood that are but dull and degenerate from the Elastick power wherefore indeed the Spirits being concreted so evilly within the Muscles even as Gun-powder being full of more thick feculences rarely and weakly perform the acts of explosions As to what belongs to the other species of the Palsie in which the sensitive faculty is also affected we say that this is hurt either by it self or together with the motive and such an hurt of both together doth almost only happen forasmuch as the passages and ways of the Spirits are more firmly shut up so that whether they tend forward or backward all their irradiation is intercepted That sometimes happens though rarely from the Morbific matter fallen down from the Brain into the oblong Marrow but more often by reason of a grievous hurt of the Spine or Back-bone as from a fall from on high stroke or wound inflicted on them For from such occasions by compressing the marrowy cord or by too much distending or writhing it all the tracts of the Spirits are blotted out Sometimes the sensitive faculty is hurt by it self the motive being still safe this is sufficiently obvious and the reason very clear of the organs whose Nerves are only sensible to wit as of the sight hearing tast and smell But indeed that in the extream habit of the body or members the touch or feeling sometimes perishes the loco-motive power being unhurt as is ordinarily discerned in Lepers those distemper'd with the Elephantiasis and some Mad-men who are wont to go naked and lye on the ground whose skin and musculous flesh are so benumned that they feel not the gashes made in their flesh with a Pen-knife nor Needles any where thrust into them this I say seems very hard to be unfolded But as to this it may be said that perhaps the same Nerves carry the instincts of motions and the impressions of sensible things forward and backward or to and fro but that the same Fibres which are loco-motive are not altogether or chiefly sensible We have elsewhere shewed that its power is performed by the tendinous and musculous Fibres but the sensible Species is almost only received by the membranaceous Fibres wherefore the outer skin is the primary organ of feeling after this the Membranes covering the Muscles and lastly those constituting the Viscera are somewhat affected by the Tangible object Wherefore the loss or hurt of feeling arises by reason of an hurt brought to the exterior Membranes to wit when the Fibres of these are obstructed by a Vitriolick matter or are benummed very much by excess of cold so that the Animal Spirits which ought to receive their impressions are excluded from their organs And indeed from hence it appears that these inhabiting the exterior Membranes are only affected because sense being lost the members wither not as when deprived of motion but remain full and round which is a sign that the Animal Spirits entring still the Nerves and fleshy Fibres do contribute their virtue to the office of nourishment after what manner we have already shewn but when motion is lost the Spirits are almost wholly banished from those parts and the flesh consumes because the nourishing matter though carried thorow the Arteries is not assimulated We have largely discoursed of this in our Treatise of the Nerves The Theory of this many-form'd Disease being now at length finished its kinds and differences all or at least the most and chiefest of it together with the reasons of each of them being rehearsed in order we shall shew next those things which belong to its prognosticks and Cure 1 Every Palsie whether accidental or habitual and either of them whether universal or partial or whether suddenly excited or by degrees if it happens that the knowing and vital faculty be unhurt it ought not to be accounted an acute Disease but being free from sudden danger admits a long Cure or at least an endeavour of it 2. This Disease coming from a solitary evident cause as from a stroke a fall wound c. or coming upon the Apoplexy Carus Convulsion the Colick
character 54. 't is of kin to boldness ibid. Animals reduced into classes 7. as Fire and Light are chiefly energetical in mechanical things so in Animals In perfect ones there ought to be many senses 56 Animal spirits what they are 23. to what compared ibid. they abound in an objective and an active virtue 24. they are the efficient cause of sense and motion 56. a most swift communication of them implanted within all the parts ibid. an opposite tendency of them effect both sense and motion ibid. they pass through the sensible species and not the effluvia of the object penetrate even to the head 59. they actuate the Rainbow of the Eye very much 85. they are the immediate subject of sleep 87. and the immediate subject of the Vertigo 147. their distemper being after a diverse manner as it is the cause of the phrensy so it is of Melancholy Madness and Stupidity 188. from what disposition of them the primary Phaenomena of a melancholick Delirium proceed ibid. as they are compared to light they are call'd opacous or full of darkness 189. these kind of spirits in melancholy compar'd to those in Chymical Liquors ibid. they are not like the spirit of Blood as they should be nor like the spirit of Wine for such is rather in the Phrensy ibid. they are like acid spirits distill'd out of Salt Vinegar Box and such like ibid. Stygian Waters are like the nature of the Animal Spirits in madness ibid. three chief affections of acetous Chymical Liquors which agree with them in Melancholy first the effluvias falling away from these Liquors are perpetually in motion in like manner also the Spirits in the Phantasy of a Melancholick Person thence the effluvias from acetous Chymical Liquors do not proceed far in like manner the imagination of a Melancholick Person though always imployed comprehends only a few things and therefore every thing is conceived with a greater Image than it should be Lastly effluvias from acetous Liquors do not evaporate so much from open Pores as they make new and in like manner whilst the Animal Spirits form new tracts in the Brain produce unwonted and incongruous notions 190 191. after they have for some time been vitiated in melancholy the conformation of the Brain is also hurt 191. how they acquire a disposition like to Stygian Water 202. they are the subject of Madness 201 Antiscorbutick Medicines good for pains in the head 116 Apoplexy its seat 153. a description of the disease ibid. its subject ibid. the spontaneous functions only deficient in it ibid. the opinions of others concerning this disease ibid. the theory of this disease is best shown by Webser 154. a reason added by the Author ibid. a twofold Apoplexy 155. The Theory of the former delivered ibid. this disease either accidental or habitual ibid. the cause of the former 156. an extinction of the Spirits comes from opiates or immoderate drinking of hot Waters ibid. the formal reason of the habitual Apoplexy ibid. what its conjunct cause is 157. it consists in the Pores of the Callous Body being suddenly stopp'd and the spirits being driven away by the contact of malignant matter ibid. what the nature or disposition of the morbifick matter ibid. the procatartick cause of the habitual Apoplexy ibid. the differences of this disease 158. its prognosticks ibid. the curatory method ibid. what is to be done in the fit and in what position the sick ought to be kept ibid. Phlebotomy and other administrations noted as Vomiting-medicines Comforters Cupping-glasses hot or glowing Iron 159. the preservatory method ibid. purging and bleeding Spring and Fall ibid. Cephalick remedies ibid. Spirits and Tinctures Lozenges Tea Coffee and Chocalet prepared how to be made and taken 160 a medical Ale ibid. Examples and Histories of Apoplectical Persons ibid. an Anatomical observation 161 Appetite it stirs up local motion 36. the Appetite Imagination and Phantasy in the callous Body of the Brain 25 Approach of the sensible object is made either by contact or effluvias sent forth or by reflected or repercussed particles of the Air Breath or Light 56 Arguments and Reasons of very many Authors perswade that the Soul of Brutes is not only Corporeal but Fiery 5 Artery cutting what it may profit in the head-ach 120 121 Authors for two distinct Souls in man 40 B. BAths when their use is hurtful to the Palsy 173 Bewailing wherefore oftentimes joined with weeping 80 Blasting or withering of Trees like the Palsy 164 Blood animated but hardly sensible 55. its disorders allayed by sleep 92. it performs its offices which are the generation of the Animal Spirits and nourishing the parts better in sleep ibid. how it excites the head-ach 108. the Blood and its contents are sometimes the means of the conjunct sometimes of the evident cause in head-achs 109. for what causes it is wont to be moved and bring hurt to the distempered head ibid. it delivers to the head the morbifick matter received from any other part 110. its inordinations how they may be taken away and prevented 114. its exclusion from the Brain does not easily happen because all the Arteries communicate one with another and some of them supply the defects of others 154. its total exclusion from the Brain sometimes happening causes a terrible Syncope 155. which depends oftnest on the motion of the heart being hindred and so either by reason of the Cardiak Nerves being bound together or by reason of the Spirits in the Cerebel being hindred from their flowing into the Nerves ibid. the original of madness either from the Blood or the Spirits themselves 203 Bloody Brutes why some more hot some more cold 13 Bloodless Creatures whether they have Fiery Souls ibid. Brain and Cerebel 2. Roots of the sensitive Soul 23. a twofold action in the Brain and its Appendix of begetting and dispensation and of Exercise and Government 24. the reason and manner of the former ibid. an exact anatomy of the Brain through its corticated or shelly part 25. the Brain and Praecordia the two Roots of the Soul 48. vices of the Brain noted 148. its distempers wherein the reason is hurt as wel as the other Animal functions 179. what its indisposition is to the Phrensy 183. the Procatartick cause of the Phrensy partly in the Brain 184. Melancholy a distemper of it and the Heart 188. its conformation is hurt after the Animal Spirits being for some time vitiated in melancholy Diseases 191. the Brain labours in stupidity as to its magnitude and figure 209. as to its substance or texture 210. and in its evil conformation as to its pores and passages ibid. Bridges passing over them looking down from on high places and drunkenness how they cause a turning round of the head 146 Brutes their various kinds with their Souls described 7. all their Souls after the manner of Fire want a twofold Food viz. a Sulphurous and Nitrous 6. the more perfect Brutes are indued with knowledge either inbred or
use of an inferiour reason 3 Nervous Liquor how a cause of the head-ach 108. the habitual head-ach depends chiefly upon its fault c. 109 wherefore it oft-times becomes corrosive c. 202 Nutritious juice how it excites the head-ach 108.110 111 O. OPâ—ats how they cause sleep 128. how they operate in the Ventricle or Brain how as assigned by Webfer 156 P. PAlace or seat of the humane mind in the Phantasy 41 Palsie what it is 161. its seat ibid. it s conjunct causes 162. in the Palsie either motion or sense only or both together is hurt ibid. spontaneous motion is abolished by reason of the ways being obstructed either in the beginnings or middle passages or about the ends ibid. the ways are obstructed by impletion or compression or by a breaking of the unity ibid. an obstruction in the streaked Bodies causes the universal Palsie or the Palsie of one side ibid. why sense is not hindered as well as motion in every Palsie 163. why all Muscles of the Eyes and Face are not loosened in an universal Palsie ibid. a compression of the streaked Body sometimes stirs up the Palsie ibid. a paralytick obstruction doth sometimes happen in the oblong and spinal Marrow ibid. a Palsie often succeeds Stupidity ibid. a Palsie sometimes from the pressing together of the Marrowy chord ibid. sometimes from the unity being broke 164. the seat of the Palsie sometimes in the Nerves themselves which are either obstructed or compressed or the unity broken ibid. an obstruction sometime in the beginning of the Nerves sometimes in the middle or in their utmost processes ibid. the other conjunct cause of the Palsie ibid. in every Palsie the matter is not so thick or cold as it is vitriolick and other ways infestous to the Spirits ibid. the blasting or withering of Trees like the Palsie ibid. the more remote foregoing causes of the Palsie ibid. the Palsie is either a primary Distemper and a Disease of it self or secondary coming upon or succeeding other Diseases ibid. why the Palsie often succeeds convulsive Diseases ibid. why the distemper of the Colick 166. why the Gout ibid. the evident causes of the habitual Palsie ibid. want or paucity of Spirits oftentimes the cause of the spurious Palsie ibid. for which reason old men are obnoxious to this Disease 167. also scorbutical Persons and such as are full of ill humours ibid. also others long sick ibid. hence some dare not venture on local motion others endeavouring cannot bear it long ibid. the second kind of Palsie in which motion and sense are hurt at once ibid. the third kind in which sense only is affected 168. why feeling is sometimes lost and motion safe ibid. the Prognostick ibid. the Cure 171. Histories and Examples of Paralyticks 174 Paraphrenesis what it is 181. its conjunct causes 181 182. wherefore breathing is hurt in this Disease ibid. its Prognosticks 184. Cure 185 Parts of the corporeal Soul 22. parts serving for hearing how they differ in man and some four-footed Beasts 74 Passions their History from 45 to 55 Phantasy or imagination the power thereof in Brutes 38. 't is often deceived ibid. in man 't is the intellect presiding over the imagination V. Intellect the seat or palace of the humane mind in it 41. the pleasing of it and the senses cause sleep 90 Phantastick desires are immense 52 Phrensy V. Delirium Platonists and Pythagoreans affirm'd the Soul of Brutes to be an incorporeal substance 2 Pleasure and Grief the two primary affections of the Soul 48. they affect the two roots of the Soul viz. the Brain and Praecordia ibid. and 49 Praecordia wherefore and how esteemed the seat of holy affections 47. why call'd the seat of Prudence and Wisdom ibid. they and the Brain the two roots of the Soul 48. they truly labour in the Incubus 142 Prototype of a sound by and by stirs up innumerable Ectypes 70 Pupil of the Eye in some round in others longish the reason inquired into 83. its colour in some black in others grey reddish or otherwise colour'd the reason shewn ibid. R. REasons of very many Authors perswade that the Soul of Brutes is not only corporeal but fiery 5. the reason of good and evil either concerns the corporeal Soul by it self or united to the Body or subjected to the rational 45. reasons of Colours and Images unfolded 77. reasons of the symptoms in Love-madness explained 199. of Tumors and Vlcers in the Kings Evil c. 202 203. of symptoms in Madness 205. why wise and strong men are not always begot of strong and wise men 210 S. SAlivation in inveterate head-achs without suspicion of the Venereal Disease whether it ought to be administred 119. the means and manner of salivating by Mercury unfolded 119 120 Sense what it is 56 57 to 60 Serum how it excites the head-ach 108. its evacuation through its right way being suppressed brings its Flux to the head 110 Sight the most noble Sense 75 77 78 Sleep unknown or greatly controverted what it is 86. Schneiderus's opinion that it is an inorganical faculty of the Soul ibid. its subject not the whole Body 87. the Animal Spirits its immediate subject ibid. all the Spirits injoy rest but not in sleep c. ibid. it s immediate subject is the knowing part of the sensitive Soul ibid. the mediate are the Bodies contemning it 88. its formal reason and beginning ibid. and causes 89. 't is either natural not natural or preternatural ibid. by what and how many ways it begins from the Brain first affected 90. not from fumes ibid. its matter conveyed only by the Arteries 91. why raw and indigested meats induce sleepiness ibid. how it seems to begin in the Eyes ibid. the effects thereof 92. why those that sleep are apt to be cold outwardly ibid. the Blood performs its offices better in sleep ibid. what it affords to the lucid part of the Soul ibid. benefits of sleep noted ibid. Soul the contemplation thereof whereto it conduces 1. divers opinions of the Soul 2 3. three things to be considered in the Soul of Brutes 6. various kinds of Brutes Souls described c. 7. Insects have fiery Souls c. 8. whether fiery Souls in Bloodless Creatures 13. the corporeal Soul in man subject to the rational 18. a double subject of the Brutal Soul 22. whence two parts thereof c. ibid. the sensible part divisible 23. the Animal Spirits constitute its Hypostasis ibid. its beginning 29. frames it self before the Body and increases with it ibid. the Bodies duration depends upon it ibid. like flame it has its trepidations c. 31. as strong in sense and motion as a machine 32. if immaterial also rational ibid. the common sensory not the whole Soul 33. 't is like a self-moving musical Organ 34. the rational far exceeds the Brutal how both joyn'd in man and how they frequently disagree 38. the rational Souls priority ibid. the first act of either is simple apprehension ibid.
the second enunciation 39. how little the Brutes Soul can do in respect of man 40. Authors for two distinct Souls in man ibid. which reason also dictates 41. the rational does not exercise the Animal faculties nor obliterate the sensitive by its coming nor transmute it into a mere power ibid. by what bond united to the Body ibid. the corporeal its subject ibid. created and poured into the formed Body not propagated extraduce 42. plurality of Souls in man manifested by their differences ibid. the rational of it self without affections and how it governs and orders them and the Phantasy 43. in things to be known the corporeal obeys it but not in things to be done and inclining it self to the flesh fights against it ibid. how 't is reduc'd to obedience ibid. it oft seduces the mind ibid. it s twofold state 45. its lucid part feels or perceives the impulse of all objects and is moved by them 56. after what manner the corporeal Soul is affected in Melancholy and Madness 191 Spirits their distinct offices in various provinces c. 24 25. how they receive sensible species so very divers 57. the Animal the immediate subject of Sleep 87. for what causes they lye down of their own accord 89. compell'd into sleep by Narcoticks 90. their penury perswades to sleep ibid. the distemper of the Animal Spirits being after a diverse manner as it is the cause of the Phrensy so it is of Melancholy Madness and Stupidity 188 compared to light they are opacous or full of darkness 189. these kind of Spirits in Melancholy compared to those in Chymical Liquors for they are not like the Spirits of Blood as they should be nor the Spirits of Wine for such are rather in the Phrensy but like acid Spirits distâ—â—â—â—d out of Salt Vinegar c. ibid. Stygian Waters like the Animal Spirits in Madness ibid. three chief affections of acetous Chymical Liquors which agree with the Animal Spirits in Melancholy 191. after the Animal Spirits in Melancholy being for some time vitiated the conformation of the Brain is also hurt ibid. how the Animal Spirits acquire a disposition like to Stygian Water 202. the original of Madness either from the Spirits themselves or from the Blood 203. it begins from the Spirits for two occasions ibid. Squinting whence it comes 82 Stupidity arises chiefly from the failing of the imagination and memory 209. wherefore the Organs of these faculties labour in this Disease ibid. chiefly the Brain first as to magnitude and by reason of figure ibid. as to substance or texture 210. its evil conformatiâ—â— as to its pores and passages whence Stupidity sometimes proceeds from both of them being in fault together ibid. what the antecedent causes of foolishness are ibid. ripeness and the declination of Age dispose some to foolishness 211 great hurts of the head sometimes cause dâ—ting or want of ingenuity ibid. and frequent Drunkenness ibid. and vehement affections ibid. and the more grievous Diseases of the head ibid. the differences of this Disease 212. how Foolishness and Stupidity differ ibid. Stupidity its degrees ibid. the prognostick ibid. if from an hurt of the head evil ibid. if excited from a Lethargy it admits of Cure ibid. sometimes 't is cur'd by a Fever ibid. the Cure requires both a Master and a Physician 213. what the Labour of the former ought to be ibid. what the Medical intentions are ibid. what kinds of remedies are shown ibid. T. TAngible species immediately carried either to the cerebel or to the stroaked Bodies 61. and from thence go forward sometimes to the other faculties ibid. Taste of kin to feeling c. 62 63 Tears their matter 80 Touch the same Nerves are observ'd to serve for its sense and motion 63 V. VEnus an enemy to the Brain and Nerves 55. necessary to the preserving of the individual 62 Vertigo its seat 145. a description of it ibid. the causes and manner of an unnatural one ibid. why looking down from on high and passing over Bridges cause it 146. how Drunkenness causes it ibid. from what causes the preternatural one is wont to be excited ibid. sometimes 't is a symptome of other cephalick Diseases sometimes 't is excited by reason of the distemper of other distant parts viz. from the Stomach Spleen c. 146 147. not by reason of Vapors elevated from these parts 147. its immediate subject is the Animal Spirits ibid. it s formal reason ibid. it s conjunct cause 148. is seen by things helpful and hurtful ibid. the more remote foregoing cause ibid. the differences of this Disease ibid. its prognosticks 149. the Cure ibid. the curatory method shown 150. why vomiting Medicines are so much noted in this and other Diseases of the head ibid. what is to be done out of the Fit for prevention sake ibid. cases and examples of the sick in three Histories and the reason of the case of the second History described 151 152 Vices of the Brain noted 148 W. IN Waking the Spirits inhabiting the cerebel are disturbed with the Spirits of the other Regiment 93. why those being disturb'd perform their offices better whilst these lye quiet in sleep ibid. a double consideration of waking 95 Long Waking of two sorts 't is either the symptom of other Diseases or a Disease it self 138. how many ways the unquiet or elastick Spirits stir it up 139. its causes assign'd ibid. its Cure and History ibid. Natural Waking its cause consists in the restlesness of the Spirits and the openness of the cortical part of the Brain 138 Want or paucity of the Spirits oftentimes the cause of the spurious Palsie 166 Watching preternatural depends either upon the restlesness of the Spirits or the openness of the cortical part of the Brain 139 Weeping its causes and the manner of its being made described 80. wherefore a bewailing is oftentimes joyned with weeping ibid. wherefore it comes from sudden joy 81. why mankind only or chiefly weep ibid. Wise and strong men why not always begotten of wise and strong men 210 Withering or blasting of Trees like the Palsie 164 FINIS Advertisement DOctor Willis's Practice of Physick being all the Medical Works of that Renowned and Famous Physician Containing these Ten Treatises following viz. I. Of Fermentation II. Of Feavers III. Of Urines IV. Of the Accension of the Blood V. Of Musculary Motion VI. Of the Anatomy of the Brain VII Of the Description and Use of the Nerves VIII Of Convulsive Diseases IX Pharmaceutice Rationalis the first and second Part. X. Of the Scurvey Wherein most of the Diseases belonging to the Body of Man are treated of with excellent Methods and Receipts for the Cure of the same Fitted to the meanest Capacity by an Index for the explaining of all the hard and unusual Words and Terms of Art derived from the Greek Latin or other Languages for the benefit of the English Reader With a large Alphabetical Table to the whole With Thirty Copper Plates Done into English
a twofold Knowing Power and a twofold Appetite The Rational Soul of it self without Affections how it gâ—verns and orders the Phantasie and Affections In things to be Known the Corporeal Soul obeys the Rational but not in things to be done The Corporeal Soul inclining her self to the Flesh Fights against the Rational How it is reduced to Obedience It often seduces the Mind Wars are moved between them Affections of Conscience nigh to Man A Twofold state of the Corporeal Soul Tranquil or Quiet And Disturbed In which either part of the Soul is moved And is either too much inlarged Or Contracted The Trouble of the Soul impressed on the Sensitive Part by and by is Communicated to the Blood The quiet of the Soul happens not only in sleep but often waking when pleasing or unhurtful things are met with On the Contrary when from the Objects Good or Evil is promised Then first the Imagination afterwards the Appetite is mâ—â—ed The Reason of Good and of Evil either concerns The Corporeal Soul by it self Or her united to the Body Or her subjected to the Rational Soul Hence Passions are called either Physical Metaphysical or Corporeal Passions merely Physical are Sympathies and Antipathies Some Instances of Passions merely Physical Passions Metaphysical By these first the Rational Soul Then the Sensitive and Sanguineous part of the other are affected Wherefore and how the Praecordia are esteemed the seat of Holy Affections What it is to have the Heart hardened Wherefore the Praecordia are called also the seat of Prudence and Wisdom Three Corporeal or Moral Passions The two Primary Gestures or Affections of the Soul are Pleasure and Grief They affect the two Roots of the Soul to wit the the Brain and the Praecordia Grief and Pleasure first of all arise from the Sense Afterwards both from this and also from the Phantasie and Memory Some are more Pathetical or moved than others How the Affections are wont to be iterated also how allayed or obliterated The Number of the Passions uncertain Pleasure and what Affections are subordinate to it Love Hope Boldness c. Grief with the Affections subordinate to it Hatred Aversion Fear c. Next to Pleasure and Grief are Love and Hatred The Objects of these are Sensible or Imaginary things By what means desirable things affect the Spirits and the Blood A Pleasant Sensation is described Love is excited by Opinion The Object of this is set up like an Idol in the Phantasie And Worshipped Hatred excited by the Sensible or Imaginary Species How the first of these Affects the Spirits and Blood The Imaginary Evil affects both the Blood and Spirits Love and Hate are transitory Passions Quickly changed into Desire and Aversion The Soul is chiefly employed by these Both proceed either from the Sense or Opinion The desire of a sensible thing is excited either from Natural Instinct or from Custom The former is moderate and easily satisfied Desire got through Custom despising moderate things aspires to new things The reason declared Because the Agent and Patient ought to be unlike The Desires of sensible things tend chiefly to Luxury or Lust. Phantastic Desires are immense But are chiefly carried to Riches or Honors Aversion is excited either from the Sense or from Opinion This Passion being frail is soon changed into Desire Sensible Desire affects both the Spirits and the Blood What Alterations Imaginarâ— Desire brings upon them The Fluctuation of the Mind Plaâ—t Hope and Fear Succeed to Desire and Aversion The Provision of Hope It s Obâ—ect both the Sense and the Imagination Affects both the Spirits and the Blood A Character of Fear How it Affects the Spirits and all the Faculties How the Blood It often passes into Desperation In like manner Hope into Audaciousness To which Anger is of Kin. The Character of Anger There are more than Eleven Affections Pity Envy Boasting Shame c. A Character of Shame Innate Affections Viz. An Inlargement of the Individual A begetting of its Kind Venus an Enemy to the Brain and Nerves The madness or fiery of Lust. Reason suppresses its flowing The Blood is animated but hardly sensible The lucid part of the Soul feels or perceives the impulse of all Objects and is moved by them Sense and Motion are the chief Advancers of the animated Body The efficient Cause of either are the Animal Spirits A most swift Communication of them implanted within all the Parts An opposite tendency of them effect both Sense and Motion What the Sense is The approach of the sensible Object is made either by Contact or by Effluvia's sent forth or by reflected and repeâ—â—â—ssed Particles of the Air Breath or Light As these several are made manifâ—ld they requiâ—e divers Sensories All Knowledge from Sense In Perfect Animals there ought to be many Senses That one of the Touch or Feeling suffices not How the same Spirits receive sensible Species so very divers Than this may be done are required First a Structure of the Organ after a diverse manner Secondly a Various Constitution of the Animal Spirits After what manner Sension is made All sensible Impressions do beam forth from all the Organs into the streaked Bodies In every Sension is required First That the Species be impressed on the Sensory Secondly That it be carried thence by the passage of the Spirits to the Common Sensory How the divers sensible Species are distinctly represented in the same Common Sensory It is shown by an example of the Air whose divers Particles have divers carryings forth Also by the example of Water in which many wavings being at once made are all distinct The like is in the Airy Hyposiasis of the Corporeal Soul For the divers Perceptions of which together in the Common Sensory there are many and distinct Tracts produced Sensible Impressions as they are stronger weak stir up other Powers either more or fewer All the other Powers of the Soul proceed at first from Sension The Animal Spirits pass thorow the sensible Species and not the Effluvia of the Object penetrate even to the head The bounds and passages by 〈◊〉 and into which the Species pass thorow The Number of the Senses is well affirmed to be Five So many and not more are requisite The Sense of Feeling is more thick but the most ample or large Exhibits Signs of Iudgment to the rest of the Senses It hath a mighty diffusive Sensory or Organ Which are the Nervous Fibres In all the Parts both External and Internal Which Fibres thô every where of the same Conformation Yet Exhibit various Species according to the various approaches of tangible things Tangible Species immediately carried either to the Cerebel or to the streaked Bodies And from thence goes forward sometimes to the other Faculties Viz. the Imagination Memory and Appetite The Kinds and Differences of Feeling are either In respect of the Object In respect of the Sensory And so it is either manifest or private Pleasant or Sad. The Taste a
Kin to Feeling The Sensory of the Tast discerns its Objects and is delighted with those things that are Convenient Venus or Pleasure is necessary for the preserving of the Individual The Organ of the Taste is the Tongue with the Palate and Throat Eating is a certain Solution Wherefore one savour oftentimes excludes another The Nerves sent to the Organs of the Taste proceed partly from the Fifth pair Partly from the Ninth also which serve for the Motions of the Tongue It is in like manner observed of the Touch that the same Nerves serve both for Sense and Motion Wherefore from the Taste of a pleasant thing the Imagination and the Praecordia are wont to be affected The rest of the Senses wait upon the Taste Savours the Object of Tasting Simple or Compound A Threefold Consideration of them to wit which are 1. Whose Original are natural 2. Artificial 3. The Alteration or Abolition of either Nine Simple Savours Sharp Savour 1 Which are sharp or biting of their own Nature 2 Which are so produced by Art 3 By what means the biting sharpness is wont to be taken away or altered 2 Bitter Savour 1 Which are bitter of their own Nature 2 After what manner the bitterness may be produced anew 3 By what means it is wont to be taken away or altered 3 Salt Savour Salt things naturally 2 Things which are so made by Art 3 By what means saltness is want to be taken away or altered 4 The Acid or tart savour 1 Natural Acids 2 Made Acids 3 By what means an Acid savour is wont to be taken away or altered 5 Austere or sower Taste 1 Naturally austere things 2 Made austere savours 3 By what means an austere or rough Taste is wont to be taken away or altered VI A sower Taste 1 Bodies naturally acerb or sower 2 Made sower things 3 By what means to sower Taste is wont to be taken away or altered VII The sweet savour 1 What are naturally sweet 2 Sweets prepared by Art 3 By what means sweetness is taken away or altered VIII An Oyly Taste 1 In which it is by Nature 2 In 〈◊〉 things it is wont to be produced by Art 3 How it is taken away or alter'd IX An insipid Savour 1 In what things it is by Nature 2 How it is wont to be produced 3 By what means it is taken away Compounded Savours Compositions of Savours which are more or less grateful The use of the Smell to discern Aliments at a distance This is more excellent in Brutes than in Man The Organ of the Smell described Nerves of a several Kind serve for Smelling Hence the reason is had of that Consent between the Smell and the Taste Why one being wanting the other for the most part is Defective The Excellency of Hearing as to Vse and Activity Is performed at a distance by reason of the Activity of the Medium The Medium carrying sounds in the Air but not the whole frame of it The Sonorifick Particles seem to be Saline little Bodies interwoven with the Air. The Prototype of a sound by and by stirs up innumerable Ecâ—ypes How the Sonorifick Particles differ from the luminous These are carried only in strait-lines those in all Why they seem to be Saline By what mean Sonorifick Particles are stirred up into Act. Or how sound is caused and stop'd The Motions oâ— spreadings of an excited sound The Organ of 〈◊〉 Hearing described The Ear and its uses The Den of the Ear and its uses The Drum Three little Bones about the Drum with the Muscle and Ligament The Hammer The Anvil The Stirrop The Muscle The Ligament The use of the Drum The Drum hears not The use of the little Bones as also of the Muscle and Ligament The involuntary Action of this Muscle Deafness sometimes proceeds from the loosness of the Drum The Cavern containing the Air placed behind the Drum From this Den a Passage into the Palate Another Passage from this Den called the Navel hole or the Window leading into the Shell The Description of the Shell The Use of it The auditory Nerves Two Processes of the softer auditory Nerve one tends into the next Chamber of the Shell The other into the Shell it self For what Vses it is so made A rehearsal of the Parts which serve for Hearing How they differ in Man and in some four-footed Beasts The Sight is the most noble Sense It acts at a distance by reason of the Species of visible things diffused afar off Light Colours and Images are the same substance What the Rays are which cause the visible Species Whether they are Particles streaming from a lucid Body Or rather whether inkindled Particles of Nitro-sulphureous Air. Which Opinion seems most likely The differences of flame and light Lucid Bodies are either Coelestial Or Sublunary in the light of which we observe three measures Wherefore light either reflected or refracted goes forward only in strait lines Light can pass thorow a Chamber in the mean time not to be perceived Light Primary or Secondary The differences of these The reasons of Colours and Images unfolded According to Gassendus Every Body is either lucid or illustrated The Colour of a Light Body is white Which is variously altered by reason of interspersed Clouds An illustrated Body as it is either smooth or rough reflects Beams variously and therefore produces various Colours The variety of Colours also depends upon the refraction of Beams A Burning-glass placed before a dark Chamber declares how Sight is made The Organs of the Sight are the Eyes and the Optick Nerves How the frame of the Eye is fitted for Seeing The Anatomy of the Eye necessary for the Explication of Seeing Why the Eyes are two The Parts of the Eye are either Exterior The Bone Eye-lids Hairs of the Eye-lids Eye-brows c. Or Interior the Muscles Vessels Coates Humors c. For what use the Eye-lids serve They are two in Number There are two Muscles of the Vpper With what Nerves they are furnished The hairs of the Eye-lids and the Eye-brows The Kirnels are two Their Vse The Lachrymal Kirnel is described with the excretory Passages It s use is â—inted at The Lachrymaâ— Vessels A nameless Kirnel rather to be called the Lachrymal The Vessels of the Kirnels The Matter of Tears The Causes of Weeping and the manner of its being made described Wherefore a bewailing is oftentimes joyned Weeping Wherefore Weeping comes upon sudden Ioy. Why Mankind only or chiefly Weep The Muscles of the Eyes and their uses described Four strait two oblique A Consent and Sympathy between them all Whence squinting comes Some Brutes are furnished with other two Muscles The Globe of the Eye with the Optic Nerve It s Figure in some is round in others depressed The Insertion of the Optic Nerve is after a divers manner in divers Animals It is placed either in the Pole or at the Side of the Eye The reason of the
distilled Water Tablets Chalybeats or Steel-Medicines Spirits Powders Cases and Examples of the Sick The first History The second History The Reason of the Case described The third History The Seat of the Apoplexy A Description of the Disease It s Subject The spontaneous Functions only deficient in the Apoplexy The opinions of others concerning this Disease The Theory of this Disease is best shewn by the famous Dr. Webfer Another Reason given by the Author The Exclusion of the Blood from the Brain does not easily happen Because all the Arteries communicate one with another and some of them supply the defects of the others A total Exclusion of the blood from the Brain sometimes hapning causes a terrible Syncopy This depends oftenest on the motion of the heart being hindred and so either because of the Cardiack Nerves being bound together Or By reason of the Spirits in the Cerebel being hindred from their flowing into the Nerves Hence there is a twofold Apoplexy one in the Brain the other proper to the Cerebel The Theory of the former delivered This Disease either accidental or habitual The cause of the former is either a great breach of the unity in or near the middle of the Brain Or a sudden stupefaction or extinction of the Spirits 1 A Solution of the unity either from blood let forth of the Vessels Or 2 From an Imposthume or the breaking of an Vlcer Or 3 From a Deluge of the Serum An extinction of the Spirits from Opiates or from immoderate Drinking of hot Waters The operation of Opiates as it is assigned by the famous Webfer The formal reason of the habitual Apoplexy 1 What its Conjunct Cause is It consists in the Pores of the callous Body being suddenly stop'd and the Spirits being driven away by the contact of malignant matter What the nature or disposition of the morbifick matter is The procatarctic Cause of the habitual Apoplexy The differences of this Disease Its Prognosticks The Curatory Method What is to be done in the Fit In what position the Sick ought to be kept Phlebotomy Other ways of Administration noted Vomiting Medicines Comforters Cupping-glasses Hot or glowing Iron The preservatory Method Purging and Bleeding Spring and Fall Cephalick Remedies An Electuary A distilled Water Lozenges Spirits and Tinctures Tea Coffee and Chocolate prepared how to be made and taken A Powder Medical Aâ— Examples A very rare History An Anatomical Observation The middle of the Brain which is the Seat of the Apoplexy is also the Seat of the Epilepsy The streaked Bodies the Medullar Trunks and the Nerves are the Seat of the Palsy what the Palsie is It s Conjunct Causes are Obstruction of the passages and the Impotency of the Spirits In the Palsie either motion or sense only or both together is hurt Spontaneous motion is abolished by reason of the ways being obstructed either in their beginnings or the middle passages or about the ends The ways are obstructed by Impletion or Compression or by a breaking of the Vnity An obstruction in the streaked Bodies causes the Vniversal Palsie or the Palsie of one side Why sense is not hindred as well as motion in every Palsie In an universal Palsie why all the Muscles of the Eyes and Face are not loosâ—ed A Compression of the streaked Body sometimes stirs up the Palsie A Paralytick obstruction doth sometimes happen in the Oblong and Spinal Marrow A Palsie often succeeds stupidity or becoming foolish A Palsie sometimes from the pressing together of the Marrowy Cord. Sometimes from the unity being broke The Seat of the Palsie sometimes in the Nerves themselves which are either obstructed or compressed or the unity broken 1 An Obstruction Sometimes in the beginning of the Nerves 2 Sometimes in the middle 3 Or in their utmost processes The other conjunct cause of the Palsie to wit the impotency of the Spirits Often arises from narcotick or vitriolick Particles by which the Spirits are put to flight In every Palsie the matter is not so thick or cold as it is vitriolick or other ways infestous to the Spirits The blasting or withering in Trees like the Palsie The more remote foregoing causes of the Palsy which are two 1 More remote to wit a vicious Blood and for that reason pouring forth a deadly matter upon the head 2 Nearer to wit a weak and loose Brain admiting the evil Particles The Palsy is either a primary Distemper and a Disease of it self Or secondarily viz. Coming upon or succeeding other Diseases Wherefore the Palsie often succeeds Convulsive Diseases Wherefore the Distemper of the Colick 3 Wherefore the Gout The evident Causes of the habitual Palsie Want or paâ—city of Spirits oftentimes the Cause of the Spurious or Bastard Palsy For this Reason Old Men are obnoxious to this Disease 2 Also Scorbutical Persons and such as are full of ill humours 3 Also others long sick Hence some dare not venture on local motion Others endeavouring cannot bear them long The Impotency of the Spirits proceeds in some measure from the default of the explosive Copula 2 The kind of Palsy in which Motion and Sense are hurt at ones 3 Kind in which sense only is affected Wherefore feeling is sometimes lost and motion safe What is the proper Organ of feeling The Prognostick of the Palsy It s Cure Three means of healing according to which this Disease is 1. Either accidental 2. The off-spring of another Disease 3. Habitual 1 The Cure of the former A Powder for a Fall Topicks to be applyed to the Distempered part 2 How the Palsie coming upon another Disease is to be cured The Cure of the habitual Palsie Whilst it is In fieri or doing The Intentions of healing respect the Blood and the Brain Bloodletting A Purge Cephalick Remedies 2 How the Disease in habit is to be cured Bloodletting and Purging cautiously and rarely to be admitted Altering Medicines ought to be given with choice How the Palsy is to be healed in a cold temperament Electuary Coffee A Decoction Spirits A Distilled Water Tinctures and Elixirs Powders Lozenges Pills How the Cholerick or hot Palsie is to be cured An Electuary A Distilled Water Chalybeats or Steeled Medicines A Decoction The juice and expressions of Herbs Pills Topick and particular Remedies Vniversal Remedies 1 Diaphoreticks They are not to be administred indifferently to all They often hurt the Cholerick Sweating Medicines Stoves Baths Natural Baths When the use of Baths is hurtful in the Palsie Salivation Vomitories Histories and Examples of Paralyticks The Example of the Palsie habitual excited of it self The first History The Reason of it The second History more rare and notable An Anatomicâ— Observation â— which the Caâ— is explained â— The third History The Reason of this The fourth History The Câ—rt expoposed The Reason of it The fifth History shâ—wing when the Baths are hurtful An example of the Palsie from a Lethargy The Distempers of the Brain follow in which Reason is hurt as
the whole Soul seems to go out at the Eye or the Ear and neglecting the other Sensories Conspire with their proper Offices into those Acts of Sension It is somewhat otherways in Love excited through Opinion because in this the Species of the Object being represented by the Imagination is erected as an Idol in the Brain about this many Spirits being employed at first they weigh the noted Beauty and its various Ornaments then they worship it for whatsoever we love we imagine it fair profitable pleasant and far above what in truth it is then by reason of these kind of feigned Attributes we more earnestly fall in love with the thing beloved Further the Spirits inhabiting the Brain invite all the rest flowing in the whole Nervous stock to the worship of the Idol erected by themselves wherefore the Inhabitants of every Sensory watching for the works of the Senses look hither here also they wait for the Motions Executors of the Limbs and Members but they chiefly inspire the Praecordia with the Love of this Imaginary Good wherefore these being variously dilated and thrust together greedily receive sometimes the Blood imbued as it were with the Character of the thing loved and as it were imbibe its Influence sometimes they cast forth that Humor from themselves towards the Brain as it were to pick out something from the Image of the Good This Kind of Image exciting Love is impressed on the Imagination either from the Intellect or from the Memory and Phantasie to wit one of them only or both together and from thence a Passion of Love is brought in either Metaphysical or merely Sensitive or mixt Much after the same manner as we have said of Love the evil Appearances also which excite Hatred or the Aversation of the Soul are objected to the Sense or Imagination As to the former when any incongruous and improportionate Object is brought to any Sensory that distracts and drives the Animal Spirits into a certain Confusion therefore afterwards when such an Object comes again to the same Sensory the Spirits mindful of their former hurt abhor the Contact and approach of this Evil Contract as much as they can the Organ and shut up the Passages and Doors if they are strong they endeavour to remove the Enemy from themselves by sudden and iterated Excursions but if they are not able for such Assaults they convey and hide themselves within and reject the embraces of the hateful thing by every manner of way A rejection of the sensible Object happens when stinking Odors of very unsavoury Meat strike the Palate or Nostrils and the like when incongruous things are offer'd to the sight or hearing But especially when the breaking of the Unity happens to be inflicted by Fire or a Sword on the Skin or Flesh. Concerning these repulses of the approaching Object not only the Spirits flowing in the Sensory but oftentimes also by the consent of these others inhabiting the Brain are irritated into Fury so that the Imagination conceives a detestation of the thing and the Praecordia being therefore disturbed sometimes draws back the Blood sometimes drives it outward towards the driving away the Evil and stirs it up to its Expulsion When an Object apparently Evil appears therefore hateful to the Imagination presently the Phantasie fixes on it a Monstrous and very deformed Image then stirs up all the Spirits implanted both in the Brain and the Nervous Appendix into a Detestation of this Imaginary Spectre from hence the Brows are contracted the Teeth gnash together and the Face is writhed but especially the Praecordia variously open and shut themselves that they might Eventilate the Blood by driving in up and down and Conserve it free from every Influence or Tincture of this Object After this manner the Passions of Love and Hatred are employed about Good and Evil taken absolutely and almost Indifferently or rather about their Idea's to wit the Sensitive Soul beholding the Image of appearing Good received from the Sense or the Imagination and admitting it into it self presently she embraces it with a certain strictness as it were with open and infolded Arms and endeavours to be intimately united to it But it rests not long in this fruition for if this Image of Good be only Imaginary and being embraced vanishes like a Cloud taken for Iuno the Soul sensible of her Error quickly le ts go her empty Embraces yea if that Good were solid after some time its fruition brings forth a loathing and the Complacency of the Object at first amiable grows cold by the enjoyment and it is esteemed troublesome For indeed it is so order'd that we esteem nothing long in this Life but being always wanting whatsoever is obtain'd we esteem less seeking after new things wherefore we are perpetually incited to the desiring of absent Good and to the flying from Evils hanging over us Love or lasting Charity is a Divine Passion almost proper only to Heaven as Hatred standing and endless is an Affection merely Diabolical and ought to be esteemed peculiar to Hell But in most Mortals these are presently changed into Desires or Aversions because the desire of any absent Good which we seem to want or the declining of any approaching Evil obliterate the Idea of any Good or Evil before affixed to the Sensitive Soul and adhering to it even as the following waves sup up the former In truth the Sensitive Soul is chiefly employed with Desires and Aversions these are perpetually suggested by heaps from our wants either true or imaginary and a very infinite Company or Succession of them exist Concerning our Indigencies from which these Passions are drawn it is to be observed that they proceed either from the Sense or from the Opinion and so peculiar Desires or Aversions are excited As to the former the Animal Spirits in every Sensory watch as so many hungry Guests expecting the Approach of an Object congruous to them as it were food to the meeting and snatching of which they are often wont to go as it were to meet it and be carried quite beyond the Confines of their Subject But that the Spirits residing in the Organ of every of the Senses do greedily Covet after this manner the sensible Object as their Prey happens by the mere Instinct of Nature or is procured by Custom The former is discerned when hunger or thirst require the Supplies of Meat and Drink and when the Coldness of a naked Body requires Cloathing These sort of Desires which Necessity puts upon Nature are easily satisfied and what are sufficient for the maintaining of Life and obtained after this manner to wit the Animal Spirits labouring under a defect in this or that part do variously Contract and so affect with a sense of trouble the Nervous Bodies in which they flow which Impression being presently Communicated to the Brain it stirs up the Spirits inhabiting it into an Appetite or
Desire and then an inflowing being made into the appropriate Nerves into a Prosecution of the desired thing all this is performed without the Image of the Object increased by the Imagination also without any Perturbation known in the Praecordia or the Blood It is much otherwise concerning sensible Desires got by Custom for when as a Fruition once happens to the Spirits inhabiting this or that Sensory of a more pleasant Object having moderate things in Contempt afterwards desire the same and being not long Content therewith still aspire to others more pleasant so the Palate being accustomed to more delicate Victuals loaths every thing unless spiced Aliments and prepared with most exquisite Sawce In like manner may be observed concerning the Smelling Sight Hearing and other Sensitive Functions to wit that the Appetite proper to any of them for as much as it once exceeded what sufficed Nature is always carried to more excellent Objects and they for the most part only fresh the reason of this seems to be that the chief Pleasure of the Sensitive Soul consists in a more lively Motion and larger Expansion of the Spirits implanted in every part but such a Motion of them depends very much upon the Excellency also the Variety and Change of the Objects For whatsoever moderate or too familiar thing happens to the Spirits it little affects them for every motion supposes a Superior and a Virtue of the Object somewhat unlike to the Agent wherefore when any Object by daily use obtains a Similitude or Equality with the Spirits that is less apt to move them therefore that the Activity or the lively unfolding of the Spirits which is the Effectress of Pleasure may be continued a long time leaving the Fruition of every old and worn-out Good it always tends to new and more high things After this manner thô every Organ of Sense puts forth Desires peculiar and proper to themselves it reiterates them with a perpetual change but for as much as Objects applied through Corporeal Contact rather than by Effluvia affect more vehemently the Sensory therefore the greatest Company of Desires arising from the Sense are wont to be referred to Luxury or Lust. The Desires of the Spirits dwelling in the other Sensories for as much as they take only the Species or the little Bodies falling off from sensible things and less thick Embraces therefore they are more temperate and are often directed to better uses But our wants are chiefly Imaginary and proceed from Opinion and from hence a most plentiful Crop of Desires grows up For indeed every Man breaths after Felicity or after a certain Divine State wherefore it seeks very much things apparently Good which are said to Conduce to this State and endeavours to obtain them But having followed certain Goods it finds not the desired Satisfaction in them therefore it seems to want others and then again others So for as much as Men always tend to the highest Good or last end and that he attains it not in his life-time there is a Necessity of infinite Wishes and Desires concerning the intermediate Goods Hence it is that whatsoever another has yea whatsoever of Good the Phantasie can conceive or feign presently we believe we have need of it and therefore we desire it and wish for it So though there is an immense Company of Concupiscible things yet as most Men place their felicity in Riches or Honours hence the Chief Species of Desires arising from Opinion and therefore not to be satisfied are Covetousness and Ambition As to Aversion this Passion seems only to be the former inversed and in like manner to take its Original either from a certain Defect perceived by the Sense or taken from Opinion for a Sense or Opinion of want calls to either a declination of the same manner of State Wherefore when the Animal Spirits in the Sensories are deprived of the Enjoyment of a necessary Good or of what they were before accustomed to they either conceive or set before them the approach of its Contrary and these being very unquiet let go the Embraces of every present Object and set themselves to perform or enter into a new Confederation until either the Sense or the Opinion shall detect some apparent Good to the desire and following of which the same Spirits are busied And so Aversion being for the most part a Passion of it self Vain and quickly perishable terminates in the desire of Good that may supply the Defect so Carefully shun'd Having shown after this manner for what Causes and upon what Preparations or fore Occasions the Sensitive Soul enters into Passions of Desire and Aversion Let us now see after what manner or ways of Gesticulations or Gestures she is Composed in either Affection As to Desires begun from the Organs of the Senses it is observed that whil'st the Spirits there implanted are carried towards the absent Object all fruition being left they as it were naked and destitute of all helps like Beggars ask an Alms which as they most greedily desire as it were about to take by force that Good they exceed the limits of their Subject and oftentimes when the Desire is vehement almost the whole Soul is drawn into Parties and by a certain going out from the Body wanders towards the desired thing or at least emits a Portion of it self That it is so it plainly appears in that mad affection of Lust in which the genital Humor containing Fragments picked from the whole Soul is poured forth In like manner in a pleasant Sight Sweet Odor and most pleasing Harmony the Animal Spirits as it were lifted up role together out of the Sensories towards their Objects but on the contrary in Aversion they betake themselves inward and sometimes forsake the Sensories themselves As to desires excited by reason of the Opinion of want the Sensitive Soul being impatient of a Lot so poor becomes very instable and unquiet all the acquired Goods of its Body it neglects and disesteems also refuses to hearken to the dictates of Reason yea being altogether precipitate in desires she always looks outward and as it were with wings is ready to fly to this or that apparent Good hence by the disorder of the Spirits flying hither and thither the Nervous Parts are variously distracted and Men betray their desires by their Countenance and going also the Breast and the Praecordia being moved together the Blood like the Sea working with the winds is compelled into various Fluctuations that those affected sometimes grow Pale and sometimes are over-spread with redness also from the same Blood entring inequally and impetuously the Confines of the Brain succeed inconstancy of Judgment and frequent Changes of a thing proposed as sometimes they will do this anon that as if ten Minds were together by the Ears in one Man According to the aforesaid Characters or Scheams the Sensitive Soul is composed about absent Good and Evil and not