and composure as flesh veins nerves arteries and bones or dissimilar made up of other particles of a different nature such are the Brain Heart Liver Lungs Kidneys Spleen c. and all Muscles for in these there is a mixture of flesh Veins Arteries Blood and spirits or thin agile particles according as the office of every member requires The Soul as it resides in the body for in that state alone it shall be considered here exercises divers faculties as Vegetation whereby the body lives is nourished and augmented and the species propagated by generation to accomplish which the meat and drink we receive being masticated and reduced into small parts in the mouth is conveyed downe into the stomach where a certain sharp and hot humor piercing into it reduces it into smaller parts and makes it slippery so that it may easily slide into the small whitish veines called from their colour Lacteal these lacteal veins intercepting the purest and juicyest part of it convey it into the hollow vein in which passage it receives much transmutation the excrementitious and lesse useful parts by vertue of certain glandulous substances which make an attrition upon it and sever the purest part from the lesse pure are conveyed to their proper receptacles For that which we call Choler is conveyed into a little bag called the Gall hanging at the Liver Urine is conveyed by the Kidneyes to the Bladder the grosser excremements slip through the entrals or Guts That which passeth through the veins staies not till it arrive at the heart where it receives a more perfect concoction and purifying and from the heart part of it is carried from the right Ventricle of the heart through a vein called the arterial vain to the Lungs whence it returnes through the venal Artery into the left Ventricle of the heart thence with the rest of the blood for so it is by this time it flowes into a great Artery called by Anatomists Aorta This Artery spreading it self into many branches distributs it to every part of the body that it may nourish enliven move every member Testiculi interim nesi omissi quasi castrati e nostra microcrosmi historiola exulent partem dicti alimenti allicientes in spumosum semen digerunt in usum peculiarem recondunt The blood by its motion through the Arteries is rarified made more hot subtil and vivid for it doth not rest or stagnate in the arteries but emptyed out of the utmost twigs of the Arteries into the veines returnes by a circular motion to the heart in its passage communicating influence vigor activity nourishment to every member and augmentation too so long as there is need but that bears date no longer than till such time as the body arrives at its Aime and consistence which is when the bones the main supporters of and rules of dimension for it are grown so hard that they are not capable of any further extention for then the rest of the parts refuse the superaddition of new matter more than what serves to repair that that decayes by continual motion and is requisite to assist them in their motions and operations As all parts of our body participate of this kind and active influence of the blood so the Brain seemes to ingrosse the purest portion of it the thicker part cannot arrive there by reason of the narrow passages through which it is percolated the Brain digests it into a thin substance called animal spirits which are dispersed in the nerves contributing sense and motion to the whole body The most remarkable motion and of most absolute necessity is respiration and is thus accomplished The animal spirits which take their way to the Muscles of the Brest through the nerves that are branched thither move and dilate the great Muscle called Diaphragma which by consequence extends the parts of the Brest whereupon the Lungs which accomodate themselves to the motion of the brest are also dilated as a pair of bellowes so is also the sharp Artery and the contagious aire which is ready to fill any concave or fistular body that hath nothing else to fill it is protruded one part rejecting the other till that next to the mouth and Nose enters but after a little pause the Lungs contracting themselves when the Diaphragma is erected in a convex figure and presses upon them send it forth and instantly receive a new supply This alternate motion is of manifold use for the intromission of cool and fresh aire and it serves to refresh the heart Lungs and Stomach in case they be too hot so especially it contributes to the production of vital spirits which participate of an aiery nature and may probaly somewhat assist the heart in that motion whereby it conveyes the blood into the Arteries and in this respect is of absolute necessity of preserve life The emission of it serves as to express our several passions so likewise to frame our speech when we sigh thereby giving a hint of some close grief we emit our breath through the artery being open not resisting or gâ—ving any collision to it with a deep and laborious breathing When we would cry loud we cause it to break forth with a smart violence and vociferation when we laugh the â—â—â—od jâ—rking nimbly from the Hâ—aâ—â— to the lungs huffe them up 〈◊〉 â—nly and by turns so as they 〈◊〉 the aire to go forth at the sharp artery with a kind of trepidation or interrupted motion and with all twitch the Muscles of the Diaphragma Brest and Face which causeth a quavering motion discernible in the countenance and a warbling inarticulate sound But in speaking there are more little engines set on work the sharp Artery alternately dilates contracts its self the larynx or upper part or lid of it intercepts or gives free passage to the aire the parts that constitute the orb of the mouth the Tongue Teeth Palat and Lips make various stops dashes and callisions upon it the various extention of the sharp Artery contributes to the diversifying of our voice into shrill or low acute or flat for if the artery be much streightned and compressed the voice becomes flat if freely dilated it proves accute the larynx by its motion serves to make the stops or distances between our words the organs of the mouth make it articulate and significative For as in a Pipe the sound extending its self in a right line would be uniform and of one tone did not the artist intercept it so would our breath cause an uniform and uselesse noise if it should freely convey its self in a direct progresse but encountering the Mouthes cavity it is obliged to assume various figures and conform its self to the configuration of the mouth The five vowels a e i o u seem to be made only by the different emission of the breath and require not any observeable action of the parts of the mouth but seem to be accomplished by the different extentions of the sharp
Artery for as in a pipe so in our artery the same proportion of aire may yeeld a various sound according as the passage is either widened or compressed still or quavering But the Consonants are formed with more extant and discernably motion when the Lips endeavour to stop and intercept the aire in its passage b and p are formed when the basis of the tongue strikes at the palate c and g are pronounced when the point of the tongue strikes at the teeth and dashes the emergent aire against them you may hear the sound of t and d If the Lips be shut and the breath mount upward toward the nose the letter m is framed when the tongue stops the breath by clapping it selfe to the Palate this motion gives being to the letter n If the breath so stopped makes an escape by the side of the Cheekes then it appears in the sound of l somtimes the breath is as it were pressed either through the teeth alone and s is squeezed out or between the tongue or Palate and thence r comes snarling forth or between the tongue and fore-teeth and so we pronounce z and jod When a soft puffe is emitted between the fore-teeth lips almost compressed if we be troubled with a deafness yet we may see f and vau pronounced Such variety of motions ars requisite to speech but they are managed with so much nimblenesse and dexterity as they evade our observation In spontaneous or progressive motion the animal spirits in the Brain being excited shake and dash forward the next which are in the nerves and by consequence the very nerves themselves the nerves dilate the muscles into which the branches of them are inserted the muscles expanded in bredth become shorter and draw in the tendinesse instruments of motion made up of the coalescence of smal nerves Ligaments and Fibres being contracted in breath and so extended in length they relaxe the tendiness which while they are contracted draw the joints as it were upward toward the brain the fountain of motion and whilst they are relaxed remit them and thus the members drawne up and extended by turnes execute the motions and gestures which we require The sensitive faculty whereby we apprehend exteriour objects acts by the help of the animal spirits too which being resident in the very outmost parts of our bodies in the small or capillary nerves are capable of the least percussion or jog that is made at them and instantly communicate it to the Brain For there be in all or most bodies minute effluvia's or exhalations which like little emissaries and intelligences are continually frisking up and down between those bodies and our senses dash at the organs of our senses when we have first put our selves into a fit posture and â—ause an agitation and vibration upon â—hese tender and tenuious spirits which speedily traject it to the Brain The Nerves which assist our sense of feeling when they receive a light percussion from any palpable object such a pression or percussion is also made upon the Brain one part of the nerve pressing on the other till the motion arrives there as if one move a Lute-string at one end the motion in an imperceptable moment is conveyed to the other end A visible object instantly conveyes a representation of its self through the clear or Chrystal-like humor in the very centre of the eye to the retina or utmost branches of the optick nerve and so upward When we hear a sound the ayre is beaten by a continued motion one part rejects that which is contiguous to it this the next till it arrive at the anfractuous windings of the ear the auditory nerve and so onward In the Nose there are found nerves which terminate in the top of the thrils and these suffer a light impression from warme and moist emanations which steame from odoriferous bodies and are exhalted through the Nostrils and by those processes or branches of the nerves are sublimed up to the Brain In tasting our meat as it slides over the tongue and parts adjoyning conveyes a thin exhalation to the nerves which give notice of it to the fountain of sense The next faculty whereby we judge of objects and entertain them under the notion of pleasing or displeasing nigh or remote great or small usual or unusual we may call estimation That whereby we retein and preserve these impressions is the Memory But the Phantasie excites variously orders and marshals them joins or severs compounds or divides them and frames several conceptions or apprehensions of them When the spirits in the brain are agitated by and receive impressions from either outward objects as in sensation or from the body its self as in hunger thirst the apetites of excretion and the like which have alwaies â— stimulation or acrimony accompaâ—ying them by which they agitate â—he nerves and consequently the brain â—â— the concourse of these impressions â—etermine the spirits in the brain to vaâ—ious motions even when the objects â—re absent and many times when the â—enses are obstructed too as in sleep Now the Phantasy setting these notions before us the estimative faculty presenting them to us as pleasant or distastfull although the things themselves that caused such impressions in us be absent yet we have often times as quick and lively apprehensions of them as vigorous and active motions toward them as if they were not absent but present and such motions are the operations of that faculty which we call the will and may be divided into apetite and aversion for I omit those other acts of the will suspence doubting hope fear joy sorrow and the rest partly for brevities sake because I relate these things cursorily and partly because they are easily reduced to these In appetition the spirits dilate and axpand themselves to welcome a pleasing object object which if present produceth Joy if absent Hope In aversion they contract and retire themselves and lurk in a kinde of fixation upon the apprehension of a displeasing Object which if it be present causeth Grief if absent Fear But I am not yet arrived at that supream faculty whereby Man is distinguished from Bruit beasts those which have been hitherto recited are most of them as eminent some more exact in them than in Man that they have life motion and sense the most ignorant are able to observe that they have estimation of things appears by their choice of Meats seeking of subterfuges and cautelous avoiding of dangers That they have a natural Dialect or way of communicating and imparting their Designs or Thoughts one to another sufficient for them and proportionable to their necessities is discovered by their various tones actions and gestures which they use according to the several occasions they encounter with their nutations and caresses wherewith they salute one another at their meeting Their Memory is discovered by their certain and ready finding out their usual haunts their starting and shrinking from any thing wherein they have found
with a convenient blushing his exterior lineaments of an exact symetry his stasture ever keeping a correspondency with his years so that it was conjectured he would prove of a convenient middle stature his skin betwixt smooth and rugged his veins of a fit dimension and his pulse moderate His lovely countenance and sweet disposition caused him to be beloved of all Children such as were of equal age and bigness would strive to ingratiate themselves into his favour to keep him company to study to imitate him to please him to be pleased and delighted with him Comliness is of its self attractive how much more when it is joyned with good conditions it wins the love of people that are not rude and barbarous diffuses a kind of hilarity to all that behold it Indeed all the Characterisms and Idea's of the Countenance are contagious the word may be taken in a good as well as in a bad sense they fascinate and at a distance infect the Beholders whether it be by certain rayes steams or emanations emergent from them which make a pression or light motion upon the nerves especially of such persons as are of a delicate and tender complexion or whether it be by some other occult means but so it is that one cheerfull man in a Company one of a free dilated spirit more or less irradiates the whole company with his presence into a serenity of countenance one sad person infects a whole company with some contagion of sadness Before Eriander was put abroad to School they taught him to read and write at home as it were by way of recreation they had a smooth and square plate of brass and of convenient bigness for a child to handle and carry about in this Plate or Table the draughts and effigies's of all the letters in the Alphabet were ingraven exactly they acquainted him with the true shape and distinct names of them and caused him to follow the draughts of them with a little Stile or Pensil provided for that purpose by this running as it were in the Channels and following the stream of every letter while the hollow strokes restrained his hand from going awry he gained a dexterity in it and was not a little assisted to write with pen and ink because his hand was habituated by this lusory way of writing but in spelling or forming of syllables to which the eye contributes no advantage they took the opportunity of all vacant hours to inculcate them by often repetition endeavouring above all things to procure a clear and distinct pronunciation to which no more was required but practice for nature had so framed all the Organs serving to speech that none of them was mutilated or irregular They still prae-possess'd him with a love of Learning and a desire of his Book and the School contrary to the indiscreet practice of many people who please themselves in terrifying children with the Rod and Ferula whereby they bring them into a dislike of Learning before they have discretion to know what it is His Father obtained a good assurance of his proficiency not only from his comly lineaments of body ingenuous aspect vigorous elocution and the like exterior characters of a towardly nature but from those more immediate and signal tokens which are less obvious but afford more certain and infallible presages 1. A ready Wit which appeared by his pertinent answers to any question within the bounds of a childs capacity 2. A faithful Memory which discovered its self by giving an ingenuous account of any remarkable passage he had heard of 3. He was patient and industrious not like those hasty and volatile wits who having a nimble apprehension and confidence withal perform all they go about with little pains and in a short space raise great expectations concerning themselves but soon spend their stock become Bankrupts and like a nine-dayes wonder are soon forgotten 4. He had an earnest affection and desire to Learning a thing so considerable that without a kind of love and earnest desire men seldom thrive in any profession 5. He was attentive and would express a kind of exultation and admiration at the recital of any remarkable and ingenuous passage 6. He was inquisitive even to importunity which in a child is commendable and although it may seem to proceed from overmuch boldness yet if it arise not to downright sauciness it is not to be blamed such a one will grow sedate as he proceeds in years 7. He was very ready in imitating not the Phantastical gestures and expressions of vain but the decent speeches and addresses of discreet and well-bred persons 8. He modestly affected commendations a powerful incentive to goodness if it meet with an ingenuous nature and a touchstone to try ones temper whether he incline to Pride or Humility Commendations for well-doing and rebukes for an offence prevail more with a good nature than blows which also to one of a bad nature oft-times do more hurt than good for obdurate spirits are so far from being cudgelled into goodness that thereby they gather strength in naughtiness These eight tokens meeting together in any child promise good success and if due culture and instruction be adjoyned silence all doubt of his proficiency in learning but he that is not in some tolerable sort thus qualified though we ought not rashly and hastily to despair of any what is now latent Time may reveal is not fit to be a Student in the Liberal Arts. At the age of seven years Eriander was admitted into the famous School of Entaphia where we must now leave him at his book in earnest that lusory and recreative way of teaching which served as a preparative to make Learning seem delightfull must bear date no longer it will not suit with the discipline of a School Now because the orders and manner of government observed in this little Common-wealth were somewhat different from such as are usually observed in other Schools it will not be amiss to set them down It was governed by a President or Provost whose charge was to take Inspection of the Masters and inferior Officers to instruct the Scholars in the principles of Religion and Manners at certain times appointed for their instruction and examination and especially to give order and direction that every one should be fitted for that professiand employment to which after due examination he found him most inclined the first or lowest Master for every one was absolue Master over those that belonged to him taught them to read and understand the language of the Country the next taught them to write and cast up accounts that so such as were not found fit to proceed to the nobler Sciences might in due time be qualified for some other Profession according as their peculiar Genius and their Parents desires invited them The third taught the Latine and the fourth the Greek tongue Besides they had a Steward or Purveyer which provided dyet other accomodations for such as were remote