â—epend the motion of the parts which is â—ot so much distinguished by the diffeâ—ence of place forward backward upâ—ard downeward to the right hand to â—he left or in orb but also in the figure of â—he part which is called Scheme For figureâ—s â—s the scituation of a part in motion Now â—ince every instrument should be so disâ—os'd that it may most aptly attaine the â—nd unto which it was appointed and that a Muscle is the instrument of so many voluntary expressions of the minde Let us see what neate elegant composure it hath to give an apt satisfaction to so noble important motions The similar parts which concurre to the construction of a Muscle are seven in number to wit a Veine Arterie Nerve Flesh Tendon Membran Fat among which there is a part without which the action cannot be done being that part from which action doth first arise the root or mansion of the facultie all the others subministring to this concurre and conspire to the end of that one action Therefore it is not sufficient to know that a Muscle is the Organ of voluntarie motion but there is need of the acutest edge of wit to finde out that part which exists as Prince and chiefe in it and which is upon commandment of the Soule effective of motion This prerogative of moving a Muscle is most justly given to the Nerve as having the greater aptness for motion for all men very well know that the part moves not but the soule for the instruments move because they are moved by it besides the instrumentâ— that serve any facultie must derive their orginall from that part from whence such a facultie proceeds Now the Nerves have their beginning from the Braine and are afterwards dispersed here and there and derived to other parts greater or lesser according to the diversitie of the Action But there ariseth no small doubt because Galen in many places calls the Nerves the way of the vertue that depends upon the Braine whereupon many assuredly take the Nerves to be onely the Posts Conveyors not Motors had rather call them Illatores thaâ— Motores which is farre from truth for although they do bring the intelligence from the Braine to the Muscles yet withal they do move and worke and they are the Intelligencers and way of conveyance untill they come unto the moveable parts but when they are once entred into the composition of the Muscle they become Agentâ— and Motors Which Marinelius by most cleare and pregnant instances out of Galen maintaines and manifestly demonstrates to be true Now the Braine is the Vniversall organ of voluntarie motion the great mysterie whereof is thus ordered The Braine commandeth as soone as it hath judged whether the thing is be to be avoided or prosecuted the Nerves commonly called Illatores or the Posts for the Intelligence they give bring the commandment and Facultie the Muscle illustrated with the Animall Spirits obeyes and moves the part according to the command of the â—ill and as a Rider by the moving of his Raines guides his Horse so the force of the Soule residing in the Braine moves the Muscles by the Nerves as with Raines for the will is like the Rider the Nerves to Raines and the Muscles to the Horse So it is no motion untill it come to the Muscle for that is truly motion which is done by the intension and remission of the Muscles Sect. IIII. That the Appetite or Will is the first efficient cause but not the chiefe cause of motion the Spirit and Faculty being the more propinque and conjunct cause and that besides the commandment of the Will the endeavor and intention of the mind is necessary thereunto SInce there are divers motions and Actions performed by the members through mediation of the Muscles who have their virtue from a faculty by which Physicians understand that which has a power of Doing or Working who sometimes call them Powers sometimes Virtues a Faculty by the definition of Galen being the cause of an Action for every effecting cause is a Faculty Now since every worke proceedes from some action and it is necessary some cause should also go before every action it followes with reason that as Action is the cause of every worke so some faculty should be the cause of that Action for nothing is done without a cause which is an Axiome in Physique therefore it is altogether necessary to consider the efficient Faculty of Action and the Cause of work for how can any thing be done without an Agent Cause and that which has the power of working Now this is the animall faculty which gives sense and motion which suggests cogitation intellection memory and which transmits sense and motion from the Braine by the conduct of the Nerves with the Greekes usually cal'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Rationatrix presiding over all the actions and motions that flow from our will that is from Election and Councell and that by the aide of the Nerves and operation of the Muscles of the Animall faculty the motive is a species Albertus where he speakes of the Exterâ—our motive virtue which followes upon the affective that is upon that which workes the inward motion of the mind very appositly to our purpose distinguisheth the motive faculty into the appetitive the affective and the motive the first commands the part to be moved the affective and motive perform the motion of the members but the affective makes the inward spirituall motion the motive makes the exteriour corporall motion of the members which represents the inward motion But the actions that are done by the most manifest tone of the Muscles are those which are produced by that species of motion which they call Pathetique for that causeth more violent extant and remarkable actions in all the parts of the body the internall motion of this Faculty or Perturbation Averrhoes calles motum electivum and there is no creature that at some time or other is not droven to some impetuous action by this inward agitation or perturbation of his mind which actions in respect of their effect are morall of their supposed Spring vitall yet the actions of these vitall Ethiques serve the Animall by divers motions of perturbations which spring from â—he Pathetique Energetique or Ethique faâ—ulty which although of it selfe it be â—oyde of reason yet being apt to obey â—ence there ariseth some conflicts beâ—weene the Rationall and Irrationall part â—s the Practique Intellect hath these afâ—ections in Subjection called patheâ—â—call when they are mov'd by the arbitriâ—ent of another which though they be â—eckon'd among passions yet in their â—ffects they are actions and appeare so â—o be in their types and externall repreâ—entations in the face and countenance â—nd other parts of the body The prinâ—iple of all motion is the Appeâ—ite whence the sense offering what is desiâ—ed the motions are done no otherwise then as you see in Machins the â—ullyes loos'd one thrusting foreward
â—he other but in Machins without the mutation of qualityes but in us the formall cause of motive heate and spirits is transmitted withall to the parts hence in anger we wax hot in feare and sadnesse cold for all these perturbations are done with heate and cold to wit the â—hing seen excites the Appetite and this the Affection which prepare the instrument of the Action So thaâ— the Appetive power or will commandeth but moveth not but after his nod thâ— Motive faculty ariseth which flowing bâ— the Nerves produceth Motion Yet Fâ—râ—nelius his distinction is to be considereâ— in this businesse who will have the Appetite or will to be the first Efficient cauâ—â— of motion but not the Chiefe causâ— which belongs rather to the Spirit anâ— Faculty than to the Appetite and must bâ— returned thither besides the Appetiâ—â— or will we must find out some more propinque and conjuct cause of motion aâ—mong others the chiefe reason is thaâ— when the Palsie hath seased on any parâ— because then the Nerves are destitute 〈◊〉 the Spirits and Faculty the most efficaâ—cious or strongest Appetite or Will canâ—not procure a motion and if you binâ— Nerve hard with a cord you may â—ommand what you will but there folâ—owes no obedience of the Muscle whose Nerve is so stopt since all notice or inâ—elligence of our will is thereby intercepted from arriveing at the Muscle Besides this commandment of the Will seemes of little efficacy at all unlesse a â—ertaine endeavour and intention of the â—ind be added unto it as a Coadjutor or â—ompanion for if a man would either wrest his eyes divers wayes or set all 〈◊〉 parts together into speaking motiâ—ns shal he forthwith effect it although â—he instruments be sound and fit for actâ—on of which this in sooth is the only â—ause that the mind must hoc agere and â—annot take notice of all things at one â—nstant nor be intent to every single motion Therefore the Will is not only sufficient but a certaine intention also of the Mind is necessary to rowze up â—he Motive faculty otherwise a sleepe â—nd languishing in particulars Wherefore this Animall Faculty which by the â—ectorship of the spirit flowes from the Braines into every particle while it is driven foreward by the command of the will and the endeavour and intention of the mind effects the actions whicâ— so significantly appeare in the Head anâ— other parts of the Body Sect. V. That it is strange but not so wonderfulâ— that Animall motion should be performed on such a sudden DIverse things are required that thâ— parts should be moved by an Aniâ—mall or voluntary motion For wee muâ—â— know how all that is moved is compaâ—â— of a Mover and a Moveable Since what soever is moved is moved of some thing when therefore we are moved it is necesâ—sary there should be a compound of â— moving and a moveable the Soule is thâ— Movens metaphoricum the moved oâ— moveable the Body or some part of it foâ— it is the Soule whereby we live and havâ— motion And because the Soule moves noâ— by a naturall propension but by knowâ—ledge and for an end it would be conâ—sidered with the sharpenesse of wit oâ— whom it is moved and with what instruâ—ments and medium's it moves the Heaâ— â—nd parts of it and which are the inâ—â—ruments moved and the Mediumsâ—etween â—etween the Soule and the last thing moâ—ed The Principall of locall motion espeâ—ially which must be immoveable is the â—oule Appetition is the Medium that movesâ—he â—he Moveable the Instrument is the Spirit â—o that there are sixe things concurring â—o these Actions Immoveable as the Soule â—â—moveable partly and partly moveable as â—he Braine quatenus a Principle which â—ove and are moved as the Head which 〈◊〉 moved by the Braine and moves the â—arts of the Face with it which are moâ—ed alone as the parts of the Face the â—edium of the motion as the Appetition â—nd Affection and the Instrument which 〈◊〉 the Spirit To this effect Cardan or 〈◊〉 you will have it as Fabricius ab Aqua â—end has dâ—awn it out of Galen and Ariâ—â—â—tle All that appertains and concurs 〈◊〉 locall motion is thus universally orâ—ered As soon as the imagination is forâ—ed of the object known by the intellectâ—r â—r sense whether it be to be prosecuted â—r avoided straightwaies the Appetite is â—oved which forthwith excites and moves withall the passions of the Body either by heating or refrigerating eithâ—â— to attain or avoid The passions that iâ— heat cold do aptly prepare the motorâ— Instruments as Aristotle speakes ingeniâ—ously Which are according to Galen thâ— Braine the Nerves the Muscles anâ— Joints The Braine besides its proposeâ— worke done by it self and as it were â—â—â—red up by ploughing and brought fortâ— out of its proper substance as the Imaâ—gination Appetite and Passions 〈◊〉 moreover transmit the Animal Spiriâ— begotten in and of it self by the nerveâ— his branches as it were by channels 〈◊〉 the muscles the peculiar allyed and proâ—per organ of motion with which forâ— the Muscles wholly affected and illustraâ—ted attempt the performance of appareâ—â— motion Now although the Muscles 〈◊〉 the instruments of voluntary motion 〈◊〉 many other things being required to thâ— act of their motion whence that by 〈◊〉 mediation so many causes interceding so suddenly a commotion should 〈◊〉 wrought and introduced into the Meâ—â—bers is a thing full of miracle 〈◊〉 hath a pretty Simile to illustrate this bâ—â—siness As saith he in the striking of â—â—ring of an Instrument an eight anâ—wers unto an eight So the Motive Faâ—ulty by a wonderfull providence of Nature moves the mobile Spirits and â—hese moved flie forth with a stupendiâ—us obedience to their destinated Organs As in a Monochord a Diapason a Diapente and a Diatesseron sound only â—t certaine intervals and in the other â—tops sound not So certaine parts as soone as may be obey the soule sending particular Mandates unto them for all â—he parts wait upon the soule and were framed by Nature to such an aptitude that being commanded they presently obey and are moved as long as the moving faculty flowing from a principle is not by some impediment debarred from them But without doubt saith Marinellus this is not very perspicuous to reason how we do move at the Nod of the Will what part soever we desire although the most remotest from the head the foundation of the moving faculty and that without any interposition of time But all admiration and astonishment will vanish away if we suppose that which is most certaine to wit that the motive faculty while man is awake or noâ— oppressed with heavy sleep doth perpetually flow and travell to the Nerveâ— which are derived from the Braine and dispersed through the Laberinth of thâ— Body which virtue since it is as wâ— may so say in the first act in the Toe oâ— the Foot the Appetite commanding iâ— breaks out into the last act which is motion Caâ—en gives us an example no time
their substance if they should be compelled to give any thing away which was in their possession from which most Emphaticall operation of this Muscle to thâ—â— signification of the Mind the Muscâ—â— might be properly called Musculâ—â— illiberalis the Illiberall Negative or the Niggard Muscle So much shal suffice as to the Denominations of this Muscle which is principall in the Action which thâ— Mind enters visibly in the Head and Shoulders as for the other Muscles which are but Accessories they are like to retaine their old names unlesse some charitable Myotomist be pleased to take pitty of their private Condition and think good to bestow the other significations of this Action as nominall favors severally upon them Memb. II. Of the Muscles serving to the generall expressions or most important motions of the Face or Countenance MAny are the affections of the Mind that appeare in the signifiâ—ant motions of the Face even when â—he Bones are at rest for whereas some â—arts of our skin are altogether immoâ—â—able and pertinacious in their circumâ—uction over the subjacent parts other â—arts thereof versatile indeed but they are not actuated with any voluntary motion the skin of the whole Face participates of motion which being voluntary does necessarily imply the use of Muscles by whose benefit those motions should be orderly and significantly performed Galen was the first who observed that Broad Muscle which he calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The broad Mouse-Muscle and was unknown to the ancient Anatomists arising from the top of the Sternon and the whole Channell Bone the upper Spine of the Shoulder-blade the Spine of the Vertebres of the Neck and inserted into all the parts of the Head which 〈◊〉 without haire and the lower jaw beâ—yond which it goes not according 〈◊〉 whose variety of originals and the proâ—ductions of divers fibres it proves 〈◊〉 Author of so many voluntary motioâ— as appeare in the Face for it so ends 〈◊〉 the Face that it covers it within as 〈◊〉 a Visard Sylvius makes it a Horsemaâ— Cap or a Riding-Hood if you take 〈◊〉 so much of it as is covered with the 〈◊〉 Theophilus compares it to a womans 〈◊〉 which the Greekes vulgarly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is nothing else but a notable fleshie Membrane a medium between a skin and a Muscle which encloseth the Head and Face no lesse than the Skin therefore called fleshie because besides the nature of other Membranes in some places it is thicker and degenerates as it were into a Muscle as appeares in most parts of the Face where the skin conveyed along with the Membrane is the cause why the skin is there moveable hence Creatures who have all their skin moveable for the greatest part have this Membrane growing to â—heir skin But although the Ancients â—hought the whole Face was moved in â—ll its significations by the operation of â—his broad Muscle yet latter Anatomists â—ave found out the Muscles that lye unâ—er it whose opportune subjection â—oncurs to the advancement of the â—eaking motions and voluntary disâ—urses of the Countenance there 〈◊〉 for these purposes of the Mind as 〈◊〉 reckon forty sixe to wit to the â—otion of the Eyes and Eye-brows â—enty foure to the motion of the 〈◊〉 twelve and to the rest of the parts ten These Muscles by the effect of their action are beheld in the motion of the Face while they move the skin together with them the parts wherein they are inserted varying according to the variety of the parts This difference being as Galen speaks between the skin and the eyes and lips that under the skin there is a Musculous thin Nature the Eyes are moved by Muscles and the Lips by a Nature mixt of a skin and a Muscle So that the parts of the Face have their significant motions either from the administration of their propeâ— Muscles as the Forehead Eye-lids and Lips or by reason of the vicinity oâ— the skin as the Balls of the Cheeke which being destitute of Muscles 〈◊〉 moved together with the next skin 〈◊〉 that indeed one motion often times folâ—lows upon another by reason of 〈◊〉 common broad Muscle out of whicâ— the Muscles that move the parts of 〈◊〉 Face are made there being some 〈◊〉 are common to two Members as 〈◊〉 of the Nose and upper Lip and the 〈◊〉 and Cheeks whose Muscles are 〈◊〉 to each other Indeed the Professe of Dissection assigne not any action to the skin in generall because it is a simple and similar part not organicall and instrumentall which must be understood of common and visible actions for private it hath as nourishing it selfe by attraction of aliment though indeed in regard of Tact it hath a common action But in the Face it hath a publique and locall motion that is most Emphatically significant wherein the perturbations of the Mind discover themselves being moved in the Face by the streight annexion to Muscles which are the organs of voluntary motion for Nature would have it so ordered â—hat by the benefit of certaine Muscles working under the skin and affecting â—he parts of the Face being all of them furnished in their originals with Nerves from the third Conjugation of Nerves â—hat come from the Braine Man with â—is very Countenance alone should â—xpresse all his Will Mind and Desire when at any time it happened â—o be inconvenient or unlawfull to open 〈◊〉 in words at length The reason why â—he Face doth so naturally follow the motions of the Mind and is an Index of the Affections is as Baldus thinks That Affections being Passions in matter and in the Body they are the forms of a certaine Body to wit of the Mass of Bloud and insooth a certaine passion requireth a certaine matter as Anger Choller Joy pure Bloud Sadnesse Melancholly Astonishment Phlegme which humors conteyned in their Naturall Vessels and mixt together furnish the Affections with matter which while it remaineth about the Heart and the first sensitory from the image perceived and adjudged to have the cause or matter of molestation or placencie excited by Heat and Spirits it is drawn into Act and is made such in act from thence the altered Spirits or vapours with the Spirits are elevated which by the Arteries coming to the Braine the Principle of the Nerves which bring the Commands for motion to the Muscles into which they are inserted so making them the Instruments of Voluntary motion pluck and pull it after diverâ— manners according to their quality Affecting Contracting Dilating Heating Refrigerating more or lesse drying or moystening And any the least mutation made in a Principle there followes a change in those things that depend upon that Principle Wherefore the Arteries and Nerves that follow the Heart and Braine are changed and because the Face is nigher the Braine the chiefe organ of the Sense made remarkable by the Cognizanze of the greatest Arteries and endued with Nerves such varietie of proper and common Muscles which entertaine them Hence it comes to
other for they are small and thin their employment being easie because the Iaw with its own weight tends downward and hath no need of any strong Retractor but as a heavy thing it is drawn down with a little adoe to open the Mouth In the motions of the Lips the contrariety is not very much perspicuous for they are exercised in two moveable Lips wherefore their Muscles contracted together they are Contracted to wit the upper Lip upward the lower Lip downwards whereupon the Teeth are discovered whence some derive Rideo a Radio But that we see the upper Lip more contracted than the lower it hath that property from the more valid Muscles which it hath obteined â—or although the Muscles of the lower Lip are broader than those of the upper yet being shorter they gaine no advantage by their Breadth for the Length of a Cord gives more advantage in Drawing than the Breadth And that the Lips also in Laughter are moved neither inward nor outward which motions and those indeed contrary every one of them hath happening by the advantage of certaine fibres belonging to their Muscles the cause is that they being weaker than the Muscles themselves moving the upper Lip upwards and the lower downwards by good right give way to their motions neither are they able according to their usuall operation to move the Lips inward or outward especially since they are strongly drawn in on both sides and extended by the Contraction of the Cheekes to which on both Hands they are annexed The Muscles which draw out and open the Nostrils excell so in strength the constringent paiâ—e which are somewhat small that the adverse moving in the Nose is not so perceptible to sense therefore in Laughter they are strongly Contracted insomuch as the Nostrills are opened and especially in Derision are wrinkled and these Muscles so raise up and Contract the Nostrils that the Nose seemes crooked and hooked and by that means also the Nostrils become acute We may observe concerning the Eye-lids which are two over each Eye an upper and a lower Lid that the upper Lid only according to Galen is moved upward and downward by the office of divers Muscles having contrary motions So that by this Rule and Mâ—thod that teacheth all the Muscles in the Face to be moved together at once in Laughter We should not affirme the Eye-â—ids to be then moved if the aforesaid Muscles of the Eye-lids were of equall strength But since as it appreares by the effect the Muscle that draws it down is stronger to which the weight also of the Lid it selfe doth adde some advantage it comes to passe that the Eye-lid is a little then moved downward and the Eye a little closed And although Aristotle who was not advised of Muscles much lesse of the Muscle which late Anatomists have found for that motion truely affirmes the lower-lid to be also moved in man yet that motion is but small and little better then nothing and that which is as it were nothing is to be thought in a manner to be absent Whatsoever is to bee observ'd of this matter from late Anatomists this is enough for this purpose that the upper-Eylid hath obteined two contrary motions and therefore can neither shut nor open the Eye overmuch in laughter although it shuts it more and it is observable that by reason of this contrariety of moving of the upper-Eyelid that in laughter there is made by reason of the Contranixion a certaine corrugation or wrinkle about the angle of the Eye especially the outward angle which in those that laugh often are supposed to grow habituall which some Ladyes fearing will not laugh lest they should contract wrinkles and looke old by breaking in that part which is neere the Temples whose Latine Eâ—imologie they much abhor Hence of some who have but a kind of pinke eye we usâ— to say they laughed that they had never an eye to see And because the Eyâ— is more shut than open'd in laughter 〈◊〉 comes to passe that both the Eye-browâ— are drawn a litle downward and theâ— somewhat yet lightly incline boâ—â— the Eye-browes together especially 〈◊〉 excessive laughter being necessarily moved whereas otherwise at pleasure 〈◊〉 can move one of them alone as 〈◊〉 nictation The Eyes in profuse laughter seem to be retracted or drawn back and noâ— a little to be hid within their Orbitâ— But to conclude this to be done by thâ— Muscles is to speake to more than thâ— causes appearing to Sense It is though the Optique Nerves may be retracted 〈◊〉 well as other Nerves and why not Which may be by the seventh Musclâ— placed about it which with it fibres 〈◊〉 hath obtein'd being straight may 〈◊〉 is likely draw the eye back also 〈◊〉 whether the other Muscles of the eye 〈◊〉 contracted or no that 's a question Why not but there is no confident pronouncing this for a certainty becausâ— they appeare not to Sense but if they be contracted it is most probable that they are all contracted together in this laughter as the other Muscles of the Face are and by reason of that contrariety of movings that they have and perchance equality of strength the eyes seeme rather to rest than to be moved as any man may make experiment in himselfe and may apprehend that while he laughes his eyes can difficultly be moved to looke round with a distinct vision which is done at the perpendicular Ray unlesse he endeavour it by the inordinate motion of his whole Head and Body which circumâ—pection the Head nor whole Body â—an Scarse then obteine But the Auâ—hor of this experiment will not endure â—o be asked whether the Muscles may â—e then moved abhorring to be put to â—o difficult a point of Divination Sureâ—y the question may be resolv'd accordâ—ng to the received Philosophy of Arbiâ—rary motion for if he will admit the Muscles of the Eye to be all moved at 〈◊〉 together the motion is Tonique â—herein although the Muscles seeme to be at rest yet as Galen sayes they doe quiete agere act in rest Tonique motion being an action with immobility In this excessive laughter the Forehead by which we must understand the Musculous skin thereof hath a peculiar property of it selfe and a privilege from the universall contraction of the other parts for the Front which is a thing has bin but little observ'd is neither moved upwards nor downwards nor knit although it be very propense and proportionall to signify many passions by those motions but it remaines as it were in its naturall state yet smoothly expanded and stretched out insensibly which motion of expansion is to be refer'd to the Muscles it hath received or to its fibres which as we may believe are equivalent whereby when in laughter by the same reason as other Muscles they are moved together it comes to passe that the Forehead then doth rather remaine immoveable and the motion proves Tonique or streined out unlesse perchance it may be moved a
the Jaw which sometimes is drawne so neere the Eare that it toucheth it But indeede the Muscles whose action is motion and the Nerves which are commonly observed about the Eares doe declare it to be true that the motive virtue doth flow into the Eares And Vesalius the great Anatomist affirmes that they are moved by reason of their Muscles Indeede as Casserius wel argues Although the energeticall force of moving be only deprehended by the senses as apparent now then in a few certaine men yet the influence of motion is generall into the Eares of al men which makes them partakers of voluntary motion for unlesse it were so wee must protest against the Doctrine of all Anatomists now from many ages confirmed by most certaine infallible and frequent observations That motion is not the essentiall action of a Muscle seeing there is no auricle but hath its proper Muscles Neither doth the Sensuall immobility of all auricles almost perswade this very thing for it is an Elenchus Consequentiae The motion of the auricles appeares not to sence Ergo they have none For although we are to yield to reasons when the effect appeares to the senses yet where the sense proves defective and reasons may prevaile the effect is not to bee denied for if as Galen witnesseth there concurre to an Agent a fit situation a due space of time a valid force of the Agent and a disposition of matter to receive what should hinder the effect these for the most part to be present in the accomplishing the motion of the Eares even Sense doth teach wherefore although the motions of the Eares are not made manifest yet it is not to be denyed but some motion at least and lesse perspicuous to sense is performed by them The cause why men doe not ordinarily and evidently move the exterior Cartilages of their Eares as other Animalls doe which have them is as Baubinus and others conjecture because those principalls of motion are very small So that Galen ealls them certaine Delineaments of Muscles and they have little threads of Nerves So that the motive Spirits cannot in sufficient quantity flow into them and the Eares are too little and Cartilagineous whereby the little Branches of the Muscles and Nerves cannot be expanded whence their motions are so rare and so little perspicuous and obvious to sense which are greater in such men whose Eares are perspicuously moved And where the occipitiall Muscles are found these of the Eares are manifestly discover'd Hence it may be Columbus had this knack of moving his Eares and he St. Augustine speakes of both which could move the whole skin of their Heads by virtue of those Muscles and having them if Fallopius and Riolanus his affirmation hold had these Muscles of the Eares manifestly obedient to their wills Another reason why the Eares in men are not ordinarily at least not evidently seene to move is lest the Sense oâ— Discipline should be depraved especially since the eares of man are small wherefore they are moved every way to receive sounds by the most swift motion of the Head and therefore in Brutes who want that expeditious mobility of the Head they are greater to be more capable of sounds from all parts and to drive away flyes which man can doe with his hands So that to prevent a greater inconveniency and undecency than their ordinary employment could recompence they are usually suspended from preceptible actions in most men yet this is not without a Tacite elogie of the Pleropheria of motion which the face enjoyes by its Muscles to which the surplusage of auricular motion might seeme unnecessarily redundant for the Face of man is so sufficiently provided of Muscles the Organs of voluntary motion which are ever ready to expresse any motion his will is pleased to concurre unto and make a significant declaration by that he needes no such additaments as the Muscles of the Eares would make if they were ordinarily reduced to manifest action yet such who have these Muscles large enough for apparent action seeme to have a Patent for excellent Pantomimicall utterance such additionall helpes in all probability giving advantage of supernumerary gestures Now although to men that can expresse their affections not onely in wordes but also by speaking motions especially in their Faces which are open and discovered Nature hath seem'd to have thought it undecent and unprofitable to have any great volubility or flexibility for so we must speake for want of better wordes in the motion of their Eares as other Animalls the flexibility of his Head and Neck serving the Eares to all such intents and purposes yet since these Auricular Muscles the invention whereof are due to Fallopius were appositely conspicuous in them by whom they were manifestly moved while they lived and are not onely described by him but most Anatomists we will first describe them and then see whether any thing can be made of their motions They are usually number'd foure Common and Proper Attollens or the lifter up Deprimens or the pulleâ— down Adducens ad interiora the To-leader Abducens the Fro-leader The Attollent seated in the anterior part of the Face placed upon the Temporall Muscle the Attollent of the Jaw From the externall end of the Frontall Muscle where it is contiguous to the Temporal is inserted into the upper part of the Auricle The Detrahent seated in the hinder part of the Head fetching its originall from the Mammillary processe of the Tempils and ends in a Tendon which embraceth the whole roote oâ— the Cartilage of the Eare so that one portion of it toucheth the upper part the other the middle the third the lower part The forward Adducent or To-leader is a Common Muscle to wit a particle of that which they usually call Quadratus or the Detraâ—ent of the Cheekes this ascending with its fibres is implanted into the roote of the Auricle The backward Aâ—ducent is placed in the Nowle arising from the Covers of the Muscles of the Nowle is implanted into the hinder part of the Eare. Since therefore Nature laid not in these Muscles as intending them for any 〈◊〉 of Hearing for we heare against our will some other use they have since noâ—hing appeares in the Body that was made in vaine or hath not some office â—â—signed But our Anatomists that acâ—nowledge name and describe these Muscles nay appoint their very actiâ—ns expresse not what those Actions â—ay aime at or are usefull unto no â—ention of any advantage to the Head 〈◊〉 their moving why should these â—uscles passe thus by tradition from â—and to Hand and yet remaine as non â—â—gnificants they had as good be non Liâ—ets I confesse so novell a thought which for all I can find was never enâ—â—rtained or scand by any Head would 〈◊〉 a curious Fantsie and such a one 〈◊〉 is whose Motto is In nova fert â—â—imus tentata relinquere pernox to â—â—tempt a Comment upon this concealâ—ent and the great silence of preteriâ—â—â—n
instrument the Body was Dr. Floud being the first that in his peroration when hee was Praelector of Anatomy in the College of Physicians in London Anno 1620. exhibited such a kind of Method together with an Explanation of his Reason and an Example thereof which Forme he did not magisterially propound unto them but to declare that the Subject of an Anatomicall praeludium ought to be the Internall spirituall man which is rather to be dissected with living words than any knife how sharpe soever and so consequently to be discovered and explaned by a style of discourse The field of which subject as it is more ample and spacious than the rest So the Studious in Anatomy shall never find it barren but most fruitfull So that every one herein may hit of much variety of invention If then a Prologue onely of this nature is held so convenient by so great an Artist how much more advantageous and delightfull would a discourse interwoven throughout the Dissection Finding therefore that neither the great Parents of Physick nor their Learned Off-spring had pathologized the Muscles and thence bestowed significant names upon the most remarkable of them I resolved to attempt the Designe so to take away the blemish which hath fallen upon the Art by the slovenly and carelesse Denomination of some of them and the six-footed Barbarismes of those Greeke Conjuring names which are fit only for the bombasticall Anatomy of Paracelsus wherein I was encouraged by observing that half a dozen of Muscles named according to our new intended modell or the Species of their most significant motion and seeme to have been stumbled upon by the way of sport or a Rhetoricall Chance-medley of wit appeare so wonderfully pleasing to our moderne and most ingenious Anatomists that they are still borrowing from onâ— another those patheticall Apellations or 〈◊〉 Riolanus calls them Elegantissima nomina as if they were much affected with the felicity of that Pen from whence they first distiâ—led quae omne tulit punctum for Elegancy Memory Brevity and Perspicuity 'T is true many have exercized their pens in discourses of the muscles But an exact Description of the Discoursing motions of the Muscles none of the Great Professors of Anatomy have so much as thought on whereas the facility utility and delightsomenesse of such notions might have invited many for what is more easie than to discerne the parts manifest to Sense and the fidelity of an Ocular assurance that are so subject to our touch that in the semblances of those motions wrought in the parts by the endeavour of the Muscles we may not only see but as it were feele and touch the very inward motions of the Mind if you aske what delight will hence acrew to the understanding What is so delightfull as to know by what kind of movings those varying motions and expressions of the Head and Face are performed What Muscle doth accomplish this or that speaking motion To observe the scheme or outward figure of each Affection in the Countenance That is the situation of each in its motion as it is drawn by the Muscles and to read their significations couched in their names So that observing these accidents of the Head and Face the Types and representations of the Affections which are accidents of the Mind according to the nature of Correlatives we may find out one by the other And though it be but Negative ignorance not to be skill'd in such matters and so may be thought a needlesse Nicety or over-curious Inquisition to know every Muscle of our Head and Face Yet certainly it cannot but be some disparagement to one that pretends to any ingenuous Education or Reading to be as a meere Puppet or Mathematicall motion and not to understand why or after what manner the Muscles of his Head move in obedience to the Command of his Will and so to have no better a Head-piece than that which counterfeiting the naturall motions of Speech uttered its mind to Thomas Aquine and â—he Learned Frier Bacon And who â— pray you that is well versed in â—hilosophy does affect to behold the â—old effects of common Actionâ—â—ithout a Discourse of their Causes â—nd intrinsicall Agents the Soule â—nd the Muscles Since that is faâ—iliar to Sense and so by consâ—â—uence to Beasts But this is subjeâ—ted to the Intellect to wit the Inâ—ernall Principle of man whereâ—ore we will think it a thing worthy â—o be corrected with the whip of Igâ—orance if any rashly plunge himself into the Muscular Sea of corpoâ—al Anatomy or of the outward man without any mention of the Interâ—all man since the Soule only is the â—pifex of all the movings of the Musâ—les whose invisible Acts are made â—anifest by their operations in those â—arts into which they are inserted Not that any perfection or exact knowledge of this nature can be acquired since the wisedome of thâ— Creator in the fearefull and wonderfull structure of the Head is noâ— yet fully found out although it haâ— beâ—ne sought after by illustriouâ— men with much piety and Diligenceâ— and therefore that which is most probable and has the countenance of Authority must passe for truthâ— To those also that shall hereafter Physically and Ethically handle the Doctrine of humane Affections this may serve as a Mercurius Ethicus to give intelligence to all Athenian Pathologists of the motions of the Muscles which beare the greatest sway in matter of Affection whereas heretofore Pathology hath beene confined as it were to Aristotleâ— Muscle to wit that principle of inbred Heate or ever movable substance of Spirit and bloud which seemes to frame the severall images of all the affections of the Mind and has had little or no entercourse with the Muscles of the Affections wherby she has been deprived of a great part of this ornament whereof shee is capable But perchance the modernes have bin frighted with the difficulty of such a Designe as supposing such a Muscular Philosophie not fecible or reduceable into an Art or else if it ever came into their Heades they thought it a kind of impudence after Galen that glorious light of Anatomy to endeâ—vour any thing in this kind Yet Galen in his Booke de motu Musculorum seemes to have given any one a faire occasion of daring where he writes Whereas wee have partly found out many things and partly also intend diligently to make a thorow search after other things and some other may find out what is wanting With his leave therefore I shall endeavour by a light Essay to take notice of the figure and signatures of those Muscles that belong unto the Head and are the Authors of the speaking motions thereof and of the Superficiall parts comprized in it by the way raising Allegoricall inferences from them and adapting and imposing new names upon them according to their Physiognomicall significations which shall be as the Keyes of their important aâ—tions Describing the rising and insertion together with the fibres which modify the
Determinate actions of each Muscle that I find instrumentall adjutant or any way concurring to the expedition of any remarkable gesture of the Head or Face So ordering the matter that occasionally most if not all the mysteries of voluntary motion shall be brought in at least in such a manner as shall be more than sufficient to lay a firme foundation to our virgin Philosophie of Gesture and to serve my turne for the present occasion And because none that hitherto have treated of the moving of the Muscles have driven after this Scope of their significations I shall name the Authors by whose light I walke and upon whose Bowle I clap the Bias of the Affections neither my Margin nor the nature of an Essay admitting any more criticall formalities of quotation I am not ignorant that such daring attempts and undertakings are very obnoxious to envy and apt to fall under the Censure of Arrogancy and ostentation imputations I have no reason to feare since I arrogate not to my selfe by the conduct of my owne light to have found any new or great thing to add to the Doctrine of Muscular motion to which to speak the truth I thinke there cannot much be added neither am I so conceited of these animaâ—versions as to hope they should be admitted into the Schoole of Anatomy straightwise be made Canonical for to sit a Novelty of this nature for such an admission would require a whole College or rather a nationall Synod of Anatomists to consult about it my single Phantsie being not therfore par negotio I have adventurd far with little strength and lesse encouragement to recommend the Designe to men of stronger Braines and publique Spirits I thinke I may with modesty suppose that I have sprung a new veine and say that I was enforced to dig my way through and out of much Oare and Drosse to refine what was fit for my purpose before I could come to ransack this Secret and undiscover'd treasury of the Muscles or to cast the old meâ—â—â—l of their matter into a new â—ld to make it more ilâ—â—â—trious by conjoyning it with 〈◊〉 inward motions of the mind â—â—ich set a representative shape 〈◊〉 glosse upon the outward â—â—tions of those parts which â—e moved by the Muscles If â—â—ey are contented to allow me 〈◊〉 have bin the first that by 〈◊〉 endeavoured to linke the â—uscles and the Affections toâ—â—ther in a new Pathomyogamia 〈◊〉 at lest to have published the 〈◊〉 betweene Myologus and â—â—thology that any Physioâ—â—gicall Handfaster that can 〈◊〉 them stronger together might â—e it if he pleas'd I aske no â—ore as for the rest Veniam 〈◊〉 laude peto And if the â—â—orbutick wits of this Age â—ho preferre an idle Head before â—n active should bee loath to afford me that I can easily comfâ—â—â— my selfe with that of Cremutiuâ— Tacitus Suum Cuique posterit rependit nec deerunt si Damnâ—â—tio ingruit qui mei meminâ—â—rint PATHOMYOTOMIA OR A Dissection of the Muscles of the Affections Sect. I. Of the Honour and Dignitie of Animal Motion MOtion saith the Stagerite is Perfectio perfectibilis the perfection of that which is perfectible 'T is ultima perfectio Creaturae Saith the â—ergamite The highest perfection of 〈◊〉 Creature for a living creature is a â—â—ving Creature by moving and most â—â—mmodious to him is motion as that â—hich is also out of his substance beâ—ause so soon as he is Animal he is able to â—ove of himself and where there is Sense there is also Motion for the Sensitive â—lant that hath onely the sense of Tact â—ath likewise some motion to wit of Diâ—tation constriction therfore Aristotle speaking of Mola or a false Conception But because it is not a living Creature it moves not Hence when the Great Parent of Nature had come to Animal motion and its instruments He ceased from his work having nothing more honorable as having accomplished the last end in the fabrick of the Body which most Noble and necessarie and no way to be despised motion especially its chiefest and neerest instruments the Muscles are in us so far and wide renowned thaâ— if we could conceive in our mind all thâ— organs of motion to be taken out wâ— would leave few parts to remain anâ— you would not acknowledge Man to be a living Creature and that not only in regard he is depraved in his structure but because he hath sustained â— greater loss in being deprived of his motion For were the abilities that proceed from motion and its instruments seâ—parated from the Body without doubâ— man would almost cease to be man anâ— would degenerate into a Plant or Stock whereupon you could no more observâ— those motions of the Muscles which arâ— necessary to life for he could neitheâ— follow that which is wholsome nor avoid what is noysome He would be left destitute of the grace of elocution and his mind would be enforced to dwel in perpetual silence as in a wooden extasie or congelation nay his Soul which is onely known by Action being otherwise very obscure would utterly lose the benefit of explaning it self by the innumerable almost motions of the Affections passions which outwardly appear by the operation of the Muscles That as for Rhetorique Demosthenes ascrib'd all to Action So Physicians in Nature give the preheminence to Animal motion which is performed by the action of the Muscles Because all the parts rejoyce in Motion whereas they languish in Rest and as we know all by Sense so we do all by Motion Sect. II. That a Muscle is the proper and adequate Agent of the voluntary pathetical motions of the mind outwardly expressed in the Body THe neerest and immediate Instrument to the Motive Faculty for the exercise of motion as that which can only receive the influence thereof is a Muscle from whence moving proceeds as from a Motor whence among Physicians it is reciprocal and Convertible to move and to have Muscles for no part without the endeavour of a Muscle although it be illustrated with the presâ—nce of a Nerve is stirred up to any voluntary motion neither shall you find any member of the Body that is moveable which hath not some Muscle set over it as President of its significations all the outward expressions we have or can make are perform'd by motion and therefore signifie the affections of the mind which are motions the moving of the instruments and parts answering in a kind of semblance and representative proportion to the motions of the mind And there is no Muscle to be found in the Body but it can expedite such voluntary motion Since all voluntary actions of the Soul are perform'd by motion and all motion necessarily implyeth the use of Muscles Galen sometimes calls these motions Animal to distinguish them from the Natural for we can excite these voluntary motions when we please uâ—e them often or seldome heighten them or abate them and leave them quite off which is the Character Galen gives of
vertebras and those â—rong Muscles implanted in the processe â—f the Iugall-bone and Breast it remains â—â—erefore since their Muscles are laxe â—edounding with overmuch moysture â—â—ey should as men drowzie let their â—ead fall to the Right or Left shoulder 〈◊〉 withall their Heades abounding â—ith exerementitious humours cannot 〈◊〉 susteined but are so inclined and â—â—rchance rather to the Right Hand 〈◊〉 the Left for the aforesaid reason â—nd indeed they may well be suppoâ—â—d 〈◊〉 to have the Ligaments of the Left 〈◊〉 more slacke and remisse which notes out much softnesse and superfluous moysture predominant in the Left-side by which when the Muscles and Ligaments of that side are loosened the Head by its weight is bent to the opposite side as it happens sometimes the Cheeks to be drawn awry to one side when there is a resolution of the Nerves and Ligaments of the other side Dissect VIII PRide Arrogance Ambition Insolency Insultation Confidence Disdaine Magnificency Magnamity and the odious vanity of Bragging and boasting beare up the Head aloft by reason of which garbe such who use it are properly called Cervicosi that is Elate and arrogant which action is performed when all thâ— hinder Muscles of the Neck and Head and that confused Chaos and heape oâ— Muscles in the Back which are like Labyrinth of many waies work toâ—gether for then by drawing the 〈◊〉 straight backward they extend it anâ— keep it erect as a Mast of a Ship is 〈◊〉 Cords which posture is Tonique anâ— hath these significations when it is moderately so held without any vehemency and we might call this action of the Muscles the Combination or Conspiracy of Pride and Arrogance or the Braggadochios plot ¶ But in fierce audacity when we would affront defie upbraid and with an execration expresse cruell anger we augment the tension of the Muscles and confirme our Head to a Chamelion-like inflexibility setting withall our face with the veines retched out against others Anatomists call this among the five figures of the motion of Muscles according to Galen Extreme figure where there is an immoderate contention wherein the parts are vehemently stretched out and wherein the Muscles of both kinds work together and sometimes beyond their strength but chiefly when we compell a Member to persist longer in that tension for we cannot long endure the great stresse of the Nervous fibres But this Tonicall figure may be more or lesse intense according to the pleasure of the mover This rigid forme of fierce audacity looks like a Crampe or Crick in the Neck and makes the Muscles to remaine so stretched out that the Head and Neck seeme indeed immoveable but yet in truth the Muscles are moved in conservation of the contracted Muscles such being the nature of successive motions as Laurentius speaks that they are no lesse done while they are so kept than when they were first begun We may call this generall concurrence of the Muscles when they are thus perceived to act with perseverance Tetanum oppositionis the Rack of opposition or the voluntary Crick of stiffenecked Cruelty But this case of Tonique motion being absolutely the greatest mystery that relates to Voluntary motion deserves a better enquirie First This Action is of the same kind with Contraction that is they agree in the Genus of the Action but specifically differ Yet Galen doth not expresse what Species of motion it is of So that this Action is not a change of place but only an Action with immobility Galen calls that Action of the Muscle without locall motion motum Tonicum which perchance with him was all one as to reteine the part in that place from whence it would recede unlesse it were deteyned by the Action of the Muscle for all immobility as He proves is not caused by the privation of Action for a part that is susteyned and held firme in one posture that it stirs not could not be done unlesse they did Act for else it would be altered or fall by the weight of the Body Whence it doth follow that all immobility doth not depend upon the privation of Action but upon some Action of the Muscle But the Action of a Muscle is motion for the Action of a part is defined by Galen an Active motion but rest is contrary to motion Galen takes this for a hard and difficult question yet he hath many kinds of this motion from experience and sence as that of a bird hanging in the Ayre and of one swimming against a streame with equall strength the moving faculty raising it up equall to the weight of its body depressing and the strength of the swimmer equally contending and striving against the force of the streame Serpillon imagines this to be an action mixed of tension and contraction which Fontanus his Antagonist will not endure to heare of Galen in a most smooth and admirable modesty of stile goes over the Rocks and depths of this mystery It is possible saith he to find some motion all the Muscles that are ordered for it ceasing from their Action and to find a quiescency many Muscles working For all motion is not caused by the operation of Muscles nor all immobility by their rest Now whether or no shall we say that they do act and are stretched but are not moved And if we feare to say so we must likewise say that they do not act for 't is absurd to confesse they do work according to their innate and most proper Action and to deny them to be moved But they appeare not to be moved yet because the Muscles act therefore we say they are moved but because the whole Member whereof they are a part nor they themselves apart do appeare to move therefore for this cause again we do not confesse they move where therefore shall a man find a Solution for this doubt From the name Tonique as some have done which comes of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est firmo Fontanus has a good mind to help Galen out in this difficultie but endeavours it with little successe This only he gathers from the Doctrine of Galen that Action without motion of the Muscle is called a Tonique motion Action with motion Contraction motion without Action born of the Contracted part Extension the Decidency of the Muscle a motion from the weight of the part and Muscle But seeing of the causes of Tonique motion Galen hath written little Fontanus is at a stand perchance thinking it would be an impudent Design to attempt any thing in that kind after so great a light of Physick yet he puts the Quaere whence this Tonique motion should come and he ventures to conclude from the motrice faculty commanded as all other voluntary actions for the nearest cause of this motion as he conceives is the Animal faculty which moves the Muscles and it is the part of that to susteine the Members whose part it is to move them wherein after his great flourish he hath made no more progresse than the very words
and of so great importance to the functions of the Soule that the Antients by one common consent named it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi mentem vel mentis sedem and they thought that Phrensies and Delirations arose from thence Therefore it is no marvell if Laughter also should be first wrought by this part since it is swift and expedite to swift motions being a broad Muscle and most plentifully abounding with Sense and Spirit which is equally dilated through it for Laughter is accounted to be as a certaine Dilation and is withall the prime Instrument of Spiration which appeares to be in a manner the substance of Laughter which Aristotle affirmes where he saith that for this cause the tickling one under the Armes causeth this affection because the Midriffe is fastened in that part whereby it easily opens and moves the Sense of this Muscle besides our Will which indeed is somewhat apparent to Sense for in any the least Laughter the Midriffe is manifestly removed and retracted and the beginning of motion being made there the other parts as the Lungs and Muscles of the Face are forthwith stirred and moved But because the Midriffe is in no manner a principall part of the body nor the chiefe seat of the Soule or of any faculty therefore neither doth it seeme Consentaneous it should be accounted the prime Principle of Laughing wherefore for some reasons the Body of the Heart hath been by some adjudged the prime seat and original of Laughter But Physicians who upon the best ground make the Braine to be primum Sensitivum affirme the Braine to be the Prime Principle of Laughing but this affection to be made common by consent to the Diaphragma and that it therefore is the prime Instrument because it begins to be formed and to appeare by this part the other parts thereupon administring to the operation wherein it is necessary to use a Distinction for the better clearing of the Point for it is one thing to be the prime and neerest Principle and another thing to be the â—rime manifestative Instrument and perâ—ective of the Forme the Braine is acknowledged the prime and nearest Principle but the Midriffe is the prime manifestative Instrument and perfective 〈◊〉 the Forme Now the Diapragma 〈◊〉 operation is so evidently seen in 〈◊〉 Face its motion in this passion beinâ— attended with so many motions of 〈◊〉 Face and Body is a Muscle the most 〈◊〉 nowned and famous as the spring of 〈◊〉 the orall motions whose honourabâ—â— names sufficiently prove its Excellency having obteined a figure peculiar anâ— common to no other Muscle beinâ— broad thin and orbicular and having 〈◊〉 beginning in its midst from whenâ—â— thick fibres run out as from the 〈◊〉 to the Circumference for it hath a 〈◊〉 of nervous Circle in the middle whicâ— is its originall about which anothâ—â— wholy fleshie consists by which the 〈◊〉 that go out of it are dispersed 〈◊〉 spread out to the Piripheria The 〈◊〉 proper and Emphaticall name it 〈◊〉 obteyned with the Greekes is 〈◊〉 froâ— the word 〈◊〉 that in Latine signiâ—â— sapere which with us is to savour or 〈◊〉 like for with this part we have a likiâ—â— of any object on a motion of inclinâ—â—tion unto it to which we are beholâ—â—ing as Plinie saies for all our men conceits and fine flashes This musculous Membrane being as it were the Timbrell of the Fantsie and the Heart which beaten upon by them the Muscles of the Face and Body are put into motion and dance unto the Dorian melody thereof a kind of Morisko expressed in the exultant action of the parts into which they are inserted deserves to be called Musculus hilaritatis seu facetiarum the Muscle of Ioy Mirth and Laughter or of witty conceit or the Muscle of the motion of inclination Anger Indignation and Envy affect the Muscles of the Face with a kind of Laughter improperly enough called Sardonian which being according to Nature is conteined in the other Laughâ—er yet there is some difference neither do all things which accompany the other naturall Laughter appeare exactly is this there may be perchance the same motion of the parts and almost the same Figure of the Face but no Sign of Joy or Mirth but almost alwaies sadnesse for the front is cloudy and contracted and indeed the Lips only and Teeth are affected in which adulterate Laughter men doe Labijs tantum 〈◊〉 enis malis ridere or ringere rather 〈◊〉 ridere Feare also and a Sudden fright 〈◊〉 Spectrum especially if it bee horribâ—â— ridiculous hath the same effect somâ—â—times upon the Muscles of the Faâ—â— there being certaine effects that doe nâ—â—turally breake out into contraries iâ—â—sinuating not themselves into the Bodâ— corporally as they say and subjectivâ— but immaterially and objectivè invaâ—â— our senses for the Spirits or Radicaâ— moisture by which we know on a suâ—â—den perceiving some sad object 〈◊〉 spectre and evill doth perchance fear and flying back betakes it selfe in manner wholly to its intimate Towâ— or Fort therefore it contracts the meâ—â—bers and especially the Muscles of tâ—â— Face as the part by which the Spectruâ— breakes in most upon our minds anâ— Spirits Weeping is a motion contrary iâ— signification to laughter representinâ— also some motion of the mind that 〈◊〉 by Laughter the heart is Dilated 〈◊〉 with it the Breast and the Muscles o◠〈◊〉 Face So by this they are 〈◊〉 But in the Face by Laughter the parts â—â—out the mouth are more emphatically â—â—fected but in weeping the parts about â—â—e Eye which compression expresseth â—â—ares else there is little difference in â—â—eir lines as Painters observe which â—onsequently requires the action of the â—â—me Muscles in both which is not by â—â—ny influence of the lively Spirit which 〈◊〉 Laughter replenisheth the counteâ—â—nce causing the eyes to sparkle and 〈◊〉 the Muscles of the Cheekes with a â—â—btle vapour But the contraction of â—he Cheekes in weeping seemeth to 〈◊〉 from an excrementitious vapour â—hich passeth with the humiditie of â—â—ares from the Braine into the Cheeks â—nd forceth Nature to make contractiâ—n to dischardge it selfe of that vapour â—oyned with the consent which is beâ—â—ixt the Muscles of the Jawes and lips â—ith the Midriffe whose remission and â—ontraction being hastned by the conâ—raction of the Heart in griefe conâ—â—acteth also the aforesaid Lips and â—â—eekes which it causeth by the fourth â—nd sixt paire of Nerves derived into both parts from the marrow of the Chine-bone in the Neck These are also the cause of the whole deformity of the Face in griefe which chiefly contracteth the visage in expiration in which the heart hath more power over the Midriffe being slacken'd than in inspiration wherin by dilating of the Chest for use of breath it is extended Memb. III. Of the Muscles appertaining to the ForeHead or the Browes and Eye-browes and employed by the mind in the significant motions thereof THE skin of the Forehead is significantly moved according to the pleasure of
and yet that they were not found by the most exercised Anatomists Dissect XX. IN Cogitation Admiration attentive Dâ—liberation and in voluntary Extasies of the mind the Eyes are fixed and the Eye-lids remaine unmoved and the Head let downe we contemplat the earth with a set wist or museing look which motion is Tonique and is done as Bâ—uhirus Laurentius Spigelius and others suppose when the foure first Muscles of the Eyes the Lifter the Depressor the To-leader and the Fro-leader worke together for then the Eye is drawn inward fixed established and contein'd which is then according to Nature when the fibres of all the Muscles are equally intended and stretched out So that the Muscles seeme then to be at rest though indeed as we have often said they doe as Galen speakes quiete agere act in rest for every action of the Muscle is a moving The manner how this is done as they say is very remarkable the foure Muscles arise from the Conus of the Orbit of the eye or the roote of the Optique Nerves thence stretched to the Optique Nerve and to the eye in a straight line they â—end to the horny Coate but before they come thither they end in a broad Tendon whereby they are joyned to the Tendons of the other Muscles seeme to constitute a proper membrane encompassing the whole eye this tendonous membrane is inserted into the hornie Coate in that part where it is pellucid before the Iris or Rainbow of the Eye Whence it comes to passe that al the Muscles working together the Eye is staid and established But Columbus who challengeth the fift Muscle as discovered first by his invention affirmes that Muscle to come into the aid of the other foure which stayes the Eye as its situation shewes when it is contracted towards its Head holding the Eye that it fall not out of its Seate And Laurentius will have all the six Muscles of the Eye to concurre and to stretch their fibres to this Ballancing or equall fixing of the Eye This makes Lavellus Fontanus and others contradict Galen Vesalius Fuchius and others that follow him as if there were no need of a seaventh Muscle But although Spigelius and others will allow no Muscle to be purposely assign'd to this Tonique motion of the Eye yet Avicen Fernelius and some late expert Anatomists are for the seaventh Muscle affirming that the Muscle which is most active and providently design'd to this action is that bulbous and orbicular Muscle which they leave to Beasts who have need of such a Muscle by reason of their prone aspect whereas mans os sublime makes it unnecessary As for them who cannot see this Muscle if there were any doubt of it the expression of Fontanus which he useth about Folius his affirming to have sometimes seene the venae lacteae may be applyed It is easier to believe one that writes affirming he hath seen it than him who denies he hath seene it for because one hath not seen a thing it doth not straightwise follow that that thing is not but that which one truely sees that is because sense is of things existent This Muscle therefore that encompasseth the Optique Nerve and the Basis of the Eye hath a signature of Situation for this purpose and therefore being the Chiefe operator it might be called the Tonique Muscule And because Admiration Cogitation and attentive Deliberation are a kind of suspension or fixing of the mind and an intent application for the whole force of the mind is fixed upon the thing and therefore it is called an intention And because Extasie is a certaine excesse of the mind and phantsie in Admiration from whence the Nerves are stretched and the Eyes made immoveable in resemblance of the posture of the mind this Muscle might be called Musculus intentae Cogitationis voluntariae Eâ—stasis intentae Deliberationis the Muscle of earnest Cogitation and Deliberation or the Muscle of the Ecstaticall intention of the mind or the Musing Muscle ¶ Amazement Astonishment and Stupidity passions of the mind working in an extraordinary manner upon the same Muscles being then passive cause such an immoveable fixing and staring of the Eye This is of things formidable and is an affection above an Extasie which has then no name but is called Horror from its effect for the Spirits that move the Muscles being made immoveable the Eyes become stiff as horne for admiration causeth a tension feare frigiditie whence the Nerves become distended and as it were congealed Generally this set motion is the other kind of that aspect which they call Tonique and is besides nature when the Eyes remaine fixed whether we will or no which happens as they usually say when the faculty that moves the Muscles is resolved weaken'd or wholy extinguished or because those Muscles are all equally gather'd and contracted into their Heads Memb. VI. Of the Muscles assign'd the Eares for certaine significations of the mind Dissect XXI CLaramontius and indeede all Semeioticall Philosophers are here lost concluding that there is scarce any refluction of the affections into the Eares and that of themselves they have no order at all to action Caelius saith they are immoveable or if they bee moved that motion of theirs is duller and lesse preceptible Galen takes not away all motion from our Auricles whose substance is as his words are but fere immobilis Athenaeus describing Hercules greedily eating saith he mov'd his Eares no lesse than Quâ—drâ—pedes doe where Causabon besides which he brings out of Eustathius speakes of one Muretus who could manifestly move his Eares And Hosman sayes hee hath â—eene them that could doe as much Justinian the Emperour had such Eares and therefore the people among other opprobious indignities offer'd him in the Theater as you shall find in Proâ—opius called him Asse S. Augustin writes of certaine who could at their pleasure move their Eares either one alone or both together Vesalius also sayes he saw in Padua a Lawyer one Claudius Symâ—nius a Forojuliensian a facetious man and one Petrus Raviscerius of Geneva a valiant and stout man who could at their pleasure move their Eares All the Family of the Flacci oâ— Rome had this moving of the Eares and Scipio Du Plesis the Resolver a great observer of the curiosities of Nature sayes that hee himselfe had seene in Gascoigâ—â— two men who had this moving And when I was a boy I remember a School-fellow of mine in whom I was wont to observe that by way of sport he would often wagg his Eares So that the Eares although in man for the most part they are immoveable so that their motion is sensibly perceived in very few yet if it happen that we move them at our pleasure as has bin observ'd in many that is performed by Muscles Caelius imagines that these Muscles which are perceived to be so wonderfully moved in some men is not by reason of the inward motion of the Eare but by extrusion or excussion of the Muscle that moves
a voluntary motion 'T is true they who are precise in the definition of a Muscles use say it is to be the instrument of free or spontaneous motion and not vâ—luntarie because Beasts have Muscles unto whom Will is denyde because it presupposâ—th Reason Will being properly an appetite according unto Reason Fabricius ab Aqua Pend. takes them for unskilfull men who thinke when they reade of Voluntarie motion that it is onely competent to men whereas they by the Will meane not the Appetite contracted but generall and at large which we call the propertie of the very Phancie it selfe and animall This Aristotle every where calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Spontaneus of ones owne accord and not done at unawars whence if any will draw it narrower and call it voluntarie in men and Spontaneous in other creatures he will not be against it upon this occasion there occurrs another greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is rendred propositum studium institutum voluntas and this seemes almost to signifie the same thing which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est animi appetitus but differs that one is common to Beasts but will and election is onely proper to men of which impeâ—uous motion a Muscle is the Organ Picholhomenes likes the generall definition and allowes not of the vulgar restriction of voluntarie motion the word Spontaneous according to Nancelius being chosen to shew the final cause that the definition of a Muscle may bee adequate and competent also to the Muscles of Beasts in whom they are not moved according to voluntarie election indeede as Archangelus observes Voluntarie motion in man is both Spontaneus and voluntarie by Spontaneous wee must understand the intrinsique Principle of the parts to be moved which is Cognition and such appetition with Brutes is the sensitive Cognition and appetite for these in man there is the intelective cognition and appetite which is called the will Yet as Riolanus well observes all voluntarie motion is Spontaneous but they are not termini convertibiles for all Spontaneous motion is not voluntarie Indeede Galen sayes it boots not whether you say such motions are done by advice or freely or voluntarily And although as to its principle voluntarie motion is distinguished from animall as it depends upon the command of Reason yet wee had no neede of that distinction but that wee search not onely by what instruments these motions are performed but whence and after what manner they are made That therefore Physicians call an animall or voluntarie motion which is made by preceding knowledge either of the Intellect or imagination whereby the motive facultie is excited that it may move the members after a divers manner according to the diversitie of the appetite By all which and divers other places of Galen it appeares that voluntarie motion appertains only to Muscles as their office and that for good reason Muscles are appointed for the proper instrument as being their common and proper action motion proceeding from a Muscle as from both a Principall and adequate Agent although Averrhoes in this point crossing Galen by divers instances which Laurentius hath sufficiently answered labours in vaine to prove that a Muscle is not the Organ of voluntary motion Sect. III. Of the nature and Constitution of a Muscle AS he that is ignorant of motion must necessarily be unacquainted with Nature as the â—enius of Nature inferrs so if you know not the moving of a Muscle you shall bee altogether ignorant of its nature which doth wholy consisâ— in moving for moving is a certaine action whereby the first habit of the Muscle is changed which moving the operation of a Muscle is so proper to Muscles that Fabricius hence convinceth Aristotle of ignorance in Muscles that he is silent of them in his Historie of living creatures where hee speakes of their moving which hee would never have beene had hee beene skill'd in them A Muscle beeing not ordained to any use but for the cause of certaine Action from whence perchance of the Latines called Musculus a movendo â—he movings of many Muscles in leane â—nd muâ—culous bodyes doe evidently â—ppeare before the skin is taken off And this Muscleâ—s â—s much advanced by its proper tempeâ—ament being remarkably hot for as motion begets heate so heate is much requir'd to motion which is performed with greater strength and intension of â—he mind than the acts of sense But the distinction of Spigelius is worth the â—oting That motion cannot scarce 〈◊〉 way properly be said the action of â— Muscle but rather a certaine effect and â—â—e use of its action for the motion is of â—he part into which the Muscle is inserâ—ed And the Muscles are chiefely named â—rom the motion of members which are â—erformed by them not that they are â—laced in those parts but that they are â—he Authors of the motions and conseâ—uently of the significations that apâ—eare in those parts He must therefore â—e well read and exerciz'd in the nature â—f Muscles who would know of what Actions and Significations every one is â—he Instrument He should diligently in â—very member out of the Muscles raise a consideration of the motion of the members and againe out of the motion of the Muscles the differences of Muscles for they are Relatives Motions are the motions of certaine Muscles and Muâ—cles are the Muscles of certaine motions Whence so many voluntary motions aâ— there are in the Body distinct in place and time there are so many Muscles at least defin'd by their termes and circumscriptions but although for the most part one Muscle is assign'd to one motion yet there is sometimes two where a stronger force is required sometimes one onely Muscle to more motions And that we might not alwaies stand in neede of so many Muscles as motions not few of them performe oblique motions and with the opposite Muscle of the same stock straight motions So that a Muscle is destinated to all motions Hence as the word motion is generally tooke for thâ— Genus so action which is a doing motion or a factive motion of the parts is thâ— Species and the signification which action signifies is speciall when wee say with Aristotle That action is an impressioâ— in the parts moved or with Galen Actioneâ— â—n fieri constituuntur which Factive motiâ—n is best understood with Avicens reâ—â—riction to animall actions performed by â—he abilitie of the Muscles which motive â—ctions when they appeare in the parts â—oved for the most part are voluâ—tary â—hough they may be also constrained as â—ne may by violence make me bow my Head to the seeming signification of asâ—ent And as the moveable parts vary so â—he actions vary Some parts are moved â—y themselves others by the interveâ—ing of some other and againe they eiâ—her change their place or are stirred up â—n the same place The Muscles which â—ave their principle of moving from the â—oule and actuate those parts are moved â—n the same place and on their movingsâ—epend
of every particle in our head or face yet all the gestures of the parts which we exercise even when wee know not whether we use them or not are motions of the soule since performed by the worke of the Muscles And I thinke saith Marinellus there is no man when he moves after any manner his whole head distorts his Face Eye-brow lip or nose or winkes with one eye which somtimes we do not being aware of them and so against our knowledge and will yet none are so simple to thinke they are not the actions of the soule and done by voluntary motion and that they proceed not from the soule because knowledge and command doe not so formally precede as in other actions it is wont before appetite for the Phansie may doe its worke and move when we perceive it not and it appeares by Aristotle that motion may be commanded the members although the outward Senses are notably hindred and whatsoever motion is done by the commandement of a Faculty is voluntary it being without all controversy that all motions the soule exerciseth by the Muscles are arbitrary and so to bee called they being voluntary which Reason and the Will command called Animall because common to us with Beasts For all motion that the Rationall or Irrationall Faculty commands the Muscles is animall or arbitrary for since all motion is either naturall or voluntary and that which is done by the Muscles is not naturall it followes then it must be accounted for animal arbitrary or voluntary names which imply all one thing But all motion which is done by the contraction of the Muscles to their heads is commanded the Muscles by the Soul or Appetite al such motion therfore is and ought to be called voluntary or animall for that contraction of the Muscles which without the helpe of any extraneous thing are driven to their Heads move the members into which they are inserted is the operation of an animated body quatenus animated wherefore such motions of the Muscles cannot bee done by any other thing the Soul not cooperating with it For al actions equally proceed from the Soul but receive their Specifique difference from the instruments Wherefore these are both animall and voluntary motions if the name be put for them both but if you would call that onely voluntary which is done with our will and assent and not against our wills you will be compelled to exclude many other motions performed by the Muscles from the number of voluntary motions Galen endeavours to salve this doubt why wee doe these voluntary actions as 't were not wittingly or willingly or as being aware of them not presuming to have found the cause but to speake a little more probably Because saith he wee are not intent with our whole mind upon them as many have done actions which they forget to have done in fits of anger and passion having made but a slight and superficiall impression in their mindes as madmen performe many voluntary actions which yet they remember not when they come to themselves whereas to some actions we adhibit a more indulgent heed when no way disturbed nor distracted with cares we are not drawn away to desist from the motion begun for Care the Contemplation of some thing Custome or some affection of the mind may prove impediments to the knowledge of the Command of the will for if our Cogitation be very intent upon a thing so that it slights other things which had intended it it errs from its proper end which often happens to men when they intend a journey to a certaine place and many times being engaged in other thoughts doe passe it Notwithstanding it is a thing hard enough to believe that any one should command and not know that he doth command and therfore some have dared to affirme that the beginning of a motion depends upon the command of the will but the progresse of a journey to bee done by Custome and Aptitude of parts since many at that time are turmoyl'd with divers cares but it is better to affirme the Cause of such errour to be by reason of the mind detained by some cogitation And with Marinellus wee may wonder as much how such motions are many times done in our sleep which we forget to have done in our sleep the soule then working obscurely for when we awake wee cannot tell whether wee had moved any part of our face or no and so by oblivion are soone induced to say they were done without our will or privity which is the case of your Noctambuli or as Sennerâ—us had rather call them Somnambuli who in their sleepes rise out of their Beds walke and performe many actions and gestures whereof there is mention every where among Physicians which gestures and actions are done unwittingly and when they awake in the morning they remember no such matter animall motion being stirred up in them by force of a stronger imagination which are performed by the benefit of the motions of the Hand feete and the other organs serving to animall motion commanded by the Locomotive prickt forward by the Appetite stirred up by the Phansie which taking notice of some object offered unto it in sleepe tenders it to the Appetite either to bee avoyed or embraced To which the command of Reason and the will doe concurre with the locomotive power although more obscurely and darkely the action of imagination being stronger in sleepe but that of rationation which should direct and moderate the â—hansie is more obtenebrated the actions of those who sleepe and those who dreame seeming not to differ but that these rise the others lying in their beds doing the same things Another obâ—ection may bee that many of these speaking motions of our Head Face other parts of our body are many times done by custome a habit rather than by a voluntary motion Indeede Zinguer reckons custome among the accidents of the Instrumentall cause of the motive faculty and that it is as 't were the Vicar of the will and sometimes the Arbiter But the Master of the subtilties laughs at Cardan for his definition of the double Cause of motion one the Soule the Muscles the other custome You in vaine saith he multiply things you in vaine bring a name for a thing For what is custome if I should aske you would spend above two dayes in deliberation what you were to say it would fall out well if you could then come off with credit Custome is nothing else but a habit but a habit is not the cause of motion but a quality added to the motion because it so adheres to the members that as Aquilio without C. oâ— his owne accord doth presently answer brings forth its actions as they are to be done without any inquisition Custome indeed and the aptitude of parts doe advance helpe forward the doing or perfecting of some motions and it is wortâ— our admiration to see in a Chironomer who has his soule in his
Fingers the Muscles of his Hand should bee directed so swiftly to the Nerves of his instrument while it may bee he is afflicted in mind his hand being droven by the command of his will to such motions all the ready variations of his cunning fingers being done by the Nods of the Soule though unknown unto him unknown by reason of long custome by which such actions become most easy The modesty of Galâ—n will conclude this matter very well Rashly to judge these motions is ignorance promptly to pronounce them not voluntary is rashnesse and there is no just cause why wee should recede from what is evident and there are evident judgements to be made of voluntary motion the causes we find not because we follow not particular actions He that denyes his beliefe is voyd of sense He is rash that pronounceth of uncertainties He that for the obscurity that is in these ha's those in suspicion which are cleere is a Sceptique of them that delight in Doubts He that not only suspects but studyes to evert those which are cleere for the obscurity that is in them is an arrant foole PATHOMYOTOMIA OR A Dissection of the Muscles of the Affections Beeing an Essay to a new way of describing the operative and significative Muscles of those Affections which are more Conspicuously emphaticall in the Demonstrative Actions of the Head and Face THE PROEM The Prerogative of the Head in point of Animal and significant motion MAn who in respect of the variety and excellency of his Actions is a most perfect Creature has a Body withall composed of divers parts answerable to the variety of his Actions and every way fitted to signifie and explane the affections of his Mind among which the most eminent and obvious part the Head wherein the whole man seemes to dwell hath a prerogative in point of significant motion and being the Forum of the Affections hath many advantages for declarative Action of the subordinate and more private parts of the Body And all this by a good right as being the Root of the Affections and the principle of motion Hence the instruments of voluntary motion the Muscles disposed in the Head and Face are so honorable and remarkable that if man were deprived of them he would look like a Socraticall Statue for his Face would be alwaiâ—s in one fix'd posture there might be Facies but no Vultus or voluntary explanation of his mind But it would be like a Cabinet lokct up whose key was lost No certaine way of entrance into his mind to be found and so Momus his Cavill would be just all the inward motions and affections of his mind would be obscur'd in silence and become altogether invisible the countenance without the moving virtue of the Muscles ordained in time to measure out the passions and affections of the mind remaining like a watch whose spring or Principle and the wheeles that served for motion were taken out Memb. I. Of the Muscles the instruments of voluntary motion whereby the generall significations of the Head are performed ALthough the Braine it self is not moved by a proper Animal motion and so needs no Muscle Yet the rest of the Head requires divers motions both â—n respect of the whole as in respect of certaine parts or Members which as well as their chief are so called for that â—hey have no proper circumscription on â—very side nor are every way conjoyned â—o others more especially that the whole â—ead with its comprised parts by the beâ—efit of certain Muscles might be enabled â—o move and by motion to expresse the â—ffections of the mind Now the Headâ—eing â—eing as all Bodies are in a place its â—otions with other corporall motions must be locall therefore the Head â—y the Ishmos of the Neck as it were â—icking to the continent of the Body as 〈◊〉 a Base or Centre is apparently moved â—y many affections and energeticall moâ—â—ons of the mind being oftentimes moved in a place from a place to a place by a place but observing still the same centre to wit the rest of the Body which persists unmoved as likewise doe all the parts of the Head and Face when their potentiall abilityes of signification are reduced into act by any affection or pathetical motion of the mind But as members so some actions are compounded and some simple the compound soone appeare the simple do last occur for first we perceive Nods the compound motion of the Head then the more simple motions to wit the contractions and extensions of the Muscles where of those Nods consist and which are the singular parts that effect or assist the declarative motions of the head Some of which instruments their motions in leane musculous men do evidently appeare without any dissection even through the veile of the skin These Muscles the instruments of voluntary motion by which the generall discourses oâ— the Head are performed are usually reckon'd seaven paire whereof every one hath its Action some being placed before and some Diametrically opposite behind and of the Muscles of every pairâ— one takes up the right side another the left Those Muscles are primary and serve the proper motions of the Head which are done the Head mov'd the Neck unmov'd Archangelus calls these that attend upon the private motions of the Head Musculos Cephalicos capitall or moving the head And the Cylinder of the Neck although a medium betweene the Head and brest yet most properly refer'd to the head in respect of the common motions The Muscles that are set over the conduct of the Neck accomplish â—he common motions of the Head which â—re those which follow the motion of the Neck which motions are secundary and â—y accident for the Neck being moved â—he Head necessarily followes and therâ—ore with as many proper motions as the Neck is moved with with so many seâ—undary motions is the Head these Archâ—ngelus calls Musculos Cervicales from moving the Neck they are foure paire Which as a kind of Chorus encircling it â—n a Ring embrace the Head and Neck â—eing ready prest to obey the Becks and â—odding Commandements of the will The â—oure first paire also of the Muscles of the Back are subservient to the motions and significations of the Head and Necke are Musculi adjutorij reckond by Vesalius others among the Muscles of the Head and Neck although not seated in those parts The chief commodity of the Neck was to sustaine the various motioÌ„s of the head wherin there is a new thing truly admirable that in the joynt of the head the greatest bone is coupled and put upon the least almost whose nature is so obscure that it is controverted by many And Galen the Miracle of nature and the most exquisite Interpretor of motion in weighing the construction of any part requires not so learned and witty anâ— Auditor as in the motions of the Head and with the difficultie of the matter affrighteth his Reader as Vesalius in thiâ— point
of Articulation unworthily scoffing observes of him Notwithstanding this is agreed on by both sides that every motion is performed upon the first or second vertebra of the Neck whereof in leane and consumed men we may make an experiment if we put the index of our Hand about the pit of the hinder part of the head or nape of the neck for wee shall then perceive the first and second vertebra to be more moved than any of the rest the motions of the other joynts are neither so valid nor manifest and very difficult to observe so that they cannot be discerned in the very act by every man So obscure are their motions that unlesse you bend your whole mind there is no comprehending of them but the motions of the Head upon the Neck which expresse divers affections of the mind are so manifest and evident that they are hid from no man The structure of the joynt being very remarkable for sage Nature moderatrix of all opportunities when she foresaw that many motions were necessary for the Head and that it could not undergoe them unlesse the bones were round and committed to a simple Article loosly bound knowing that the security of construction would be repugnant to the variety and agility of motion and solliciâ—ous for the noblest part though she alwayes in the first place casts for the dignity of the Action and in the second for the security consulting for both in this â—oynt chose rather security than the variety and agility of motion for seeing they were incompatible and could not stand together if it were tide loosely and free to turne every where she gave it a few motions and those safe rather than many with the perill of the Head and because the scope of variety was not to be contemned therfore provident Nature what she could not with the magnitude and laxity of one Article perform she recompensed with two smaller and a multitude of Muscles For which cause no motion seemes to be wanting to the Head But although the construction or the articulation and composition of the Neck is provided for locall and voluntary motion yet there is no Action of Articles but onely a Passion for so much as the Article or joynt acts nothing but onely is moved but to be moved is to suffer when not by its proper motion but by something placed without it is moved not by it selfe but by the Muscle wherefore if the Action of this joynt is a motion it is not done by acting but by suffering and the motions and significations are to be attributed to the Muscles which are the instrumentall cause Lastly that the Head in violent motions and agitations might not goe beyond its bounds and suffer a Luxation which is deadly there are foure strong ligaments to establish and better secure their motions which are of great moment to be known exactly by those who would rightly perceive the motion of the Head or dispute of their significations Provided and furnished with these accommodations the Head can with what equipage is requisite at an instant attend the motion of the mind and atâ—empt and dispatch all the important negociations and patheticall affaires of â—he will or Appetite Dissect I. WHen wee assent affirme yield grant vote confirme confesse admit allow or approve of a thing c. wee â—re wont to Nod or bend our head forward Galen ascribes this motion to the Head where he saith Flexio fit annuendo which Vesalius expounding sayes He meanes of â—hat motion whereby wee bend or incline our Head forward in assent or approbation The naturall reason of which motion in these senses is an approving which is made by the Imagination seeing oâ— hearing somewhat done or said which accordeth very well and this power remaineth in the Braine or forepart of the Head wherein the Cell and Seate of the Imagination is when any of these thing give it contentment suddenly it moveth the same and after it all the Muscles oâ— the Body especially of the Head the chiefe Sphere of its activity and so many times we allow of witty sayings 〈◊〉 actions by bowing downe or Nodding of the Head The Muscles appointed in a Right motion of the Head to exhibit the yielding flexibility of the will anâ— the upper portion onely of the pain of Muscles commonly called masteiâ—dean or the mamillary paire because inserted into the Dug-like processe of thâ— Temples arising with a double originall distinguished with a certaine cavity whereof one begins at the top of thâ— Sternon the other proceedes from thâ— higher part of the Clavicula where it iâ— joyned to the Sternon Seated in thâ— forepart of the Necke under the squaâ—â— Muscle of the Cheekes For when this part of the aforesaid Muscle enjoyes the action alone the Head it selfe onely by the first fibres which are infixed into the first and second vertâ—bre is moved to assent Which portion insooth hath sometimes a peculiar and cleere circumscription or delineation which answers in proportion to those small Muscles which are behind for since the significations that are performed by the Head alone are very short and light and the Head being heavy by reason of its weight is easily depressed or let downe â—o the anterior parts two such small Muscles were sufficient for this action If â—ny man would make triall to find after what manner this significant motion of â—he Head is done having got a fresh huâ—ane carkasse the other parts besides â—he ligaments of the vertebres being â—aken away driving the Head foreward â—nd backward with his hands He shall â—asily perceive it to move first by it selfe â—nd shall thence conjecture the small Muscles inserted straight into the Head 〈◊〉 be the chiefe authoâ—s of the motion Note that wheras this just flexion of assent is caused by the Heads urging and impelling the second vertebre by the benefit of the ligament of the Tooth the Muscles on each side working together So if the Right Muscle only be contracted the Head drawne by oblique fibres obliquely assents Leftward the Left Muscle onely working the Head assents forward but to the Right Hand which you may see represented in the raines of a Horse But nothing can better shew you how to conceive of the office and function of these Muscles than if you should put a garter athwart about the hinder part of the Head bringing it from above the ears on each side-down to the breast for if you afterwards draw both the endâ— of the garter together the Head wil give a just Nod of assent but if you pull the ends by turns one after another you wilâ— cause Collaterall Nods such as wee usâ— when the partyes to whom we make thâ— signe are on one side of us Now finâ— these Small Muscles commonly accounted the upper portion of the mastoidean 〈◊〉 Mammillary paire though their propeâ— circumscription seeme to give them thâ— Delineations of a Distinct paire afforâ— the Dug-like process of indulgency expressed by assenting Nods giving them a proper
passe that all changes and passions in or with matter oâ— not existing without it which happen to be done about the Heart are participated to the Braine so that the Soule may take notice of them and judge them All these working upon the Muscles of the Face after some manner more or lesse alter and vary the Face and move it from its former state introducing some of their signs therein Yet we allow not the Heart to be the chiefe originall and seat of the Affections which are indeed originally from the Head for although in asmuch as they concerne the Body their chiefe seat is in the Heart because that is chiefly alterd by them yet forasmuch as they affect the mind also it is onely in the Braine because the mind can immediatly suffer from this onely And hence it followes that the Head and Face doe so manifestly by signes exhibited by the operation of certaine Muscles expresse the affections of the mind Dissect X. IN profuse Laughter the motions that appeare in the Face are very remarkable there being not any particle of the Face that is moveable but it is moved by common or its particular Muscles which lye under the skin of the Face whose actions introduce so notable a change and alteration in the Countenance whence it is that man onely laughes because he hath a Countenance furnished with Muscles to declare what is signified thereby In other Creatures the Face or Muzzell rather is dull and heavy and seemes to sleepe in an unmoveable habit Not but that other Creatures are stirred up after their manner to expresse some signes of exultation and Delight which supply the place of laughter but because they doe not as we doe change the Countenance they are not said to laugh Erronious therefore is their Conceit to whom it seemes that Laughter is a certaine common retraction of the parts towards the principle of the Soule wherein that conceived joy doth flourish for they will have them to be contracted and coadunited in that part wherefore the Muscles of the Face Throat the midriffe is drawn back to the heart which is absur'd because the same Species almost of motion is effected in griefe which verily ought not to be done for griefe rather repells and withall we see that the impeâ—us is rather done ab inâ—rinseco foras from the Center to the Circumference For many times laughter being begun in those inward parts it is restrained and as it were cut off in the midst nor is unfolded or revealed in the Face So that the motion of laughter begun within in the middle venter the terminus ad quem is the extreme part of the Face where it terminates because that part is the emunctuary of the senses by which our mind doth both receive in and utter the affections since by that part it doth perceive and in that part the Sensories are instructed wherefore to it the whole sense and more over our whole mind doth conspire Hence therefore proceedes the Equable Emission and intension of Sense in the Face as it were extant and coming forth Hence the Aire is breath'd out thick and short Hence the Midriffe is contracted and the Muscles of the face because the equable Emission with the alacrity of Sense reaching up to the Sence of the Face cannot be done without the retraction of those Muscles In this Dance of the Muscles performed by excessive Laughter upon the Theater of mirth the Countenance the Mouth seemes to lead the Chorus For Laughter is a motion arising chiefly out of the Contraction of the Muscles of the Lips in which motion of the Mouth called Laughter the parts about the Mouth seem bounded out with certaine lines called Rictus whence Risus And this contraction of the Muscles of the Lips is occasion'd by reason of the consent they have with the Nerves of the Braine drawn back to their originall and with the Diphragma the grand Muscle of this and all other passions which is altogether almost nervous and musculous And because the Lips are Muscles of themselves in respect of their instrumentall relation to speech their engagement in this passion renders them unserviceable for the framing of words for the formes matter of words both are then intercepted the first by the streighning of the Gorge Lips which will not admit of any articulation especially labiall the latter by the Interjections breaking off the voyce at the Larinx Hence it is we heare men say they could not speake for laughing nor indeede can we eate in the violence of this passion the impediment proceeding from this Diduction of the Lips which were given us to eate and drinke withall yet the Mouth is more shut than open that is it is Dehiscent yet scarce Dehiscent into a Casme yet the Lips are so distended and contracted that they discover the Teeth The Lower-Iaw after a manner inclines inward And as about the Nostrills and the Region of the Chin or forepart of the Jawes a Certaine concave of a circular line encompasseth the contracted and wrinkled Cheekes So the convexity thereof boundeth out the hinder part of both the Jawes on both sides where a certaine hillock lifts up it selfe which figure of the mouth and cheekes together with the wrinkles which appeare in the Face of him that laughes is called Gelasinus The Nostrils are opener crooked hooked wrinkled and crisped especially in Derision The Eyelids in a mediocrity shut The Eye is somewhat recondit betweene its Orbite which a certaine corrugation about its outward angle The Eares indeed are generally conceived to be immoveble in man alone which yet are moved in some and appeare to shake and to bee moved but this motion is not of the Auricles alone per se but because they somewhat adhere and are conjoyn'd to the Jaw or lower Mandible which is chiefly by its appointed Muscles moved in laughter yet in such as have a faculty as some have in their Eares as having the auricular muscles bigger than ordinary this motion may be more evident The forehead seemes exporrect and unfolded And all these Muscles on the right side are more active whence the motions on that side are most notable and apparent insomuch as the Mouth and the Face it selfe is depraved and distorted especially in Derision But this genuine figure of true laughter is somewhat various according to the various Constitution of the substance of particular persons in the parts of their face that as to the individualls it is almost unutterable for you shall see in some in the Chin and in the Cheekes certaine concavities then caused like those in the Hands and other members in some a pleasant pâ—â— or Dimple which is called the Navell of Venus and the Muscle commonly called Buccinator in which it appeares might be thence called Musculus Gelâ—sini or umbilici Veneris the pleasant Muscle of Loves pretty Dimple this in some is a rifi in others a wrinkle which are occasioned in these parts of the
little downward for explication by reason of the somewhat more prevalent fibres The whole Countenance is poured out and spread with the Spirits that swell the Muscles there being a great concourse of Spirits and bloud unto the Face which beare a great stroake in this action Now this broad and high laughter is the measure and rule of the essence of other and by its defect the others may be measured and pondered for in low laughter although the motions of the Face are even then very remarkable and great yet they are more remisse in moderat laughter they are more intense for these motions of the Muscles have â—ndicible and distinct degrees or an â—utterable latitude of consideration here being no Muscle or part in the whole Body that is out of action if a â—an laugh but a little for although â—aughter be more especially a motion â—f all the Muscles of the Face at one time â—nd together yet it is withall a motion â—ommon to most of the parts of the â—ody This Dance of the Muscles beâ—â—g like that which is called the Cushion 〈◊〉 or Joane Sanderson which brings in all that have ability of motion for the whole Head is moved now cast backward and by and by inclined to the Right or Left Shoulder because the Muscles that move the Head and Neck arise partly out of the Breast-bone and the Channell Bones and partly also out of the joynts of the Breast wherefore it necessarily followes that in violent laughter and the agitation of the Diaphragma and pectorall Muscles the Head should also together be moved The whole Neck is contracted and made a little shorter this you may either call the motion of the Head drawn down by its contracted Muâ—cles or the working of the Levator of the Scapula which causes that shugging of the Shoulders so emphaticall in fat-folkes but what it is is not very apparent or worthy of so great observation and seemes to accompany the inordinate motions of the whole Head The Throate seemes not a little to tremble by reason of the Breast being much suddenly and often moved for the Rough Artery being placed in the internall Region thereof the great and often respiration shakes the Throate For since the Midriff is therefore contracted taking this motion from the dilatation of the Heart and to beare up against the moving of the Sense and Spirit lest it should to the great endangering of life be emptied and vanish away or because it behov'd these parts so to endeavour for the strength of the motion to bee made which is at hand Hence also the Musclâ—s of the whole Throat and Face endeavour together with them for they so consent with the Muscles of the Larynx that unlesse they bee together drawn in the other can no way be contracted But what manner of motions these and the rest which follow downe to the feete should be is hard to say or from what denomination to define them for we cannot according to Aristotle a termino ad quem for these motions of the whole Head Body seeme Carere termino certo and cannot be describ'd but after that manner as men are shooke together are gestient tremble or cannot abide in a place but leap start out ly downe and seeme wholy dissolv'd and impotent And because there are so many movings of Muscles and those indeed contrary those tensions and contractions if they continue and are daily used are very hurtfull for the Muscles of the Face being fill'd with subtile vapours causing them to streine for the avoidance as in Skreaking the Muscles are contracted to avoid a vapourous excrement the Spirits are thereby much evapourated and spent As for the rest of the motions let Democritus looke to it Upon this manifâ—st sight of the motion of the Breast wherein the Midriffe is moved and the Lungs even up to the Muscleâ— which move the Cheeks the variouâ— movings from whence some infer as manifold differences of laughter and because Respiration which is a moving of the breathing parts is as it were the matter of laughter out of which it is produced whence comes that succussation of the Lungs and agitation of the Midriff no man e're doubted that laughter was a motion and to be refer'd to the motive virtue But upon what principle this motion should depend since it is done before we are well aware of it and besides our will whereas a motion that depends upon Appetite is Spontaneous as laughter is concluded to be and that Faculty being Animall is no way proper to man That hath bin somewhat doubted of upon which occasion some have unnecessarily multiplyed many Entities But They state the caâ—e best who say that laughter is an operation proceeding from an effect of the Intellective virtue which in the first place is the cause of it and the chiefe roote for in all laughter the Intellect is as the first Radix after a manner susteining the perturbation and dilation of the sense but the motive power is that by whose commendation it is last of all perfected We may not therefore when we see men Laughing to be affected with a certaine moving of 〈◊〉 Lungs the Midriff and the Muscles moving the Cheekes thinke men laugh when according to their arbitriment or any otherwise they accommodate themselves to the motions of these parts Or when we see a more remisse laughter out of the moving alone of those Muscles and a little retraction of the Midriffe without the manifest act of Gurgulation we should therefore beleeve either that Laughter of it self is such a motion or that this at least for the greatest part is its Nature since all these may be counterfeited and may be rather an Image of Laughter therefore there must somewhat precede in the Soule and the first Sensitive that Laughter may be absolute and accomplished in all its numbers And indeed that manifest motion dâ—th presuppose a certaine affection of the first Sensitive and Rationall part of the Soule so that perfect Laughter is not only that manifest motion nor that inchoat motion as they speake in the first Sensitive and its Spirits for this is often done and yet Laughter is suppressed that it truly seemes to be done by halves and intercepted as it were in the midst But true Laughter hath both the effects of the intellectuall part as the Principle upon which the dilation of the Heart and contraction of the Countenance ensue it being not only an affection of the Body but totius conjuncti of the whole Man So that it is manifest that Laughter is a certaine vibration of the Midriffe and of the Muscles of the Mouth and the whole Face c. And that when we laugh the motion of our Face aimes at some end that is to signifie some motion of the Mind and followeth upon the Connexion of those Muscles that draw the Face in such a sort to some inward parts that are moved by the passion out of which Laughter proceedeth the Genus whereof occupying
the place of the Forme is Motus the matter or Subject are all the parts of the Face especially the Muscles together the finall Cause is to bring forth Laughter which by a kind of magneticall virtue it doth even in another But Laughter being no affection but an outward act proceeding from some inward motion of the Mind the question is what affection of the Mind this Jubilee and vibrations of so many Muscles should signifie Fracostorius judgeth Laughter to be a sign of two Passions Joy and Admiration Valeriola and Laurentinus take away Admiration supposing that profuse Laughter is the issue only of Joy Vallesius states the Controversie The opinion of Fracostoreus whatever Bartholinus and others object to the contrary seemes to me most probable that it is a compounded motion because in Laughter there are certaine contranitencies for Admiration makes a kind of suspension in the Head and Joy a kind of expansion in the Heart Yet both motions are so sudden that they are done together whereby 〈◊〉 comes to passe that when Laughter 〈◊〉 produced it is not done without somâ— molestation And that which seeme to confirme this opinion is that theâ— are most apt to Laughter who are easily drawn to admire as Children Women and the Common-people where as Grave men and Philosophers are lefâ— prone to Laughter Another thinâ— that seemes to confirme this opinioâ— is a new thought of my own that 〈◊〉 suspension of the Eye and expansioâ— of the Forehead seeme to be Symbolicâ—â— effects of this mixt Passion But here the grand Quaere how Joy that is motion and passion of the Heart shoulâ— move the Muscles for how so maâ—â— Muscles that are the Instruments of thâ— Animal Faculty should be moved by a passion of the Heart is worth the scanning For you would verily think that the Heart were a Muscle and the grand Principle that set all the other Muscles in Motion whereas it is known well enough that the Heart is neither a Muscle nor of it self can move the Muscles for that moves only the Arteries yet though Joy be a passion of the Heart Laughter indeed which proceeds not only from Joy but Admiration is a passion of the Rationable part for otherwise Beasts might laugh no wonder therefore that the Instruments of the Animal Faculty are moved to discover and bring forth the Admiration conjoyned with Ioy nor is it a marvell that Ioy should be expressed by an Animal motion the Heart not moving the Muscles but the Animal Faculty consenting with the Vitall So that hereby it is made manifest that naturall Laughter is a free motion because it is Animal yet it can hardly be held in sometimes because although it be Animal yet it is in the number of them that serve the Naturall And this is the reason why Laughter is originally from the Head and not from the Heart that notion intelligence or imagination which are functions of the Mind and accounted among those faculties that reside in the Braine are brought forth by the Soule for who ever unlesse a Parasite laughed before he knew wherefore he laughed So that Hippocrates Lib. de morbo Sacro with very good reason deduceth Laughter from the Head as having its originall from thence for that the first motions begiâ— there and from thence are communicated to all the subject parts drawing thâ— whole Body into Consort and witâ— its universall moving and agitation declares the Sympathy it has with thâ— Mind and the Braine as if the Minâ— sitting enthroned in a high Tower denounceth so to her Subjects to preparâ— themselves for Laughter for there waâ— something which they knew not 〈◊〉 which yet she only saw and knew to 〈◊〉 worthy of Laughter upon this admoâ—nition presently the inferiour principaâ— parts Contiguous and Connatives tâ— their High Prince bestirring themselves do sollicite the other lower parts also subject unto them And first the Braine commands the Nerves these stir up the Muscles and they agitate the parts annexed unto them untill the whole Body as it were to gratifie the Mind as a King signifies its conceived Joy in all the waies and officious demonstration of triumphant gesture it possibly can and as every part is nigher to its Principle so much the sooner and vehemently it is moved And although to speak according to the modesty of Caesars Speech in Tully we are ignorant how Laughter exists where it is and from what place it so suddenly breaks out into the Countenance yet the manner and order of the generation of Laughter may be supposed to be after this manner When some pleasant queint novel and conceited object offers it self to the Senses there is an impression thereof made in the Braine the Object thus come into the Braine the Mind is filled with Ioy this by the first branch of those Nerves of the sixt Conjugation which goeth into the Heart is carryed unto the Heart with which the Heart affected impatient of delay dilates it self the Heart impetuously moved the Cawle thereof by consequence is carried from one part unto the other and contracted and because the Cawle is fastened to the Mediastenum and Diaphragma there is a necessity also that the very Diaphragma should be violently moved agitated and heated by the diffusion of Bloud and Spirits that are then encreased about that part Thâ— passion or motion by the object thus raised in the Heart such is the consent between the Heart and Braine is by the other branches of the Nerves of the sixt Conjugation called Nervi pâ—renici which bring the motive Spirits from the Braine into the Diaphragma and by virtue whereof it is very sensible carried back to the Braine So that the change of motion in the Heart caused by this Passion and imprinted ecchoed and expressed in the Diaphragma and thence conveyed unto the Braine is as the Ground and the motion commanded the Muscles by the Braine is as the voluntary Descant upon it Concerning the chiefe corporall Principle and materiall Instrument wherewith Laughter is performed the Learned differ in their Judgments Democritus thought that that first part and chiefe Principle was the Spleene and that the other parts were but as Instruments aâ—â—â—rwards subservient to the perfect finishing of the work Which opinion to others hath justly seemed absurd because Laughter is performed by the ministeriall assistance of certaine motion but the Spleene is beheld neither to be moved nor to be the Principle of any kind of moving yet we see those parts to be moved which are in the Breast and middle venter besides it is not accounted the prime seat of any faculty of the Soule much lesse of the Cognoscent or Animal therefore it cannot be the prime Principle of Laughter Others have beleeved the prime Part by which Laughter is begotten to be the Diaphragma for that is a certaine Muscle somewhat broad placed neere the Mind excelling in alacrity of Sense agile to motions of it self in the first place subordinate to Respiration being of such
â—ye-brows into which they are implanted and to whose motion they serve since they were not designed for the corrugation of the Forehead but the elevation of the Eye-brows for if they are reckoned among the Muscles of the Head that are seated in another part only because they administer unto the actions of the Head why should not then these also for the same reason although seated in the Forehead be called the Muscles of the Eye-brows This motion of the Eye-brows Riolanus brings together with Dissection to prove that the fibres of the Forehead are not oblique stretched out from the top of the Nose towards the Temples as Columbus will have them nor that the wrinkles of the skin might obteine a transverse situation but are carried right downwards as pleaseth Galen to whom Vesalius and Fallopius yield their suffrage These Muscles if they remaine in the middle figure as Anatomists speake wherein they do perpetually persist unlesse when at pleasure and our arbitriment they are removed they deteine the Eye-brows in their native posture and situation whose use of what decency and importance it is appeares in those who by the unskilfulnesse of Chirurgions and a transverse Dissection of the fibres of these Muscles have been deprived of the use of these significations of the Mind and have had their Eye-brows too much humbled that they have fallen about their eyes These Muscles from this action might be called Musculi Admirationis the Muscles of Wonder or Admiration And because the Occipitiall Muscles in them that have them assist as the paire of the Forehead to draw the skin and Eye-brows upward in these significations of the Mind they may be called for distinction sake Musculi sublimes Arrogantiae 〈◊〉 Contemptuosae gravitatis The Lofty Muscles or the Muscles of Aâ—rogance the Threatners and the Muscles of disdainefull gravity Memb. IV. Of the Muscleâ— appointed to the Eye-lids for the expediting certaine significant motions of the Mind THe Eye-lids which are light most 〈◊〉 and soft are fitted for a most agile and prompt motion and to exhibit many significations of the Mind yet some have thought the lower Lid immoveable and so by consequence not capable of expressing a voluntary motion of the Mind of which opinion was Galen who expostulates with Nature why the lower Eye-lid should not participate with the upper in points of voluntary motion Since it was ordained for the same end and hath a place no lesse accommodated for the receiving of Muscles Nature seemes here as he confesseth unjust when she might have divided it equally between them yet she would gratifie the upper with the whole priviledge of motion and not only unjust in that but in making the lower Eye-lid lesse than the upper which as other parts should have been equall yet for that he applauds the artifice but his inference from thence which he saies is perspicuous that it needed no motion there he failes the Reason of his Doubt he there shews upon an experiment of observation and it seemes to him to need animadversion and if he had hit on the right he promiseth to declare his mind in that Book of Doubtfull motions he intended to write Here saith he it is sufficient to say that the subtlety of Nature is such that many Great men having sought to find it out yet have not attained unto the full knowledge of it Vesalius in this follows Galen Archangelus saies the lower Eye-lids stand immovable or immovable of themselves unlesse they are stirred up by the motion of the Genae Weker sayes they seeme to partake of no motion there being no Muscle allowed unto them to endue them with any instinct of action Laurentius conceives all the motion and so consequently the signification to be performed by the upper Eye-lid Some say that it is after a manner moveable Indeed the motion of the lower Lid it being lesse is very small and obscure yet not so saith Riolanus but every man may deprehend it in himself the other being greater hath a more evident motion Bauhinus saies both the Eye-lids move as is evident to sense Paraeus saies there is no difference between the lower and the upper Eye-lid than that the upper brings forth a more open and manifest motion the lower a more obscurer otherwise Nature had in vain compassed it about with the substance of a Muscle which late Anatomists have found out And indeed the Cause of their motion is very admirable for it altogether imported them to be endued with a voluntary motion else there were no use for them But to all voluntary motions Nature hath provided certaine Instruments which we call Muscles which move the particles into which they are inserted for since we can move them quicker or slower oftner or seldomer or altogether refraine their motion and againe excite them to motion is not he deceived who saies their actions are naturall and besides our Will And in vaine were they given us unlesse we could use them at pleasure and to some signification of the Mind The Muscles that are designed for the significant motions of the Eye-lids are three one right and two semi-circular Dissect XIII IMpudence Contempt and simple Admiration cause the Eyes to stare and require an open Eye which action proceeding from these intensions of the Mind is intense and Tonique or strained into an extreme figure Paraeus will allow no peculiar Muscle for any such signification of the Mind But the Broad Muscle performes all and by its porrection it may serve to open the Eye who having by an exact Anatomicall administration of that Muscle shewn how it mingles it self with the skin and the Muscles of the Lips when you come saith He to the Eyes you shall teach how by this one Muscle the Eye is both opened and shut because it is compounded of a threefold kind of fibres Although by the opinion of all men that have hitherto written of Anatomie these actions are said to be done by the force of two Muscles appointed for that purpose and although in their publique Demonstrations these two Muscles are wont to be solemnly shewn yet I think saith He the very Demonstrators are no more assured of them than my selfe And the ground upon which he tooke this opinion up is because to those that separate the fleshy Pannicle or broad Muscle no other Musculous flesh appeares in those places than what is of that Pannicle whether you guide your Knife from the front downward or from the Ball of the Cheeke upward besides in incisions in the Eye-brows upon urgent occasion we are prohibited to work them transverse lest this broad Muscle falling upon the Eye should make the upper Eye-lid or upper cilium immoveable and if any such incision happen by chance we are bid presently to sew it up which thing is a very strong argument that the motion of the upper Cilium or the Superior Eye-lid is not performed by its own proper Muscles but wholy depends upon the broad Muscle for performance But his
in all Dissectors But having had 〈◊〉 opportunity since this Designe to observe any one that had this knack oâ— auricular motion I shall not suffer my Fantsie to drive far after a seeming Personality our Scope being to describâ— such Actions only which are generally and universally used by all men as apparent significations of their Mind 〈◊〉 and indeed there could be little use oâ— such a Nicetie since few wise men delight much to shew their Eares But aâ— Columbus would not describe these Muscles because they were but rarely found yet confesseth he had found two of them and at last that he had observed Eare like unto Brutes in men which I suppose he meant of their motion So â— shall leave others to guesse what proportion these Auricular motions in meâ— do hold with the moveable Eares oâ— Beasts who participate with us in point of Animal motion It is well knowâ— that most of Creatures that have nâ— Countenance to expresse the variation of their Sensitive Appetites and Imagination do expresse their Senses by certaine motions or wagging of their Eareâ— for when they are fearefull or affrighted they do auriculis micare wag their Eares â—uccessively erecting and depressing or â—anging one Eare the other erect when â—hey are faint and weary their Eares lanâ—uish when they are erect or furious they 〈◊〉 up tâ—eir Eares when they are sick â—heir Eares flag and appeare as it were â—esolv'd Now as in other Creatures â—he motions of the Eâ—re have their diâ—â—inct significations so no question they â—ave in those men in whom they are â—erceived to move and in most of us 〈◊〉 we had subtiltie enough to note them â—nd such an open conveniency of obserâ—ation as we have foâ— Auricular motions 〈◊〉 Beasts Memb. VII â—f the Muscles that serve to the Significations of the Mind exhibited by the motions of the Nose THe whole Nose is not indeed moved but only the inferior Cartilaâ—â—nous parts which Anatomists are wont â—o call the Wings of the Nose which â—â—nce they are movable and were to be â—oved by a voluntary motion there was a necessity that Muscles should be inserted into them for although their chiefe significations may seeme to be performed by the Muscles of the Lips insomuch as they also touch the Wings of the Nose even as the first Muscle of the Cheekes or Face is inserted into the root of the Nose Yet in those that have great Noses Anatomists constitute twofold Muscles peculiar to the Nose These move the Wings of the Nose with a voluntary motion the other part of the Nose remaining immoveable and being throughout connexed with the skin that lies over them it administers unto the Motion and Corrugation thereof So that it is apparent to the Eye that the Nose is moved with a voluntary motion So likewise it follows and is agreed upon that its motions are accomplished by Muscles although the Controversie be great among Anatomists concerning their Essence Originall Number Figure and Connexion absurd therefore is their opinion which deprives the Nose of all voluntary motion affirming that it is only lightly moved by the intervention and tract of inspired Ayre since this exterior motion of the Nose is so manifest and appeares so obedient unto our Will that no man but may perceive it especially since in the Dissection of the Nose you shall find Muscles which no skilfull Anatomists can deny to be the true Authors of this Action Dissect XXII SAgacity Nose-wisdome and Sensorious Derision cause a man to crispe and â—rinkle his Nose upwards the Nostrils being so raised and contracted that the Nose seemes crooked and hooked and by â—hat meanes becomes acute These significations of the Mind are exhibited â—y the Nose through the operation of â—hose Muscles of the Nose which are â—ommonly called Abducentes or Aperiâ—ntes or Dilatores the openers or stretchâ—ng Muscles which are two paire Casâ—â—rius indeed would have this to be â—ut one Muscle which hitherto hath â—een accounted double dilating the â—ostrills by drawing the Wings of the â—ose upwards that upon any exigency of Passion the Aire might have a more plentifull Ingresse and Egresse for otherwise this Muscle would be void of all employment yet somtimes being not sufficient alone for some extraordinary necessity it calls the Muscles of the Cheekes unto its aid yet when reason requires one part of it can act alone the other part resting from action But they are two paire the first paire drawing its originall from the Jaw-bone neere the first proper paire of the Lips is inserted partly into the lower wing of the Nose and partly into the higher part of the upper Lip called the Philtre The other paire covering both the sides of the Nose resembles a Triangle For it ariseth with an acute Origination from the top of the Nose and descending obliquely by the bones of the Nose it ends in a broad Basis and is implanted into the wings of the Nose Fallopius sayes there are certaine fleshy fibre not few of them arising from thâ— midle of the Eye-browes and the Spinâ— or Ridge of the Nose which descending obliquely are added to the firâ—â— paire and implanted into the pinnae oâ— sides of the Nose to draw or rivell it upwards which you may reckon for a paire of the Dilators of the Nostrills or for a part of the first paire it makes no matter which so we know the use of of it in this revulsive action and indeed these second paire are very properly by Dr. Rhead called Erectores or the Raisers upwards When these two paire worke together and are forcibly contracted to their Heads the wings of the Nose are drawn outward and upward whereby the Nostrills are not a little dilated and the skin of the Nose and the adjacent parts most ironically wrinkled and because they are continued to the Muscles of the Lips the upper Lip is drawn up together with the Nose which sets a speaking emphasis upon the Action Now because Nose-wisemen use this action Snuffing up the wind withall as if they smelt somewhat amisse and that they arise from between the Eye-browes which are the naturall Censors of the Face and the thrones of Judicature obliquely descending to draw men as with a proboske before the tribunall of judgement And the Nose which from its acutenesse in this action is often put for judgement and dedicated to dry Derision or Sagacity These Muscles might be significantly and most properly in reference to the employment they have from the mind bee called Musâ—uli Sagacitatis vel Censoriae judicationis The Muscles of Sagacity or Censorious judgement Dissect XXIII CHoler fuming and precipitate anger or furious madnesse cause a man to blow up and downe his nostrills with wind with which sudden and fiery sufflations the nostrills seeme to smoke like a Furnace Galen seemes to be of opinion that the first part of this action of the Nostrills was caus'd by no Muscles but by inspiration onely and that in vehement inspirations the wings of the
saith he it found to pass between wheâ— you would move your Head and between the Action it self As it also happens in the Sense for in this we expect no time of wounding to feele but thâ— Knife at once cuts and we feele it And this calls in question that opinion oâ— the whole Schoole of Barbarians whicâ— affirms the Spirits to be transmitted to alâ— the Members and by them the virtueâ— carried conveyed they being the proper instrument of the Soule But if thâ— virtue is communicated by transmissiâ—â— of the Spirits they would no way communicate on a sudden but in manifesâ— time for the Spirit is Corporeall Buâ— we so suddenly as we will move ouâ— Head or the parts of it expecting nothing at all the virtue to have an influence upon the motion For Nature as Vallesius well observes never orders any thing to have a power only to move once but she once gives that which shall have a power to move many times And therefore when we attempt any second motion we have the benefit of that influence which had first inabled the motory parts Sect. VI. That in all outward Actions the Soule commandeth either manifestly or obscurely and that we are not stirred up to any such motion by Nature or Custome IT is very hard and difficult to assign a Cause of so different motions Galen who was very curious and inquisitive in searching out the cause of the moving of Muscles at last ingeniously confesseth â—hat he knew not how the Muscles were moved the cause of his doubt was that since the offices of Muscles were unknown to Infants they seemed not apt to demand their endeavour of them because it is a voluntary motion Will is from Knowledge the end therefore for which we are moved and the peculiar Instrument of the motion is to be known therefore since none of these are known to Infants for good reason we aske why they rather move their lips than their feet or how they move them In all motions that are voluntarily performed there is nothing more obscure or doubtfull than this because I see saith he in children much more in others that when they would make any outward expression with any Member of their body thiâ— they do voluntarily and this they do by a Muscle destinated and appropriated to that motion although indeed they know not that Muscle and not only are they ignorant of this but even many Physicians and the consideration of this mystery drives him to 〈◊〉 somâ— extraordinary hand of Providence to be active in it for his words are Because I find the Members of the body to bâ— moved by a Muscle on which the Creator who created and fashioned us and is alwaies present with us hath prudently bestowed a power of moving when therefore we would make use oâ— any motion He moves the Muscle which he hath formed and created for that purpose Scaliger who takes this confession of Galen for a qualme of Philosophicall modesty tells Cardan verily Galen knew not many things which yet he would not have others to know that he knew them not and with a subtile facility he attempts to resolve this knotty doubt Will saies he is twofold one of Election as in wise men another from Instinct as in an Infant new-born to suck milke for when he is grown of age he will do the same if need be with Election and the force is the same which serves the Soule for the commodity of the Body and hath a connative Species of its conservation The Soule therefore moves the Muscles and therefore moves them 〈◊〉 thinks the Oeconomy of our 〈◊〉 to be as 't were a City goâ—ern'd by good Laws wherein when â—nce the order is established there is no â—eed of a secret Guide which must â—epresent at every thing that is done â—o all parts of the Body to what uses â—hey were appointed performe their duâ—â—es without any Teacher and as Homer feigned that the Instruments of Vulcan moved of their own accord and those golden Shields to be of such cunning workmanship that they moved of themselves So the Muscles endued with a convenient structure performe their worke by a certaine ingenit virtue But Marinellus a Physician of an excellent judgement conceives not Scaligers distinction of the Will to be consonant to reason for Will alwaies as it is a Will supposeth some Election and Election Cogâ—ition which least of all exists in Infants And therefore to feigne a Will to Will something unknown seemes to him a vain forgery Nor is he satisfied in the example of Aristotle which is not well accommodated to the business of voluntary motion For a Monarch imposeth Laws upon his Citizens who are renowned with a knowing soule and keep their Princes commandement in memory But the Muscles the moving and the movable Corporeall parts are not endueâ— with any Cognoscent powers foâ— so every animated part were to have â— proper Soule which were most absurâ— and repuguant to his own saying wherâ— he infers that it behoves not there should be a Soule in every part but that it exsist in some Principle or chief part of the Body Besides the parts for the performing of motion stand in need of a Spirit or influent heat that makes the motion according to its nature impetuous or some moving Faculty that flows from a principle but this or that is not moved but by Imagination or Appetite the Imagination or Appetite not without the Soule whence it is to be concluded that the Soule alwaies commands the motion and the parts moveable do not performe their worke from Nature The Philosopher makes it plaine that motion is done by the Imagination and Appetite for the passions aptly obey the instrumentarian parts the Appetite the Passions and the Imagination the Appetite and if in that place he useth the word Nature for the Soâ—le as some Commentators affirme for the Soule is a certaine Nature yet that similitude were incongruous enough and unlike for the Soule should be alwaies present and command the parts and should not move by some instrument which the Philosopher denies Perchance some may object that sometimes we know not nor are awar of some actions we doe and therfore they can not be voluntary nor have any such emphaticall signification this indeede is a thing somewhat doubtfull and full of ambiguity in some mens opinions and has bin the cause to make some to imagine that there are many kind of motions that depend not upon our will But they who have taken this doubt into consideration have decreed the will to be double one is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the other is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the first is vigilantium proper to them that are awake and heed what they doe the last is Dormientium or theirs who doe a thing in their sleep or with lesse intention of the mind So that in every motion the wil coÌ„mandeth either manifestly or obscurely Hence it is that we doe not alwayes mind the motion