helpeth in the retaining the Vocal air and therefore the Palate is rugged for this that the air may goe forth full oâ— surges the Palate also by its hollowness helpeth the revolution of meat in the mouth in the time of chawing by means of its hollownesse also the Tongue is moved more nimbly for its operations it also helpeth digestion with its pellicle the pellicle of the whole mouth helping it and iâ— may be the Spitle mixed with meats in chawing It suffereth Passions of all sorts and among other Diseases it suffereth in Feavers the Colam or Alcolam Of the Vvnla or Uvea IN the ending of the Palate about the Fauces towards the Ex Uvae similitudine head right against the root of the Tongue is one member fleshy of a rare substance covered with the membrane whose quantity and shape is equalled to the grane of a Grape and therefore it is called Vva Uvigena and Uvigera it is also called Columella and also â—â—â—â—mna and of some Gargareâ—â— Gargar and Gurgulio it is also called Fundibulum neverthelesse this member encreaseth more than naturally in length and breadth by humidity filling it and sometimes it is like unto a Mouse tayl as I have often seen and sometimes it is indurated and sometimes stranguleth witnesse Aristotle Man only hath this member its substance is spoken of in which there are some Veins and Arteries and therefore if it receive solution it notably induceth bloud its complexion is warm and moyst its number situation and Colligancy appear this member giveth way to things that are swallowed neither hath it voluntary motion therefore it is without muscles it helpeth in the breaking and altering the air and according to some in the tuning the Voyce it also hindreth thirstinesse by hindring air from entring the Fances violently It suffereth Passions of all sorts and especially corrosion and moâ—lification in which there is often required Cautery Of the Tongue THe Tongue is sometimes taken Lingua ex lingo qua parte lingimus for the variety of Languages as the Greeks the Arabians the Latines and of that kind it also signifieth many other things but for the present it is taken for a member contained in the mouth and it is called Lingua à ligando of binding because it is bound from one end to another within the lower Mandibles The substance of this member is naturally rare fungous and soft it is also soft by accident because of the Humidities descending from the Head and from the Stomach to it also the glandulous flesh in the root of it in which there are fountains of Spitle doth moysten it by means of the Spitle it hath also a multitude of Nerves as well for the Sense of touching and taste as for the motion those that give the â—aste come from the third pair of the Nerves of the Brain but those that give the motion come from the seventh and these Nerves are notable because the Tongue hath need of an excellent sence and also motion it also needeth very much heat and nourishment therefore it and in like manner the Yard hath more and greater pulsant and quiet Veins than any other member like to it in bigness and the Nerves that give it motion are distinct from them that give it sense but those which give the sense of Feeling doe also give Tasting and the tasting is more easily corrupted than the feeling because the tasting is a more subtile vertue than the feeling and the situation of the Nerves of sense is superficial but the situation of the Nerves of motion is nearer the Center more or lesse according to the place of the muscles which are commonly appointed nine to wit four pair and one single with which it is moved to every difference of position and the Tongue in its rooâ— is large gross and strong but in the former part it is subtile and sharp that it might be more fit for motion Of the aforesaid muscles two are on the sides of the Tongue of both sides one which are called Latitudinal proceeding from the sharp bones of the Head placed behind the Ears from which place also in part doe come the Fibers of one muscle which is common for the motion of the Lips and for the motions of the Apples of the Face and these bones are called Sagittalia and Acularia there are also two called Longitudinals beginning from the upper part of the bone Lambda which are continued with the middle of the Tongue and there are two other muscles which move the Tongue overthwart proceeding from that side which is the lower of the two sides of the bone Lambda and those doe penetrate between the aforesaid Longitudinals and Latitudinals There are also two others converting it and turning it upward and the Fibers of them are spread abroad in breadth under the aforesaid and these are continued with the â—one of the lower Mandible neverthelesse Avicen 12. animalium saith that those last are above the others after that there is one muscle called single which continueth the Tongue to the bone Lambda and draweth the one to the other and this muscle driveth the Tongue to the outward parts by lengthening it it also draweth back and shortneth iâ— Yet there are many that say that the Tongue is not moved to the outward parts voluntarily but meerly naturally from the imagination as the Yard and some say that it and also the Yard are moved of muscles and of the imagination together and some of the imagination only which by means of the spirit causeth a windinesse dilating and erecting the Yard and in like manner the Tongue with bringing it oâ—â— of the mouth but these thingâ— are handled of Galen Prâ—â— de motibus liquidis and of â—â—vicen Prima primi in the Chapter of the muscles of the Tongue and there the Expositors doe resolve the doubts which see Of the Bone of the Tongue THe Tongue in the root of it hath a bone to which it is knit and fastned and standeth firm as upon his Basis in his many motions and this bone is quadrilateral or four-sided not very hard but it is as it were Cartilagineous and it is called Os * Hyoides Latini cum Graecis appellant idque voce contractiore siquidem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dicendum esset quod 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 literae formam ex primat vocatur 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sed quia ubi confunctum est sinum facit non iâ—a acuto angulo terminatur rectius illud ν figurae quam λ simile dicemus Columbus De ossib 1. 1. Hyoideum and Lambda or Lambe because it is like to that Greek letter two of the sides of it are towards the Tongue which are in the form of the aforesaid Letter two forked and two also so formed bigger than the first are toward the Cartilage Deltalis or Target Cartilage of the Epiglottis which they embrace and are fastned to it lest it slide here and there that this
and with one other toward the balls of the Face and with another toward the Mandibles yet every angle of the aforesaid muscles is most firmly mixed with a part of the Face in the direct of them that they might move the Mandibles diversly and some would have it witness Galâ—n that every one of those muscles should be three muscles and that gibbosity which is in the balls of the Face is of those muscles in part The Tongue also besides those muscles helpeth the chawing by turning about the meat And the muscles lifting up the Mandibles are great because they have a great motion and they are soft because they are next to the Brain And the muscles depressing are small because it is more easie to depress the Mandible than to elevate it and to hold it being elevated But the chawing muscles are mean because the circumduction or turning about of the Mandibles is more easie than the elevation and more hard than the depression Some will wonder that Nature made the Teeth of chawing greater and more than they of incising it is to be said that Nature hath prepared not only teeth to out the meat but she hath ordained Reason and Art which shee useth for the cutting of meats Shee hath also made the chawers greater and more because the chawing action is stronger and more permanent which chawing Art doeth not for the most part unless by accident in sick people as shee doth the cutting of meats The muscles being seen that you may the better see the Os Lambdae and the head of the Meri and the Epiglottis you shall cut the skin transversly from either corner of that Fissure which is called the Mouth and the aforesaid muscles toward the Ears in which Section consider if you can the aforesaid muscles and also the other parts of the Face excepting the Nose the Eye-lids the Eyes and the Ears fleaing the skin with diligence from them which being seen you shall lay bare the bones of the lower Mandibles from their upper junctures unto the middle of the chin in which they are firmly united by one juncture the aforesaid bones are also united on both sides to the Head by one loose juncture about the ears you shall also note their Situation Number Figure Colligancy and quantity their substance complexion and helps lye open they endure passions of all sorts Of the Anatomy of the Throat and of the Gula. THe Mandibles being seen remove Guttur a gutta quia voces sunt quasi gutta fluentes sermonis them with diligence with a crooked Knife Saw or other Instrument wholly from their place that you may the bettâ—â— see the Throat and the Gula yet keep the Tongue unhurt and the bone Lambda that you may see the Colligancy of these members the Mandibles being removed observe the situation of the Throat and of the Gula and of the bone Lambda which is placed near unto the root of the tongue and the top of the throat howbeiâ—â—â—u may not stirre these membâ—â—â— unless you shall first see the muscles of them but before you may see them you must give way to the Anatomy of the Throat and of the Gula for those members are so fastned to one another by Pannicles and Ligaments that one cannot be shewed without the other The Throat depending under the Jawes even unto the Lungs possesseth the formost situation first that by its hardness it might be a defence to the Gula Secondly because by that situation it is more direct to the Lungs and so doth serve it better and more easily Thirdly it is formost because the Gula is longer than it which if it should bee before the throat it should either bee obliqued from the end of the Throat unto the Stomack and the swallowing had been ill or because there should also have been some inconvenient hollowness from the end of the Throat unto the Stomack toward the back And the Throat is a body very long round hollow as a Cane whose substance is compounded of many annular Cartilages yet they are imperfect circles like those Bracelets called Armilla and they are like the letter C. and therefore they are called Cartilagines C formes C like Cartilages and Semicirculares but they are bigger than a half circle and in the part not Circular they doe meet with the Gula by means of a soft pannicle and somewhat hard being perfectly Sphaerical covering and fastning them within and without and beyond the pannicle on the inside covering the throat from the top to the bottom there are 〈◊〉 Ligaments filling the throat toward the Gula where the Cartilages are uncompleat nevertheless those Cartilages without the â—â—â—nicle are properly the instrument of voyce The upper part of the throat is commonly called Epiglottis Laringa and Nodus Gutturis and sometimes Gurgulio and it is called 〈◊〉 Bronchii Gutturis but thâ—â—est of it is often called an Arteâ—â— and a Spiritual Organ or Pipe and the Vocal Artery and the sharp Artery and the cane of the Lungs and it is called Faringa à findendis vocihus of cleaving of Voyces or of Fando of speaking and Gargar and Gargarean but Laring a for the most part bâ— the interpreter of the Books of Galen De utilitate partiâ—m in the Latine tongue Laringa is taken for the upper part of it but the lower part is commonly called Trachea and Guttur called so Garriendo of chattering because that chattering cometh from thence and Avicen Prima priâ—â— capitis de musculis gutturis â—â—derstandeth by Guttur this member but Nona tertii by Guttur he understandeth that space which is behind the Palate in which the passage of meat and of breat which of the Latines is called Faâ—â— or Fauces This member is also called Bronchium or Bronchum for the likeness of a certain Fish and also of an Earth-worm called Bronchâ—â—â— whose body is long Cartilaâ—â—â—â—ous or scaly and annular as is Viper The lowermost part of this member is divided into two parts one on the right another on the left which entereth into the upper part of the Lungs and from hence it is divided into infinite Fiâ—ers unto it all growing alwayes lesse through the whole substance of the Lungs through the center of it to the extreams carrying and re-carrying spirit to the Heart in that manner which it appeared in the demonstration of the Lungs This member is not of one Carriage only but of many convex without and hollow within united one near another at a certain â—â—nce by Ligaments and Panâ—â—â—â—s that by meanes of the Fiâ—â—rs of the Pannicles which are longitudinal and the Nerves of their Muscles it might bee extended and drawn back in its motions and it is moderately hard and light that it might bee shrill and in the deprived of sence that it â—ight resist outward things hurting it and it is round because it is lesse apt to bee hurt and their Cartilages toward the Gula are incompleat that by their hardneâ—â— they
of the Glotida doe shut it sometimes by themselves and sometimes by accident The shape of the Gula is veâ—â— long dilated in the upper 〈◊〉 the Fances like a trumpet 〈◊〉 is not like a Cane for it is like a Gut whose lower Orifice is continual to the Stomack where hath notable sence by reason of notable branches of Nerves â—â—om the Brain terminated at it its â—uantity appeareth in number it is â—â—e member it is fastned to the â—outh and to the Epiglottis most â—irmly so that one is hardly seâ—arated from the other it is also â—astned to the Throat throughâ—â—â— to the Heart by Arteries to â—he Liver by Veins and to the â—rain by the aforesaid Nerves â—â— complexion tendeth to hot but â—ot excelling because it is very â—â—nnicular its helps are to carry â—â—ings swallowed to the Stomack â—â—d to bring back many superâ—â—ous things from it to without â—e mouth it suffereth passions fall sorts He that desireth with diligence â—o have the demonstration of the â—hroat and Gula first let him see â—e â—â—tuation of them beginning 〈…〉 lowest part noting the â—ula and as he goes upward let â—im â—ore the Colligancy of it â—ith the Throat separating them with a Falx or other device neâ—â— unto the Epiglottis nothing the a foresaid Muscles to some of which hee shall see the Reversire Nerves to be fastned The Muscles being seen â—â— him separate the Gula in the â—â— of it from the Epiglottis and â—â— him note its Cartilages notinâ— also the situation of the boâ—â— Lambda which with its two greatter additaments embraceth thâ— Cartilage Scutalis and with iâ— lesser sustaineth the Tongue aftâ—â— that the three aforesaid Cartilagâ— of the Epiglottis may be seen aâ—â— the fourth Cartilage united wiâ—â— fatness and pellicle called Glotiâ—â— by means of which is made tâ—â— shutting of the Epiglottis afterwards let the Tongue be cut noting its aforesaid parts and theâ— things suffice for the Anatomy â—â— the middle Belly in which I havâ— been prolixe and not absurdâ—â— because these things are deliâ—â—â— to learners Of the Anatomy of the upper Belly THe upper Belly is named Caâ—ut the Head Quia ibi sensus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Grecis dict 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cavitate Bauhin â—â—tium capiunt because the Senses â—â—e their beginning there which â—â— Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the â—â—ad for the present is taken for aâ— that which is sustained by the Neck in which the Animal members are contained that is the â—â—ain of the former part of which â—ere is demonstration made of â—ome parts for the better orders â—â—ke This Belly in a man is notable â—â— its contents and it hath parts â—â—mmon and proper of the comâ—oâ— some is before some behind â—l some on the sides some aâ—ove some beneath the former â—â— is called Sinciput the hinder â—â— Occiput the lateral Tempora â—â— Temples and the place of the Ears and the upper part is called Interciput Vertex and Cacumen â—â— the lower is called Basis capitis the Basis of the Head and of its members whether the Head bâ—e for the Brain or for the Eyes we have spoken in another place The parts proper some are câ—â—taining and some contained tâ—e containing are all the outwaâ—d parts to wit first the Hairs which nevertheless are not to bee numbred in the parts of the Heaâ— unless unproperly because they are not members but they are reckoned as a superfluity sometimes profitable Secondly is the Skin which is gross somewhat fleshy thâ—â— the Hairs might bee well fastned iâ— it and that it might be a defence to the parts below it Under the skin is a little flesâ— or none except in the Fore-heaâ—â— and in the Temples After the Skin and Flesh is â— Pannicle compassing the wholâ— bone of the Head called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Arabick â—â—mocatim and of some Zinziâ— mater After the Pericraneum followeth the bone of the Head called of the Latines Calva and Testa and in Greek Craneum or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 corneum Licophroni autem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab imperando because it is hard The things contained are the hard Pannicle and the soft Pannicle this is called Pia mater and â—â—cundina but that is called Dura â—ater and above the mouth in the bottom of the Head below the hard Pannicle manifold use doth place the Rete mirabile Within the aforesaid Pannicles is the medullous substance of the â—â—ain with its Ventricles Glanâ—â—les Worms and Nerves risen from the Brain yet the Pia Maâ—â—r and the Dura are of some plaâ—ed among the parts containing â—ut the Nose and the Miringa of the Ears in like manner and the Eyes also are placed among the â—â—rts of the Head contained but not in the upper Belly neverâ—â—eless they are contained in the â—ead and so the whole Face is contained in it also Therefore the Hairs are first to â—â— examined which are engendred by reason of the vaporoâ—â— matter raised up from the whole to the Head as it were overflowing by reason of the heat â—â— the whole body and from hence are made the hairs of the Heâ—d called Capilli made for their end because they are for comliness as it pleaseth some and that it might defend the Head from many outward things The Skin of the Head appeareth of it self this wanteth motion unless in the Fore-head and the Temples it is therefore deprived of Muscles it hath also little sense You shall by excoriating the whole skin from the Head see the Pannicle called Pericraneum every way made involving the Head that the Dura Mater miâ—hâ— be hung up in the Craneum by commissures and by many other pores of the Craneum this Pannicle is also there lest the Skull should meet with the Skin anâ— the flesh of the Head without a medium and that the Craneum by means of it might be sensible and that there might inhere to this Pannicle Veins and Arteries feeding the Head on the outside and those which enter in by the Commissures and other Pores and those which goe out After that Pannicle is the Bone called Craneum which lay bare throughout considering the form of it which ought to bee round that it might be of the greater capacity and less apt to be hurt and it is lightly compressed on the sides making the Prow of a ship before and the Poope behind that its Ventricles might bee long serving the better to the operations of the understanding and every form erring from that is evil and by how much the more it is differâ—â—g from that it is the worse this bone is not one continual nor hard and thick as are many other but thin and spongious not very gross and compounded with some Commissures or Junctures Neverthelesse the joynts of it are not knobby but with teeth like Sawes and rough because they are not moved and the Skull is so that its junctures might bee stronger
below the Bone Basilare it is united with the sixth pair to bee spoken of now and together they make the aforesaid Nerves descending to the members of the middle and lower Belly and from them doe arise the Reversives Afterward are the Nerves of the fourth pair descending to the Palate for the sense of Tasting and these are subtile yet some take the third pair for the fourth and contrariwise as wee have said in our Commentaries and there wee have declared the cause of that error After that there is the fifth pair which is spread abroad on both sides within the bone Basilare in the direct of the Ears and serveth to the sense of Hearing After that is the sixth pair which is mingled with the third as it is said before after that is the seventh pair which because it is Oblique gives motion to the Tongue and also to some Muscles serving the Epiglottis it also giveth the sense of Tasting to the Tongue it self The substance of these Nerves is known to all yet the hinder are harder than the former for the senses within its figure quantity situation number and Colligancy appear in complexion they are not very dry and therefore they have not strong motions and they arâ— cold by nature their helps also appear they suffer passions of all sorts all which are evil because of their colligancy and operations Of the Rete Mirabile according to the common opinion and somewhat of the Nuca THe aforesaid things being seen lay aside the whole Brain Rete mirabile ex textura mirabili with that portion of the Nuca which is between the Spondiles which you cut and kept with the Head first noting its situation substance number and figure its Colligancy with the Brain is spoken of above its quantity and other things requisite unto it shall bee better observed from that which is to be said in the beginning whereof near to the Brain is a certain hollowness continued to the hollowness commonly placed for the Ventricle of the Memorative Vertue by which the spirits sent from the Brain for sense and motion doe pass to its Nerves and the Nuca as also the Brain is covered of the Dura and Pia Mater as the sense doth demonstrate Those things being noted above there is only the Dura Maâ—er because by removing the Brain the Pia Mater is also removed by reason of the firm and continual Colligancy of them together Between the Dura Mater and the bone Basilare in the region of the crossing of the Optick Nerves where the aforesaid Colatory is there doe ascend by the Bone Basilare two notable Arteries one on the right the other on the left as it appeared above in the Chapter of the Aorta ascending from which as Authors doe commonly say above the Bone immediately under the Dura Mater are made many very subtile branches wonderfully united together one above another to the likeness of a Net taking up a great place before behind and on the sides after this of those many branches are again bred two arteries like to the first from which the aforesaid little branches are â—â—de and these two Vessels perfect and great doe afterward ascend again above the Skull to branch out even unto the Ventricles of the Brain carrying spiriâ—â— to them made subtile in the Rete mirabile And about that Net some say that there are two Glandules supporting it and they say that the helps of that Net are that a subtilization of the vital spirit might be caused there that being divided unto less branches it might bee the better altered and the Animal spirit might be made and perhaps that its little branches might bee more easily stopt and might cause sleep by the vapours raised up from the meat and made thick by the Brain falling down Nevertheless that Net I never saw and I think Nature doth not work that by many things which it can doe by few but Nature can make subtile these spirits in the least branches of the Arteries descending above the Dura Mater cleaving to the bone Basilare and ascending by the Pia Mater even â—nto the center of the Brain therefore this Net is not given here between the Dura Mater and the bone Basilare many other reasons have I spoken upon this in my Commentaries upon Mundinus to which for brevities â—ake I referte the Readers and Nasus a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fluor propter mucci fluorem ut 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fluo grae sic Latin nasus a no per quem excrement a flnunt quasi emanant quod etiam spiritus innatet enatet among other reasons sensible experience is to me a guide Of the Nose THe aforesaid things being seen the speech of the bone Basilare should concur but because the Anatomy of it especially of the number of its parts is placed diverse among Authors and also because this Bone is better seen in Church-yards than in a Common dissection therefore I shorten my speech concerning them and referre the desirers of this Art to our Commentaries and to Church-yards Let us therefore speak somewhat of the Nose which for the present is taken for that principal eminent part which being set with an equal ridge on the center of the Eye-brows doth distinguish and fence either sight of the Eye the lower lateral parts of this member Galen calleth Alaria they are otherwise called Alula its upper part is called Lepor and Summum Nafi the lower part Inaum Nasi the middle exteriour part is called Columna and the inner part of it dividing the right side from the left is called Septum porrectum and Interfinium Nasi and some doe call the lower holes of the Nose Nâ—res but for the present the hollownesses placed above the Palate in the bone Basilare are of us called Nares in which the moyst superfluity of the Brain being strained through is made thick of which we have spoken somewhat above The substance of the Nose is of Skin Muscles Cartilages and Bones and of the Pannicle covering its bones its skin is so united to its muscles that it cannot but with difficulty be separated its former and lower part is Cartilagineous but its upper part bony its muscles are two small ones but hard one on the right hand the other on the left more toward the lower part because both doe arise from the balls of the Mandibles and they move the wings of the Nose to what part a man will After the Muscles are three Cartilages one in the middle and two on the sides which are softer than the middlemost which is hard enough that it might keep the Nose which it divideth within by the middle straight and strong The Bones of the Nose are two triangular touching the Forehead perforated with small holes towards the corners of Tears by which the Humidities in the Eyes may penetrate and from the Eyes into the Nose and from the Nose into the Month and by reason of this the
savour of Medicines put into the Eyes is tasted of the Tongue And the Os front is in the direct of the Nose is perforated as a Sieve that it might serve for smelling and that by them holes the superfluous moystures might goe forth from the Brain passing first by the holes which are in their Pannicles about the places of the Mamillary Caruncles From that which hath been said is seen the substance of the Nose in number it is one member but divided into two parts at the inside that if one part should but hurt the other might be firm its figure quantity situation and colligancy appear its complexion is appointed cold and dry its helps are for comliness and for carrying and re-carrying air to the Lungs they also carry the matter forth from themselves sent through the Colatory to the aforesaid Caves which Caves are for the present called Nares They suffer passions of all sorts and their solution is easily consolidated in the lower end of it are sometimes applied Horse-leaches for safety and such like its proper passion is the annoyance of the Olfactive Vertue which may happen to it principally by reason of opilation caused in the holes that are in the Bone â—â—silare in the direct of the aforesaid mamillary Caruncles Palpebrâ— Ã palpacidâ— id est praetentando objecta 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 grac quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoe est visus tunicae Of the Eye-lids PAlpebrae of Palpitando of stirring called also * Genae à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 genero ibidem pili generantur Genae are the pellicles covering the Eyes known â—n all their substance is of Cartilage and Membrane with a very liâ—tle and it may be as it pleaseth some with no fleshy part the Muscles excepted and it is Cartilagineous that the Hairs may be fastned in it which stand strait and hard that they may the better defend the Eyes these are called Cilia a Celandis Oculis of covering the Eyes it is also Cartilagineous because it better â—esisteth outward things and that it might stand upright when it is opened because if it should bee pellicular it should easily bee deprest and it is covered with skin for defence and comliness In the upper Eye-lids under their skin is a Pannicle proceeding from the Pericraneum which is turned inward involving their Cartilage without and within even unto the tunicle Cornea the conjunctiva being between covering the muscles of the Eye and in the lower in like manner there reacheth a Pannicle risen from the Pannicle covering the balls of the Face and by that means it seemeth that the tunicle Conjunctiva should arise also from the Pannicle covering the lower bones of the Face About that Cartilage which Galen calleth Tarsum there is some fat moystning them for necessities sake lest they should be dried up by reason of their almost continual motion the upper alone are moved but not the lower And on either side their motion is of three Muscles witness Avicen whereof one openeth which is in the middle but the two others are in the corners which shut yet Galen 10. De Vtilitate cap. 8. seemeth to place but two Muscles whereof one is said to bee in the corner toward the Ear which he saith doth open if it bee moved alone and the other in the corner of the Nose which hee saith doth shut if it bee also moved alone and if both be equally moved the eye-lid is not more shut than it is opened and this half shutting is called of Hippocrates Curva Palpebra a crooked eye-lid which in Sicknesses doth inferre an ill sign and also Galen saith in the same place Cap. 10. that hee never knew the aforesaid muscle placed at the corner of the Nose because hee saw great Cauteries to be applied there for Fistulaes and nevertheless the motion hath yet remained in the Eye-lids which had not remained if the muscle had been there And he doth affirm 11 De Utilitate cap. 14. That the musculous skin of the Fore-head and of the balls of the Face by their motion is sufficient for the shutting and opening of the Eye-lids and some doe adde with the help of the muscles but Aristotle 2 De partibus Animalium cap. 13. saith that the eye-lids move not voluntatily but by instinct of nature nevertheless it seemeth to me that they have a proper motion and a common the common is of the Fore-head and of the balls of the Face but the proper is of their proper muscles which have their Nerves annexed to the Eye-lids and to the muscle moving the Fore-head and to the Temporal muscles and to those of the balls of the Face but whether those Nerves should proceed from the Nuca or from the Brain it is not perceived by sense yet Avicen saith that in the upper eye-lid only there are Muscles because they are nearer to their beginning that is to the Brain which are small and some say that they are without Chords about the situation of which some are disagreeing among themselves And the lower Eye-lids are not moved witness Avicen because the motion of the upper sufficeth for the perfect shutting and opening to one another and the lower are less than the upper and more joyned to the eyes lest by reason of their greatness and the separation of them from the eyes they should gather in themselves bloud-shot and tears and other outward things witness Galen 10. De Utilitate In the substance of the Eye-lids in either angle or Canthus toward the Nose are two small holes manifest to the sense one in the upper eye-lid another in the lower by which the Tears goe forth and in that Angle are spongeous fleshes which contain within them that humidity of Tears that they might moysten the members near unto them lest they should bee dryed and those humidities doe come sometimes from the Nose and also from the Brain by the Veins of their pannicles The situation of the Eye-lids the number quantity shape and Colligancy appear their substance is handled their complexion is appointed cold and dry their helps are to defend the Eyes from small and soft things but the bones adjacent doe defend them from great and hard things and they help in the causing of sleep their Hairs also doe help the Eyes lest when the eye-lids bee open dust or other small things might hurt them and by their blackness they doe strengthen the sight and they are not very thick lest they should shadow the sight nor too thin that they might hinder small things to enter into the eyes They suffer passions of all sorts and among others they suffer the turning in of their Hairs which is cured by Cauterizing every Hair turned in in its root with a golden Needle afterwards they are cured as other places cauterized Of the Anatomy of the Eyes THe Eye-lids being seen the Eyes doe occur called Ocnli Oculi ab occulendo Varroni quod ciliorum teguminibus sen palpebris
Nerve on the right another on the left as they are also alwaies in all the other Spondiles and the second pair goeth forth from the middle between the first and second Spondile and in like manner is the third pair between the second and third Spondile of the Neck and every Spondile descending hath one pair of Nerves correspondent unto it either in the Orifice of its fellow or in the Orifice proper to its self and the last Spondile Alhovius which is contiguous to the first of the three Bones Alhosos or Candae hath its pair of Nerves as likewise the Spondiles above it but between that and the first of the Spondiles Alhosos is another pair of Nerves and by reason of that doubled pair there are thirty one pair and one Nerve unfellowed because by descending between the first Spondile and the second there is one pair and between the second and the third there is also one other pair but from the last Bone which is properly called Canda goeth forth one Nerve only and as so there are thirty Spondiles true and not true and one Nerve without a fellow Their Colligancy is better known from whom than to whom and they have Colligancy with the greatest part of members having motion their situation and quantity appears as also their number the helps of those Nerves are to give motion and sense they suffer passions of all sorts From the aforesaid things doth appear that in a mans body there are thirty eight pair of Nerves and one Nerve which in all are seventy sevâ—n those two excepted which goe to the Nose for the Olfactive Vertue which are not commonly termed Nerves because they are too soft yet I call them Nerves in as much as they are the Organs of the sense of Smelling and as so there are seventy nine vvhereof sixty three come from the Nuca and fourteen from the Brain or sixteen the Mamillary caruncles being reckoned with them of which it hath been spoken above in the Anatomy of the Nerves of the Brain which afterwards are terminated to infinite Branches and Fibers which sense doth not comprehend and these are thus The Nerves coming from the Brain are seven pair or eight The Nerves of the Nuca of the Neck are eight pair The Nerves of the Nuca of the Back and of the Ribs are twelve pair The Nerves of the Nuca of the Reins or Alkatim are five pair The Nerves of the Nuca of Alhovius are three pair The Nerves of the Nuca of Alhosos with the two Nerves between the Spondiles Alhosos and Alhovius are three pair and one odde Nerve going forth from the Cauda The Figure of the Spondiles and Nerves IN this Figure you may easily see the number of the Spondiles and you see how from the substance of the first Spondile doe goe forth two Nerves from either side one and you may note the number of the Nerves in the extremity of the lines placed in that Figure Yet note Reader that the Figure hath not a true similitude with the Spondiles except in number but their true Figure is seen in the true Spondiles dried in Church-yards Of the Anatomy of the Hands Manus à manando quod ex Brachiis mâ—net vel quod boc instrumento potissimum actiones è nobis emanent THe aforesaid things being seen I doe first come to the Veins of the Hands used to bee Flebotomised with which also we shall see the Cartilages the Marrow the Bones and the Nayls the Muscles of such members being let alone which in a common dissection are not shewen yet the knowledge of Muscles is a very great help in Chirurgery witnesse Aver primo colliget and therefore because for the present they cannot be shewen we will place in the end of the Book certain Figures shewing some Muscles especially the outmost we will also place Figures shewing the principal bones First therefore doe occur two members placed on the sides which from the shoulders even unto the extremity of the Fingers are of Galen called the great hands these members for the present have three parts The first part beginning from the top is commonly called Adjutorium above which is the Spatula which also of some is placed in the great hand Under the first part called Adjutorium is the second called Brachium and between these is the juncture called Cubitus but commonly Brachium is taken of many for that first and second part aforesaid Under the second is the third part called the little hand and it is properly called Manus ab emanando quia ab ist a parte fere omnia artificia emanant because almost all Handy-crafts doe flow from that part Between that and the second is one juncture compounded of very many Bones called in Arabick Raseta and Ascam and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Those things being noted you shall excoriate the whole skin of the great hand with diligence from the Neck even unto the ends of the Fingers and you shall see first the Vein Basilica that is Regia or Kingly the Ancients before Aristotle did call that Vein Jecoraria and it keepeth that name yet because it is commonly called Vena Hepatis the Liver Vein it is also called Ascellaris or Axillaris because as it appeareth above in the Anatomy of the Veins this Vein passeth by the Ascella for Ascella is that hollow place on both sides which is under the shoulders in the lateral part between the upper part of the Brest and the top of the Adjutory which because it hath no vent in many doth savour ill for it is not vented witness Aristotle in his Pâ—oblems in these places is a notable part of glandulous flesh which receiveth some excrements of the Heart as likewise the kernels which are about the Inguina and in the Neck about the Guidez not much distant from the Ears which receive the superfluities of the Liver and Brain and those places are called the Emulctories of the Heart of the Liver and of the Brain and those fleshes are as it were a mattress to the great Veins placed about them This Vein called Ascellaris and Basilica descendeth by the inside and lowest part of the Arm with the Artery fellow to it for a certain distance after that the Vein is notably manifested alone about the juncture of the Cubite in the inward part and there is flebotomised and helpeth principally for the Diseases of the Brest because it is immediately united to the Veins nourishing its parts But from the Neck by the outside there doth pass from the shoulders to that Juncture by the Adjutory one Vein called Spatularis Humeralis and Cephalica which also about the Juncture of the Cubite is flebotomised which principally helpeth for Discases of the Head and Neck because it is immediately united to the Veins Guidez Between them is one Vein reaching over-thwart from the one to the other from which it receiveth bloud indifferently this is called Nigra Communis and Media because it emptieth
of flebotomizing these Veins is thus first let the lower Belly of the Patient be bound between the Ilia and Hypochondria with a girdle decently binding let him also hold his mouth shut in expelling the air from the Breast then let the Patient decline his head to the contrary side that is to bee let bloud because by doing so the Vein swelleth as a Chord extended and with a fit instrument holding the Vein firm with the hand or other device the Vein must be peirced in the more eminent place Authors commend such a Section to bee made according to the breadth nevertheless I would doe it obliquely and let not the quantity of bloud bee superfluous neither let it bee done the second time and let the Work-man have with him powders constringent for stopping of Bloud as Bole-Armonick Sanguis Draconis the hairs of a Hare Mummy the barks of Frankinsence Aloes and the like and among all let him have Vitriol or Colcotar also Soot is praised and burnt Beans and Paper burnt Skins and the likc to these the white of an Egge well beaten being always laid over and with decent Ligature and the Patient lying with his head lifted up for eight days with light sleep and decent diet as farre as it shall seem good to the lawful Physician Of the Anatomy of the descending and the Reversive Nerves THe Anatomy of the Veins ascending Nervus ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nuto flecto quia Nervi instrumenta voluntarii motus Gal from the Liver upward being dispatched in which also many things have been spoken of the Arteries ascending I return to the descendent Nerves from which the Reversives doe arise and I say that in the lateral parts of the Neck a little under the Ears between or under some Muscles are notable Veins and Arteries as it was manifested before to which on both sides there doth adhere one notable Nerve called Descendent these Nerves the Ancients did call Apoplecticos and not well because they did not know the operations of them witness Galen in his Book De Voce anhelitu And these Nerves doe arise principally from the sixth pair of the Nerves of the Brain and they rise also from the third and descend perpendicularly because in such sort they must move the members These Nerves are compounded of many branches whereof some by descending witness Galen are spread abroad to the Heart and to its Capsula to the Mediastinus and likewise to the Breast in the roots of the Ribs and some notable enough to the mouth of the Stomach and to the Diafragma and some lesser to the Liver to the Spleen to the Kidnies and to other sensible members of the lower Bellies to which also doe goe certain Nerves obliquely descending from the Nuke and from those Nerves descending some notable branches are again turned back upward which are called Reversivi and Retro Redeuntes which are commonly called the Nerves of the Voyce and they reach toward the Epiglottis binding themselves with certain of its muscles whose heads are placed at the lower parts of its body Some branches also of the aforesaid descendent Nerves besides those Reversives doe goe likewise by descending to some of the Muscles of the Epiglottis the heads whereof are turned upward and they are Reversives as it pleaseth some with their muscles they shut the cartilage Cymbalaris and Glotida but the muscles of the descending Nerves doe move other Cartilages and also they open the Cymbalaris From the seventh pair also and from the Nuca doe come Nerves to the muscles of the Epiglottis which doe move it obliquely witnesse Galen Those Nerves are two one right the other left nevertheless they are divided into very many Fibers or branches as it appears because of the many members to which they goe Their quantity and colour is apparent their complexion and substance is such as of other Nerves yet the Reversives are drier and harder because they are to bear notable and as it were continual motions especially when they shut the Epiglottis to which shutting there is required a stronger motion than to the opening of it because there are more muscles opening than shutting it also the motion of the Heart of the Lungs and of the Breast doth open it and therefore that such Nerves should bee strong Nature hath set them afarre off from the moyst Brain from which by how much the more they are distant by so much the more drier are they and they pass near unto the Heart about the Artery where perhaps by reason of its heat they doe obtain driness and hardness and they are turned back upward that by drawing downward they might shut the Epiglottis which when they are relaxed many other muscles helping the Epiglottis is opened Their situation is on the sides of the Neck descending to the aforesaid members but the Nerves which are called Reversivi in the left side begin to bee turned back to the upper parts when they meet with the great Artery Aorta in the place a little above the Heart where that Artery is first forked and beginneth to bee turned back through the Breast to the lower members about which great branch descending is made the motion of the attraction and relaxation of those Nerves and that bifurcation of the Artery is to those Nerves as a wheel upon which water is drawn from a Well with a cord and this place as well on the left as on the right about which these reversive Nerves are moved or to which they are joyned in their motion is called of Galen Diablum and Flexor it is also called of some Girgilus and Bachan and Galen in his eighth Book De juvamentis cap. 2. doth resemble that reversion of the Nerves to those that with Horses in a Camp are turned back to the way from which they first came and saith that it is as it were a turning back of a thing upon a small wheel and in the seventh De Utilitate cap. 14. hee saith that he first of all found out those Nerves placed in that manner and their Muscles having the heads of them downward He saith also that that reversion of those Nerves sheweth that the Nerves have their original from the Brain and not from the Heart as Aristotle did think for if the Nerves should have their beginning from the Heart those Reversives should come from it and not from the Brain as it appeareth to sence And to those Reversive Nerves of the right side Nature hath also made the Girgilus or that wheel which shee made in the left side of one sufficiently noted branch of the Artery ascending being obliqued toward the right Arm-pit about the upper Furcula of the Breast of the right side which Artery goeth to the right Arm to which branch it hath joyned other Pellicles remaining there that it might bee strong because this branch is not so great as is that about which the reversive Nerves of the
aforesaid left side are turned back And under that branch of the right side fortified of the aforesaid Pellicles doe the right reversive Nerves ascend by the Neck and as well those of the right as of the left are by ascending implanted to the muscles of the Epiglottis with many branches as it appeareth to sence by means of which they move the Epiglottis or Laringa voluntarily as a Rider by means of his Bridle and Reigns moveth the Horse when he list The helps of the aforesaid descending Nerves are to give sence and some motion according to some to the members to which they goe in their descent concerning which it was spoken before and the helps of the Reversives are for the giving of the Voyce and therefore they are called Nervivocis the Nerves of the Voyce as well the descending as the Reversives doe suffer passions of all sorts and if their complexion bee notably changed as sometimes it hapneth in the uncovering of them by reason of an Ulcer especially of the descending and happily of the Reversives the Voyce is lost and their other operations if they bee not taken away they are at least diminished and if the Reversives only should bee wholly cut on both sides the Voyce and the Speech is lost but if in one side only the half of the operations is hurt but if the descending bee cut of which the Reversives bee parts according to some those Five Operations will bee hurt of which Galen maketh mention 4 Interiorum cap. 15. to wit Exitus aeris â pectore cum anhelitu a going forth of air from the Breast with painful breathing and Flamen sine ictu seu strepitu a blast without stroak or noise and flamenâ—â—um strepitu a blast with noise and Vox the voice and Loquela the speech yet some will have it that by the incision of the descending Nerves the voice alone and that blast with the stroak is lost but concerning those Nerves look upon our Commentaries These things being seen leave the reversive Nerves in their place in the Neck that by them you may the better see the muscles of the Epiglottis to which they are fastned leave also the upper part of the Ventricle and all the Gula or Meri and that upper part of the Lungs which you kept for the seeing of the Trachea leave also such a part of the Veins and Arteries reaching to the Arms and to the Head that you may see the Anatomy of them in their place but you may cast away the Heart and the other members of the lower and middle Belly which have first been seen kept for the seeing of the Veins Arteries and Nerves spoken of before before we do further proceed in the present order of Anatomy some things are to be spoken of the Face and of some parts of it afterwards we shall come to the Epiglottis and Gula Of the Face 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est quod antrorsus videat Gas Bauhi THe Face called Facies of the Romans and of the Greeks * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is onely to man is the former part of the Head known to all this part should rather come to bee Anatomized with the upper Belly than with the middle but for the present wee speak of it by the way because in a common Anatomy the Gula or Meri cannot be shown unless there be first mention made of some parts of the Face and Facies is said quasi faciens hominem making the man for by it is the knowledge and distinction of every person This part called Facies is also called Vultus a Volvendo of rowling and so called a Volendo of Willing because by it the affections of the minde are known in which the colour of it is changed either for bashfulness or for some fault committed or for fear or sickness nevertheless there are some whose countenance is seldom changed and those are called Vultuosi brazen faced Also the countenance is changed from age to age and the Face differs from the countenance in that because the Face is alwaies the same and the countenance is changed albeit the Face may change its colour and quantity by age and the knowledge of the Face is much considered of the Physiognomist it is also considered of the Physician as in the first Prognostick you shall first consider the Face of the sick man for it helpeth in the knowing of many diseases as the Leprosie the Periplemonia the yellow Jaundice cachexia and the time of Menstrues in a woman in that they are also known that counterfeit sickness but not alwaies It s situation is under the former hairy part of the Head its substance is of more rare and soft Skin than any other Skin of the body of the vapours ascending to it from the whole and for comeliness sake under that Skin are many Muscles and Veins pulsant and quiet Nerves Pannicles Ligaments Cartilages and Bones in number it is one Organical member The number of the parts of it is the Forehead the Temples the Ears the Eyebrows the Nose the Eyes the Eyelids the Cilia or hair of the Brows the Cheeks Maxillae or Mandibulae the Jaws which are here Synonymaes the Mouth and the ball of the Cheeks the Lips Gelasini the foreteeth Mystax the Mustache the trench or hollow place under the Nose and the Chin with its trench its quantity its figure and Colligancy are apparent its complexion is such as is the complexion of the parts of it its helps are also to be gathered from its parts it suffereth passions of all sorts Of the Forehead and the other parts Frons a ferendo quod animi indicia prae se ferat Ca. Bauhi of the Face the Nose the Eyes the Eyelids the Cilia and the Mouth with the parts thereof excepted FRons the Forehead is all that middle upper part of the Face without hairs which is above the Eyes nevertheless it is said of some that the Eyes are in the Forehead and therefore witness Varro it is called Frons a foratu Oculorum from the boaring of the Eyes Under the Skin of the Forehead is dilated one muscle having its Fibers according to the length of the body by which it moveth the Eyebrows in the Forehead are also wrinckles reaching according to the breadth of it according to the situation of which Empericks do cut their Abscessions but ill because then the Eyebrows do fall therefore the incisions in the Forehead ought to be made according to the length of the body In the Forehead are some Veins which are cut in diverse diseases and Hors-leeches also are applied to them under the aforesaid muscle is the Os Frontis called Coronale Of the Temples Tempora dicuntur quasi aetatis tempus annos sua canitie macilentia prodant ON the sides of the Forehead are the Temples called in Latine * Tempora which is times because in them are known
neer unto either Cheek there are placed sixteen they are also oftentimes twenty eight only because then the four hinder teeth are wanting which of Avicen are called Negnegid and these are two in either side and sometimes they want six in all and the Negnegids are the last in coming which are called also the Teeth of understanding of sense and of wisdome because in some they are bred in Man-hood or in Old age and witness Aristotle 2. De Natura seu de Historiis animalium the Male have more Teeth than the Female as it appeareth in the Sex of Women of Sheep of Sows and of shee Goats The names of them are other of Celsus other of Galen other of Aristotle other of Avicen other of Mundinus and first these are the names of Avicen for in every part whether in the upper or in the lower or in the middle of the mouth toward the fore-part beginning in the middle there are first two equals somewhat broad called Duales at the sides of which on both sides is one which of Mundinus is called Incisivi and of Avicen are called Quadrupli yet Galen called the Duales Incisivos which two Duales and two Incisivi Celsus calleth Quaternos and Aristotle called all these Acutos that they may cut and it agreeth with Galen on the sides of them on both sides is one which are commonly called Cynodentes or Canini Dog-teeth and of some they have been called Gelasini because they appear in laughter more than the rest Then all the rest according to Avicen are Molares Grinders called a Molendo from grinding which in some according to him are on both sides four on the sides of the Dog-teeth and in some they are five and in tha manner they are thirty two or twenty eight numbring them thus two Duales and two Quadruples or Incisives and two Dog-teeth all which are six and the Grinders according to Avicen are ten or eight if ten in either part to wit in the upper or in the lower they are in all sixteen and as so they are thirty two but if they be eight they are in either part fourteen and so they are twenty eight Nevertheless Mundinus in the number thirty two placeth two Duales above and so many below and two Incisives and two Dog-teeth and four Molares and six Maxillaries yet neither Galen nor Aristotle doe appoint particular names of all the Teeth but Celsus appointeth four Dog-teeth on either side two next to the Quaterni above and as many below Celsus also appointeth eight Maxillaries above and eight below to wit four on both sides next to the Dog-teeth Their shape is diverse for some have only one sharp head and one root as all the Duales and the Quadruples or Incisives and the Dog-teeth But the lower Molares have at the least two heads and two roots and sometimes three and as many heads and especially the farthest but the uppermost have at the least three heads and as many roots and sometimes four and especially the farthest which are as it were a wall holding the others firm and the roots of the upper Teeth are crooked that they may bee the stronger lest they should fall by their own weightiness and the holes in which they are fastned are wondrously fitted to them And from the Jaw-bone doth arise for every Tooth one round additament fastning the Tooth by means of the strong Ligaments and those additaments Galen called Praesepia which are not only in the place of the Gums but in the extream of their roots And the Molares have more roots than the rest because their operation is more continual than the rest and because in chawing they are not moved upward and downward only but they are moved laterally or circularly All the Teeth have some sence witness Galen and Avicon their quantity and situation are apparent they have Colligancy with the Mandibles and Gums and with the Brain by the Nerve their complexion is known their helps are to prepare the meat for the Stomach they also accent the Speech they are also the weapons of Nature They suffer every kind of Disease which other Bones doe suffer in them there is pain commotion corrosion putrefaction congeling alteration of colour and elongation from their Natural place Of Gingivis the Gums AFter the Teeth are to be seen the Gums Gingivae so called a Gignendis dentibus from the begetting of Teeth and they are simple flesh hard in which the Teeth are infixed in them there are so many holes as there are Teeth In number they are two the one above the other below their shape appeareth which followeth the shape of their Jaw-bone their situation also appeareth and their quantity and their Colligancy their helps are to make fâ—â—m the Teeth and to cloath the Bones of the Mandible about them and with their heat to comfort them and to them that want Teeth they doe afford the help of chawing they have also a notable sence by their Colligancy with the Brain by means of the Nerves dispersed through them they endure passions of all sorts Of Palatum the Palate AFter the Gums according to Palatum quod labiis dentibusque quasi palis munitum sit the true method of universal Anatomy doth occur the Palate which is a part of the mouth witness Aristotle primo de Historiis cap. 11. and is that part of the mouth either open or shut which is above the tongue This part is bony ordained of the bones of the upper Mandibles nevertheless it is covered with some flesh with its pannicle covering it in which there are some Nervs giving the sense of Tasting and this part in the mouth is resembled to the hollowness of the roof of a Vault or to the covering of a Furnace and therefore it it is called Caelum and Altum oris the highest part of the mouth and it is called Palatum quia in apertione oris palam ostenditur because in the opening of the mouth it is shewed openly to us or quia manifeste latum videtur because it seemeth manifestly broad and the Palate witness Galen is as it were a bell lying before the Laringa or Epiglottis in which is made the founding of the Voyce in which by the means of the Nerves is the notable Sense of Tasting It s situation its figure its quantity and number and Colligancy appear its complexion is cold because it is bony by predomination in that member there is not any hole serving the Collatory as some doe think by which the superfluities of the Brain should bee purged out but such a hole or holes are in the bone Basilare above the Nostrils as shall be spoken in another place The helps of it are that the mouth being shut and also open the Air might be retained there to this purpose that it might warm it if it bee cold lest being so it might hurt the Heart in its entrance it also retaineth Air by which the Heart is refreshed in necessities it also
Ventricle which hath motion according to some voluntarily opening and shutting the Ventricles Beneath those Worms at the sides of them is a certain eminent part of the Brain which many doe liken to mens Buttocks in shape which in the lengthning and in like manner in the shutting of the Ventricles doe touch one another but in the shortning and opening of them they are separated one from another In those aforesaid Ventricles in the former part of them there is commonly placed Fantasie Common Sense and the Imagination The aforesaid things being seen remove a notable part of the Marrow of the Brain that the other hollownesses of the Brain may be more diligently seen noting in the formost Basis of the two aforesaid hollownesses one hole which is common to the aforesaid cavities by which the spirit and also some Humidities contained in them doe by descending goe forth to a certain hollowness reaching toward the Bone Basilare about that place where there is a certain glandulous flesh under the crossing of the Optick Nerves This hollowness is called of Mundinus Lacuna of Avicen Capâ—t Rosae and of others Embotum because it is broad above narrow below every where compassed of a thin pannicle unto the Bone Basilare and by that Embotum to the aforesaid bone pierced there with very small pores as a Sieve are the superfluous moystures of the Brain for the most part emptied which afterwards in many turnings of the Bone Basilare placed above the bone of the Palate are thickned of the air drawn by the Nostrils and of the natural heat and at length are sent forth by the Nostrils Mouth by means of the Jaws in that form which is known to all having by reason of divers causes a divers substance colour quantity and figure from that which hath been said doth appear the helps of the Brain which nevertheless are of one sort from Aristotle and of another from Galen and his followers which see it suffereth passions of all sorts its solution is deadly not always but foâ— the most part About that Embotum toward the hinder part also under the aforesaid Ventricle or Ventricles there is a certain hollowness somewhat long whose walls are like unto the aforesaid Buttocks which shut and open that hollowness when there is need either from the motion of the aforesaid worms which are immediately above them or from another motion caused of the spirits And that hollowness Authors doe commonly put for the middle Ventricle in which they say that the Cogitative vertue is In the hinder part of this middle Ventricle is a little hole which reacheth to one other hollowness which is descending toward the place where the beginning of the Nuca is and this hollowness is not in the aforesaid Cerebellum as many think neither is it compassed every where of the medullous substance of the Brain but it is placed between the hinder and former Brain compassed notably toward the Cerebellum of the Pia Maâ—â—r covering it And between that last hollowness and the aforesaid middle Ventricle is a certain glandulous flesh called Conarium because it is in the form of a Cone or Pine apple this glandule there doth sustain many Veins of the Pia Mater ascending toward the Center of the Brain that they may nourish it and this Glandule doth strain the superfluous Humidities to the aforesaid middle Ventricle from which they are purged forth to the aforesaid Embotum and from thence as it appeareth above In that hollowness spoken of in the last place which is behind the middle Ventricle being called the hinder Ventricle Authors doe commonly place the Memorative Vertue but I think otherwise And I say first that the Apprehensive Cogitative and Memorative Vertue are in the first of those Cavities placed for the former Ventricle as well in the right as in the left and the Apprehensive or Common Sense is in the former part of it and the Cogitative in the middle but in the hinder part of it is the Memorative And I say that the aforesaid Ventricle which Authors put for the middle Ventricle is not for the Cogitative Vertue but is a way for the purging out of many superfluities of the Brain and for the carrying of spirits to the aforesaid third Ventricle which spirits serve not to the Memorative Vertue but to the Motive and Sensitive Vertue which come from the aforesaid first Ventricle and are serving to the Common Sense and from hence it is comprehended that the Nuca hath vertually its beginning from the former part of the Brain and also that the Nuca doth substantially arise from the former part of the Brain as well from the colour of it as also from the continuation which is nevertheles continued also with the Cerebellum placed behind yet it hath greater direction and also Colligancy with the Brain than with the aforesaid Cerebellum But we have spoken these things better and more fully in our Commentaries upon Mundinus Of the Nerves proceeding from the Brain AFter the aforesaid things are to be seen the Nerves proceeding from the Brain which are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nuto flectomotus est flexionis instrumentum commonly seven pair of every pair there is on either side one like to its fellow and a Nerve called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 iâ— consimular member white viscous in substance long and round in shape fast and hard to separate the Organ of Sense and motion and the pure sensitiveâ— â—â—e softer and colder than the motives Therefore take away the Brain lightly beginning from the former part and you shall finde in the direct of the upper part of the Nose two white long substances on either side one cleaving to the Pia Mater the heads of which are somewhat gross wherefore they are called of many Carunculae Maâ—â—llares or fleshy Teats and they are the instruments of the Sense of Smelling which Galen calleth not Nerves because they are soft in the direct of them the pannicles of the Brain and the Os frontis are perforated as a Sieve as well for the smells as for the purging out superfluities of the Brain in necessities because for the most part they are purged forth by the Colatory which is in the direct of the â—â—oresaid Embotum and there beâ—â—re in the Skull is a certain notable hollowness filled for the most part with air in which air the â—â—â—se of Smelling is first received of those Caruncles After the aforesaid Caruncles you shall see two great Nerves which serve the eyes for the sight and these seem to be crossed but there is yet contention about this under a Judge After those is one pair of Nerves which is placed for the second pair and these give motion to the Eyes After those is a third pair which is a little while united to the fourth from which it is afterward separated and descending it is spread by the Face and within and