runs when he goes being compared to the slow and womanish pace of the Spaniard which is the cause that Spaniards are delighted with French servants for their quicke agillity in dispatching busines The Easterne people are specially endued with a good firme and well tempered wit not keeping their counsels secret and hid For the haste is of the nature of the Sunne and that part of the day which is next to the rising of the Sunne is counted the right-side and stronger and verily in all living things the right side is alwayes the more strong and vigorous But the Westerne people are more tender and effeminate and more close in their cariage and minde not easily making any one partaker of their secrets For the West is as it were subjct to the Moone because at the change it alwaies inclines to the West wherby it happens that it is reputed as nocturnall sinister and opposite to the East and the West is lesse temperate and wholsome Therefore of the windes none is more wholsome than the Eastwinde which blowes from the west with a most fresh and healthfull gale yet it seldome blowes and but onely at Sun-set The Northerne people are good eaters but much better drinkers witty when they are a litle moistened with wine and talkers of things both to be spoken and concealed not very constant in their promises and agreements but principall keepers and preservers of shamefastnes and chastity farre different from the inhabitants of the South who are wonderfull sparing sober secret and subtle and much addicted to all sorts of wicked Lust Aristotle in his Problemes saith that those nations are barbarous and cruell both which are burnt with immoderate heate and which are opprest with excessive cold because a soft temper of the Heavens softens the Manners and the minde Wherfore both as well the Northerne as Scythians and Germans and the Southerne as Africans are cruell but these have this of a certaine naturall stoutnes and souldierlike boldnes and rather of anger than a wilfull desire of revenge because they cannot restraine by the power of reason the first violent motions of their anger by reason of the heat of their blood But those of a certaine inbred and inhumane pravity of manners wilfully and willingly premeditating they performe the workes of cruelty because they are of a sad and melancholy nature You may have an example of the Northerne cruelty from the Transilvanians against their seditious Captaine George whom they gave to be torne in peeces alive and devoured by his Soldiers being kept fasting for three dayes before for that purpose who was then unbowelled and rosted and so by them eaten up The Cruelty of Hannibal the Captaine of the Carthaginians may suffise for an instance of the Southerne cruelty He left the Romane Captives wearied with burdens and the lenght of the way with the soles of their feet cut off But those he brought into his tents joyning brethren and kinsmen together he caused to fight neither was satisfied with blood before he brought all the victors to one man Also we may see the cruell nature of the Southerne Americans who dip their children in the blood of their slaine enemies then sucke their blood and banquet with their broken and squeased Limbs And as the Inhabitants of the South are free from divers Plethoricke diseases which are caused by aboundance of blood to which the Northerne people are subject as Feavers Defluxions Tumors Madnesse with laughter which causeth those which have it to leape and dance The people commonly terme it S. vittus his Evill which admits of no remedy but Musicke So they are often molested with the Frensie invading with madnesse and fury by the heat whereof they are often so ravished and carried besides themselves that they foretell things to come they are terrified with horrible dreames and in their fits they speake in strange and forraigne tongues but they are so subject to the scurfe and all kind of scabbs and to the Leprosie as their homebread disease that no houses are so frequently mett withall by such as travell through either of the Mauritania's as Hospitalls provided for the Lodging of Lepers Those who inhabit rough and Mountainous places are more brutish tough able to endure labour but such as dwell in plaines especially if they be moorish or fennish are of a tender body and sweate much with a litle labour the truth of which is confirmed by the Hollanders and Frizlanders But if the plaine be such as is scortched by the heate of the Sunne and blowne upon by much contrariety of windes it breeds men who are turbulent not to be tamed desirous of sedition and novelty stubborne impatient of servitude as may be perceived by the sole example of the inhabitants of Narbon a province of France Those who dwell in poore and barren places are commonly more witty and diligent and most patient of labours the truth of which the famous witts of the Athenians Ligurians and Romanes and the plaine country of the Boeotians in Greece of the Campanians in Italy and of the rest of the inhabiters adjoyning to the Ligurian sea approves CHAP. VIII Of the Faculties A Faculty is a certaine power and efficient cause proceeding from the temperament of the part and the performer of some actions of the body There are three principall Faculties governing mans body as long as it enjoyes its integrity the Animall Vitall and Naturall The Animall is seated in the propertemperament of the Braine from whence it is distributed by the Nerves into all parts of the body which have sense and motion This is of three kinds for one is Moving another sensative the third principall The sensative consists in the five externall senses sight hearing taste smell and touch The Moving principally remaines in the Muscles and nerves as the fit instruments of voluntary motion The Principall comprehends the Reasoning faculty the Memory and Fantasie Galen would have the Common or inward sense to be comprehended within the compasse of the Fantasie although Aristotle distinguisheth betweene them The Vitall abides in the Hart from whence heat and life is distributed by the Arteryes to the whole body this is principally hindered in the diseases of the Brest as the Principall is when any disease assailes the Braine the prime action of the vitall faculty is Pulsation and that continued agitation of the Heart and Arteryes which is of threefold use to the body for by the dilatation of the Heart and Arteryes the vitall spirit is cherished by the benefit of the Aire which is drawne in by the contraction thereof the vapours of it are purged and sent forth and the native heat of the whole body is tempered by them both The last is the Naturall faculty which hath chosen its principall seate in the Liver it spreads or carries the nourishment over the whole body but it is distinguished into 3. other faculties The
from the belly of the Muscle may seeme to end in a ligament I will answer that it is the condition of every nervous part so to binde or fasten it selfe to another part of his owne kinde as to a stay so that it can scarse be pluckt from thence We see the proofe hereof in the Peritonaeum or Rim in the Epigastrium or lower part of the lower belly That which covers the Muscles of the Epigastrium is but one unlesse you had rather part it in two the right and the left distinguished by the interposition of the Linea Alba or white Line It is scituate betwixt the fat and Muscles for it is fastened above and below to these parts with fibers which in smallnesse and fitnesse exceed the Spiders web But by its vessells it participates with the three principall parts and is of a cold and dry temper The use of it is to containe the Muscles in their naturall vnion and to keepe them as much as in it lyes from putrifaction which may happen to them from pus or matter which is often cast forth of the simular parts into the empty spaces and distances of the Muscles Wherefore going about to separate the fat of the Epigastrium where thou must begin the dissection of mans body you must have a care that you hurt it not with your knife but that before you touch the Muscles see you artificially take it away that you may the more easily separate the Muscles lying under it distinguished by a manifest space at the white Line which is made by the meeting together of the proper coates of all those muscles CHAP. VIII What a Muscle is and how many differences there be thereof A Muscle is the instrument of voluntary motion and simple voluntary motion is performed six manner of wayes upwards downewards forwards backwards to the right hand and to the left but the compound one way which is circularly the which is performed by the continuall succession of the motion of the Muscles ingirting the part Such a Motion Falconers use when they stretch forth their hand and Lure their Hauke We have some parts which have motion without a Muscle but that motion is not voluntary such parts be the heart stomacke gutts both the bladders that is that of the Gall and that of the urine and diverse other which have the motions of attraction expulsion and retention by the meanes of the three sorts of fibers for they draw by the right expell by the transverse and retaine by the oblique The differences of Muscles which are many and diverse are taken from their substance originall insertion into the part which they move for me or figure holes or openings magnitude colour site kind of fibers their conjugation or connexion heads bellyes tendons opposition in action and office Some in substance are nervous venous arterious because they have manifest nerves veines and arteryes as the Midriffe the Intercostall and Epigastricke Muscles and many more and that for their difference from other Muscles into which neither nerve nor veine or Arteryes are manifestly inserted although secretly they admit them all for sense and motion life and nourishment such are the Muscles of the wrest the wormy muscles of the hands and feet for if there be any nerves observed in them they are very small Some had rather make the difference of Muscles thus that some of them are fleshy some nervous others membranous From their Originall some arise from the bones as these which move the hands armes and Leggs others from gristles as the Muscles of the throat others from membranes which invest the tendons as the wormy Muscles of the hands and feet others from ligaments as the Extenders of the fingers others from other muscles as the two lower Muscles of the yard which proceed from the Sphincter Muscle of the fundament Others have no originall as the membrane which we call the fleshy pannicle assumes flesh in certaine places and degenerates into a Muscle such are the Cremaster or hanging Muscles of the testicles the large Muscles of the face and if you please the Midriffe as that which is composed of two coates the one in compassing the ribbs and the Peritonaeum hath flesh in the midst betweene the two membranes And moreover some Muscles have their originall from one onely bone as these which bend and extend the Cubite others arise of many bones as the oblique descending the Dorsall and many Muscles of the necke with arise together from many spondyls and sides of spondyls There be others according to the opinion of some men both from the bones and gristles of the Pubis at the right or direct Muscles of the Epigastrium yet by their favour I thinke otherwise Because by the Anatomicall and received axiome A Muscle is there thought to take his beginnings from whence he receives a nerve but these Muscles take a nerve from the intercostall muscles wherefore their originall ought to be referred to the sides of the brest blades as shall be shewed in due place From their insertion arise these differences some are inserted into a bone as those which move the head Armes and Legs others into a gristle as those of the Throtle eyelids nose and the obliqueascendant muscles of the Epigastrium some into a bone and gristle both as the right muscles of the Epigastrium and the Midriffe some into the skin as the muscles of the lips others into the Coates as the muscles of the eyes others into Ligaments as the muscles of the yeard But these differences following may be drawne both from their insertion and originall For some muscles arising from many parts are inserted into some one part as divers of these which move the arme and the shoulder which arising from many spondiles are inserted into the bone of the shoulder and the shoulder blade Others arise from one part and insert themselves into more as those which arise from the bottome of the shoulder blades are extended and inserted into some eight or nine of the upper ribbs to helpe respiration and the benders and extenders of the fingers and toes Others arising from many bones are inserted into as many as some of those which serve for respiration to wit those which we call the hinder Saw-muscles and the Semispinatus which sends a tendon into all the ribbs Others have their originall from many bones and end in gristles of the seven ribbs as those two which lye under the Sternon Moreover also these differences of muscles may be drawne from the originall and insertion that some proceed from bones and are inserted into the next bone to helpe and strengthen the motion thereof as the three muscles of the Hip others arise from an upper bone are not inserted into the next but into some other as the long muscles Some are named from the part they move as the temporall muscles because they move the temples others from their office as
in which it is terminated Others have a Tendon indeede But some of these move with the bone some not as the muscles of the eyes and besides some of these have broad and membranous tendons as the muscles of the eyes and Epigastrium except the right muscles in others they are thicke and round as in the benders of the fingers in others they are lesse round but more broad than thicke such is the Tendon arising from the twin muscles and Soleus of the legge others have short Tendons as the muscles which turne downe the hand othersome long as those of the plames of the hands and soles of the feet besides others produce Tendons from the end of their belly which Tendons are manifest others from the midst as the Temporall muscles Besides also others diffuse many tendons from their belly as in the hands the benders of the fingers and the extenders of the feet Othersome put forth but one which sometimes is devided into many as those which bend the third articulation of the foot otherwhile many muscles by their meeting together make one Tendon as the three muscles of the Calfe of the leg and those which bend the cubit and leg All tendons have their originall when the nerves and ligaments dispersed through the fleshy substance of a muscle are by litle and litle drawne and meet together untill at last carried to the joynt they are there fastened for the fit bending and extension thereof From the contrariety of their Actions for some parts have contrary muscles benders and extenders Other parts have none for the Cods and fundament have onely lifters up From their function for some are made for direct motions as those which extend the fingers and toes others for oblique as the Supinators of the hand and the Pronators others performe both as the pectorall muscle which moves the Arme obliquely upward and downeward as the upper and lower fibers are contracted and also out right if all the fibers be contracted together which also happens to the Deltoides and Trapezius I have thought it good to handle particularly these differences of muscles because that by understanding them the prognosticke will be more certaine and also the application of remedies to each part and if any occasion be either to make incision or suture we may be more certaine whether the part affected be more or lesse nervous CHAP. IX Of the parts of a Muscle HAving declared the nature and differences of a muscle we must note that some of the parts thereof are compound or universall others simple or particular The compound are the head Belly and taile The simple are ligaments a nerve flesh a veine artery and coate For the compound parts by the head we understand the beginning and originall of a muscle which is one while ligamentous and nervous otherwhiles also fleshy By the belly that portion which is absolutely fleshy But by the taile we understand a Tendon consisting partly of a nerve partly of a ligament promiscuously comming forth from the belly of the muscle For asmuch as belongs to the simple which are sixe in number three are called proper and three common The proper are a Ligament from a bone a nerve proceeding from the Braine or spinall marrow and flesh compact by the concretion of blood The Common are a veine from the Liver or trunke arising from thence an artery proceeding from the Heart a Coate produced by the nervous ligamentous fibers spreading over the superficies of the muscle But for the simple use of all such parts the nerve is as it were the principall part of a muscle which gives it sense and motion the Ligament gives strength the flesh containes the nervous and ligamentous fibers of the muscle and strengthens it filling up all the void spaces and also it preserves the native humidity of these parts and cherisheth the heat implanted in them and to conclude defends it from all externall injuries for like a fan it opposeth it selfe against the heat of the Sunne and is as a garment against the cold and as a cushion in all falls and bruises and as a buckler or defence against wounding weapons The veine nourishes the muscle the arterie gives it life the coat preserves the harmony of all the parts thereof lest they should be any wayes disioyned or corrupted by purulent abscesses breaking into the empty or void spaces of the muscles as we see it happens in a Gangrene where the corruption hath invaded this membrane by the breaking out of the more acride matter or filth CHAP. X. A more particular inquisition into each part of a muscle HAving gone thus farre it remaines that we more particularly inquire into each part of a muscle that if it be possible nothing may be wanting to this discourse Wherefore a Ligament properly so called is a simple part of mans body next of a bone and gristle the most terrestriall dry hard cold white taking its originall immediatly or by the interposition of some Medium from the BOnes or Gristles from whence also the Muscles have their beginning wherby it comes to passe that a ligament is void of sense unlesse it receive a nerve from some other place For so the Ligaments which compose strengthen the Tongue and yeard are partakers of sense and it inserts it self into the bone and gristle that so it may bind them together and strengthen and beautifie the whole joynt or connexion for these three be the principal uses of a Ligament then diffusing it self into the membranes and muscles to strengthen those parts A nerve to speake properly is also a simple parte of our body bred and nourished by a grosse and Phlegmaticke humor such as the braine the originall of all the nerves and also the Spinall marrow endewed with the faculty of feeling and oftentimes also of moving For there be divers parts of the body which have nerves yet are destitute of all voluntary motion having the sense onely of feeling as the membranes veines arteries guts and all the entrailes A nerve is covered with a double cover from the two membranes of the braine and besides also with a third proceeding from the ligaments which fasten the hinder part of the head to the Vertebra's or else from the Pericranium Wee understand no other things by the fibers of a nerve or of a Ligament than long and slender threds white solid cold strong more or lesse according to the quantity of the substance which is partly nervous and sensible partly Ligamentous and insensible You must imagine the same of the fleshy fibers in their kind but of these threds some are straight for attraction others oblique for retention of that which is convenient for the creature and lastly some transverse for the expulsion of which is unprofitable But when these transverse threds are extended in length they are lessened in bredth but when they are directly contracted they are shortened in length But when they
the gums by acride vapours rising to the mouth but the lips of Leprous persons are more swolne by the internall heat burning and incrassating the humours as the outward heat of the Sun doth in the Moores The eighth signe is the swelling blacknesse of the tongue and as it were varicous veins lying under it because the tongue being by nature spongious and rare is easily stored with excrementitious humours sent from the inner parts unto the habit of the body which same is the cause why the grandules placed about the tongue above and below are swolne hard round no otherwise than scrophulous or meazled swine Lastly all their face riseth in red bunches or pushes and is over-spread with a duskie and obscure redness the eies are fiery fierce and fixed by a melancholick chachectick disposition of the whole body manifest signes whereof appeare in the face by reason of the forementioned causes yet some leprous persons have their faces tinctured with a yellowish others with a whitish colour according to the condition of the humor which serves for a Basis to the leprous malignity For hence Physicians affirme that there are three sorts of Leprosies one of a redish black colour consisting in a melancholick humour another of a yellowish greene in a cholericke humour another in a whitish yellow grounded upon adust phlegme The ninth signe is a stinking of the breath as also of all the excrements proceeding from leprous bodies by reason of the malignity conceived in the humours The tenth is a hoarsnesse a shaking harsh and obscure voyce comming as it were out of the nose by reason of the lungs recurrent nerves and muscles of the throttle tainted with the grossenesse of a virulent and adust humour the forementioned constriction obstruction of the inner passage of the nose and lastly the asperity and inequality of the weazon by immoderate drynesse as it happens to such as have drunk plentifully of strong wines without any mixture This immoderate drinesse of the muscles serving for respiration makes them to bee trouled with a difficulty of breathing The eleventh signe is very observable which is a Morphew or defaedation of all the skin with a dry roughnesse and grainy inequality such as appears in the skins of plucked geese with many tetters on every side a filthy scab and ulcers not casting off onely a branlike scurfe but also scailes and crusts The cause of this dry scab is the heat of the burning bowels humours unequally contracting and wrinkling the skin no otherwise than as leather is wrinkled by the heat of the Sun or fire The cause of the filthy scab serpiginous ulcers is the eating and corroding condition of the melancholy humour and the venenate corruption it also being the author of corruption so that it may be no marvell if the digestive faculty of the liver being spoyled the assimulative of a maligne and unfit matter sent into the habit of the body cannot well nor fitly performe that which may be for the bodies good The twelfth is the sense of a certain pricking as it were of goads or needles over all the skin caused by an acride vapour hindred from passing forth and intercepted by the thicknesse of the skin The thirteenth is a consumption and emaciation of the muscles which are betweene the thumbe and fore-finger not onely by reason that the nourishing and assimulating faculties want fit matter wherewith they may repaire the losse of these parts for that is common to these with the rest of the body but because these muscles naturally rise up unto a certaine mountanous tumor therefore their depression is the more manifest And this is the cause that the shoulders of leprous persons stand out like wings to wit the emaciation of the inner part of the muscle Trapezites The fourteenth signe is the diminution of sense or a numnesse over all the body by reason that the nerves are obstructed by the thicknesse of the melancholick humour hindring the free passage of the animal spirit that it cannot come to the parts that should receive sense these in the interim remaining free which are sent into the muscles for motions sake and by this note I chiefly make tryall of leprous persons thrusting a somewhat long and thick needle somewhat deep into the great tendon endued with most exquisite sense which runs to the heel which if they do not well feele I conclude that they are certainly leprous Now for that they thus lose their sense their motion remaining entire the cause hereof is that the nerves which are disseminated to the skin are more affected and those that run into the muscles are not so much therefore when as you prick them somewhat deep they feel the prick which they do not in the surface of the skin The fifteenth is the corruption of the extreme parts possessed by putrefaction and a gangrene by reason of the corruption of the humours sent thither by the strength of the bowels infecting with the like tainture the parts wherein they remain adde hereto that the animal sensitive faculty is there decayed and as often as any faculty hath forsaken any part the rest presently after a manner neglect it The sixteenth is they are troubled with terrible dreames for they seeme in their sleep to see divels serpents dungeons graves dead bodies and the like by reason of the black vapours of the melancholie humour troubling the phantasie with black and dismall visions by which reason also such as are bitten of a mad dog feare the water The seventeenth is that at the beginning and in the increase of the disease they are subtle crafty and furious by reason of the heat of the humours bloud but at length in the state and declension they become crafty and suspicious the heat and burning of the bloud and entrailes decaying by little and little therefore then fearing all things whereof there is no cause distrusting of their owne strength they endeavour by craft maliciously to circumvent those with whom they deal for that they perceive their powers to faile them The eighteenth is a desire of venery above their nature both for that they are inwardly burned with a strange heat as also by the mixture of flatulencies therewith for whose generation the melancholick humour is most fit which are agitated violently carried through the veins and genitall parts by the preternaturall heat but at length when this heate is cooled and that they are fallen into a hot and dry distemper they mightily abhor venery which then would bee very hurtfull to them as it also is at the beginning of the disease because they have small store of spirits and native heat both which are dissipated by venery The nineteenth is the so great thicknesse of their grosse and livide bloud that if you wash it you may finde a sandy matter therein as some have found by experience by reason of the great adustion and
implicite or mixed diseases we may draw Indications from these 3. heades From that which is most urgent From the cause and From that without which the disease can not be taken away such are Bitternesse of paine a defluxion into a part a Varix or bigge swollen veine a distemperature if they be joyned with a disease Cause of the disease which two oftē indicate require medicines contrary to the disease Symptomes CHAP. XXIII Of certaine wonderfull and extravagant wayes of Curing diseases AS Monsters sometimes happen in nature so also in diseases and in the events and cures of diseases I understand by monsters certaine marvellous successes in diseases or certaine wayes of curing them which swarve from Arte and happen besides reason nature and common use Alexander ab Alexandro and Peter Gilius tell that in Apulia a part of Italy they have a certaine kind of Spider very frequent the natives call it Tarentula Petrus Rhodius calls it Phalangium The Inhabitants finde these Spiders in the first heate of Summer so venenate and deadly that whomsoever they touch with their virulent biting he presently without he have speedy remedy deprived of all sense and motion falls downe or certainely if he escape the danger of death he leades the remnant of his life in madnesse Experience hath found a remedy by Musicke for this so speedy and deadly a disease Wherefore as soone as they can they fetch Fidlers and Pipers of divers kinds who by playing and piping may make Musicke at the hearing whereof he which was fallen downe by reason of the venemous bite rises cheerfully and dances so long to their measures and tunes untill by the painfull continued shaking and agitation of the whole body all the malignity is dissipated by transpiration and sweates Alexander adds that it happened once in his sight that the Musitions their winde hands failing them ceased playing and then the Danser presently fell downe as if hee had beene dead But by and by the Musicke beginning anew he rise up againe and continued his dansing till the perfect dissipation of the venome And that it hath happened besides that one not so perfectly healed certaine reliques of the disease yet remaining when a long time after he heard by chance a noise of Musitions he presently fell a leaping and dansing neither could he be made to leave before he was perfectly cured Some affirme according to the opinion of Asclepiades that such as are Franticke are much helped with a sweet and Musicall harmony Theophrastus and Aulus Gellius say that the paine of the Goute and Sciatica are taken away by Musicke And the Sacred Scripture testifies that David was wont by the sweet sound of the Harpe to refresh and ease King Saul when he was miserablely tormented by his evill spirit Herodotus in Clio tells that Craesus the King of Lydia had a Sonne which of a long time could not speake and when hee came to mans estate was accounted dumbe but when an Enemie with his drawne sword invaded his father overcome in a great fight and the City being take in which hee was not knowing that hee was the King the young man opened his mouth endeavoring to cry out and with that striving and forcing of the Spirit hee broke the bonds and hinderances of his tongue and spoke plainely and Articulately crying out to the Enemie that hee should not kill King Craesus So both the Enemie withheld his sword and the King had his life and his Sonne had his speech alwayes after Plutarch in his booke Of the benefit to be received from our Enemies tells that a Thessalian called Proteus had a certaine inveterate and incurable ulcer in a certaine part of his body which could not be healed before hee received a wound in a conflict in the same place and by that meanes the cure being begun afresh the wound and ulcer were both healed Quintus Fabius Maximus as Livye writes was long and very sicke of a quartaine Ague neither could have wished successe from medicines administred according to Arte untill skirmishing with the Allobroges hee shaked off his old feaverish heate by a new heate and ardent desire of fighting It was crediblely reported to me of late by a Gentleman of the Lord of Lansackes Chamber that there was a French Gentleman in Polonia who was greivously tormented with a quartaine Feaver who on a time walking upon the banke of the River Wixell to take away the irkesomenesse of his fit was thrust in jeast into the River by a friend of his that met him by chance by which although hee could swim as hee also knew that thrust him in hee conceived so great feare that the Quartaine never troubled him after King Henry the second commanded me to goe from the Campe at Amiens to the City Dorlan that I might cure those that were hurt in the conflict with the Spaniards the Captaine S. Arbin although at that time he had a fit of a quartaine ague yet would hee be present at the fight in which being shott through the side of his necke with a Bullet hee was strucken with such a terror of death that the heate of the Feaver was asswaged by the cold feare and he afterwards lived freed from his Ague Franciscus Valleriola the famous Physition of Arles tells that Iohn Berlam his fellow Citizen troubled with a Palsey of one side of his body for many yeares his house taking fire and the flame comming neere the bed in which he lay he strucken with a great feare suddenly raised himselfe with all the force hee had and presently recovering the strength of his body leapes out at the window from the top of the house and was presently cured of his disease sense and motion being restored to the part so that afterward hee went upright without any sense of paine who lay unmoveable for many yeares before Hee tells the like in the same place of his cosen Iohn Sobiratius hee was a long time lame at Auignion by reason that the nerves of his hams were shrunke and drawne up so that hee could not goe being moved with a vehement and suddaine passion of anger against one of his servants whom hee endevored to beate hee so stirred his body that forthwith the Nerves of his hams being distended and his knees made plyant hee began to goe and stand upright without any sense of paine when hee had beene crooked about the space of six yeares before and all his life after he remained sound Galen tells hee was once fetched to stanch the bleeding for one who had an Artery cut nere his ancle and that by his meanes hee was cured without any danger of an Aneurisma i a relaxation of a veinous vessell and besides by that accidentall wound hee was freed from most greivous paine of his hippe with which he was tormented for foure yeares before but although this easing of the paine of the Sciatica happened according to reason by the
meninx is one of the first and principall membranes of the body it goes forth by the futures and the holes of the nerves that proceed out of the skull and it passes forth by the bone Ethmoides perforated for that purpose to carry smels to the Braine and purge it of excrementitious humors This same Crassa meninx invests the inner coate of the Nose also it passes forth of the great hole through which the spinall marrow passes vested with this Crassa meninx with all the nerves and membranes For which cause if any membrane in the whole body be hurt by reason of that continuation which it hath with the Meninges it straight communicates the hurt to the head by consent The Crassa meninx is thicker and harder than all other membranes in the body whereupon it hath got the name of the Dura mater besides also it begirts produces and defends the other membranes The use of it is to involue all the braine and to keepe it when it is dilated that it be not hurt by the hardnesse of the Scull For the course of nature is such that it alwayes places some third thing of a middle nature betwixt two contraryes Also the Crassa meninx yeelds another commodity which is that it carryes the veines and arteryes entring the Scull fora long space For they infinuate themselves into that part where the duplicated or folded Meninges separate the braine from the Cerebellum and so from thence they are led by the sides of the Cerebellum untill they come as it were to the toppe thereof where being united they infinuate themselves into that other part of the Crassa meninx where in like manner being duplicated and doubled it parts the braine at the top into the right and left These united veines run in a direct passage even to the fore-head after the manner of the Sagittall suture They have called this passage of the mutually infolded veines the Torcular or Presse because the blood which nourishes the braine is pressed and drops from thence by the infinite mouthes of these small veines Therefore also here is another use of the Crassa meninx to distinguish the braine by its duplication being it thrusts it selfe deepe into its body into two parts the fore and hind and presently to separate the same into the right and left that one part being hurt the other may remaine safe and sound performing its duty to the creature as we see in some that have the Palsey Columbus observed that this Meninx was double and verily I have found it true by my owne sight The other Meninx or membrane of the braine called Piamater is most slender interchased with divers veines and arteryes for its owne and the braines nourishment and life This doth not onely involve the Braine as the Crassa meninx doth but also more deeply penetrates into the anfractuous passages thereof that it may every where joyne and bind it to it selfe not easily to be drawne from thence by many small fibers whereby it descends even to the cavities of the ventricles thereof Wherefore you must see it absolutely in the site as wee have mentioned and not plucke it away unlesse with the substance of the Braine These membranes when they are hurt or afflicted cause greivous and most bitter torment and paine wherefore I dare say that these membranes are rather the authors of sense than the braine it selfe because in diseases of the Braine as in the Lethargie the party affected is troubled with litle or no sense of paine CHAP. VI. Of the Braine NOw followeth the Braine the beginning of the nerves and voluntary motion the instrument of the first and principall faculty of the Soule that is the Animall and Rationall Man hath this part in greater plenty then any other Creature for it almost fills the whole Scull But if it should have filled it all the Braine could not be moved that is dilated and contracted in the Scull It is of a cold and moist Temperature The laudible temper of the braine is knowne by the integrity and perfection of the internall and externall senses the indifferency of sleepe and waking the Maturity or ripenesse of judgment and constancy of opinions from which unlesse it meet with better and more probable it is not easie to be moved The first figure of the head as it appeares when the scull is taken away The second figure shewing the Braine the scull and Dura mater being taken off AA BB. The Dura meninx or thicke membrane CCC The third Sinus of this membrane DD. The course of the veines as they runne through the membrane or the second veine of the braine EE The first veine of the braine FFF Certaine smal veines which perforate the scull and reach to the periçranium or Scull-skin GGG Fibres of the Dura meninx passing through the Coronall Suture which fibres make the Pericranium HH fibres passing through the sagittall Suture II. Others passing through the Lambdall Suture K. A knub which useth to grow to the Sinus of the Scull L. A cavitie in the fore-head bone M. The Scull N. The Pericranium or Scull-skinne Fig. 2. AAA A part of the Crasse meninx dividing the braine BB. the third Sinus of the same Crasse membrane opened CC. the beginning of the vessels out of the third Sinus into the Piamater DDD the propagation or branches of these vessels EEE the Piamater or thin meninx immediately compassing the braine FFF Certaine vessels running through the convolutions or branches of the braine GGG Certaine branches of veines running through the sides of the dura meninx HHH The thicke membrane reflected downeward You shall know the braine is more hott by the quicknesse of the senses and motions of the body by shortnesse of sleepe the suddaine conceiving of opinions and change of them by the slippery and failing memory and lastly by easily receiving hurt from hot things as the Sunne and Fire Such as have a cold braine are slow to learning and to conceive other things but they do not easily put away their once conceived opinions They have slow motion to action and are sleepy Those who have a dry braine are also slow to learne for you shall not easily imprint any thing in dry bodyes but they are most constant reteiners of those things they have once learned also the motions of their bodyes are quicke and nimble Those who have a moist braine doe easily learne but have an ill memory for with like facility as they admit the species of things and imprint them in their minds doe they suffer them to slide and slip out of it againe So Clay doth easily admit what Character or impression soever you will but the parts of this Clay which easily gave way to this impression going together againe mixes obliterates and confounds the same Therefore the senses proceeding from a cold braine are dull the motions flow the sleepe profound The Action of the braine is to elaborate the
it hath not bin sufficiently explained why a convulsion in wounds of the head seazes on the part opposite to the blow Therefore I have thought good to end that controversie in this place My reason is this that kinde of Symptome happens in the sound part by reason of emptinesse and drynesse but there is a twofold cause and that wholy in the wounded part of this emptinesse and drynesse of the sound or opposite part to wit paine and the concourse of the spirits and humors thither by the occasion of the wound and by reason of the paines drawing and natures violently sending helpe to the afflicted part The sound part exhausted by this meanes both of the spirits and humors easily falls into a Convulsion For thus Galen writes God the creatour of nature hath so knit together the triple spirituous substance of our bodies with that tye and league of concord by the productions of the passages to wit of Nerves Veines and Arteries that if one of these forsake any part the rest presently neglect it whereby it languisheth and by little and little dyes through defect of nourishment But if any object that nature hath made the body double for this purpose that when one part is hurt the other remaining safe and sound might suffice for life and necessity but I say this axiome hath no truth in the vessells and passages of the body For it hath not every where doubled the vessels for there is but one onely veine appointed for the nourishment of the braine and the membranes thereof which is that they call the Torcular by which when the left part is wounded it may exhaust the nourishment of the right and sound part and though that occasion cause it to have a convulsion by too much drynesse Verily it is true that when in the opposite parts the muscles of one kinde are equall in magnitude strength and number the resolution of one part makes the convulsion of the other by accident but it is not so in the braine For the two parts of the braine the right and left each by its selfe performes that which belongs thereto without the consent conspiratiou or commerce of the opposite part for otherwise it should follow that the Palsie properly so called that is of halfe the body which happens by resolution caused either by mollification or obstruction residing in either part of the braine should inferre together with it a Convulsion of the opposite part Which notwithstanding dayly experience convinces as false Wherefore wee must certainely thinke that in wounds of the head wherein the braine is hurt that inanition and want of nourishment are the causes that the sound and opposite part suffers a convulsion Francis Dalechampius in his French Chirurgiry renders another reason of this question That saith he the truth of this proposition may stand firme and ratified we must suppose that the convulsion of the opposite part mentioned by Hippocrates doth then onely happen when by reason of the greatnesse of the inflammation in the hurt part of the braine which hath already inferred corruption and a Gangraene to the braine and membranes thereof and within a short time is ready to cause a sphacell in the scull so that the disease must be terminated by death for in this defined state of the disease and these conditions the sense and motion must necessarily perish in the affected part as we see it happens in other Gangraenes through the extinction of the native heate Besides the passages of the animall spirit must necessarily bee so obstructed by the greatnesse of such an inflammation or phlegmon that it cannot flow from thence to the parts of the same side lying there under and to the neighbouring parts of the braine and if it should flow thither it will be unprofitable to carry the strength and facultie of sense and motion as that which is infected and changed by admixture of putred and Gangraenous vapours Whereby it cometh to passe that the wounded part destitute of sense is not stirred up to expell that which would be troublesome to it if it had sense wherefore neither are the Nerves thence arising seased upon or contracted by a Convulsion It further more comes to passe that because these same nerves are deprived of the presence and comfort of the animall spirit and in like manner the parts of the same side drawing from thence their sense and motion are possessed with a palsie for a palsie is caused either by cutting or obstruction of a Nerve or the madefaction or mollification thereof by a thinne and watry humor or so affected by some vehement distemper that it cannot receive the Animall spirit But for the opposite part and the convulsion thereof it is knowne and granted by all that a convulsion is caused either by repletion which shortens the Nerves by distending them into bredth or by inanition when as the native and primitive heate of the Nerves being wasted their proper substance becomming dry is wrinckled up and contracted or else it proceedes from the vellication and acrimonie of some vapour or sanious and biting humor or from vehemencie of paine So wee have knowne the falling sicknesse caused by a venenate exhalation carried from the foote to the braine Also wee know that a convulsion is caused in the puncture of the Nerves when as any acride and sanious humor is shut up therein the orifice thereof being closed but in wounds of the Nerves when any Nerve is halfe cut there happens a convulsion by the bitternesse of the paine But verily in the opposite part there are manifestly two of these causes of a convulsion that is to say a putride and carionlike vapour exhaling from the hurt and Gangraenate part of the braine and also a virulent acride and biting Sauies or filth sweating into the opposite sound part from the affected and Gangraenous the malignitie of which Sanies Hippocrates desirous to decipher in reckoning up the deadly signes of a wounded head hath expressed it by the word Ichor and in his booke of fractures he hath called this humor Dacryodes et non Pyon that is weeping and not digested Therefore it is no mervaile if the opposite and sound part endewed with exquisite and perfect sense and offended by the flowing thereto of both the vaporours and sanious matter using its own force contend and labour as much as it can for the expulsion of that which is trouble somethereto This labouring or concussion is followed as we see in the falling sicknesse by a convulsion as that which is undertaken in vaine death being now at hand and nature over-ruled by the disease Thus saith Dalechampius must we in my judgement determine of that proposition of Hippocrates and Avicen But he addes further in wounds of the head which are not deadly practitioners observe that sometimes the hurt part is taken with the palsie and the sound with a convulsion otherwhiles on the contrary the wounded part is seazed by a
exquisitly extreame remedies are best to be applyed Yet first be certaine of the mortification of the part for it is no little or small matter to cut off a member without a cause Therefore I have thought it fit to set downe the signes whereby you may know a perfect and absolute mortification CHAP. XVII The signes of a perfect Necrosis or Mortification YOu shall certainly know that a Gangreene is turned into a Sphacell or mortification and that the part is wholly and throughly dead if it looke of a blacke colour and bee colder than stone to your touch the cause of which coldnesse is not occasioned by the frigiditie of the aire if there bee a great softnesse of the part so that if you presse it with your finger it rises not againe but retaines the print of the impression If the skinne come from the flesh lying under it if so great and strong a smell exhale especially in an ulcerated Sphacell that the standers by cannot endure or suffer it if a sanious moisture viscide greene or blackish flow from thence if it bee quite destitute of sense and motion whether it be pulled beaten crushed pricked burnt or cut off Here I must admonish the young Chirurgion that hee be not deceived concerning the losse or privation of the sense of the part For I know very many deceived as thus the patients pricked on that part would say they felt much paine there But that feeling is oft deceiptfull as that which proceeds rather from the strong apprehension of great paine which formerly reigned in the part than from any facultie of feeling as yet remaining A most cleare and manifest argument of this false and deceitful sense appeares after the amputation of the member for a long while after they will complaine of the part which is cut away Verily it is a thing wondrous strange and prodigious and which will scarse be credited unlesse by such as have seene with their eyes and heard with their eares the patients who have many moneths after the cutting away of the Legge grievous ly complained that they yet felt exceeding great paine of that Leg so cut of Wherefore have a speciall care least this hinder your intended amputation a thing pittifull yet absolutely necessary for to preserve the life of the patient and all the rest of his body by cutting away of that member which hath all the signes of a Sphacell and perfect mortification for otherwise the neglected fire will in a moment spread over all the body and take away all hope of remedy for thus Hippocrates wisheth That Sections Vstions and Terebrations must bee performed as soone as neede requires CHAP. XVIII Where Amputation must be made IT is not sufficient to know that Amputation is necessary but also you must learne in what place of the dead part it must bee done and herein the wisedome and judgement of the Chirurgion is most apparent Art bids to take hold of the quicke and to cut off the member in the sound flesh but the same art wisheth us to preserve whole that which is sound as much as in us lies I will shew thee by a familiar example how thou maist carry thy selfe in these difficulties Let us suppose that the foote is mortified even to the anckle here you must attentively marke in what place you must cut it off For unlesse you take hold of the quicke flesh in the amputation or if you leave any putrefaction you profit nothing by amputation for it will creepe and spread over the rest of the body It befits Physicke ordained for the preservation of mankind to defend from the iron or instrument and all manner of injurie that which enjoyes life and health Wherefore you shall cut off as little of that which is sound as you possibly can yet so that you rather cut away that which is quicke than leave behind any thing that is perished according to the advice of Celsus Yet oft times the commodity of the action of the rest of the part and as it were a certaine ornament thereof changes this counsell For if you take these two things into your consideration they will induce you in this propounded case and example to cut off the Legge some five fingers breadth under the knee For so the patient may more fitly use the rest of his Legge and with lesse trouble that is he may the better goe on a woodden Legge for otherwise if according to the common rules of Art you cut it off close to that which is perished the patient will be forced with trouble to use three Legges in stead or two For I so knew Captaine Francis Clerke when as his foote was strucken off with an iron bullet shot forth of a man of warre and afterwards recovered and healed up hee was much troubled and wearied with the heavy and unprofitable burden of the rest of his Legge wherefore though whole and sound he caused the rest thereof to bee cut off some five fingers breadth below his knee and verily hee useth it with much more ease and facility than before in performance of any motion Wee must doe otherwise if any such thing happen in the Arme that is you must cut off a little of the sound part as you can For the actions of the Legges much differ from these of the armes and chiefly in this that the body restsnot neither is carried upon the armes as it is upon the feete and Legges CHAP. XIX How the section or amputation must be performed THe first care must be of the patients strength wherefore let him be nourished with meats of good nutriment easie digestion and such as generate many spirits as with the yolkes of Egges and bread tosted and dipped in Sacke or Muskedine Then let him bee placed as is fit and drawing the muscles upwards toward the sound parts let them be tyed with a straite ligature a little above that place of the member which is to be cut off with a strong and broad fillet like that which women usually bind up their haire withall This ligature hath a threefold use the first is that it hold the muscles drawne up together with the skin so that retiring backe presently after the performance of the worke they may cover the ends of the cut bones and serve them in stead of boulsters or pillowes when they are healed up and so suffer with lesse paine the compression in susteining the rest of the body besides also by this meanes the wounds are the sooner healed and cicatrized for by how much more flesh or skinne is left upon the ends of the boner by so much they are the sooner healed and cicatrized The second is for that it prohibites the fluxe of blood by pressing and shutting up the veines and arteries The third is for that it much dulls the sense of the part by stupefying it the animall spirits by the straite compression being hindred from passing in by the Nerves Wherefore when
joynts of the bodie slipperie and fit for motion the Spine is flexible with notable agilitie forwards onely but not backewards for that so there would be continuall danger of breaking the Hollow ascendent veine and the great descending arterie running thereunder Therefore the dearticulations of the vertebrae mutually strengthned with strong ligaments doe looke more backewards I have thought good to premise these things of the nature of the Spine before I come to the Dislocations happening thereto I willingly omit divers other things which are most copiously delivered by Galen content only to adde thus much That there is nothing to bee found in the whole structure of Mans bones which more clearly manifests the industrie of Gods great workmanship than this composure of the Spine and the vertebrae thereof CHAP. XIII Of the Dislocation of the Head THe head stands upon the necke knit by dearticulation to the first vertebra thereof by the interposition of two processes which arise from the basis thereof neare the hole through which the marrow of the braine passes downe into the backe bone and they are received by fit cavities hollowed in this first vertebra These processes sometimes fall out of their cavities and cause a dislocation behinde whereby the spinall marrow is too violently and hard compressed bruised and extended the chin is fastened to the breast and the Patient can neyther drinke nor speake wherefore death speedily followes upon this kinde of Luxation not through any fault of the Surgeon but by the greatness of the disease refusing all cure CHAP. XIV Of the Dislocation of the vertebrae or Racke-bones of the necke THe other vertebrae of the necke may bee both dislocated and strained Dislocation verily unlesse it be speedily helped brings sudden death for by this meanes the spinall marrow is presently opprest at the verie originall thereof and the nerves there-hence arising suffer also together therewith and principally those which serve for respiration whereby it commeth to passe that the animal spirit cannot come and disperse its selfe into the rest of the bodie lying thereunder hence proceede sudden inflammation the squinsie and a difficultie or rather a defect of breathing But a straine or incomplete Luxation brings not the like calamitie by this the vertebrae a little moved out of their seats are turned a little to the hinde or fore part then the necke is wrested aside the face lookes blacke and there is difficultie of speaking and breathing Such whether dislocation or straine is thus restored The Patient must be set upon alowe seat and then one must leane and lye with his whole weight upon his shoulders and the meane while the Surgeon must take the Patients head about his eares betwixt his hands and so shake and move it to everie part untill the vertebra be restored to its place We may know it is set by the sudden ceasing of the pain which before grievously afflicted the Patient and by the free turning and moving his head neck everie way After the restoring it the head must be inclined to the part opposite to the Luxation and the neck must bee bound up about the dearticulation of the shoulder but yet so that the ligature bee not too strait lest by pressing the weazon and gullet it straiten the passages of breathing and swallowing CHAP. XV. Of the Dislocated Vertebrae of the Back THe Rack bones of the backe may bee dislocated inwards outwards to the right side and to the left We know they are dislocated inwards when as they leave a depressed cavitie in the spine outwardly when they make a bunch on the backe and wee know they are luxated to the right or left side when as they obliquely bunch forth to this or that side The vertebrae are dislocated by a cause eyther internall or externall as is common to all other Luxations the internall is eyther the defluxion of humors from the whole bodie or any part to them and their ligaments or else a congestion proceeding from the proper and native weakenesse of these parts or an attraction arising from paine and heat The externall is a fall from high upon some hard bodie a heavie and bruising blow much and often stooping as in Dressers and Lookers to Vineyards and Paviers decrepite old men and also such as through an incureable dislocation of the Thigh-bone are forced in walking to stoope downe and hold their hand upon their thigh But a vertebra cannot be forced or thrust inwards unlesse by a great deale of violence and if it at any time happen it is not but with the breaking of the tyes and ligaments for they will breake rather than suffer so great extension Such a dislocation is deadly for that the spinall marrow is exceedingly violated by too strait compression whence proceeds dulnesse and losse of sense in the members lying thereunder Neyther is restitution to bee hoped for because wee cannot through the belly force it into its place the urine is then supprest as also the excrements of the belly sometimes on the contrarie both of them breake forth against the Patients minde the knees and legges grow cold their sense and motion being lost Such things happen more frequently when the spine is luxated inwards than when it is dislocated outwards for that the nerves thence arising runne and are carried more inwardly into the bodie Besides the pressed Spinall marrow becomes inflamed and that being inflamed the parts of the same kinde and such as are joyned thereto are also inflamed by consent whence it happeneth that the bladder cannot cast forth the urine Now where the sinewes are pressed they can no more receive the irradiation of the animal facultie Hence followes the deprivation of the sense and motion in the parts whereto they are carried therefore the contained excrements doe no more provoke to expulsion by their troublesome sense neither are pressed to keep them in thence proceeds their suppression and hence their breaking forth against their wils But the spine outwardly dislocated scarce causes any compression of the marrow or nerves CHAP. XVI How to restore the Spine outwardly dislocated THe vertebrae outwardly dislocated when as they stand bunching forth then it is fit to lay and stretch forth the Patient upon a table with his face downe-wards and straitly to binde him about with towels under the arm-pits about the flanks and thighes And then to draw and extend as much as we can upwards and downe-wards yet without violence for unlesse such extension be made restitution is not to be hoped for by reason of the processes and hollowed cavities of the vertebrae wherby for the faster knitting they mutually receive each other Then must you lye with your hands upon the extuberancie and force in the prominent vertebrae But if it cannot be thus restored then will it bee convenient to wrap two pieces of wood of foure fingers long and one thick more or lesse in linnen clothes
the motion But now let us speake briefly of the life or soule wherein consisteth the principall originall of every function in the body and likewise of generation CHAP. XI Of the life or soule THE soule entreth into the body so soone as it hath obtained a perfect and absolute distinction and conformation of the members in the wombe which in male children by reason of the more strong and forming heate which is engraffed in them is about the fortieth day and in females about the forty fifth day in some sooner and in some later by reason of the efficacy of the matter working and plyantnesse or obedience of the matter whereon it worketh Neither doth the life or soule being thus inspired into the body presently execute or performe all his functions because the instuments that are placed about it cannot obtaine a firme and hard consistence necessary for the lively but especially for the more divine ministeries of the life or soule but in a long processe of age or time Those instruments of the soule are vitiated either in the first conformation as when the forme or fashion of the head is sharpe upwards or piramydall as was the head of Thersites that lived in the time of the Trojan warre and of Triboulet and Tonin that lived in later yeares or also by some casualty as by the violent handling of the mydwife who by compression by reason that the scull is then tender and soft hath caused the capacity of the ventricles that be under the braine to be too narrow for them or by a fall stroake disorder in diet as by drunkennesse or a feaver which inferreth a lithargie excessive sleepinesse or a phrensie Presently after the soule is entred the body God endueth it with divers and sundry gifts hereof it commeth that some are endued with wisedome by the spirit others with knowledge by the same spirit others with the gift of healing by the same spirit others with power dominion and rule others with prophesie others with diversities of tongues and to others other endowments as it hath pleased the divine providence and bounty of God to bestow upon them against which no man ought to contend or speake For it is not meet that the thing formed should say unto him that formed it why hast thou made mee on this fashion hath not the Potter power to make of the same lumpe of clay one vessell to honour and another to dishonour it is not my purpose neither belongeth it unto mee or any other humane creature to search out the reason of those things but onely to admire them with all humility But yet I dare affirme this one thing that a noble and excellent soule neglecteth elementary and transitory things and is ravished and moved with the contemplation of celestiall which it cannot freely enjoy before it bee separated from this earthly enclosure or prison of the body and be restored unto its originall Therefore the soule is the inward Entelechia or perfection or the primative cause of all motions and functions both naturall and animall and the true forme of man The Ancients have endeavoured to expresse the obscure sense thereof by many descriptions For they have called it a celestiall spirit and a superiour incorporeall invisible an immortall essence which is to bee comprehended of its selfe alone that is of the minde or understanding Others have not doubted but that wee have our soules inspired by the universall divine minde which as they are alive so they doe bestow life on the bodies unto whom they are annexed or united And although this life bee dispersed into all the whole body and into every portion of the same yet is it voyd of all corporall weight or mixtion and it is wholly and a lone in every severall part being simple and indivisible without all composition or mixture yet endued with many vertues and faculties which it doth utter in divers parts of the body For it feeleth imagineth judgeth remembreth understandeth and ruleth all our desires pleasures and animall motions it seeth heareth smelleth tasteth toucheth and it hath divers names of these so many and so great functions which it performeth in divers parts of the body It is called the soule or life because it maketh the body live which of it selfe is dead It is called the spirit or breath because it inspireth our bodies It is called reason because it discerneth truth from falshood as it were by a certaine divine rule It is termed the minde because it is mindfull of things past in recalling and remembring them and it is called the vigour or courage because it giveth vigour and courage to the sluggish weight or masse of the body And lastly it is called the sense understanding because it comprehendeth things that are sensible and intelligible Because it is incorporeall it cannot occupie a place by corporeall extension although notwithstanding it filleth the whole body It is simple because it is but one in essence not encreased nor diminished for it is no lesse in a Dwarfe than in a Gyant and it is like perfect and great in an infant as in a man according to its owne nature But there are three kindes of bodies informed by a soule whereby they live the first being the most imperfect is of plants the second of brute beasts and the third of men The plants live by a vegitative beasts by a sensitive and men by an intellective soule And as the sensitive soule of brute beasts is endued with all the vertues of the vegetative so the humane intellective comprehendeth the vertues of all the inferior not separated by any division but by being indivisibly united with reason and understanding into one humane forme and soule whereon they depend But because we have sayd a little before that divers functions of the life are resident and appeare in divers parts of the body here in this place omitting all others wee will prosecute those only which are accounted the principall The principall functions of a humane soule according to the opinion of many are foure in number proceeding from so many faculties and consequently from one soule they are these The common Sense Imagination Reasoning and Memory And they thinke that the common or interior sense doth receive the formes and images of sensible things being carryed by the spirit through the passage of the nerves as an instrument of the externall senses as it were a messenger to goe between them and it serves not onely to receive them but also to know perceive and discerne them For the eye wherein the externall sense of seeing consisteth doth not know white or blacke Therefore it cannot discerne the differences of colours as neither the tongue tastes nor the nose savours nor the eares sounds nor lastly the hands their touching quality yea the eye doth not of it selfe perceive that it seeth nor the nose that it smelleth nor the eares that they heare nor the tongue that it
upon the backe of his left hand the bignesse almost of foure fingers with the cutting of the Veines Arteries Nerves and part of the bones of that part whence it is that he will be lame of that hand howsoever carefully and diligently healed Now because by hurting the spinall marrow men become lame sometimes of a legge it is fit you know that the spinall marrow descends from the braine like a rivelet for the distribution of the Nerves who might distribute sense and motion to all the parts under the head wherefore if by hurting the spinall marrow the patients armes or hands are resolved or numme or wholy without sense it is a signe these Nerves are hurt which come forth of the fifth sixth seaventh vertebrae of the necke But if the same accidents happen to the thigh legge or foote with refrigeration so that the excrements flow unvoluntarily without the patients knowledge or else are totally supprest it is a signe that the â—inewes which proceed from the vertebrae of the loynes and holy-bone are hurt or in fault so that the animall faculty bestowing sense and motion upon the whole body and the benefit of opening and shutting to the sphincter muscle of the bladder and fundament cannot shew its self in these parts by which meanes suddaine death happens especially if there be difficulty of breathing therewith Being to make report of a child killed with the mother have a care that you make a discreete report whether the childe were perfect in all the parts and members thereof that the judge may equally punish the author thereof For he meriteth farre greater punishment who hath killed a child perfectly shaped and made in all the members that is he which hath killed a live childe than he which hath killed an Embryon that is a certaine concretion of the spermaticke body For Moses punisheth the former with death as that he should give life for life but the other with a pecuniary mulcte But I judge it fit to ex emplifie this report by a president I A. P. by the Iudges command visited Mistris Margaret Vlmary whom I found sicke in bed having a strong feaver upon her with a convulsion and effluxe of blood out of her wombe by reason of a wound in her lower belly below her navill on the right side penetrating into the capacity of her belly and the wombe therein whence it hath come to passe that she was delivered before her time of a male childe perfect in all his members but dead being killed by the same wound piercing through his scull into the marrow of the braine Which in a short time will be the death of the mother also In testimony whereof I have put my hand and seale The manner how to Embalme the dead I Had determined to finish this my tedious worke with the precedent treatise of Reports but a better thought came in my head which was to bring man whose cure I had undertaken from his infancie to his end and even to his grave so that nothing might be heere defective which the Chirurgion might by his profession performe about mans body either alive or dead Verily there hath scarse ever beene a nation so barbarous which hath not onely beene carefull for the buriall but also for the Embalming or preserving of their dead bodyes For the very Scythians who have seemed to exceede other nations in barbarousnesse and inhumanity have done this for according to Herodotus the Scythians bury not the corpes of their King before that being embowelled and stuffed full of beaten Cypresse frankincense the seedes of Persly and Annise hee be also wrapped in cearcloathes The like care hath also possessed the mindes of the Ethiopians for having disburdened the corpes of their friends of their entrails and flesh they plaistered them over and then having thus rough cast them they painted them with colours so to expressâ— the dead to the life they inclosed them thus adorned in a hollow pillar of glasse that thus inclosed they might be seene and yet not anoy the spectators with their smell Then were they kept the space of a yeere in the hands of their next kindred who during this space offered and sacrifized to them The yeare ended they carryed them forth of the Citty and placed them about the walls each in his proper vault as Herodotus affirmes But this pious care of the dead did farre otherwise affect the Aegyptians than it did other nations For they were so studious to preserve the memory of their ancestors that they embalmed their whole body with aromaticke oyntments and set them in translucent Vâ—nes or glasse Colls in the more eminent and honoured part of their houses that so they might have them dayly in their sight and might be as monuments and inciters to stirre them up to imitate their fathers and Grandâ—ires vertues Besides also the bodyes thus embalmed with aromatick balsamick oyntments were in steed of a most sure pawn so that if any Aegyptian had neede of a great sum of money they might easily procure it of such as knew them their neighbours by pawning the bodye of some of their dead parents For by this meanes the creditour was certaine that he which pawned it would sooner loose his life than break his promise But if all things so unhappily succeded with any so that through poverty he could not fetch home his pawne againe but was forceâ— to forgoe it he was so infamous amongst all men during the rest of the life as one banished or forlorne and loosing his freedome he shall become a servant yea scorned and reviled of all men he should be accounted unworthy to enjoy the light and society of men And certainely the Aegyptians understanding the life which we heere lead to be of short continuance comparison being made with that which wee are to live after the separation of the soule from the body they were more negligent in building their houses they dwelt in but in raring the pyramides which should serve them in steed of sepulchers they were so beyond reason sumptuous and magnificent that for the building of one of these edifices so renowned over all the world which King Cheopes begun a hundred thousand men were every 3 moneths for twenty yeeres space there kept at worke it was five furlongs and being square each side was 800. foot long and so much in height Almost all the peeces of marble went to the building thereof were thirty foote long engraven and carved with various workemanship as Herodotus reports But before the bodyes were committed to these magnificent Sepulchers they were carryed to the Salters and Embalmers who for that purpose had allowance out of the publicke stocke These besmeared them with Aromaticke and balsamicke oyntments and sowed up the incisions they made then strewed them over with salt and then covered them with brine for 70. dayes which being expired they washed them being taken thence and all the filth being taken off they
put on the forme of a Bone nerve spleene flesh and such like of the Forming faculty which adornes with figure site and composition the matter ordered by so various a preparation Growth is an inlarging of the solide parts into all the dimensions the pristine and ancient forme remaining safe and sound in figure and solidity For the perfection of every growth is judged onely by the solid parts for if the body swell into a masse of flesh or fat it shall not therefore be said to be growne but then onely when the solid parts doe in like manner increase especially the bones because the growth of the whole body followes their increase even although at the same time it waxe leane and pine away Nutrition is a perfect assimulation of that nourishment which is digested into the nature of the part which digests It is performed by the assistance of 4. subsidiary or helping actions Attractive Retentive Digestive and Expulsive The voluntary actions which we willingly performe are so called because we can at our pleasure hinder stir up slow or quicken them They are three in generall the sensitive mooving and principall Action The sensative Soule comprehends all things in fine senses in Sight Hearing Smell Taste and Touch. Three things must necessarily concurre to the performance of them the Organe the Medium or meane and the Object The principall Organe or Instrument is the Animall spirit diffused by the nerves into each severall part of the body by which such actions are performed Wherefore for the present we will use the Parts themselves for their Organes The Meane is a body which carryes the Object to the Instrument The Object is a certaine externall quality which hath power by a fit Medium or Meane to stirre up and alter the Organe This will be more manifest by relating the particular functions of the senses by the necessary concurring of these three Sight is an action of the seeing facultie which is done by the Eye fitly composed of its coates and humors and so consequently the Organicall body of this Action The Object is a visible quality brought to the Eye But such an Object is two-fold for either it is absolutely visible of its selfe and by its owne Nature as the Sun the fire the Moone and Starres or desires as it were the helpe of another that it may be actually such for so by the comming of light the colours which were visible in power onely being brought to the Eye doe seeme and appeare such as they actually 〈◊〉 But such Objects cannot arrive at the Eye but thorough a cleere and â—…inate Medium as the Aire Water Glasse and all sorts of Crystall The Hearing hath for its Organe the Eare and Auditory passage which goes to the stony bone furnished with a Membrane investing it an Auditory Nerve and a certaine inward spirit there conteined The Object is every sound arising from the smitten or broken Aire and the Collision of two bodyes meeting together The Medium is the encompassing Aire which carryes the sound to the Eare. Smelling according to Galens opinion is performed in the Mamillary processes produced from the proper substance of the braine and seated in the upper part of the nose although others had rather smelling should be made in the very foremost ventricles of the braine This Action is weake in man in comparison of other Creatures the Object thereof is every smell or fumide exhalation breathing out of bodyes The Medium by which the Object is carried to the noses of Men Beasts and Birds is the Aire but to Fishes the Water it selfe The Action of taste is performed by the tongue being tempered well and according to nature and furnished with a nerve spred over its upper part from the third and fourth conjugation of the Braine The Object is Taste of whose nature and kindes we will treate more at large in our Antidotary The Medium by which the Object is so carried to the Organ that it may affect it is either externall or internall The externall is that spattle which doth as it were anoynt and supple the tongue the internall is the Spongy flesh of the tongue it selfe which affected with the quality of the Object doth presently so possesse the nerve that is implanted in it that the kinde and quality thereof by the force of the spirit may be carryed into the common sense All parts endued with a nerve enjoy the sense of touching which is cheifly done when a tractable quality doth penetrate even to the true and nervous skinne which lyeth under the Cuticle or scarfe-skinne we have formerly noted that it is most exquisite in the skinne which invests the ends of the fingers The Object is every tractable qualitie whether it be of the first ranke of qualities as Heate Cold Moisture Drynesse or of the second as Roughnesse Smoothnesse Heavinesse Lightnesse Hardnesse Softnesse Rarity Density Friability Vnctuosity Grossenesse Thinnesse The Medium by whose procurement the instrument is affected is either the skinne or the flesh interwoven with many Nerves The next Action is that Motion which by a peculiar name wee call voluntary this is performed and accomplished by a Muscle being the proper Instrument of voluntary Motion Furthermore every motion of a member possessing a Muscle is made either by bending and contraction or by extention Although generally there be so many differences of voluntary motion as there are kinds of site in place therefore Motion is said to be made upward downeward to the righthand to the left forward and backward Hither are referred the many kinds of motions which the infinite variety of Muscles produce in the body Into this ranke of Voluntary Actions comes Respiration or breathing because it is done by the helpe of the Muscles although it be cheifly to temper the heate of the Heart For wee can make it more quicke or slow as wee please which are the conditions of a voluntary Motion Lastly that wee may have somewhat in which wee may safely rest and defend our selves against the many questions which are commonly moved concerning this thing we must hold that Respiration is undergone and performed by the Animall faculty but cheifly instituted for the vitall The Principall Action and prime amongst the Voluntary is absolutely divided in three Imagination Reasoning and Memory Imagination is a certaine expressing and apprehension which discernes and distinguisheth betweene the formes and shapes of things sensible or which are knowne by the senses Reasoning is a certaine judiciall aestimation of conceived or apprehended formes or figures by a mutuall collating or comparing them together Memory is the sure storer of all things and as it were the Treasurie which the minde often unfolds and opens the other faculties of the minde being idle and not imployed But because all the forementioned Actions whether they be Naturall or Animall and voluntary are done and performed by the helpe and assistance of the
Spirits Therefore now wee must speake of the Spirits CHAP. X. Of the Spirits THe spirit is a subtile and Aery substance raised from the purer blood that it might be a vehicle for the faculties by whose power the whole body is governed to all the parts and the prime instrument for the performance of their office For they being destitute of its sweet approch doe presently cease from action and as dead do rest from their accustomed labours From hence it is that making a variety of Spirits according to the number of the faculties they have divided them into three as one Animall another Vitall another Naturall The Animall hath taken his seate in the braine for there it is prepared and made that from thence conveyed by the Nerves is may impart the power of sence and Motion to all the rest of the members An argument heereof is that in the great Cold of Winter whether by the intercepting them in their way or by the concretion or as it were freezing of those spirits the joynts grow stiffe the hands numme and all the other parts are dull destitute of their accustomed a gillity of motion and quicknesse of sense It is called Animall not because it is the Life but the cheife and prime instrument thereof wherfore it hath a most subtile and Aery substance and enjoyes divers names according to the various condition of the Sensoryes or seates of the senses into which it enters for that which causeth the sight is named the Visive you may see this by night rubbing your eyes as sparkling like fire That which is conveyed to the Auditorie passage is called the Auditive or Hearing That which is carried to the Instruments of Touching is termed the Tactive and so of the rest This Animall spirit is made and laboured in the windings and foldings of the veines and Arteryes of the braine of an exquisite subtile portion of the vitall brought thither by the Carotidae Arteriae or sleepy Arteryes and sometimes also of the pure aire or sweete vapour drawne in by the Nose in breathing Hence it is that with Ligatures we stoppe the passage of this spirit from the parts we intend to cut off An Humor which obstructs or stopps its passage doth the like in Apoplexies and Palsies whereby it happens that the members scituate under that place doe languish and seeme dead sometimes destitute of motion sometimes wanting both sence and motion The Vitall spirit is next to it in dignitie and excellency which hath its cheife mansion in the left ventricle of the Heart from whence through the Channells of the Arteryes it flowes into the whole body to nourish the heate which resides fixed in the substance of each part which would perish in short time unlesse it should be refreshed by heat flowing thither together with the spirit And because it is the most subtile next to the Animall Nature lest it should vanish away would have it conteined in the Nervous coat of an Artery which is five time more thicke than the Coate of the veines as Galen out of Herophilus hath recorded It is furnished with matter from the subtile exhalation of the blood and that aire which we draw in breathing Wherefore it doth easily and quickly perish by immoderate dissipations of the spirituous substance and great evacuations so it is easily corrupted by the putrifaction of Humors or breathing in of pestilent aire and filthy vapours which thing is the cause of the so suddaine death of those which are infected with the Plague This spirit is often hindred from entring into some part by reason of obstruction fulnesse or great inflammations whereby it followes that in a short space by reason of the decay of the fixed and inbred heat the parts doe easily fall into a Gangrene and become mortified The Naturall spirit if such there be any hath its station in the Liver and Veines It is more grosse and dull than the other and inferior to them in the dignitie of the Action and the excellencie of the use The use thereof is to helpe the concoction both of the whole body as also of each severall part and to carry blood and heate to them Besides those already mentioned there are other spirits fixed and implanted in the simular and prime parts of the body which also are naturall and Natives of the same place in which they are seated and placed And because they are also of an Aery and fiery nature they are so joyned or rather united to the Native heate that they can no more be separated from it than flame from heate wherefore they with these that flow to them are the principall Instruments of the Actions which are performed in each severall part And these fixed spirits have their nourishment and maintenance from the radicall and first-bred moisture which is of an Aery and oyly substance and is as it were the foundation of these Spirits and the inbred heat Therefore without this moisture no man can live a moment But also the Cheife Instruments of life are these Spirits together with the native heate Wherefore this radicall Moisture being dissipated and wasted which is the seate fodder and nourishment of the Spirits and heate how can they any longer subsist and remaine Therefore the consumption of the naturall heate followeth the decay of this sweet and substance-making moisture and consequently death which happens by the dissipating and resolving of naturall heate But since then these kinde of Spirits with the naturall heate is conteined in the substance of each simular part of our body for otherwise it could not persist it must necessarily follow that there be as many kinds of fixed Spirits as of simular parts For because each part hath its proper temper and encrease it hath also its proper spirit and also it s owne proper fixed and implanted heat which heere hath its abode as well as its Originall Wherefore the spirit and heate which is seated in the bone is different from that which is impact into the substance of a Nerve Veine or such other simular part because the temper of these parts is different as also the mixture of the Elements from which they first arose and sprung up Neither is this contemplation of spirits of small account for in these consist all the force and efficacy of our Nature These being by any chance dissipated or wasted wee languish neither is any health to be hoped for the floure of life withering and decaying by litle and litle Which thing ought to make us more diligent to defend them against the continuall effluxe of the threefold substance For if they be decayed there is left no proper Indication of curing the disease so that we are often constrained all other care laid aside to betake our selves to the restoring and repayring the decayed powers Which is done by meats of good juyce easie to be concocted and distributed good Wines and fragrant smells
onely subject to the eye in the way of knowing them but also to the minde in the faithfull understanding them For I will adjoyne those things that are delivered of them by Galen in his Booke of Anatom Administrations with those which hee hath taught in his Bookes of the use of the parts For there hee fitly laies the parts of mans body before our eyes to the sense But here he teaches to know them not to see them for hee shewes why and for what use they are made Having briefely handled these things wee must declare what Anatomy is that as Cicero saith out of Platâ—es Phaedro it may be understood of what we dispute And because we attaine that by definition which is a short and plaine speech consisting of the Genus and difference of the things defined being the essentiall parts by which the nature and essence of the thing is briefly and plainely explained first we define Anatomy then presently explaine the particular parts of the definition Wherefore Anatomy if you have regard to the name is a perfect and absolute devision or artificiall resolution of mans body into its parts as well generall as particular as well compound as simple Neither may this definition seeme illegitimate specially amongst Physitions and Chirurgions For seeing they are Artizans humiliated to the senfe they may use the proper and common qualities of things for their essentiall differences and formes As on the contrary Philosophers may refuse all definitions as spurious which consist not of the next Genus and the most proper and essentiall differences But seeing that through the imbecilitie of our understanding such differences are unknowne to us in their places we are compelled in defining things to draw into one many common and proper accidents to finish that definition which we intend which for that cause wee may more truly call a description because for the matter and essentiall forme of the thing it presents us onely the matter adorned with certaine accidents This appeares by the former definition in which Division and Resolution stand for the Genus because they may be parted into divers others as it were into species That which is added over and besides stands in place of the difference because they separate and make different the thing it selfe from all other rash and unartificiall dissections We must know an artificiall division is no other than a separation of one part from another without the hurt of the other observing the proper circumscription of each of them which if they perish or be defaced by the division it cannot be said to be artificiall and thus much may suffice for the parts of the definition in generall For as much as belongs to the explication of each word we said of Mans body because as much as lies in us we take care of preserve the health and depell the â—iseases thereof by which it may appeare that mans body is the subject of Physicke not as it is mans or consists of matter and forme but as it is partaker of health and sicknesse Wee understand nothing else by a part according to Galen than some certaine body which is not wholy disioyned nor wholy united with other bodies of their kindes but so that according to his opinion the whole being composed therewith with which in some sort it is united and in some kinde separated from the same by their proper circumscription Furthermore by the parts in generall I understand the head breast belly and their adjuncts By the particular parts of those I understand the simple parts as the similar which are nine in number as a gristle bone ligament membrane tendon nerve veine arterie musculous flesh some adde fibers fat marrow the nailes and haires other omit them as excrements but wee must note that such parts are called simple rather in the judgement of the sense than of reason For if any will more diligently consider the nature they shall finde none absolutely simple because they are nourished have life and sense either manifest or obscure which happens not without a nerve veine and artery But if any shall object that no nerve is communicated to any bone except the teeth I will answer that neverthelesse the bones have sense by the nervous fibers which are communicated to them by the Periosteum as by whose mediation the Periosteum is connext to the bones as we see it happens to these membranes which involue the bowels And the bones by this benefit of the animall sense expell the noxious and excrementitious humors from themselves into the spaces betweene them and the Periosteum which as indued with a more quicke sense admonisheth us according to its office and dutie of that danger which is ready to seaze upon the bones unlesse it be prevented Wherefore wee will conclude according to the truth of the thing that there is no part in our body simple but only some are so named and thought according to the sense although also otherwise some may be truly named simple as according to the peculiar and proper flesh of each of their kindes Those parts are called compound which are made or composed by the mediation or immediately of these simple which they terme otherwise organicall or instrumentall as an arme legge hand foote and others of this kinde And here wee must observe that the parts are called simple and similar because they cannot be devided into any particles but of the same kinde but the compound are called dissimular from the quite contrary reason They are called instrumentall and organicall because they can performe such actions of themselves as serves for the preservation of themselves and the whole as the eye of it selfe without the assistance of any other part seeth and by this faculty defends the whole body as also it selfe Wherefore it is called an instrument or organe but not any particle oâ— it as the coates which cannot of it selfe performe that act Whereby wee must understand that in each instrumentall part we must diligently observe foure proper parts One by which the action is properly performed as the Crystalline humour in the eye another without which the action cannot be performed as the nerve the other humors of the eye The third whereby the action is better and more conveniently done as the tunicles and muscles The fourth by which the action is preserved as the eye-lids and circle of the eye The same may be said of the hand which is the proper instrument of holding for it performes this action first by the muscle as the principall part Secondly by the ligament as a part without which such action cannot be performed Thirdly by the bones and nailes because by the benefit of these parts the action is more happily performed Fourthly by the veines arteries and skin for that by their benifite and use the rest and so consequently the action it selfe is preserved But we must consider that the instrumentall parts have a fourefold order They
object and fixed facultie of touching diffused over all the true skinne which every where lies under it For the temperature by the common consent of Physitions it is in the midst of all excesse for that seeing it is the medium betweene the object and facultie if it should be hotter colder moister or drier it would deceive the facultie by exhibiting all objects not as they are of themselves but as it should be no otherwise than as to such as looke through red or greene spectacles all things appearered or greene Wherefore for this reason it was convenient the cuticle should be void of all sense It hath no action in the body but it hath use for it preserves and beautifies the true skin for it seemes to be given by the singular indulgence of nature to be a muniment and ornament to the true skinne This providence of nature the industrie of some Artizans or rather Curtizans doth imitate who for to seeme more beautifull doe smooth and polish it By this you may understand that not all the parts of the body have action yet have they their use because according to Aristotles opinion Nature hath made nothing in vaine Also you must note that this thinne skinne or cuticle being lost may everie where be regenerated unlesse in the place which is covered with a scarre For here the true skinne being deficient both the matter and former facultie of the cuticle is wanting CHAP. IIII. Of the true skinne THe true skinne called by the Greekes Derma is of a spermaticke substance wherefore being once lost it cannot be restored as formerly it was For in place thereof comes a scarre which is nothing else but flesh dried beyond measure It is of sufficient thicknesse as appeares by the separating from the flesh But for the extent thereof it encompasses the whole body if you except the eyes eares nose privities fundament mouth the ends of the fingers where the nailes grow that is all the parts by which any excrements are evacuated The figure of it is like the cuticle round and long with its productions with which it covers the extremities of the parts It is composed of nerves veines arteries and of a proper flesh and substance of its kinde which wee have said to bee spermaticall which ariseth from the processe of the secundine which leade the spermaticke vessels even to the navell in which place each of them into the parts appointed by nature send forth such vessels as are spread abroad and diffused from the generation of the skinne Which also the similitude of them both that is the skinne and membrane Chorion do argue For as the Chorion is double without sense encompassing the whole infant lightly fastened to the first coate which is called Amnios so the skinne is double and of it selfe insensible for otherwise the nerves were added in vaine from the parts lying under it ingirting the whole body lightly cleaving to the fleshie Pannicle But if any object that the Cuticle is no part of the true skinne seeing it is wholy different from it and easily to be separated from it and wholly void of sense I will answer these arguments doe not prevaile For that the true skinne is more crasse thicke sensible vivide and fleshie is not of it selfe being rather by the assistance and admixture of the parts which derived from the three principall it receives into its proper substance which happens not in the cuticle Neither if it should happen would it be better for it but verily exceeding ill for us because so our life should lie fit and open to receive a thousand externall injuries which encompasse us on every side as the violent and contrary accesse of the foure first qualities There is only one skin as that which should cover but one body the which it every where doth except in those places I formerly mentioned It hath connexion with the parts lying under it by the nerves veines and arteries with those subjacent parts put forth into the skinne investing them that there may be a certaine communion of all the parts of the body amongst themselves It is cold and drie in its proper temper in respect of its proper flesh and substance for it is a spermaticall part Yet if any consider the finewes veines arteries and fleshie threds which are mixed in its body it will seeme temperate and placed as it were in the midst of contrarie qualities as which hath growne up from the like portion of hote cold moist and drie bodies The vse of the skinne is to keepe safe and sound the continuitie of the whole body and all the parts thereof from the violent assault of all externall dangers for which cause it is every where indewed with sense in some parts more exact in others more dull according to the dignitie and necessitie of the parts which it ingirts that they might all be admonished of their safetie and preservation Lastly it is penetrated with many pores as breathing places as we may see by the flowing out of sweate that so the arteries in their diastole might draw the encompassing aire into the body for the tempering and nourishing of the fixed inbred heate and in the Systole expell the fuliginous excrement which in Winter supprest by the cold aire encompassing us makes the skinne blacke and rough Wee have an argument and example of breathing through these by drawing the aire in by transpiration in women troubled with the mother who without respiration live onely for some pretty space by transpiration CHAP. V. Of the fleshie Pannicle AFter the true skinne followes the membrane which Anatomists call the fleshy Pannicle whose nature that we may more easily prosecute and declare we must first shew what a membrane is and how many wayes the word is taken Then wherefore it hath the name of the fleshie Pannicle A membrane therefore is a simple part broade and thin yet strong and dense white and nervous and the which may easily without any great danger be extended and contracted Sometimes it is called a coate which is when it covers and defends some part This is called the fleshie Pannicle because in some parts it degenerates into flesh and becomes musculous as in a man from the coller bones to the haire of the head in which part it is therefore called the broad muscle where as in other places it is a simple membrane here and there intangled with the fat lying under it from whence it may seeme to take or borrow the name of the fatty Pannicle But in beasts whence it tooke that name because in those a fleshie substance maketh a great part of this Pannicle it appeares manifestly fleshie and musculous over all the body as you may see in Horses and Oxen that by that meanes being moveable they may drive and shake off their flies and other troublesome things by their shaking and contracting their backs These things
and guts by its two orifices with the braine by its nerves with the liver and spleene by its veines with the heartâ—… its arteries and with all the naturall parts by its common membrane The temper of the ventricle in men of good habite is temperate because it is almost composed of the equall commixture of sanguine and spermaticke parts or according to Galens opinion it is cold of its selfe and by the parts composing it and hot by the vicinitie of the bowels But in some it is hotter in others colder according to the diverse temper and complexion of diverse bodies That stomacke is to bee thought well tempered that powerfully drawes downe the meate and drinke and embraces and retaines them so drawne untill by concoction and elixation they shall be turned into a juyce like creame which the Greekes call Chylos and lastly which doth strongly send from it and repell the excremâ—nts of this first concoction The stomacke is knowne to be hotter by this that it better concocts and digests course and hard meates as beefe hard egges and the like than soft â—… digestion which it corrupts and turnes into belchings For so a young 〈…〉 sooner burnt than well rosted at a great fire The stomacke which is colder 〈…〉 much meate but is slow in concocting them especially if they be cold and 〈◊〉 of digestion which for that cause quickly turne sowre The action of a well conditioned stomacke is twofold one common another proper The common is to attenuate mixe and digest the meates taken in at the mouth for the nutrition of it selfe and the whole body after the liver hath performed its dutie which before it be done the ventricle onely enjoyes the sweet pleasure of the Chylus and comforts its selfe against the heate and impuritie of the adjacent parts wherefore it is called the worke-house of concoction Its first action is to attract retaine and assimulate to it selfe that which is convenient but to expell whatsoever shall be contrary either in quantitie or qualitie or in the whole substance It hath two orifices one above which they commonly call the stomacke and heart the other lower which is called the Pylorus or lower mouth of the stomacke The upper bends to the left side neere the backe bone it is farre more large and capacious than the lower that so it may more commodiously receive meates halfe chewed hard and grosse which Gluttons cast downe with great greedinesse it hath an exquisite sense of feeling because it is the seate of the appetite by reason of the nerves incompassing this orifice with their mutuall embracings whereby it happens that the ventricle in that part is endued with a quicke sense that perceiving the want and emptinesse of meate it may stirre up the creature to seeke foode For albeit nature hath bestowed foure faculties on other parts yet they are not sensible of their wants but are onely nourished by the continuall sucking of the veines as plants by juice drawne from the earth This orifice is seated at the fifth Vertebra of the chest upon which they say it almost rests Yet I had rather say that it lies upon the twelfth Vertebra of the chest and the first of the loines for in this place the gullet perforates the midriffe and makes this upper orifice The lower orifice bends rather to the right side of the body under the cavitie of the liver It is farre straiter than the upper lest any thing should passe away before it bee well attenuated and concocted and it doth that by the helpe or assistance of as it were a certaine ring like to the sphincter muscle of the fundament which some have thought a glandule made by the transposition of the inner and fleshie membrane of the ventricle into that which is the outer of the guts I know Columbus laughes at this glandulous ring but any one that lookes more attentively shall perceive that the Pylorus is glandulous The stomacke in its lower and inner side hath many folds and wrinckles which serve to hold and containe the meates untill they be perfectly concocted In the ventricle wee observe parts gibbous and hollow the hollow is next to the liver and midriffe the gibbous is towards the guts Now we must note that the ventricle when it is much resolved or loosed may slide downe even to the navell neare the bladder the which wee have observed in some bodies dissected after their death The third and fourth Figure The first figure shewes the fore-side of the stomacke and gullet A. sheweth the orifice of the gullet cut froÌ„ the throate B. the straight and direct course of the gullet from A. to B. C. how the gullet above the first racke bone of the chest from B. to C. inclineth to the right hand D. his inclination to the left hand from C. to D. EE the two glandules called the Almonds set close to the gullet in the end of the throate called also Paristmia Antiades Tonsilla and Salviares glandulae FF Another glandulous body in the midst of the gullet about the fifth racke bone from which place the gullet gives place to the great arterie somewhat declining to the right side Vesalius Lib. 5 Cap. 3. and Columbus Cap. vlt. lib. 9. write that those Glandules are filled with a certaine moisture with which the gullet is moistened that the meates may slide downe more easily into the stomacke as through a slippery passage No otherwise than the Glandula prostata filled with a kind of grosse and oily moisture smooth the passage of the urine that so it may flow through it with a more free and lesse troubled course G. the connexion of the gullet with the stomack where the upper orifice of the stomack is fashioned H. the lower orifice of the stomacke called Pylorus I. K. the upper part of the stomacke at I. the lower at K. LL. the foreside of the stomacke P. the gut called Duodenum T. V. the right and left nerves of the sixth paire encompassing about the gullet and the uppermost left orifice of the stomacke The second Figure sheweth the backe parts of the Ventricle and Gullet A. EE FF G. H P. TV. shew the like parts as in the former From C. to D. the inclination of the stomacke to the left hand M. N. O. the backeside of the stomacke M. sheweth the prominence of the left side N. of the right O sheweth the docke or impression where it resteth upon the racke bones Q. R. the passage of the bladder of the gall into the Duodenum at R. S a glandulous body growing under the Duodenum bearing up the vessels X. Y. a nerve on the left side creeping up to the top of the stomacke and so running out to the liver CHAP. XV. Of the Guts THe Guts thc instruments of distribution and expulsion are of the same substance and composure with the stomacke but that the site of the coates of the stomacke is contrarie to those of
them alwayes in these places where the great divisions of vessels are made as in the middle ventricule of the braine in the upper part of the Chest in the Mesentery and other lik places Although othersome be seated in such places as nature thinkes needfull to generate and cast forth of them a profitable humor to the creature as the almonds at the roots of the tongue the kernells in the dugs the spermatick vessels in the scrotum and at the sides of the wombe or where nature hath decreed to make emunctoryes for the principall parts as behind the eares under the armeholes and in the groines The connexion of glandules is not only with the vessels of the parts concurring to their composition but also with those whose division they keep and preserve They are of a cold temper wherefore Phisitions say the blood recrudescere i to become raw againe in the dugs when it takes upon it the forme of milke But of these some have action as the almonds which poure our spattle usefull for the whole mouth the dugs milke the Testicles seed others use onely as those which are made to preserve vnderprop and fill vp the divisions of the vessels Besides this we have spoken of glandules in generall we must know that the Pancreas is a glanduleus and flesh-like body as that which hath every where the shape and resemblance of flesh It is situate at the flat end of the liver under the Duodenum with which it hath great connexion and under the gate-veine to serve as a bulwarke both to it and the divisions thereof whilst it fills up the emptie spaces betweene the vessels themselves and so hinders that they be not pluckt asunder nor hurt by any violent motion as a fall or the like CHAP. XVIII Of the Liver HAving gone thus farre order of dissection now requires that we should treate of the distribution of the gate veine but because it cannot well be understood unlesse all the nature of the liver from whence it arises be well knowne therefore putting it off to a more fit place we will now speake of the Liver Wherefore the liver according to Galens opinion lib. de form fatus is the first of all the parts of the body which is finished in conformation it is the shoppe and Author of the bloud and the originall of the veines the substance of it is like the concrete mudde of the bloud the quantitie of it is diverse not onely in bodies of different but also of the same species as in men amongst themselves of whom one will bee gluttonous and fearefull another bold and temperate or sober for hee shall have a greater liver than this because it must receive and concoct a greater quantitie of Chylus yet the liver is great in all men because they have need of a great quantitie of bloud for the repairing of so many spirits the substantificke moisture which are resolved and dissipated in every moment by action and contemplation But there may bee a a twofold reason given why such as are fearefull have a larger liver The first is because in those the vitall facultie in which the heate of courage and anger resides which is in the heart is weake and therefore the defect of it must be supplied by the strength of the naturall facultie For thus nature is accustomed to recompence that which is wanting in one part by the increase and accession of another The other reason is because cold men have a great appetite for by Galens opinion In arte parva coldnesse increases the appetite by which it comes to passe that they have a greater quantitie of Chylus by which plenty the liver is nourished and growes larger Some beasts as Dogges and swine have the liver divided into five or more Lobes but a man hath but one Lobe or two or three at the most and these not so much distinguished as which chearish the upper and hollow region of the ventricle with embracing to helpe forward the worke of concoction Therefore the liver is almost content with one Lobe although it is alwayes rent with a small division that the umbilicall veine pearcing into the roots and substance of it may have a free passage but also oftentimes there is as it were a certaine small lobe of the liver laid under that umbilicall veine as a cushion The figure of the liver is gibbous rising up and smooth towards the Midriffe towards the stomacke is the simous or hollow side of it somewhat unequall and rough by reason of the distance of the Lobes the originall of the hollow veine and the site of the bladder of the Gall. The composition of the liver is of veines nerves arteryes the coate and proper substance thereof which we call the grosse and concreet blood or Parenchyma Veines and arteryes come to it from the navell but nerves immediatly from these which are diffused over the stomack according to Hippocrates yet they penetrate not very deep into its substance for it seemes not to stand in neede of such exact sense but they are distributed upon the coate and surface there of because this part made for distribution over the whole body keepes to it selfe no acrid or maligne humor for the perception of which it should neede a nerve although the coate investing it sends many nervous fibers into its substance as is apparent by the taking away of the coate from a boiled liver we must thinke the same of the other entrals The coate of the liver is from the Peritonaeum waxing small from the umbilicall veine when it divides it selfe for the generation of the gate and hollow veines as is observed by Galen lib. de format Fatus The liver is onely one situate in the greater part on the right side but with the lesser part on the left quite contrary to the stomacke It s chiefe connexion is with the stomacke and guts by the veines and membranes of the Peritonaeum by the howllow veine and artery with the heart by the nerve with the braine and by the same ligatu res with all the parts of the whole body It is of a hot and moist temper and such as have it more hot have large veines and hot bloud but such as have it cold have small veines and a discoloured hew The Action of the Liver is the conversion of the Chylus into bloud the worke of the second concoction For although the Chylus entring into the meseraicke veines receive some resemblance of bloud yet it acquires not the forme and perfection of bloud before it be elaborate and fully concoct in the liver It is bound and tied with three strong ligaments two on the sides in the midst of the bastard ribs to beare up its sides and the third more high and strong descending from the breast-blade to sustaine its proper part which with its weight would presse the lower orifice of the stomacke and
assaults by somewhat yeelding to their impression no otherwise than soft things opposed against cannon shot Wee will prosecute the other differences of gristles in their place as occasion shall be offered and required CHAP. II. Of the containing and contained parts of the Chest THe containing parts of the chest are both the skinnes the fleshie pannicle the fat the breasts the common coate of the muscles the muscles of that place the forementioned bones the coate investing the ribbes and the Diaphragma or midriffe The parts contained are the Mediastinum the Pericardium or purse of the heart the heart the lungs their vessels Of the containing parts some are common to all the body or the most part thereof as both the skins the fleshie pannicle and fat Of which being we have spoken in our first Booke there is no neede now further to insist upon Others are proper to the chest as its muscles of which we will speake in their place the brests the forementioned bones the membrane investigating the ribs and the Diaphragma or midriffe Wee will treate of all these in order after we have first shewed you the way how you may separate the skinne from the rest of the chest Putting your knife downe even to the perfect division of the skinne you must draw a straite line from the upper part of the lower belley even to the chinne then draw another straight line overtwhart at the collar bones even to the shoulder-blades and in the places beneath the collar-bones if you desire to shunne prolixitie you may at once separate both the skinnes the fleshie pannicle the fat and common coate of the muscles because these parts were shewed and spoken of in the dissection of the lower belley Yet you must reserve the brests in dissecting of the bodies of women wherefore from the upper parts of the breasts as artificially as you can separate onely the skin from the parts lying under it that so you may shew the Pannicle which there becommeth fleshie and musculous and is so spred over the necke and parts of the face even to the rootes of the haires CHAP. III. Of the Breasts or Dugges THe Breasts as wee said when we spoke of the nature of glandules are of a glandulous substance white rare or spongious in maides and women that doe not give sucke they are more solid and not so large Wherefore the bignesse of the Dugges is different although of a sufficient magnitude in all Their figure is round somewhat long and in some sort Pyramidall Their composure is of the skinne the fleshie pannicle glandules fat nerves veines and arteries descending to them from the Axillaris under the Sternon betwixt the fourth and fifth and sometimes the sixth of the true ribbes And there they are divided into infinite rivelets by the interposition of the glandules and fat by which fit matter may be brought to be changed into milke by the facultie of the dugges Wee will speake no more of the nature of glandules or kernels as having treated of them before onely we will add this that some of the glandules have nerves as those of the brests which they receive from the parts lying under them that is from the intercostall by which it comes to passe that they have most exquisit sense Others want a nerve as those which serve onely for division of the vessels and which have no action but onely use They be two in number on each side one seated at the sides of the Sternon upon the fourth fifth and sixth true ribs Wherefore they have connexion with the mentioned parts with their body but by their vessels with all other parts but especially with the wombe by the reliques of the mamillary veines and arteryes which descend downe at the sides of the brest-blade in which place these veines insinuating themselves through the substance of the muscles are a litle above the navill conjoined with the Epigastricks whose originall is in some sort opposite to the Hypogastrickes which send forth branches to the wombe By the meeting of these it is more likely that this commerce should arise than from other and those almost capillary branches which are sometimes seene to descend to the wombe from the Epigastrick They are of a cold and moist temper wherefore they say that the blood by being converted into milke becomes raw flegmaticke and white by the force of the proper flesh of the dugs Their action is to prepare nourishment for the new borne babe to warme the heart from whence they have received heat and to adorne the brest By this you may know that some Glandules have action others use and some both At the top of the dugs there are certaine hillockes or eminencies called tears or nipples by sucking of which the child is nourished through certaine small and crooked passages which though they appeare manifest to the sight whilest you presse out the milke by pressing the dug yet when the milke is pressed out they doe not appeare nor so much as admit the point of a needle by reason of the crooked wayes made by nature in those passages for this use that the milke being perfectly made should not flow out of its owne accord against the nurses will For so the seed is retained and kept for a certaine time in the Prostats CHAP. IIII. Of the Clavitles or Coller bones and Ribs IF we should handle these parts after the common order we should now treat of the Muscles of the Chest which move the arme and serve for respiration and which first offer themselves to our sight But for that they cannot be fitly shewed unlesse wee hurt the muscles of the shoulder blade and necke therefore I thinke it better to deferre the explanation of these muscles untill such time as I have shewed the rest of the contained and containing parts not onely of the chest but also of the head that having finished these we may come to a full demonstration of all the rest of the muscles beginning with those of the head which wee first meet with and so prosequuting the rest even to the muscles of the feet as they shall seeme to offer themselves more fitly to dissection that so as much as lyes in us we may shunne confusion Wherefore returned to our proposed taske after the foresaid muscles come the Collar bones the sternon and ribs But that these parts may be the more easily understood wee must first know what a bone is and whence the differences thereof are drawne Therefore a bone is a part of our body most terrestriall cold dry hard wanting all manifest sense if the teeth be excepted I said manifest sense that you may understand that the parts have a double sense of touching the one manifest such as resides in the flesh skin membranes nerves Teeth and certaine other parts the other obscure yet which may suffice to discerne the helping and hurting tactile qualityes such sense the
the reduplication of the Dura mater deviding the fore-part of the braine that so joined and united they may make the torcular the third ascendent is distributed upon the backe part and basis of the lower jaw to the lippes the sides of the nose and the muscles thereof and in like manner to the greater corner of the eyes to the forehead and other parts of the face and at length by meeting together of many branches it makes in the forehead the veine which is called vena recta or vena frontis that is the forehead veine The fourth ascending by the glandules behind the eares after it hath sent forth many branches to them is divided into two others one whereof passing before and the other behind the eare are at length spent in the skinne of the head The fifth and last wandring over all the lower part of the head going to the backe part thereof makes the vena pupis which extended the length of the head by the sagitall suture at the length goeth so farre that it meets with the vena frontis which meeting is the cause that a veine opened in the forehead is good in griefes of the hinder parts of the head and so on the contrary But wee must observe that in the Cranium of some the vena pupis by one or more manifest passages sends some portion thereof to the inner part of the head so that the vena pupis being opened may make revulsion of the matter which causeth the internall paines of the head CHAP. XIIII The distribution of the nerves or sinewes of the sixth coniugation BEcause the Distribution of the arteries cannot be well shewed unlesse wee violate those nerves which are carried over the Chest therefore before we shew the distribution of the arteries we will as briefely as we can prosecute the distribution of these nerves Now the sixth conjugation brings forth three paire of nerves for passing out of the skull as it comes downe to the Chest it by the way sends forth some branches to certaine muscles of the necke and to the three ascendant muscles of the Larinx on each side of the Sternon and upon the clavicles Then the remainder descending into the Chest is divided on each side into these three paire The first paire makes the Ramus costalis The second the Ramus recurrens The third paire the Ramus stomachicus The Ramus costalis or costall branch is so called because descending by the roots of the ribs even to the holy bone and joyning themselves to these which proceede from each of the Vertebra's of the spine they are carried to all the naturall parts The Recurrens or recurrent is also called because as it were starting up from the chest it runs upwards againe but these two Recurrent nerves doe not run backe from the same place but the right from below the artery called by some the axillarie by others Subclavian and the left from beneath the great artery descending to the naturall parts But each of them on each side ascending along by the weazon even to the Larinx and then they infinuate themselves by the wings of the Cartilago scutiformis and Thyroydes into the proper muscles which open and shut the Larinx By how much the nerves are nearer the originall to wit the braine or spinall marrow they are by so much the softer On the contrary by how much they are further absent from their originall they are so much the harder and stronger which is the reason that Nature would have these recurrent nerves to runne backe againe upwards that so they might be the stronger to performe the motions of the muscles of the Larinx But the Stomachicus or stomacke-branch is so called because it descends to the stomacke or ventricle For this branch descending on both sides by the sides of the gullet sends many branches from it into the inner substance of the lungs into the coate thereof into the Pericardium and heart and then comming into the upper orifice of the stomacke it is spent in many branches which folded after divers manners and wayes chiefely makes that mouth or stomacke which is the seate of the Animall apetite as they terme it and hunger and the judger of things convenient or hurtfull for the stomacke But from thence they are diversely disseminated over all the body of the ventricle Moreover the same branch sends forth some small branches to the liver and bladder of the gall giving each part by the way so much sense as should be sufficiently necessary for it Here you must note the stomacke branch descends on each side one knit to the gullet and by the way they divide themselves into two branches each of which goes to the opposite side that it may there joine itselfe to the nerve of that side To which purpose the right is carried above the gullet the left below it so that these two stomaticke become foure and againe these foure presently become two CHAP. XV. The division of the Arteries THe Artery arising forth of the left ventricle of the heart is presently the two Coronall arteries being first spred over the substance of the heart divided into two unequall branches The greater whereof descends to the lower parts being distributed as we formerly mentioned in the third Booke and 22. Chapter The lesser ascending to the upper parts is againe divided into two other unequall branches the lesser of which ascending towards the left side sends forth no artery from it untill it arive at the first rib of the Chest where it produces the subclavian artery which is distributed after the manner following First it produces the intercostall and by it imparts life to the three intercostall muscles of the foure upper ribs and to the neighbouring places Secondly it brings forth the Mammillary branch which is distributed as the Mammillary veine is Thirdly the Cervicalis which ascends along the necke by the transverse productions to the Dura mater being distributed as the vena cervicalis is Fourthly passing out of the Chest from the backe part of the Chest it sends forth the musculosa whereby it gives life to the hinde muscles of the necke even to the backe part of the head Fiftly having wholy left the Chest it sends forth the two Humerariae or shoulder arteries the one whereof goes to the muscles of the hollow part of the shoulder blade the other to the joint of the arme and the muscles situate there and the gibbous part of the shoulder blade Sixthly and lastly it produces the Thoracica which also is two fold for the one goes to the fore muscles of the Chest the other to the Latssimus as we said of the veine the remnant of it makes the Axillaris of that side The other greater branch likewise ascending by the right side even to the first ribbe of the Chest makes also the subclavian of that side which besides those divisions
they are contained in the braine they consist of the only and simple marrowey substance of the braine or spinall marrow But passing forth of the braine they have another membranous substance which involves them joined with them from the two membranes of the braine and according to the opinion of some Anatomists they have also a third from the ligaments drawen as well from divers others as from these by which they are tyed to the Vertebra's Yet this opinion seemes absurd to me seeing such a membrane as that which is insensible wholy repugnes the condition of a nerve which is to give sense to the parts to which it is inserted The magnitude of the nerves is different according to the divers necessity of sense incident to the parts into which they are inserted Their figure is round and long like to a conduit pipe to carry water in the membranes of the braine with which the nerves are covered being dilated and stretched over them after the same manner that the processes of the Peritonaeum involves the spermatick vessels with which they goe downe to the Testicles and take life and nourishment by the capillary veines and arteryes which descend to them with the membranes They are made for this use that they may impart sense to the sensitive parts and motion to these that are fit to be moved All the nerves descend from the braine either mediatly or immediately their Number is seaven and thirty paire or conjugations whereof seaven have their originall immediately from the braine the other thirty from the spinall marrow The first conjugation of the nerves of the braine is thicker than all the rest and goes to the eyes to carry the visive spirit to them These ariseing from diverse parts of the braine in the middle way before they goe out of the skull meet together crosse-wise like the Iron of a Mill which is fastened in the upper stone going into one common passage with their cavityes not visible to the eye that so the spirits brought by those two nerves may be communicated and they are mutually joyned and meet together so that being driven back from one eye they may flie backe into the other An argument wherof may be drawn from such as aime at any thing who shutting one of their eies see more accurately because the force of the neighbouring spirits united into one eye is more strong than when it is dispersed into both This conjugation when it comes into the glassie humour is spent in the structure of the net-like coate which containes this humor on the backe part The second conjugation goes into many parts at its passing forth of the skull and in the bottome of the circle of the eye it is distributed into the seaven muscles moveing the eyes The Seventh figure shewing the eight conjugations of the Nerves of the braine A A 2. The braine BB 1 2. The After-braine CC 1 2 the swelling of the braine which some call the mammillary processes D 1 the beginning of the spinall marrow out of the Basis of the braine E 1 2 a part of the spinall marrow when it is ready to issue out of the skull F F 1 2 the mammillary processes which serve for the sence of Smelling GG 1 2 the opticke nerves H 1 the coition or union of the opticke nerves II 1 2 the coate of the eye whereinto the optick nerves is extended K K 1 2 the second paire of the sinews ordained for the motion of the eyes LL 1 2 the third paire of sinewes or according to the most Anatomists the lesser roote of the third paire MM 1 2 the fourth paire of sinewes or the greater roote of the third paire N 2 a branch of the third conjugation derived to the musculous skin of the forehead O 2 a branch of the same to the upper jaw P P 2 another into the coate of the nosethrils Q 2 another into the temporall muscles R 2 a branch of the fourth conjugation crumpled like the tendrill of a vine S 2 a branch of the same reaching unto the upper teeth and the gummes T 2 another of the same to the lower jaw V 2 a Surcle of the branch T to the lower lip XX 2 another surcle from the branch T to the rootes of the lower teeth YY2 the assumption of the nerves of the fourth conjugation unto the coate of the tongue Z 1 2 the fourth paire are vulgarly so called which are spent into the coats of the pallat a 1 2. the fift paire of sinewes which belong to the hearing Φ the Auditory nerve spred abroad into the cavity of the stony bone â— a hard part of the fift conjugation above the * which may be counted for a distinct nerve b 1 2 a small branch derived from this harder part of the first paire c 1 2 a lower branch from the same originall d 1 2 this nerve is commonly ascribed to the fift paire but indeed is a distinct conjugation which we will call the Eight because we would not interrupt the order of other mens accounts e 1 2 the sixt paire of sinewes f 2 a branch from them derived to the neck and the muscles couched thereupon g 2 another branch to the muscles of the Larinx or throttle h 1 2 the seventh paire of sinewes i 1 the union of the seventh paire with the sixt l 2 a propagation of the seventh paire to those muscles which arise from the Appendix called Styloides m 2 Surcles from the seventh conjugation to the muscles of the tongue the bone Hyois and the Larinx o p q 1 three holes through the hole o the phlegme yssueth out of the third ventricle of the braine to the Tunnell and at p q is the passage of the Sopâ—rary arteries to the ventricles of the Braine The third is two-fold in the passage out of the skull it is like-wise divided into many branches of which some are carryed to the temporall muscles into the Masseteres or Grinding muscles into the skinne of the face forehead and nose Othersome are sent into the upper part of the cheek and the parts belonging to it as into the teeth gummes and the muscles of the upper lippe and those which are called the round which incompasse the mouth on the inside the last are wasted in the coate of the tongue to bestow upon it the sense of tasting The fourth conjugation is much smaller and is almost wholy wasted upon the coate of the Pallate of the mouth to endue it also with the sense of tasting The fift at its originall and having not as yet passed forth of the skull is divided into two and sends the greater portion thereof to the hole of the eare or passage of hearing that it may support the auditory faculty and it sends forth the other lesser portion thereof to the temporall muscles by the passage next to it by which the second conjugation passes forth The sixt being the greatest
I desired to comprehend them together with this same description of the extreme parts of the body beginning at the upper part of the face to wit the eyes but having first described the bones of the face without the knowledge of which it is impossible to shew the originall and insertion of the Muscles We have formerly noted that by the face is meant whatsoever lyes from the Eye-browes even to the Chin. In which there is such admirable industry of nature that of the infinite multitude of men you cannot finde two so like but that they may be distinguished by some unlikenesse in their faces also it hath adorned this part with such exquisite beauty that many have dyed by longing to enjoy the beauty desired by them This same face albeit it little exceeds halfe a foote yet it indicates and plainely intimates by the suddaine changes thereof what affections and passions of hope feare sorrow and delight possesse our minds and what state our bodyes are in sound sicke or neither Wherefore seeing the face is of so much moment let us returne to the Anatomicall description thereof which that wee may easily and plainely performe wee will begin with the bones thereof whereby as we formerly sayd the originall and insertion of the Muscles may be more certaine and manifest to vs. CHAP. I. Of the bones of the Face THe bones of the face are 16 or 17 in number And first there be reckoned 6 about the Orbs of the eyes that is 3 to each orbe of which one is the bigger another lesser and the third between both each of these touch the forehead bone in their upper part Besides the greater is joyned with a suture to the processe of the stony bone and so makes the Zygoma that is the Os Iugale or yoake bone framed by nature for preservation of the temporall muscle The lâ—sser is seated at the greater corner of the eye in which there is a hole perforated to the nose and in this is the glandule in which the Aegylops doth breed The middle is in the bottome or inner part of the orbe very slender as it were of a membranous thinnesse then follow the two bones of the nose which are joyned to the forehead bone by a suture but on the foreside between them selves by harmony But on the backe or hinde part with two other bones on each side one which descending from the bone of the forehead to which also they are joyned by a suture receive all the teeth These two in Galens opinion are seldome found separated But these are the thickest of all the bones of the face hitherto mentioned knit by a suture with the greatest bone of the Orbe on the backe part with the wedge-bone on the inner side with the two little inner bones of the pallate which on the inside make the extremity thereof whereby it comes to passe that we may call these bones the hinder or inner bones of the pallate They reckon one of these bones the eleventh and the other the twelfth bone of the head these two little bones on their sides next to the winged productions of the wedge-bone receive on each side one of the nerves of the fourth conjugation which in the former booke we said were spent upon the membrane of the pallate And in Galens opinion there be other two in the lower Iaw joined at the middle of the chin although some thinke it but one bone because by the judgement of sense there appeares no division or separation therein But you may see in children how true this their supposition is for in men of perfect growth it appeares but one bone these two are reckoned for the thirteenth and fourteenth bones Now these two bones making the lower Iaw have in their back part on each side two productions as they lye to the upper Iaw the one of which represents the point of a sword and is called the Corone the other is obtuse and round which is inserted into the cavity seated at the root of the processe of the stony bone nere to the passage of the eare This may be strained to the forepart by violent gaping by retraction of the muscles arising from the wing-like processes and ending at the lower angles of the broader part of the same Iaw This Iaw is hollow as also the upper especially in the back-part being filled with a white and glutinous humor conducing to the growth of the teeth This humor hath its matter from the blood brought thither by the vessels veines Arteryes and nerves from the third coniugation entring in here by a passage large enough Whereby it comes to passe that this part is not only nourished and lives but also the teeth receive sence by the benefit of the nerves entring thither with the veine and artery by small holes to be seene at the lower roots of the teeth and thence it is that a beating paine may be perceived in the tooth-ach because the defluxion may be by the arteryes or rather because the humor flowing to the roots of the teeth may presse the artery in that place beside also you may see some apparance of a nervous substance in the root of a tooth newly pluckt out But also you must consider that this Iaw from its inner capacity produces at the fides of the chin two nerves of a sufficient magnitude over against the lower dog-teeth and the first of the smaller grinding teeth as I have noted in the description of the nerves of the third coniugation I have thought good to put thee in minde of these that when thou shalt have occasion to make incision in these places thou maiest warily and discreetly handle the matter that these parts receive no harme There remaines another bone seated above the pallate from which the gristlely partition of the nose arises being omitted of all the Anatomists for as much as I know Now therefore that you may the better remember the number of the bones of the face I will here make a repetition of them There are sixe of the orbs of the eyes at each three The seventh and eight wee may call the Nasall or nose bones The ninth and tenth the Iaw-bones The eleventh and twelfth are called the inner bones of the pallate The thirteenth and fourteenth the bones of the lower Iaw The partition of the nose may be reckoned the fifteenth Now it remaines having spoken of these bones that wee treate of the teeth the Eye-browes the skinne the fleshy pannicle the Muscles and lastly the other parts of the face CHAP. II. Of the Teeth THe Teeth are of the number of the bones and those which have the most have thirty two that is sixteene above and so many belowe of which in the forepart of the mouth there are foure above and as many beneath which are called Incisorij cutting or shearing teeth to cut in sunder the meat and they have but
one root To these are ioyned two in each Iaw that is on each side of the other one which are called Canini dentes Dogges-teeth because they are sharp and strong like dogges teeth these also have but one roote but that is farre longer than the other have Then follow the Molares or Grinders on each side five that is tenne above and as many below that they may grinde chaw and breake the meat that so it may be the sooner concocted in the stomack for so they vulgarly thinke that meat well chawed is halfe concocted those grinders which are fastened in the upper jaw have most commonly three roots and oft times foure But these which are fastened in the lower have only two roots and sometimes three because this lower jaw is harder than the upper so that it cannot be so easily hollowed or else because these teeth being fixed and firmely seated needed not so many stayes as the upper which as it were hang out of their seats The shearing teeth cut the meat because they are broad and sharp the Dog-teeth break it because they are sharp pointed and firme but the grinders being hard broad and sharp chaw and grind it asunder But if the grinders had beene smooth they could not fitly have performed their duty for all things are chawed and broken asunder more easily by that which is rough and unequall Wherefore they sharpen their Milstones when they are smoother than they should be by picking them with a sharp Iron The teeth are fastened in the jawes by Gomphosis that is as a stake or naile so are they fixed into the holes of their jawes for they adhere so firmely thereto in some that when they are pluckt out part thereof followes together with the tooth which I have often observed to have beene also with great effusion of blood This adhesion of the teeth fastened in their jawes is besides strengthened with a ligament which applyes it selfe to their roots together with the nerve and vessels The teeth differ from other bones because they have action whilest they chaw the meat because being lost they may be regenerated and for that they grow as long as the party lives for otherwise by the continuall use of chawing they would be worne and wasted away by one another You may perceive this by any that have lost one of their teeth for that which is opposite to it becomes longer than the rest because it is not worne by its opposite Besides also they are more hard and solide than the rest of the bones and indued with a quick sense by reason of the nerves of the third conjugation which insert themselves into their roots for if you rub or grind a tooth newly pluckt out you may see the remaines of the nerve they have such quick sense that with the tongue they might judge of tastes But how feele the teeth seeing they may be filed without paine Fallopius answeres that the teeth feele not in their upper or exterior part but only by a membrane which they have within And the teeth have another use especially the fore-teeth which is they serve for distinct and articulate pronuntiation for those that want them faulter in speaking as also such as have them too short or too long or ill rancked Besides children speak not distinctly before they have their foreteeth And you must note that the infant as yet shut up in its mothers womb hath solide and bony teeth which you may perceive by dissecting it presently after it is borne But even as there are two large cavities in the forehead bone at the eye-browes filled with aviscous humor serving for the smelling and in like manner the aire shut up in the mamillary processes is for hearing so in the jawes there be two cavities furnished with a viscide humor for the nourishment of the teeth CHAP. III. Of the Broade Muscle NOw we should prosecute the containing parts of the face to wit the skin the fleshy pannicle and fat but because they have beene spoken of sufficiently before I will onely describe the sleshy pannicle before I come to the dissection of the eye that wee may the more easily understand all the motions performed by it whether in the face or forehead First that you may more easily see it you must curiously separate the skin in some part of the face For unlesse you take good heed you will pluck away the fleshy pannicle together with the skinne as also this broad muscle to which it immediatly adheres and in some places so closly and firmely as in the lips eye-lids and the whole forehead that it cannot be separated from it Nature hath given motion or a moveing force to this broad muscle that whilest it extends or contracts it selfe it might serve to shut and open the eye It will be convenient to separate the muscle thus freed from the skin beginning from the forepart of the clavicles even to the chin ascending in a right line and then turning backe as far as you can for thus you shall shew how it mixes it selfe with the skinne and the muscles of the lips When thou shalt come to the Eyes thou shalt teach how the eye is shut and opened by this one muscle because it is composed of the three sorts of fibers although by the opinion of all who have hitherto written of Anatomy those actions are said to be performed by the power of two muscles appointed for that purpose one of which is at the greater corner on the upper part the other resembling a semicircle at the lesser corner from whence extending it selfe to the midle of the gristle Tarsus it meets with the former ending there but they are in part extended over all the eyelid whereby it commeth to passe that it also in some sort becometh moveable But although in publike dissections these two muscles are commonly wont to be solemnly shewed after the manner I have related yet I thinke that those which shew them know no more of them than I doe I have grounded my opinion from this that there appeares no other musculous flesh in these places to those which separate the fleshy pannicle or broad muscle than that which is of the panicle it selfe whether you draw your incision knife from the forehead downewards or from the cheeke upwards Besides when there is occasion to make incision on the eye-browes we are forbidden to doe it transverse least this broad muscle falling upon the eye make the upper Eye-lid unmoveable but if such a cut be received accidentally we are commanded presently to stitch it up which is a great argument that the motion of the upper eye-lid is not performed by its proper muscles but wholy depends and is performed by the broad muscle Now if these same proper muscles which we have described should be in the upper eye-lid it should be meet because when one of the muscles is in action the other which is its opposite
it directly to the upper so to shut the mouth But you must note that this muscle is tendinous even to his belly and that it fils and makes both the temples It is more subject to deadly wounds than the rest by reason of the multitude of nerves dispersed over the substance thereof which because they are nere their originall that is the brain◠they inferre danger of suddaine death by a convulsion which usually follows the affects of this muscle but also in like manner it causes a fever the Phrenzy and Coma. The Figure of the chiefe muscles of the Face A. The muscle of the forehead and the right fibers thereof B. The Temporall muscle α. β. γ. his semicircular originall D. The muscle of the upper lip G. The yoake-bone unaer which the temporall muscles passe I. The Masseter or Grinding Muscle K. The upper gristle of the nose M. A muscle forming the cheekes N. The muscle of the lower lip O. A part of the Fifth muscle of the lower Iaw called Digastricus that is double bellied Q. R. The first muscle of the bone Hyoides growing unto the rough Artery S. The second muscle of the bone Hyoides vnder the Chin. T. The third muscle of the bone Hyoides stretched to the law T. K. the seveneth muscle of the head and his insertion at T. V. V. The two venters of the fourth muscle of the hone Hyoides φ. The place where the vessells passe which go to the head and the nerves which are sent to the Arme. Therefore that it should be lesse subject or obvious to externall injuryes Nature hath as it were made it a retiring place in the bone and fortified it with a wall of bone raised somewhat higher about it The other Muscle almost equall to the former in bignes being called the Masseter or grinding muscle makes the Cheeke it descends from the lowest part of the greatest bone of the orbe which bends it selfe as it were back that it may make part of the yoake bone and inserts it selfe into the lower Iaw from the corner thereof to the end of the root of the processe Corone that so it may draw this Iaw forward and backward and move it like a hand-mill Wherefore nature hath composed it of two sorts of fibers of the which some from the neeke the cheek in that place under the eyes standing somewhat out like an aple arising from the concourse of the greater bones of the orbe and upper jaw descend obliquely to the corner and hinder part of the lower jaw that it may move it forwards Othersome arise from the lower part of the same yoak-bone and descending obliquely intersect the former fibers after the similitude of the letter X and insert themselves into the same lower jaw at the roots of the processe Corone that so they may draw it back Truely by reason of these contrary motions it is likely this muscle was called the Masseter or grinder The third which is the round Muscle arises from all the Gums of the upper jaw and is inserted into all the gummes of the lower investing the sides of all the mouth with the coate with which it is covered on the inside being otherwise covered on the outside with more fat than any other muscle The action thereof is not onely to draw the lower Iaw to the upper but also as with a Shovell to bring the meat dispersed over all the mouth under the teeth no otherwise then the tongue drawes it in The fourth being shorter and lesse than the rest arising from all the hollownes of the winged processe of the Wedge-bone is inserted within into the broadest part of the lower Iaw that so in like manner it may draw the same to the upper This is the muscle through whose occasion we said this lower iaw is sometimes dislocated The fifth and last muscle of the lower jaw from the processe styloides of the stony bone ascends to the forepart of the Chin nere to the connexion of the two bones of this Iaw to draw this Iaw downewards from the upper in opening the mouth This muscle is slender and Tendinous in the midst that so it might be the stronger but it is fleshy at the ends All these Muscles were made by the singular providence of nature and ingrafted into this part for the performance of many uses and actions as biting asunder chawing grinding and severing the meat into small particles which the tongue by a various and harmelesse motion puts under the teeth Thus much I thought good to say of the parts of the face as well containing as contained The Figure of the Muscles of the lower Iaw A. A hole in the forehead bone in the brimme of the seate of the eye sending a small nerve of the third paire to the muscles of the fore-head and the upper eye-brow B. The Temporall muscle CHAP. X. Of the Eares and Parotides or kernels of the Eares THe Eares are the Organs of the Sense of hearing They are composed of the skin a little flesh a gristle veines arteries and nerves They may be bended or folded in without harme because being gristlely they easily yeild and give way but they would not doe so if they should be bony but would rather break That lap at which they hang pendants and lewels is by the ancients called Fibra but the upper part pinna They have beene framed by the providence of nature into twining passages like a Snailes shell which as they come neerer to the foramen caecum or blind hole are the more straitened that so they might the better gather the aire into them conceive the differences of sounds and voices and by little and little leade them to the membrane This membrane which is indifferently hard hath growne up from the nerves of the fifth conjugation which they call the auditory But they were made thus into crooked windings least the sounds rushing in too violently should hurt the sense of hearing Yet for all this we oft find it troubled and hurt by the noise of thunder Guns and Bels. Other wise also lest that the aire too sodainely entring in should by its qualitys as cold cause some harme and also that little creeping things and other extraneous bodys as fleas the like should be staied in these windings and turnings of the waies the glutinous thicknes of the cholerick excrement or eare-waxe hereunto also conduceing which the braine purges and sends forth into this part that is the auditory passage framed into these intricate Maeanders The Figure of the eares and bones of the auditory passage Tab 10. sheweth the eares and the divers internall parts thereof Fig. 1. sheweth the whole external eare with a part of the Temple bone Fig. 2. sheweth the left bone of the Temple divided in the middest by the instrument of hearing whereabout on either side there are certaine passages heere particularly described Fig. 3 and 4. sheweth the three little Bones Fig. 5. sheweth
fourth is that it serves for a wall or bulwarke to the entrailes which lye and rest upon it on the inside And because we have fallen into mention of Ligaments it will not be amisse to insert in this place that which ought to be knowne of them First therefore we will declare what a Ligament is then explaine the divers acceptions thereof and lastly prosecute their differences Therefore a Ligament is nothing else than a simple part of mans body next to a bone and Gristle the most terrestriall and which most usually arises from the one or other of them either mediatly or immediatly and in the like manner ends in the one of them or in a Muscle or in some other part whereby it comes to passe that a Ligament is without blood dry hard and cold and without sense like the parts from whence it arises although it resemble a Nerve in whitenesse and consistence but that it is somewhat harder A Ligament is taken either generally or more particularly in generall for every part of the body which tyes one part to another in which sense the skin may be called a Ligament because in containes all the inner parts in one union So the Peritonaum comprehending all the naturall parts and binding them to the backe-bone so the membrane inuesting the Ribbs that is the Pleura containing all the vitall parts thus the membranes of the braine the nerves veines arteryes muscles membranes and lastly all such parts of the body which bind together and conteine other may be called Ligaments because they binde one part to another as the nerves annexe the whole body to the braine the Arteries fasten it to the heart and the veines to the liver But to conclude the name of a Ligament more particularly taken signifies that part of the body which we have described a little before The differences of Ligaments are many for some are membranous and thin others broad othersome thicke and around some hard some soft some great some little some wholy gristlely others of a middle consistence betweene a bone and a gristle according to the nature of the motion of the parts which they binde together in quicknesse vehemency and slownesse We will shew the other differences of Ligaments as they shall present themselves in dissection CHAP. XVII Of the Muscles of the Necke THe Muscles of the necke as well proper as common are in number twenty or else twenty two that is ten or eleven on each side of which seven only move the head or the first vertebra with the head the other 3 or 4 the necke it self Of the 7 which move the head with the head the first Vertebra some extend erect it others bend and decline it others move it obliquely but all of them together in a successive motion move it circularly and the like judgement may be of the Muscles of the Necke The fourth Figure of the Muscles This Figure sheweth the cavities of the middle and lower bellies the bowels being taken out but most part of the bones and muscles remaining AB The first musclebending the necke called Longus C C The second bender of the necke called Scalenus D D D D The outward intercost all muscles E E E E The inner intercostall muscles F F F The second muscle of the chest called serratus maior G The first muscle of the shoulder-blade called sâ—rratus minor separated from his originall H The first muscle of the arme called Pectoralis separated from his originall I The second muscle of the arme called Deltoides K The bone of the arme without flesh L The first muscle of the cubite called Biceps M The second muscle of the cubit called Brachiaus N The clavicle or coller-bone bent backward O The first muscle of the chest called subclavius P The upper processe of the shoulder-blade Q The first muscle of the head called obliquus inferior R The second muscle of the head called Complexus S The fourth muscle of the shoulder blade called Levator TV The two bellies of the fourth muscle of the bone Hyois X X a a The fist muscle of the backe whose originall is at a a. Y Y b b c c The sixt muscle of the thigh called Psoae whose originall is at c c and tendon at b b. Z Z The seaventh muscle of the thigh d the holy bone o o o the holes of the holy bone out of which the nerves doe issue e A portion of the fist muscle of the thigh arising from the share-bone f the share-bone bared k the ninth muscle of the thigh or the first circumactor The fifth Figure of the muscles in which some muscles of the head Chest arme and shoulder-blade are described I The processe of the shoulder-blade called the top of the shoulder O The fourth muscle of the arme or the greater round muscle to which Fallopius his right muscle is adjoyned which some call the lesser round muscle Q Q The sixt muscle of the arme or the upper blade-rider X The second muscle of the shoulder-blade or the Levator or heaver Z the second muscle of the chest or the greater Saw muscle Y the fifth muscle of the chest or muscle called Sacrolumbus αβ His place wherein he cleaveth fast to the longest muscle of the backe γγ the Tendons of the muscle obliquely inserted into the ribs ΔΔ the first paire of the muscles of the head or the Splinters Ch. 8. 9 their length whose beginning at 8 and insertion at 9. 10 11. the sides of this muscle 12 that distance where they depart one from the other 13 the two muscles called Complexi neare their insertion Φ the second muscle of the backe or the Longest muscle Ω the fourth muscle of the backe or the Semi-spinatus δ the shoulder-blade bare p A part of the transverse muscle of the Abdomen The sixth Figure of the muscles shewing some of the muscles of the Head Backe Chest Shoulder-blade and Arme. A D the second paire of the muscles of the head or the two Complexi the first part is at A D. B C. the second part E F the third part rising up under G and inserted at F. G the fourth part of this muscle or the right muscle of the head according to Fallopius which Vesalius made the 4. part of the 2. G G Betwixt the ribs the externall Intercostall muscles L the originall of the 2. muscle of the backe M His tendons at the racke-bone of the necke The upper O the fourth muscle of the arme or the greater round muscle O O the lower the 6 muscle of the chest or the Sacrolumbus hanging from his originall Q the sixt muscle of the arme or the upper Bladerider inverted V the third ligament of the joynt of the arme X the fourth muscle of the shoulder-blade or the heaver Z the second muscle of the Chest or the greater Saw-muscle 〈◊〉 the 3. muscle of the necke called Transuersalis Ï€ the 4. muscle of the necke called Spinatus
the two Trochanters which yeeld a passage to the vessels that is the veines arteries and nerves into the marrow of the bone it selfe whence the marrow it selfe becomes partaker of sense especially on that part which is covered with a coate and the bone lives and is nourished The other Appendix of the thigh that is the lower is the greatest and thickest rising as it were with two heads which are devided by two cavities the one superficiarie and on the fore side whereby it receives the whirle-bone of the knee the other deepe and on the backe part by which it receives the gristlely and as it were bony ligaments proceeding from the eminencie which is seene betweene the two cavities of the upprer appendix of the bone of the legge which Hippocrates lib. de fracturis calls in his tongue Diaphysis CHAP. XXXV Of the muscles moving the thigh THe muscles of the thigh are just foureteene in number that is two bend it whereupon they are called the Flexores or benders three extend it whereupon they are called Tensores extenders three move it inwards driving the knee outwards and drawing the hee le inwards as when wee crosse our legges yet some make these three one and call it the Triceps or threeheaded muscle Sixe spread it abroad and dilate it as happens in the act of venery Foure of these are called Gemini or Twins by reason of the similitude of their thicknesse originall inserrion and action the two other are called Obturatores because they stop the hole which is common to the share and backe-bones Now one of the two Flexores being round descends on the inside with fibers of an unequall length from all the transverse processes of the loines above the hinde commissure of the hanch and share-bones and is inserted into the little Trochanter the other broader and larger from the originall passes forth of the whole lippe and inner brow of the hanch-bone and filling the inner cavity thereof is inserted above the fore part of the head of the thigh into the little Trochanter by a thicke tendon which it with the follow muscle lately described produces even from the fleshy part thereof wherefore you neede to take no great paines in drawing or plucking them away The three Tensores or extenders make the buttocks of which the first being the thicker larger and externall arising from the rumpe the holy-bone and more than halfe of the exteriour and hinder lippe of the hanch-bone is inserted by oblique fibers some foure fingers breadth from the great Trochanter at the right line which we said resembled an Asses backe The second which is the middle in bignesse and site descends from the rest of the lippe and from the forâ— and outward ribbe of the hanch-bone and above the midst of the bone is inserted into the upper part of the great Trochanter by a triangular insertion above the upper and exteriour part thereof The third being lesser shorter and thinner lying hidde under these former proceeds from the middle of the externall surface of the hanch-bone and then is insâ—ted into the greater part of the right line of the great Trochanter These three muscles have a great and large originall but a narrow insertion as it were by oblique fibers Then follow those three muscles which move the thighes inwards straiten and crosse then so that the knee stands forwards or outwards but the heele is drawne inwards as you may understand by their insertion although some thinke otherwise But these three muscles by their originall partly fleshy and partly membranous arise from the upper and fore part of the circumference of the share-bone and thence are inserted into the hinde line of the huckle-bone some higher than othersome for the lesser and shorter stayes at the roots of the little Trochanter the middle descends a little deeper the 3. with the longest of his fibers descends even to the midst of the line This if it be so that is these muscles proceeding from the fore and upper part to be inserted into the hinder line of the huckle-bone whilest they alone performe their action and draw the thighs together they will turne them outwards just so as when we put them acrosse but they will not draw one heele to another and put tâ—… hee le outwards for such like motion is performed by the inner Vaste muscle of the thigh moving the legge Now follow the sixe which move the buttocks The first and higher of the Quadrigemini or the foure twin muscles passes forth of the commissure of the holy-bone with the bone of the rumpe or rather from the lowest extreme of the holy-bone and thence it is inserted into the cavity of the great Trochanter by a tendon of a sufficient largenesse The second proceeding from the hollow part or fissure which is betweene the extremity of the huckle-bone and the tuberositie or swelling out of the same is inserted in like manner into the cavity of the great Trochanter The third ascends from the inner part of the swelling out of the huckle-bone a little above betweene the two Trochanters into the cavity of the greater of them The fourth and last the lowest and broadest of them all proceeds from all the exteriour protuberancie of the huckle-bone and thence is inserted into the great Trochanter and these foure muscles lie hid under the thicke and more eminent part of the buttocks wherefore that you may the better shew them they must be turned up towards their originall The two Obturatores remaine to be spoken of that is the internall and externall both which arise from the circuite and circumference of the hole which they stoppe which as wee said is common to the share and huckle-bone but the internall ascends to the exteriour roote of the great Trochanter by the middle fissure betweene the upper part of the protuberancy of the hucklebone and the spine which stands up in the hinder basis of the hanch-bone But the externall proceedes from the exteriour cavity and the middle space betweene the tuberosity of the huckle-bone and cavity thereof and is inserted in the lower part into the cavity of the great Trochanter together with the Quadrigemini If you would plainely see the exteriour Obturator you must either cut off the beginning of the three-headed muscle or handsomely pluck it away and then extend it and turne it up The internall is easily discerned when the bladder is taken away CHAP. XXXVI Of the bones of the Legge or Shanke THose which would describe the muscles of the legge ought first to describe the bones thereof beginning at the Rotula or whirle-bone of the knee This bone is gristlely on the outside and round in compasse but on the inner and middle part after some sort gibbous but somewhat flatted at the sides that so it may be fitlier applied to the joynt of the knee and fitted within the anteriour cavity of the two appendices of the thigh and the upper
be more found a great part of which rather merite the name of Gristles than bones there are others externall if we beleeve Sylvius Now remaine the bones of the Leg which if we reckon the Ossa Ilium on each side three as in yong bodies it is fit they should they are sixty six besides the seed-bones that is to say two Haunch-bones two share bones two Huckle-bones two thigh-bones two Whirlbones of the knees foure of the leg that is two leg-bones and two shin-bones Fourteen of the Instep as two heele two pasterne two boat-like two Die six namelesse bones Ten of the Pedium or back of the foote that is five in each foot twenty eight of the Toes as many seed-bones in the feet as the hands enjoy But I have thought good to adde these figures for the better understanding of what hath beene spoken hereof CHAP. XLII An Epitome of the names and kinds of composure of the bones BEcause it is as nececessary for a Chirurgion to know the manner of setting repairing broken bones as to put them in their places when they are dislocated or out of joynt but seeing neither of them can be understood when the naturall connexion of the bones is not knowne I have thought it a worke worth my labour breifly to set downe by what and how many meanes the bones are mutually knit and fastened together The universall composure and structure of all the bones in a mans body is called by the Greekes Sceletos But all these bones are composed after two sorts that is by Arthron an Articulation or joynt and by Symphysis a naturall uniting or joyning together There are many other kinds of both these sorts For there are two kinds of Articulation that is Diarthrosis or Dearticulation and Synarthrosis or Coarticulation which differ as thus Dearticulation is a composition of the bones with a manifest and visible motion Coarticulation hath a motion of the bones yet not so manifest but more obscure But these two do again admit a subdivision into other kinds For Diarthrosis conteines under it Enarthrosis Arthrodia Ginglymos Now Enarthrosis or Inarticulation is a kind of Dearticulation in which a deep Cavity receives a thicke and long head such a composition hath the Thigh-bone with the Huckle-bone Arthrodia is when a lightly engraven civity admits a small and short head such a connexion is that of the Arme-bone with the shoulder-blade of the first Vertebra with the second The Greekes have distinguished by proper names these two kinds of Cavities and heads For they call the thicke and long head Cephale that is a Head absolutely but the lesser they terme Corons or Coronon which the Latines call Capitulum a Litle-head But they call a deepe Cavity Cotyle and a superficiary one Glene The third sort called Ginglymos is when the bones mutually receive and are received one of another as when there is a cavity in one bone which receives the head of the opposite bone and also the same bone hath a head which may be received in the Cavity of the opposite bone such a composure is in the Cubite and knee that is in the connexion of the Thigh-bone And thus much of Dearticulation and the three kinds thereof Synarthrosis or Coarticulation another kinde of juncture hath also three kinds thereof Gal. lib. de Ossibus to wit Sutura Gomphosis and Harmonia Suture is a composition of the bones after the manner of sowing things together example whereof appeares in the bones of the Scull Gomphosis is when one bone is fastened in another as a pin is fastened in a hole after which manner the teeth are fastened in their sockets in both the Iawes Harmony is when the bones are composed by the interposition of a simple line after which manner many bones of the nose and face are joyned together Hitherto we have spoken of the first construction of the bones by articulation and the kinds thereof now it followes we treat of Symphysis Symphysis or Growing together as we formerly said is nothing else than naturall union of the bones such union is made two manner of wayes that is either by interposition of no other thing after which sort in successe of time the bones of the lower Iaw grow together which formerly in children were manifestly distinguished or by the mediation of some Medium but that happens three manner of wayes by interposition of three severall Media as first of a Gristle which kinde of union the Greeks call Synchondrosis after which manner the Share-bones grow together and also some Appendices in young bodyes secondly of a Ligament and it is named by the Grecians Syneurosis the name of a Nerve being taken in the largest sense for sometimes it is used for a tendon other-whiles for a Ligament otherwhiles for a Norve properly so called and which is the author of sense and motion But this Symphysis or union hath place by Syneurosis or interposition of a Nerve in certaine bones of the Sternon and Haunch Thirdly the bones grow into one by interposition of flesh called in Greeke Synsarcosis thus the flesh of the Gums fastens the teeth and makes them immoveable But if some be lesse pleased with this division by reason of the obscurities in which it seemes to be involved this following expression comes into my minde which I was first admonished of by German Cortin Doctor of Physicke which if you well observe it is both blamelesse and more easie for your understanding The bones which as pillars susteine the fabricke of the whole body are either Vnited mutually by Symphysis or union by which they are so conjoyned that there is no dissimular nor heterogeneous body at least which may be discerned interposed between them Such union appeares in the two bones of the lower Iaw at the Chin in the bones of the Sternon the Hanch with the Huckle-bones and the Share-bones betweene themselves of this union there are no more kinds for by this it cometh to passe that the bones which were more and distinct meet together by interposition of one Medium to wit a Gristle which now indeed is no Gristle but is turned into a Bone or Conjoyned by that which they call Arthrodia or Articulation as when they so concur are bound together that some Heterogeneous substance may be noted betwixt them but the bones thus cōposed are knit two manner of wayes that is either more loosly as by Diarthrosis that is a kind of Articulation not very straite as by which it might have opportunity to preforme diverse motions of this composure or Articulation of bones there are three kinds as Enarthrosis when the head of a bone is wholy received in the cavity of another hid therein as the Thigh-bone is joyned with the Huckle-bone Arthrodia when in a lightly engraven not much depressed cavity the head of another bone is not wholy hid but only received in part therof
be increased or diminished according to the greatnesse of the tumor The second taken from the nature of the humor also changes our counsell for a Phlegmon must be otherwise cured than an Erysypelas and an Oëdema than a Scyrrhus and a simple tumor otherwise than a compound And also you must cure after another manner a tumor comming of an humor not naturall than that which is of a naturall humor and otherwise that which is made by congestion than that which is made by defluxion The third Indication is taken from the part in which the tumor resides by the nature of the part wee understand its temperature conformation site faculty and function The temperature indicates that some medicines are convenient for the fleshy parts as those which are more moist others for the nervous as more drie for you must apply some things to the eye and others to the throate one sort of things to these parts which by reason of their raritie are easily subject to defluxion another to those parts which by their density are not obnoxious to it But we must have good regard to the site of the part as if it have any connexion with the great vessels and if it be fit to powre forth the matter and humor when it is suppurated Galen by the name of faculty understands the use and sense of the part This hath a manifold indication in curing for some parts are principall as the Braine Heart and Liuer for their vertue is communicated to the whole body by the nerves arteries and veines Others truly are not principall but yet so necessary that none can live without them as the Stomacke Some are endued with a most quicke sence as the eye the membranes nerves and tendons wherefore they cannor endure acrid and biting medicines Having called to minde these indications the indication will be perfected by these three following intentions as if we consider the humor flowing downe or which is ready to flow the conjunct matter that is the humor impact in the part the correction of accidents yet so that we alwayes have care of that which is most urgent and of the cause Therefore first repercussives must be applied for the antecedent matter strong or weake having regard to the tumor as it is then onely excepting sixe conditions of Tumors the first is if the matter of the Tumor be venenate the second if it be a criticall abscesse the third if the defluxion be neare the noble parts the fourth if the matter be grosse tough and viscide the fifth when the matter lies farre in that is flowes by the veines which lies more deepe the sixth when it lies in the Gandules But if the whole body be plethoricke a convenient diet purging and Phlebotomie must be appointed frictions and bathes must be used Ill humors are amended by diet and purging If the weakenesse of the part receiving draw on a defluxion it must be strengthened If the part be inferiour in its site let the patient be so seated or layed that the part receiving as much as may be may be the higher If paine be the cause of defluxion we must asswage it by things mitigating it If the thinnesse or lightnesse of the humor cause defluxion it must be inspissate by meats and medicines But for the matter conteined in the part because it is against nature it requires to be evacuate by resolving things as Cataplasmes ointments somentations cupping glasses or by evacuation as by scarifying or by suppurating things as by ripening and opening the Impostume Lasty for the conjunct accidents as the Feaver paine and such like they must be mitigated by asswaging mollifying and malaxing medicines as I shall shew more at large hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the foure principall and generall Tumors and of other Impostumes which may be reduced to them THe principall and cheife Tumors which the abundance of humors generate are foure A Phlegmon Erysipelas Oâ—dema and Scyrrhus innumerable others may be reduced to these distinguished by divers names according to the various condition of the efficient cause and parts receiving Wherfore a Phygethlum Phyma Fellon Carbuncle inflammation of the eyes Squincy Bubo lastly all sorts of hot and moist tumors may be reduced to a Phlegmon The Herpes â—iliaris the eating Herpes Ringwormes and Tetters and all impostumes brought forth by choler are contained under an Erysipelas Atheromata Steâ—tomata Meldâ—â—rides the Testudo or Talpa Ganglion Knots Kings-evill Wens watery Ruptures the Ascites and Leucophlegmatia may be reduced to an Oëdema as also all flaruleâ—â— tumors which the abundance of corrupt Phlegme produces In the kindred of the Scyrrhus are reckoned a Cancer Leprosie Warts Cornâ— a Thymus a Varix Morphew black and white and other Impostumes arising from a melancholy humor Now wee will treate of these Tumors in particular beginning with a Phlegmon CHAP. VII Of a Phlegmon APhlegmon is a generall name for all Impostumes which the abundance of inflamed bloud produces That is called a true Phlegmon which is made of laudable bloud offending onely in quantity But a bastard Phlegmon or a Phlegmonous Impostume hath some other and proper name as a Carbuncle Fellon Gangrene Sphacel and the like maligne Pustules So when there is a confluâ—e of diverse humor into one tumor divers kinds of phlegmonous Impostumes called by diverse names according to the more abundant humor arise as if a small portion of phlegme shall be mixed with a greater quantity of bloud it shall be called as Oëdematous Phlegmon but if on the contrary the quantity of phlegme be the greater it shall be named a phlegmonous Oëdema and so of the rest alwayes naming the tumor from that which is most predominant in it Therefore we must observe that all differences of such tumors arise from that either because the bloud causing it offends onely in quantity which if it doe it causes that tumor which is properly called a Phlegmon if in quality it makes a Phlegmonous tumor because the matter thereof is much departed from the goodnesse of bloud But bloud is said to offend in quantity either by admixture of some other matter as Phlegme Choler or melancholy from whence proceedes Oëdematous Erysipelâ—s and Scyrrhous Phlegmons or by corruption of its proper substance from whence Carbuncles and all kindes of Gangrens or by concretion and when nature is disappointed of its attempted and hoped for suppuration either by default of the aire or patient or by the error of the Physition and hence oft times happen Atheroma's Steatoma's and Melicerides Although these things be set downe by the ancients of the simple and simular matter of the true Phlegmon yet you must know that in truth there is no impostume whose matter exquisitely shewes the nature of one and that simple humor without all admixture of any other matter for all humors are mixed together with the bloud yet from the plenty of bloud prodominating they are called
spred over the transverse surface of the gristle Of all these sorts of Polypi some are not ulcerated others ulcerated which send forth a stinking and strong smelling filth Such of them as are painefull hard resisting and which have a livide or leaden colour must not be touched with the hand because they savour of the Nature of a Cancer as into which they oft degenerate yet by reason of the paine which oppresses more violently you may use the Anodyne medicines formerly described in a Cancer such as this following ℞ Olei de vitell ovorum ℥ ij Lytharg auri Tuthiae praep an ℥ j. succi plant solani an ℥ ssj Lapid haematit camphorae an ℥ ss Let them be wrought a long time in a leaden mortar and so make a medicine to be put into the nosethrills Those which are soft loose and without paine are sometimes curable being plucked away with an instrument made for that purpose or else wasted by actuall cauteries put in through a pipe so that they touch not the sound part or by potentiall cauteries as Agyptiacum composed of equall parts of all the simples with vitrioll which hath a facultie to waste such like flesh Aquafortis and oyle of vitrioll have the same facultie for these take away a Polypus by the rootes for if any part thereof remayne it will breede againe But Cauteries and acride medicines must be put into the nostrills with this Caution that in the meane time cold repelling and astringent medicines be applied to the nose and parts about it to asswage the paine and hinder the inflammation Such as are Vnguentum de bolo and vnguentum nutritum whites of Egges beate with Rose leaves and many other things of the like nature CHAP. III. Of the Parotides that is Certaine swellings about the Eares THe Parotis is a Tumor against nature affecting the Glandules and those parts seated behinde and about the Eares which are called the Emunctories of the braine for these because they are loose and spungy are fit to receive the excrements thereof Of these some are criticall the matter of the disease somewhat disgested being sent thither by the force of nature Others Symptomaticall the excrements of the braine increased in quantity or quality rushing thither of their owne accord Such abscesses often have great inflammation joyned with them because the byting humor which flowes thither is more vitiated in quality than in quantity Besides also they often cause great paine by reason of the distention of the parts indued with most exquisit sence as also by reason of a Nerve of the fifth Conjugation spread over these parts as also of the neighbouring membranes of the braine by which meanes the patient is troubled with the Head-ach and all his face becomes swolne Yet many times this kinde of Tumor useth to be raysed by a tough viscous and grosse humor This disease doth more grievously afflict young men than olde it commonly brings a Feaver and watching It is difficult to be cured especially when it is caused by a grosse tough and viscide humor sent thither by the Crisis The cure must be performed by diet which must be cōtrary to the quality of the humor in the temper consistence of the meates If the inflāmation rednesse be great which indicate abundance of bloud Phlebotomie will be profitable yea very necessary But here we must not use the like judgement in application of locall medicines as wee doe in others tumors as Galen admonisheth us that is wee must not use repercussives at the beginning especially if the abscesse be criticall for so we should infringe or foreflow the indeavors of nature forcibly freeing it selfe from the morbifique matter But wee must much lesse repell or drive it backe if the matter which hath flowed thither be venenate for so the reflow thereof to the noble parts would prove mortall Wherefore the Chirurgion shall rather assist nature in attracting and drawing forth that humor Yet if the defluxion shall be so violent if the paine so fierce that thence there may be feare of watchings and a Feaver which may deject the powers Galen thinks it will be expedient with many resolving medicines to mix some repelling Wherefore at the beginning let such a Cataplasme be applyed ℞ Far. hord sem lin ana ℥ ij coquantur cum mulsa aut decocto cham addendo but. recen olei cham ana ℥ j fiat Cataplasma And the following oyntment wil also be good ℞ But. recen ℥ ij oles cham lilior an ℥ j. unguen de Althea ℥ ss cerae parum make an oyntment to be applyed with moist and greasie wooll to mitigate the paine also somewhat more strong discussing and resolving medicins will be profitable as ℞ Rad. altheae bryon an ℥ ij fol. rutae puleg. orig an m. j. flo chamaem melil an p. j. coquantur in hydromelite pistentur traijciantur addendo farin faenugraec orobi an ℥ j. pal Ireos cham melilot an ℥ ij olet aneth rutac. an ℥ j. fiat cataplasma But if you determine to resolve it any more you may use Emplastrum Oxycroceum Melilot-Plaister If the humor doth there concrete and grow hard you must betake you to the medicines which were prescribed in the Chapter of the Scirrhus but if it tend to suppuration you shall apply the following medicine ℞ Rad. liliorum ceparum sub cineribus coct an ℥ iij. Vitell. over num ij axung suilla unguent basilicon an ℥ j. far sem lini ℥ iss fiat Cataplasma But if the matter doe so require let the tumor be opened as we have formerly prescribed CHAP. IIII. Of the Epulis or overgrowing of the flesh of the Gums THe Epulis is a fleshy excrescence of the Gums betweene the teeth which is by litle and litle oft times encreased to the bignes of an Egge so that it both hinders the speach and eating it casts forth salivous and stincking filth and not seldome degenerates into a Cancer which you may understand by the propriety of the colour paine and other accidents for then you must by no meanes touch it with your hand But that which doth not torment the Patient with paine may be pluckt away and let this be the manner thereof Let it be tyed with a double thred which must be straiter twitched untill such time as it fall off when it shall fall away the place must be burnt with a cautery put through a trunke or pipe or with Aqua fortis or oyle of Vitrioll but with great care that the sound parts adjoyning there to be not hurt for if so be that it be not burnt it usually returnes I have often by this meanes taken away such large tumors of this kinde that they hung out of the mouth in no small bignes to the great dissiguring of the face which when as no Chirurgion durst touch because the flesh looked livide
of all the Phisitions that have written of the Dracunculi writes that this disease breedes in the drie and Sun burnt regions of India and Arabia but if at the least that part of our body which is next under the skinne should have any opportunity to engender and nourish such creatures they may be judged to have written that the Dracuuculus is a living creature with some probability But if there bee no opportunity for generation in that place nor capacity for the nourishment of such like creatures as in the guts if that region of the body be breathed upon with no warmenesse and smothering heat if it be defiled with none of the grosse excrements as the gutts usually are but onely by the subtiller exhalation which have an easie and insensible transpiration by the pores of the skin which may seeme to be a just cause of so monstrous and prodigious an effect but we shall little profit with these engines of reason unlesse we cast downe at once all the Bulwarkes with which this old opinion of the Dracunculi may stand and be defended For first they say why have the ancients expressed this kind of disease by the name of a living thing that is of a Dracunculus or little Serpent I answere because in Physicke names are often imposed upon diseases rather by similitude than from the truth of the thing for the confirmation whereof the examples of three diseases may suffice that of the Cancer Polypus and Elephas For these have those names not because any Crabb Polypus or living Elephant may breede in the Body by such like diseases but because this by its propagation into the adjacent parts represents the feete and clawes of a Crabbe the other represents the flesh of the Sea-Polypus in its substance and the third because such as have the Leprosie have their skinne wrinckled rough and horrid with scales and knots as the skinne of a living Elephant So truely this disease of which wee now enquire seemes by good right to have deserved the name Dracunculus because in its whole conformation colour quality and production into length and thicknesse it expresseth the image of a Serpent But whence will they say if it be without life is that manifest motion in the matter We reply that the humor the cause of this disease is subtill and hot and so runnes with violence into the part whence it may seeme to move But when the Dracunculi are separated why doe they put their heads as it were out of their holes we answer in this the ancients have beene very much deceived because after the suppuration the ulcer being opened some nervous body being layde bare thrust forth and subjected it selfe to the sight which by the convulsive and shaking motion might expresse the crooked creeping of a Serpent But they will say paine happens not unlesse to things indued with sence and life but this Dacunculus when he is drawne too violently especially if hee be broken thereby will cause extreame paine we doe answer that the conclusion doth not follow and is of no consequence for these paines happen not unlesse when the unprovident Surgeon drawes or pulls insteed of the Dracunculus some nervous or membranous body swolne and repleate with an adust humor whence there cannot but be great paine that part being pulld which is the author ofsence But it is childish to say that the Dracunculus feeles for that it causeth sharpe paines to the living body in which it is Therefore that at last we may determine something of the nature essence and generation of these Dracunculi I dare boldly affirme it is nothing else but a tumor and abscesse bred from the heat of the bloud in a venenate kinde Such bloud driven by the expulsive facultie through the veines to the Externall parts especially the limits that is the Armes and Legges causeth a tumor round and long often stretched from the joynt of the shoulder even to the wrist or from the groine even to one of the Anckles with tension heat renitency pricking paine and a feaver But this tumor is some whiles stretched forth straight otherwhiles into oblique and crooked tumors which hath beene the cause that many taken with this kind of disease and having their limbes so infolded as with the twinings of a Serpent would say they had a Serpent I have thus much to say of the Dracunculi especially of those of our owne country For the cure it is not unlike to the cure of a Phlegmon arising from a defluxion for heere also in like manner the remedies must bee varied according to the foure times of the disease and the same rule of diet phlebotomy and purging must be observed which is before prescribed in the cure of a Plegmon The mention of the Dracunculi calls to my memorie another kinde of Abscesse altogether as rare This our French men name Cridones I thinke a Crinib us i. from hayres it chiefly troubles children and prickes their backes like thornes They tosse up downe being not able to take any rest This disease ariseth from small haires which are scarce of a pins length but those thicke and strong It is cured with a fomentation of water more than warme after which you must presently apply an oyntment made of honey and wheaten flower for so these haires lying under the skin are allured and drawne forth and being thus drawne they must be plucked out with small mullets I imagine this kinde of disease was not knowne to the ancient Phisitions The End of the Eighth Booke OF VVOUNDS IN GENERALL THE NINTH BOOKE CHAP. I. What a Wound is what the kindes and differences thereof are and from whence they may be drawne or derived A Wound is a solution of Continuity caused by a stroake fall or bite newly done bloody and with putrifaction and filth They also call it a new simple ulcer for the solution of continuity happens to all parts of the body but according to the diversity of the parts it hath divers names amongst the Greekes For in the flesh it is called Helcos in the bone Catagma in the nerve Spasma in the ligament Thlsma in the vesselles Apospasma in the Muscles Regma and that solution of continuity which happens in the vessells their mouths being open is termed Anastomasis that which happens by erosion Anaurosis that which is generated by sweating out and transcolation Diapedesis That these may bee the more easily understood I have thought good to describe them in the following table A Table of the differences of Wounds The differences of wounds are drawne or taken From the nature of the parts in which they are made or happen But these parts are Either similar and these Either soft as the Glandules Flesh Fat Marrow Or hard as A Bone A Gristle Or of a middle consistence as the Membranes Ligaments Fibers Vessells Nerves Veines Arteries Principall as the Braine Heart Liver to which some ad the womb and Testicles Or Organicall and these
bee the forme of an emollient and humecting Bath â„ž Fol. Malvae Bis Malvae Pariet ana M. vj. Seminis Lini foenug ana lb. ss Coquantur in Aqua communi addendo Olei Lillior lb. viij Make a Bath Into which let the patient enter when it is warme When he shall come forth of the Bath let him be dried with warme Clothes or rest in his bed avoyding sweat But if the patient be able to undergoe the charge it will be good to ordaine a Bath of Milk or Oyle alone or of them equally mixt together CHAP. XI Of the cure of a Convulsion by sympathy and paine A Convulsion which is caused both by consent of paine and Communication of the affect is cured by remedies which are contrary to the dolorifique cause For thus if it proceede from a puncture or venemous bite the wound must be dilated and inlarged by cutting the skin that so the venenate matter may flow forth more freely for which purpose also Medicines which are of a thin and liquid consistence but of a drying and digestive faculty shall be powred in to call forth dissolve the virulency as Treacle Mithridate dissolved in Aqua vitae with a little of some Mercuriall powder for this is a noble Antidote Also cupping glasses and scarrifications will be good Lastly the condition of all dolorifique causes shall bee oppugned by the opposition of contrary remedies as if paine by reason of a pricked Nerve or Tendon shall cause a Convulsion it must presently be resisted by proper remedies as Oyle of Turpentine of Euphorbium mixt with Aqua vitae and also with other remedies appropriated to punctures of the Nerves If the paine proceede from excesse of cold because cold is hurtfull to the Braine the Spinall marrow and Nerves the patient shall bee placed in a hot aire such as that of a Hot-house or Stoave all the Spine of his back and Convulsed parts must be annoynted with the hot Liniments above mentioned For that is much better than suddenly to expose him from the conceaved convulcifique cause to a most hot fire or warme Bath In the meane time the Chirurgion must take diligent heede that as soone as the signes of the Convulsion to come or already present or at hand doe shew themselves that he put a sticke betweene the patients teeth least they bee fast locked by the pertinacious contraction of the Iawes for many in such a case have bit off their tongues for which purpose he shall bee provided of an instrument called Speculum Oris which may be dilated and contracted according to your mind by the meanes of a screw as the figures underneath demonstrate the one presenting it open and somewhat twined up and the other as it is shut The Figure of a Speculum Oris to open the teeth when they are locked or held fast together CHAP. XII Of the Palsie THe Palsie is the resolving or mollification of the Nerves with privation of sense and motion not truly of the whole body but of the one part therof as of the right or left side And such is properly named the Palsie for otherwise and lesse properly the resolution of some one member is also called the Palsie For when the whole body is resolved it is an Apoplexy Therfore the Palsie sometimes takes halfe the body otherwhiles the uper parts which are betweene the navell and the head otherwhiles the lower which are from the navell to the feet somtimes the tongue gullet bladder yard eyes and lastly any of the panicles of the body It differs from a Convulsion in its whole nature For in a Convulsion there is a contention and contraction of the part but in this a resolving and relaxation thereof besides it commonly happeneth that the sense is either abolished or very dull which usually remaines perfect in a Convulsion There are some which have a pricking and as it were great paine in the part The causes are internall or externall the internall are humors obstructing one of the ventricles of the braine or one side of the spinall marrow so that the Animall faculty the worker of sense and motion cannot by the Nerves come to the part to performe its action The external causes are a fall blow and the like injuries by which oft times the joynts are dislocated the spinall marrow wrested aside and constrictions and compressions of the Vertebrae arise which are causes that the Animall spirit cannot come to the Organes in its whole substance But it is easy by skill in Anatomy perfectly to understand by the resolved part the seat of the morbifique cause for when there is a Palsie properly so called that is when the right or left side is wholly feized upon then you may know that the obstruction is in the braine or spinall marrow but if the parts of the head being untoucht either of the sides being wholly resolved the fault remaines in the Originall of the spinall marrow if the armes bee taken with this disease we may certainly think that the matter of the disease lies hid in the 5. 6. and 7. Vertebra of the neck But if the lower members languish we must judge the Paralitick cause to be contained in the Vertebra of the loynes and holy bone Which thing the Chirurgion must diligently observe that he may alwaies have recourse to the originall of the disease The Palsie which proceedes from a Nerve cut or exceedingly bruised is incurable because the way to the part by that meanes is shut against the Animall spirit Old men scarce or never recover of the palsie because their native heat is languid and they are oppressed with abundance of excrementitious humors neither doth an inveterat palsie which hath long possest the part neither that which succeeds an Apoplexy yeeldus any better hope of cure It is good for a feaver to come upon a Palsie for it makes the dissipation of the resoloving and relaxing humor to be hoped for When the member affected with the palsie is much wasted and the opposite on the contrary much encreased in quantity heat and colour it is ill For this is a signe of the extreame weakenesse of the afflicted part which suffers it selfe to be defrauded of its nourishment all the provision flowing to the sound or opposite side CHAP. XIII Of the cure of the Palsie IN the cure of the Palsie we must not attempt any thing unlesse we have first used generall remedies diet and purging all which care lyeth upon the learned and prudent Physition The Decoction of Guaiacum is very fit for this purpose for it procures sweat and attenuates digests and drieth up all the humidity which relaxeth the nerves but when sweat doth not flow it shall not be unprofitable to put about the resolved members bricks heated red hot in the fire and quenchedin a decoction of Wine Vineger and resolving herbs or also stone bottles or Oxe and Swines bladders halfe filled with
the same decoction for such heat which is actuall resuscitateth strengtheneth the heat of the part which in this disease is commonly very languid Then the Patient shall go into a Bathing-tub which is vailed or covered over just as we have described in our Treatise of Bathes that so he may receave the vapour of the following Decoction â„ž Fol. Salviae Lavend Lauri major Absinth Thym. Angelicae Rutae ana M. ss Florum Chamaem Melil Anethi Anthos ana P. ij Baccar Laur. Iuniper Conquassatar ana â„¥ j. Caryophyl Ê’ ij Aquae fontanae Vini albi ana lb. iv Let them be all put in the Vessell mentioned in the Treatise lately described for use The patient shall keepe himselfe in that Bathing-tub as long as his strength will give him leave then let him be put into his bed well covered where he shall sweat againe bee dried and rest Then let him be presently anointed with the following ointment which Leonellus Faventinus much commends â„ž Olei Laurini de Terebinth ana â„¥ iij. Olei Nardini petrolei ana â„¥ j Vini malvatici â„¥ iv Aqua vitae â„¥ ij Pyrethri Piperis Synap Granor. lunip Gummi hederae anacard Ladani puri an â„¥ j. ss Terantur misceantur omnia cum Olets Vino bulliant in vasi duplici usque ad Vini consumptionem facta forti expressione adde Galbani Bdillit Euphorbil Myrrhae Castorei adipis ursi Anatis Ciconiae an Ê’ij Make an ointment in forme of a liniment adding a little wax if need shall require Or you shall use the following remedy approved by many Physitions â„ž Myrrhae aloes Spicaenardi Sanguinis draconis thuris opopanacis Bdellii Carpobalsami amemi sarcocollae eroci mastio gumml arabici styrac liquidae ladani castorei ana â„¥ ij Moschi Ê’ j. aquae vitae â„¥ j. Terebinthinae venetae ad pondus omnium pulverabuntur pulverisanda gummi eliquabuntur cum aqua vitae aceti tantillo And let them all be put in fit vessels that they may be distilled in Balneo Mariae and let the spine of the back and paralytick limbes be anointed with the liquor which comes from thence I have often tried the force of this following Medicine â„ž rad Angel Ireos floren gentian cyperi ana â„¥ j. Calami aromat Cinam Caryophil nucis Mosch macis ana Ê’ ij Salviae major Iuae arthriticae Lavend rorism satureiae puleg. calament mentastri ana M. ss florum chamaem melil hyperic anthos staechad ana P. j. Concisa omnia contundantur in Aqua vit Vini malvat. an lb. ij infundantur And let them be distilled in Balneo Mariae like the former let the affected parts be moistened with the distilled liquor of which also you may give the patient a spoone full to drinke in the morning with some Sugar For thus the stomach will be heated and much phlegme contained therein as the fuell of this disease will be consumed You must also appoint exercises of the affected parts and frequent and hard frictions with hot linnen clothes that the native heat may be recalled and the excrements contained in the parts digested You may also use the Chymicall oyles of Rosemary Tyme Lavander Cloves Nutmegs and lastly of all spices the maner of extracting whereof we shall hereafter declare in a peculiar Treatise CHAP. XIV Of Sowning SOwning is a suddaine and pertinacious defect of all the powers but especially the Vitall In this the Patients lie without motion and sense so that the Ancients thought that it differed from death onely in continuance of time The cause of sowning which happens to those that are wounded is bleeding which causeth a dissipation of the spirits or feare which causeth a suddaine and joint retirement of the spirits to the heart Whence followes an intermission of the proper duty as also of the rest of the faculties whilest they being thus troubled are at a stand Also Sowning happens by a putrid and venenate vapour carried to the heart by the Arteries and to the Braine by the Nerves by which you may gather that all sowning happens by three causes The first is by dissipation of the spirits and native heat as in great bleeding And then by the oppression of these spirits by obstruction or compression as in a feare or tumult For thus the spirits fly back hastily from the surface and habit of the body unto the heart and center Lastly by corruption as in bodies filled with ill humors and in poysonous wounds The signes of Sowning are Palenes a dewy and sudden sweat arising the failing of the pulse a sudden falling of the body upon the ground without sense motion a coldnesse possessing the whole body so that the Patient may seeme rather dead than alive For many of these who fall into a sowne dye unlesse they have present helpe Therefore you shall helpe them if when they are ready to fall you sprinckle much cold water in their face if that the sowning happen by dissipation of the spirits or if they shall be set with their faces upwards upon a bed or on the ground as gently as may be and if you give them bread dipt in wine to hold and chew in their mouths But if it be caused by a putrid vapour and poysonous aire you shall give them a little Mithridat or Treacle in Aqua vitae with a spoone as I usually do to those which have the plague or any part affected with a Gangreene or sphacell But if the patients cannot be raised out of their sownes by reason of the pertinatious oppression and compression of the spirits about the heart you must give them all such things as have power to diffuse callforth and resuscitat the spirits such as are strong wines to drink sweet perfumes to smell You must call them by their owne name lowd in their eare and you must pluck them somewhat hard by the haires of the Temples and neck Also rub the temples nostrils wrests and palmes of the Hands with Aquavitae wherin Cloves Nutmegs and Ginger have beene steeped CHAP. XV. Of Delirium i. Raving Talking idly or Doting DOting or talking idly here is used for a symptome which commonly happeneth in feavers caused by a wound and inflammation and it is a perturbation of the phantasie and function of the mind not long induring Wherefore such a doting happens upon wounds by reason of vehement paine and a feaver when as the nervous parts as the joynts stomach and middriffe shall be violated For the Ancients did therefore call the Middriffe Phrenae because when this is hurt as if the mind it selfe were hurt a certaine phrensie ensues that is a perturbation of the Animall faculty which is imployed in ratiocination by reason of the community which the Diaphragma hath with the Braine by the nerves sent from the sixth Conjugation which are carried to the stomach Therefore doting happens by too much bleeding which
healed as soone as the Patient hath got out of his bed and endeavoured to goe they have growne ill and broke open againe Wherefore in such like wounds let the Patient have a care that he begin not to goe or too boldly to use his hurt leg before it be perfectly cicatrized and the scarre growne hard Therefore that the patient may be in more safety I judge it altogether necessary that he use to goe with Crutches for a good while after the wound is perfectly healed up CHAP. XXXVII Of the Wounds of the Nerves and nervous parts THe continuity of the nervous parts is divers wayes loosed by the violent incursion of externall things as by things which contuse batter and grinde in sunder as by the blow of a stone cudgell hammer lance bullet out of a gun or crossebow by the biting of greater teeth or the pricking of some sharpe thing as a needle bodkin penknife arrow splinter or the puncture of some venemous thing as of a Sea Dragon or the edge of some cutting thing as a sword or Rapier or of stretching things which violently teare asunder the nervous bodies Hence therefore it is that of such wounds some are simple others compound and the compound some more compound than other For of these some are superficiary and short others deepe and long some runne alongst the nervous body others runne broadwayes some cut the part quite asunder others onely a portion thereof The symptomes which follow upon such wounds are vehement paine and de fluxion inflammation abscesse feaver delirium sowning convulsion gangrene sphacell whence often death ensues by reason of that sympathy which all the nervous parts have with the braine Amongst all the wounds of the nervous parts there is none more to be feared than a puncture or pricke nor any which causeth more cruell and dangerous symptomes For by reason of the straitnesse of the wound medicines can neyther be put in nor the sanious matter passe forth now the sanious matter by long stay acquires virulencie whereby the nervous parts are tainted and swollne suffer paine inflammation convulsions and infinite other symptomes of these the wounds are most dangerous by which the nervous and membranous bodies are but halfe cut asunder For the portion whereof which remaines whole by its drawing and contracting its selfe towards the originall causeth great paine and convulsion by sympathy The truth hereof is evident in wounds of the head as when the pericranium is halfe cut or when it is cut to apply a Trepan For the cutting thereof infers farre greater paine than when it is cut quite asunder Wherefore it is safer to have the nervous body cut quite off for so it hath no cōmunity nor consent with the upper parts neither doth it labour or strive to resist the contraction of its selfe now this contrariety and as it were fight is the cause of paine yet there arises another misery from such a wound for the part whereinto the nerve which is thus cut insunder passes thence forwards looseth its action CHAP. XXXVIII Of the cure of wounds of the nervous parts IT is the ancient doctrine of the ancient Phisitions that the wounds of the nervous parts should not presently be agglutinated which notwithstanding the generall and first indication usually taken from the solution of continuity requires but rather chiefely if they be too straite that the punctures should be dilated by cutting the parts which are above them and let them be kept long open that the fifth may passe freely forth and the medicine enter well in Yet I in many cures have not followed this counsell but rather that which the common indication requires That cure is in fresh memory which I performed upon Monsieur le Cocque a Procter of the spirituall court who dwelt in our Ladies streete he gathering and binding up some loose papers run a penknife which was hid amongst them through his hand Also one of his neighbours who went to spit a piece of beefe thrust the spit through the midst of his hand But I presently agglutinated both their wounds without any danger dropping presently in at the first dressing a little of my balsame warme putting about it a repelling astringent medicine by this meanes they were both of them healed in a short time no symptome thereupon happening Yet I would not have the young Chirurgion to run this hazard for first he must be well practised and accustomed to know the tempers and ha◠its of men for this manner of curing would not doe well in a plethoricke body or in a body replete with ill humours or endued with exquisite sense Therefore in such a case it will be safer to follow the course here set downe For wounds of the nerves doe not onely differ from other wounds but also among themselves in manner of curing For although all medicines which draw from farre and waste sanious humors may be reputed good for the wounds of the nerves yet those which must be applyed to punctures and to those nerves which are not wholly laid open ought to be far more powerfull sharpe and drying yet so that they be not without biting that so penetrating more deepe they may draw forth the matter or else consume and discusse that which eyther lies about the nerves or moistens their substance On the contrary when the sinewes are bared from flesh and the adjoyning particles they stand in neede but of medicines which may onely dry Here you may furnish your selves with sufficient store of medicins good for the nerves howsoever pricked As ℞ Terebinth ven olei veteris an ℥ j. aquae vitae parum Or ℞ olei Terebinth ℥ j. vitaeʒj euphorb ʒss Or ℞ radices Dracotia Brionia valeriana gentiana exsiccatas in pulverem redactas misce cum decocto centaurij aut oleo aut exungia veteri drop hereof warme into the wound as much as shall suffice Or else put some Hogges Goose Capons or Beares grease old oile oile of Lillyes or the like to Galbanum pure Rozin opopanax dissolved in aqua vitae and strong vinegar Or ℞ olei hypericonis sambuci de euphorbio an ℥ j. sutphuris vivi subtiliter pulverisati ℥ ss gummi ammoniaci bdellij an ʒij aceti boni ℥ ij vermium terrest praeparat ℥ j. bulliant omnia simul ad consumptionem aceti Let as much hereof as shall suffice be dropped into the wound then apply this following cerate which drawes very powerfully ℞ olei suprà scripti ℥ j. terebinth venet ℥ ss diachylonis albi cum gummi ʒx ammoniac bdellij in aceto dissolutorum an ʒij resin pint gum elemi picis navalis an ʒv cerae quod sufficit fiat ceracum satis molle We must use somewhiles one somewhiles another of these medicines in punctures of the Nerves with choise and judgement according to their conditions manner depth and the temperaments and habit of the wounded bodies But if
the paine yeeld not to such remedies but rather increase with the inflammation of the affected part a swelling of the lips of the wound and sweating forth of a serous thinne and virulent matter or filth then you shall poure into it scalding oyle and shall touch three or foure times not onely the surface of the wound but the bottome thereof with a ragge dipped therein and tyed to the end of a spatula For this will take away the sense from the Nerve Tendon or Membrane like as if they were burnt with a cautery and so the paine will be eased So in the most grievous paines of rotten teeth the thrusting of an hot iron into their roots or stopping them with cotten dipped in oyle of Vitrioll or aqua vitae gives most certaine ease for by burning the Nerve which is inserted into their roots the sense and so consequently the paine is taken away So also in malignant gnawing eating and spreading ulcers which are alwayes associated with much paine the paine ceases by applying an Escharoticke as the pouder of Alume or Mercury or aegyptiacum made somewhat more strong than usuall That the yong Chirurgion may be more ready for this practise and the use of the former remedies I have thought good to insert the following History both for the latenesse of the thing and the pleasing memory of the most iaudible Prince Charles the ninth the French King being sicke of a feaver Monsieur Chapellan and Castellan his Phisitions thought it fit hee should be let blood for the performance whereof there was called a Chirurgion wondrous famous for that businesse but when as he by chance had pricked a nerve in stead of a veine the King cryed out that he felt a mighty paine in that place Then I bid that the ligature should straight wayes be loosed otherwise the arme would presently be much swelled But he going slowly about it behold the arme begun to swell with such contraction that he could not bend it nor put it forth and cruell paine molested not onely the pricked particle but all the whole member besids I forthwith laid upon the wound a plaister of Basilicō to hinder the agglutination thereof then I wrapped all the arme in a double linnen cloth dipped in oxycrate putting upon it an expulsive ligature which beginning at the wrist ending at the top of the shoulder might keepe the blood and spirits from feare of defluxion and inflammation This being thus performed we went aside to consult what was necessary to be done both to asswage the paine as also to divert the other symptomes which usually happen upon punctures of the nerves I being desired thus delivered my opinion that in my minde there were nothing better than presently to drop into the wound some oyle of Turpentine warmed and mixed with a little aqua vitae And then all the arme should be covered with a plaister of Diacalcitheos dissolved in vinegar and oyle of Roses bound over and besides with the expulsive ligature which we formerly mentioned For the oyle and aqua vitae have a faculty to penetrate into the bottome of the wound to exhaust and dry up the serous and virulent humour which sweats from the substance of the pricked nerve and also to mitigate the paine by its actuall heate Furthermore the emplaster Diacalcitheos hath a faculty to dissolve the humour which hath already fallen downe into the arme and to hinder the entrance and defluxion of any new matter And the ligature is such as by its moderate astriction would serve to strengthen the muscles and to presse out and repell the humours which were fallen downe into the upper part and to prohibite that which is ready to fall downe Mine advice being approved of the Physitions both in word and deede the paine was mitigated But the humour stayed in the part for the dissolving and drying whereof this following remedy was used ℞ far hordei orobi an ʒij flor chamaem melilot an p. ij butyr recentis sine sale ℥ jss lixivij barbitonsoris quod sufficit fiat cataplasma ad formam pultis By these remedies the King at the last after three months space was perfectly healed so that there remained no signe of the depraved action in the part But if at any time there shall be so great contumacie that it will not yeeld to these meanes but that there is imminent danger of a convulsion it will bee better to cut it in sunder whether Nerve Tendon or Membrane than to expose the patient to the danger of a deadly convulsion for thus indeede the peculiar action of that part will be lost but the whole body preserved thereby for so we had determined by common consent that if the paine which afflicted the King would not yeeld to the prescribed remedies eyther to poure inscalding oyle or else to cut the sinew quite asunder For the late and sad memory of Mistris Courtin dwelling in the streete of the holy-Crosse was in our mindes who of a veine not well opened in her arme fell into a Gangraene and totall mortification of that whole part of which shee died because shee was not dressed with the formerly mentioned medicines Yet wee must absteine from these too powerfull remedies when the pricked nerve shall lye bare for else the paine would be encreased and more grievous symptomes follow Wherefore as I have formerly wished more milde medicines must be applyed which may dry up the serous humour without biting or acrimonye as ℞ terebinth venet in aq ros lotae ℥ ij boli armen subtiliter pulverisati ʒij incorporentur simul Our Balsame also is excellent in this case and this of Vigoes which followes ℞ olei rosar omphacini ℥ jss olei de terebinth ʒiij succiplaniag ℥ ss semin hypericonis aliquantulii contriti m. ss tutiaepraepar ʒiij calcis decies lotae cum aqua plantagin ʒij antimonij ʒi anʒv vermium terrestrium cum vino lotorum ℥ jss bulliant omnia simul dempta tutia in cyatho decoctionis hordei ad comsumptionem aquae vini colentur rursumque igni admoveantur addendo tutiam fiat linimentum cum cera alba ʒss croci This liniment asswages paines and covers the bared nerves with flesh This cure of punctured nerves may with choise and judgement and observing the proportion of the parts be transferred to the pricked Tendons and membranes But take this as a generall and common rule that all nervous bodies how soever hurt are to bee comforted by anointing them with hot oyles such as the oiles of Bayes Lillies of Wormes Sage or some other such like remedy being applyed to their originalls and more notable passages as to the originall of the spinall marrow the armepits and groines Neither doe I thinke it fit in this place to omit an affect which sometimes happens to the large Tendon of the heele of which we formerly made mention For it oft times
is a further danger least the arme should totally loose its motion If the wound be upon the joynt of the elbow the arme shall be placed and swathed in a middle posture that is which neither too straitly bowes it nor holds it too stiffly out for otherwise when it is cicatrized there will be an impediment either in the contraction or extension When the wound is in the wrist or joynts of the fingers either externally or internally the hand must be kept halfe shut continually mooving a ball therein For if the fingers be held straight stretched forth after it is cicatrized they will be unapt to take up or hold any thing which is their proper faculty But if after it is healed it remaine halfe shut no great inconvenience will follow thereon for so hee may use his hand divers wayes to his sword pike bridle and in any thing else If the joynts of the Hip be wounded you must so place the patient that the thigh bone may be kept in the cavity of the hucklebone may not part a haires breadth therefrom which shal be done with linnen boulsters and ligatures applyed as is fitting and lying full upon his backe When the wound shal begin to cicatrize the patient shall use to moove his thigh every way least the head of the Thigh-bone sticke in the cavity of the huckle-bone without motion In a wound of the knee the legge must be placed straight out if the patient desire not to be lame When the joynts of the feete and toes are wounded these parts shall neither be bended in nor out for otherwise he will not be able to goe To conclude the site of the foote and legge is quite contrary to that of the arme and hand CHAP. XL. Of the wounds of the Ligaments THe wounds of the Ligaments besides the common manner of curing these of the Nerves have nothing peculiar but that they require more powerfull medicines for their agglutination desiccation and consolidating both because the Ligamentall parts are harder and dryer and also for that they are voyd of sence Therefore the foresaid cure of Nerves and joynts may be used for these wounds for the medicines in both are of the same kinde but here they ought to be stronger and more powerfully drying The Theorie and cure of all the symptomes which shall happen thereupon have beene expressed in the Chapter of curing the wounds of the nervous parts so that heere we shall neede to speake nothing of them for there you may finde as much as you will Wherefore here let us make an end of wounds and give thankes to God the author and giver of all good for the happy processe of our labours and let us pray that that which remaines may be brought to a happy end and secure for the health and safety of good people The end of the tenth Booke OF VVOUNDS MADE BY GVN SHOT OTHER FIERIE ENGEINES AND ALL SORTS OF VVEAPONS THE ELEVENTH BOOKE The Preface I Have thought good here to premise my opinion of the originall encrease and hurt of fiery Engines for that I hope it will be an ornament and grace to this my whole treatise as also to intice my Reader as it were with these junckets to our following Banquet so much savouring of Gunpouder For thus it shall bee knowne to all whence Guns had their originall and how many habits and shapes they have acquired from poore and obscure beginnings and lastly how hurtfull to mankind the use of them is Polydore Virgill writes that a Germane of obscure birth and condition was the inventor of this new engine which we terme a Gun being induced thereto by this occasion He kept in a mortar covered with a tyle or slate for some other certaine uses a pouder which since that time for its chiefe and new knowne faculty is named Gunpouder Now it chanced as hee strucke fire with a steele and flint a sparke thereof by accident fell into the mortar where upon the pouder suddainly catching fire casts the stone or tyle which covered the mortar up on high he stood amazed at the novelty and strange effect of the thing and withall observed the formerly unknowne faculty of the pouder so that he thought good to make experiment thereof in a small Iron trunke framed for that purpose according to the intention of his minde When all things were correspondent to his expectation he first shewed the use of his engine to the Venetians when they warred with the Genoveses about Fossa Clodia in the yeare of our Lord 1380. Yet in the opinion of Peter Messias their invention must have beene of greater antiquity for it is read in the Chronicles of Alphónsus the eleaventh King of Castile who subdued the Isles Argezires that when he beseiged the cheefe Towne in the yeare of our Lord 1343. the beseiged Moores shot as it were thunder against the assailants out of Iron mortars But we have read in the Chronicles written by Peter Bishop of Leons of that Alphonsus who conquered Toledo that in a certaine sea fight fought by the King of Tunis against the Moorish King of Sivill whose part King Alphonsus favoured the Tunetans cast lightning out of certaine hollow Engines or Trunkes with much noise Which could be no other than our Guns though not attained to that perfection of art and execution which they now have I thinke the deviser of this deadly Engine hath this for his recompence that his name should be hidden by the darkenesse of perpetuall ignorance as not meriting for this his most pernicious invention any mention from posterity Yet Andrew Thevet in his Cosmography published some few yeares agone when hee comes to treate of the Suevi the inhabitants of Germany brings upon the authority credite of a certaine old Manuscript that the Germane the inventer of this warlike Engine was by profession a monke and Philosopher or Alchymist borne at Friburge and named Constantine Anclzen Howsoever it was this kind of Engine was called Bombarda i a Gun from that noise it makes which the Greekes and Latines according to the sound call Bombus then in the following ages time art and mans maliciousnesse added much to this rude and unpolisht invention For first for the matter Brasse and Copper mettalls farre more tractable fusible and lesse subject to rust came as supplies to Iron Then for the forme that rude and undigested barrell or mortar-like masse hath undergone many formes and fashions even so farre as it is gotten upon wheeles that so it might run not onely from the higher ground but also with more rapide violence to the ruine of mankinde when as the first and rude mortars seemed not to bee so nimbly traversed nor sufficiently cruell for our destruction by the onely casting forth of Iron fire Hence sprung these horrible monsters of Canons double Canons Bastards Musquits feild peices hence these cruell and furious beasts Culverines Serpentines Basilisques Sackers Falcons Falconets and divers
times of the disease the beginning encrease state and declination for each of these foure require their remedies Others are taken from the temperament of the patient so that no Chirurgion neede doubt that some medicines are fit for cholericke othersome for phlegmaticke bodyes Hither referre the indication taken from the age of the patient also it is drawn from his dyet for no man must prescribe any slender diet to one who is alwayes feeding as to him who is accustomed to cate but once or twise a day Hence it is that a dyet consisting onely of Panada's is more fit for Italians than for French men for we must give somewhat to custome which is as it were another nature Vocations and dayly exercises are referred to dyet for other things besit husband men and laboures whose flesh is dense and skin hardened by much labour than idle and delicate persons But of all other have diligent regard of that indication which is drawne from the strength of the patient for we must presently all else being neglected succour the fainting or decaying strength wherefore if it be needfull to cut off a member that is putrified the operation must bee deferred if the strength of the patient be so dejected that hee cannot have it performed without manifest danger of his life Also indication may be drawne from the encompassing ayre under which also is comprehended that which is taken from the season of the yeere region the state of the ayre and soyle and the particular condition of the present and lately by-past time Hence it is we reade in Guido that wounds of the head are cured with farre more difficulty at Paris than at Avignion where notwithstanding on the contrary the wounds of the legges are cured with more trouble than at Paris The cause is the ayre is cold and moyst at Paris which constitution seeing it is hurtfull to the braine and head it cannot but must be offensive to the wounds of these parts But the heate of the ambient ayre at Avignion attenuates and dissolves the humors and makes them flow from above downewards But if any object that experience contradicts this opinion of Guide say that wounds of the head are more frequently deadly in hot countries let him understand that this must not be attributed to the manifest naturall heate of the ayre but to a certaine maligne venenate humor or vapour dispersed through the ayre and raysed out of the Seas as you may easily observe in those places of France Italy which border upon the Mediterranean Sea An indication may also be drawne from the peculiar temper of the wounded parts for the musculous parts must be dressed after one and the bony parts after another manner The different sense of the parts indicates and requires the like variety of remedies for you shall not apply so acride medicines to the Nerves and Tendons as to the ligaments which are destitute of sense The like reason also for the dignity and function of the parts needefull for the preservation of life for oft times wounds of the braine or of some other of the naturall and vitall parts for this very reason that they are defixed in these parts divert the whole manner of the cure which is usually and generally performed in wounds Neither that without good cause for oft times from the condition of the parts we may certainely pronounce the whole successe of the disease for wounds which penetrate into the ventricles of the braine into the heart the large vessells the chest the nervous part of the midriffe the Liver ventricle small guts bladder if somewhat large are deadly as also these which light upon a joynt in a body repleate with ill humors as we have formerly noted Neither must you neglect that indication which is drawne from the situation of the part and the commerce it hath with the adjacent parts or from the figure thereof seeing that Galen himselfe would not have it neglected But wee must consider in taking these forementioned Indications whether there bee a composition or complication of the diseases for as there is one and that a simple indication of one that a simple disease so must the indication be various of a compound and complicate disease But there is observed to be a triple composition or complication of affects besides nature for either a disease is compounded with a disease as a wound or a phlegmon with a fracture of a bone or a disease with a cause as an ulcer with a defluxion or a disease with a symptome as a wound with paine or bleeding It sometimes comes to passe that these three the disease cause and symprome concurre in one case or affect In artificially handling of which we must follow Galens counsell who wishes in complicated and compounded affects that we resist the more urgent then let us withstand the cause of the disease and lastly that affect without which the rest cannot be cured Which counsell must well be observed for in this composure of affects which distracts the Empericke But on the contrary the rationall Physition hath a way prescribed in a few and these excellent words which if hee follow in his order of cure hee can scarse misse to heale the patient Symptomes truely as they are symptomes yeeld no indication of curing neither change the order of the cure for when the disease is healed the symptome vanishes as that which followes the disease as a shadow followes the body But symptomes doe often times so urge and presse that perverting the whole order of the cure we are forced to resist them in the first place as those which would otherwise encrease the disease Now all the formerly mentioned indications may be drawne to two heads the first is to restore the part to its native temper the other is that the blood offend not either in quantity or quality for when those two are present there is nothing which may hinder the repletion nor union of wounds or Vlcers CHAP. IX What remaines for the Chirurgion to doe in this kinde of wounds THe Chirurgion must first of all be skilfull and labour to asswage paine hinder defluxions prescribe a dyet in these sixe things we call Not naturall forbidding the use of hot and acrid things as also of wine for such attenuate the humors and make them more apt for defluxion Therefore at the first let his dyet be slender that so the course of the humors may bee diverted from the affected part for the stomacke being empty and not well filled drawes from the parts about it whereby it consequently followes that the utmost and remotest parts are at the length evacuated which is the cause that such as are wounded must keepe so spare a dyet for the next dayes following Venery is very pernitious for that it inflames the spirits and humors farre beyond other motions whereby it happens that the humors waxing hot are too plentifully carryed to the wounded
beaten with some salt Now you must note that this medicine takes no place if it be once gone into an ulcer for it would increase the paine and inflammation but if it bee applyed when the skinne is yet whole and not excoriated it doth no such thing but hinders the rising of pustles and blisters Hippocrates for this cause also uses this kind of remedy in procuring the fall of the Eschar If any endevour to gainesay the use of this remedy by that principle in Physicke which sayes that contraries are cured by contraries and therefore affirme that Onions according to the authority of Galen being hot in the fourth degree are not good for combustions let him know that Onions are indeed potentially hot and actually moyst therefore they rarifie by their hot quality and soften the skinne by their actuall moysture whereby it comes to passe that they attract draw forth and dissipate the imprinted heate and so hinder the breaking forth of pustles To conclude the fire as we formerly noted is a remedy against the fire But neither are diseases alwayes healed by their contraryes saith Galen but sometimes by their like although all healing proceede from the contrary this word contrary being more largely and stricktly taken for so also a Phlegmon is often cured by resolving medicines which healeth it by dissipating the matter thereof Therefore Onions are very profitable for the burnt parts which are not yet exulcerated or excoriated But there are also many other medicines good to hinder the rising of blisters such is new horse-dung fryed in oyle of wall-nuts or Roses and applied to the parts In like manner the leaves of Elder or Dane-wort boyled in oyle of nuts and beaten with a little salt Also quinched lime poudered and mixed with Vnguentum Rosatum Or else the leaves of Cuckow-pint and Sage beaten together with a little salt Also Carpenters Glue dissolved in water and anoynted upon the part with a feather is good for the same purpose Also thicke Vernish which pollishers or sword cutlers use But if the paine be more vehement these medicines must be renewed 3 or 4 times in a day and a night so to mittigate the bitternes of this paine But if so be we cannot by these remedyes hinder the rising of blisters then we must presently cut them as soone as they rise for that the humor contayned in them not having passage forth acquires such acrimonie that it eates the flesh which lyeth under it so causeth hollow ulcers So by the multitude of causes increase of matter the inflamation groweth greater not only for nine daies as the common people prattle but for farre longer time also some whiles for lesse time if the body be neither repleat with ill humors nor plethoricke and you have speedily resisted the paine and heate by fit remedyes When the combustion shall be so great as to cause an Eschar the falling away must be procured by the use of emollient and hamective medicins as of greases oyles butter with a little basilicon or the following oyntment â„ž Mucagin psillij cydon an â„¥ iiij gummi trag â„¥ ij extrahantur cum aqua parietariae olei lilliorum â„¥ iiss cerae novae q. s fiat unguentum molle For ulcers and excoriations you shall apply fit remedies which are those that are without acrimony such as unguentum album camphoratum desiccativum rubrum unguentum rosatum made without Venegar or nutritum composed after this manner â„ž lithargyri auri â„¥ iiij ol rosat â„¥ iij. ol depapaver â„¥ iiss ung populeon â„¥ iiij camphoraeÊ’j fiat unguentum in mortario plumbeo secundum artem Or oyle of Egges tempered in a Leaden mortar Also unquenched lime many times washed and mixed with unguentum rosatum or fresh butter without salt and some yolkes of egges hard roasted Or. â„ž Butyri recent fine sale ustulati colati â„¥ vj. vitell over iiij cerus lotae in aqualplantag vel rosar â„¥ ss tutkiae similiter lotae Ê’iij plumbi usti loti Ê’ij Misceantur omnia simul fiat linimentum ut decet Or else â„ž cort sambuc viridis olei rosat an lib. j. bulliant simul lento igne postea colentur adde olei ovorum â„¥ iiij pul ceruss tuthiae praepar an â„¥ j. cerae albae quantum sufficit fiat unguent molle secundum artem But the quantity of drying medicines may alwayes be encreased or diminished according as the condition of the ulcer shall seeme to require The following remedies are fit to asswage paine as the mucilages of Line seedes of the seedes of Psilium or Flea-wort and quinces extracted in rosewater or faire water with the addition of a little camphire and least that it dry too speedily adde thereto some oyle of Roses Also five or sixe yoalkes of egges mixed with the mucilages of Line seede the seede of Psilium and quinces often renewed are very powerfull to asswage paine The women which attend upon the people in the Hospitall in Paris doe happily use this medicine against burnes â„ž Lard conscisilibram unam let it be dissolved in Rosewater then strained through a linnen cloath then wash it foure times with the water of hen-bane or some other of that kinde then let it be incorporated with eight yolkes of new layd egge and so make an oyntment If the smart be great as usually it is in these kindes of wounds the ulcer or sores shall be covered over with a peice of Tiffany least you hurt them by wiping them with somewhat a course cloath and so also the matter may easily come forth and the medicines easily enter in Also you must have a care when the eyelids lippes sides of the fingers necke the armepits hammes and bending of the elbow are burnt that you suffer not the parts to touch one the other without the interposition of some thing otherwise in continuance of time they would grow and sticke together Therefore you shall provide for this by fit placing the parts and putting soft linnen ragges betweene them But you must note that deepe combustions and such as cause a thicker Eschar are lesse painefull than such as are but onely superficiary The truth hereof you may perceive by the example of such as have their limbes cut off and seared or cauterised with an hot Iron for presently after the cauterising is performed they feele little paine For this great combustion takes away the sense the vehemencie of the sensory or thing affecting the sense depriving the sensitive parts of their sense As wee have formerly noted when we treated of wounds and paines of the Nerves The falling away of such Eschars shall be procured by somewhat a deepe scarification which may pierce even to the quicke that so the humors which lye under it may enjoy freer perspiration and emollient medicines may the freelier enter in so to soake moysten and soften the Eschar that it may at length fall away The rest of the cure shall
it receives the lowest vertebrae of the Holy-bone the other three are joyned together by Symphysis or Coalition at the end of these hangs a certaine small gristle The fracture of these bones shall be cured by putting your finger into the Patients fundament and so thrusting it even to the fractured place For thus you may thrust the fragment forth and fit and restore it to the rest of the bones by your other hand lying upon the backe But that it may be the sooner healed it is fit the Patient keep his bed during all the time of the cure But if there be a necessitie to rise hee shall so sit in a perforated seat that there may bee nothing which may presse the broken part and fitting remedies for healing fractures shall be applyed as occasion shall offer its selfe CHAP. XVI Of the fracture of the Hip or Os Ilium THe Hip consists of three bones The first is named Os Ilium the Haunch-bone the other Os Ischion the Huckle bone the third Os pubis the Share-bone These three bones in men of full growth are so fast knit and joyned together that they can by no meanes be separated but in children they may be separated without much adoe This bone may be broken in any part thereof either by a stroake or by a fall from high upon any hard bodie You shall know the fracture by the same kinde of signes as you know others to wit paine pricking a depressed cavitie and inequalitie and also a numnesse of the legge of the same side The splinters of the bones if quite broke off must by making incision be taken away at the first dressing in performance of which operation you must have a care that you hurt not with your instrument the heads of the muscles nor any vessels especially which are great nor lastly that large nerve which is sent into the muscles of the thigh and legge On the contrary such fragments as are not broken or severed from their periostium shall bee smoothed and set in order with your fingers as is fitting Other things shall be done according as art and necessity shall perswade and require CHAP. XVII Of a fracture of the Shoulder or Arme-bone THe Arme-bone is round hollow full of marrow rising up with an indifferent necke and ending on the upper part into somewhat a thick head On the lower part it hath two processes the one before the other behinde between which there is as it were an halfe circle or the cavity of a pulley each end whereof leads into its cavitie of which one is interior another exterior that by these as it were hollow stops the bending and extension of the arme might bee limited lest that the bone of the cubite if the circle should have beene perfect sliding equally this way and that way might by its turning have gone quite round as a rope runnes in a pulley which thing would much have confused the motion of the Cubite For so the extension or bending it backe would have beene equall to the necessarie bending it inwards It is very expedient that a Surgeon know these things that so hee may the better know how to restore the fractures and luxations of this part If one of the fragments of this broken bone shall lye much over the other and the patient have a good strong bodie then the arme shall be much extended the Patient being so set upon a lowe seat that he may not rise when the fracture shall bee a-setting and so hinder the begunne worke and also that so the Surgeon may the more easily performe his operation upon the Patient seated under him yet Hippocrates regarding another thing would have the Patient to sit higher But you must have a care that the shoulder-bone it selfe be drawne directly down-wards and the cubit so bended as when you put it into a scarfe For if any one set this bone lifting the arme upwards or other-wise extending it then must it be kept in that posture for otherwise if the figure be changed the setting will quickly bee spoyled when as you come to put the arme in a scarfe Wherefore the Surgeon must diligently and carefully observe that in setting a broken arme hee put it in such a posture that resting on the breast it looke downe towards the girdle You must have a care in laying the splints and rowling your ligatures that they hurt not nor presse too hard upon the joynts For in the opinion of Hippocrates by the pressure of parts which are nervous fleshlesse and consequently endued with exquisite sense by the splints there is danger of most grievous paine inflammation denudation both of the bone and nerve but chiefly if such compression hurt the inner part towards which the arme is bended wherefore the splints made for this place must bee the shorter Therefore after the Arme-bone is set the arme shall bee layd upon the breast in a right angle and there bound up in a scarfe lest that the Patient when he hath neede to stirre spoyle and undoe the setting and figure of the broken bone But the arme must be kept in quiet untill such time as the fragments shall bee confirmed with a Callus which usually is in fortie dayes sooner or later according to the different constitutions of bodies CHAP. XVIII Of the fracture of the Cubit or the Ell and Wand IT sometimes happeneth that the Cubite and Wand are broken together and at once and otherwhiles that but the one of them is fractured Now they are broken eyther in their midst or ends their ends I say which are eyther towards the elbow or else towards the wrest That fracture is worst of all wherein both the bones are broken for then the member is made wholly impotent to performe any sort of action and the cure is also more difficult for the member cannot so easily be contained in its state for that bone which remaines whole serves for a stay to the arme and hinders the muscles from being drawn backe which usually draw backe and shrinke up themselves whensoever both bones are broken Hence it is that that fracture is judged the worst wherein the Cubir or Ell bone is broken But that is easiest of all wherein onely the Wand is broken for so the fractured part is sustained by the Ell-bone When both the bones are broken there must bee made a stronger extension for that the muscles are the more contracted Therefore whensoever eyther of them remaines whole it doth more service in sustaining the other than any eyther ligatures of splints for that it keeps the muscles right in their places Wherefore after the bones shal be set and rowled up with ligatures and splints the arme must bee so carried up in a scarfe put about the necke that the hand may not be much higher than the elbow lest the blood and other humors may fall downe thereinto But the hand shall be set in that posture which
the braines substitute But when divers vertebrae are dislocated at once it must of necessity be forced only into an obtuse angle or rather a semicircle by which compression it certainly suffers but not so as that death must necessarily ensue thereof Hereto may seeme to belong that which is pronounced by Hippocrates A circular moving of the vertebrae out of their places is lesse dangerous than an angular CHAP. XIX Of the Dislocation of the Rumpe THe Rumpe oft times is after a sort dislocated inwards by a violent fall upon the buttocks or a great blow in this affect the Patient cannot bring his heele to his buttockes neither unlesse with much force bend his knee Going to stoole is painefull to him neyther can he sit unlesse in a hollow chaire That this as it were dislocation may bee restored you must thrust your finger in by the Fundament even to the place affected as we have said in a fracture then must you strongly raise up the bone and with your other hand at the same time joyne it rightly on the outside with the neighbouring parts lastly it must be strengthened with the formerly mentioned remedies and kept in its place Now it will bee recovered about the twentieth day after it is set During all which time the Patient must not goe to stoole unlesse sitting upon a hollow seat lest the bone as yet scarce well recovered should fall againe out of its place CHAP. XX. Of the Luxation of the Ribs THe Ribs may by a great and bruising stroake bee dislocated and fall from the vertebrae whereto they are articulated and they may bee driven inwards or side-waies Of which kinde of Luxation though there be no particular mention made by the Ancients yet they confesse that all the bones may fall or be removed from their seats or cavities wherin they are received and articulated The signe of a Rib dislocated and slipped on one side is a manifest inequality which here makes a hollownesse and there a bunching forth but it is a signe that it is driven in when as there is only a depressed cavitie where it is knit and fastened to the vertebrae Such dislocations cause divers symptomes as difficulty of breathing the hurt rib hindring the free moving of the chest a painfulnesse in bowing downe or lifting up the bodie occasioned by a paine counterfeiting a pleurisie the rising or puâ—â—ing up of the musculous flesh about the rib by a mucous and flatulent humor there generated the reasons whereof we formerly mentioned in our Treatise of Fractures To withstand all these the dislocation must bee forthwith restored then the puffing up of the flesh must bee helped Wherefore if the dislocated Rib shall fall upon the upper side of the vertebrae the Patient shall be set upright hanging by his armes upon the toppe of some high doore or window then the head of the rib where it stands forth shal be pressed downe untill it be put into its cavity Againe if the rib shall fall out upon the lower side of the vertebra it will be requisite that the Patient bend his face do 〈◊〉 wards setting his hands upon his knees then the dislocation may be restored by pressing or thrusting in the knot or bunch which stands forth But if the luxated rib fall inwards it can no more be restored or drawn forth by the hand of the Surgeon than a vertebra which is dislocated towards the inside for the reasons formerly delivered CHAP. XXI Of a Dislocated shoulder THe shoulder is easily dislocated because the ligaments of its dearticulation are soft and loose as also for that the cavitie of the shoulder-blade is not very deepe and besides it is every where smooth and polite no otherwise than that of the shoulder-bone for that it is herein received Adde hereunto that there is no internall ligament from bone to bone which may strengthen that dearticulation as is in the legge and knee Wherein notwithstanding we must not thinke nature defective but rather admire Gods providence in this thing for that this articulation serves not onely for extension and bending as that of the Elbow but besides for a round or circular motion as that which carries the arme round about now up then downe according to each difference of site The shoulder-bone which Hippocrates cals the Arme-bone may be dislocated foure manner of waies upwards downe-wards or into the Arme-pit forwards and outwards but never backwards or to the hinde part For seeing that there the cavitie of the blade-bone which receives the head of the arm-bone which Hippocrates cals a Joynt lyes and stands against it who is it that can but imagin any such dislocation In like sort it is never dislocated inwardly for on this part it hath the flesh of a strong muscle termed Deltoides lying over it besides also the backe and acromion of the Blade and lastly the anker-like or beake-like processe all which foure hinder this joynt from slipping inwards Now Hippocrates saith that he hath only seene one kinde of Dislocation of this bone to wit that which is downe-wards or to the arme-pit and certainly it is the most usuall and frequent wherefore we intend to handle it in the first place When the shoulder is dislocated down-wards into the Arme-pit a depressed cavitie may bee perceived in the upper part of the joynt the acromion of the Blade shewes more sharpe and standing forth than ordinarie for that the head of the shoulder-bone is slipt downe and hid under the arme-pit causing a swelling forth in that place the Elbow also casts it selfe as it were outwards and stands further off from the ribs and though you force it yet can you not make it to touch them the Patient cannot lift up his hand to his care on that side neyther to his mouth nor shoulder Which signe is not peculiar to the luxated shoulder but common to it affected with a contusion fracture inflammation wound abscesse scirrâ—us or any defluxion upon the nerves arising out of the vertebrae of the neck and sent into the arme also this arme is longer than the other Lastly which also is common to each difference of a luxated shoulder the Patient can move his arme by no kinde of motion without sense of paine by reason of the extended and pressed muscles some also of their fibres being broken There are sixe wayes to restore the shoulder luxated down-wards into the arme-pit The first is when it is performed with ones fist or a towell The second with a clew of yarne which put under the arme-pit shall be thrust up with ones heele The third with ones shoulder put under the Arme-hole which maner together with the first is most fit for new and easily to be restored luxations as in those who have loose flesh and effeminate persons as children eunuches and women The fourth with a ball put under the Arme-pit and then the Arme cast over a piece of wood held upon two
Ecchymosis or blacknesse over all the heel paine swelling and other the like ensue which implore remedies the Surgeons helpe to wit convenient diet and drawing of bloud by opening a veine of which though Hippocrates makes no mention yet it is here requisite by reason of the feaver and inflammation and if need require purgation principally such as may divert the matter by causing vomit and lastly the application of locall medicines chiefly such as may soften and rarifie the skin under the heel otherwise usually hard and thick such as are fomentations of warme water oile so that divers times wee are forced to scarifie it with a lancet shunning the quicke flesh For so at length the blood poured forth into the part and there heaped up is more easily attenuated and at length resolved But these things must all bee performed before the inflammation seaze upon the part otherwise there will be danger of a convulsion For the bloud when it falls out of the vessels readily putrefies by reason the density of this part hinders it from ventilation and dispersing to the adjacent parts Hereto may be added that the large and great Tendon which covers the heele is endued with exquisite sense and also the part it selfe is on every side spred over with many nerves Besides also there is further danger of inflammation by lying upon the backe and heele as we before admonished you in the Fracture of a leg Therefore I would have the Surgeon to bee here most attentive and diligent to performe these things which we have mentioned lest by inflammation a Gangrene and mortification for here the sanious flesh presently falls upon the bone happen together with a continued and sharp feaver with trembling hicketting and raveing For the corruption of this part first by contagion assailes the next and thence a feaver assailes the heart by the arteryes pressed and growing hot by the putride heat by the nerves and that great and notable tendon made by the concourse of the three muscles of the calfe of the legge the muscles braine and stomach are evilly affected and drawne into consent and so cause convulsions raving and a deadly hicketting CHAP. LV. Of the dislocated pasterre or Ancle-bone THe Astragalus or Pasterne bone may bee dislocated and fall out of its place to every side Wherefore when it falls out towards the inner part the sole of the foot is turned outwards when it flyes out to the contrary the sign is also contrary if it be dislocated to the foreside on the hinde side the broad Tendon comming under the heel is hardened and distended but if it be luxated backwards the whole heel is as it were hid in the foot neither doth this kinde of dislocation happen without much violence It is restored by extending it with the hands and forcing it into the contrary part to that from whence it fell Being restored it is kept so by application of medicines and fit ligation The patient must keepe his bed long in this case lest that bone which susteines and bears up the whole body may againe sinke under the burden and breake out the sinewes being not well knit and strengthened CHAP. LVI Of the dislocation of the Instep and backe of the foot THe bones also of the Instep and backe of the foot may be luxated and that either upwards or downwards or to one side though seldome sidewise for the reason formerly rendred speaking of the dislocation of the like bones of the hand If that they stand upwards then must the patient tread hard upon some plaine or even place and then the Surgeon by pressing them with his hand shall force them into their places on the contrary if they stand out of the sole of the foote then must you presse them thence upwards and restore each bone to its place They may bee restored after the same manner if they bee flowne out to either side But you must note that although the ligatures consist but of one head in other dislocatious yet here Hippocrates would have such used as have two heads for that the dislocation happens more frequently from below upwards or from above downewards than sidewise CHAP. LVII Of the dislocation of the Toes NOw the Toes may bee foure waies dislocated even as the fingers of the hand and they may be restored just after the same manner that is extend them directly forth and then force each joint into its place and lastly bind them up as is fitting The restitution of all of them is easie for that they cannot farre transgresse their bounds To conclude the bones of the feet are dislocated and restored by the same meanes as those of the hands but that when as any thing is dislocated in the foote the patient must keepe his bed but when any thing is amisse in the hand he must carry it in a scarfe The patient must rest twenty dayes that is untill he can firmely stand upon his feet CHAP. LVIII Of the symptomes and other accidents which may befall a broken or dislocated member MAny things may befall broken or dislocated members by the meanes of the fracture or dislocation such as are bruises great paine inflammation a fever impostume gangrene mortification ulcer fistula and atrophia all which require a skilfull and diligent Surgeon for their cure A confusion happens by the fall of some heavie thing upon the part or by a fall from high whence followes the effusion of bloud poured out under the skinne which if it be poured forth in great plenty must be speedily evacuated by scarification and the part eased of that burden lest it should thence gangrenate And by how much the bloud shall appear more thick and the skin more dense by so much the scarification shall be made more deepe You may also for the same purpose apply leaches Concerning paine wee formerly said that it usually happens by reason that the bones are moved out of their places whence it happeneth that they become troublesome to the muscles and nerves by pricking and pressing them Hence ensue inflammations as also impostumation and a feaver oft times a gangrene and in conclusion a mortification corrupting and rotting the bones otherwhiles a sinuousulcer or fistula But an Atrophia and leanenesse ariseth by the sloth and idlenesse of the member decaying all the strength therof and by too strait ligation intercepting the passages of the bloud otherwise ready to fall and flow thither Now the leannesse which is occasioned by too strait ligation receives cure by the slackening of the ligatures wherewith the member was bound That which proceeds from idlenesse is helped by moderate exercise by extending bending lifting up and depressing the member if so bee that he can away with exercise Otherwise he shall use frictions and fomentations with warme water The frictions must be moderate in hardenesse and gentlenesse in length and shortnesse The same moderation shall be observed in
his jawes wherefore let him feed upon liquid meats as ponado barly cream cullisses gellyes reare egs and other meates of the like nature At the end of eight dayes the ligature that binds up his eyes shall be loosed and his eyes washed with rose water and putting on spectacles or some taffaty the patient shall by little and little accustome himselfe to the light lest hee should bee offended by the sudden meeting with light But if the suffusion after some short while after lift it selfe up againe it must bee couched againe but through a new hole for the eye is pained and tender in the former place It sometimes happens by the touch of the needle that the Cataract is not couched whole but is broken into many peeces then therefore each of them must be followed and couched severally if there be any very small particle which scapes the needle it must bee let alone for there is no doubt but that in processe of time it may be dissolved by the force of the native heat There are also some Cataracts which at the first touch of the needle are diffused turne into a substance like to milke or troubled water for that they are not throughly ripe yet these put us in good hope of recovery and it bee but for this that they can never afterwards concrete into one body as before Wherefore at the length they are also discussed by the strength of the native heat and then the eye recovers its former splendor If that any other symptomes come unlooked for they shall be helped by new counsels and their appropriate remedies CHAP. XXIII Of the stopping of the passage of the eares and the falling of things thereinto IT sometimes happeneth that children are born without any holes in their eares a certaine fleshy or membranous substance growing in their bottome or first entrance The same may also happen afterwards by accident they being ulcerated by some impostume or wound and the eare shut up by some fleshy excrescence or scar When as the stopping is in the bottome of the cavity the cure is more difficult than if it were in the first entrance But there is a double way of cure for this substance whatsoever it be must either be cut out or else eaten away and consumed by acrid and catheriticke medicines in performance of which there is need of great moderation of the mind and hand For it is a part endued with most exquisite sence and neare the braine wherefore by handling it too roughly there is feare of distension of the nerves and consequently of death Sometimes also the preternaturall falling of strange bodies into this passage maketh a stopping of the eares such as are fragments of stones gold silver iron and the like mettals pearles cherry-stones or kernels peafe and other such like pulse Now solid and bonie bodies still retaine the same magnitude but pease seeds and kernels by drawing the moisture there implanted into them swell up and cause vehement pain by the distension of the neighbouring parts wherefore the sooner they are drawne forth the better it is for the patient This shall be done with small pincers and instruments made in the shape of earepicks But if you profit nothing thus then must you use such gymblets as are made for the drawing forth of bullets shot deep into the body Little stones and bodies of the like stony hardnesse shall bee forced forth by the brain provoked to concussion by sneesing by dropping some oyle of almonds first into the passage of the eare that the way may be the more slippery for it will come to passe by this sneesing or violence of the internall aire forcibly seeking passage out that at length they may bee cast forth the mouth and nostrils being stopped with the hand But if wee cannot thus prevaile it remaines that we cut open the passage with an incision knife so much as shall be sufficient for the putting in and using of an instrument for to extract them If any creeping things of little creatures as fleas ticks pismires gnats and the like which sometimes happeneth shall get therein you may kill them by dropping in a little oyle and vineger There is a certaine little creeping thing which for piercing and getting into the eares the French call Perse-oreille wee an Eare-wigge This if it chance to get into the eare may be killed by the foresaid meanes you may also catch it or draw it forth by laying halfe an apple to your eare as a bait for it CHAP. XXIV Of getting of little bones and such like things out of the jawes and throate SOmetimes little bones and such like things in eating greedily use to sticke or as it were fasten themselves in the jawes or throate Such bodies if you can come to the sight of them shall bee taken out with long slender and croked mallets made like a Cranes beake If they do not appear nor there be no means to take them forth they shal be cast forth by causing vomit or with swallowing a crust of bread or a dry fig gently chawed and so swallowed or else they shall be thrust downe into the stomacke or plucked back with a leeke or some other such like long and stiffe crooked body annoynted with oile and thrust downe the throate If any such like thing shall get into the Weazon you must cause coughing by taking sharpe things or else sneesing so to cast forth whatsoever is there troublesome CHAP. XXV Of the Tooth-ache OF all paines there is none which more cruelly tormenteth the patients than the Tooth-ache For wee see them oft-times after the manner of other bones to suffer inflammation which will quickly suppurate and they become rotten and at length fall away piecemeale for wee see them by daily experience to be eaten and hollowed and to breed wormes some portion of them putrefying The cause of such paine is either internall or externall and primitive The internall is a hot or cold defluxion of humours upon them filling their sockets thence consequently driving out the teeth which is the reason that they stand sometimes so farre forth that the patient neither dares nor can make use of them to chaw for feare of paine for that they are loose in their sockets by the relaxation of the gums caused by the falling downe of the defluxion When as they are rotten and perforated even to the roots if any portion of the liquor in drinking fall into them they are pained as if you thrust in a pin or bodkin the bitternesse of the paine is such The signes of a hot defluxion are sharpe and pricking paine as if needles were thrust into them a great pulsation in the roote of the pained tooth and the temples and some ease by the use of cold things Now the signes of a cold defluxion are a great heavinesse of the head much and frequent spitting some mitigation by the use of hot remedies In the bitternesse
too short it cannot cover the glans This happens either by nature to wit by the first conformation or afterwards by some accident as to those whom religion and the custome of their nation bids to be circumcised The cure is thus The Praepuce is turned up and then the inner membrane thereof is cut round and great care is had that the veine and artery which are there betweene the two membranes of the Praepuce be not cut in sunder Hence it is drawn downward by extension untill it cover the glans a deficcative emplaster being first put between it and the glans lest they should grow together Then a pipe being first put into the urinary passage the praepuce shall be there bound untill the incision be cicatrized This cure is used to the Jewes when having abjured their religion full of superstitions for handsomnesse sake they would cover the nut of their yard with a praepuce and so recover their cut off skinne CHAP. XXXII Of Phymosis and Paraphymosis that is so great a constriction of the praepuce about the Glans or Nut that it cannot be bared or uncovered at Pleasure THe prepuce is straitened about the Glans two waies for it either covers the whole nut so straitly encompasses the end therof that it cannot be drawne upwards and consequently the nut cannot be uncovered or else it leaves the Glans bare under it being fastened so stiffely to the roots thereof that it cannot bee turned up nor drawn down or over the Glans The first manner of constriction is termed Phymosis the latter Paraphymosis The Phymosis happens either by the fault of the first conformation or else by a scarre through which occasion the praepuce hath growne lesser as by the growing of warts Now Paraphymosis is often occasioned by the inflammation of the yard by impure copulation for hence ulcers breed betweene the praepuce and Glans with swelling and so great inflammation that the praepuce cannot bee turned backe Whence it is that they cannot bee handled and cured as you would and a gangrene of the part may follow which may by the contagion bring death to all the body unless it be hindred prevented by amputation but if a scar be the cause of the constriction of the praepuce the patient being plac'd in a convenient site let the praepuce be drawne forth and extended and as much as may be stretched and enlarged then let the scarre be gently cut in three or foure places on the inner side with a crooked knife but so that the gashes come not to the outside and let them be an equall distance each from other But if a fleshy excrescence or a wart shall be the occasion of this straitnesse and constriction it shall be consumed by the same remedies by which the warts of the wombe and yard are consumed or taken off But when as the praepuce doth closely adhere to the Glans on every side the cure is not to be hoped for much lesse to be attempted CHAP. XXXIII Of those whose Glans is not rightly perforated and of the too short or strait ligament bridle or Cord of the yard SOme at their birth by evill conformation have not their Glans perforated in the middle but have only a small hole underneath toward the bridle ligament of the yard called the cord Which is the cause that they do not make water in a strait line unlesse they turn up their yard toward their belly neither by the same reason can they beget children because through this fault of conformation the seed is hindred from being cast directly into the wombe The cure is wholly chirurgicall and is thus performed The praepuce is taken hold of and extended with the left hand but with the right hand the extremity thereof with the end of the Glans is cut even to that hole which is underneath But such as have the bridle or ligament of the yard too short so that the yard cannot stand straight but crooked and as it were turned downewards in these also the generation of children is hindred because the seed cannot be cast directly and plentifully into the wombe Therefore this ligament must be cut with much de xterity and the wound cured after the manner of other wounds having regard to the part Children also are sometimes borne into the world with their fundaments unperforated for a skinne preternaturally covering the part hinders the passage forth of the excrements those must have a passage made by art with an instrument for so at length the excrements will come forth yet I have found by experience that such children are not naturally long lived neither to live many dayes after such section CHAP. XXXIV Of the causes of the stone THE stones which are in the bladder have for the most part had their first originall in the reines or kidneys to wit falling down from thence by the ureters into the bladder The cause of these is twofold that is materiall and efficient Grosse tough and viscide humours which crudities produce by the distempers of the bowels and immoderate exercises chiefly immediately after meat yeeld matter for the stone whence it is that children are more subject to this disease than those of other ages But the efficient cause is either the immoderate heate of the kidneys by meanes whereof the subtler part of the humors is resolved but the grosser and more earthy subsides and is hardened as we see bricks hardened by the sun and fire or the more remisse heat of the bladder sufficient to bake into a stone the faces or dregges of the urine gathered in great plenty in the capacity of the bladder The straightnesse of the ureters and urenary passage may be accounted as an assistant cause For by this meanes the thinner portion of the urine floweth forth but that which is more feculent and muddy being stayed behind groweth as by scaile upon scaile by addition and collection of new matter into a stony masse And as a weeke often-times dipped by the Chandler into melted tallow by the copious adhesion of the tallowy substance presently becomes a large candle thus the more grosse and viscide faeces of the urine stay as it were at the barres of the gathered gravell and by their continuall appulse are at length wrought and fashioned into a true stone CHAP. XXXV Of the signes of the stone of the Kidneys and bladder THE signes of the stone in the reines are the subsiding of red or yellow sand in the urine a certaine obscure itching at the kidneys and the sense of a weight or heavinesse at the loynes a sharp and pricking paine in moving or bending the body a numnesse of the thigh of the same side by reason of the compression caused by the stone of the nerves discending out of the vertebrae of the loynes of the thigh But when the stone is in the bladder the fundament and whole perinaeum is
on the contrary a flatulent spirit lifts it up as it were by renitency as if one should thrust a pair of bellows which are filled with wind hence the part cannot performe its duty for that the spaces of the joints are possessed with aboundance of flatulencies so that the liberty of motion is intercepted and the member is kept as it were bound up Many no very skillfull Surgeons putting their fingers to these kind of tumours so that lifting up the one they presse down the other when as they perceive the flatulency as it were rising betweene their fingers supposing it to bee the motion of pus or matter already generated and flowing up and downe as is usual in impostumes they have opened it by incision but when as nothing flowed forth it appeared how much they were deceived yet in the interim by this their rashnesse they have caused many dangerous symptomes as encrease of pain defluxion of humours by force whereof the bones have beene dislocated and brought to the patient an uncurable lamenesse But these flatulent gouts are seldome without some phlegmatick matter which is neither too crude nor viscide Such like flatulencies are not easily discussed nor at the first endeavour by reason of a cold distemper which they bring to the part and the density of the membranes and ligaments by which the articulation is knit and fastened so that scarce any part of that which is there shut up can breath forth of such strait passages Therefore the cure must be undertaken with resolving discussing and drying fomentations as for example with a decoction of fennell aniseeds rue chamornill melilote sage rosemary origanum calamints horehound and the like boyled in wine with a little Lye rose vinegar and common salt This following ointment shall bee used after the fomentation â„ž olei chamoem aneth rut â—auri an â„¥ ii cum cera alba fiat linimentum addendo aq vitae parum After you have anointed it apply thereto this following cataplasme â„ž flor cham melil aneth ros rub pulv an m i. fol. malv. absinth an m ss furfur m i. bulliant omnia simul cum lixivio vinorubre deinde pistentur cum medulla panis farina fabarum quantum sufficit fiat cataplasma addendo ol rosar myrtin an â„¥ ii Some highly approve of this following medicine for the wasting of flatulencies â„ž axun suil â„¥ iv calcis vivae â„¥ i ss terantur diligenter in mortario incorporata applicentur Or else â„ž stercor caprar cocti cum vino aceto an lb. ss tereb venet mell com an â„¥ ii aq vitae â„¥ ss pul rad lreos florent sabin an â„¥ iii. olei rut aneth an â„¥ i. farin fabarum quantum sufficit Make a cataplasme to the forme of a pultis Also stoupes dipped in oxycrate and wrung out shall be applyed in this oxycrate shall be boyled wormewood origanum chamomill melilote rue common salt adding thereto some aqua vitae Then the part shall be bound up as strait as the patient can endure it in conclusion that the native strenght may by little and little bee restored to the part it shall be fomented with Lye made of the ashes of Oake-wood and the cuttings of vines wherein shall be boyled salt sulphur choise alome and wetting linnen cloaths or stoups therein and applying them it shall be straitly swathed up Yet if great pain shall more cruelly vexe the part then neglecting for a time the proper cure of the disease you shall withstand the symptome by rubbing the part and anointing it with some discussing oile laying thereon some moist wooll other anodyne things CHAP. XXII Of the Ischias Hip-gout or Sciatica FOR that the hip-gout in the greatnesse of the causes bitternesse of pain and vehemency of other symptomes easily exceeds the other kindes of Gout therefore I have thought good to treate thereof in particular The pain of the Sciatica is therefore the most bitter and the symptomes most violent for that the dearticulation of the huckle bone with the head of the Thigh bone is more deepe than the rest because also the phlegmaticke humour which causeth it is commonly more plenteous cold grosse and viscid that flowes down into this joint and lastly because the Sciatica commonly succeeds some other chronicall disease by reason of the translation and falling down thither of the matter become maligne and corrupt by the long continuance of the former disease But the paine not onely troubles the hippe but entering deepe is extended to the muscles of the buttockes the groines knees and very ends of the toes yea often times it vexeth the patient with a sense of paine in the very vertebrae of the loines so that it makes the patients and also oft times the very Physitians and Surgeons to thinke it the wind or stone Collicke The cause of such wandering and dispersed paine is to bee referred to the manifold distribution of the nerves which come to that joint from the loines and holy-bone for they are sent into the muscles of the buttockes and so dispersed over the whole legge to the very ends of the toes as it is shewed in our Anatomy Therefore the paine is largely extended that is to what part soever a nerve runs which comes from the affected Hippe Often times there is no swelling no rednesse nor distemper manifest to the eye by reason that the veines are very few which rise into the surface and skinne of this part and the humour lyes as it were sunke in which is the cause that divers times the excrementitious humours mixed with statulencie runne so violently into the cavity of this joint that relaxing the ligaments as well proper as common the head of the thigh-bone is easily driven out from hence so that it may never be restored again if it remain so for any space of time for that in this time the humor falling down into this cavity by delay concretes as it were into a stony body and the head of the Thigh-bone weares it selfe another cavity in the neighbouring bone but the lips of the true cavity which are gristly become more streit and deprest and lastly all the ligamentous bodies moistened with this excrementitious humour become more loose and weake whence succeed many and most grievous symptoms as lamenesse the decay not only of the thigh leg but at length of the whole body and lastly a slow and hectick feaver which in continuance of time will consume the patient for the causes formerly mentioned Therfore let Physitians and Surgeons have a care that they resist it at the first and with such powerfull remedies as are mentioned in the following chapter hinder the springing up and growth of the formerly mentioned symptomes CHAP. XXIII The cure of the Sciatica THough the Sciatica bee commonly occasioned by tough phlegme yet if the patient be strong and abound with blood and all things else consent it shall bee good to draw
also it hastens the abscesse or falling away of the corrupted bone It shall be of a convenient figure to cauterize the bone as round square or long I usually before the application of such a Caustick first divide the flesh that lyes over it with an incision knife that so the paine may be the lesse because the flesh cannot be burnt through but in a long time by which the fire may come to the bone But it will not bee amisse before wee treat of this art first to consider the nature of the rottennesse of the bones CHAP. XXVI Why the bones become rotten and by what signes it may be perceived THat solution of Continuity which is in the bones is called by Galen Catagma This usually is the cause of rottennesse for bones that are grated bruised rent perforated broken luxated inflamed and dispoiled of the flesh and skin are easily corrupted for dispoyled of their covering they are altered by the appulse of the aire which they formerly never felt whence also their bloud and proper nourishment is dryed up and exhausted Besides also the sanies running downe by reason of wounds and old ulcers in processe of time fastens it selfe into their substance and putrefies by little and little this putrefaction is encreased and caused by the too much use of oily and fatty medicines as moist and suppurate things for hence the ulcer becommeth more filthy and maligne the flesh of the neighbouring parts groweth hot is turned into pus which presently falling upon the bone lying under it inflames it Lastly the bones are subject to the same diseases as the flesh that lyeth under them is besides also according to Galen the beginning of inflammation oft-times proceeds from the bones but they beat not because according to the opinion of the ancients pulsation is a dolorificke motion of the Arteries but the bones want sense Which verily I cannot deny but also we must confesse that the membrane that encompasseth them and the arteries that enter into their body are endued with most exquisite sense Wherefore the arteries compressed and waxing hot by reason of the inflamed bone cause a sense of paine in the periostium so that the patients complaine of a dull and deepe paine as it were sunke into the substance of the bones The rottennesse or corruption is oft-times manifest to the eye as when the bone is laid bare for then it varieth from the naturall colour and becomes livide yellowish or blacke Otherwise you may perceive it by touch as by searching it with a probe as when you meet with any inequality or roughnesse or when by but gently touching it your probe runs into the substance of the bone as into rotten wood for a bone is naturally hard but being rotten becomes soft Yet hardnesse is not an infallible signe of a sound bone For I have seene rotten and bared bones to have sometimes growne so hard by the appulse of the aire that a Trepan could not without a strong endeavour enter them Also the rottennesse of the bone is known by the condition of the filth which flowes forth of the ulcer for it is not onely more thin and liquid but also more stinking Furthermore such ulcers have a soft loose and watery flesh besides also they are untoward and rebellious to sarcotick epuloticke medicines to which if they chance to yeeld and be cicatrized yet within a short while after the scarre will relent of its own accord for that nature destitute of the firm and sound foundation of the bones cannot build up a laudible and constant flesh Neither is it sufficient that the Surgeon know certainly that the bone is rotten and corrupt it is furthermore fit he know whether this corruption be supersiciary or pierce deepe into the substance of the bone that he may know how much of the bone must bee scailed For scailing is the onely cure of that which is corrupted now it is scailed by that which dryes exceedingly and drawes forth all the humidity aswell the excrementitious the author of the rottennesse as the alimentary For thus it remaines without bloud and nourishment and consequently life also whence it must of necessity scaile or fall off being destitute of the glue or moisture which joyned it to the sound parts in vicinity and communion of life like as leaves which fall away from the trees the humidity being exhausted by which as by glue they adhered to the boughes For this purpose Catagmatick powders are prepared to amend the corruption which is onely superficiary â„ž pul aloes cretae combustae pompholygos an Ê’ii ireos flor aristoloch rot myrrh cerussae an Ê’i pul osteor combust Ê’ss terantur sublitiss fiat pulvis let it bee applyed either alone by it selfe or else with hony and a little aqua vitae Also the following emplaster being applyed stirs up nature to the exclusion of the broken bones and cleanseth the ulcers from the more grosse and viscide sanies â„ž cer nov res pini gum ammon elemi an Ê’vi tereb â„¥ iii. pul mastich myrrh an â„¥ ss aristol rot ireos flor aloes opopan euphorb an Ê’i olei rosati quantum sufficit fiat emplast secundum artem Euphorbium according to Dioscorides takes off the scailes of bones in one day Hereto also conduceth Emp. de betonica Or â„ž olei caryophyl â„¥ ss camph. Ê’ii misceantur simul in mortario atere But if that part of the bone which is corrupt cannot thus be taken away then must you use the scailing Trepans and Scrapers described formerly in wounds of the head especially if any more great or solid bone bee foule Furthermore the here described Trepan will be good to perforate the rotten bone in many places where it is corrupted untill as it were a certaine bloudy moysture issue forth at the holes for thus it more freely enjoyes the aire and also the force of the medicines admitted by these holes works more powerfully A Trepan with two triangular bits a pin to hold them in the stocke as also another Trepan having foure square sixe-square bits convenient for to be used in the rottennesse of greater bones But if the rottennesse be more deepe and the bone more hard either by nature or accident as by the occasion of the too long admission of the aire then the rotten scailes shall bee cut off by the instruments described in wounds of the head driving them into the bone with leaden mallets lest the part should bee too much offended or shaken with the blow The scailes and fragments shall bee taken forth with mullets the signes that all the rottennesse is taken away are the solidnesse of the bone thereunder and the bloudy moisture sweating out thereat CHAP. XXVII Of actuall potentiall Cauteries BUT if the described remedies cannot take place by reason of the malignity or magnitude of the rottennesse then must wee come to actuall and potentiall cauteries But I should
by reason of the accesse of grosse vapours and humours that are contained therein and also snatched as it were by a convulfive motion by reason that the vessels and ligaments distended with fulnesse are so carried upwards against the midriffe and parts of the breast that it maketh the breath to bee short and often as if a thing lay upon the breast and pressed it Moreover the wombe swelleth because there is contained or inclosed in it a certaine substance caused by the defluxion either of the seed or flowers or of the womb or whites or of some other humour tumour abscesse rotten apostume or some ill juice putrefying or getting or engendering an ill quality and resolved into grosse vapours These as they affect sundry or divers places inferre divers and sundry accidents as rumbling and noyse in the belly if it be in the guts desire to vomit after with seldome vomiting commeth wearinesse and loathing of meat if it trouble the stomack Choaking with strangulation if it assaile the breast and throate swouning if it vex the heart madnesse or else that which is contrary thereto sound sleep or drousinesse if it grieve the brain all which oftentimes prove as maligne as the biting of a mad dogge or equall the stinging or bitings of venemous beasts It hath been observed that more grievous symptomes have proceeded from the corruption of the seede than of the menstruall bloud For by how much every thing is more perfect and noble while it is conteyned within the bounds of the integrity of its owne nature by so much it is the more grievous and perillous when by corruption it hath once transgressed the lawes thereof But this kind of accident doth very seldome grieve those women which have their menstruall fluxe well and orderly and doe use copulation familiarly but very often those women that have not their menstruall fluxe as they should and do want and are destitute of husbands especially if they be great eaters and lead a solitary life When the vessels and ligaments of the wombe are swollen and distended as wee said before so much as is added to their latitude or breadth so much is wanting in their length and therefore it hapneth that the wombe being removed out of its seate doth one while fall to the right side towards the liver sometimes to the left side towards the milt sometimes upwards unto the midriffe and stomacke sometimes downewards and so forwards unto the bladder whereof commeth an Ischury and strangury or backwards whereof commeth oppression of the straight gut and suppression of the excrements and the Tenesmus But although wee acknowledge the wombe to decline to those parts which wee named yet it is not by accident onely as when it is drawne by the proper and common ligaments and bands when they are contracted or made shorter being distended with fulnesse but also of its selfe as when it is forced or provoked through the griefe of something contrary to nature that is contained therein it wandreth sometimes unto one side and sometimes unto another part with a plaine and evident naturall motion like unto the stomack which imbraceth any thing that is gentle and milde but avoydeth any thing that is offensive and hurtfull yet we deny that so great accidents may bee stirred up by the falling of it alone unto this or that side for then it might happen that women that are great with childe whose wombes are so distended by reason that the childe is great that it doth presse the midriffe might be troubled with a strangulation like unto this but much rather by a venemous humour breathing out a maligne and grosse vapour not onely by the veines and arteries but also by the pores that are invisible which pollutes the faculties of the parts which it toucheth with its venemous malignity infection and intercepts the functions thereof Neither doth the variety of the parts receiving only but also of the matter received cause variety of accidents For some accidents come by suppression of the termes others come by corruption of the seede but if the matter bee cold it bringeth a drousinesse being lifted up unto the braine whereby the woman sinketh downe as if shee were astonished and lyeth without motion and sense or feeling and the beating of the arteries and the breathing are so small that somtimes it is thought they are not at all but that the woman is altogether dead If it be more grosse it inferreth a convulsion if it participate of the nature of a grosse melancholick humour it bringeth such heavinesse fear and sorrowfulnesse that the party that is vexed therewith shall thinke that shee shall die presently and cannot be brought out of this minde by any meanes or reason if of a cholerick humour it causeth the madnesse called furor uterinus and such a pratling that they speake all things that are to be concealed and a giddinesse of the head by reason that the animal spirit is suddenly shaken by the admixtion of a putrefied vapour and hot spirit but nothing is more admirable than that this disease taketh the patient sometimes with laughing and sometimes with weeping for some at the first will weepe and then laugh in the same disease and state thereof But it exceedeth all admiration which Hollerius writeth usually happened to two of the daughters of the Provost of Roven For they were held with long laughter for an houre or two before the fitte which neither for feare admonition nor for any other meanes they could hold and their parents chid them and asked them wherefore they did so they answered that they were not able to stay their laughter The ascention of the wombe is diligently to bee distinguished from the strangulation thereof for the accidents of the ascention and of the strangulation are not one but the woman is onely oppressed with a certaine paine of the heart difficulty of breathing or swouning but yet without feare without raving or idle talking or any other greater accident Therefore often times contrary causes inferre the ascention that is overmuch drynesse of the wombe labouring through the defect of moysture whereby it is forced after too violent and immoderate evacuations of the flowers and in childe-bed and such like and laborious and painefull travell in child-birth through which occasion it waxeth hot contrary to nature and withereth and turneth it selfe with a certaine violence unto the parts adjoyning that is to say unto the liver stomacke and midriffe if happely it may draw some moysture therehence unto it I omit that the wombe may be brought unto its place upwards by often smelling to aromatick things yet in the meane while it infers not the strangulation that wee described before CHAP. XLV The signes of imminent strangulation of the wombe BEfore that these forenamed accidents come the woman thinks that a certaine painefull thing ariseth from her wombe unto the orifice of the stomacke and heart and shee thinketh her selfe
his head lay without any shaking his tongue and speech was free his understanding sound and all his senses perfect even in the height of his fit He was taken at the least ten times a day well in the spaces between but wearied with labour it might have beene judged a true Epilepsie if the understanding and senses had failed The most judicious Physitians who were called to him judged it a convulsion cosen-germane to the falling sicknesse proceeding from a maligne and venemous vapour impact in the spine of the backe whence a vapour dispersed it selfe over all the nerves which passe from the spine every way into the limbes but not into the braine To remove this which they judged the cause frequent glysters are ordained and strong purges of all sorts cupping glasses are applied to the beginnings of the nerves â—omentations unctions emplasters first to discusse then to strengthen and weare away the maligne quality These things doing little good he was sweated with bathes stoves and a decoction of Guajacum which did no more good than the former for that wee were all farre from the knowledge of the true cause of his disease for in the third moneth a certaine Devill was found to be the author of all this ill bewraying himselfe by voice unaccustomed words and sentences as well latine as greeke though the patient were ignorant of the greeke tongue he laied open many secrets of the by-standers but chiefly of the Physitians deriding them for that hee had abused them to the patients great harme because they had brought his body so low by needlesse purgations When his father came to visite him he would cry out long before he came at him or saw him drive away this visitant keep him from comming in here or else pluck his chaine from about his necke for on this as it is the custome of the French order of Knights there hangs the image of St. Michael If holy or divine things were read before him he shooke and trembled more violently When his fit was over hee remembred all that he had done and affirmed that hee did it against his will and that he was sorry for it The devill forced by ceremonies and exorcismes denied that he was damned for any crime and said that he was a spirit being asked who he was and by what meanes and power he did these things he said that hee had many habitations into which hee could betake him selfe and in the time of his rest hee could torment others that he was cast into this body by a certain person whom he would not name and that he entred by his feet up to his necke and that he would go forth againe the same way when as his appointed time was come He spoke of sundry other things as others which are possessed use to doe Now I speake not these things as new or strange but that it may appeare that devills sometimes entring into the body doe somewhiles torment it by divers and uncouth waies other whiles they doe not enter in but either agitate the good humours of the body or draw the ill into the principall parts or with them obstruct the veins or other passages or change the structure of the instruments from which causes innumerable diseases proceed of these Divells are the authors and wretched and forlorne persons the ministers and the reason of these things is beyond the search of nature Pliny tells that the Emperour Nero in his time found magicall arts most vain and false but what need we alledge profane writers when as those things that are recorded in scripture of the pythonisse of the woman speaking in her belly of King Nebuchodonozor of the Magitians of Pharaoh and other such things not a few prove that there both is and hath beene Magicke Pliny tells of Denarcâ—us that he tasting of the entrailes of a sacrificed childe turned himselfe into a Wolfe We read in Homer that Circes in the long wandering of Ulysses changed his companions into beasts with an inchanted cuppe or potion and in Virgil that the growing corne may bee spoiled or carried away by inchantments which things unlesse they were approved and witnessed by many mens credits the wisedome of Magistrates and Lawyers would not have made so many Lawes against Magitians neither would there have beene a mulct imposed upon their heads by the law of the twelve tables who had enchanted other mens corne But as in magicall arts the devill doth not exhibite things them selves as those which he cannot make but onely certaine shewes or appearances of things so in these which are any wayes accommodated to the use of Physicke the cure is neither certaine nor safe but deceitfull captious and dangerous I have seene the Jaundise over the whole body cured in one night by a written scroule hanged about the neck also I have seene Agues chased away by words and such ceremonies but within a short while after they returned againe and became much worse Now there are some vaine things and verily the fancies of old women which because they have long possessed the minds of men weakened with too much superstition we terme them superstitious These are such as we cannot truely say of them wherefore and whence they have the faculties ascribed to them for they neither arise from the temperament neither from other manifest qualities neither from the whole substance neither from a divine or magicall power from which two last mentioned all medicines beyond nature and which are consequently to be used to diseases whose essence are supernaturall must proceed Such like old wives medicines and superstitious remedies are written figures and characters rings where neither the assistance of God or Spirits is implored Let me aske you is it not a superstitious medicine to heale the falling sickenesse to carry in writing the names of the three Kings Gaspar Melchior and Balthasar who came to worship Christ To help the tooth ache if one whilst Masse is in saying touch his teeth saying these words Os non comminuet is ex co To stay vomiting with certaine ceremonies and words which they absent pronounce thinking it sufficient if that they but onely know the patients name I saw a certaine fellow that with murmuring a few words and touching the part would stanch blood out of what part soever it flowed there be some who to that purpose say this De latere ejus exivit Sanguis Aqua How many prayers or charmes are carried about to cure agues some taking hold of the patients hand say Aequè facilis tibi Febris haec sit atque Mariae virgini Christi partus Another washeth his hands with the patient before the fit saying to himselfe that solemne Psalme Exaltâ—bo te Deus meus Rex c. If one tell an Asse in his eare that hee is stung by a Scorpion they say that the danger is immediately over As there are many superstitious words so there are many superstitious writings also To helpe
medicines the one is called Araeoticum or ratifying the other is termed Diaphoreticum or digesting The Araeoticum by a meane heat and not dry and endued with a tenuity of substance openeth and relaxeth the skinne and draweth forth the matter shut up under it whereby it may ease paine like as Anodines because it doth not much depart from a temperate heat But the Diaphoreticum being much hotter whatsoever sticketh in the part being there impact it doth by thin vapour insensibly dissipate therefore the acrid and hot things are in this case to be made use of rather than attractives because that cold and grossenesse is more difficultly to be digested and the length and involution of the waies being to be considered The Araeoticke which we may call weake resolvers are either simple or compound The simples are these bismalvatota parietaria adianthum mercurialis ebulus valeriana rosmarinus salvia thymus chamaemelum melilotum anethum farina hordei tritici seminis lini faenugraeci nigella furfur adeps gallinae anseris anatis cuniculi vituli almost all metalls unlesse such as are acrid The compounds are oleum chamaemolinum anethinum liliaceum catellorum lumbricorum Keirinum de vitellis ovorum de tritico amygdalarum dulcium Unguentum de althaea empl diachylum ireatum Diaphoretickes or digestives are also both simple and compound the simple are Aristolochia enula campana iris caepa scylla sigillum Salomonis sigillum beatae Mariae bryonia panis porcinus dracunculus asphodelus origanum mentha pulegium sabina serpillum calamentha hyssopus urtica arthemisia lavendula chamepytis anisum foeniculum cuminum piper nux moschata coriandrum baccae lauri juniperi farina fabarum lupinorum orobi milii frumenti furfur mica panis acetum tepidum oxycratum vinum vetus aut aromaticum mel aqua vitae muria adeps tauri equi leonis canis hirci medulla cervi cruris bovis arietis ammoniacum galbanum opopanax sagapenum myrrha bdellium thus terebinthina pix nigra ladanum styrax calamita benioinum stercus caprinum columbinum caninum bubulum aliae stercorum species Compound diaphoretickes are oleum amygdalarum amararum Juniperinum laurinum de scorpionibus irinum costinum nardinum de terebinthina de croco canabinum raphaninum è cucumere agresti vulpinum rutaceum philosophorum de lateribus de euphorbio de tartaro de petroleo de kerva sive ricininum unguent Agrippae aragon martiatum enulatum empl de Vigo without addition and with addition oxycroceum diacalcitheos dissolved in a digesting oyle to the forme of a cerat Araeotickes are profitably used in the increase and state of superficiall tumours But Diaphoretickes are not to bee used in the encrease of tumours unlesse some astringent bee added lest by their more strong digestion they should draw and increase the defluxion but when the tumours decline they are then onely to be used in the parts chiefly where the skinne is dense and hard and when the humour is cold and grosse and lying hid deep in the body so that the vertue of medicaments can hardly come thereto but consideration is to bee had of the parts to which resolutives are to be applied for you may not apply relaxers or diaphoretickes to the liver spleen stomacke or bowels unlesse you adde some astringents of which a great part must be aromatickes To the parts where sense is more dull may be applied the stronger diaphoreticks but those parts which are endued with a more exquisite sense as the eye and the nerves to them we must apply weaker When the matter is grosse and cold things cutting and attenuating and then emollients are to be used and so by degrees come to diaphoretickes otherwise that onely is resolved which is the most subtle of the unprofitable matter the grosser becomming concrete and hardened But if the part be afflicted with a continuall defluxion so that there may be danger of a gangrene or sphacel it is not lawful then to make use of resolvers but you must in the place where the humour flowes devide the skin by scarification as it is most learnedly noted by Hollerius in that profitable booke of his left to posterity whose title is De materia Chirurgica CHAP. XII Of suppuratives A Suppurative medicine is said to bee that which shutting the pores and preventing transpiration by his emplasticke consistence increaseth the matter of native heat and therefore turneth the matter cast out of the vessels into pus and sanies It is of nature hot and moist and proportionable to the native heat of the part to which it is applied and of an emplasticke consistence that so it may hinder the native heat from being exhaled in which respect it differeth from emollients and malactickes of which wee shall speake hereafter There bee two kindes of suppuratives for some doe it of themselves and by their proper qualitie others by accident Those things which by their owne strength do bring to suppuration are either simples or compounds Simples are radix liliorum caepa allium malvarum omnium folia semina buglossum acanthus senecio violae parietaria crocus caules ficus passulae mundatae with a decoction of these things farina tritici farina volatilis farina hordei excorticati lolii seminis lini foenugraeci galbanum ammoniacum styrax pinguis ladanum viscum aucupatorum thus pix cera resina colla adeps suillus vitulinus vaccinus caprinus butyrum vitellus ovi oesipus humida stercus suillum columbinum caprinum pueri Compounds are oleum liliorum lumbricorum de croco unguent basilicum emplast diachylon commune magnum de mucilaginibus Those things doe suppurate by accident which worke it onely by the meanes of an emplasticke consistence for so often times astringents because they are of earthy and thicke parts are found to suppurate such are unguentum de bolo nutritum and such like Such also are those which by their coldnesse keep the heat in and shut the pores Hence is it that the qualities of sorrell are commended to generate pus for whilest it keepeth the heat within it encreaseth his effects to the thickening of the suppurable matter and the overcomming other rebellious qualities We use things ripening in great inflammations whose growth we cannot hinder with repellers or increase with resolvers or discussers CHAP. XIII Of mollifying things THat is defined to bee a mollifying medicine which by a stronger heat than that which is proper to suppuratives without any manifest quality of drying or moistning again malaxeth or softeneth hardned bodies wherefore this differs from that which suppurates because that may bee hot in the first or second degree according to the severall temper of the body or part to which it is applied working rather by the quantity of heat than the quality contrariwise that which mollifieth being endued with a greater heat rather worketh by the quality of the heat being otherwise in drynesse and moisture
ministered unto them of their owne accord and so came to themselves againe In the doing of all these things Iames Guillemeau Chirurgion unto the King and of Paris and Iohn of Saint Germanes the Apothecary did much helpe and further us In the afternoone that the matter being well begunne might have good successe Iohn Hautie and Lewis Thibaut both most learned Phisitions were sent for unto us with whom we might consult on other things that were to be done They highly commending all things that we had done already thought it very convenient that cordialls should be ministered unto them which by ingendering of laudable humors might not onely generate new spirits but also attenuate and purifie those that were grosse and cloudy in their bodies The rest of our consultation was spent in the enquirie of the cause of so dire a mischance For they sayd that it was no new or strange thing that men may be smothered with the fume and cloudy vapour of burning coales For we reade in the workes of Fulgosius Volateranus and Egnatius that as the Emperour Iovinian travelled in winter time toward Rome he being weary in his journey rested at a Village called Didastanes which divideth Bithynia from Galatia where he lay in a chamber that was newly made and plaistered with lime wherein they burnt many coales for to dry the worke or plaistering that was but as yet greene on the walls or roofe of the chamber Now he dyed the very same night being smothered or strangled with the deadly and poysonous vapour of the burned charcoale in the midst of the night this happened to him in the eighth moneth of his reigne the thirtyeth yeere of his age and on the twentyeth day of August But what neede we to exemplifie this matter by the ancient histories seeing that not many yeeres since three servants dyed in the house of Iohn Bigâ—ne goldsmith who dwelleth at the turning of the bridge of the Change by reason of a fire made of coales in a close chamber without a chimney where they lay And as concerning the causes these were alleaged Many were of opinion that it happened by the default of the vapour proceeding from the burned coales which being in a place voyd of all ayre or wind inferres such like accidents as the vapour of muste or new wine doth that is to say paine and giddinesse of the head For both these kindes of vapour besides that they are crude like unto those things whereof they come can also very suddainely obstruct the originall of the Nerves and so cause a convulsion by reason of the grossnesse of their substance For so Hippocratâ—s writing of those accidents that happen by the vapour of new wine speaketh If any man being drunken doe suddainely become speechlesse and hath a convulsion he dyeth unlesse he have a feaver therewithall or if he recover not his speech againe when his drunkennesse is over Even on the same manner the vapour of the coales assaulting the braine caused them to be speechlesse unmoveable and voyde of all sense and had dyed shortly unlesse by ministring and applying warme medicines into the mouth and to the nosethrells the grossnesse of the vapour had beene attenuated and the expulsive faculties mooved or provoked to expell all those things that were noysome and also although at the first sight the Lungs appeared to be greeved more than all the other parts by reason that they drew the maligne vapour into the body yet when you consider them well it will manifestly appeare that they are not greeved unlesse it be by the simpathy or affinity that they have with the braine when it is very greevously afflicted The proofe hereof is because presently after there followeth an interception or defect of the voyce sense and motion which accidents could not bee unlesse the beginning or originall of the nerves were intercepted or letted from performing its function being burthened by some matter contrary to nature And even as those that have an apoplexie doe not dye but for want of respiration yet without any offence of the Lungs even so these two young mens deathes were at hand by reason that their respiration or breathing was in a manner altogether intercepted not through any default of the Lungs but of the braine and nerves distributing sence and motion to the whole body and especially to the instruments of respiration Others contrariwise contended and sayd that there was no default in the braine but conjectured the interception of the vitall spirits letted or hindered from going up unto the braine from the heart by reason that the passages of the Lungs were stopped to be the occasion that sufficient matter could not be afforded for to perserve and feed the animall spirit Which was the cause that those young men were in danger of death for want of respiration without the which there can be no life For the heart being in such a case cannot deliver it selfe from the fuliginous vapour that encompasseth it by reason that the Lungs are obstructed by the grossnesse of the vapour of the coales whereby inspiration cannot well bee made for it is made by the compassing ayre drawne into our bodyes but the ayre that compasseth us doth that which nature endeavoureth to doe by inspiration for it moderateth the heate of the heart and therefore it ought to bee endued with foure qualities The first is that the quantity that is drawne into the body bee sufficient The second is that it be cold or temperate in quantity The third is that it be of a thinne and meane consistence The fourth is that it be of a gentle and benigne substance But these foure conditions were wanting in the ayre which these two young men drew into their bodyes being in a close chamber For first it was little in quantity by reason that small quantity that was contained in that little close chamber was partly consumed by the fire of coales no otherwise than the ayre that is conteined in a cupping glasse is consumed in a moment by the flame so soone as it is kindled Furthermore it was neither cold nor temperate but as it were enflamed with the burning fire of coales Thirdly it was more grosse in consistence than it should bee by reason of the admixtion of the grosser vapour of the coales for the nature of the ayre is so that it may bee soone altered and will very quickly receive the formes and impressions of those substances that are about it Lastly it was noysome and hurtfull in substance and altogether offensive to the aiery substance of our bodies For Charcoale are made of greene wood burnt in pits under ground and then extinguished with their owne fume or smoake as all Colliers can tell These were the opinions of most learned men although they were not altogether agreeable one unto another yet both of them depended on their proper reasons For this at least is manifest that those passages which are common to the breast and braine were
dresse my Lord who had received a Pistoll shot in the middle of the spondills of his backe whereby he presently lost all sence and motion of thighes and legges with retention of excrements not being able to cast out his Vrine nor anything by the fundament because that the spinall marrow from whence proceede the sinewes to give sense and motion to the inferiour parts was bruised broken and torne by the vehemence of the bullet He likewise loft his reason and understanding and in a few dayes he dyed The Chirurgions of Paris were a long time troubled to dresse the sayd wounded people I beleeve my little master that you saw some of them I beseech the great God of Victories that we may never be imployed in such evill encounters and disasters The voyage of Bayonne 1564. NOw I say moreover what I did in the voyage with the King to Bayonne where we have beene two yeares and more to compasse all this Kingdome where in divers Citties and Villages I have beene called into consultations for divers diseases with the deceased Monsieur Chaplaine cheefe Phisition to the King and Monsieur Chastellan cheefe to the Queene Mother a man of great honour and knowledge in Physicke and Chirurgery making this voyage I was alwayes inquisitive of the Chirurgions if they had marked any rare thing of remarke in their practice to the end to learne some new thing Being at Bayonne there happened two things of remarke for the young Chirurgions The first was that I drest a Spanish Gentleman who had a greevous great impostume in his throate he came to have beene touched by the deceased King Charles for the Evill I made incision in his Aposteme where there was found great quantity of creeping wormes as bigge as the point of a spindle having a blacke head and there was great quantity of rotten flesh Moreover there was under his tongue an impostume called â—anula which hindred him to utter forth his words and to eate and swallow his meate he pray'd mee with his held up hands to open it for him if it could be done without perill of his person which I immediatly did and found under my Lancet a solid body which was five stones like those which are drawne from the bladder The greatest was as big as an Almond and the other like little long Beanes which were five in number in this aposteme was contained a slimy humor of a yellow colour which was more than foure spoonefulls I left him in the hands of a Chirurgion of the Citty to finish the cure Monsieur de Fontaine Knight of the Kings Order had a great continuall pestilent Feaver accompanyed with divers Carboneles in divers parts of his body who was two dayes without ceasing to bleed at nose nor could it be stancht and by that meanes the feaver ceased with a very great sweat and soone after the Charboncles ripened and were by me dressed and by the grace of God cured I have publisht this Apologie to the end that each man may know with what foot I have alwayes marched and I thinke there is not any man so ticklish which taketh not in good part what I have said seeing my discourse is true and that the effect sheweth the thing to the eye reason being my warrant against all Calumnies The end of the Apologie and Voyages FINIS A GENERALL TABLE OF ALL THE CHIEFE THINGS TREAted of in this Worke. A ABortions why frequent in a pestilent season Pag. 821 their causes c. 921 Abductores musculi 223 238 Abscesses how to be opened 259 Aconite the symptomes caused thereby and their cure 807 Actuall Cauteries preferred before Potentiall 749. Their formes and use 750. 751. Their force against venemous bites 784 Action the definition and division thereof 23 Voluntary Action 24 Adders their bitings the symptomes thereone usuing together with the cure 790 Adiposa vena 116 Adductores musculi 222 Adjuncts of things naturall 27 Adâ—ata sive Conjunctiva one of the coates of the Eye 182 Aegilops what 948. the differences thereof Ibid. the cure 649 Aegyptiacum the force thereof against putrefaction 433. a cleanser and not a suppurative 46. descriptions thereof 456 423. the praise thereof 856 Afterbirth see Secundine 1 After-tongue 195 After-wrest 518 Age what the division thereof 9 Ages compared to the foure seasons of the yeare 10 Agonie what 40 Agues see Quotidian Quartaine Tertian Bastard Agues how cured 286 Agglutinative medicines 326. their nature and use 1046 Aire an Element the prime qualities thereof 6 the necessity thereof for life 29. which hurtfull 30. What understood thereby ib. How it changes our bodies 31. Though in Summer colder than the Braine 357. How it becomes hurtfull 416. How to be corrected 429. Of what force in breeding diseases 433. What force the Starre have upon it 434. How that which is corrupt or venemous may kill a man 782. How it may bee corrupted 819. Pent up it is apt to putrifie 837. change thereof conduces to the cure of the Plague 837 Alae what 130 Allantoides tunica there is no such shewed by three severall reasons 132 Albugineus humor the use thereof 184 Almonds of the throate or eares their History 193. their tumor with the causes and signes thereof 293. The cure 294 Almonds encrease the paine of the head 357 Alopecia what the cause which curable and how and which not 637 Amnios tunica the substance and composure thereof 132 Amphiblistroides vel retiformis tunica 183 Amputation of a member when to be made 457. How to be performed 458. To stanch bleeding ensuing thereon 459. how to dresse the part 460. To performe the rest of the cure 461. Sometimes made at a joynt 463 Anatomy the necessity of the knowledg thereof 79. A threefold method thereof 80. The definition thereof c. ibid. Anatomicall administration of the lower Belly 87. Of the sternon 139. Axiomes 122 152 183 212 226 Aneurisma what 286. How cured 287. Which incurable ibid. Anger the effects thereof 39 Angina see squinancie Anima how many wayes taken 7. See soule Animall parts which 83. Their division 84 Anodyne medicines 1047. For the eyes 379 in paines of the teeth 401 Antidots must be given in great quantities 785 No one against all poysons 809. To be used in the cure of the plague 843 844 Antipathy see sympathy Antipathy betweene some Men and a Cat 804. Of poysons with poysons 823 Ants. 59. Their care 60 Apes their immitation of mens actions 69 Apium risus the poysonous quallity thereof with the cure 805 Apologie concerning wounds made by Gun-shot 432. That such wounds are not poysonea 436. Concerning binding of vessells c. 1133 Apophlegmatismes what and their use 1069 Apophyses clinoides 172 174 Aphorismes concerning Chirurgery selected out of Hippocrates 1116. 1117. Of the Author 1119 Apostumes see impostumes Apothecaries choise of such as shall have care of those sicke of the Plague 830 Appendices glandulosae 122 Aqua fortis the poysonous quality and the cure thereof
bowels and bones have for very small fibers of the nerves are disseminated to these parts by mediation of their coat or membrane I say so small that they canne scarce be discerned by the eyes unlesse as Galen saith by plucking such coats away from the parts But it is no marvaile if nature would have these parts in like manner to have such small veines contrary to the lungs and most part of the Muscles onely to yeild so much nourishment to the part as should be needfull for seeing the substance of the bones is cold hard dense and solid it wastes the lesse Wherefore they need not so much blood for their nourishment as the hot and soft parts and besides the lesser bones have neither veines nor arteries but draw fit nourishment onely by the force of the attractive faculty implanted in them The differences of bones are taken from many things as from their Apophyses Epiphyses gristles necks heads solidity cavity eminencies marrow consistence bignes number figure site Wee will prosecute all these as they shall offer themselves in the demonstration of the bones to which doctrine we will give a beginning at the Clavicles or collar bones The Clavicles are two very hard and solid bones without any great or notable cavity scituate on each side betwixt the side and upper part of the sternon and top of the shoulder-blade for the strength and stability of these parts whence they take the name of Claviculae Clavicles from the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies a key or any other bar or fastning of a doore They carry the shape of a surgeons Levatory But you must note that the Clavicles seemes to be fastned to the sternon by the mediation of a gristlely bone Moreover the space and cavity contained within the Collar bones is called by the Latines Ingulum by the French the upper furcula because the jugular veines passe that way it sticks to the upper processe of the shoulder by a Gristle which Galen calls the small gristle bone although it be nothing else but a production of the Os Iuguli For the sternon which we said is framed of diverse bones as sometimes 3 somtimes 4 5 6 7 and sometimes 8 you must note they are very spongy and full of pores and of a farre softer consistence than the coller bones wherefore more subject to corruption besides they are mutually joined by interposition of muscles Their use is to be as a shield to defend the vitall parts The Ribs are 24. in number on each side 12 seaven of these are called true or perfect ribs because they make a circle at the one end joined to the sternon on the other to the vertebra's the other are called bastard or short ribs because they falshort in their way and come not to the sternon but they are fastened on the fore-side to the sternon by gristles and ligaments but on the back part to the transverse vertebra's of the back-bone and to the sides of the said vertebra's But the short ribs are onely knit to the vertebra's wherefore that part of the vertebra's is called the root of the ribs The exteriour or fore-part of the Bastard or short ribs is gristely that they should not be broken and that they might be the easier lifted up in the distensions of the stomack filled with meat They are of a consistence sufficiently hard yet more towards their root than at the stërnon where they come nearer together and are more hardly broken they are smooth both within and without but in the midst they have some signe of being double or hollow to receive the veines and arteryes which nourish their bony substance they are fashoned like a bow their use is the same with the sternon and besides to carry and strengthen the muscles serving for respiration CHAP. V. The Anatomicall Administration of the Sternon THe Coate investing the ribs which the common Anatomists call Pleura is the last of the containing parts of the Chest which because it lies hid in the inner part therof it cannot be showne unlesse by pulling asunder of the Sternon wherefore wee must now shew the manner of opening the Sternon that hereby we may not violate the originall or insertion of any of the muscles Wherefore first you must understand that he which will shew in their proper place the originall and insertion of the pectorall muscles of the Mastoides of the two muscles of the bone Hyois of the Muscles subclavii and intercartilaginei ought first of all to separate all the pectorall muscles from the sternon and the gristles from the true ribs then to cut the ligaments next the bones themselves even from the sixth true rib to the clavicles And then shewing the Mediastinum stretched under the sternon all the length thereof he must seperate the sternon with his knife and bend it up to the clavicles and there cut it reserving together with it the foure muscles that is the two Mastoides and the two moving the bone Hyois because they either wholy or for the most part arise from the sternon Lastly the Clavicles being somewhat thrust upwards the Gristles must on each side be turned outwards towards the arme that so the containing parts of the chest may not onely lye open to veiw and be easily shewed but also the muscles may bee contained in their place untill they come to be shewed in their order And because the Collar bones must be lifted up very high that the recurrent nerves may be more easily seene and the distribution of the veines and arteries the two small subclavian muscles one on each side must bee showne by the way who have their originall from the inner and fore part of the Clavicles and an oblique descent to the sternon towards the gristle of the first rib For the Clavicles cannot be thus separated but that these muscles must be violated and spoiled Also you may divide the sternon in the midst that you may shew the inward pectorall muscles whole having separated the muscles which arise from the upper part All which things being performed as they ought we must come to the Coat investing the ribs and then to the Mediastinum as arising from it CHAP. VI. Of the Pleura or coat investing the Ribs THe Tunica subcostalis or coat investing the ribs being the last of the containing parts of the Chest is a large and a broad membrane answerable in proportion of use and action to the Peritonaeum of the lower belly For as the Peritonaeum generally and particularly covers all the naturall parts binding and holding them in their places so this coat invests all the vitall parts in generall because it is stretched over all the inside of the Chest but in particular whilst it gives each a coate from it selfe It hath its originall from the Periostium or as others will have it from the pericranium investing the vertebra's of the Chest at the roots of the ribs Wherefore it
Animall Spirit and necessary sense serving the whole body and to subject it selfe as an instrument to the principall faculties as to reason The braine is twofold the fore and hinde The hinde by reason of its smallnesse is called the Cerebellum the litle or After-braine But the fore by reason of its magnitude hath retained the absolute name of the braine Againe this fore-braine is two-fold the right and left parted by that depression which wee formerly mentioned of the Meninges into the body of the braine But this division is not to be here so absolutely taken as though the Braine were exactly divided and separated into so many parts but in the sense as we say the Liver and Lungs are divided a pretty way whereas at their Basis they have one continued body The outward surface of the Braine is soft but the inward hard callous and very smooth when on the contrary the outward appeares indented and unequall with many windings and crested as it were with many wormelike foldings CHAP. VII Of the ventricles and mamillary processes of the Braine FOr the easie demonstration of the ventricles of the braine it is convenient you cut away a large portion thereof and in your cutting observe the blood sweating our of the pores of it But besides it is fit you consider the spongy substance by which the excrements of the braine are heaped up to be presently strained out and sent away by the hollow passage In the substance of the braine you must observe 4 ventricles mutually conjoined by certaine passages by which the spirits endued with the species of things sensible may goe from one into another The first and two greater one on each side are placed in the upper braine The third is under them in the middle part of the braine The fourth and last at the fore side of the Cerebellum towards the beginning of the spinall marrow The two formost are extended the length way of the braine in the forme of a semicircle whose hornes looke or bend outwards They are spacious and large because it was meet the Spirits contained there together with their excrements should be there purified and clensed but in other ventricles the pure and already elaborate spirits are onely received These ventricles are white and smooth in their inner superficies but that on each side they have an extuberancy at the midst of the semicircle scituate at the basis of the Pillar of the middle ventricle towards the nose under the Septum lucidum or cleere partition severing or parting in sunder these two ventricles This Septum lucidum or cleare or thin partition is nothing else than a portion of the braine indifferently solide but very cleere that so through this partition the animall spirits contained in these two ventricles may mutually passe and bee communicated and yet no other grosser substance may peirce the thin density thereof Wherefore it is not to be feared that the water contained in one of the ventricles may passe to the other through this partitiō as I have oft times observed to the great admiration of the spectators in the dead bodyes of such as dyed of the Palsy in which I have found the ventricle of that side which was taken with the palsy much dilated according to the quantity of the water contained therein the other being either wholy empty and without any or certainly no fuller than in any other dead through any other occasion For some affirme that there is a certaine kind of waterish moisture alwaies to be found in the ventricles which may be made by the condensation of the Animall spirits by the force of the deadly cold But these two first ventricles of the braine goe into one common passage as both the bellowes of a fornace whereby the spirit instructed with the species of things goes into the under or middle ventricle from theformer In these same first ventricles the Plexus Choroides is to be considered and in like manner the passage by which the grosser excrements are driven or sent into the pituitary Glandule The Third Figure represents the Cerebellum with the wormy processes separated from it AB The right and left part of the After-braine C D The anterior and posterior regions of the middle part of the After braine E The anterior wormy processe F The posterior wormy processe GG In this place the After-braine did grow to the spinall marrow H The cavity in the spinall marrow maketh the forth ventricle I K. The anterior and posterior processes of the braine called vermi-formes or the wormy processes This Plexus Choroides is nothing else but a production of the Pia mater diversly folded with the mutuall implication of veines and arterys woven in the forme of a net These vessels are of magnitude and capacity sufficient both to yeild life and nourishment to that particle to which they are fastened as also for the generation of the Animall spirits as which take fit matter from the veines stretched fourth into this same Plexus the hinde artery and veine Torcular and also from the aire entring into the braine by the mamillary processes But the mamillary processes are certaine common waies for conveyance of the aire and smells into the braine and carrying of excrements from the braine For thus in them who have the Catarrhe and Corizae or pose neither the aire nor smels can penetrate into the braine whence frequent sneesings ensue the braine strongly moving it selfe to the expulsion of that which is troublesome to it But of the excrements of the braine whether bred there or proceeding from some other part some are of a fumide and vaporous nature which breathe insensibly through the Sutures of the skull Others are grosse and viscide of which a great part is expelled by both these productions or through each of them For thus in the Pose you may see some who have one of their nosthrils stopt the other running and some who have both obstructed The most proper benefit of the two first ventricles of the braine is to entertaine the Phantasie as in a convenient seat and habitation seeing the minde there estimates and disposes in order the species of things brought in from the externall senses that so it may receive a true judgement of them from reason which resides in the middle ventricle The third ventricle is seated betweene the hindermost extremityes of the former ventricles and the last ventricle of the Cerebellum In this sixe parts present themselves to our consideration that is the Psalloides or Arch the Conarium or pine Glandule the Buttockes wormelike productions the Bason and passage which is from this middle into the last and hindemost ventricle The Psalloides or arch is nothing els but the cover of the middle ventricle resembling a roofe borne up with three stayes or pillars the one whereof is extended to the nose under the Septum lucidum the two other on each side one looke