generated in the parts themselves or drawn or sent from elsewhere CHAP. VI. Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt THe cause of a Vertigo is inordinate and circular motion of the animal spirits in the brain Of a vertigo but the causes which perform this circular motion in the brain are internal or external internal is an inordinate motion of a flatulent spirit moving the animal spirits circularly and exhibiting a false representation of the moving of external things and of its own body but this flatulent spirit takes the occasion of its motion either from its selfe seeing that every spirit by nature is moveable and fluid especially if it be hotter and more fervent then ordinary or moved by somewhat else whereas hereafter shall be shewen which the straitness of the vessels or of the Pores of the brain occasioneth for if both the flatulent spirits and animal spirits are moved in passages that are obstructed they return back and move circularly they are generated either in the brain whence a Vertigo by Idiopathy ariseth or are sent from elsewhere upward either from the whole body as in some Fevers or from some part as the Stomach Spleen Womb whence it is called a Vertigo by Sympathy the external and manifest causes are whatsoever humors can suddenly turn into and dissolve into vapours or stir up an inordinate and circular motion with winds and spirits such as when the constitution of the air is suddenly altered immoderate and untimely exercise emptinesse baths anger turning round of the body the beholding of bodies swiftly turning round or otherwise moving with violence looking down from a high place shaking of the head a fall and such like The cause of an Incubus or riding of the Mare Of an Incubus is a thick vapour ascending from the lower parts of the body and obstructing the hinder parts neer the Spinal marrow and hindering the passages of the spirits to the muscles of the brest whence respiration is hindered which when a man perceives in his sleep considering various causes he faineth and adviseth with himselfe and even from this or that he imagineth himselfe to be oppressed and suffocated in his dream This vapor is elevated from thick flegm or a Melancholy humor residing in the Hypocondries or proceeds from surfetting or swelling by lying supine or flat on the back in children also a vapour of the same nature is occasioned by worms A Lethargy commonly proceeds from a flegmatick humor thickning in the brain Of a Lethargy and so the matter of its selfe is cold yet by accident it happens to be hot but it is impossible that out or flegm only putrified both a fever and a deep sleep should arise for this humor is neither apt of its selfe to admit of putrefaction especially in the head neither if it should admit of it can it utter so much as will diffuse the heat over the whole body and kindle a Fever and heart the Heart especially if it putrifie without the substance of the Brain or its vessels in its bosomes and turnings but it is more agreeable to reason that this drousinesse either is not a primary disease of the brain but occasioned from stupifactive and pituitous vapors rendring the animal spirits dull and are the Symptomes of a Fever which are called companions namely of a continued Quotidian of a bastard Tertian and Semitertian or if it be a primary disease of the Brain it doth not seem to have its beginning only from putrified flegm but rather from a petuitous inflammation of the Brain or from an inflammation arising from the blood mixt with flegm In both these Lethargies there is present great heavinesse and hurt of memory by reason of stupifactive and pituitous vapors but a delirium by reason of vapors risen out of the putrid humors troubling the animal spirits The cause of a Carus is either the straitnesse of the Brain by compression Of a Carus or obstruction neer the bottom thereof from cold humors or a moistning cooling and repletion of the Brain from a câ—ld and pituitous humor and an alteration of the spirits by the same or a stupefactive power rendring the animal spirits unfit for the actions of the senses and motions wherewith not â—nly stupefactive medicines are endued but also some poysons humors in certain Fevers Smoaks and Vapors of Coals new Wine and new strong Beer c. A Catoche hath its beginning from a cold and dry vapour A Caroche endued with a peculiar force of fixing the animal spirits rushing into the brain and in some sort stopping the spirits rendring them immovable and as it were congealing them which for the most part is stirr'd up by a Melancholy humor such also is the force in a Thunderbolt and it is sometimes taken from the vapors ascending out of the earth in an Earthquake and breaking out of their cells but the spirits serving for imagination and ratiocination are rather fixed and stopt then those which lately were disperst into the members of the body which is apparent from hence that although those that are Cataleptick move no member yet if they are moved by another the power of moving exerciseth its selfe and being struck they fall down and moreover spreading their eye-lids they keep their eyes open The immediate cause of an Apoplexy is a flowing of the animal spirits into the organs of the body Of an Apoplexy hindering sense and motion but the influx of the animal spirits is hindered either by the passages through which they should flow into the organs of sense and motion or the narrownesse of the beginning of the Nerves or through the unaptnesse of the animal spirits themselves or by too great a quantity or perturbation of the same The straitnesse of the passages of the animal spirits is made when the beginning of the Nerves in the bottom of the brain is so shut that the passage and way for the animal spirits and motion into the organs of all the external senses are intercepted a few onely resisting which flow from the Cerebellum which scarce suffice for the motion of the brest which striveth exceedingly for respiration The beginning of the Nerves cause this straitnesse first the flegmatick humor poured into these places performs it by obstruction or compression which the Antients took for the principal nay some for the only cause of an Apoplexy Secondly blood poured out of its vessels by a stroak or any other cause whatsoever into the basis of the Brain and pressing the beginning of the Nerves Thirdly placing of flegm when the vessels of the Braine their being plenty of blood are filled and stretched that the substance of the Brain is compressed and the Pores and passages being made narrower a free ingress for the animal spirits into the Nerve is hindered Fourthly a blow or fall violently pressing the Brain it self and so the beginning of the Nerves rendring the animal spirits slow as it
is a signe it comes from the stomack or that it is not the substance it self but that which it contained in it and is familiar to it that is so ejected so meat drink or chile cast out by reason of a wound shews that the stomack is proforated or that the guts are too thin and if the stomack be hurt the sick wil belch much if the guts the wind goes out by the seat urine flowing out through an Ulcer or wound shews that the bladder uriters or reins are hurt but which of these parts are affected the scituation of the wound discovers The dreggs of the belly ejected through a wound or the smel of the dung perceived in the wound shews that the guts especially the thick are hurt So also of other parts But seeing that the same things may often come forth from many parts the quality of the excrement and manner of its coming out shews which is the part affected if the blood be thinner hotter more florid and comes out leaping it shews that the arterie is cut but if it be thicker and comes out without leaping or dauncing it shews that the veins are hurt blood that comes from the paunch shewing like that wherein meat hath been washed shews that the liver is affected if any come forth only by spitting it shews that the mouth or parts next to it are affected unless perhaps it flow from the head into the mouth if by spittle the chaps or larynx are affected if by cough the wind-pipe or lungs so that it doth not raise a cough by defluxion from the head if by vomit the throat and stomack so that it come not into the stomack from the liver or spleene or other parts adjacent The quantity also of excrements afford signes if much blood is cast out it is a Token of an affect of the lungs if little of the wind pipe That blood which flows from the reins is more from the bladder less Moreover order in excrements is a token of the place affected if first blood and afterwards dreggs are cast out it signifies that the fundament or some gut is affected within if first dreggs come forth afterwards blood it shews the guts are thin or the parts above them are affected so if quitture which is brought forth in the Urine come before it shews there is an ulcer in the gut colon if it follow it shews that the superior parts are ulcerated Thirdly Qualities changed qualities changed also affords signes of places affected red colour of the cheeks signifies inflamation of the lungs the colour of the body but principally of the face pale or yellow shews that the bladder of the gall is not right the flesh and skin being yellow in dicate the bones that are under them to be corrupted a filthy smel exhaling from the nostrils shews that the parts within the nostrils are affected if from the mouth it shews that the teeth chops lungs or stomack are affected if from a wound of the paunch it signifies that the guts are wounded hardness of the right Hypocondrie is a signe that the liver is affected of the left that the spleen is affected Lastly certain diseases pertain to effects following other diseases of the place affected which are therefore called symptomatick or familiar and are discoverers of the primary disease Signes of parts affected by consent But least that we should erre in knowing the place affected by the actions hurt and should take the part which is hurt by consent for the primary affects First the anatomy and functions of mans body and the use and consent of all the parts ought to be known whence a part receives its nerves arteries and veins and from what parts it can send any thing to them and receive any thing through them therefore if in a member sense or motion be hindred and the part suffer no ill we must observe what nerves are inserted therein what muscles move it and whence those muscles take the nerves and t is to be enquired whether those parts have suffered any evil so a nerve being hurt t is easily communicated to the braine the evils of the arteries to the heart the hurts of the veins to the liver and again the braine being affected sence and motion is hurt the heart the vital actions are hurt nutrition is weakned through default of the liver Moreover it is to be enquired whether a part be primarily hurt or by consent of other parts that is known first from â—he precedent causes Namely if a part which is affected be hurt by no evident cause but a part with which it hath consent hath suffered some evil t is probable that that part is affected by consent Secondly if any hurt coheres with the hurt of another member that by increasing of the one the other increased and by the decrease thereof it be diminished and that ceasing it caseth it is a token that such an affect is stird up by consent but from that part where the disease first declined it shews that to be the part affected by consent but by essence that wherein the disease remained longest thirdly an affect by consent doth not presently infect but for the most part by intervals fourthly if two parts are together affected and by applying things that are helpfull to the one or hurtfull the other be helpt or hurt t is an argument that t is an affect by consent Signe that the head is affected But although any one from these Fountaines of signes may come to the knowledge of all parts affected yet that for example sake we may add some in particular first Animall actions hurt afford signes of diseases of the head and braine whither they are diminished or depraved yet this is to be noted of the externall senses and motion hurt since that the braine is not the immediate Organ of those actions but only supplyes animall Spirits t is to be inquired whether the cause of these actions hindred be in the brain or in the proper Organ the excrements also of the braine sent forth through the Emunctories indicate the braine to be affected The signes of diseases of the heart Of the heart for the most part are taken from vitall actions and the qualities changed of the body Actions hurt are respiration which the preternaturall heat of the heart changeth palpitation of the heart the pulses much changed for according as the heart is so is the heate and colour in the whole body The signes of the liver affected Of the liver are first when its action is hurt which is Sanguification a token whereof the urine and dregs of the paunch afford moreover when the habit of the body is changed and their is an ill colour of the the whole body and penury of blood is in the veins sometimes also by default of the spleen or by reason of excrements regurgitating from elsewhere into the veins the colour of the whole body is changed thirdly distribution of blood
not so great store of Wine strong Beere or Ale is the familiar drinke and indeed profitable enough as experience shewes But the strong drinke is prepared some of Wheate Its differences some of Barly others of them both in Polonia it is made of Oates and preserved with Hops the manner of preparing is very different every where the waters also differ wherewith they are boyled they are kept also in some places in pitched Vessels in others not pitched Strong drinke made of Wheate nourisheth more then that of Barley and also heats and moistens more Drinkes made with Wheate especially seeing the strong drink made of Wheate hath lesse Hops then that which is made of Barly but it generates more viscous juice it causeth obstructions it provokes urine With Barly but it loosens the belly Barly Beere because of the Barly heateth lesse but because more Hops for the most part are put into it acquires no small force of heating it nourisheth lesse Mixt. and yeelds a thinner juice but is more diuretick that which is mixt of Wheate and Barly is of a middle nature That drink which is made of Corne no way dried but by the heate of the Sun hath more excrementicious humours and often times brings forth obstructions All new drink is more unwholesome especially if it be troubled for it obstructs the passages and breeds the stone but that which is more cleansed is wholesomer but principally strong drinkes have their faculties from various waters of severall natures Hony and water mingled Hydromell for the most part heate and dry more then Wine especially if Aromatick things are added but it easily turnes into choler by reason of the Hony and therefore is not so good a drink for cholerick persons CHAP. V. Of the passions of the mind and of the exercise and rest of the body THE perturbations of the mind Tranquility of mind have great power in the preservation of health for an Euthumie or well setled mind and such as is at quiet doth much conduce to the preservation of health Joy Next to that moderate joy is fitrest to preserve the health of body and a naturall constitution because it recreates the heart spirits and the whole body but if it be overmuch it dissipates Exercise of body and diffuseth the Spirits Motion of the body and exercise first brings a certain solidity and hardnesse to the parts then it increaseth health thirdly it moves and agitates the spirits from whence the heart is made strong and can easily resist externall injuries and is fit to undergoe all actions happy nourishment is made and the excrementicious Vapours are discussed on the contrary those bodies which live idly are soft and tender Kinds of motion and unfit to performe labours under the name of motion are comprehended labours of every kind dancing running playing at ball gesture carrying ryding swimming walking a stirrer up of the people rubbing and such like but divers exercises have different force and some exercise some parts more then others in running and walking the legs are most exercised in handling of weapons and laying them down the armes in singing speaking with a loud voice and cleare reading the face and brest the whole body in playing with a little ball which exercise therefore is most convenient whereof a peculiar book of Galen is extant there is also a certain diversity according to violence and magnitude in motion swift attenuates and thickens slow rarifies and increaseth flesh vehement extenuates the body and makes it leane yet together hard flourishing and firme too much motion exhausteth and dissipates the substance of the spirits and solid parts and cooles the whole body it dissolves the strength of the nerves and ligaments it sometimes looseneth and distendeth the membrances and breaks the lesser veines CHAP. VI. Of Sleeping and waking MOderate watchings stirs up the Spirits and senses Watchings and render them more flowrishing distribute the Spirits and heate into all the parts of the body they helpe distribution of aliment and promote the protrusion of excrements yet if watchings are immoderate first they consume and dissipate the Animall Spirits and dry the whole body especially the braine they increase choler they whet and inflame and lastly the heate being dissipated they stir up cold diseases The strength being decayed is againe kindled a fresh with moderate sleep the spirits Sleep that are dissipated with diurnall labours are restored the heate is called back into the inner parts from whence a concoction of Aliments and crude humours is happily performed in the whole body the whole body and especially the bowells are sweetly moistned the heate increased and the whole body becomes stronger cares are taken away anger is allayed and the mind enjoyes more tranquility immoderate evacuations besides sweate are hindred and sleep is especially beneficiall to old men on the contrary immoderate sleep obscures the spirits and renders them dull and causeth an amazednesse in the understanding and memory it sends out the heate being hindred with crude and superfluous humours accumulated sleep also which seizeth on our bodyes after what manner soever when they are empty drys and extenuates the body CHAP VII Of Bathes EVery Bath of fresh water moistneth A Temperate Bath but in heating and cooling there is not the same faculty every where a temperate Bath of sweet water opens the pores of the skin and softens and rarifies the part and discusseth the excrements into the extreame parts and corrects the drynesse of parts and so takes away lassitude but if it should continue long 't would discusse that which is dissolved and weaken the strength Luke-warme Bathes Luke Warme if they incline to cold something refrigerate the body nor have they power of rarifying the parts and discussing excrements Cold water of it selfe cooles Cold. yet by accident the pores being shut and the heate penned in heateth whence if through dissipation the native heat should be in danger cold rhings being timely applyed have power to recollect and preserve it Bathes oftentimes do hurt and especially to those that are not accustomed to them and to Plethorick persons and such as are filled with crude humours as also to those which are obnoxious to Catarrhes and inflamations or an Erysipelas The Romans often frequented Bathes and they often bathed twice a day the preparation whereof you may see Galen 10. of the method of healing Chap. the tenth they used unctions also before and after bathing whereof Galen the second of simple faculties of healing Chap. the twenty fourth and the seventh CHAP. VIII Of Excretions and Retentions and of Venery THe body may be easily kept in its naturall State Excrements of the paunch if those things which are profitable for its nourishment be retained and those things which are unprofitable and ought to be cast out are omitted but if those things which ought to be retained in the body are cast out and those things which
end to pass for the Lungs are stâ—eâ—ched that air may come into them as into a pair of bellows drawn widâ— and are so much dilated and extended as the dilating of the Bâ—east will give way to and on the other side the Breast is dilated more or lesse as there is more or lesse air to be drawn in As the Pulse consists of two motions Dilatation and Contraction A two-fold motion of respiration Inspiration Exâ—â—iration so Respiration is performed by a doubâ—e motion Inspiration and xspiration By inspiration the Lungs and Breast being exâ—ended the air by the mouth and nostrils is drawn in by expiration the Lungs and Breast being contracted the hotter air and fuliginous vapours are sent forth at the mouth and nostrils CHAP. XII Of the Animal Faculty and first of the external senses THE Third sort of faculties and actions in man The Animal faculty Physitians call Animal faculties which either are resident in the brain or derived from it and takes necessary helps or the pâ—rformance of its actions from adjacent parts They distinguiâ—â— the Aminal faculties into the sensitive motive and Princes and under the sensitive only the external senses are comprehended under the Princes the internal and rational power is involved we will handle them in this order first we will treat of the external senses afterwards of the internal and rational faculties at last of the appetite and moving faculty The external senses are five The external senses are those by which we perceive and judge sensible external objects without the precedence of any other faculty But that a perception may be made four things ought to concur first the mind perceiving secondly the instrument which is double first the Spirit secondly the member wheâ—ein the sense is thirdly the object or perceptible things fourthly the medium interceding betwixt the instrument and the object The external sâ—nses are five Seeing Hearing Smelling Tasting The five external senses Seeing Touching or Feeling The Sight is an external sense discerning and knowing by the benefit of the Eye the several kinds of visible things whose adaequate Instrument is the Eye the Eye consists of divers Tunicles the adnate or conjunctive the Horny the Grapy in the middle whereof is a round hole which is called the Pupil and is the inlet and window as it were of visible Species then the Tunicle in manner of a Net the Pannicle without a name the Cobweblike and the Vitreous Membranes three humors the watery Crystalline and Vitreous a nerve optick and muscles The object of sight is whatever is visible to wit colours which are visible in potentia in that they are capable of being seen but in action to be visible light is required The medium is any transparent and diaphanous body Hearing is an external sense Hearing perceiving by the benefit of the eare any sound that is audible the adaequate instrument or that without which a sound cannot be heard is the Eare but especially as Galen teacheth in his first Book and third Chapter of the causes of Symptomes the term and exrremities of the Auditory Pores where the end being dilated the Auditory Nerves receive part of the sound The Object is whatever is audible or sound the medium which it is conveyed through is water and aire Smelling is an external sense discovering smells by the benefit of the Nose Smelling or mammillary processes It s adaequate instrument are the Nostrils but principally the mammillary processes Its object odours the medium by which odours are conveyed is aire and water Tast is an external sense Tasting perceiving savours by help of the tongue It s proper Instrument is the Tongue a thin flesh soft and spungy like to no other part of the body the Object is savours the medium a spongy skin or porous cover of the Tongue and spitly moisture Touch lastly is an external sense Feeling discovering by the benefit of a membrane all Tangible bodies But though the skin be the chiefest instrument of the sense of feeling and covereth the whole body that it may descry external objects and injuries happening to the body and the skin in the hand be the chiefest rule to try all tangibles yet there is no adaequate Instrument of touch since it is more largely diffused and other parts are likewise indued with that sense But the adaequate organ that is of touch is a membrane For wheresoever a membrane is there may be a touch and wheresoever a membrane is not there cannot be a touch and the skin it self obtains that whereby it is sensible as it participates of the fibers and little membranes of the Nerves CHAP. XIII Of the Internal Senses THE Internal Senses are those The Internal Senses are three that are conversant about sensibles revealed by the external senses and they are three according to the diversity of their functions and operations which are administred by them The Common sense the Phantasie and the Memory The common sense is an internal sense The common sense perceiving all external objects by the help of the external senses discerning them asunder judging of their absense and bringing sensible Species to the Phanâ—asie The Phantasie is an Internal sense The Phantasie which considereth more diligently and longer retaineth the sensible Species received from the common-sense and those Species that are formed by it self The Memory is that which receiveth and retaineth the sensible Species which are known by the Phantasie The Memory and when occasion requireth exhibits and brings them forth again But there are two acts of the memory the one is called by the name of the faculty of the memory the other is Reminiscence The memory is a prompt apprehension or repetition of any thing heretofore known and perceived as it was perceived and repeated and that readily Reminiscence Reminiscence is that which out of the remembrance of one or more things spoken of by regression comes to remember that which before could not come readily into the mind The principle and immediate Instrument of all the internal senses and of all principal actions is the brain which other things shew but this especially That if that be hurt these actions are hurt and because that in curing these the remedies must be applyed to the brain Now all these action are performed in the substance of the brain nor are those faculties distinguished by their seats or places in the brain neither are their distinct operations performed in distinct places of the brain For there is not sufficient reason given why the common sense should be seated in the former part of the brain for although it be the Center where all the external senses meet and concur yet the Nerves that are subservient to the external senses take not their beginning from the fore most part of the brain So no evident reason can appear to perswade why the Memory should be separated from the Phantasie and by consequence from the reasonable
the Optique Spirits where we also conclude the errors of the Optique Neâ—ves if they are deficient in the brain Diseases of the visive spirits and of the Optique Nerve being hurt through cold distemper compression obstruction and then for the most part the other senses both internal and external are affected or at least that part of the braine is affected from whence the Optique Nerves have their oâ—iginal and then the sight onely is taken away or by default of the Nerve Optique it self which is its narrowness or by rupture which proceeds from obstruction of the Optique Nerves compression percussion a stroak by chance contorsion or by any violent motion whatsoever Lastly the cause of Splendor and Glittering of the Eyes is reflection of the Rayes of the internal light Causes of glittering eyes by reason of the Object a more thick body or vapours or thick humours if they are mingled with the Christaline or vitrious humours or cover them The hearing is hindered through default of the Organ of hearing Causes of deafness or of the spirits and first of all if the external eares are wanting sounds and articulate voices seem like the warbling or purling of Waters or singing of Grashoppers Secondly if the auditory passage either wholly or in part br hindered either from an external cause as a little Stone a Kernel Water or an internal cause as a Tubercle an Ulcer and such like and so either deafnesse is occasioned or hearing diminished or depraved Thirdly if the Membrane which they call the Drum is too thick or moistened too much or is loosened whether it be from the first birth or afterwards from internal or external causes the hearing is hurt Also if it be too much dryed by any grievous diseases or old age deafness doth arise But if it be broken either by internal force as by the violent putting in of an ear-picker or by an extream shrill sound or is eroded by an Ulcer deafness is occasioned Fourthly if the other parts of the ear be not rightly constituted and the air implanted be impure or deficient or the Nerve being dilated is cooled or is made thicker or affected with a Tumor or those three little bones either are not well framed by nature or are moved by some violence out of their places or the internal passages are filled with vapors and humors flowing contrary to Nature or the Arteries passing under the ears are filled with too much spirit and heat and too much agitated or lastly the auditory Nerue either is not rightly framed from our first beginning or is obstructed and compressed by a humor according to the diversity of the disease the hearing is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished or depraved Lastly the hearing is hurt through default of the Spirits either through the straitness of the passages of the braine as in an Apoplexy or through its perturbation as in an Epilepsie or through cold distemper by reason whereof difficulty of hearing is occasioned The smelling is hurt through default of the Organs Causes of smelling hurt or Spirits or some external error the faults of the Organs are the narrowness of the Adaequate senses and external Nostrils whether from compression or constipation or obstruction of the Scive-like bone and its Membrane as happens in such as are great or by the distemper of the chief Organ of smelling the mammillary precess but especially moist distemper or obstruction of the same from matter flowing which happens in Catarrhs and according to the variety of these diseases the smelling is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished the smelling is offended by reason of the animal spirits if either they are deficient which are in those which are ready to dye or are hindered from flowing as in an Apoplexy an Epilepsie and such like diseases of the brain Lastly the smelling is depraved through some external errors whilest a vapour or some filthy and stinking matter sticks in the wayes through which the smell passes for here it is infected by the foul smell thereof to that things having no ill smell seem to the sense of smelling to stink The taste also is hurt through default of spirits Cause of taste hurt or by some disease of the Organs or some external error The taste is hurt by reason of spirits when they are deficient which useth to happen to such as are dying or the taste cannot flow to the Organ either through straitness of that part of the brain from whence the Nerves appointed for the taste arise or from obstruction compression or wounds of the said Nerves The taste is hurt through default of the tongue as of an instrument whilest it is troubled with cold and moist distemper or cold and moist matter is poured on it or whilest it is dryed or is troubled with Pustuls or an Ulcer and according to the magnitude of diseases the taste is either wholly abolished or diminished Lastly the taste is depraved by external error or from external causes as from something taken into the mouth whose savour is not easily taken away or from an internal cause as a humour or a vapour wherewith the tongue is imbued being communicated from the stomach the Lungs the Brain and other parts to the tongue Lastly Cause of fieling hurt for what belongs to the causes of hindering the touch insensibility and dulness happens through defect and diminition of the animal spirits of the Oâ—gan touching this come to pass either because the animal spirits are not generated through imbecility of the native heat which happen to them in years or defect of matter by reason of great evacuation or whilest they are resolved or scattered or cooled or stupified by a Narcottique Medicine or when they cannot flow to it through the narrowness of the Nerves obstruction constipulation compression solution of continuity of the same The proximate cause of pain is solution of Unity in a membranous part Cause of pain whether it be occasioned by some primary quality or secondary whereof this stirreth up solution of continuity not so manifest but rather contemplable by reason but that is manifest which therefore is properly called solution of Unity Lastly Itching itching is stirred up from thiâ— salt and sharp Exerements collected in the skin moving man to scratch CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses OVer much watching is occasioned by too much effusion of the animal spirits Causes of too much watching to the Organs of the senses through defect of restraint of the first sense and too much irritation of the common sense the bond of the first sense or sweet exhalations are defective either because they are not generated in the body which comes to pass by long fasting or the use of meats which do not produce such exhalations or because they are consumed scattered and called away from the brain which comes to pass in a hot and dry distemper either of the whole body or of the brain and when hot
NINE BOOKS OF PHYSICK AND CHIRVRGERY Written by that Great and Learned Physitian Dr SENNERTUS The first five being his Institutions of the whole Body of Physick The other four of Fevers and Agues With their Differences Signs and Cures LONDON Printed by J. M. for Lodowick Lloyd at the Castle in Corn-hill 1658. THE INSTITUTIONS OR FUNDAMENTALS Of the whole Art both of PHYSICK AND CHIRURGERY Divided into five Books Plainly discovering all that is to be known in both as the Subject and end of Physick the Nature of all Diseases their Causes Signs Differences Events and Cures ALSO The Grounds of Chymistry and the way of making all sorts of Salves and preparing of Medicines according to Art nothing of the like nature in English before Written first in Latine by that Great and Learned Phycitian D. Sennertus Doctor and Professor of Physick Made English by N. D. B. P. late of Trinity Colledge in Cambridge London Printed for Lodowick Lloyd and are to be sold at his Shop next door to the Sign of the Castle in Cornhill 1656. To the Lovers of the Study of Physick especially those who desires to attain to the true knowledge thereof OF all the Arts and Sciences that the Sons of Men so much covet after there is none so pleasant and profitable as Physick Physick doth not onely teach thee to preserve thy selfe from the assaults of those manifold Enemies which Nature is liable unto but it teaches thee to restore Health when lost and to heal thy selfe though wounded by thy greatest adversary besides in the Anatomical part it entertains thy fancy with the wonderfull work of Nature where the unsearchable wisdom of the Creator is as legible as in those things we count more sublime and Celestial which if considered Physicians cannot be so Atheistical as the world reports them to be I undertook not this work out of design to prejudice the Colledge by making that English which they would have remain in Latine nor to advantage my self by any private gain but to benefit those who are unskilled in the Latine but lovers of the Study I say for the benefit of such have I put this into English Although by my Profession I am otherwise obliged it s something unsuitable to my spirit to have that Monopolized into the hands of a few which should be in common to all such is the practise of Physick yet would I not have those to Administer who are ignorant of the Institutions of Physick as too many have done of late to their own and others detriment He that can but well digest this Book his understanding will sufficiently be inriched in the very inside of the whole body of Physick and will need no other foundation to go upon being the best that ever the Doctors met with for their own informations I shall not need to acquaint thee with the Authors Method that thou wilt find by the Contents of Chapters before the Book nor of the Authors worth for that thou wilt sufficiently understand by his works which speaks aloud in their Masters praise whose fame and worth is well known to the Common-wealth of Learning throughout the world If thou meetst with any Errata 's in thy reading thou art desired to correct them the Translators absence sometimes from the Press occasioned them The Contents of the Chapters of the five following Books BOOK I. CHAP. I. OF the nature of Physick pag. 1 Of the division of Physick p 2 Of Health p 3 Of Temperaments p 6 Of innate heat p 10 Of Spirits p 12 Of the natural constitution of or ganick parts and the common unity of parts alike and not alike called simular and dissimular parts p 14 Of the faculties of the soul and of the differences of actions in Mans Body ibid Of the natural faculty and first of nutrition and augmentation p 15 Of Generation p 20 Of the vital faculty p 23 Of the animal faculty and first of the external senses p 25 Of the internal senses p 27 Of the intellective faculty p. 29 Of the desire and moving faculty ibid Book 2. Part. I. Of Diseases OF the nature of a disease p 31 Of the differences of diseases p 32 Of diseases of intemperature p 33 Of diseases of the whole substance or of the hidden qualities p 34 Of organick diseases p 35 Of diseases of confirmation p 36 Of diseases of number p 38 Of diseases of magnitude ibid Of diseases of composition p 39 Of diseases of solution of unity p 40. Of the accidental and common differences of diseases ib Of the times of diseases p 44 Book 2. Part. 2. O Of the causes of â—iseases p 46 Of things which are the causes of a disease and first of non-naturals p 49 Of internal causes of diseases and first of fullnesse of blood p 52 Of flegm p 53 Of choller p 54 Of melanâ—holy p 55 Of the serous humor and of wind p 56 Of humors according to the opinion of later Phisicians and of Chymists p 57 Of the generation of stones and worms p 58 Of the causes of diseases of intemperature without matter ibid Of the causes of distemper with matter p 59 Of the causes of Diseases of the whole substance p 60 Of the causes of organick diseases p 61 Of the causes of diseases of solution of unity p. 63 Book 2. Part 3. Sect. 1. OF Symptomes Of the difference of Symptomes What a Symptome is p. 65 Of the causes and differences of Symptomes in general p 66 Of the differences in general of actions hindred p 68 Of the Symptomes of the natural faculty Ibid Of the Symptomes of the vital faculty p 71 Of the Symptomes of the external senses p 72 Of the Symptomes of the internal senses p 73 Of the Symptomes of the motive faculty p 75 Of the Symptomes wherein all or most part of the animal actions are hurt p 77 Of the Symptomes of the changeable qualities of the body p 78 Of the Symptomes of excressions and retensions p 79 Book 2. Part 3. Sect. 2. Of the causes of Symptomes OF the cause of the Symptomes of the natural faculty p 81 Of the cause of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hinderances of respiration p 95 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses p 97 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses p 103 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the moving faculty p 108 Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt p 113 Of the causes of Symptomes which happen to qualities changed p 116 Of the causes of Symptomes in those things which are sent forth and retained p 118 Book 3. Part 1. Sect. 1. Of signes in general of the difference and Heads of Signs OF the Necessity and benefit of the method of signs p 122 OF the differences of Signs p 123 Of the Heads of signs p 125 Sect. 2. OF knowing the temperature of mans body and of his principal parts of the signs of a
Office if he have omitted none of those things that are in the power of Nature and Art For out of those two the Excellency and Dignity of Physick is manifested The Excellency of Physick for it is imployed about mans Body of all natural Bodies the most noble The end it aims at is health then which amongst all things that may be called good by Mortals nothing is better and that which alone is sought by it self Whereas all the rest of the Arts aim at nothing themselves but perform all things because of some outward end CHAP. II. Of the Division of Physick SEEing that the end of Physick The division and parts of Physick is to preserve present health and to restore it when it is lost it is properly divided into the Preserving and Curing part yet there are also higher things pertaining to these parts which are necessary to be known by the Physitian and they are to be added For sithence a Physitian cannot heal unlesse he know the Subject whereon he ought to work and since all Arts begin from the knowledge of their end first he should acquire the knowledge of mans body wherein he ought to work and wherein health doth consist 't is necessary he should understand and since that a disease is repugnant to health he ought to know the nature differences causes and effects of a disease and by what rules to find these in every individual And so Physick is conveniently divided into five parts the Physiological Pathological Semeiotical Hygieinal and Therapeutical Physiologie handles the subject and end of Physick Physiologie and so treats of mans body and shews the constitution thereof and all its parts their uses and actions and the faculties of the mind Pathologie teacheth the nature of diseases and Symptomes Pathologie their differences and causes and explains all things whatsoever by which mans body recedes from a natural constitution The Semeiotick part shews the Signs Of signs of sickness and health whereby we may know whether a man be sick or well and by which we may discover diseases and causes that lie hid in mans body and the events of diseases The Hygieinal part shews by what rules present health may be preserved Of preservation of health and how a man may beware before-hand as much as is possible lest he should fall into a disease The Therapeutical part teacheth by what means health is to be recovered and how diseases with their causes and symptomes may be repelled and taken away Of curing diseases If there be any other besides these which are counted parts of Physick they are not principal but lesser into which these are sub-divided such are the Diatetical Chirurgical and Pharmaceutical parts and such like CHAP. III. Of Health FIrst as for the Physiological part indeed very many dispose of it and place it otherwise What Physiologie handles Of things called Naturals and in that comprehend things called Naturals without which our bodies cannot subsist whole and they accompt them seven Elements Temperaments Humours Spirits Parts Faculties Actions but since the handling of them as they are such is properly the work of a Physitian they are considered by a Physitian in this place as they conduce to the knowledge of the subject which is mans body to the explication of the end which is health to which also we are willing to order the handling of them And indeed to it belongs principally the description and knowledge of all the parts of mans body which since it is more copious then to be contained in a Compendium that is to be sought in Anatomical books but especially by seeing bodies dissected afterwards followeth the explication of the end of Physick which is health But since that all men do then think themselves welâ— The definâ—tion of health when they can rightly perform the natural and necessary actions of life Health is defined fitly to be a power of mans body to perform those actions which are according to nature depending on the natural constitution of all the parts for health doth not consist in the action it self since that those who sleep or are quiet in what manner whatsoever and cease from certain actions are sound and as Galen hath it in the 2 cap. of the differences of diseases not to operate is to be well but to be able to operate nor is he onely well who performs his natural actions but also he that doth them not so that he be able to do them And so the formal reason of health is a potency of body to perform natural actions but because Galen in the place above-mentioned makes health to be a natural constitution of all the parts of the body and in the first Chapter of the Differences of Symptomes a framing made according to nature fit for operation or a natural constitution of all the parts of the body having power to undergo those things which are according to nature therefore it comes to passe that that position or constitution is rather subject to the actions of a Physitian then to the power of acting The subject of health is a living body The Subject of health or the parts of a living body as to that to which alone the power of acting belongs but those which live not and have no power to perform natural actions those are neither said to be sick nor well But the cause of health The efficient cause of health or that whereby a body and its parts are said to be sound is a natural constitution of them But seeing there is a twofold constitution of a body and of all its parts the one Essential which consists of matter and substantial form the other accidental which follows the former and is such a disposation of qualities and other accidents in the several parts of the body by which the essential form may exercise all its actions and according to its diversity it acteth variously Health doth not consist in the essential but accidental constitution for the mind cannot be hindred or hurt but remains alwaies the same and unchanged so that it have instruments constituted in the same manner The Essential constitution also so long as a man lives is immutable and at length is changed by death but the accidental constitution of the body is subject to many alterations whence the same soul in the same body acts one way and another way And because the parts of the body are several the natural constitution of them also is not the same The definition of similar and dissimilar parts The parts of the body are two-fold similar and dissimilar Similar parts are such whose particles have the same form and are alike to the whole and to one another and indeed some are truely and exactly such wherein no difference can be found neither by accurate sense nor by reason such are a Bone a. Gristle simple flesh a very small vein Fat Others are so onely to the sense which although at
power of performing are carried by these Spirits from the principal parts for the faculties of the soul are unseparable proprieties and the soul is fitted with its faculty in all its parts nor doth it take them from any other parts but there useth them where it hath fit instruments These Spirits are of three sorts Spirits how many forts Natural Vital Animal The Natural are generated in the Liver and are said to flow from thence into all the parts of the body but although the name of Spirit may in some measure be attributed to the most thin and subtile parts of the blood which oftentimes comes forth out of the Veins with the blood yet there is not a little difference betwixt them and the other Spirits properly so called The natural Spirit and so properly doth not deserve the â—â—me of Spirits as the rest do since they are not the proper instruâ—ents of our actions nor the bond of the soul which uniteth it â—â—th the body and is not generated in any peculiar cavity as the â—â—ital Spirits are It s use The use of the Natural Spirits are to strengthen â—â—e Innate Spirit in all its parts that it may supply the Vital Spirits â—â—th matter and may serve for the more convenient distribution of blood through the Veins The Vital Spirit is generated in the heart The Vital Spirits whence generated of the thinnest and purest blood or the natural Spirit commonly so called and aêr by hâ—â—p of respiration drawn by the dilatatian of the Arteries in the left Ventricle of the heart and being there freed from all fuliginous vapours is distributed through the Arteries into all the parts of the body but the Blood out of which this Spirit is generated for the most part is conveyed through the arterious vein from the right Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs and from thence with aër drawn by breathing in is carried through the arterious vein into the left Ventricle of the heart Their Uses Now this Spirit with its innate heat in the heart is not onely the chief instrument of the actions of the heart but is distributed through the Arteries into the whole body and stirreth up cherisheth increaseth and strengthneth the innate heat in all the parts and doth as it were give action and perfection thereunto whence it is called by some the Influent heat besides which it affords matter fit for the generation of the animal spirits Thirdly The Animal Spirâ—t there are Animal spirits really different from the Viâ—â—l for they are generated in a peculiar place namely the Brain and â—om thence through peculiar Channels to wit Nerves are disperâ—d over the whole body nor can the Vital Spirit perform what the Animal can fince it is a living part orespread with a Vital Spirit Neverthelesse being toucht may be deprived of sense and motion â—â—rough the defect of the Vital Spirit They are generated of the â—urest part of that blood Where and whence generated which is contained in the comers or caâ—ities of the brain which comes from the mixt vein and artery â—nd is orespread with the vital and natural Spirit the purest part â—eing poured out through little branches and small furrows in the â—bstance of the brain for in this and not in the Ventricles of the brain the purest and most subtile part of the blood is changed into animal spirits It s Uses The Animal Spirit serves for the use of living â—â—eatures namely to perform internal and external senses as alâ—â— it serves for motion in Animals and its presence occasioneth â—he faculty of the soul actually to perform the operations of the â—nternal and external senses and it perfecteth animal motion and â—an occasion local motion CHAP. VII Of the natural constitution of Organick parts and the common Unity of parts alike and not alike called similar and dissimilar parts THe natural Constitution of the Organick parts The natural constitution of the Organick parts consist â—â— the due composition and a convenient knitting of the 〈◊〉 milar parts into one form fit and profitable for action for making up whereof these things ensuing are necessary First Their Number a certain number of the parts compounding whicâ— in some are lesse others more according as the instrument are more or lesse compounded till at length there is made up a perfect instrument which can perform perfect actions Secondly Magnirude a due magnitude of the parts compounding being neither bigger nor lesser then they ought Thirdly Conformation due framing which comprehends first a convenienâ— figure secondly cavities and pores that in case a part be noâ— solid but porous it may contain the just number and magnitude of those pores thirdly a certain disposition of the secundary qualities namely that some parts may have a sharp superficies some parts light others heavy some soft others hard some coloured others not light colour or dark colour according as the nature and use of the part requireth Site and connexion Fourthly situation and connexion that every part may be in its own place and may agree with others Lastly it is requisite that there be a common unity aâ— well of parts alike as disalike which is a coherence and growing together of divers bodies into one Unity which if it be wanting and taken away the natural action is hindred CHAP. VIII Of the faculties of the Soul and of the differences of actions iâ— mans body AFter that we have shewed wherein health consists The actions and differences of the faculties of the mind and what iâ— requisite for the performing of actions now we are to explainâ— what are the differences of the faculties of the mind and of actions in a body Physitians whom we here follow divide Actions for theiâ— purpose into Natural Vital and Animal according to the three principal members the Liver Heart and Brain by which all Actions in the body are governed For Physitians purposes are not the same with Philosophers to inquire or search the kindâ— or differences of Souls of living creatures which appears by the diâ—â—inct manners of life which is in Plants in brute beastes living â—treatures and man but onely ought to find out in man the difâ—erences of actions whose actions it is their businesse to preserve and if offended to restore and moreover a Physitian doth not so much consider the faculties themselves which hurt not as the Organs and instruments and then distinguish actions according to the differences of them CHAP. IX Of the Natural faculty and first of Nutrition and Augmentation THat we may begin with the natural faculty The principal natural faculties I mean the Natural faculty so called peculiarly by Physitians for as it is taken generally it is opposed to preternatural and so the Vital and Aniâ—mal faculties may be called Natural The Natural faculty by the Philosophers is called a growing or flourishing power All its actions tend to the preservation of its kind
or else of the Individuals of its species Now to the preservation of its individuals belongs Nutrition and Augmentation to the preservation of its kind Generation belongs The nourishing faculty whose action is called Nutrition Nutrition or alteration is that which turneth aliment into the substance of the body living and restores what is taken away and performs this work during all ones life time The faculty increasing whose action is called Augmentation is Augmentation that which extendeth the body to its due and just bigness whose office is most performed in our growing age and is extended till it compleateth and perfecteth its due magnitude The generating faculty whose action is called Generation is Generation that by which man by his kind continues to perpetuity which by Individuals cannot be done And these three faculties being as it were the Princes The servile faculties Attraction Retention Concoction Expulsion have others as it were their servants added to them The Attractive the Retentive the Alterative or Digestive the Expulsive The Attractive draweth profitable nourishment to the parts The Retentive reteins it so long there till it be digested The Digestive altereth aliment changeth it renders it fitting for that which is living The Expulsive faculty rejects that as excrementitious which is dull and unfit to be converted into the substance of the body The Attractive Retentive and Expulsive faculties perform their actions principally by the benefit of the fibers Attraction is made by the right fibers placed along the length of a member Retention by the oblique or flanting fibers Expulsion by those that passe overthwart but Digestion or Concoction are performed by the Heat of the member But in the other parts of the body the same faculties want not the help of the fibers but perform their operations only by the help of the Innate heat which is in each part But although aliment in nourishing be in a capacity to be like to the body yet actually it is unlike at the first and therefore is changed by little and little untill it be rendered like to that into whose substance it is to be turned which is performed by several Concoctions Concoction is either private One Concoction is publick another private and is appointed onely for nourishment and use of the part where it is made or publick which is made for the common use of the whole body That is made in the several parts this in the Stomack Liver and Spleen Hence there is commonly accompted three Concoctions necessary for nourishment of the body The first is that which is made in the Stomack the second in the Liver from which that of the Spleen is not to be excluded the third in the several parts of the body There are other actions which passe through the Fabrick of the whole body such as that of the Vital spirits in the Heart the Animal in the Brain and that of milk in the Duggs the generation of seed in the Stones unless you will refer this to the Generative faculty not by reason of the part wherein it is generated but by reason of the end for which it was instituted namely publick use The first Concoction is made in the Stomack The first Concoction is made in the Stomack which first prepares Nutriment for the whole body To which for this reason not onely the power of Concoction but also a double Appetite is given Natural by which it desires nourishment necessary for it self Animal by which it requires nutriment for the whole body The Natural Appetite doth not sensibly want nutriment Appetite two-fold Natural Animal but as the other part by a natural instinct requires and draws nutriment But the Animal Appetite hath an exquisite sense joyned to this desire living in the upper Orifice of the Stomack by which it can perceive not onely its own wants but the wants of all the body besides For after the whole body is emptied it draws out of the Veins and the Veins which require to be filled again suck upward again from the Stomack and their sucking is again received in the Orifice of the Stomack The first preparation of meat in the mouth whence ariseth the Animal Appetite which is two-fold Hunger and Thirst But before Food descend into the Stomack it is first prepared in the mouth where it is chewed into pieces by the teeth moistened by the spittle and by the heat of the mouth and of the tunicle which is common both to the Ventricle and the mouth it is altered by attraction The meate chewed and so altered in the mouth by the motion of the tongue is sent down through the gullet into the stomack which by the help of the oblique fibers is there reteined and imbraceâ— untill by the Digestive faculty and proper heat of the stomack and the adâ—acent heat it be changed into one form and masle not unlike to the scum of Ptisan and is called Chyle Meat being taken The Chyle that aniâ—nal appetite ceaseth or hunger and thirst ceaseth to wit the twitching and plucking for want of Aliment ceaseth but the natural appetite is not satisfyed except perfectly nourished and refreshed with the blood of its own body The Chyle generated in the stomack is sent down through its lower orifice into the first guts by which with their digestive force which they have by reason of their community with the stomack is here somewhat wrought and perfected But seeing that all nourishment is proper for nourishing certain parts of the body Nature in this concoction separates nourishment The excrement of the first concoction twofold thick whence their ariseth a double sort of Excrements the one thin the other thick The thick which is called the ordure of the paunch whilst the Guts contract themselves up by the circular or transverse fibers and the Muscles coming in the Guts by the paunch the paunch is prest and the siege is thrust out and voided through it The other thin and watry which is not forthwith sent out through the paunch but continues mixed with the chyle Watery that it may the more easily passe through the narrow Veins of the Mesentery of the Port and of the Liver afterward it is separated by the veins and expelled by Urine The Chyle being separated in the Guts from the thicker dregs is drawn by the Meseraick Veins and is somewhat altered by them The second concoction in the Liver and first it receives the rudiments of blood and hence it is carryed to the branches of the gate Vein and Liver and there by the innate heat and power of the Liver is turned into blood which action is Sanguification or turning into blood The Liver reteins a part of this so gotten blood that it may by it be nourished the rest through the hollow Vein in which some part of it is hitherto reteined and perfected it distributes it through the whole body That the purer blood may be generated in the Liver
the declination for no man ever dyed in the declination of a disease In the same manner Particular times may be limited Particular times and every course hath its fit which course Remissness or an Intervall follows A fit hath its beginning increase state and declination which Particular times may happen during the Universall times The end of the first part of the second Book THE SECOND BOOK PART II. Of the Causes of DISEASES CHAP. I. Of the Causes of Diseases SEeing that nothing can perfectly be known unless the causes thereof are known whither can diseases be avoided unless the causes are shun'd neither can the same be taken away unless the causes if they are present be first taken away We will now treat of the causes of Diseases Although by the Philosophers there are rightly constituted four kinds of causes The sorts of causes the Materiall Formall Finall and Efficient yet here we are to speak onely of the Efficient causes of diseases for the form such as accidents have is already explained Diseases have not matter unless it be the subject wherein they are inherent The Physitian treats of efficient cause The causes of diseases are fourfold The proximate The remote the end also is not since they arise from the want of perfection and therefore Physitians when they handle the cause of diseases understand the efficient cause onely But Efficient causes of Diseases are considered either in respect had to a disease and a body or absolutely and as they are things which can take upon them the nature of mortifique causes If causes as they are referred to a disease or its effects they are considered thus first one cause is proximate and immediate another remote The proximate is that cause betwixt which and the disease nothing intercedes The remote is that betwixt which and the disease there comes another neerer cause The proximate since nothing can come to pass without a cause is in all diseases but the 〈◊〉 is not so Secondly since that of those causes which conduce to the generation of a disease and indeed such as some matter doth exeite Containing some are neerer others more remote and oftentimes there is a long rank of them Physicians call some causes containing others antecedent others primitive A cause containing which is also named consummative Containing is that which proximately adheres to a disease in a body and cherisheth it and which being put the disease is being taken away the disease is taken away so a stone is the cause containing of obstruction of the bladder A humour in a turnour is the cause of increasing of Magnitude but a cause containing and immediate is not absolutely the same for as much as all diseases have a proximate cause since nothing can be done without a cause but they have not all the cause containing namely thesâ— oke of a sword is the proximate cause of a wound but not the cause containing And those diseases only have a cause containing which are joyned with matter and are cherished by it as tumours obstructions putrid Feavers Yet you are here to be admonished that these things which are here spoken of a cause containing as also of the differences of other causes are all spoken of in respect of a disease defined by Galen per dispositionem or casually as they say for in respect or this not all but some diseases only have a cause containing But if a disease be defined formally and through impotency all diseases whatsoever have a cause containing namely some vitious dispâ—sition of body The antedent The antecedent causes are certain dispositions lying hid in the body which go before a disease and out of which a disease may arise For although that be most properly called a cause which doth now act yet Physitians call those things causes which as yet produce not any disease so that they may produce them Antecedent causes are defined not by the act but by the power of effecting so some vitious humour which lyeth lurking in the body produceth not a disease as yet yet it may gonerate one The primitive How causes differ The manifest evident The manifest externall that is called the antecedent cause thereof The primitive causes which anciently they called Prophasis are such as move the antecedent in a body and give occasion that they may become proximate causes such are watchings cares ange too much exercise and motion and such like But primitive causes and evident are not the same for every Proâ—atarcktick is evident or manifest but every evident and manifest is not a Primitive as a sword is the evident cause of a wound but not the primary for an evident or manifest cause is whatsoever produceth a disease in a manifest manner whether it be immediate or remote but the primitive can never be the proximate but alwayes requires preceding preparation of the body and a neerer cause in the body which it may move Nor is the primitive cause the same with the external for externall is only in respect of the body and every thing which is without the body after what manner soever it produceth a disease it is called an externall cause but Primitive is spoken in respect to other causes and is that which stirreth up and moveth the hidden causes of the body either within the body or out of the body whence Sleep Watchings Passions of the mind and other causes which are in the body are named primitive not externall Thirdly Evident causes Occult. some causes are evident others hidden and obscure evident and manifest are such as are obvious to the senses neither is there need of any other signes to know them by Occult and hidden are such as lurk in the body and require signes to be known by Fourthly Internall Externall some causes are internall others externall internall are such as are within the body externall are such as are without the body Fifthly Perse By accident some causes are by themselves others by accident Causes by themselves are such as produce dieases by their own proper force and violence and not by the assistance of other causes so fire heateth water cooleth A cause by accident is when it performs ought by the intervening of another cause and not by its own force so cold water by accident is the cause of heat whilst by its binding and closing the pores of the skin the hot exhalations are detained within which otherwise would evaporate by insensible transpiration Also some causes are common Common Proper Positive as Air Meat and drink when many use them in one place others are proper which are peculiar to certain men Lastly some causes are positive others privative positive are such as by their presence produce an effect like themselves Privative after which sort water cooleth Privative are such as by their absence produce an effect like themselves so heat returning to the internall parts and leaving the externall is the cause of
grinding of the Teeth Strabismes a Convulsion of the Muscles of the Eye To these belong Convulsive Motions Convulsive motions wherein is made a Contraction of the Muscle towards his beginning but continues not in one difference of Location but it happens with various concussions and agitations of the Member as in an Epelepsie Sometimes also a Palsie and a Spasme are complicate A Palsie Cramp Complicate Voice hurt so that by changes and turnes they afflict and so the part is sometimes contracted and sometimes dilated Hitherto is to be referred the error of the voice which either is abolished as in Aphonia or dumbnesse or diminished as in an inward and obscure or small and low voice or it is depraved being broken in a shrill sharp hoarse or trembling voice The speech also is hurt Hurt of speech which is either taken away as in those which are called mute or else it is difficult as in those who pronounce certain Letters especially R with great difficulty or it is depraved as in those who in speaking now stop and anon precipitate their speech which evil the Greeks call Traulates and Psellotes the English Stammering Amongst these errors of Motion those Symptomes are to be reckoned wherein the natural expulsive Motion being stimulated by a preternatural cause ariseth up to expel it cannot perform motion without the help of the animal vertue and Organ such as are a cough sneezing yawning quaking stretching A Cough is a depraved motion A Cough and vehement efflation occasioned from the sudden constriction of the Lungs and Brest whereby that may be expelled which was troublesome and be sent forth by the instruments of breathing Sneezing is a motion of the Muscles primarily of the Brain Sneezing secondarily of the Brest and inferiour Muscles whereby that may be expelled which is troublesome to the Brain Yawning or Gaping Yawning is that motion whereby nature endeavours to expel the flatuous vapours by breathing them out of the mouth Stretching is a distention of the members in the whole Body Stretching discussing the vapours in them Shaking fits that is a concussion of the skin of the whole body Horror to shake off some troublesome thing Cold fits that is a shaking of the whole body Cold fits to put off that which offends it CHAP. IX Of the Symptomes wherein all or most part of the animal actions are hurt BUt sometimes it happens that either all or most of the animal functions are offended together amongst these Symptomes a Vertigo is the first the Greek Dinos and Iliggos A Vertigo 't is such a mischief and depravation of the imagination sometimes of the common sense that all things seem to run round in a circle and for the most part the motion is so hurt that a man falls down Sometimes the external senses are affected likewise which if it happen at the same time the eyes are obscured by a fuliginous mist the Greeks call it Scotoma and Scotodinos i. e. a shady disease Sometimes the hearing is somewhat depraved or some certain swimming ariseth or some other senses are affected Moreover an Incubus or a riding of the Mare An Incubus or an hindrance of breathing and interruption of speech and hindrance of motion as it were an oppression of the body with a false dream of a weight lying upon the brest A Lethargy which is a perpetual desire of sleeping A Lethargy with a giddinesse of the head with forgetfulnesse of all things or it is a continual Delirium with a weak Fever heavinesse to sleep and destruction of memory A Carus which is a profound or dead sleep A Carus wherein the sick hear not and being pricked scarce perceive it or a deep sleep with diminution or taking away of sense motion and imagination the breathing being gone A Catoch A Catoch or Catolepsis is a Diminution of the principal functions or external senses especially of feeling and voluntary motion by abolition or 't is a sudden apprehending whereby those which are affected being stiff remain in the same place and gesture of body as they were in when they were taken and opening and not moving their eyes they neither see nor hear nor perceive the breath and pulse onely remaining safe An Epelepsie is an ablation of the principal actions An Epelepsie An imperfect Epelepsie and of sense and voluntary motion with a preternatural Convulsion or Convulsive motion of the whole body To the Epelepsie also are referred certain Diseases as it were smal Epelepsies wherein the sick are not velified in the whol body neither do they fall down but some parts onely are twitched as either the head is shaken or the eyes are drawn or the hands and feet are snatched this way and that way or the hands are held shut or the diseased is turned round or runs up and down and in the mean time speaks nothing hears nothing perceives nothing Lastly An Apoplexie an Apoplexy which is an abolition of all animal actions to wit of motion and sense in which the whole body with the hurt of the principal faculty of the mind respiration after a sort being safe CHAP. X. Of the Symptome of the changeable qualities of the Body THe second kind of Symptomes are those which consist in a simple affect of the body The difference of qualities changed or the qualities of the body changed namely when some natural quality of the body is changed by reason of which change there follows no hurt of the actions their differences are to be sought out of the number of the external senses The visible qualities changed are colours contrary to nature Colours changed either in the whole body as in the yellow Jaundice or in a Cachochimy or ill habit of the body or in some part as in the Face Tongue an inflammation black Teeth yellow Nailes and such like Smells contrary to nature are changed Smells changed when a man breaths forth an ill smell either out of the whole body or from some part as the Mouth Nose hollow of the Arm-pits or soals of the Feet Tasts or Savours are changed when the spittle Taste changed or any thing else which swims in the Mouth is spit out and gives a sharp salt bitter or other taste but since these qualities are not the parts of the Body but Excrements they may be more fitly referred to the third kind of Symptomes To the fourth belong Tactil qualities onely Change of Tactil quâ—lities as they are contrary to nature and troublesome but do not hinder actions as Heat Cold Softnesse Hardnesse Hoarsenesse To Hearing may be referred sounds warbling crackling grinding of Teeth and such like which are perceived by hearing Lastly hitherto are to be referred common sensible things as Figure Magnitude if they are preternatural and all those things which are spoken of in the Hypocratical Face and are described in his First Booke of Prognosticks CHAP. XI Of the Symptomes
humors and vapors are elevated in the brain which often happens in Fevers and Delitiums The same causes also for the most part have a power of stirring up the common sense and besides those principally grief which in what part of the body soever it is when it violently affects the sense of touching it also stirs up the common sense which once moved irritates also the rest of the senses and so it is necessary that over much watchfulness must ensue Cause of too much sleep The causes of too much sleep and first the cauâ—es of non-natural are all those things that hinder the spirits from being sent forth to the external parts Non-natural in due manner and season such are those which dissipate and consuâ—ne the heat of the spirits beyond measure or they are called back too much into the internal parts or hinder the spirits that they cannot go out to the remote parts as too much exercise paines taking too much watching baths and such like which fill the braine with halituous vapours Moreover the causes of a preter-natural and diseased sleep so called are also against nature namely Preternatural those things which detaine the spirits against nature so that they cannot freely passe to the Organs of the senses The cause of a Coma Coma and Cataphora or a dead sleep is a plentiful vapor whether cold and moist or hot and moist either generated in the brain or sent thither out of the whole body or part of it but principally stupifactive rendring the animal spirits heavy and drowsie When there is too greedy desire of sleep Coma vigil the same stupifactive vapor is the cause but because hot and sharp vapours are mingled with it and many various and absurd imaginations are brought to the fancy the sleep is troubled and interrupted The causes of immoderate dreams are impure vapours Of immoderate dreams black and melancholy arising from food and humors causing exhalations of the same nature and stirring up the animal spirits or a distemper of the brain stirring the vapors ascending from the inferiour parts and spirits in the brain A natural extasie hath for the most part the same causes Of an extasic for those which are troubled therewith have in their deep sleep various shapes and images represented to their fantafie about which the imagination being too much busied and fixed the rest of the senses ceasing when they awake they account those dreams by reason of the too much intentiveness of the fantasie for truths and think and say to themselves that those things did really happen The cause of such as walk in their sleep Sleep walkers is a stronger imagination from an internal object represented by a dream the fantasie being violently affected stimulates the desire and thence the motive faculty to perform something the senses for the most part being bound and the rational faculty obscured but the imagination doth depend either on some vehement diurnal disease which hath gone before or on the disposition of the spirits which the vapours thicken which are not onely mingled with the spirits but also have force of binding all the spirits and set before you many cleare dreames The memory Abolishing and diminishing of the mentory fantasie as the imagination is either abolished or diminished principally through the fault of the instrument which is the brain through its too cool a distemper thereof whereunto belongs not onely innate heat but default of spirits the default of innate heat is either native and contracted from our birth or happening afterwards from our birth Heat is deficient to those who have too great heads or a brain weak and cold by nature and mixt with too much moisture or a head too little and therefore little brains or a figure too concise the figure also it self of the head may hinder these actions After a mans birth the native heat is deficient through old age and what other causes soever which may destroy and debilitate the innate heat and may cause foul spirits whether they be internal and diseases and vitious humors or external as cold meat moist thick corrupt and impure air over-much watching stroaks and wounds of the head Besides the defect and cold distemper of the native heat the memory also is weakned yea and taken away sometimes by too much moisture of the brain the same also is hurt sometimes by external error namely through the fault of objects whilest in certain diseases it is confounded and distracted by almost innumerable objects which may likewise happen to such as are well who whilest they are busied in telling any story by reason of some object happening by chance they are so called aside that they cannot make an end of their story But the reasonable faculty is not diminished nor abolished of its self nor by reason of its instrument but because the fantasie is hurt and sometimes the memory and sometimes both The depravation of the imagination and ratiocinatination happens in divers kinds of Deliriums and all have their rise from some default of the animal spirits which being ill disposed represent objects so disposed to the fantasie and whereas for the most part the imagination and ratiocination are both affected in a Delirium and the imagination useth a corporeal Organ with its Spirits but the ratiâ—â—ination useth none but onely beholdeth fantasms In every Delirium the next cause of the hurt of the imagination is the vitiousnesse of the animal spirits but the depravation of the rational faculty is caused by the fantasms The imagination and understanding hurt called Paraphrosune hath its beginning from hot vapours which in burning Fâ—ve s and inflammations of the interiour parts are elevated to the brain and disturb the animal spirits yet moderately which thing also may happen if any one should take in his meat or drink that which may trouble the spirits On this manner commeth sottishness and such as is caused by Wine the weed Darnel Hops and such like A Frensie is caused by a hot Tumor of the Brain and its Membranes from whence the hot vapours being advanced continually trouble and stir the spirits in the brain A Frenzy The cause of offending the imagination in Melancholy Of Melancholy is dark animal spirits but the causes of depraving of the rational faculty are dusky fantasms but the animal spirits are become dark and black two ways first when the spirits themselves are pure in their own nature but some strange foul and blackish matter is mingled with them Secondly when the spirits themselves are darkish in their own nature and geneâ—ate such the former is caused three wayes the first is when the matter dark and impure clouding the spirits is contained in the vessels in the head Secondly when the matter is communicated to the brain from the whole body and principally from the greater veins Thirdly when it is transmitted principally from the Hypocondries which is thence named Hypocondriacal Melancholy the
latter is occasioned two wayes either when the vital spirits are generated vitious and impure in the heart which when the matter of the animal spirit is such in the braine 't is necessary that there be generated in such black animal spirits in the braine or because although the vital spirit be good and pure neverthelesle the constitution of the brain is vitious which changeth the pure vital spirit into a black animal spirit The cause of mad Love is sorrow and conti nual solitation Of mad Love to which anger is often joined arising through the desire of a fair thing whether it be really so or seem so to be for although the amorous herb Philtra may stir up desire to lust yet that desire is not terminated in any definite person nor can the mind of a man be compelled to love that which he is unwilling to love and that Philtra doth not cause love but madnesse also as experience often teacheth The cause of madness is a hot and fiery disposition of the animal spirits Madnssâ—e such hot and fiery spirits proceed from a hot distemper of the braine or hot vapours mingled therewith which black Choller will set foreward sometimes in the veins of the head only other times in the whole body especially in those that are great with child and when it resides about the womb whether they are generated of fervent blood or adust colour or dryed Melancholy The disease which causeth men to think that they are turned into Wolves is called Lycanthropie Lycanthropie if it proceed from a natural cause and not from the Devil It ariseth from the depravation of the imagination and ratiocination and the blood of living creatures being drunk may be very powerful to cause the same yet for the most part it becomes from poyson communicated to us by the biting of any mad living creature or by the froth of their mouths thrown upon us by spittle by receiving their breath with our mouths by eating the flesh of ravenous animals whence Wolf-madness also Dog-madness and Badger-madness do arise as Hydrophobie which is when one is distractedly timerous of waters which neverthelesse may be occasioned without the biting of any mad animal by poyson in mans body but principally is occasioned by terror of the observations of Physitians do witness and then the disease is not to be referred to madness because those Symptomes which are proper to those that are bitten with mad creatures do not appear in these but onely the diâ—eased are adverse to all liquid things and neither can swallow liquid things but also at the sight and noise of them they fall in danger of swooning and death which nature is peculiar to this poyson nor can any other cause be rendered from manifest qualities But the disease of Tarantators Of Tarantulas and a company of S. Viti occasioned by the venemous biting of a Tarantula and the Chorea of S. Viti so called hath its rise from a venemous and malignant humour somewhat like to the venom of a Taâ—antula begotten in mans body and indeed is the cause of the Symptomes of the rest of the poysons in general but because they dance in this manner that is proper to this poyson onely neither can there be rendered any manifest cause thereof but here it is necessary to fly to that sanctuary of ignorance and to say that this poyson is destroyed in an occuâ—â— manner by the force of musick and this little creature is harmoneous and delights in musick CHAP. V. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the mooving faculty IN the first place the cause of a Palsie Cause of the Palsie or deprivation of motion in one part or more is the defect of animal spirits in the Organs appointed for motion the spirits are deficient when they are not sent out by the Nerves from the braine as happens in an Apoplexy sometimes also this disease is called a Palsie for although they are emitted yet through the ill disposition of the part they cannot exercise motion and sense therein they are not admitted through default of the Nerves and spinal Marrow namely when they endure some cold distemper and moist especially yet sometimes hot and dry or are dull or are cut or knockt or beaten or are made narrower or by obstruction or compression by reason of some humor or tumor or tubercle whether they are in the Nerves themselves as after wounds of the Nerves and contusions of the same scars do arise or in the parts neer thereunto by some contusion by a stroak or a fall by a sudden relaxation made of the Vertabres or being bound Besides a Palsie there are other impotencies of motion Cause of taking away motion the cause whereof besides that of the Nerves even now explained in a Palsie is the fault of the part instituted for motion a vitious disposition and disease namely if the bones in the joynts which are framed for them cannot move oâ— cannot rightly be removed out of their place through ill conformation fracture relaxation if the ligaments which come about the joints and continue in motion in a natural state are broken cut asunder eroded attenuated or become softer or on the contrary are dryed hardned and filled witk a hard and knoty substance if the Muscles and their Tendones are cooled too much and their native heat be as it were dulled or moistned by some humour contrary to nature or on the other side if they are dryed and hardned if any tumor knot bunch hard flesh ariseth in them if they are wounded if the Tendones are so stretched out by violent motion that they become longer then they were or wont to be or as it were broken with bonds or if a painful tumor be in a Muscle The cause of Lazinesse is the reception of trouble in the Muscles and parts appointed for animal motion Of Laziness but since this slownesse is two-fold voluntary and against our wills the one comes without much exercise and labour from vitious humours burning the parts appointed for motion the other which is also called Excicrative comes after too much labour and motion the parts serving for motion being dried and the spirits consumed The cause of trembling is the imbecility of the motive faculty Of Trembling which cannot keep the member in that part wherein it is placed The faculty is become weak through the faintnesse of the strength and some defect of animal spirits whether they are not generated by reason of some distemper of the brain or defect of the vital spirits either scattered or consumed both which may be occasioned by too large evacuations long fasting watchings long and tedious sicknesse too much Venery or through diseases of the Nerves as distemper especially cold contracted by what meanes soever or want or losse of sense is occasioned by stupifactives or by straitnesse but lesse then in a Palsie The cause of Convulsion is the irritation of the expulsive faculty Of
with Musick lacivious and principally love neatness and ornaments of the body Those under Mercury are rather little in body then great in face somewhat pale they have little eyes Mercurians and those buried within their orbs thin lips and nose and youthful face in manly years very thin beard quick voice light spirits whence they are wise subtile studious of sects and subtile things prevalent in memory eloquent but unconstant and sometimes also crafty deceitful witty lyars Those under the Moon are great in body fat thick Lunar white unstable and sometimes delighted with one thing and sometimes with another CHAP. III. Of the signs of the constitution of the brain NOw follows that which belongs to the constitution or parts and first of the Brain although a just constitution of the Brain be necessary to perform animal actions proper to the Brain yet to perform them a right composition and conformation of the head and of the brain depending thereon do much avail wherefore following Galen in the art of Physick we will propound in the first place certain signs of the constitution of the brain drawn from the figure and magnitude of the head A little head if the body be great is an ill sign A little head for the brain also in such a head is little because it will generate but few animal spirits or if it doth generate animal spirits enough yet they cannot be moved well enough in so narrow a â—oom but either being pen'd in they stick or being stir'd up they move too violent whence the animal actions are the weaker and those that have such a body are unstable and do many things inconsiderately the brain also in a little head for the most part is intemperate and dry and it argues unaptness and debility of hear and of matter in their formation and especially a little head is naught if it also have an ill shape A great head if it be well shaped A great head and have the joining parts as to wit the neck the spine of the back and all the Nerves correspondent it signifies the brain is well constituted and is a token that the formative vertue is powerful which can rightly inform and elaborate plentiful matter but if that be wanting it signifies only plenty of matter but weak power which is unfit for such matter and therefore is no token of a good constitution of the head and such for the most part are dull and unapt The natural and best figure of the head is most like to a sphear The best figure of the heaâ— gently prest on each side so that that compression may be lengthned from the ears towards the forepart and those which have that excell in wit judgment and memory are strong in body but those which differ from that best figure are generally accounted Phoxa that is vitious figure namely to wit wherein the anterior part or posterior or both of them are deficient in their excellency so that either behind or before or upward such heads seem ugly but if some excellency be deficient and the rest well raised up or grows narrow at top Galen calls it aâ—â—itious formation of growing sharp and those which have this figure of the head are the most unwise impudent fraudulent and most basely corrupted with other vices that there be a rising up of the hinder part of the head and the other bones answer to it is a good sign for much good matter is present if it have a handsome figure also not else but if in a thin too long and a weak neck the hinder part onely riseth up in greatnesse or is deformed 't is an ill sign and signifies onely plenty of unprofitable matter and weaknesse of the formative faculty The former part of the head the hinder part not being altogether deficient in rising up if it be more lifted up is a good figure and all the senses are well and therefore 't is no ill sign but on the contrary if that magnitude be joyned with a deformed figure and the senses are weak it signifies imbecility of the formative faculty those whose fore-heads are low have weak senses and are stupid yet they often have good memories and strength of body on the other side those whose hinder parts of the head are not raised enough up have all their senses whole but are destitute of memory and strength of body but those that lack raising up before and behind and the head riseth much in the middle are called Oxucephaloi sharp pointed those are unfit for all animal actions and weak through the narrownesse of the brain if the head grow great neer the ears on each side it is a token of unfit matter and of a weak motive faculty But for what belongs to the constitution of the brain Signs of â— temperate brain they manifestly shew themselves by their animal actions and those things that follow them namely a temperate brain doth perform all animal actions well unlesse there be any fault in the organs of the external senses it easily resists external hurts and injuries Its excrements are moderate in all and are cast out at convenient places especially the Palate their sleep is moderate their hair in Infants are yellowish in Boyes more yellow in young Men yellow in figure indifferent betwixt curled and strait nor doth it soon fall off nor they become bald Those which have a hot brain are changeable in their opinions Of a hot swift in motion ripe in their wits they use little sleep and not very sound the excrements of their heads are few and concocted so that no error be committed in their dyet they are easily offended by hot things their face is redder and veins apparent in their eyes their hair soone grows and soon falls away 't is strong thick and curled and for the most part tends to blacknesse These which have a cold brain Of a cold their senses are slower and weaker and their apprehension memory and wit dull and the motion of their body not so lively and quick They are moderately inclined to sleep they abound with excrements of the brain although they are not full of braines from without they are easily offended by cold things which easily occur especially by the north wind those parts which are neer their heads are neither so warm to those that touch them nor so red to those that behold them and the veins which are in their eyes are not so discernable their hair is strait and reddish at middle age bred more slowly yet they are lasting first they are thin but age coming on they are more burley Those which have a dry brain have sharp senses Of a dry piercing and subtile they are very watchful and have very few excrements strong hair and often curled which do so soon grow and soon fall away and are hurt by drying things Those which have moist braines their senses are duller and more turbulent Of a moist they are
ought to be protruded are retained the health is in danger The severall concoctions have their severall excrements the excrements of the paunch if they are not evacuated in due season hinder concoction whilst putred Vapours exhale from thence to the stomach and neighbouring parts for the same reason they offend the head stir up cholick paines and other evills but too sudden cleansing of the paunch oftentimes hurt nothing whilst those things which are offensive nature doth expell from the paunch of its owne accord yet if any such thing happen too often or too lasting it necessarily defrauds the body of nourishment and the strength is weakned and the guts are debilitated and offended Urine if it be made in due season Vrine is commodious and profitable for the body but if it be made sooner then it ought and especially if it have bin retained longer then it ought it brings no small dammage for it oppresseth the bladder and often times so fills it that afterwards urine cannot be expelled and sometimes an inflamation of the bladder nay sudden death followes but if the reyns have not drawn whey as it were it remains mixt with blood and stirs up greivous Symptomes in the whole body Seed untimely retained causeth heavinesse and dulnesse Venus of the body and if it be corrupted stirs up greivous accidents all which may be avoided by Venery but let it be timely and lawfull neither is there any need to try any thing for the preservation of health which is contrary to divine lawes and the Creator of man is so much indulgent to him in this thing as t is necessary for him to shun all things which may hinder his health but too much Venery dissipates the naturall heate cooles and debilitates the whole body accumulates crudities hurts the nerves generates the running Gout and brings the Palsie and debility of the senses and understanding THE FOURTH BOOK PART II. Of the Method of the preservation of Health CHAP. I. Of those things which are to be observed by all for the preservation of health AFter we have explayned those things which are necessary for the Preservation of health now we must shew a Method how all those things are to be used for the safty thereof but their are some certain common precepts which are to be observed by all some peculiar precepts to be observed according to ages sex and other Circumstances The most common Precept here is this that what ever is according to nature is to be kept but since that in some health exactly such in others difference from hence which is called a newtrall constitution the former is to be exactly preserved with its likes and nothing contrary to be admitted whereby the body may be put out of that naturall state but a Newtrall constitution requires some change yet that ought to be small and by degrees if the course of life will admit thereof Yet that most generall rule is to be observed by all The most generall rule to desend health namely that mediocrity is to be ever accompted safest according to that of Hippo. 2. Apho. 52. to much of every thing is good for nothing or all excesse is hurtfull to nature As also that 2. Apho. 50 those things that we are long accustomed unto although they are worse yet are they less troublesome to us then those things that we are not accustomed to Moreover we are to endeavour that the naturall constitution of our bodies consisting in a good moderation of cold and heate occult qualities due conformation of the Organick parts and unity may be preserved by those things which are fitly borne to preserve it namely by their likes in case the body bee throughly well constituted or somwhat with contraries if the body decline from the best state But all things are to be avoided which may destroy it Likewise causes of health sometimes require things plainly alike sometimes a little contrary Most health full aire and therefore the Physitian shall appoint the right use of those things which necessarily happen to the body namely aire that is temperate is the best for those that are temperate and hurtfull to no constitution of body Moreover let the purest bee chosen cold aire when the fire is kindled is changed hot aire is tempered by water that is cold being poured out of one vessell into another or sprinkled on the floare or by cloaths moistened in water and hung in the bed-chamber or Roses strowed in the house or the leaves of Vines Willowes Water Lillies and other cooling Herbes moysture in excesse may be corrected by the kindling of fires and burning of suffumigations of â—â—â—t things drinesse is corrected with the moystnings of waters sprinklings or strowings of moistning Herbes As for Meat meats of little juice are offensive to all Meate and drinke and profitable to none nay even the dayly use of thick viscide tenacious cold hard flat and acrid meats are to bee avoyded by all since they cannot bee well concocted nor afford good nourishment yet some regard is here to bee had of the appetite according to that of Hippocrates 2. Apho. 38. a litter worse meate and drinke that is more pleasant is to be preferd before that which is better and ungratefull as also of custome according to that 2. Aphor. 50 those things that we are long accustomed unto although they are evill are wont to trouble us lesse then those things which we are not used unto Moreover meates are to be taken onely in that quantity whereby our strength may bee refreshed not oppressed that which hath beene spoken of meat is also to be understood of drinke Of the passions of the mind Passions of the mind this in generall may be spoken that overmuch of all them are to be avoyded and quietnesse of mind and moderate joy is to be cherished The excrements of the belly twice a day or at least once ought to be ejected Excrements urine likewise ought to be expelled as often as their is need We are to take heed likewise of that of Celsus least in our best health we take things adverse thereunto and therefore we ought not rashly to trouble or molest our bodies with purges or other medicines but t is better to exercise our bodyes moderately every day least excrements should be gathered together and if any disease seeme to be comming uppon us to follow this counsell that is by quietnesse and abstinence many great diseases are cured CHAP II. Of the cure of little ones not yet borne and of the dyet of women with child THese things being premised in generall what course of dyet may best agree to every degree of health of which before in the first Book and third Chap. we will now explaine distinctly and therefore we will handle good habit or the preserver of the best State called under the generall name of the Hygeinall which governs sufficent health in all our actions The Prophylactick is that part
dayly labours although they are weake and old easier endure exercises then those that are unaccustomed thereunto although they are strong and yong regard also is to be had of the time of the yeare for in summer lesser and shorter exercises in Winter greater and stronger are to be appointed so long also onely the body is to be exercised untill a fresh colour appeare in the body and the body begin in some measure to swell and sweat to flow out exercise and motion is to be used when the concoction is performed in the stomack and liver and as Hippocrates 6. Epid. Sect. 4. Apho. the last labour ought to goe before meate wherefore the most convenient time for exercise is the morning when the Stomack is empty and the excrements of the Paunch and Bladder are first sent out the same time is most fit for study regard is also to bee had of the place where exercises are for exercise under the Sun heates the body very much powers out humors and are very obnoxious to those whose heads are weake or full of humors but all exercises that are in the shade are safer Rest is no lesse necessary then motion for this is the remedy of wearinesse and repaires decayed strength and therefore exercise and rest take their interchangeable turnes Sleeping and waking The time also is to be appointed for sleeping and waking the most fit time for sleep is the night appointed for man by God himselfe but we ought not to sleep presently after meat but an houre or two after supper otherwise the head will be filled with many vapours diurnall sleep likewise fils the head with vapours but if any one hath contracted a sence of wearisomenesse or hath past an unquiet night without sleep t is lawfull to cherish sleep so long in the day time and especially for old men who seldome sleep the whole night but wee are to sleep so long untill the meate be concocted in the Stomack and Liver and the spirits that are taken away are restored which space is not equally in all lesse then six houres scarce sufficeth but beyond 9. houres sleepe is scarce to be extended for the most part the space of seven houres is sufficient But those which are studious principally offend in their sleep if they wake long after supper Sleep for those that are studious and sleep after the rising of the Sun for they do not onely pervert the order of nature but also much hinder the concoction whilst they impeade the instauration of spirits which were wasted with diurnall labours and watchings and call them from the Stomack and fill the head with vapours But we ought to lie downe with our legs and armes a little bent our head something elevated on either side Manner of lying since lying supine hurts much and first to lie on the right side that the concoction of the Stomack may bee helped by the Liver not under the canopy of Heaven nor the Beames of the Moone and the windowes are to bee shut and the nocturnall aire to be kept out the bed-chamber ought to be without any smell the bed should bee soft and fitted to drive away the frigidity of the Aire when you please the Head also is not to be wrapt with too many cloathes Watchings after sleep should bee moderate Watchings for too much consumes the native heate and dissipates Spirits dries the body brings forth crudities dulls the senses and ofâ—â—nds all the actions There is no small profit also of Bathes Bathes for the preservation of health as is said before part the first chap. the seventh yet the right use of them is to be appointed neither are we to go into a Bath before the meate be concocted in the stomach least crud humours should be carried into all the parts of the body In a Bath we must abstaine from all meat and drink and we are to go out before we are weary and to defend the whole body from cold nor must we eate nor drink before the heate of the bath be expired Lotions of the head open the pores of the skin and discusse Vapours Lotions of the head yet they are not to be used when either a Catarrh or paine of the head offendeth but are to be used in the morning or an houre before Supper and after the washing of the head it should be throughly dryed with warme linnen cloathes Lastly the washing of the feet is not profitable to hinder their sweating but to avert humours which would flow from the head thither Lastly we must endeavour that presently after sleep Exâ—rements the dregs of the paunch may be cast out if the paunch answers not to desire t is to be moistned with Raisins of the Sun the broath of a Cock a decoction of the staulkes of Burrage Mallowes Beares breech or six or seven Pruins boyled in the broath where Senna hath been infused to be taken for the first course or a little before meate the excrements of the third concoction are to be expelled by dayly exercise the head is to be combed in the morning the mouth to be washed with water the eares nose and palate to be cleansed the eyes and the whole face are to be washed in cold water and the body especially the Armes and the Legs are to be rubbed And if so any error be committed in the use of these things which may easily happen afterwards it is to be mended the next day by its contrary and an inequality being introduced the contrary cause is taken away CHAP. V. Of the dyet of old men THat part of Physick which rules Diet for old men or governs the age of old men is called Geronomick but because in old age the body every day is more and more dryed and the native heate is consumed we are to endeavour that drynesse may be prevented and the native heate so much as may be preserved Hotter and moister Aire therefore is agreeable to this age Aire and unlesse it be such of it selfe t is to be corrected by art especially in Autumne and Winter which Aire is cheifly offensive to old men The Aliment it selfe also ought to be hot and moist Aliment of good juice and easie of concoction but thick meates hard glutinous and which fill the head grow sowre in the stomach and are easily corrupted are to be avoided and if hurt be contracted by the use of such things t is to be corrected by the use of Diatrion Pipereon Diacalaminth and such like Of the usuall quantity also every day something is to be abated for as Hippocrates writes 1. Apho. 10. there is little heate in old men and therefore they need little nourishment sith thence their heat is extinguished with much and therefore meate is to be given sparingly but often and indeed very conveniently thrice aday viz. break-fast dinner and supper The best drink for old men is Wine Drink from whence Wine is called old mens milk yet
if a part be a principall one or performes a publick Office no Medicine is to be given which can much hurt it and disturbe its Office and Duty for then losse would redound to the whole body so to the mouth and chops poysons and things ungratefull to the taste and sordid are not to be exhibited nor stinking things to the Nostrills nor gnawing and biting things to the eyes nor those things to be applyed to nervous parts affected that cause paine The same rules which we have now even propounded in the right use of remedies Quantity of matter ate to be observed also in choice of matter the quantity of matter regards the measure waâ—ght thereof which was indicated by the Indicant and is propper for the performing of the Indication the quantity of the matter is found two wayes first in what quantity any medicine whatsoever is to be given and what are those bounds betwixt which if it be given it performes that which it ought and no way hurteth is manifest by experience only but in what dose whether in the highest lowest or middle the medicine be to be given to this or that sick person what the quantity is of the matter to be administred that is known from the magnitude or extent of the Indicant and if the quantity of the Indicant be great the quantity of the medicine ought to be great likewise in which matter the condition is to be weighed and the strength of the whole and of every part for if a part to be altered is more remote in place a greater quantity of the remedie altering is required namely that it may come with its full force to the part affected But the time of Administring of matter is taken not simply from the presence of the Indicant Time but is that when it can helpe but this time is known and the knowledge of the matter to be administred and the nature of the part to which it ought to be Administered for some things worke presently others after some space between the action of of some things continues long of others it ceaseth presently The part as it is open or placed deepe so it regards the action of the Agent presently the Administration of the matter is to be prohibited when it doth more hurt then good but it may doe hurt when it may preserve any thing contrary to nature which ought to be taken away or when it may take away that which ought to be preserved The place of Administration of matter is that place where the matter is to be given may helpe and performe that which t is required to do for since every action is performed by contact the Physitian ought allwayes to endeavour that the matter which he â—seth might penetrate to the place where the Indicant is and may touch the Indicant but some parts are Externall others Internall in Externall the matter is plaine for there the matter of the medicine is to be applyed where it is to worke or where the Indicant is since the Externall parts may be immediatly touched with the medicines but medicines cannot be so immediatly applyed to the Internall parts and therefore when we are willing to evacuate common wayes are to be chosen and the next through which the matter may be evacuated if we are to alter in the interior parts either manifest wayes are to be found â—ut or occult passages through which the matter that is given may penetrate and indeed as for manifest passages the widest and nearest are allwayes to be chosen But concerning the measure Manner or manner shall be shewn hereafter part the 3 d. Sect. 3 d. where various formes of medicines both simple and compound shall be proposed CHAP. V. What Morbifique causes indicate and peculiarly of purging of a juice in the body which causeth ill digestion FOrasmuch as hitherto we have explained the universall Method of healing now peculiarly we will propound the Method of taking away of Morbifique causes removing diseases and preserving strength and will begin from the causes What the differences of causes are is spoken before in the 2 d. Booke part the 1. Chap. the 3 d. for of what kind soever they are whether begotten in the body or externally or admitted into the body and become as it were internall or stirring up cherishing and increasing a disease without they all require removall But whereas causes offend either in the whole substance or quantity Causes what they shew or quality or motion or place first all things which put on the nature of a cause as in their whole kind they are contrary to nature they indicate an absolute ablation of them out of the body or as latter Physitians say an Eradication But that here we may treate only of humours What things shew in their whole nature preternatural severall wayes there are of rooting out and evacuating corrupt humours out of the body for sometimes they are purged through the paunch sometimes they are ejected by vomit sometimes discussed by sweates sometimes cast out by urine of which we will now speake in their order and first of purgation Purgation taken in the largest sense is indicated from a Cacochymie What shews when to purge or juice which causeth ill digestion and bad nourishment and a purging medicine taken in the largest signification is the matter of remedie indicated for a Cachochymie but that this doctrine of purgation may be more evident in the first place tis to be observed that Physitians in respect of purging medicines divide the body into three common Regions into the first which is without the liver and is extended from the stomach through the middle part home to the liver the second which is dilated from the middle of the liver through the greater veines to the outside of the body the third which comprehends the habit of the body with the lesser veines private parts also have their excrements and peculiat wayes to void them and hence one evacuation is called universall Vniversall evacuation another particular universall is that which evacuates humours from the common Regions of the body such is evacuation of blood after what manner soever purging by the paunch vomitting voiding of uâ—ine sweate Particular insensible transpiration particular is that which evacuates some private part as the braines lungs wombe As for universall purgation which evacuates the common Regions of the body Cacochymie consists of what Indicates it either on this side or beyond the liver Cacochymie which consists in the first Region of the body by its selfe and properly indicates those medicines which have power without any manifest agitation of evacuating superfluous humours through the paunch which stick in the first Region of the body although sometimes if the matter have an inclination upwards and the sick can easily endure a vomit by vomit also humours may be purged out of the first Region of the body so that those things which cause
the first sight they seem such yet if they are viewed more diligently they are perceived to be composed of more as flesh of muscles substance of Veins Nerves Arteries Dissimilar are such as are compounded of more Of a Dissimilar Whether a similar part be opposite to an organick which are also called for the most part organick For although if we may speak properly an Organick is not opposite to similar but a dissimilar or compound and similar may be organick also as you may see in bones which have their organick constitution Yet because singular parts for the most part do not perform a whole and entire action which Galen requires in an organick part strictly so taken hence it comes to passe the Physitians for the most part oppose an organick to a similar But the constitution of similar parts The constitution of similar parts milar parts even as of those which consist of Elements and other mixed bodies consists in the lawful mixture of the four primary qualities But besides that temperature of primary qualities Occult qualities other qualities also are in them which are more occult arising from their forms which parts all of them possesse as is manifest by their sympathy and antipathy with other natural bodies and by several actions and kinds and manners of actions which are beyond the force of Elements The natural constitution of organick parts The constitution of dissimilar parts consists in a composition fit to perform actions namely in number magnitude conformation composition or scituation There is a common unity in them both as well similar as dissimilar and organick for not onely the whole body but every part thereof whether similar or organick ought to be whole and entire And if our bodies obtain these three things it is sound if either be wanting it becomes sick Yet there is a certain latitude of health The latitude of health nor do all men acquire the same perfection of performing actions but in regard of age sex and other circumstances some do perform all or certain actions better then others yet all of them neverthelesse are sound but Physitians call all those that deviate from perfect health Whether there be a Neutral disposition and yet are not sick Neuters and place a neutral constitution as it were in the middle betwixt the sick and well For although if we rightly weigh the matter there is no such thing as middle disposition differing from health and a disease and every man is either sick or well yet Physitians consider Neuters not as the mean betwixt sick and wel but as differing from perfect health peculiarly and distinguish Neuters from those that are sound not as differing in kind but in respect of more or lesse CHAP. IV. Of Temperaments BUT that the nature of health may be the more manifest something shall be spoken particularly of this three-fold constitution of a body which is necessary to health What a Temperament is and first for what belongs to the constitution of similar parts as they are such that is a Temperament which is a quality arisen from the mutual action and passion of primary qualities and resulting out of them separated and joyned together But not the form it self of a mixt substance sithence it is subject to the senses acquired by change or motion subject to alteration and hath its rise from the primary qualities Nor is it onely a harmony although there be a certain proportion of qualities in a Temperament since it is the immediate instrument of actions which doth not belong to a bare proportion which is an accident But from the Temperament A Temperament of a mixt body two-fold things are said to be temperate or intemperate and indeed any thing is said to be temperate two wayes either simply and absolutely and in its own kind or in relation to some other for if there be that proportion of qualities that they wholly concur in equal strength such a Temperament is said to be simply and absolutely such and such a Temperament is commonly called a Temperament ad pondus To weight or according to weight as if it were weighed in a ballance and is of an Arithmetical proportion But if there be a certain inequality of qualities in relation to their strength To Justice it is called a Temperament to Justice and this is called a Geometrical proportion although if you strictly regard the proportion of the qualities amongst themselves it is then an Intemperament not a Temperament Now this Temperament as we call it wherein there is not an equality of primary qualities takes its denomination from that quality which doth exceed the rest whether it be one or two And the action which proceeds from the Temperament is ascribed to the quality that doth predominate although the rest are no wayes to be excluded from having a share in the action Of these Temperaments some are simple Temper te to Justice two-sold Simple others compound Simple is when one quality onely exceeds its contrary and therest are equal whereof there are four kinds according to the number of the primary qualities Hot wherein heat doth rule over cold the moisture and drowth being equal Cold where cold overcommeth the heat but the moisture and driness are equal Moist wherein moisture exceeds drinesse the heat and cold being equal Drinesse wherein drowth dryes up moisture the heat and cold as before being equal But when two qualities exceed their contraries there ariseth a compound Temperament Compound The latitude of Temperament whereof there are likewise four kinds according to the combinations as far as possibly they may combine of the four primary qualities to wit Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist Cold and Dry. In every one of these there is a great latitude and in the simple Temperament some have more some lesse of heat or cold by much then other In compound Temperaments some one sometimes both qualities exceed the rest in an extraordinary yet different manner Any thing is said to be Hot Cold Moist or Dry How many wayes any thing is said to be hot moist cold and dry not only simply regard being had to the universal nature of mixt bodies wherein if you consider a middle sort of body exceeding in neither and in respect of this you accompt all others that differ from it Intemperate and from the quality excelling is called Hot Cold Moist or Dry but besides this there is made a comparison to three First the comparison is made to the next Genus or kind in nature as if in the whole sort of living Creatures you appoint one living Creature to be temperate all others in respect of that are called intemperate Secondly a comparison is made with a middle sort of the same kind so a Boy is said to be hot an old man cold Thirdly respect is had to every individual that so this compared to that as being Hotter is Cold but compared to a