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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
sense_n	body_n	motion_n	nerve_n	1,652	5	10.7938	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57335	A sure guide, or, The best and nearest way to physick and chyrurgery that is to say, the arts of healing by medicine and manual operation : being an anatomical description of the whol body of man and its parts : with their respective diseases demonstrated from the fabrick and vse of the said parts : in six books ... at the end of the six books, are added twenty four tables, cut in brass, containing one hundred eighty four figures, with an explanation of them : which are referred to in above a thousand places in the books for the help of young artists / written in Latine by Johannes Riolanus ...; Englished by Nich. Culpeper ... and W.R. ...; Encheiridium anatomicum et pathologicum. English	Riolan, Jean, 1580-1657.; Culpeper, Alice.; Culpeper, Nicholas, 1616-1654.; Rand, William.	1657 (1657)	Wing R1525; ESTC R15251	394,388	314

the anterior Ventricles it slips into the fourth Ventricle and from thence into the Spinal Marrow and so Causes a Palsie If it be a Flegmatick Humor stopped in the fourth Ventricle or in the third it cannot be discussed and the brain is overwhelmed thereby If the blood be shed out of the vessels it suddainly suffocates In the Carus or other Sleepy Disease only the foremost Ventricles of the brain are overwhelmed with Serosities so that there is yet freedom for the spirits to pass into all Parts of the body But in an Apoplexy all the ventricles of the brain but especially the fourth are obstructed and unless the matter be discussed into the spinal Marrow Death fallows unavoidably Fernelius avouches that an Apoplexy is bred by an Obstructiou of that Rete Mirabile the afflux of Arterial blood out of the Heart into the brain being thereby intercepted Therefore they are termed Carotides because being obstructed they cause Carum or the Sleepy-Evil In the Apoplexy and Sleepy Diseases besides general Medicines as blood-letting Cure of the Apoplexy Carus and sucid like Diseases liberally twice or thrice repeted out of the Arm and foot strong Purgation of watry Humors Cupping-Glasses fixed unto the shoulders and the hinder Part of the Head Topical Remedies are not be neglected which draw and Evacuate near the Part affected such as is the opening of the Veins under the Tongue and of the external Jugular Vein and likewise of the Temporal Artery great Vesicatories applied towards the top of the shoulders to the Cephalick Vein strong Medicines to provoke Sneezing a Seton in the Neck the string being often drawn about and anointed with Oyl of Vitriol that it may bite the more and attract opening the Veins of the Nose after the manner used by the Ancients with a split Toothed Quil thrust up as far as the bottom of the Colander a sharp injection into the Nostrils Nostrils by a syring and within the furrows placed between the spaces of Os Vomeris drawing out of the Flegmatick clammy matter which sticks in the Throat and stops the Larynx but thrusting a feather far into the throat to which intent a strong vomit is good to cast forth any Humor that has flowed into the Wind-Pipe neither must we omit extream hard rubbings with salt and continual stirring of the body if it be possible All which remedies are to be applied with all possible speed one upon the Neck of another in an Apoplexy because there is danger in delay In Sleepy Diseases which proceed slowly and are caused by matter falling down from the Parts above they are more slowly administred and without Precipitation You shal observe also that a great Part of these Humors is gathered together in the turnings windings which are outmost in the upper substance of the brain which do either putrifie there or slip into the ventricles of the brain and yet these windings of the brain are not considered The Palsie is an Abolition of sence and motion not in the whol body as in the Apoplexy but only in the greatest Part of the body or in half The Palsie thereof which is termed Hemiplegia or in one Part which is called Paraplegia Fernelius observes that sence is taken away the motion remaining unhurt and somtimes motion is taken away and the sence remains because of the difference of the Nerves of the brain and the Spinal Marrow In the Palsie the Nerves of the Spinal Marrow are obstructed but those of the brain not and therefore many Parts remain unhurt especially the internal Somtimes the Palsie happens without obstruction of the Nerves because the sostning and Humectation of the Nerves brings a kind of Palsie In an imperfect Palsie when motion and sence are only dulled the Disease is Stupor termed Stupor or Nothrotis which arises from a moist distemper of the brain A Stupidity or dulness of sence and motion in a Feaver is wont to foretel a sleepy Disease to follow When it comes alone without Feaver it foretels a Palsie or an Apoplexy Vertigo is a depravation of sence and motion which makes the Patient think Vertigo that al things turn round it springs from a windy Humor which being agitated within the foremost Ventricles of the Brain causes the foresaid Apprehension of all things turning about If it Causes a darkness before the Patients Eyes it is called Vertigo Tenebricosa or Scotodinos It arises from the Brain or from vapours ascending from the inferior Parts That is worst which arises primarily from the brain and it is a fore-runner of the Falling Sickness The convulsion is a violent pulling back of the Muscles towards their Head or Convulsion beginning It is threefold Emprosthotonos when the body is bent foreward Opisthotonos when the body is drawn backward and Tetanos when both sides remain stif by reason of an equal bowing or stretching of the Muscles on both sides The Cause of a Convulsion is either an obstruction of the Nerves or their being pricked by a sharp Humor or a dry distemper which dries the Nerves and so makes them stif as a dried Lurstring this is incurable In one word all Convulsions are said to arise either from too much emptyness or over fulness An Epilepsie or Falling-sickness is a Convulsion of the whol body coming by Falling-Sickness fits and hurting the Mind and sences It is caused by an obstruction of the foremost Ventricles of the brain caused by an Abundance of sharp Humors either Cholerick or Flegmatick Either it comes from the brain Primarily affected or from some other Part sending Malignant Humors to the brain If it proceed from the brain Primarily affected it is the more dangerous if by fault of the Spleen or some other Bowel venemously infected the coming of the fits may be foreseen and prevented The former comes in a moment the latter by degrees Fernelius besides the Humor which is the common Cause accounts the peculiar Cause to be a venemous Air or vapour which is exceeding hurtful to the brain and therefore he conceives it must be cured with specificks and appropriate Remedies as wel as those vulgar ones Trembling is a depravation of Motion through weakness It is caused by the Trembling weakness of the motive faculty and the bodies heavyness So that look how much the motive faculty endeavours to lift up the Member so much does the heavyness of the said Member not sufficiently illustrated with spirits press it down again And therefore it arises from obstruction of the Nerves or from their being over-much softened or from some external Cause as by anointing with Quick-silver or other Application thereof There is a certain mixture of the Convulsion and tremblings which is called Spasmo-Tromois Shivering and shaking are motions of the body which happen in Feavers and Shivering and Shaking they are forerunners of the fits of Agues or of the Exacerbations of Feavers They happen also to such as have ripe Impostumes when the Impostum

dangerously sick and there upon warily to give their Aurum Potabile or som such other Medicine as a cordial and restorer of strength until Nature being freed from al disturbance of Physick begins to gather strength and then they take opportunity to give a gentle Vomit which Purges serous or such like Excrements up and down In very many Diseases Hippocrates saies 't is better to be quiet than to do any thing that is 't is better to leave the work to Nature than to give any Medicament And if the Physitian knew that he is the Servant and Assistant of Nature he would cure more Patients than he does See Valesius upon the 19. Text of Sect. 2. of the 6. Book of Hippocrates Epidemicks Sluggishness of the Belly and impurity of the Vessels brings al into confusion Hippocrates Chap. 24. Of the Liver THe Liver which is the Instrument of making Blood consists of a Substance Substance of the Liver It s Color proper to it self fitted and ordained to that end for it is like congealed blood and therefore red and the same color it imprints upon the blood howbeit the Liver of some Fishes is of another Color viz. green black yellow as Saffron in which Creatures the blood receives its red color by passing through the substance of the Heart But in Men and other living Creatures which have the two Veins distinct called Blood where and how made Porta and Cava the whol Mass of blood is wrought in the Liver but one part thereof less perfect than the rest is by the Vena Porta distributed among those Parts which serve to nourish the Body another part being conveighed by the Vena Cava is perfected in the Heart of which is made the Arterial blood which is distributed to al the parts and afterwards is transmitted into the Veins that so in a Circular motion it may pass again into the Heart that by its flux it may maintain the perpetual motion of the Heart as the Wheels of a Mil are continually turned about by force of the Wind or Water-fal Such blood is furnished to those parts which having sence and motion depend upon the Brain or Heart The Liver is a T. a. f. 10. 1. D. T. 4. f. 1. A B. □ scituate in the right Hypochondrium under the bastard or short Scituation of the Liver Bigness Ribs and fils with its bulk al that Cavity to the Sword-like Cartilage Somtimes it is so enlarged as to exceed those Natural Bounds and then it rests upon the Stomach reaching as far as the Spleen and descends three or four fingers breadth below the bastard or short Ribs which happens partly through relaxation of the bands wherewith it is bound to the Midrif and short Ribs partly through swelling of the Liver it self over loaded with Nutriment In Man-kind there is one single Liver which is not divided into Lobes or Fingers Number as in bruit Beasts yet there is a certain b T. 4. f. 5. C. □ Cleft to be seen where the Umbilical c f. 1. a. f. 5. B. T. 2. f. 10. G. □ Vein creeps into the Liver and many times two little Lobes or Laps are d T. 4. f. 4. A A. □ seated Lobes or laps under the greater ones somtimes there is only e f. 5. B. □ one which being hollowed receives the Trunk of Vena f f. 5. I. □ Porta which is included in a Duplication of the Omentum or Call that the Excrements of the Liver might be derived thither Although the Liver be one continued Substance yet Anatomists divide the same Two Regions of the Liver into two Regions the one superior and exterior the other inferior and internal The superior or upper is called the g f. 1. B. f. 4. A A. □ Gibbous or bunching part of the Liver the inferior is called the h f. 1. A. f. A A. □ hollow part of the Liver Into the upper Region the Vena Its Vessels i f. 4. D D. □ Cava sprinkles its Roots into the nether Region the Vena k f. 5. I. c. □ Porta sows abroad its Suckers Besides these Roots there are observable certain Branches of the Channel of Choler dispersed among the Roots of Vena Porta and certain little twigs of the Milky Veins which neer the Trunk of Porta do enter into the Cavity of the Liver m T. 9. f. 1. a a a a. □ l f. 15. H. □ It is the mind of Physitians that both these Regions ought diligently to be observed Diversity of the Regions to be observed in practice because in either of these Regions the morbifick matter may be contained which is diversly to be purged according as it possesses the one or other Region for as much as the bunching part of the Liver is purged by the Kidneys through the Vena Cava the hollow part is purged by the Guts by means of the Branches of Porta which are terminated in the Guts conveighing blood and the evil humors of the Liver I have seen Impostumes in the bunching part when the hollow part has not been at al tainted and on the other side I have seen the hollow part impostumated without any detriment to the bunching part Howbeit inasmuch as I cannot see those two Regions separated so much as by a Membrane I cannot beleeve that one part can be sick and the other sound unless the morbifick humor be contained within the Pipes of the little Veins Many Anatomists do affirm that the Roots of Vena Cava and Vena Porta do Whether the Roots of Cava and Po●●● are united in the liver meet together and are united one unto another by many Anastomoses others deny that there is any such Conjunction among which I willingly acknowledg my self for one and give my voyce on their side my Reasons I have els-where laid down and Nature would have it so that natural and vicious Humors might not be confusedly jumbled together in the Liver You shal observe how the Vein which is taken for Cava takes its rise out of How blood is distributed from the Liver the upper part of the Liver and is inserted into the Trunk of Cava neer the midrif that the Cava may forth with powr out the blood which it hath received from the Liver or rather transmit the same into the neighboring Heart scituate only two or three fingers breadths off and inclosed in the Pericardium which cleaveth circularly to the Nervous Centre of the Diaphragma whereby thou maiest perceive that the greater part of the blood goes into the right Ventricle of the Heart that it may become Arterial by a double Circulation Particular and General A double Circulation of the blood I cal that the particular Circulation which is made from the right Ventricle of the Heart through the midst of the Lungs so as that the blood comes again into the left Ventricle of the Heart The general

Epicurus contradicting aristotle maintaines as possible in the 8. Booke of Athenaeus his Deipnosophists Aldrovondus has observed that among Fowles the Estrich has solid bones void of marrow But in case a bone should be deprived of its Gristly Crust and of its periostean Membrane it is moved with difficulty and has no feeling at all If a bone become uneven and prominent so as to have bunches upon it it is termed Exostosis which is an effect and concomitant of the venereous pocks when it is of long standing and confirmed howbeit it may spring from some other cause Finally being depraued and mishapen or disjointed it hinders and mars the Action of the whole body or its parts and being divided in its substance it argues solution of Continuity by some cleft or fracture and although a broken bone by the mediation of a Callus becomes soddered together one the outside Yet does it still remaine divided within Chap. 4. Of the Nourishment Sence and Marrow of the Bones While the Bone did live and was nourished it had a twofold sustenance the one The remote matter that nourishes the Bones remote the other conjunct or immediate according to Aristotle in his Book of the parts of live-wights The remote Sustenance of the Bones is the thicker and more earthy part of the blood The next or immediate is the marrow or marrowy liquor which is contained in the hollownes and porositie of the bones Hippocrates in his The immediate matter Book de Alimento saies that the marrow is the Nutriment of the bones and therefore it is that they are Joined together or soddered up by a callus How can it be Whether the Bones have Veines may some man say that the blood should nourish the bones seeing they have no veines which are the channels to conveigh blood to all parts Hippocrates saies in his book de Ossium Natura that of all the bones the lower Jaw-bone alone has veines Galen indeed in his 8. Booke de Placitis attributes unto every bone a Veine greater or Lesser according to the Proportion of the Bones and in his Comment upon the first Booke of Humors he saies that there is a Vessel distributing blood allowed to every bone But he confesses in the last chapter of his 16. Booke de Vsu Partium that the veines of the Bones are so small and fine that thay are not so much as visible in the larger sort of Animals or Live-wights because nature according to the Necessity and Indigence of the Parts bestowes upon some greater upon other lesser Veines moreover the little holes which are found about the extremities of the bones Whether they have Arteries do manifestly declare that somwhat there is which goes into the said Bones now their is nothing goes into the bones but little Veines If we beleive Platerus the Arteries doe no where enter into the bones seeing the spirits can easily penetrate Or Nerves into any of the bones without the service of the Arteries to carry them Neither do I conceive that there are little nerves diffused through the substance of the Bones to give them the sense of feeling because all the feeling they are capable of is by means of the periostean Membrane which does incompass them Nevertheles Nicolas Massa call's God to witnes that he saw a Man who had an ulcer in his thigh so that the bone was bare in which bone there was a sence of paine so that he could not endure to have it touched with a rough instrument in regard of the paines it caused and it was freed from the periostean Membrane Yea and he bored the bone and found that it had the sense of feeling within the same which he therefore thought good to declare that Anatomists might be moved to consider whether some branches of nerves do not Penetrate into the substance of the bones ● Threefold Marrow of the Bones We canot looke into the Cavities and Marrowes of the Bones unles they be first broken I observe a threefold Cavity of the bones and a threefold marrow In the greater Cavites of the larger Bones the Marrow is reddish in the lesser Cavities of the smaller bones the marrow is white In the spungy bones there is contained a marrowy Liquor In the meane while you shall observe that the marrow within the Cavity of the Whether the Marrow of the Bones be compast with a Membrane Bones is compassed with no membrane neither is it made sensible by any little nerves penetrating the substance of the bone as Paraeus does imagine Hippocrates himselfe in his Booke de Principlis was the first that noted this The Marrow of the Back-bone is not like that marrow which is in other Bones for it alone has membranes which no other marrow has besides it Chap. 5. Of Articulations or Jointings of the Bones LET us proceed to the Joinings-together of the Bones To the Articulation of the Bones there concurs an Head There does concur to the Articulations of the Bones the Head the Cavitie the Gristle the Flegmatic moisture and the Ligament Every Head is in its owne nature and original an Epiphysis but in process of time it degenerates into an apophysis The Head is within of a Light spungie and porous substance being filled with blood or with a marrowy Juyce on the outside it is covered with a very hard shell or bark very thin and compact which is crusted over with a smooth and polished Gristle Now the Head of a Bone is a T. 21. f 1. d d. f 4. a. □ great and long or short and flat which is termed b T 21. f 1. 2. I I. □ Candylos The Cavity of the Bone which receives the Head is also crusted over with a Gristle A cavity which if it be deep it is called in Greek a T 21. f 4. B. □ Cotyle if shallow 't is called b T 21. f 4 F. □ Glene It is somtimes encreased with a Gristlie brim lest the bones should too easily slip A Gristle aside and fal out of their places And in the Cavities themselves there is contained a clammy thick and Oyly A flegmatick Humor Pituitous Humor to procure a more easie and expeditious motion of the Bones so we grease the Axle-trees of Coaches and Carts that the wheels may turn more easily and quickly Through want of the foresaid Humor in such as have the consumption and are extreamly dried while they go and stir their Limbs one may hear as it were their bones knock one against another and rattle in their Skins As is proved by a memorable History recorded by Symphorianus Campegius in the Medicinal Histories of Galen and as I my self have often times seen Now that the bones might be so knit together as to make a Joynt there is need A Ligament of a Ligament or Band whose substance is broad and round its color white or bloody such as is the round Ligament which fastens

3. Of the Inferior Limbs 213 Chap. 4. In what places Issues are commonly made 214 Chap. 5. Of Veins usually opened 215 Chap. 6. Of the Arteries which are opened 217 Chap. 7. Of the Muscles and first of the Forehead Muscles 218 Chap. 8. Muscles of the hinder part of the Head ibid. Chap. 9. Muscles of the Eye-lids ibid. Chap. 10. Muscles of the Eyes 219 Chap. 11. Muscles of the external Ear. ibid. Chap. 12. Muscles of the Nose 220 Chap. 13. Muscles of the Lips ibid. Chap. 14. Muscles of the lower Jaw 221 Chap. 15. Of the muscles of the Os Hyoides ibid. Chap. 16. Muscles of the Tongue 222 Chap. 17. Muscles of the Larynx ibid. Chap. 18. Muscles of the Pharynx ibid. Chap. 19. Muscles of the Gargareon Vvula or Mouth Pallate 223 Chap. 20. Muscles of the Head ibid. Chap. 21 Muscles of the Neck 224 Chap. 22. Muscles of the Shoulder-blades ibid. Chap. 23. Muscles of the Arm 225 Chap. 24. Muscles of the Cubit ibid. Chap. 25. Muscles of the Radius 226 Chap. 26. Muscles of the Wrist 227 Chap. 27. Muscles of the Palm of the Hand ibid. Chap. 28. Muscles of the Fingers 228 Chap. 29. Muscles of the Thumb 229 Chap. 30. Muscles of Chest 230 Chap. 31. Of the Midrif 231 Chap. 32. Muscles of the Back and Loyns wherewith the Back-bone is moved ib. Chap. 33. Muscles of the Belly 232 Chap. 34. Of the motion of the Ilium Bones and Os Sacrum joyned together ibid. Chap. 35. Muscles of the Testicles ibid. Chap. 36. The Bladders Muscle ibid. Chap. 37 Muscles of the Yard 233 Chap. 38. Muscles of the Clytoris ibid. Chap. 39. Muscles of the Fundament ib. Chap. 40. Muscles of the Thigh ibid. Chap. 41. Muscles of the Leg. 235 Chap. 42. Muscles of the Feet 236 Chap. 43 Muscles of the Toes 238 Chap. 44. Muscles of the great Toe 239 Chap. 45. An Introduction to the Art of Muscular Dissection shewing an accurate Method to cut up the Muscles of the whol Body ibid. The Frontal Muscle 228 The Orbicular muscle of the Eye-lids ibid. Muscles of the Lips ibid. Muscles of the Nose ibid. The Temporal Muscle 241 The Masseter Muscle ibid. The Parotick Kernels ibid. The muscles of the Ears ibid. The muscles of the Eye ibid. ` Muscles seated in the Neck 242 Muscles of the Larynx Pharynx and Gargareon 243 The muscles of the hinder part of the Head and Neck 244 Muscles of the Arm 245 Next thereunto is the Rotundus minor ibid. Muscles scituate upon the Back and Loyns ibid. Muscles of the Breast 246 Muscles of the Cubit ibid. Muscles of the Radius the Wrists the Fingers and the Thumb 247 Muscles of the Abdomen or Belly 248 Muscles of the Yard 250 Muscles of the Fundament ibid. The Bladder muscle 251 Muscles of the Clytoris ibid. Muscles of the Thigh ibid. Muscles of the Leg 253 Muscles of the Tarsus 254 Chap. 46. Of the Veins Arteries and Nerves belonging to the Limbs ibid. The Medicinal Consideration 258 The Sixt Book A New Osteologia or History of the Bones Wherein he treats of the Bones Ligaments and Gristles of the whol Body by which the Frame of the Body is compacted together the Muscles being removed handling all the Diseases and Symptomes which happen unto the Bones 260 CHAP. 1. 260 Chap. 2. Of the great profit of this new Osteology or Doctrine of the Bones 261 Chap. 3. What is to be observed in the bones of a dead Body not boyled 262 Chap. 4. Of the Nourishment Sence and and Marrow of the Bones 263 Chap. 5. Of Articulations or joyntings of the Bones ibid. The Medicinal Consideration 265 Chap. 6. Of the bones of the Skull 267 The Medicinal Consideration 270 Chap. 7. Of the inferior Jaw-bone ibid. Chap. 8. Of the Teeth ibid. Chap. 9. Of the Bone Hyoides and of the Ligaments 271 Chap. 10. Of the Heads motion and Ligaments 272 Chap. 11. Of the inside of the Ear ibid. Chap. 12. Of the Clavicula 273 Chap. 13. Of the Breast-bone ibid. Chap. 15. Of the Ribs 275 Chap. 16. Of the Back-bone ibid. The Medicinal Consideration 277 Chap. 16. Of the Scapula 278 Chap. 17. Of the Humerus Cubitus and Radius 280 Chap. 18. Of the Wrist 281 Chap. 19. Of the Metacarpium Fingers and Sesamoidean Bones ibid. Chap. 20. Of the Os Ilium and Thigh-bone 282 Chap. 21. Of the Patella 284 Chap. 22. Of the Tibia and Fibula 285 Chap. 23. Of the Foot ibid. Chap. 24. The number of Bones for a Sceleton ibid. Chap. 25. Of breaking the bones ibid. Chap. 26. The Collection and ordering of Bones for a Sceleton 287 THE FIRST BOOK OF ANATOMY AND PHYSICK OF John Riolanus Chap. 1. The Intent of the Author is declared ANatomy is considered and handled two waies Philosophically The Consideration of Anatomy is Philosophical and Physically Galen Lib. 1. Anat. The Philosopher searcheth out the structure of the Parts their action and use that he may know himself that the * Work-master may be admired in his * Viz. God work and therefore the knowledg of the Parts alone does content him But the Physitian besides the Physical knowledg of this brings al into a Practical way and searcheth after the Natural dispositions of every Part that so by veiwing the Anatomy of the Carkases of sound and sick men he may more easily know the accidents against Nature which happen to those Parts in such as are alive By Dispositions against Nature is to be understood Diseases whose generation and end whether it wil be good or bad the way and manner of Curing he that would know exactly must be skilled both in Philosophical and Physical Both which are necessary ● Anatomy and I dare boldly affirm that he wil be an abler and more skilful Phisitian that is wel skiled in this Anatomy than he that contents himself with the bare knowledg of the Parts This manner of shewing and teaching Anatomy is new but gives great light is wonderful necessary for a Phisitian and I wil lay it down intermixed with the order of Anatomy in al the Parts and shew particularly in every Part what profit wil thereby redound unto a Phisitian in his Practice And seeing the Natural Constitution of every Part which Hippocrates cals Euphuian and is commonly called Health is three-fold Similar Organical and common The Preternatural Constitution of the Parts called Sickness must likewise be three-fold and make three kinds of Diseases Viz. A Disease of the Similar a Disease of the Organical Parts and a Disease common to both The Similar Constitution according to Nature consists in Substance and Temper The Organical Constitution which pertains to the construction of the Organ is placed in number Magnitude Scituation and shape or Conformation which Conformation is again divided into Figure Passage Cavity Roughness and smoothness The common Constitution of Similar and Organical Parts consists in Vnion and Connexion This three-fold Natural Constitution I wil declare in al

have different blood in them the Vena Cava did spring from the Heart as the Vena Porta takes its rise from the Liver and that two sorts of blood were contained in those Veins though both of those sorts are labored and wrought in the Liver the one of these sorts of blood being sent into the Porta the other by a branch rooted in the Liver twice as smal as the Trunk of Vena Cava carried unto the Heart What kind of blood is circulated The blood which is contained in the Vena Porta is not circulated although it have a flux and reflux within its own Channels and communicate with the Caeliacal Arteries which are joyned one to another by mutual Anastomoses Within those Vessels the blood may pass to and fro reciprocally but it does not run out according to the longitude of the body neither is it in such a sense circulated In what Vessels And therefore the Circulation which is made in the Heart does borrow its matter from the Liver by the Vena Cava The Circulatory Vessels are the Aorta and Cava neither do their branches receive that Circulation because the blood being shed into al the parts of the second and third Region does remain there to nourish the said parts neither does it flow back unto the greater Vessels unless it be revelled by force when there is great want of blood in the larger Vessels or when it is stimulated into some violent motion and so flows unto the greater Circulatory Vessels After what manner And so the blood which is brought from the Liver unto the right Ventricle of the Heart does pass through the Partition wall of the two Ventricles into the left Ventricle I confess that in a violent Circulation the blood is carried through the Lungs unto How the circulation is performed the left ventricle of the Heart where it is forcibly ejected into the Aorta that it may afterwards be carried into the greater Veins of the Limbs which communicate by mutual Anastomoses with the Arteries and then from the Veins it flows up into the right Ventricle of the Heart and so there is made a perfect Circulation by the continual flux and reflux of the blood So that the blood in the Veins does naturally and perpetually ascend or return unto the Heart the blood of the Arteries naturally and continually descends or departs from the Heart Howbeit if the smaller Veins of the Arms aud Legs shal be emptied of blood the blood of the Veins may descend to succeed in the place of that which is taken away as I have cleerly demonstrated against Harvey and Walaeus No man can deny the mutual Anastomoses of the Veins and Arteries seeing that Galen has said it and demonstrated the same by Experiments and our dayly Experience confirms the same Hippocrates himself in his third Book of the Joynts takes notice of this communion of the Veins and Arteries in a Discourse by it self How necessary the circulation of the blood is You see how necessary it is for the blood to circulate that the motion of the Heart may not cease and how this Circulation may be performed without confusion and perturbation of the Humors and without destroying the Ancient Art of Healing And therefore the Circular motion of the blood is necessary to continue the motion of the heart as in Mils the Water must perpetually fal upon the Wheel to make it turn about also to warm again and restore the strength of the blood The Vtility thereof which is decayed by the loss of Spirits dispersed up and down the body whereas in the Heart it is refurnished with new Spirits and that the Heart being the Fountain of Native Heat may be moistened with a perpetual Dew lest by little and little it should parch and wither away for want of that dewy moisture or Life-giving Nectar By the Circulation of the blood in the Heart the Causes of Life and Death are more easily declared than by the Humidum Primigenium or Original Moisture bred in the Heart when the Child is formed which is so little that it is soon consumed and the perpetual motion of the Heart continuing day and night without ceasing would at length wear away the Substance of the Heart unless by a perpetual flowing in of the circulated blood it were moistened and repaired Whether the Heart and Arteries are moved at the same time Howbeit we must hold that the Heart and Arteries do move by Course one after another not being moved at the same instant with the same kind of motion but taking their turns and performing their work interchangably for when the Heart sends out the blood the Arteries receive it and transmit it into the Veins not that which is expelled the same instant but that which is neerest the Veins This being granted these parts must of necessity be moved one after another and the swelling motion of the Artery when it rises under our Finger is dilatation or widening and not contraction although it seem very like the pulse which the Heart makes when it contracts it self Having explained the Circulation of the Blood we must now open the Heart The right Ventricle of the Heart which you shal see divided into two Ventricles by the Septum Medianum or a T. 11. f. ☉ D D. □ Middle Partition The one is termed the b f. ☉ C C. f. 3. D D. f. 4. C C. □ Right Ventricle being the wider and softer The other the c f. ☉ B. f. 5. C C. f. 6. D D. □ Left being harder narrower and compassed with a thicker wal reaching as far as the Cone or Point of the Heart which the Right does not The Right Ventricle receives the Vena d f. 1. C. f. ♃ E. □ Cava and the Vena e f. 2. E E G. f. 4. A. T. 12. f. 3. all □ Arteriosa The Its Vessels Cava pours blood into the Heart the Vena Arteriosa carries back all or a part thereof into the Lungs To the Orifices of the Cava are adjoyned certain three-pointed f T. 11. f. 3. C C C. □ Valves or Their Valves Shutters which hinder the going back of the blood The Orifice of the Vena Arteriosa is compassed with three Valves or Shutters shaped like an old fashioned g f. 4. B B B. □ Greek Sigma which hinder the reflux of the blood The Left Ventricle receives two Arterial Vessels the a T. 11. f. 1. M. f. 2. C. f. 5. A. □ Aorta and the Arteria b f. 2. H H. f. 6. A. T. 1. e. f. 6. all □ Venosa Which latter according to the Doctrine of some Anatomists carries The left Ventricle of the Heart Its Vessels blood from the Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart or carries Air prepared in the Lungs into the said Ventricle and likewise carries back fuliginous Vapors howbeit many do not allow the said use

placed before al other parts we shal consider of them in the way of a new kind of Osteologia or History of the Bones which is no less ● necessary than the doctrine of the Skelleton of the Bones Having therefore explained and demonstrated the softerparts of the Body by way of Analysis I proceed to the last and more solid parts thereof which according to the Synthetick method or order of composition are the first such as are the Bones which are now otherwise considered than when they are boiled and dried and so demonstrated Chap. 2 Of the great Profit of this new Osteologie or Doctrine of the Bones THere is a two-fold Doctrine of the Bones one is demonstrated in dried Bones The Doctrine of Bones demonstrated in a dead body is better more necessary which have been prepared by boyling the other is shewed in the Bones of the Body whiles they remain naturally fastened one unto another Both these Doctrines are useful in the Art of Healing and for such as would have a perfect knowledg in the Body of Man For in the dried Bones in which commonly this Doctrine is taught nothing is learned saving the external shape posture and composition or frame of one with For the perfect knowledg of Mans Body another But a diligent observation of the Bones while they are knit and fastened one unto another is more conducing to practice Because the fastenings of the Bones one unto another by Gristles and Ligaments also by the several sorts of Articulation or joynting are in some dried Bones quite different from what they are in such as be moist for in dried Bodies you would think that some Cavities are hollow and Cup-fashioned the Cavities being empty and bereaved of their Cartilages which notwithstanding appear shallow in a fresh Body the Cavities being full of Gristles and contrary-wise you would in a Skeleton say that some Cavities And are shallow which are deep in a fresh Body the hollowness being encreased by a Gristle brim Moreover The external Conformation and Quality of the Bones is more evidently discerned in the Bones of a Carkass which loses much in Bones that are prepared by boyling as for example the Gristly incrustations of the extremities the Membrane which is about the Bones and the Mucous or slimy substance lodged between the Bones also the internal substance or Marrow or Marrowish Juyce are manifestly discovered in the Bones of a fresh Body which are not at all in dry and withered Bones And therefore in respect to the Practice of Physick and the Cure of vitiated For the Practice of Physick bones and such as are broken or out of Joynt it is necessary diligently to look into and carefully to axamine in a dead Body the Natural Conformation of the Bones and their conjunction one with another I do not dislike the use of dried Bones to teach and demonstrate the vulgar Osteology or Doctrine of bones at Than the Vulgar which we must begin as we have done in this Treat●e provided the Demonstration of the bones in a dead Body be afterward added to the former For by this Repetition and Representation of the bones we shal imitate the Order Where notwithstanding we ought to begin and Design of Nature which in the Generation of the Parts of our Body is wont in the first place to form the bones but she finishes and perfects them after al other parts for they grow as long as the body encreases according to Aristotle And if we beleeve Hippocrates in the Sixt Book of his Epidemicks Women have their Courses til their bones have attained their utmost perfection Chap. 3. What is to be observed in the Bones of a dead Body not boyled The Natural Constitution of a Bone in what it cosists IN the first place you shal observe the Natural Constitution of the Bone that you may discern the fault of a bone which is out of Order A bone in a living Body naturally disposed ought to be 1. Hard to procure the bodies stability 2. It ought to be Oyly without because it is nourished 3. It must be covered with the Periostean Membrane that it may have sence for if it lose the Periostium it becomes senceless 4. It must be white tinctured with a moderate redness because it is a Spermatick part and is nourished with the dewy vapor of the blood 5. It must be hollow or spongy that it may continue the substance of Marrow or a Marrowy Liquor to nourish it self withal 6. It must be at the ends crusted with Gristles 7. It must be anointed as it were with an oyly moisture to facilitate its motion 8. It must have a continued and even substance And therefore you shal know that a Bone is misaffected if it be soft as Ruellius In what the preternatural Fernelius and Hollerius have observed that in some persons the Bones of their Bodies were by sickness become so soft and flexible that you might bend them which way you pleased like wax Aristotle in the third book of his History of Animals saies that bones are not flexible neither are they apt to split but only subject to break Scaliger in his commentary adds I have seen the thigh bone by reason of the venerious disease or by use of I know not what medicaments bowed like an horne Geographers write that in a Country of Ethiopia the inhabitants have naturally from their birth bodies so flexible that they can turne and wind them into any posture I have red in Hippocrates of a boy that was borne without bones haveing the Principal parts of his body otherwise distinct Forestus saw a boy made after the same manner in some of his members Wherefore if a bone shal be drie without it declares a distemperature of the part if it be white it argues want of heat if red inflammation if black rottenness and blasting If a bone be sensible there is some secret fault in its substance or in its periostean membrane If it be solid and concrete without cavities or parts it renders the body heavie and sluggish and can containe no marrow Plinie relates that there are some that lived having solid bones and without marrow which are very rare and are termed Cornei The signe of such a Constitution is never to thirst and never to sweat They are called Cornei from the Cornel or Dog-tree because the male Cornel has no pith or marrow See Rhodiginus Such a one the Syracusian Lygdamus is reported to have been who in the three and thirteth Olymp●ade was the first who at the Olympick Games became Victor at all Exercises and won the Paneratian Crowne his bones were found to have no marrow in them as Solinus relates in his 4 Chapter Antigonus in his Book of wonders Chap. 8 Writes that the bones of a Lion are so solid that you may strike fire out of them as out of a flint Howbeit Columbus denies that such bones are void of marrow Which