the Liver is boyl'd There lye hid in it many Kernels out of which the Lymphatic Vessels break forth VI. Malpigius who has examin'd the substance and inner parts of the Liver most accurately by his Microscopes l. de hep c. 2. has observ'd many things unheard of and hitherto altogether undiscover'd 1. That the substance of the Liver in a Man consists of little Lobes which shew forth a heap of Clusters and are cloath'd with their own enfolding Membrane and strengthen'd by membranous Knots continued athwart so that there may be observ'd middle spaces and little small chinks between the sides of the Lobes 2. That the whole Mass of the Liver consists of glandulous Balls and several Roots of Vessels and hence that they may all cooperate for the common good there is a necessity of an intercourse between the Vessels and these Glandules 3. That the Branches of the Vessels of the Porta Vena Cava and Porus Biliarius in an equal number through all the small Lobes and that the Roots of the Vena Portae supply'd the place of Arteries and that there is such a Correspondence between the Porta and the Porus Biliarius that both their little Branches are closely contain'd under the same Covering 4. That the Roots of the said Vessels are not joyn'd together by way of Anastomoâ—…is but that the glandulous Balls constituting the chief substance of the Liver are in the middle between the Vessels that bring and carry by means whereof those that carry infuse their liquor into those that bring From which Observations he concludes that the Liver is a conglomerated or cluster'd glandule separating the Choler and this Ibid. cap. 3. he endeavours to prove by several Reasons And because this is proper to conglomerated Glandules that besides the Arteries Veins and Nerves they enjoy their own proper emptying Vessel as is apparent in the Parotides Sweetbread and others which is dispers'd through their Substance and extracting and carrying off the design'd Humour he asserts this Vessel in the Liver to be the Porus Biliarius with the Gall Bag. Most certainly these new Observations of the famous Malpigius dispel many Hepatic Obscurities and lighten us to the inmost knowledge of the Liver For formerly there was no question made but Choler was generated in the Liver but how it came to be separated from the Blood was not known but now by the Observations of this quick-sighted Artist it appears to be done by the small Kernels and glandulous Balls lying up and down * VII But tho' Malpigius by reason of these new Golden Inventions seems unwilling to call the Liver a Bowel for the future but rather a conglomerated or cluster'd Glandule yet I beseech him to grant us this liberty that we may still for a while call it a Bowel lest by too sudden a change of the name we should render our Discourse obscure especially among those who never heard of this Denomination before VIII In the mean time the Condition of the unfortunate Liver is to be lamented as being that which formerly was call'd the Principal Bowel and by Galen seated in the highest Throne of Sanguisication and there has been worship'd for many Ages by the common consent of Physic yet that in these our times it should be torn and depos'd from its Throne and despoil'd of all its Soveraignty nay that it should be said to be dead and therefore be buried and only remembred with an Ironical Epitaph by Bartholine and yet contrary to the expectation of all men like a Silkworm chang'd into a Butterflie so metamorphos'd into a pitiful conglomerated Glandule be beholding to a miserable resurrection in that likeness IX The Colour of the Liver obvious to sight which is ruddy is not peculiar to it by reason of its frame and composition but accidental by reason of the copious quantity of Blood infus'd into it through the Vena Portae as by the following Experiment of Glissons may appear The proper Colour of it is pale slightly inclining to yellow which however it seems to be a tincture which it receives from the Choler passing through it and hence it is that Malpigius ascribes to it a white Colour X. By reason of the vast quantity of Blood that flows to it the temperament of it is hot and moist and by its heat it cherishes and comforts the Stomach XI It is incompass'd with a thin Membrane arising from the Peritonaeum that girds the Diaphragma and rolls it self back about the Liver XII It hangs as it were strictly fasten'd above through all its Circumference to the Diaphragma with a broad membranous strong Ligament arising from the Peritonaeum where it adheres to the joynted Cartilage Erroneously therefore wrote Spigelius that it is distant a fingers breadth from the Diaphragma This Ligament is not only fasten'd to the outermost Membrane of the Liver but constitutes it and to the end it may sustain the weight of so large a Bowel without the hazard of breaking it descends toward the inner parts of it and is fasten'd to the common sheath or swath of the Branch of the Vena Portae where the Navel Vein adjoyns to it To this broad Ligament is joyn'd another peculiar round and strong Ligament springing also from the Peritonaeum where the Liver is joyn'd upon the right and left side to the Diaphragma But this Ligament we have seen more than once wanting in Men and for the most part is not to be found in Beasts and there some Dissecters of Beasts that have not seen many Dissections of Human Bodies from their Dissection of Brutes believ'd that Ligament to be frequently wanting in Men. Below it is fasten'd to the Abdomen by the Navel Ligament that is the Navel Vein cut off after the Birth and chang'd into a Ligament by which the massie Bowel is kept fast in its place and hinder'd from ascending higher with the Diaphragma XIII It also adheres to other neighbouring Parts as the Vena Cava and Vena Portae the Omentum c. Which Ligaments however do not hold it in its hanging Posture XIV By these Ligaments altho' the Liver be fix'd in its place yet is it not so straightly ty'd but that it may be mov'd with Convenience enough in Respiration upwards and downwards and in the Motion of the Body to the Right or Left or in any other Posture as Necessity requires XV. It admits into it four very small Nerves two from the sixth Pair a third from the Stomach Pair and a fourth from the Costal Pair to which the obtuse Sense or Feeling of that Membrane or Tunicle only that involves it is attributed for they do not seem to penetrate into the inner Substance of it However Galen 4. de us part c. 23. 3. de loc affect c. 3. 4. has observ'd two notable Nerves which accompany the Vena Portae enter the Parenchyma It wanted not bigger nor more inward Nerves as that which needed not to feel and
when they spurted in any black Liquor with a Syringe into the Root of the Carotid Artery they observ'd that black Liquor to pass through innumerable Arterious Veiny Branches till it flow'd at length into those Hollownesses and out of them into the Jugular Veins Bauhinus and Veslingius also write That certain little Pipes belonging to the Hollownesses run out between the Veins and Arteries into the Substance of the Meninxes and the Brain Walaeus also observing the wider Orifices of certain small Vessels open into the Hollownesses and that the ends of the small Arteries could not possibly be so wide believes that these small Pipes meet by Anastomosis with the Extremities of the Arteries dispersed through the Meninxes and the Brain and so receive from them the Blood remaining after nourishment of the Parts and empty it into the Hollownesses Which Anastomosis Highmore figures out with egregious big Lines in his 18th Table of his 3d. Book But Walaeus does not consider that the Orifices of the little Arteries gaping into the Hollownesses are not wide but very small and that the Vessels which open into them with wider Orifices are Veins which running large and numerous through the Meninx empty themselves into the Hollownesses So that there is no necessity to feign any small Pipes produc'd from the Hollownesses when our Eye-sight plainly tells us that those Arteries and Veins reach with their Extremities and open into the Hollownesses without the help of any small Pipes Into these Hollownesses therefore the Blood which remains after nourishment of the Meninxes and Brain empties it self through the Vein and that which seeks to flow in greater quantity into those parts through the Arteries and thither also flows the Blood redundant in the Choroides Fold through the Vein which sometimes streight sometimes forked runs between the middle Fold in the third Ventricle above the Pine-Apple-Kernel which Vein Galen calls the Vein that rises from no other Vein and ascends through the fourth Hollowness into the upper large Hollowness and thence by and by into the two lateral Hollownesses toward the Mastoides Excrescencies or the Basis of the hinder part of the Head to return from thence into the innermost Branches of the Jugular Vein immediately united and continuous to them and so to the Heart Now by means of that Blood being forc'd through the Orifices of the small Arteries into the Hollownesses it comes to pass that in the Cranium of a living Animal there is observ'd to be a manifest Pulsation in the uppermost large Hollowness which may be easily try'd in the Head of a Calf or Pig newly calv'd or farrow'd But because those Hollownesses are very wide hence the Blood which is pour'd into them and forc'd forward by the pulsations of the small Arteries by and by flows to the lower parts which is the reason that the uppermost larger Hollowness together with the two lateral Hollownesses are found for the most part empty without any Blood or containing very little and very seldom full of Blood which nevertheless we have frequently observ'd in People that were hang'd Hence it appears how grosly Lautenbergius is mistaken who believes the Animal Spirits to be generated in those Hollownesses as also Kypâ—…r who writes That the Blood is ventilated and refrigerated in them for the more commodious Uses of the Brain and more commodious Generation of Animal Spirits X. The other Membrane endu'd with an exquisite Sense of Feeling and furnish'd with several small Arteries and Veins is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tenuis Meninx and Pia Mater or the Thin Meninx and Holy Mother so call'd because it is extream thin and slender and like a tender and pious Mother immediately and softly enfolds the Brain and its Parts and prevents them from spreading abroad and also more profoundly involves and mantles its Cells and Turnings and so renders the exterior Superficies of the Brain as it were plain and smooth Which upper Connexion being loosned the Windings and Meanders as being cloath'd with this Meninx might be easily unfolded and separated From this thin Meninx proceeds also an extraordinary thin Membrane investing the innermost Ventricles of the Brain IX This Membrane is interwoven wiâ—…h wonderful and numerous Folds of small Vessels or little Nets penetrating to the innermost of the Kernels of the Rind of the Brain and rising from the Carotid and Cervical Arteries joyn'd together to and again with mutual Closures to the end that for the better nourishment of the great Bowel the Brain and the Confection of Animal Spirits plenty of Blood might flow from all parts through these innumerable Conduits Willis writes that he has observ'd several little Kernels interspac'd between these Folds of the Vessels which he says may be easily perceiv'd in a moister or Hydropic Brain though hardly visible in others But without doubt those Glandules here observ'd by Willis were some Kernels of the Rind it self of the Brain which swelling with serous Liquor and rising outward seem'd to him to be peculiar Kernels interspac'd between the Folds The Marrow or Pith of the Brain extended to the end of the Back-bone and all the Nerves proceeding from it receive a double Tunicle from these Meâ—…inxes which being defended and preserv'd they run forward to the several Parts for which they are appointed CHAP. V. Of the Brain I. THE Coverings being taken off we come to the Brain in Latin CEREBRUM by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is the general Organ of Sence by means whereof the Soul which is the Princess and Governess of the Body performs all the Functions of the inward and outward Senses and voluntary Motion For here she sits and judges of the Sensations of the sensitive Parts and from hence as from a Fountain she communicates to all the sensitive Parts of the Body the Rays of all her Benignity the Animal Spirits begot in the Brai through the Channels or Rivulets of the Nerves and by them supplies to every one a Faculty to perform the Animal Actions II. Here in the first place some there are who raise a Question Whether the Brain be a Bowel or a Real Kernel And whether to be reckon'd among the number of the Bowels Hippocrates seems to have reckon'd it among the Kernels For says he the Brain is bigger than the rest of the Kernels as if he meant that the Brain were the biggest Kernel Wharton says it is a difficult thing to allow it any proportion common to the rest of the Bowels and therefore excludes it out of the number With Wharton also Malpigius seems to agree Others with Plato have plac'd it among the Marrows by reason of its Friability its Softness and its being surrounded with Bones though it differ from the Marrow of the Bones neither does it take fire as that does But they are all under Mistake who number it among the Kernels or the Marrow seeing that both the diversity of the Substance and Structure plainly shew that
infus'd by God and governing all the Animal Actions of the whole Body and yet be able to perceive all those things which are done in the extream parts in the least space of a moment even in the very point of time they are acted Moreover they do not believe the Seat of the Rational Soul to be so small in Man and yet in Brutes which are destitute of that Soul to be three times as big Furthermore they cannot apprehend why the Seat of the Soul should not be ascrib'd as well to the Heart as to the Brain seeing that all the Motions of the Animal Spirits and the Brain it self proceed from the Heart which when it ceases to beat all the Animal Actions fail as it happens in a Syncope and in Wounds of the Ventricles of the Heart Concerning this Matter in our Age sharp and furious have been the Contests on both sides as if they were contending for the safety of their Country and daily most terrible Paper-Disputes arise eager indeed and vehement but vain and frivolous by which the Minds of young People are more disturb'd than taught But setting aside these unprofitable Contests let us enquire into the more sensible Action of the Brain it self III. Aristotle teaches us that the Office of the Brain is to temper the heat of the Heart Which Opinion though most reject Spigelius nevertheless endeavors to assert it for Rational Galen attributes to the Brain the Office of generating and making Animal Spirits With whom most of the Modern Philosophers agree For this is most certain that the Animal Actions are not at the first hand perform'd by the Brain it self but by the Animal Spirits made in the Brain by means of which the Soul in well dispos'd Organs executes its Actions and so the Brain is the Instrument which generates those Spirits These Spirits Zabarel Argenterius Helmont Deusingius and some others as well Physitians as Philosophers confound with the vital Spirits and affirm that they differ from them not in Specie but only in certain Accidents and therefore it is that Spigelius says Not that there is here a certain mutation of the vital Spirits which destroys their whole nature but only a certain alteration of the Temperament Eâ—…t agrees with Spigelius and supports his Opinion with these three Arguments 1. The Birth both feels and is mov'd in the Womb without the aid of any Animal Spirit in regard that no Maternal Nerve runs to the Birth 2. A most subtil Spirit cannot be made in a cold Brain and full of mucous Filth for Cold stupifies the Spiriâ—…s and hinders their Actions 3. The Nerves themselves derive their Life and Heaâ—… from the Arteries which are conspicuously diffus'd through them To these Arguments others add one more that the most subtil Spirits never descend to the lower parts but always tend upwards and exhale and hence although there should be allow'd any Animal Spirits to be so subtil they would never descend into the Nerves but would always fly upwards through the Pores But though these things seem specious enough at a distance yet they neither prove nor confirm the said Sentence To the First I answer That the Birth in the Womb is neither mov'd with an Animal Motion nor feels until the first delineaments of the Brains and Nerves are arriv'd and increas'd to such a Bulk Firmness and Perfection that the Brain may be able to generate Animal Spirits sufficient and that those Spirits may be conveniently convey'd to the sensitive and moving parts and because it requires some Months to attain that perfection therefore the Birth does not move it self until the Woman have gone out half her time that is about the fourth Month and a half For what Spirits are generated before that time are very few and weak and the rest of the Parts themselves of the Body unapt for Motion or Sence Nor does the Motion of the Birth proceed nor is it perform'd by the Spirits or Maternal Nerves running to it of which there are none that enter the Birth but by the Spirits and Nerves generated in it self To the Second I say that there is no considerable Magnitude requir'd for the making of Animal Spirits but rather a Mediocrity of Heat such as is sufficient in the Brain though it be much less than in the other parts And there is a necessity for that lesser Heat which they call Cold to asswage the Heat of the Arterious Blood and in some measure to thicken its Volatile sulphurous Spirits that so the Animal Spirit may separate it self more pure from the salt Particles and may flow into the Nerves no longer beset with superfluity of viscous Vapors Moreover it is to be understood that although the Brain be said to be colder than other parts yet that it is not absolutely cold only that the Temper of it is less hot than of many other parts and that the proper confirmation of it is such as is most fit for the generation of Spirits Lastly the natural Temper of the Brain inclining to Cold is not such as stupifies the Spirits nor renders them unapâ—… to perform their Actions in the Parts but its preternatural cold Temper excluding the Blood and natural Heat by a too close constriction of the Pores is the cause that for want of convenient Matter few Spirits are generated therein and that those already generated with great difficulty and in small quantity flow through the streightned Pores and Nerves Which is the Reason that then the Actions fail by degrees not because the Actions are stupify'd as is vulgarly believ'd but because very few are generated flow into the parts For the Spirits endure no Stupefaction for Drowsiness is nothing else but a rest of the Actions in the Sensory Organs by reason of the scarcity of the Animal Spirits To the Third I answer that although the Brain and Nerves are nourish'd with Arterious Blood it does not thence follow that the Animal Spirits generated in the Brain are nothing different from the Blood and Vital Spirits generated in the Heart and carry'd through the Arteries for the nourishment of the Parts for this is as much as if a man should say The Stomach is nourish'd by the Arterious Blood generated out of the Chylus therefore the Chylus concocted therein is nothing different from the Blood Or thus The Heart changes the Chylus into Blood therefore the Blood which is generated therein is nothing different from the Chylus Or thus The Bread is turn'd into Chylus and the Chylus into Blood therefore the bread differs nothing either from the Chylus or the Blood To the Last I say That the Animal Spirits would easily exhale out of the Brain and Pith unless they were there with-held in their cool Work-house which hinders their sudden Exhalation and would flow into the Nerves which are of a firmer Substance and thus all Chymical Spirits are best kept close in cool Vessels and hinder'd from exhaling Moreover that they would not descend
of those Nerves are in all the Parts of the Body which serve for the Organ of any Sense and these Strings may be most easily mov'd by the Objects of those Senses But when they are mov'd never so little presently they attract the Parts of the Brain from whence they derive their Original and at the same time open the Passages of some Pores in the foremost Superficies of the Brain Whence the Animal Spirits taking their Course and carried through the same into the Nerves and Muscles stir up Motions altogether like to those with which we also are excited our Senses being affected after the same manner Here the two former Opinions seem to be joyned together by the most excellent Philosophers of our Age to extract the Perception of the Senses out of this Conjunction For he believes that the Idea of the Object is to be carried through the small Fibres to the Brain and that then in the Brain certain Pores being opened the Animal Spirits flow through the Porosities of their Fibres into the Nerves and Muscles and so excite a Motion which causes the Perception But still I wish that this ingenious Invention would teach us how at the same instant of time that Motion of the Fibres can be carried from the Toes to the Head and at the same Instant the Influx of the Spirits from the Brain to the Feet Mechanics here will not serve turn Pull a Rope says he at one end and the Bell at the other end of the Rope will presently sound But the Parallel will not hold For in Man there is a rational Soul and Life Now the Soul perceives and moves the Parts without any external Object 'T is otherwise with a Bell which is void of Life and Soul nor can be moved but by some external Agent and consequently has need of other Organs than a living Body For Example the Rope does not move the Bell unless pulled by some external Mover but there is no such Mover or pulling in the Nerves or their little Fibres much less in the soft and marrowy Substance of the Nerves When a Man lyes crumpled up several ways in his Bed there is neither Sreightness nor Tension but many times a Compression of the Nerves and yet he feels the least Prick in his little Toe Is the soft Medullary Fibre of the Nerve notwithstanding the crooked Posture of the Body moved through so many Windings and Turnings to the Innermost Recesses of the Brain Is there then any Tension of the Fibres and Nerves Rather will there not be some Pressure to intercept and stop that Motion No says Des Cartes because these Fibres are included in those little Tubes through which the Animal Spirits are carried into the Muscles which always swelling those little Tubes prevent the little Threads from being too much compressed As if when the Nerves are up and down compressed by that crooked Posture of the Body those fictitious Tubes remained open and distâ—…nded to prevent the Compression of those little Strings Now compare the two Sentences of Des Cartes from his Similitude of a Bell-rope he says the more extended the Nerves are the more easily and suddainly those Threads are moved to the innermost Recesses of the Brain On the other side in another place he says that the Filaments that serve the Organs of Taste are more easily mov'd than those that officiate for the Sense of Feelling because they are more relaxed Shall then the more relaxed String more suddainly and easily be moved than another more distended Lastly I would fain know whether that thin invisible Fibres being mov'd has any Faculty to open in the Brain any Pores for the Influx of Spirits This is an Action of the Mind not of any Nerves or Fibres For the Mind can open or shut the Pores sometimes of these sometimes of those Nerves and has power to appoint the Spirit to these or those Parts in greater or lesser quantity vid. l. 3. c. 5. XXII No less difficult it seems to explain how the determinative Motion of the Spirits through the Nerves proceeds and how they come to flow and cease to flow sometimes into these sometimes into those Muscles so suddenly in a moment of time A Question which the Ancients by reason of its difficulty car'd not to meddle with But lately Regius has undertook the Point and tells us there are many Valves in the Nerves for the opening and shutting of which the Animal Spirits flow and re-flow sometimes to these sometimes to those Parts according to the determination of the Mind But not to believe any thing rashly no man shall perswade me that there are any Valves in the Nerves the opening or shutting of which either admits or restrains the flowing or reflux of the Animal Spirits according to the determination of the Mind the least shadow of which could never be demonstrated by any Anatomist that ever I heard of so that this Opinion falls to the Ground First Because that if the determinated Influx of the Spirits should take effect the Soul while it finishes those determinations would only be employ'd in the opening and shutting of those Valves but not in the Emission of Spirits for those flow continually and spontaneously through the Impulse of the Heart and Brain like an Organist who laying his Fingers upon these or those Keys causes the wind to enter these or those Pipes from the Bellows according to his own determination and as he opens or shuts the Valves of the Pipes with his Fingers so the several strings in the Brain from whence the Operations of the Mind proceed ought to be extendded like the conveyances of an Organ to the several Valves of the Nerves by which they may be shut or opened at pleasure But in regard that many times one Nerve sends it Branches to many Muscles as the Turning-back Nerve sends its Branches to many Muscles Hyoides Neck and other Parts and several to the Diaphragma consequently there ought to be Valves belonging to every Branch from each of which peculiar strings ought to be extended to the Brain and so should ascend of-times through one Nerve which runs out to various Parts though very slender like the Vagous Nerve of the sixth Conjunction a hundred two hundred or more according to the Number of the Valves but that there are such Filaments there is no Man of reason but may easily conceive Secondly Seeing that as those Valves are open'd and shut the motion of the Parts is said to be swifter or slower and for the same reason by the determination of the Mind the Sense of Feeling would move more or less acute at pleasure nay some times would intermit which that it never happens is known to all Men. Any Man may either move or not move his hand as he pleases but he can never so move it at his pleasure but the Skin of the Hand shall be more or less sensible of it which he might do if those Valves were allow'd in the Nerves
Sense or Motion only that he breathed and had a strong Pulse I. THat this man's Head was terribly afflicted the Cessation of the Animal Functions sufficiently declared II. This Affection is called an Apoplexy which is a sudden Privation of all the Animal Functions except the Act of Respiration III. It is plain that it was no Lethargy Syncope Sleepy Coma Catalepsis or Epilepsie because the Patient without any Fever lay almost immoveable insensible nor could be waked by any means having all his Members languid only with a strong Pulse and a heavy Respiration which are no Simptoms of the foresaid Diseases IV. The Brain is affected about the beginning of the Pith which is the Original of all the Nerves then besieged by a Flegmatic Humor V. The remote Cause was continual Gluttony and Drunkenness by which the Brain in a long time was extreamly weakned and the many crude and Flegmatic Humors generated therein and collected together in the Ventricles made the Antecedent Cause which afterward setling at the Original of the Nerves constituted the containing Cause VI. The Animal Spirits being hindred by those Humors contracting the Pores of the beginning of the Nerves presently all the Animal Functions cease and the Patient becomes void of Sense and Motion except Respiration because the Spirits still flow thither by reason of the largeness of the Pores of the Respiratory Nerves But the Distemper lasting together with the Flegmatic Obstruction or Compression the Influx of the Spirits into them is also stop'd which causes the Respiration also to fail and thence a heaving and ratling in the Throat VII The Pulse beats well because the Blood sent from the right Ventricle of the Heart to the Lungs is sufficiently as yet refrigerated but if the Disease continue the Pulse will also fail because the Blood of the right Ventricle of the Heart is not sufficiently ventilated and cool'd so that little Blood comes to the left Ventricle which weakens the Motion of the Heart VIII This Disease is very dangerous yet because it is but in the beginning and Respiration is not yet come to Ratling and for that there is a strong natural Heat remaining in the Patient there is some hope of Cure though not without some fear of a Palsie that will ensue the Cure IX The Method of Cure the removal of the flegmatic Humors obstructing the beginning of the Nerves to prevent a new Generation and Collection of them and to corroborate the Brain X. Let the Body be moderately moved let the Hairs be plucked and laborious Rubings and Ligatures of the Arms and Thighs This Glister may be also administred â„ž Wormwood Rue Pellitory of the Wall Mercury Hyssop Beets Lesser Centaury an M. j. Leaves of Senna â„¥ j. Celocynth ty'd in a Bag Ê’j Anise-seed Ê’v Water q. s. Boil them according to Art â„ž Of the Straining â„¥ x. Elect. Hiera Picra Diaphoenicon an â„¥ j. Salt ℈ iiij for a Glister Or instead thereof this Suppository â„ž Specierum Hierae Ê’j Trochises Alhanhal ℈ s. Salt Gemma ℈ j. Honey ℈ vj. Make a Suppository and at the end of it fasten gr iiij of Diagridium XI After he has taken this Glister Bleed him moderately in the Arm then apply Cupping-glasses with and without Scarification to his Neck Shoulders Scapulas and Legs XII Let this Sneezing Powder be also blown up into the Nostrils â„ž Roots of white Hellebore ℈ j. Pellitory of Spain ℈ s. Leaves of Marjoram ℈ j. Black Pepper Castoreum an gr v. For a Powder XIII Outwardly let this little Bag be applied warm to his Head â„ž Salt M. j. s. Sea-sand Mij Seeds of Cummin Fennel Lovage an Ê’ij Cloves Ê’j s. Heat them in a dry Stone Pot put them in a linnen Bag and apply them warm to the Head XIV Let the Nostrils Temples and Top of the Head be anointed with this Liniment â„ž Oâ—…ls of Castor Lavender Rosemary Amber an ℈ j. Martiate Oyntment Ê’j XV. When the Patient begins to come to himself give him now and then a Spoonful of this Water â„ž Water of Tylet Flowers Lilly of the Valleys Aqua Vitae of Matthiolus Syrup of Stoechas an â„¥ j. XVI Let him then be purged with Pill Cochiae extract of Catholicon Elect. Diaphenicon or Hiera Picra Powder of Diaturbith or the Infusion of such kind of Flegm-purging Ingredients XVII After Purgation let him take this Apozem â„ž Roots of Sweet Cane Fennel an Ê’vj Galangal â„¥ iij. Marjoram Betony Rosemary Rue Calamint Hyssop an M. j. Flowers of Stoechas M. s. Cordial Flowers an one little Handful Iuniper Berries Ê’vj Seeds of Anise Fennel an Ê’ij Water and Hydromel equal parâ—…s Make an Apozem of lbj. s. Of which let him take four or five ounces thrice a day with a small quantity of this Conditement â„ž Specier Diambre ℈ iiij Sweet Diamosch Ê’s Roots of sweet Cane candied Conserves of Betony Anthos and Flowers of Sage Syrup of Staechas q. s. XVIII Let this Quilt be laid also upon his Head â„ž Leaves of Marjoram M. j. Rosemary and Flowers of Lavender an two small Handfuls Cloves Nutmegs an ℈ jj Benjamin ℈ j. Beat them into a gross Powder and quilt them into red Silk XIX An Air moderately hot and dry either by Art or Nature is most proper for this Distemper Meats of good Nourishment and easie of Digestion condited with Rosemary Marjoram creeping Thyme Sage Betony Baum Hyssop the Carminative Seeds and Spices c. Small Drink and sometimes a little Hypocrass Short Sleeps moderate Exercise and orderly Evacuations HISTORY XIII Of the Palsey and Trembling A Virgin twenty five years of Age of a Flegmatic Constitution having for a long time â—…ed upon Sallads Cucumbers and raw Fruit afterwards complaining of heavy dozing Pains in her Head at length fell Apoplectic to the Ground without Motion or Sense except Respiration The Physician who was sent for had brought her to this pass that after six hours she opened her Eyes again and after twenty hours was fully restored to her Senses and spoke but all the Left-side of her Body below the Head remain'd immoveable with a very dull Sense of Feeling Yet her Monthly Customs observed their Periods though not so copious I. THat Affection which remained after the weak Apoplexy went off is called a Palsie Which is a Privation of Voluntary Motion or Sense or both in one or several Parts of the Body II. The Part affected is the Spinal Pith chiefly about the beginning of it where the one half Part of it being compressed or obstructed by the Flegmatic Humor expelled from the Brain disturbs the Use of all those Nerves proceeding from that side and by consequence of the Muscles III. The remote Cause is disorderly Diet and the too much use of cold things whence many flegmatic Humors being generated in a flegmatic Body cause an oppressive Pain in the Head which is the antecedent Cause which also afterwards obstructing the Original of the Marrow of the Brain and afterwards cast
the Urethra in Men toward the Uterine Vagina in Women flows forth without being felt and unvoluntarily which causes the Simple Gonorrhea Which Seminal Matter if it be infected with any impure Venereal Malignity and sharp Corruption presently happens a Virulent Gonorrhea which is attended many times by Corrosion and Exulceration Now this Efflux of Seminal Matter or Simple Gonorrhea many times molests the Patient for a long time even whole years together with little debilitating the strength because that spiritous Liquor coming from the Nerves is mix'd in a small quantity with such Seed and very few or no Animal Spirits waste themselves in its Evacuation which at other times in libidinous Copulation flow to the obscene Parts in great quantity and are dissipated to the great wasting of a mans strength whereas there is no labour in the spontaneous and unfelt Emission of the Seed Thus Bartholine reports that he saw at Padua a Person that had been troubled with this Efflux of his Seed for above thirty years without any prejudice to his health and another at Bergamo infested with the same Distemper for ten years in other respects healthful but only that he was very much emaciated XVI If any Person wonder how such a spiritous Animal Vapour should flow so copiously through such narrow and hardly conspicuous little Nerves let him consider that the Arteries also by that time they come to the Stones are almost invisible and yet they carry a great deal of Blood Moreover let him know that those copious Vapours are not carried thither so copiously by reason of the extream thinness of the little Nerves only that they descend by degrees to the Stones And hence after a stout Copulation and much Emission of Seed there is requisite some space of time before a sufficient recruit can come for the generation of new Seed XVII But some will say Those little Nerves seem only to terminate in the Tunicle next wrapt about the Stones which for that reason is endu'd with a quick Sense but never reach to the innermost Substance of the Stones which for that reason is insensible as is apparent from several Distempers which is a sign that those Spirits cannot flow to the inner Substance I answer That as there are no Nerves so neither are any Blood-bearing Vessels to be seen in the Stones of healthy People however it does not follow from thence that there are no such Vessels in those Parts for that they are there and in whom and when conspicuous we have declared Cap. 22. So without doubt there are some slender Nerves in those Parts though not to be perceived by reason of their white Colour and extream Exility Which Exility and the small quanity of Spirits that pass through 'em may be the reason that the inner Substance of the Stones is so dull of feeling Besides that the inner Substance of the Stones is nothing membranous for there is also an acute Sense in Membranes and because the Stones and other Parenchyma's of the Bowels have their proper and peculiar Substance consisting of Vessels interwoven one among another the like to which there is not in the whole Body besides which by reason of its structure and feeling is of an obtuse Sense as the Substance of the Heart Lungs Liver Spleen c. All which Parts like the Stones have their exact Sense of feeling lying only in the Tunicle that enfolds ' em XVIII But here another Difficulty arises more weighty than the former that seeing the animal Spirits are every way disposed of by the Mind now here now there at pleasure why they are never copiously disposed of to flow into the Testicles and cause 'em to swell especially upon lustful Cogitations I answer those Spirits are not unequally disposed of to any Parts but first to those that require some short stretching forth to the end they may act or act more vigorously as the Eyes when any thing is to be view'd with more attention the Womb when the Birth is to be expell'd the Genitals in Copulation then and chiefly then they are disposed of to those parts that serve for voluntary Motion as the Muscles But they flow always equally with a continued Course to the Parts only sensitive as also to those Parts wherein they contribute any thing to Nourishment or Fermentation as being an Influx that has nothing common with the Will And that they flow sometimes in less sometimes in greater Quantity to those Parts which are sensitive and so occasion a quicker or a more obtuse Sense of Feeling that happens not through the determination of the Mind but by reason of their greater or lesser quantity or the largeness or narrowness of the Passages And thus the Animal Spirits flow to the Testicles not by any determined but meerly by a natural Motion XIX Now in the Seed thus made of the said Matter two parts are to be considered Some subtil and very spirituous which are very few but very effective Which we now call the Germen or Blossom Others thicker frothy and watery which constitute the chiefest part of the Seed and nourish and involve the spirituous Parts XX. Now these spirituous and thicker Parts being mix'd and clotted together compose the Mass of the Seed containing in themselves a double Principle an Efficient and a Material Which Material is double the one out of which the first Threads of the Birth are form'd which is the most spirituous Part containing the efficient or forming Principle the other Alimentary being the thicker part of the Seed melted and dissolved XXI If this efficient Principle be not in the Seed as it happens in unfruitful Seed then when nothing can be form'd out of it it flows away and is corrupted But if the efficient Principle ready to break forth into Act be destitute of the material Principle by which it ought to be fomented and sustain'd Then also nothing comes of it as when the Seed the second or third Day after Injection by reason of some suddain Fright or other Accident flows out of the womb and then nothing comes of the Blossom But these two Principles being united together act nothing upon one another but are Idle so long as the material thicker Principle be curdled together for this detains the spirituous efficient Principle as it were intangl'd and lull'd asleep and so restrains it that it cannot put it self forth into Action But when the thicker material Principle is dissolv'd and melted in some convenient Place by the external proper Heat of the womb then its inbred efficient Spirit by degrees gets rid of those Fetters is rous'd up and becomes free and its Power breaks forth into Act and proceeding through the Uterine Tubes to the Ovaries enfertilizes the Eggs which are therein ready prepared and matur'd and begins to act in them and in each of them out of it self to delineate and form that which is to be form'd while the thicker parts of the Seed
others because the several Sences are mov'd but by one object only as the Sight by the visible object and Feeling by the object of Feeling c. If therefore the brain were endu'd with any one Sence or Motion the Soul could not by means of that organ make a true Judgment of any Sence or Motion and therefore being fram'd void of Sence and Animal Motion it is neither in its own Substance endu'd with any Nerves though it contain some certain Fibers but so small as hardly to be discern'd without the help of a Microscope and which are the originals of the Nerves and be form'd and compos'd of them being woven together and from their oblong Marrow give birth to all the Nerves Hence also Galen says That the Brain was made not to feel but to confer the Faculty of Feeling For which Reason he calls it the Organ that has no Feeling XXI The Brain properly taken is divided into the Right and Left Region the Scythe-like Duplicature of the hard Meninx going between which Division extends it self however no farther than the Brawny Body But being taken for the whole Bowel which is included in the Cranium it is divided into the Brain and little Brain as being separated for the greater part by the intercession of the hard Meninx XXII That the Brain is mov'd is a thing not to be question'd as being obvious to Inspection But concerning this Motion there are great Disputes among Anatomists Whether it be mov'd by its own proper Motion not Animal but Natural or else whether by another Mover Laurentius Picolhomini and Bauhinus maintain the first and endeavour to confirm it by several specious Reasons Of the latter Opinion are Fallopius Vesalius and others with whom we likewise concur For the Brain is immoveable of it self but is continually mov'd by another by Accident that is to say the Heart and that not by any Animal Motion but by the Natural Motion of Systole and Diastole and follows exactly the Motion of the Arteries For the boyling Arterious Blood being forc'd out of the Heart through the Arteries into its Substance it is presently dilated and when the same Blood is once cool'd in its Substance it falls again This Motion is apparent in Wounds of the Head where I have observ'd it several times at what time the Substance of the Brain after taking away the Bones and Meninxes is easily conspicuous For then as the Pulse in the Wrist is to be perceiv'd quick or slow after the same manner was the Motion of the Brain to be discern'd and its Motion upon the failing of the Pulse in the Wrist in a Fit ceas'd at the same time as also did the Animal Motion of all the Parts and when the Patient came to himself with the Motion of the Pulses the Motion also of the Brain returns and answered altogether to the Motion of the Heart Which is a certain Sign that the Brain is not mov'd by its self but accidentally by the Heart and that its Animal Spirits flow into the Marrow and Nerves meerly by the impulse of the Heart Moreover if the Brain were mov'd by the Animal Spirits flowing into the Heart out of the Brain then the Motion of the Brain must precede and cause that Motion but if the Motion of the Heart precedes that Motion of the Brain then it cannot be that the first Motion of the Heart should be produc'd by the Animal Spirits flowing in after the first Motion of the Heart Lastly That the Head cannot be movable of it self Reason it self teaches us seeing that to the Work of Dilatation and Contraction are requir'd Muscles or at least Fibers so strong as to contract themselves both which it wants and thus it appears that the Brain is not mov'd of it self but by the Motion of the Heart But here arises another Question Whether this Motion of the Heart happen at the same time and instant with an equal Motion Columbus believes that the Motion of the Brain keeps exact time with the Motion of the Heart and that both Parts swell and fall exactly together Which if Columbus had said concerning the Motion of the Brain and Arteries then he had spoken true but as to the Motion of the Heart it cannot be true For when the Heart is contracted and falls then by reason of the Blood impetuously forc'd into them the Arteries swell and as they swell the Brain is dilated therefore it is dilated at the same moment with the Arteries when the Heart falls and falls when the Heart is dilated Hence Riolanus more truly judges that the Motion of the Brain is contrary to the motion of the Heart so that when the Brain is compress'd by Systole the Heart is elevated by Diastole XXIII Hence it is evident how strangely Fernelius was out of the way who consenting with Galen avers that the Body of the Brain is mov'd of it self and of its own accord with a constant agitation Of the same opinion are also Vesalius Fallopius Bauhinus Riolanus Sennertus Plempius and others But Andreas Laurentius observes a Mean between both these Opinions for he says the Heart is mov'd partly of its own motion and partly by the motion of the Arteries Highmore will not allow the Brain any Motion at all either accidental or proper and asserts that that same Motion which is seen and felt upon taking off the Cranium is a Motion of the Membranes happening by accident by reason of the Arteries inserted into them For proof of which he alledges that the Spinal Marrow is immovable and has no Pulse at all But had he seen so many Wounds of the Brain after taking away part of the Substance it self as Plempius Hildan and my self have done and observ'd the Motion of the Brain laid bare he would readily subscribe to my opinion For the immobility of the Marrow extended in length proves nothing in regard the Brain may beat or be mov'd and the Spirits thrust forward out of it into the Marrow though the Marrow be not manifestly mov'd perhaps as one Wave pushes forward another so the Spirits are push'd forward through that into the Nerves As we find the like to happen in the Veins through which the Blood is mov'd and passes without their Pulsation whereas it flows into them through the Pulsation of the Arteries and the Pulsation of the Arteries ceasing it ceases to be mov'd which is many times observ'd in letting blood in the Arm when the Ligature binds the Arteries too hard or that the Patient faâ—…ls into a Fit for the Pulse of the Arteries of the Arm ceasing nothing of blood will flow out at the Incision made in the Vein but upon untying the Ligature or upon the Patient 's coming to himself again and the Arteries consequently beating again the blood flows forth again And in this manner the Spirits may be mov'd out of the Brain through the Marrow without any manifest Motion of the Marrow Besides who knows but
these should breed Confusion we shall only insist upon three of those Branches The first of these is carry'd to the Cawl the bottom of the Stomach the Tunicle of the Liver and Spleen the Substance it self of the Spleen and the Colon-Gut which as it is thought occasions hoarsness after a tedious Cholic The second tends to the Spleen which exagitating the Stomach by consent in Nephritic Pains causes Vomiting The third and largest proceeds to the Mesentery the Guts the Bladder and of the Womb. XXXII Now why the Bowels receive their Nerves from the sixth Pair and not from the Vertebral Pith Bauhinus explains out of Galen because that not having any voluntary motion they do not require the harder Nerves proceeding from the Spinal Pith but lest they should be altogether void of Sence and some slight Motion and lest they should be destitute of Animal Spirits necessary for Nourishment they require only the softer Nerves such as proceed from the Pith while it is yet in the Brain XXXIII The seventh Pair moving the Tongue much harder than the rest arises with various Heads soon united in the hinder part of the Head from the Pith ready to fall into the Spine and through an oblique and proper Hole bor'd through in the hinder part of the Head issues forth of the Cranium and for Preservation sake is ty'd to the sixth Pair with very strong Membranes but not intermix'd then again being separated the greatest part of it goes to the Tongue to all whose Muscles it imparts Branches for Motion but the lesser portion of it proceeds to the Muscles of the Hyois and Larynx and those which rise from the Stytoides Appendix Some think the Substance and Composition of the said Nerves within the Brain proceeding from the Pith to be quite different from that of other Nerves when ocular Inspection teaches us that they consist in the same manner as other Nerves of several strings bound together with a strong Membrane and as it were united into one and differ nothing from other Nerves but only that they are softer CHAP. IX Of the order to be observ'd in shewing the Parts of the Brain in the foresaid Dissection and of another manner of Dissection I. ACcording to the Method of dissection already mention'd the thick and thin Meninx are first of all to be demonstrated with the four Hollownesses of the hard Meninx the division of the Brain the Scythe or Falx interpos'd between with the Fence continuous to it which separates the Cerebel from the Brain as also the Brawny Body that lies under it Thâ—…nce the upper parts of the Brain being taken away the two upper Ventricles are to be shewn the Lucid Fence the Choroid Fold the Channel of the Flegm to the Nostrils and the Fornix Then the third Ventricle and in that the Choroid Fold the middle Hole reaching to the Funnel the pleighted little Hillocks with the Hole of the Anus reaching to the fourth Ventricle the Vein that runs through the Fold discharging it self through the fourth Hollowness into the wide Hollowness also the Pineal Kernal the Buttocks and Stones Afterwards the Cerebel with its Membranes and Processes and that being taken away the fourth Ventricle and the long Pith. Lastly the Brain being rais'd up before shews the Mamillary Process the wonderful Net the Spitly Kernel the Funnel with the pair of Nerves proceeding from the Pith within the Skull II. If any one have a desire to observe another Method of Demonstration it may be done after this manner First Shew the Meninxes above the Division of the Brain the Scythe together with the Hollownesses and the Brawny Body Then the Brain being rais'd up before shew the Mamillary Processes the Optic Nerves the Nerves that move the Eyes the wonderful Net and the Spitly Kernel Then the Brain being rais'd up on the side the other Pairs of the Nerves are to be shewn and with the same labour the Brain together with the Cerebel and long Pith is to be taken out of the Skull and turn'd Then the remaining part of the Demonstration is to be compleated from the lower part And first the Pith being rais'd up the fourth Ventricle is to be shewn and then the Cerebel with its Processes After that the wonderful Net with the Funnel and so dissecting down to the Funnel the third or middle Ventricle is to be shewn where you are to search for the furrow'd Hillocks the Buttocks the Stones the Pineal Kernel the Hole of the Anus and the Fold of the Arteries from hence you must proceed to the two upper Ventricles where you must seek out the Choroid Fold together with the Lucid Fence and the Channels conveying the Flegm and Spittle to the Papillary Processes However observe by the way that this Method of Dissection is perform'd with better success in the Brains of Sheep and Calves than of Men by reason of its extraordinary Bulk For unless it be very new all the Parts fall by reason of their Flaccidity so that nothing can be conveniently demonstrated Another Method of dissecting the Brain but very laborious the Invention of Constantine Varolius which Bauhinus describes l. 3. Theat Anat. c. 28. And another Method between both of Francis Silvius describ'd by Bartholine l. 3. Anat. Reformat c. 6. to which I refer the Reader CHAP. X. Of the Function of the Brain AFter Demonstration of the Brain and all its Parts it remains that we speak in brief concerning the Office or Function Actions and Use of so considerable a Bowel I. From the Soundness of the Brain it is confessd by all that the Soundness of all the Animal Actions proceed it being granted that those Organs in the Body by which those Actions are to be perform'd be well constituted though let them be never so well dispos'd no Animal Action can be duly and rightly perform'd if the Brain be amiss II. Now because the Animal Actions are or may be perform'd not only by the Brain alone but also by the Rational Soul hence many are perswaded that the Seat of the Soul is to be assign'd to that Part from whence the Animal Actions proceed that is to say the Brain in general according to the Arabians and Moschio or as others believe some particular part of it Thus Hierophilus seats it at the bottom Xenophon in the top of the Head Erasistratus in the Membranes From which Opinions however many of the Modern Philosophers vary who assign for its Seat the smallest Particle of the Brain in the third or middle Ventricle that is to say the Pineal Kernel wherein they endeavour by many probable Arguments and Conjectures to prove the Residence of the Soul and the Actions of common Sence to be perform'd This last Opinion much displeases others and more especially seems very hard to many Divines who cannot apprehend neither will suffer themselves to be perswaded that so small and narrow a Domicile ought to be thought sufficient for an incorporeal Soul
two Oblique Muscles because of the secret Allurements of Lovers Glances are called Amatorious but from their rowling Motion Circumactors XII In Brutes that feed with their Heads toward the Earth besides these six Muscles there is also a seventh which is sometimes observed to be divided into two but rarely into three Muscles This being short and fleshy encompasses the Eye and is inserted into the hinder part of the Horny Tunicle and sustains the looking down continually upon the Ground and draws it back when it s own weight carries it farther out XIII The Muscles are endued with a moving Power by the little Branches of the second Pair of Nerves which are chiefly inserted into the streight Muscles For the innermost Oblique Muscle receives a little Branch from the fifth Pair the outermost Oblique receives a little Branch from the slender Pair that stands next before the Fifth XIV Here arises a Question when each Eye has distinct and proper Muscles why they do not move with various Motions but are always mov'd together with the same Motion Aristotle ascribes the Cause to the Coition of the Optic Nerves and Galen and Avicen seem to be of the same Opinion But in regard the Optic Nerves are only visory and contribute nothing to Motion nor enter the Muscles they cannot be the cause of this thing Besides Anatomists have now found it out that this Conjunction of the Optics is wanting in several men and yet the motion of their Eyes while they liv'd was the same as in other men so equal always that the Sight of both was always directed to one Point Andrew Laurentius says that such an equal Motion is requisite for the perfection of the Sense and so he only proposes the end of the Motion but does not explain the Cause Others alledg that this equal Motion proceeds from hence that the moving Nerves are mov'd together at their beginning But it appears from this Conjunction that the Spirits indeed may flow to the Muscles of each Eye however it is not manifest why the Spirits flow more especially in greater quantity into these or those Muscles of the Eyes and not into the same external and internal of both Eyes For Example's sake suppose a Man would look for something upon his Right-Side presently the Spirits are determined toward the external Muscle of the Right-Eye and the internal Muscle of the Left-eye and so the Sight is turned to one Point through the two various Muscles of each Eye But if the Union of the Beginning of the Nerves of the second Pair should any way contribute to this in regard of that Union it would be requisite that the Spirits should flow at the same time into the same Muscles of both Eyes as well external as Internal and so by vertue of that Motion both Eyes would look several ways upon several things and not up on the same And therefore the true Reason proceeds from the Mind for when the Mind intends to behold any thing one Eye is not to be turn'd to this another to that thing for so there would happen a Confusion of the Rays and Perception in common Sence but both Eyes are of necessity to be turn'd toward the same thing and hence the Spirits are always determin'd to those Muscles that can draw both the Eyes toward the same Object but not to such Muscles as draw each Eye several ways Because the Mind always intends to behold one Object apart and though it may often intend to behold several things yet it observes a certain Order and beholds one thing after another which may be done with a speedy Motion if the Objects are so near and large that they may be easily perceiv'd But if the Object be remote and small then both Eyes must of necessity be longer fix'd upon the Object and a greater quantity of Rays are requisite to flow into the Eyes for the better Perception of what the Mind is intent to behold CHAP. XVII Of the Bulb of the Eye THE Bulb of the Eye consists of Membranes and Humors The Membranes are either common or proper The Common Membranes are twofold Adnate and Innominate I. The first next the Bone or White Adnate by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it adheres to other Membranes of the Eyes by Galen and Hippocrates call'd the White of the Eye is a thin Expansion of the Pericranium above the Sclerotic as far as the Circle of the Iris joyning the Eye to the Orbit and inner Bones whence it is called the Conjunctive It is endued with an exquisite Sence of Feeling being sprinkled with many diminutive Arteries and Veins Through which little Arteries when there is a greater Afflux of hotter Blood then a Reflux through the diminutive Veins then happens an Ophthalmy of which Distemper this Membrane is the Seat II. The other by Columbus call'd the Innominate is nothing else than a thin Expansion of the Tendons of the Muscles concurring to the Corneous Tunicle produc'd to the very Circumference of the Iris to which it adheres like a small broad Ring which causes the White of the Adnate Tunicle to look more bright Bauhiâ—… Riolanâ—…s and Casserius will not allow this Tunicle to be number'd among the Tunicles but rather among the Muscles of whose Tendons it consists However Galea makes mention of it among the Tunicles of the Eye but gives it no Name and therefore perhaps by Columbus call'd the Nameless or Inâ—…ominate III. Besides these two common Membranes in an Oxe there is another Membrane which is the outermost of all not sticking close to the Eye but endued with Motion and a Muscle By means of which Cows and Oxen close and twinkle with their lâ—…es â—…et their Eye-lids remain open all the while IV. The Proper Membranes or Tunicles are three of which the first and outermost is said to proceed from the Dura Mater and expands it self about the Bulb of the Eye It is call'd the Sclâ—…rotic from its hardness though Fallopius will not allow the former believing it to differ very much from the Dura Mater both in substance and thickness The Sclerotic enâ—…olds the whole Eye and is thick hard tough equal opacous behind before transparent like a bright Horn and polish'd whence it had the Name of the Horny Tunicle Which Name however many times is given to the whole Sclerotic by reason of its horny thickness and hardness Though it be thick and hard yet it is generally thought to be single though Bauâ—…inus will have it to consist of several Rinds or four as it were thin Plates and affirms that from hence it was that Avicen alledg'd it to be four fold But this same Quadruplicity is more easily to be conceiv'd and imagin'd from the thickness and hardness of it then to be demonstrated V. The second and middle Tunicle which is much thinner than the former arising from a thin Film and sprinkled with several diminitive Vessels because
the Vitreous by which it is separated from the other two Humors XVIII The use of it is to dilate the Rays of visible things receiv'd from the Chrystalline and being so dilated to represent them to the Net-form'd Tunicle Others who believe the Sight to be in the Optic Nerve affirm the use of it to be to this purpose that the Rays being refracted in it after they have pass'd the Chrystalline Humor may come together in one Point to the end the Image may be represented to the Sight XIX The Crystalline Humor by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from its clear Transparency as also Glacialis resembling the clearest Icicle that may be is more solid and bright than the other two Humors generated out of the most transparent and purest part of the Seed Before it possesses the Hole of the Uveous Tunicle behind it is received into a Hollowness fram'd in the Vitreous Humor and sticks close to it In the forepart it is a little more flat behind a little more round though this Figure seems often to vary according to the various Affections of the Eye XX. This Humor is surrounded or enclosed with its own proper Tunicle extreamly thin and transparent therefore call'd Chrystalloidaea and from the form of its Contexture the Cobweb Tunicle By means of this Tunicle it is separated from the other Humors to which also in the hollowness of the vicious Humor the vicious Tunicle sticks very close but yet is distinct from it Riolanus will not allow of this Tunicle not so much as in the forepart as being that which he believes to be very finely polish'd by reason of the thickness of the Crystalline But the Sight it self evinces this Error For it is plain that that same Tunicle though very slender may be in some measure separated and that that being endamag'd the exterior part of the Humor it self does but very little trickle forth Thus says Iulius Casserius in these Words Nay I have shown this Tunicle visibly separated from the Crystalline Humor it self XXI The Rays of visible things being dilated in the Watry Humor are first received by this Crystalline Humor and hence pass throâ—…gh the Vitreous Humor to the Net-form'd Tunicle and so are presented to the Common Sensory Therefore in coâ—…deration of the first Reception or Collection the Crystalline Humor is the first Instrument of Sight but in consideration of Perception the Net form'd Tunicle as being that by means whereof the Rays receiv'd are offer'd to the common Sensory where they are perceived In the mean time all the Conjunction of all the Parts of the Eye is so close and so necessary to the end that one may not act without the other while the Defect of the meanest part even of the aqueous Humor puts a stop to the primary Operation of the whole Organ XXII Here arises another Doubt whether the Crystalline or Watry Humor are Parts of the Body As for the Crystalline we must conclude that it is really a Part of the Body because it is enfolded in its proper Cob-web-Tunicle perfects the Act of Seeing together with the other Parts lives is nourish'd is generated in the Womb has its proper Circumscription is a Body adhering to the whole and filling it together with other Parts conjoyned by common Life and ordain'd to its Function and Use. And if its Substance be more narrowly considered it is not truly a Humor though vulgarly so call'd but a Body sufficiently firm and solid which being boyl'd in Fish may be divided into little Fibers and is much more firm than Fat the Brain or the Marrow Hence Galen deservedly reckons it among the Parts of the Body and those the similar Parts too because it is divided into Parts like to its self as also the Organic Parts because it is ordain'd to perfect the Act of Seeing and to that end has a certain determin'd and sensible Formation The same Question concerning the Vitreous Humor is resolv'd by the same Reasons And though some affirm the Crystalline Humor to be nourish'd by this Vitreous Humor that however is improperly said perhaps because there are some who think it prepares Nourishment for the other though indeed it no more nourishes the Crystalline Humor than the Heart nourishes the Arm besides that there is no need of so bright and large a part for the Nourishment of the Crystalline Humor neither is it less proper for it to be nourished by the Blood then the Nerves Marrow Brain or any other whitish parts of the Body XXIII Iulius Casserius of Placentia was the first that brought another Question upon the Stage concerning these Humors Whether they are endued with the Sence of feeling As for himself he allows them a most exact Sence of feeling For my part I allow this Sence to their Membranes but not to the substance of the Humors it self in regard that the Membrane alone is the Organ of Feeling In like manner as the Teeth and Bones whose proper Substance though it be destitute of the Sence of Feeling yet the Periostium's are sensible and so they are allowed the Sence of Feeling Now the Animal Spirits contribute the Power of Seeing to the Eye being framed of all these Parts which Spirits flow into it in great quantity through the Optic Nerve But they flow into it sometime in greater sometimes in lesser quantity and hence it is that the Eyes swell sometimes more sometimes less sometimes are more quick sighted and sometimes less Thus they are more Tumid in young Persons Plethoric People that are angry and given to drink They are less turgid in aged Folks such as are given to Venereal Exercises those that are Sad or emaciated for want of Food They are also said to be more turgid in Virgins then those that have known Man But though a moderate Swelling of the Eye caused by the Spirits renders the Sight more quick yet it does not follow that upon every Swelling of the Eye the Sight should be more quick for we find the contrary in People intoxicated with Drink whose Sight is but dull by reason of the turbulent and disorderly Influx of the Spirits XXIV The Action of the Eye is manifest and known to all Men to be Seeing XXV Now this Seeing is a Sence whereby from the various Motion of the visible Rays collected in the Crystalline and Glassie Humors and striking upon the Net-form'd-Tunicle Colours are perceiv'd with their light Situation Distance Magnitude Figure and Number As to the Manner Medium and Object of Sight and many other things thereto belonging those Philosophers are to be consulted who have made it their business to write altogether upon that Subject and therefore to avoid unnecessary Prolixity are here omitted since they cannot with a sufficient Accurateness be briefly run over but require a whole Treaties of themselves such a one as among others Descartes has written Lib. dioptric Lib. de Hom. artic 18 19
Arteries and little Veins which are distributed through the inner Organ of Hearing for the Nourishment of the Parts proceeding from the inner and foremost Branches of the Carotis and Jugular Vein of which sundry Branches creep through the hidden parts of those Cavities XXXVI To procure Feeling there are also Nerves The softer Portion of the Nerve of the fifth Pair being carried into the hinder Passage of the Stony-Bone proceeds to the Periwinkle and the Circles of the Labyrinth to perfect the Office of Hearing Moreover there comes a Branch from the fourth Conjugation of Nerves which is extended into the Tympanum from which it receives the Sence of Feeling and the Muscles the Power to move it XXXVII The use of all these Parts is to perfect the Hearing XXXVIII Hearing is a Sence whereby from the various tremulous Motion of the ambient Air striking the Drum of the Ear and together moving the internal Air with the little Fibers of the Auditory Nerve communicated to the Common Sensory Sounds are understood XXXIX It is a Question among some whether Hearing be an Action or a Passion The more numerous Party believes it to be a Passion Whom Iulius Casserius opposing affirms it to be an Action But in regard there are two things necessary to perfect the Hearing Reception of the Object and understanding the Object receiv'd in respect both of the one and the other we believe Hearing to be both an Action and a Passion For the Reception of audible Objects is a real Passion but the judging of them is an Animal Action XL. The Object of Hearing is Sound which is nothing else but a Quality arising from Air or Water repercussed and broken by a suddain and vehement Concussion and moving the Auditory Nerve by the means of the implanted Air. XLI To the Generation of Sound two things are necessary a Medium and something vehemently to stir the Medium The Medium must be fluid either Air or Water for Fishes also Hear but no solid Body can be the Medium of Hearing The vehement stirring Medium is twofold either a Solid or Fluid Body Solid when two solid Bodies by vehement Percussion croud up the Air or Water together swiftly condense rapidly drive it forward and break it I say vehemently and swiftly for Bodies that joyn slowly and by degrees do not break the Air or Water so forcibly as to begeâ—… a Sound Fluid when fluid things stirr'd with a rapid Motion being forcibly and strongly condensed strike one against the other and are broken and so may be said to be both the efficient Sound as the Medium Such a sonorous Motion of the Air we may observe in Whistling Thunder and Shooting off of Guns of Water in great Showers and Rivers falling from Mountains XLII There are sundry differences of Sound of which these are the chief Shrill Deep Direct Reflex as in an Eccho natural violent from solid or fluid things as also caused by things Animate or Inanimate The diversity and loudness of Sounds are distinguished by the four little Bones adjoyning to the Tympanum For as the Membrane of the Tympanum is thrust forward toward the Hammer the Hammer upon the Anvil the Anvil upon the Stirrup by the Impulse of the external Sonorous Air more or less violent Smooth or Rough so upon the wider or narrower opening of the Oval-Window by the Stirrup and Orbicular Bone there happens a freer or narrower Passage of the Air included within into the Labyrinth and Periwinkle in which Windings and Turnings it is variously broken which causes the several sorts of Sounds and those according to various Impulses of the External Air sometimes shrill sometimes full sometimes harsh sometimes sweet The Idea of every one of which Sort is carried to the Common Sensory by the Acustic Nerve enfolding those Cavities with its Expansion and so represented to the Mind CHAP. XIX Of the Organ of Smelling and Smelling it self THE Organ of Smelling is the Nose placed in the upper Part of the Body the better to receive the Invisible Fumes and Vapors and to conveigh their Qualities through the Odoratory Nerves inserted in the inner Tunicle to the common Sensory and represent them to the Judgment of the Mind though some Men may be able to judge of things to be desired or avoided which are not to be perceived either by the Sight or Hearing The upper Bone part of it is immoveable the lower Gristle part moveable The Ridg is call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Back the Top 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Strainer because that there the Snivel is strained forth through the Sive-like Bones The Extremity is call'd Orbiculus the lower lateral Parts the Wings the two larger lower Holes Nares or the Nostrils the Partition of the two Holes Columna or the Pillar II. The Nose is a protuberant Part of the Face serving for the Sence of Smelling and in Respiration affording Passage to the Air and letting down the Excrements of the Brain flowing through the Sive-like Bones The Shape and Bigness are well known yet there is some variety in both in respect of thickness thinness length and flatness c. But the better shap'd it is the more it conduces to the Beauty of the Face wherefore it is vulgarly call'd the Sun of the Face for that as the Sun gives Beauty to the Macrocosm so the Nose especially if it be a red one illuminates the Face The Nose consists of a Cuticle a Skin Gristles Muscles Membranes and Vessels III. The Skin is much thinner and harder than in any other Part of the Face under which there lies no Fat. And hence it adheres so firmly to the Gristles and Muscles that it cannot be parted without mangling But under the middle Partition it is much thicker and more spungy and is hairy within side to prevent the drawing in of Gnats Feathers and such other Inconveniences to the Brain in the Act of Respiration Hence this Skin reflex'd within side passes into a Membrane which cloaths the minor Parts of the Nose to which in the upper part of the Nose some part of the hard Meninx passing through the Ethmoids Bone is conjoyn'd as Casserius with many others believe in regard that Membrane feels more exquisitely at the upper part of the Nostril than at the Entrance IV. The upper and immoveable Part of the Nose is supported by Bones and those either proper that is to say two external lateral ones and one withinside in the middle which divides the Nose into two parts or else common of all which see more Lib. 9. c. 7. c. V. In these upper bony Caverns of the Nostrils on each side there is yet another certain bony spungy Substance to be seen pendulous from the upper part of the Sive-like Bone and adhering to the sides of the Nose within fill'd with ruddy and spungy Flesh which being endamaged and growing too big are the
the odoratory Organ this or that way XVIII Senertus labours to prove that Smells are no Substances nor real Qualities but only Species's of them But in answer to Senertus we say that no Qualities or Species's can subsist without any Body and therefore none can be allow'd nay there are no Odorable Species's impress'd upon no Corporeal substance that can be conceiv'd in the Imagination This in the Sight is notorious where the visible Species's are certain Modifications of the Air depainted therein by things visible and imprinted therein which without the Air are nothing for Species's without Substance cannot subsist and therefore are nothing Thus in Smells the odorative qualities necessarily are inherent in some Substances and because they cannot subsist without 'em hence they are properly call'd Smells because they are Substances endued with odorable qualities Philosophers commonly constitute Scent in dry predominating above moist However we are to understand that there is no Scent without Moisture nay that it is generated out of Moisture attenuated and rais'd by Heat I say by Heat because Heat is the efficient Cause which acts upon the subject containing Smell or Scent in Potentia and by raising therein Fumes that are endu'd with Scent excites Smell out of Power into Act And therefore Bodies endu'd with Scent smell when they are chaâ—…'d but growing cold they send forth no Scent for Scent is not in act unless it exhale forth which it cannot do nor be sent forth while the astringent Cold binds up the Pores of the Substance containing the Scent Here it will perhaps be objected that Scent is something subsisting of it self and therefore Moisture and Heat cannot be the Cause of it I answer that Scent or Odour is an accident subsisting in the Subject and Latent therein nor able to breath out of it unless both in and with some part of its subject accompanying it for without the Subject it is a moist vapor which cannot be rais'd unless by Heat and hence both Moisture and Heat of necessity concur the first as the Subject without which it cannot be and be perceiv'd the other as the agent Cause without which it cannot be excited into Act. But here some one may say that according to this Opinion Odor of it self will prove to be nothing and so there will be no knowledge of Odor since there can be no knowledge of a Non-Entity We grant that Odor separately consider'd is nothing neither does it fall under Sence but when we consider it in and with Fume it peirces the Sence and falls under knowledge so far as the Accident by the Subject and the Subject by the Accident in a mutual Order come to be perceptible Here again some one will oppose me and urge if Odor actually exist only in Fumes how comes the Fish in the Water to be sensible of Odors where there are no Fumes I answer 1. It may be question'd whether Fish are sensible of Odors and whether they approach or avoid things that carry an Odor but are not rather lead by a grateful or unpleasing quality perceiv'd by Savour Sight or Feeling from other qualities diffus'd into the Water from things that carry a Scent 2. But grant they are sensible of Odors there is no doubt but that in the Water it self some Fumes may be rais'd by a subtil Aethereal matter penetrating the Water some way or other and by its Motion causing a Heat in it in which Fume Odorous qualities may be excited from Power into Act and so the Fish may be made sensible of Odor if they are sensible of Odors as they are Odors XX. There are several sorts and differences of Odors some are sharp some sweet some acid some odoriferous others stinking some grateful others loathsome and many Odors are apply'd to the difference of Savors Moreover Smells some are simple and natural some by nature are in the Bodies Others are Compounded and Artificial such as the Perfumers make for Luxury and Delight Others are preternatural which arise from Corruption and Putrefaction XXI The Organ of Smelling is the Nose Which being constituted of many and various parts which since they cannot all officiate that particular function it is a great question in what part of the Nose the Smelling faculty has it's seat That it is not in the Blood-conveighing or Lymphatic-Vessels nor in the Bones or Grisles is confess'd by all XXII Some are of Opinion that the Sense of Smelling proceeds from some certain Nerves peculiar and of another Nature inserted into the Nose and some Specific Animal Spirits flowing through those Nerves But they did not observe that all the Nerves of the whole Body both in their Composition and Construction hardly difâ—…er in any thing else but that some are bigger others less some longer some shorter some thicker some thinner some softer and some harder but that let them be what they will their Office is the same as being the Passages through which the Animal Spirits are conveigh'd Moreover they did not consider that those Spirits carry'd through whatsoever Nerves are no way different but of the same substance and nature through whatsoever Nerves and to whatsoever places or parts they are conveigh'd Lastly They did not observe that the diversity of Operations which are perform'd by their assistance does not proceed from the diversity of them or the Nerves that conveigh them but from the diversity of the Parts into which they flow Thus in the Eye they are the cause of sight in the Muscles of motion in the Flesh they cause the sence of Feeling Therefore as they are the cause of Smelling in the Nostrils there must be also in the Nostrils some specific Parts in which by the means of those Spirits not only the feeling but the smell of sweet stincking rosy Camphory is perceiv'd and distinguish'd XXIII Formerly Galen and after him most Anatomists and Philosophers concluded that the Papillary Processes are the true Odoratory Nerves and the immediate Organs of Smelling But we have already refuted that Opinion Chap. 8. where we have shewn that those Processe sare no Nerves but Channels serving for the Evacuation of Excrements Vallesius also opposes and confutes this Opinion But Sneider and Rolfinch finding no reason why the smelling Sence should lye in the Papillary Processes add to their assistance Nerves deriv'd from the third Pair to the Nostrils But from what has been said it is apparent that the Sence of Smelling does not lye in any particular Nerves but in some certain specific Parts into which the Nerves infuse their Animal Spirits Which cannot be the Papillary Processes which neither carry Spirits nor admit those Nerves into their Body XXIV Others were of opinion that the Sence of Smelling lyes in the Membrane over-spreading the Inner part of the Nostrils and ascribe to it a Specific Constitution above other Membranes by reason of which it distinguishes Odors But in regard that Membranes are the Organs of Feeling not of
from hence for that if a piece of White-bread chewed and moistned with much Spittle be mixed with Dow kneaded with Luke-warm-Water it will cause it to ferment XXXIV However there is some difference to be observ'd between Sputum and Salivam by Sputum the Physitians mean that tenacious Humor the Superfluity of which becomes troublesome in the Mouth as happens in Defluxions of Catarhs or such as is generated by some Corruption of the Spittle or is coughed up by the Lungs By Saliva they understand the natural Liquor not superfluous in healthy People nor to be spit out but necessary for the moistning the Mouth the Mixture of the Nourishment and its Preparation and Fermentation for Concoction There is also some difference between Spittle that Snot which falls down from the Brain through the Sive-like-Bone and is partly discharged through the Nostrils partly descends to the Chaps through the hinder Parts of the Palate Not that these Humors differ in respect of their Original but for that the Snot by reason of its longer stay by the way obtains another quality besides it before it comes to the Mouth and hence it becomes thicker more tenacious yellowish and sometimes otherwise ill colour'd Which Qualities nevertheless when it has not then it differs little from the Salival Humor and moistens and renders slippety the Chaps Gullet and adjoyning Partâ—… and being mixed with the Nourishment in the Stomach promotes Fermentation in like manner as the Spittle This Liquor when a Man is in Health is fluid and thin in the Ventricles of the Brain not like the Spittle in the Mouth but almost like the Lymphatic Humor contained in the Lymphatic Vessels and by reason of its being so thin easily slides down through the small Holes of the Sive-like-Bone into the spungy Bones of the Nostrils wherein if it stay long by reason of the Passage of the cold Air breath'd in and out it frequently becomes thick colour'd and endu'd with other Qualities as the Lympha gathers out of Lymphatic Vessels near the Liver and other Vessels near the Cochlear grow into Gelly through the cold Air and sometimes becomes yellow sometimes of another Colour So that these two Liquors differ little or nothing from the Lympha and this same Snivel and Spittle may well be call'd the Lympha carried to the Mouth XXXV The primary Action of the Tongue is to taste for which it seems to be chiefly form'd the secundarv end is for Speech and Swallowing XXXVI Tasting is a Sence by which the gustable or relishing Qualities of relishable Bodies are distinguish'd in Moisture by the Organ of Taste through the Motion of the Tongue and the adjoyning Parts XXXVII This Sence many confound with Feeling following the Opinion of Plato and make it a Species of Feeling but erroneously for though Feeling conduces to the Organ of Taste yet Taste and Feeling differ both as to the Organ and the Object For the Organ of Feeling is a Membrane the Organs of Taste are certain nervous little Teats sprouting out from the second thin Membrane of the Tongue the like to which are not to be found in the whole Body beside The Objects of Feeling are all manner of tangible Qualities hard soft cold hot c. The Objects of Tastes are Relishes Moreover the Taste may be lost yet the Feeling remain entire thus many sick People can relish nothing of Savour but they can at the same time feel a Prick or a Burn or Cold or the like For which reason we must conclude that the Sence of Tasting is a Sence peculiarly distinct from that of Feeling as the Sence of Sight is perform'd by the Eye which is endued with the Sence of Feeling and yet sight is altogether distinct from Feeling XXXVIII From what has been said it is also apparent that there is no Medium of Tasting Seeing that Tasting is performed when the relishable Bodies immediately touch the relishing Organ and hit upon it XXXIX The primary Organ of Taste is the Tongue or some parts of the Tongue But being composed of various Parts Flesh Membranes Nerves Kernels nervous Teats c. the Question is in which of these the Sence of Taste is seated XL. The Aristotelics whom Bauhinus Veslingius Deusingius Bartholine and others follow affirm it to lye in the fleshy part of the Tongue which is therefore Spungy and Porous Partly for the more easie entrance of the tastable Moistures partly to contain a Specific Liquor for the Perfection of the Taste As to perfect the Hearing there is required an Air within and an Air without But in regard the fleshy Parts over the whole Body only feel and distinguish tactible Objects never gustable Objects as bitter Salt c. nor so much as feel them as such shall the Tongue alone by means of its fleshy Particles endued with Nerves and Membranes be able to judg of Tastes likewise But you will say the Tongue is more spungy then the Heart Reins Muscles and other spungy Parts and therefore more easily admits the Gustable Humors within its Pores which the thickness of the other fleshy Parts will not admit to which I answer let them view the Tongue more considerately and they will find the Tongue less spungy than the muscly Flesh. Besides there is no Sense in the Pores but in the Substance it self of the fleshy Parts that are sensible Hence when a salt or bitter Sweat as in the Jaundice passes the Pores and twitches their Substance more or less they feel it indeed in their Substance as soft or painful but not as salt or bitter The Reins and Lungs are also loose and spungy wherefore are not they also endued with the Gift of Tasting XLI Others with Laurentius seat the Sense of Tasting in the Membranes of the Tongue But the Membranes of the Tongue like all other Membranes only perceive by feeling what is hard or soft hot or cold c. but they distinguish Savours no more then the Membranes of the Eyes or Ears And the same reason there is to be given for the Nerves To say the Nerves and Membranes of the Tongue are of another Nature and Construction then others signifies nothing for that the difference of Construction can produce nothing else but a more obtuse or quicker Sence of Feeling but nothing of Taste or Judgment of Savors As to the Blood-bearing Vessels there is no thought that the Taste should lye in them XLII Wharton believes it lies in the Tonsils others in all the Kernels seated in the Mouth and round about the Tongue But in regard the Taste is most accurate at the Tip of the Tongue remote from the Tonsils and other Kernels and more dull at the Root of the Tongue where the Tonsils and many other Kernels lye and seeing that the Taste is a peculiar acute Sence requiring an acute Specific Sensory whereas the Glandules are dull of Sence and contain nothing for the perfection of Taste nor
ever were observ'd to distinguish Savors I see not how this Opinion can be defended XLIII The last things to be considered are the nervous little Paps into which several small Branches of Nerves rising out of the Substance of the Tongue it self are inserted and covered with a thin Porous Film and being endued with a peculiar Substance I believe the Sence of Taste to be brought to Perfection by the help of the foresaid porous Pellicle or slimy fleshy Crust environing them like a Net and absolutely affirm it to be true 1. Because in what part of the Tongue these little nervous fleshy Bags are most numerous as at the Tip in the Sides and upon the Superficies there the Sence of Tasting is most swift most acute and most exact where they appear less numerous the Sence of Tasting is more dull and where there are none at all as underneath between the Tip and the Bridle there is no Taste at all 2. Because in those parts of the Palate where those Fleshbaggs lye hid under the thick Membrane the Taste has its Operation Which is easily made out laying a little Aloes or Salt now to one now to another part of the Tongue by which you shall easily discern the Difference of the Taste in one place more quick in another duller in another no Taste at all according as the Places are more or less furnished with Flesh-bags or want them all together Besides if we more diligently inspect the Substance of the Flesh-bags it self we shall find in it something absolutely specific which we may admire but never be able to explain XLIV Nor are we less unable to unfold by what means the Perception and Distinction of Savors is perform'd by those little nervous Flesh-Bags then how their Sight or Hearing are caused by their particular Organs But then another Question arises how it comes to pass that one and the same Taste for Example Sweet or Bitter always offers it self in the same manner This happens because the Tastable Salt strikes into the Pores of the little Fibers of those small Flesh-bags with its Particles constituted after the same manner and in the same form which Impulse by means of the Nerves is presently communicated to the Mind So that as long as those Particles of Salt have the same Proportion of Measure to the little Pores of the small Flesh-bags they communicate the same Savors But if the Constitution of the Particles of Salt be alter'd by the Mixture of some sulphury or other Humor so that the Particles which before were stiff hard and pointed become flexible soft or round then the little Flesh-bags and Nerves come to be otherwise affected whence the Alteration of the Relish and another perception of the Taste Now the Agitation and Motion of the Tongue is that which chiefly strikes the Gustable Bodies into the little Flesh-bags by which Motion being forced into the Flesh-bags they alter them after a Specific manner and imprint the Species of the Relish into them with their sharp Points and slender Asperities to be communicated to the Mind by means of the Nerves Which Species sometimes fixes within them when the said Bodies being more violently forced into them and by reason of the unequal Proportion of the Particles of Salt to the figure of the Pores cannot be got out or washed away by the Spittle XLV As to the great Disputes what Savor is and wherein it consists Aristotle affirms it to be nothing else but a certain Quality in determin'd Compounds arising from the Mixture of the Elements but what that Savory Quality is he leaves in the Dark In another place he believes it to be something arising from Water and Earth being mixt together the Heat of Fire concurring For though Water be of it self insipid yet it is capable to receive any Relish and so as the Fire variously acts upon that and the Water the diversity of Savors arises But in regard that Fire contributes to Water only Heat Attenuation and Discussion and Driness and Hardness to the Earth this Opinion must fall to the Ground Nor does Galen determine any thing certain concerning this Matter when he says that Savor is a Water intermixed with some dry Body by the Operation of Heat In which Sence Alstedius will have it to be a Mixture of the Watry Humid with the dry Terrestrial Others alledg that the Stupid quality is the certain Figure Magnitude and Motion of the smallest Particles But seeing they never explain in what things that Figure Magnitude and Motion ought to be considered and how Savor proceeds from them they leave the Matter as obscure as they found it XLVI Now therefore to deliver our own thoughts 't is our Opinion that Savour is not any Specific flowing out of any things but a certain Specific suffering imprinted by the Asperities of certain things into the Organs of Taste the Perception and Iudgment of which suffering is the Taste XLVII Now we believe that the foresaid Asperities and their diversities are to be fetch'd from the Principles of the things themselves as Salt Sulphur Mercury c. concerning which See l. 2. c. 12. XLVIII The Asperities causing Savor consist in Salt which as it is variously mix'd concocted and united with Sulphur or Mercury the Asperities are greater or lesser more pointed stiff hard pricking or more flexible soft or smooth which diversity begets the manifold variety of Savors as the suffering of the Tongue according to the Asperities of the Salt becomes pleasing or ungrateful Which is the Opinion of Fracassarus in these Words Let us concluâ—…e says he that savors owe their effects to the Figures which are only taken from the corporeal Principles which in mixt things is chiefly the Salt it self and from the observ'd figures in Salts we collect this that Salt is the Figurative Principle of Savor XLIX The differences of Savors from the various figures of salt Atoms Gassendus endeavours thus to demonstrate By which it comes to pass says he that he will not incongruously determine the matter that round Atoms of a just proportion cause a sweet Savor the great Figure produces sowre those of many Angles not orbicular sharp acute conic bow'd not thin nor round pricking thin and orbicular with corners and bow'd biting with corners bow'd unequal in their sides salt round smooth writh'd equal in their sides bitter thin round and small fat L. Now that Savor proceeds only from Salt is apparent by Chimistry For if Carduus Benedictus which is bitter be burnt to Ashes and a Salt extracted out of them those Ashes will be altogether insipid but restore their Salt to them and they will recover their Savor but not the bitter Savor which the Carduus had before it was burnt because the Sulphury particles were consum'd by the fire and thence the Asperities of the Salt were alter'd LI. If any one ask me if Savor be caus'd by Salt whence comes the insipidness of
Falshood of this Opinion the Cavity of their Fibres being such as not able to transmit the thinnest Juice IX Therefore it is most probable that the Nerves are nourished by the Arterious Blood but chiefly by the Animal Spirits For though they admit no Blood-bearing Vessels into their inner Parts yet they are nourished like the thin and thick Meninx in the Head by the Arterious Blood the Exterior Tunicles of the Nerves which are derived from the Menixes receiving through their invisible Arteries some little Portion of Blood for their Nourishment and communicating something of the same Blood by Exhalation to the inner Substance In the mean time it is unquestionable that these Tunicles but chiefly the inner Fibres are more especially nourished by the Animal Spirits passing through them vid. l. 3. c. 11 of which the more fixed Particles growing to their Substance turn to Nourishment The Arteries and Veins are nourished with the same Blood which they carry and therefore why not the Nerves which may be the reason also that they have such a quick Sense of Feeling and have their peculiar hardness and driness in regard the Spirits with which they are nourished are like a most volatil and dry Salt or like a dry and subtil Exhalation And then that besides these Spirits there is something of Arterious Blood which concur to the Nourishment of the Exterior Tunicles and communicates something by exhalation to the interior Tunicles is apparent from hence that the Nerves being obstructed though they are deprived of Sense and grow languid yet they are not deprived of Life nor dry up for want of Nourishment for the Obstruction being removed they shall after many Years be restored to their pristine Sanity I knew a Woman so paralytic on one side for thirty years together that she had no use either of her Left-Arm or Thigh besides that all that side of her was num till at length the Fright of a most hideous Tempest with Thunder and Lightning having expell'd the Obstructing Matter from the Nerves she was free'd from her Palsie and walked abroad the next Day to the Admiration of all that behâ—…ld her Which could not have been if the Nerves had been all that time without Nourishment for they must have been dried up in so many years time which they must have been had they been only nourished by the Animal Spirits which could not flow into the Nerve while obstructed A Story much like to this Valleriola reports of one that had been paralytic for several years but suddenly freed from his Distemper by the Fright of a House on Fite However those little Arteries are only derived from those that crawl through the Menixes of the Brain X. The Nerves vary in bigness according to the variety and necessity of their Use the Organs to which they run forth and the importance of the Actions which they are to perform XI The Original of the Nerves is twofold in respect of Generation and Administration In respect of the first they are generated from the Seed as are all the solid Parts In respect of the latter from the Brain or its appendent Matter For to reject the Opinion of Aristotle and others that the Nerves arise from the Heart or partly from the Heart and partly from the Brain we say that all the Nerves rise from the long Pith of the Brain contained as well within the Brain as the Cavity of the Spine Which Varolius Picholhominus Bauhinus and others testifie upon orbicular View XII From that Pith they proceed all through the Holes of the Pith and Vertebres but not all after the same manner For some pass through the Holes nearest the Place where they make their Exit some pass by two three or four Holes before they make their Egress For the more the Marrow tends to the lower Parts the more Holes the Nerves pass by before they transmit themselves XIII The Nerves some are softer and some are harder according to the Variety of the Use and Difference of Length and Situation as also in respect of the Parts which they enter Galen writes that their softer Parts are the only Parts that are sensible of feeling but that those which both feel and move are the harder XIV The use of the Nerves is to conveigh Animal Spirits to the Parts that by their ordinary Influx Nutrition may go forward and by their determinative Motion that the Parts destin'd for Sense and Mâ—…tion may be made more sensible and more vigorous Viâ—… l. 3. c. 11. To which purpose they are inserted into the sensible and moving Parts with wonderful Artifice And those that move the Muscles are inserted into their Heads or a little below or at least not beyond the Middle of which Insertion see the Reason Lib. 5. Cap 1. XV. Hence some conclude that they are the Instruments of Sense and Motion whereas they are rather the Channels to which the Animal Spirits are conveighed to the Instruments of Sense and Motion The Instruments of Feeling are the Membranes which the more Nerves they receive the more acutely they feel the fewer they admit the more dully And this appears in Palsies for though the Nerve be present yet the absence of the obstructed Spirit causes the Defect of Sense Now because the Nerves are furnished with Membranes 't is no wonder their Sense of Feeling is so quick more especially since they contain a greater quantity of Animal Spirits which are the immediate Causes of the Senses The Muscles are the Instruments of voluntary Motion which the Nerves do not move by contracting themselves but only by infusing into them store of Animal Spirits which cause the Motion Fernelius Laurentius Mercurialis and others observing in the Palsie the Sense sometimes stupified sometimes the Motion to cease and sometimes both lost thought the Motory and Sensory Nerves to be distinct and that as the one or the other come to be obstructed it causes a Variety in the Distemper But there is no more diversity of the Nerves than of the Animal Spirits only the diversity of Operations proceed from the diversity of the Parts which they enter Thus they infuse into the Eyes the Faculty of Seeing into the Ears the Faculties of Hearing c. Nay sometimes one and the same Nerve inserted into several Parts contributes to one Sence only to another both Sence and Motion Thus the Pleura Mediastinum Stomach and several other Parts feel by means of the Nerves of the sixth Conjunction and by means of the same Nerves and Muscles of the Neck the Hyoides Larynx and other Parts both feel and move But Willis observing that the Stomach Ventricle Intestines and many other Parts had a Spontaneous Motion though not arbitrary believed there were two sorts of Nerves and two sorts of Animal Spirits One that assisted spontaneous Motion by means of the Spirits generated in the Cerebel the other voluntary or arbitrary Motion by means of the Spirits generated in
the Brain To which what has been said already will serve for Answer that the diversity of Motion does not proceed from the variety of Nerves or Spirits but the diversity of the Parts to which the Spirits are conveighed Thus carried to the Muscles they cause arbitrary Motion to places wanting Muscles but endued with moveable Fibres they cause spontaneous Motion XVII Note by the way that no Muscle is moved which is not sensible at the same time and that the Motion of the Muscle may fail and yet the Sence remain but not the contrary few Spirits being requisite for the Sence of Feeling but many to cause and perform Motion And therefore it is a false Notion that the Sence may fail in the same Member and yet the Motion remain For common Practice tells us that sometimes the feeling may fail in the Skin so as not to feel the Heat of a burning Coal but pierce the Skin with a Needle and you shall find a most acute Sence in the Muscles moving underneath which would not feel if this Hypothesis were true As frivolous is the Example produced by Regius of a young Man who had lost the Sence of feeling in his Hand the Motion remaining for I can never believe any Perforations were made to the Muscles in that Hand which had they been done Regius must have been of another Opinion but Persons as ignorant as himself will believe any thing But these Physitians seem not to have observed that this Stupidity of the Sence is not in the Muscles but only in the Skin or perhaps in the cutaneous Pannicle which being vitiated they thought the inner Parts of the Member to have lost the Sence of Feeling So that the Mistake proceeds from hence that because the Sence of Feeling failed in the Skin which might happen through vitious Humors obstructing or contracting the Pores of the Skin or else Extremity of benumming Cold the Physitian never minded the Muscles which had they diligently inspected they had found by them that the Sence never fails in them while the Motion remains XVIII I shall clear this by some Examples A Woman came to me for Advice she mov'd all her Limbs indifferent well but her Skin that was wrinkled and somewhat cold had no feeling in it though prick'd with a Needle or held to the Fire but if you thrust the Needle deep into any Muscle that lay underneath she was presently sensible of the Pain of the inner Muscle In like manner I met with a Seamen returning Scorbutic from the East Indies who had no more feeling in his Skin than a Stone though you held his Hand to a scorching Fire But if you thrust a Needle more deeply into the Muscles he was presently sensible of Pain The same Story I could tell of a Tobacco Merchant whose Skin had quite lost its Feeling but when you pricked him to the Muscles he was presently sensible of the Pain So that most certain it is that in the moving Parts the Sence never fails unless at the same time the Motion also fail XIX They that imprudently maintain this Argument assert that Sence is contributed to the Parts by the little Fibres of the Nerves but Motion by the Animal Spirits which flow into the Muscles through their little Pipes in great quantity and so that the Fibres may be obstructed though the Passage of the Animal Spirits may be free by which means the Sence fails the Motion remaining On the other side that the lower Cavity may be obstructed the Fibres remaining free and entire and then the Motion fails the Sence remaining perfect True it is that the Nerves feel by reason of the Fibres and Tunicles proceeding from the Meninx but that they contribute Sence to all the feeling Parts by means of their little Fibres is altogether false For they are not the little Fibres but the Animal Spirits flowing through the Porosities of the Nerves that cause the Faculty of Feeling in all the membranous Parts without the Influx of which the little Fibres never feel as appears in the Palsie And hence it appears how absurd it is to say That the inner Porosity being obstructed and the Passage of the Spirits by that means hindred the Motion fails but the Sence remains seeing that the Sence proceeds from the Influx and fails without it But it may be objected that though the inner Porosity of the Nerve be obstructed yet a sufficient Quantity of Spirits may pass through the Substance of the Fibres to create Motion But in the same manner it may as well be said that the Artery being obstructed within side and the Passage of the Blood being hindred suffâ—…cient vivific Heat and Spirit may pass through its Substance to preserve the natural Heat of the Parts whereas the Preservation of the Heat proceeds from the due Influx of the Blood and that failing the Heat also fails in the upper Substance of the Artery which is warmed and nourished by the Substance that passes through it Besides how can the inner Cavity of a Nerve or Artery be obstructed without the Compression of the little Fibres and the Substance it self For that if the obstructing Matter exactly close up the inner Cavity so that the most subtil and invisible Spirit cannot pass of necessity it must more closely compress the Substance of the Vessel and the little Fibres seeing that without such an exact Compression the Stoppage cannot be but the Substance being compressed with the little Fibres the Pores therein and the Fibres are quite stopped up and they being stopped how shall the Spirits pass either through the Fibres or the Substance Then again seeing that in the Motion of the Muscles their Fibres and Membranes must require a greater quantity of Animal Spirits which Spirits cause a quick Sence of feeling in the Fibres and Membranes how is it possible that a great quantity of Spirits being employed toward Motion which the Fibres and Membranes necessarily supply at the same time with the same Spirits should be deprived of Sence which requires much fewer Spirits than Motion Is not the Feeling granted by granting the necessary Means of Feeling But this Axiom they seem to reject who say that the Feeling is lost in the Muscle yet grant that many Spirits flow thither to compleat the Motion Lastly they should prove that there is an inner Cavity in the Nerves which could never yet be made out by any Person in the World XX. But there arising another Question while many believe Sensation to be communicated to the Brain by the Animal Spirits contained in the little Tubes and Membranous Substance of the Nerves others by the little Fibres of the Nerves The first Opinion seems less probable because the Animal Spirits are continually pressed away from the Brain through the Nerves but never ascend or return from the Nerves to the Brain and this seems strange again that the Ideas imprinted in the Spirits should in a moment of time be carried
from the remotest Members of the Body against the Stream of the Spirits to the Brain to be there offered to the Mind Nevertheless Gassâ—…ndus describes a single way by which he believes this return of the Spirits to the Brain may be effected For saith he a Nerve or little Nerve cannot be touched but it must be compressed nor can it be compressed but the Spirit contained must be provoked by Distention and being stirred it must push forward or rather repel the next to it and by the same reason the Spirit coming from the Brain nor can that be repelled but the whole Series by reason of Repletion and Continuity being repelled the Spirit at the beginning of the Nerve flies back to the Brain And therefore it is that the Faculty of Sence residiâ—…g in the Brain is moved by this flying back and presently perceives and apprehends the Touch which is made And afterwards he adds That nothing is sent but rather seems to be remitieâ—… and repelled that is to say the Spirit contained in the Nerves neither does 〈◊〉 appear that any thing else can touch the Brain But after this manner the Nerve being compressed the Spirit flowing into it being by that Pressure hindred from any farther Passage may be stopp'd indeed but no way repelled to the Brain or any Idea-carrying Motion be made from thence to the Brain because the continual Pressure or impulsive Motion of the Brain it self is an Obstacle to hinder the Spirits from being so strongly provoked toward the Nerves or their Ends that no contrary Motion can repel them to the Brain and that so much the less for that granting a stopping Cause yet there is no other repelling Cause Therefore it is with the Nerves as with the Arteries for the Arteries being squeezed the Blood is stopped from passing but does not flow back to the Heart because the Pulsation drives it so strongly from it that it cannot by any outward Pressure return again through the Arteries to the Heart And thus seeing the Brain with the same force expels the Spirits from it into the Nerves and seeing also that when any contract is made in any of the remotest Parts of the Body it is perceiv'd at the very same moment in the Head and in regard so rapid a Motion of the Spirits from the Foot to the Head cannot be compâ—…ehended by thought neither by reason of Repletion or Continuity the Spirits being prohibited farther passes through the Pressure of the Nerve can those Spirits which are at the Original of the Nerve fly back to the Brain because of the Propulsion aforesaid by which the Brain by its own proper Motion urges the Spirits continually toward the Nerves not permitting any to fly back Lastly seeing that by that Stoppage of Spirits no Idea of feeling whether soft or hard c. can be carryed to the Brain from the thing felt and there be represented to the Mind it is manifest that Gassendus's Opinion is but a Fiction XXI The latter Opinion that Sensation is caused in the little Fibres constituting the Body of the Nerve though more plausible yet it is hard to understand how in a moment of time the specific Image of Sensation can be carried from the Thigh to the Brain through the solid Substance of little Fibres and Nerves to be there apprehended by the Mind I know that some would make this out by the Similitude of the Strings in a musical Instrument which being touch'd at the lower end will tremble at the same time at the top But in the Bodies of Men there is not so strong a Tension of the Nerves not that streightness of Situation as in Strings pegg'd up but a great Laxity and Contortedness and a manifold Connexion every where with the Parts that such a continued Trembling should happen in the little Fibres of the Nerves Which Gassendus observes where he says That it is not the Spirit contained but the containing Tunicle which by reason of its Continuation and Distention to the Brain carries the Affection thither But because the Nerves are not extended in a streight Line like the Strings of a Lute but contorted and relaxed they cannot repress the Motion which is made at one End in the other Extremity Lewis de la Forge opposing these Words of Gassendus proves indeed that the Perception of Sense is caused by the Spirits flowing from the Part felt to the Brain but does not sufficiently convince us that this Perception is caused by the Motion communicated to the Brain His whole Argument rests upon the Influx of the Animal Spirits into the little Fibres of the Nerves which are thereby kept continually stretched But that loose Tension is not sufficient to enable a small Nerve that has so many Windings from the Foot to the Head and intervening Connexions to extend its Motion being lightly touched in the Foot so suddenly to the Brain The Noise of a Gun does not presently reach the Ear through the Air which is a yielding Body consequently there is a longer space of time required in the solid Body of a Nerve passing through so many intricate and various Turnings and yet at the very individual point of time that the Foot is touched the Idea of the Touch is felt in the Brain So that the Touch and the Perception seem to be both at the same Instant which could not be if the Motion of the Fibres were to extend it self to the Brain before the Touch could be perceived in the Brain If it be objected that this is done by the Continuity of the Nerve I answer that it may be done in hard extended things but not in soft and languid Thus if you set a Stick twenty foot long to the Ear and slightly strike the t'other end the Ear will presently perceive the Percussion but take the Gut of any large Beast and put it to the Ear blown up with Wind and hâ—…ld it to the Ear and strike at the other end the Motion shall never extend it self much above a Span much less will it reach the end next the Ear. And so it is with any Motion made in a soft languid and contorted Nerve at a distance from the Head Besides the Nerve is composed of innumerable Nerves so strongly adhering together that they cannot be parted asunder but by force Now if any small Fibre be moved in the Foot how shall that Motion reach the Brain when none of the rest which are annext to it never so much as stir If you say the first being moved the rest move and so the whole Nerve moves then the Perception of the Brain will be uncertain not being able to judge whether the first Motion were in the Toe or any other Part of the Foot Des Cartes makes mention of this Question and the better as he thinks to explain it We are to understand says he that those little Threads which as I said arise from the innermost Recesses of the Brain and compose the Marrow
Air no less troublesome to it IV. Which Vellication of the Nerve being communicated to the Nerve and perceived by the Mind presently more copious Spirits were determined to the Place affected for its Relief which distending in breadth the Nerve and Muscle belonging to it but contracting it in length caused the Convulsion By the Pain of this Convulsion the Head being troubled sends the Animal Spirits disorderly to these or other lower Parts and so contracting them in the same manner the Contraction happens not only in the wounded but in other Parts likewise and from this great Disturbance of the Brain and Animal Spirits happens a Delirium V. This is a dangerous Malady for besides the Nerves and Muscles the noble Bowel is distmpered Therefore says Hippocrates a Convulsion ensuing a Wound is very dangerous But the Youth and Strength of the Patient promises great hopes of Cure besides that the Convulsion proceeds from an external Cause that may be removed VI. The Method of Cure consists in keeping the Patient warm and in a warm Place in removing the sharp and biting Oyntment and washing the Wound with Barley-water boiled with Hyssop and a little Honey dissolved in it then put a Tent into it dipped in this Oyntment â„ž The Yolk of an Egg n â— j. Honey Turpentine an Ê’iij Spirit of Wine Ê’ij Then lay on Emplaster of Betony or Melilot VII The Parts afflicted and especially the wounded Arm are to be fomented with this Fomentation â„ž Marjoram Rosemary Betony Calamint Hyssop Basil an M. j. Flowers of Dill M. ij Of Chamomil Melilot an M. j. s. Seeds of Cumin â„¥ j. of Lovage Ê’iij Of Dill â„¥ s. White-wine q. s. Boil them to lbiij VIII After Fomentation strongly chaâ—…e the Parts affected with this Liniment warm â„ž Martiate Oyntment Oyl of Ireos Oyl of Foxes Earth-worms and Spike an â„¥ j. Oyl of Castor â„¥ s. IX In the mean time after a Glister given let the Parties take a Draught of this Apozem to strengthen the Brain and Nerves â„ž Root of sweet Cane Fennel Male Piony an Ê’vj Herbs Of Majoram Rue Betony Rosemary Baum Basil Calamint an M. j. Flowers of Stoechas M. s. Fennel Seed Ê’ij Raisins cleansed â„¥ ij Water q. s. Boil them to lbj s. Then mix Water of Tilet Flowers Syrup of Stoechas an â„¥ iij. X. Now and then let her take a small quantity of this Conditment â„ž Species Diambra ℈ iiij Candied Root of sweet Cane Conserve of Flowers of Sage Betony Anthos an â„¥ s. Syrup of Stoechas q. s. XI Lastly clap such a quilted Cap upon her Head â„ž Leaves of Marjoram M. s. Of Rosemary Betony Flowers of Dill Melilot an Two little Handfuls Nutmegs Ê’j Benjamin Ê’s Beat them into a Gross Powder for a quilted Cap. XII The Convulsion ceasing the Body must be purged with an Infusion of Leaves of Senna Rubarb Agaric c. or with Cochiae or Golden Pills Diaphenicon or Diaturbith with Rubarb And then return to the use of the foresaid Apozem and Conditement XIII Her Diet must be easie of Digestion condited with Marjoram Hyssop Rosemary Betony Sage Anise-seed Fennel-seed and the like Let her sleep Long and take her Rest as much as may be And be sure the Body evacuate regularly HISTORY XV. Of the Epilepsie A Boy of eight years of Age indifferent lusty no care being had of his Diet first became sad and the Winter being past often complain'd of a grievous Head-ach In March as he was at play he fell down of a sudden quite senseless writh'd his Eyes and clutch'd his two Thumbs hard in his Fists That Fit soon went off but the next day it returned much more vehement attended with manifest Convulsions of the Body From that time the Fits returned twice thrice and four times a Week with more terrible Convulsions But in the Summer they were much gentler and not so frequent But the Autumn following especially near Winter the Fits took him very often and very violent and that too of a sudden without any warning with horrid Convulsions and Foming at the Mouth And at last the I continuance and violence of the Distemper had so disordered the Animal Functions that the Child was become sottish I. THAT the Boys Brain was affected was plain by the distress of the Animal Functions II. This Distemper is called an Epilepsie Which is a Convulsion of the whole Body not perpetual with which the Party taken falls to the Ground with an intercepting of the Senses and Functions of the Mind rising from a Peculiar malignant and acrimonious Matter III. Bad Diet contributes much to the breeding of this Disease as the greedy devouring of bad and raw Fruit which heaps up Crude and Flegmatic Humors in a Flegmatic Body and these filling the Brain first caused the Head-ach then through their long stay in the Brain obtaining a certain peculiar pravity and acrimony constitute the containing Cause of the Epilepsis IV. From this depraved and acrimonious Humor exhale sharp and malignant Vapors which as often as they twitch and bite the beginning of the Nerves about the heat of the common Sensory so often they cause the Fit For while Nature endeavors to shake off that troublesom Acrimony from the sensible Parts it happens that as the Spirits flow in greater or less quantity into them they contract and relax alternately and move the rest of the Nerves and Muscles of the Body after the same manner whence those short and frequent Convulsions V. Now because this Malignant and sharp Humor chiefly and oftenest afflicts the small diminutive Nerves near the seat of the common Sensory hence it comes to pass that the fit so suddainly seizes For so soon as those little Nerves feel that Acrimony Nature endeavors to shake it off And because that endeavor is made and begins near the common Sensory therefore there is a stop put upon the Functions of the Senses and Mind For in regard the Pine Kernel is presently affected and for that the Influx of the Animal Spirits through the Nerves sometimes contracted sometimes relaxed can never be regular hence it happens that the Organs of the Senses become defective in their Functions and by reason of that disorderly Influx of the Spirits into the Nerves and Muscles the Patient presently falls VI. The Fits are milder and not so frequent in Summer For that the Pores of the whole Body are more open by reason of the External heat so that there is a greater dissipation of the Humors and considering the time of the year less Flegm is bred and heaped up in the Brain Therefore in Autumn and Winter they are most frequent and violent because of the greater abundance of Flegm then bred and less easie to be dissipated through the Pores then contracted with Cold besides the Vapors exhaling from it are more abundant and acrimonious VII The Foam at the Mouth proceeds from hence for that those Flegmatic Humors expelled from the Brain into the Jaws and Lungs by that
The Definition It s Substance Whether hollow The Substance is threefold Their Nourishment Whether they conveigh the nutritious Iuice Glisson's Opinion Wharton and Charlton's Opinion Malpigius his Opinion The Nourishment of the Nerves Their bigness Their Original Their Passage out of the Pith. Softness and hardâ—…ess The Use. Why they be Instruments of Sense a Motion Whether the Sensory and Motory Nerves are different While Motion lasts there is always Sence Observations The Error of Philosophers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Spirits Whether Sense be made by the little Fibres of the Nerves The Determination of the Spirits by the Nerves The difference of the Nerves The numbers of the Nerves The Coats of the Nerves The Plexus retiformis The Name Desinition Generation Marrow The Vessels The efficient Cause The time of their Formation Their Use. The Difference Their Substance Callus Cavities A Prominence Apophysis Epiphysis Whether Bones have Sense The Number The Qualities Symphisis Syneurosis Synchondrosis Sysarcosis Articulation Diarthrosis Enarthrosis Arthrodia Ginglymus Synarthrosis Suture Harmonia Gomphosis Skeleton The Cranium The Face The Figure of the Skull The Substance The Thickness The Tables The Diploâ—… The Sutures Sutures are twofold The Real The Illegitimate The Coronal The Lambdoidal The Sagittal The Illegitimate Sutures The Squâ—…moides The four Commissures The common Commissures The use of the Commissures Whether there can be a Contra-fissure The Skull The proper Bones The common Bones The Iaw Bones The Cavities The Holes The Fossae The Fore-head Bone The Cell of the Fore-head Bone The use of the Cell The Processes The Furrow The Holes The Bones of the Bregma Their Figure Substance The use of Gaping The Furrows The Bone of the Occiput Shape Substance Cavities Processes Holâ—… The Bones of the Temples Shâ—…pe Cavities The Styloides The Mamillary Processes The Os jugal The Wedg-like Bone The Situation The Substance Its Processes Whether the Saddle be perforated The Cavities Holes The Sieve-like Bone The Cocks-comb The Spungy Bones Their vse The upper Iaw It s Substance Its Vessels It s Figure Processes Cavity Holes The Desinition Whether they be Bones Their Substance Vessels Their Principles The Folliculus The Bony part The time of cutting The Shedding A Controversie about shedding the Teeth The Dentes Sapientiae Continual Growth The Order 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Number The Incisorii The Canini The Grinders Their use The Spine The Substance The Figure The Holes The Proceses Connexioâ—… Number The Vertebres of the Neck Atlas Dentata The Vertebres of the Back Their figure Greatness Processes The Vertebres of the Loyâ—…s The Bone Lus. The Os Sacrum The Coccyx Bones The Ribs Their Number Their Substance Figure Greatness Cutting for an Empyâ—…ma Articulation The true Ribs The Spurious Ribs Their Use. The Substance Its Parts The Cartilagious Mucronata The Scrobicle Cordis The Clavicles Number Substance Figure Connexion The Use. The Scapula The Processes Their Construction The Os Ileâ—…on The Os Coxendicis The Os Pubis Whether the Share-bone parts How the Birth gets out of the Pelvis The Shoulder-bone The Elbow The Ulna The Radius Their vse Their Connexion The Carpus The Articulation The Metacarps The Fingers The Thigh The Head of the Thigh An Observation The Sesamina Poplitis The Patella The Leg. The Tibia The Mallectus internus The Fibula The Malleolus externus The Tarsus The Talus The Calx The Os Naviculare The Os Cuboides The Metatarsus The Bones of the Toes Their Situation Bigness Number The Number of all the Bones The general difference In the head In the Breast The Constitution of the Bones of the Head Of the Arms and Hands Of the Legs and Feet The Definition Their Names Parts Substance Colour Connexion Use. Whether they be Parts of the Body The maâ—…ner of their growth Definition Substance Their vse Definition Substance Nourishment Figure Their rise vse The Ligaments of the Head Of the upper Iaw Of the Oâ—… Hyoides and the Tongue The Ligaments of the Vertebres Of the Ribs Of the Sternon Of the Os Ilion Of the Os Sacrum Of the Os Pubis The Ligaments Of the Wrist Of the Metacarpium The Ligaments of the Thigh The Luxation of the Hip. Of the Tibia Of the Tibula Of the Feet Of the Talus Of the Pedion Of the Metapedion of the Toes
THE ANATOMY OF Human Bodies Comprehending the most Modern DISCOVERIES AND CURIOSITIES In that ART To which is added A Particular Treatise OF THE Small-Pox Measles Together with several PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCED CURES With 139 FIGURES curiously cut in Copper Representing the several Parts and Operations Written in Latin by ISBRAND de DIEMERBROECK Professor of Physick and Anatomy in Utrecht Translated from the last and most correct and full Edition of the same By WILLIAM SALMON Professor of Physick LONDON Printed for W. WHITWOOD at the Angel and Bible in Little-Britain 1694. At which place all Dr. Salmons Works are sold THE PREFACE HOW beneficial the exact knowledge of the Fabrick of humane Bodies is and how difficult the same skill is to attain the continual improvements in Anatomy one Age after another notwithstanding the utmost diligence of the last do sufficiently evince Were it not beneficial so many Philophers and Physicians in all Ages had not employ'd their pains about it and were it not difficult some or other of these great Men had compleated it Of which number we may reckon Democritus and Hippocrates the two Parents of solid Philosophy and Physic one of which great Men was by the City of Abdera invited to take a Journey to cure the other of Madness but the Physician finding the Philosopher intent upon his Anatomical scrutiny for the seat of the Bile and receiving wise Answers to all his other enquiries returned satisfied that the multitude of that place laboured of the very Disease which they were so mad to have cured in Democritus Many more great Men among the Antients such as Aristotle Diocles Erasistratus Praxagoras Herophilus Asclepiades Euripho and others cultivated this Province but none in former Ages excelled Galen Nor was Anatomy in esteem only among Phisophers and Physicians but even Kings and Emperors were both Spectators of and Actors in it Alexander the greatest of Emperors employ'd both himself and his Master Aristotle sometimes in Dissections notwithstanding his Conquests and great Affairs which took up so much of his time and care Also the best of Emperors Marcus Antoninus who was so prudent and wise a Man gave himself to the search of Nature and to cutting up of humane Bodies that he might the better understand his own Frame and Constitution Nor did several Aegyptian Kings disdain to manage the Anatomical Knife with their own Royal hand Certain also it is that Boethus and Paulus Sergius the Roman Consuls and other great Personages both Learned and Warlike honored Galen with their presence at his Anatomical Administrations where they might see and admire the skill and workmanship of the Divine hand in building a Tabernacle for the Soul of Man And indeed among all the advantages of Learning none is greater than to have skill in Nature and yet above all the highest pitch of knowledge is to know our selves Be he Philosopher Orator Lawyer or Divine that thinks he knows so much to what purpose is it if he is wise abroad and a fool at home if he knows not the Habitation of his Soul the seat of his Reason whereby he is willing to distinguish himself specifically from Brutes and signally from the most of Men What an exquisite piece of folly would it appear to be if a Man skill'd in Minerals and Plants and in most other subjects of Natural enquiry yet should not know the Animal Oeconomy at all Certainly he would to judicious Eyes appear no less impertinent than the Man that should mind every Mans business but his own and in balancing Accounts would be found as rich in knowledge as the foresaid impertinent would be in Estate For Anatomy is not a knowledge only honorable and pleasant but profitable and highly useful especially to a Physician so necessary that the Ancients thought it the very Foundation upon which the celebrated Art of Physic is built which being once taken away the whole Art must fall to ruine As an Architect when he goes to repair a decay'd House must of necessity know all the Parts of the House of what substance they must be of what figure how many in number and how they must one be joyned to another So he that professes Physic can never cure the diseased Parts aright unless he has an exact Idea of their substance figure bulk number and mutual connexion one to another which can only be attained by Anatomy If a Philosopher ask a Reason of any action either Natural or Animal it is only the knowledge of the Parts of a Humane Body that can furnish a Man with an Answer And if you are to cut out a Thorn or the Point of any Weapon or if you are to open a Fistula or an Abscess you can perform nothing aright without Anatomy It is through want of Skill in this that sometimes Sense sometimes Motion sometimes both are violated or wholly abolished and which is worst of all a contemptuous neglect hereof by some Physicians has been the cause of present death to some Persons Of such moment is the knowledge of Anatomy both in cure of Diseases and in presaging the Event But unskilfulness makes Men bold where there is reason to fear and timorous where all is safe and no occasion of fear is Yet now adays how many Medical Rabbies are there pretending themselves to be either Chymists or Galenists and not inferior to the Master of their Sect who do not understand Books of Anatomy So far are they from ever having seen or shown to others any Dissections And divest but these fellows of their Titles you 'll find them mere Syrrup-mongers endeavouring more to please the Palate than to cure Diseases Which indeed is the reason we have so many circumforaneous Impostors who promise boldly every thing to the unlearned Multitude relying upon Receits for Medicines composed without Reason Hence it is come to pass that he who knows but how to make up a Medicine dares pronounce his Judgment of Diseases and give his Medicines without any regard had to an able and learned Physician And so Fellows play with Mens lives who have skill in nothing much less in so abstruse an Art as Physick is Wisely therefore have our Laws provided that none but such as are recommended by their Learning and Probity should be admitted to take care of the Health of Men none I say but such as are approved of by the Learned We have not in England wanted our Cato's Boethus's and Paulus's who by Law have kept Sycophants and Knaves from Practising of Physick who have obliged every one to Practise that Art and Trade he has been brought up to and who have restored Learning to its place and honor For only the Learned in Anatomy know what Part a Disease does primarily affect and what by Sympathy of what Nature things are and what Remedies ought to be applied to each Part since the Method of Cure varies according to the Nature of several Parts Only Men skill'd in Anatomy can give true
The Tonsils FIGURE V. One Vessel among the rest of those that proceed from the Kernel in the lower Part of the Cheeks FIGURE VI. A. The hinder Part of the Maxillary Kernel aa The hindermost Roots of the Salival Channel C. The hindermost Trunk of the same Channel ascending the Tendon of the double belly'd Muscle DD. The return of it and uniting with the foremost Channel E. The common Trunk of the Salival Channel F. G. The double belly'd Muscle H. The Progress of the said Trunk to the Fore-teeth of the lower Iaw I. The Opening of the Channel under the Tongue K. The round Kernel next to the Maxillary FIGURE VII A. The hinder Part of the Maxillary Glandule BB. The former Part of the same with the foremost Roots of the Spittle-Channel C. The hinder Trunk of the same Channel ascending a Tendon of the double-belly'd Muscle D. The return of the same and Union with the foremost Channel EE The common Trunk of the Salival Channel F. G. The double-Muscl'd Muscle H. The Progress of the Trunk toward the Fore-teeth of the lower Iaw I. The Salival Channel open'd under the Tongue K. A round little Kernel nextto the Maxillary L. A row of Asperities under the side of the Tongue M. The Tongue out of its place FIGURE VIII The Conglobated Kernels a. The Conglobated Parotis b. The Conglobated Kernel next the lower Maxillary Kernel c. Another Conglobated Kernel seated above the Chaps d. The common Kernel e. The Lymphatic Vessel tending to the Confines of the Jugulary and Maxillary Kernel fff Three Lymphatic Vessels carry'd from the three Glandules a. b. c. to the common Glandule d. FIGURE IX The Left Eye of a Calf A. The upper nameless Glandule of the Eye b. The larger Corner of the Eye c. The lesser Corner of the Eyes ddd The Lobes into which the foremost Border of the Kernels is divided through the Lymphatic spaces of which eee They make their Exit FIGURE X. A. The inner superficies of the Eye-lid bbb The Nameless Kernel which together with the small Vessels ccc appears through the slender Tunicle of the Eye-lid dd The Orifices of the Lachrymal Vessels FIGURE XI A. The Lachrymal Kernel seated in the inner Corner B. The Gristle proceeding from the Kernel it self bbb The gristly Border cc. The Membrane dd Two Entrances one of each side the Gristle FIGURE XII aa The continuation of the Lachrymal points to the Extremities of the Nostrils bb The Vessel for excretion proper to the Nostrils ANATOMY BOOK I. Of the lowest Cavity The Preamble I Am undertaking to write a Book of Anatomy but am doubtful whether I should term it the Art and Exercise of Physicians or of Philosophers For though formerly it was first instituted for their sakes yet now these are so much taken up with it that it can scarce be determined to which Faculty it is more obliged or to which it is of nearer Affinity Since in this our Age both the one and the other are as industrious in this Affair as if the wellfare of each Faculty lay in Anatomy and as if both borrowed all their Light from it as from another Sun so that they who are destitute of Skill in this one Art are reckoned to walk in darkeness and to know nothing in a manner Since several others also who areof neither Faculty nor indeed professedly of any are so sollicitous about the knowledge of Man's Body that may strive how they may bring Anatomy to greater perfection and most of these men are desirous not only to equalize others in this Exercise but to signalize themselves above the rest So that Anatomy which formerly was undertaken for the sake of Physick appears now to be the common Practice of all men and as it were the Eye of all solid Knowledge whatever To whose further advancement since I also would contribute my Talent when I have examined first what Anatomy is and what its Subject I shall in succinct order take a view of all the Parts of the humane Body CHAP. I. Of Anatomy and Man's Body its Division and Parts in general I. ANatomy is an Art which teaches the Artificial dissection of the Parts of the Body of Man that what things in them can be known by Sense may truly appear The primary subject of Anatomy is the Body of Man partly because it is the perfectest partly because the knowledge of a Man's self is very necessary a great share whereof consists in the knowledge of his own Body Besides Anatomical exercises are very necessary for Physicians and were chiefly instituted for their sakes whose Studies are directed to the cure of Diseases only in humane Bodies and not to the cure of Brutes as being unworthy of their noble Speculations and therefore left to â—…arriers and other Plebeians So that in this regard the Artificial Dissection of humane Bodies must be preferred before the Dissection of any Brute whatever since Physicians may this way far better attain the perfect knowledge of the subject of their Art than if they should search the Bodies of Brutes In the mean time however because humane bodies cannot always conveniently be had neither will Law nor Piety at any time allow the cutting of them up alive yet nevertheless it is necessary that we should get the perfect knowledge of the site connexion shape use c. of the Parts by many Dissections and Inspections for which purpose men use in defect of humane Bodies to dissect several Brutes sometimes alive but usually dead especially such whose Inwards and most of their Parts are likest in form site and use to the humane body that by the knowledge of them the parts of a humane body may the easilier be known when afterwards they are once or twice shown in a humane body II. A humane body is considered generally or particularly III. Considered generally or in the whole the chief differences are observed in relation both to the shape stature and colour What the shape is in the known World every one knows and dayly sees But they that have seen the East and West Indies and that have Travelled other strange and remote Countries describe many uncouth and unknown shapes to us For some tell how they have found Men without heads whose eyes were in their breasts Others men with square heads Others men all hairy Others Salvages whose shoulders were higher than their heads they write such were found in Guajana Others men with Tails And others men otherwise shaped Difference of stature consists herein that some are thick others slender some short others tall Upper France breeds short and slender men and very few tall people are found there Northern Countries breed tall and strong men And the Germans come nigh them England and Holland breed a middle sort Nevertheless some very tall people though few are found in the Low Countries Ten years agone at Utrecht I saw a Maid Seventeen years of Age so tall that a proper man
are composed out of the Similar And yet among those Similar Parts which compose the Organic never did any one reck'n the Blood or Spirits as Similar Parts For all the Organs ought to derive their Composition from those things which are proper and fixed not from those things which are common to all and fluid continually wasted and continually renewed IX Therefore the Body of Man may exist intire in its Parts without Blood Spirits and Air but it cannot act nor live without ' em And thus a Man cannot be said to live without a rational Soul and to be a perfect and entire Man yet every one knows that the Soul is not to be reck'n'd among the parts of the corruptible Body as being incorruptible subsisting of it self and separable from the rest of the Body since that being incorruptible it cannot proceed from any incorruptible Body but derives it self from a divine and heavenly Original and is infused from above into the corruptible Body to the end it may act therein so long as the Health and Strength of those corruptible Instruments will permit Actions to be perform'd To which we may add that an Anatomist when he enquires into the parts of human Body considers 'em as such not as endu'd with Life nor as the parts of a Rational Creature Neither does he accompt the Causes of Life and Actions by any manner of Continuity or Unity adhering to the Body to be Parts nor is it possible for him so to do And thus it is manifest from what has been said That the Spirits and Blood and other Humors neither are nor can be said to be Parts of our Body Yet all these Arguments will not satisfy the most Eminent I. C. Scaliger who in his Book de Subtil Exercit. 280. Sect. 6. pretends with one Argument as with a strong battering Ram to have ruin'd all the Foundations of our Opinion If the Spirit saith he and he concludes the same Thing of the Blood and Spirits be the Instrument of the Soul and the Soul is the beginning of Motion and the Body be the Thing moved there must of Necessity be a Difference between the thing moved and that which moves the Instrument Therefore if the Spirits are not animated there will be something between the thing enlivening and enliven'd forming and form'd which is neither form'd nor enliven'd But the Body is mov'd because it is enliven'd Yet is it not mov'd by an external but an internal Principle Now it is manifest that the Spirits are also internal and that the internal Principle of Motion is in them therefore it follows that they must be part of the Member But this Argument of the most acute Scaliger tho' it seems fair to the Eye at first sight yet thoroughly considered will appear to be without Force as not concluding any thing of Solidity against our Opinion For the Spirit is no more an Instrument that moves the Body than the Air is the Instrument that moves the Sight or Hearing So neither are the Spirits the Instrument of the Soul but only the necessary Medium by which the active Soul moves the instrumental Body and also perceives and judges of that Motion so made in that Body So that it is no such Absurditie as Scaliger would have it to be but a Necessity that there should be something inanimate between the enlivening Soul and the instrumental Body enliven'd which is part of neither but the Medium by which the Action of the enliven'd instrumental Body may be perform'd by the enlivening Soul But saies Scaliger the Body is moved because it is enlivened and that not by an external but an internal Principle We grant the whole yet we deny the Spirits to be the internal Principle when it is most apparent that the Soul is the internal Principle which operates by the assistance of the Spirits So that it cannot from hence be proved that the Spirits live or are Parts of the Body but only that they are the Medium by which the Soul moves the Body But because that Scaliger spy'd at a distance a most difficult Objection viz. How the Spirits could be a Part of any corporeal Body when they are always flowing and never in any constant Rest but continually in Motion through all the Parts of the Body indifferently to avoid this Stroak he says that the Spirit 's a quarter of that part of the Body where they are at the present time and when they flow out of that part then they become a part of that Body into which they next infuse themselves and so onward But this way of concluding of Arguments is certainly very insipid and unbeseeming so great a Man when it is plain from the Definition of a Part that a part of our Body is not any fluid and transient Substance but as it is joyned to the Body by Continuity and Rest. X. The Parts of the Body are twofold 1. In respect of their Substance 2. In respect of their Functions XI In respect of their Substance they are divided into Similar and Dissimilar XII Similar Parts are those which are divided into Parts like themselves So that all the Particles are of the same Nature and Substance And thus every part of a Bone is a Bone of a Fiber a Fiber Which Spigelius calls Consimiles or altogether alike the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or of like Parts They are commonly reckoned to be ten Bones Gristles Ligaments Membranes Fibers Nerves Arteries Veins Flesh and Skin To these by others are added the Scarf-Skin Tendons and Fat By others the two Humors in the Eyes the Glassie and the Crystalline by others the Marrow the Brain and Back-Bone And lastly by others the Hair and Nails Of these some are simply Similar as the Bones Gristles Fibres c. wherein there is no difference of Particles to the Sight I say manifest to the Sight for that in respect of the several smallest Elements not to be perceived by the Eyes but by the Mind of which they are composed no part of 'em can be said to be really and simply Similar Others are only Similar as to the Senses wherein there is a difference of Particles manifest to the Sight as a Vein Arterie Nerve c. For a Vein consists of the most subtile Fibers and a Membrane An Arterie of Fibers and a double different Tunicle A Nerve consists of the Dura and Pia Mater or Membrane little Fibers and Marrow Nevertheless to a slight and careless Sight they seem to be Similar because they are every where composed after the same manner and so are like to themselves as not having any other Substance or Composition in the Brain than in the Foot or any other Parts Of the several similar Parts we shall afterwards discourse in their proper Places Now all the similar and solid parts in the first forming of the Birth are drawn like the Lines of a rough Draught in Painting out of the Seed to which the Blood and milkie Juice
contain d in the Amnion and Membrane that wraps about the Birth soon after joyning nourish the Parts delineated and encrease and enlarge their Bulk 'Till of late it was believed that the Blood of the Mother in the first forming of the Parts did concur with the Seed not only as a material but effective Principle which Opinion was afterwards exploded by all the most eminent Philosophers and that some Parts shared of more Seed others of more Blood and others received an equal Share of both And hence proceeded that old Division which divided the Parts in respect of this Principle of Generation into Spermatic which in their Forming were thought to partake of more Seed than Blood as the former eight Similar Parts Others into Sanguine in the forming of which the Blood seemed to predominate as in the Flesh. Others mixt which were thought to be form'd of equal Parts of Blood and Seed as the Skin But this Diversity of the Parts does not proceed from the first forming but from the Nourishment in respect of which some receiv'd more others less Blood for the Increase of their Substance Also others are more and more swiftly others less and more slowly encreased in their Bulk Those Parts which are called Spermatic being cut off never grow again or being broken or separated never grow again but by the assistance of a Heterogeneous Body Thus a Bone cut off can never be restored but it being broken it unites together again by means of the Callus or glutinous Substance that gathers about the Fracture but Parts made of Blood are soon restored as is apparent when the Flesh is wounded or cut off Those that are mixed are in the middle between both Nevertheless as to the Spermatic Parts when broken or separated some question whether they may not be united again without the help of a Heterogeneous Medium and they believe that in Infants and Children whose Spermatic Parts as the Bones are very tender may be united again by Vertue of a Homogeneous Medium But seeing we find that even in Children and Infants wounds of the Skin never unite without a Scar nor fractures of the Bone without the assistance of the Callous Matter 't is most probable that in no Age the Spermatic Parts unite without a Heterogeneous Medium though it be not so conspicuous by reason of the extraordinary Moisture of the Parts in new Born Children and young People XIII Dissimilar Parts are those which are divided into Parts unlike in Nature and Substance but not into Parts like themselves Thus a Hand is not divided into several Hands but into Bones Flesh Nerves and Arteries c. XIV In respect of their Functions the Parts are distinguished two ways 1. Into Organic and not Organic 2. Into Principal and Subservient XV. Organical Parts are such as are design'd for the performing of Actions and to that end have received a certain determinate and sensible Conformation and Fashion Now that they may have an aptness for the Duties imposed there are required in these Parts Continuity fit Situation and Number proper Figure and Magnitude Which Parts are not only Dissimilar as was formerly thought but also Similar For Example a Nerve tho' it be a Similar Part yet because it is entrusted with the office of Conveighing and distributing the animal Spirits for this reason it is no less an Organical Part than a Muscle or a Hand and the same thing is also to be understood of a Bone an Arterie and a Vein So that it is a frivolous distinction of Caspar Bauhinus and some others who while they endeavour to exclude Similar Parts out of the number of Organic distinguish between Instruments and Instrumental Parts whereas indeed there is no more difference between 'em than between an Old Woman and a very Old Woman XVI Parts not Organic are those which have a bare Use but perform no Action as the Gristles the Fat the Hair XVII Principal Parts are those which perform the Noblest and Principal Action By these the Motions of several other Parts are promoted and from them proceed And they are reckoned to be three in Number two in respect of the Individual and one in respect of the Species 1. The Heart the Fountain of Vivific Heat and the Primum Mobile of our Body from whence the vital and Natural Actions proceed 2. The Brain the immediate Organ of Sense Motion and Cogitation in Man by means of which all the Animal Actions are perform'd 3. The Parts of Generation upon which the Preservation of the Species depends XVIII Subservient Parts are all those that are useful and subservient to the Principal As the Stomach Liver Spleen Lungs Kidneys Hands c. And these as necessary to Life are to be called either Noble without which a Man cannot live as the Lungs Stomach Guts Liver and the like Others as not being necessary for Life but are proper for some use or action which renders Life more Comfortable are to be called Ignoble as an Arm a Finger a Foot a Hand Ear Nose Teeth c. which we may want and yet Live To these may be added those whose Office is more mean and hardly manifest as Fat Hair Nails and the like Now that the Demonstration of these Parts may be the more conveniently made plain and described in their Order we shall divide the Body of Man according to the modern Anatomists into the three Ventricles and Limbs XIX The Venters are certain remarkable Cavities containing one or more of the Noble Bowels In this Place the words Cavity and Venter are not to be strictly taken for the Cavities themselves only but lest the Members of this Division should be too Numerous we would have comprehended under 'em at large as well the containing Parts that form those Cavities as also the Parts contain'd within 'em together with the Neck or if there be any other parts annexed to 'em which may be reckoned to the Members Afterwards in the following Chapters when we come to discourse particularly of the several Venters we shall more at large subdivide 'em into Parts Containing Contained and such as are adjoining to them XX. These three Venters are the uppermost the middle and the lowermost XXI The uppermost Venter or Cavity is the Head wherein are contained the Brain the Eyes the Ears and other Parts Now there was a necessity that this same Tower of the principal Faculties should be seated in the highest Place to the end that being at a further distance from the places where the Nourishment is drest the most noble Animal Functions should not be disturb'd by its Steams and thick Exhalations partly for the convenience of the Senses of Hearing Seeing and Smelling whose Objects more easily dart themselves from a higher than a lower place into the Organs of the Senses and by that means become more perceptible XXII The second or middle Venter or Cavity is the Breast the Mansion of the
In respect of Age For in florid Age it is more plentiful than in Childhood and Old-age 2. In respect of Sex For in Women it is more plentiful than in Men. 3. In respect of the Temperament Region and Time of the Year For it less abounds in hot and dry than in cold and moist Tempers 4. In respect of Motion and Rest For sedentary and lazy People are more subject to be fat than they who are given to Exercise or constrained to hard Labor 5. In respect of Dyet For they that feed upon costly Dyet and indulge their Appetites and make use of Nourishment of plentiful and good Iuice are more subject to be fat than they that live sparingly 6. In respect of the Parts themselves For it is more plentiful in those Parts where it is of most use as the Abdomen Breasts Buttocks more sparing in those Parts where it is of little Use as the Hands and Feet but none at all where it is unprofitable and burthensome 7. In respect of Health For healthy People are fuller than sickly and diseased XIII Suet grows to the internal Parts being the same with Pinguedo or Fat in a large Sense But to speak specifically it differs from Fat for that this is softer and more moist easily melted and being melted does not so easily congeal Whereas Suet is harder and dryer is much longer in melting and being melted more difficultly hardens again This is certain however that several Physicians use the Word promiscuously and call any oily Substance of any Creature Fat Grease or Suet as they please themselves which is also to be found in Galen who is frequently carelesly neglectful of making any Distinction or Property between these Words and l. 2. Sympt de pingued thus writes If thou wilt call every oily and fat Substance in Animals Grease but Fat may be taken for the whole Genus of that sort of Substance XIV The fleshy Pannicle fleshy Membrane and membranous Muscle by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a strong Membrane full of fleshy Fibres especially about the Forehead Neck hinder part of the Head and Region of the Ears spread over the whole Body as well for Covering as Defence endued with an exquisite Sence so that being assail'd with sharp Rapers it causes a quivering and shaking over the whole Body XV. This Pannicle in Man lyes next under the Fat and extends it self to those parts that want Fat as the Eye-lids the Lips the Cods and Yard In most Brutes it is spread under the Skin to which it sticks very close and has the Fat lying under it By the benefit of which many Creatures have a Skin that is easily moveable by means whereof they shake off Flies and other troublesome Insects as we find in Cows Harts and Elephants XVI It sticks most closely to the Back and is there thickest and therefore is vulgarly said to derive its Original from thence In the Neck the Forehead and the hairy part of the Head it can hardly be separated from the Muscles that ly under it and it is so firmly knit to the broad Muscle that it seems to compose it XVII It is somewhat of a ruddy Colour in new-born Infants in People of riper years it is somewhat white Which Colour however varies somewhat according to the Fat the Vessels and Fibres annexed to it so that it is sometimes more pale and sometimes between both XVIII The inner part is smear'd over with a slimy Humour to make the Muscles slippery and render their Motion more easie N. Zas in his little Dutch Treatise of the Dew of Animals ascribes a most unheard of Use to this Membrane For he affirms that it attracts to it self the serous Humours from all parts and that it is the real Receptacle or common Seat of the Serum or Dew Which serous Humour flows from thence into all the Spermatic parts and washes away all their Impurities That it is the Spring and Source of all our Sweat and that in all Distempers of the Joynts it poures forth an incredible quantity of gravelly water vulgarly call'd Aqua Articularis or Joynt-water with many other fantastical Dreams as he was taught by his illiterate Master Lodowic de Bils concerning this Membrane which he frivolously indeavours to impose upon others altogether ignorant that there is no attractive virtue in this Membrane at all nor any receptacle or place where such a manifest quantity of the serous Humour or Dew much less any great quantity sufficient to be sent to all the Spermatic Vessels and to be emitted by Sweat neither are there Pores sufficient to receive so great a quantity in so compact and thin a Membrane Moreover in the Dissections of Bodies as well living as dead that Membrane never is to be seen turgid or swelling with any serous or other dewy Humour as he calls it XIX The Membrane common to the Muscles is a thin Membrane cloathing all and every one of the Muscles and separating them from themselves and the adjacent parts Riolanus animadvert in Bauhin finds fault with Bauhinus for reckoning this Part in the number of the common Containing Parts and yet in the mean time calls it a Membrane proper to the Muscles But Bauhinus's meaning may be easily interpreted for the best That he reckon'd that Membrane among the common Containing Coverings as it is proper only to the Muscles but common nevertheless to all the Muscles that is to say such a one as infolds covers and contains such and such Muscles only but in the mean time is common to all the Muscles CHAP. V. Of the Proper Containing Parts I. THe Containing Parts proper to the lower Belly are the Bones Muscles of the Abdomen and Peritonaeum or Membrane of the Paunch II. The Bones are few and large that is the Vertebers of the Loyns the Os Sacrum with the Crupper-bone adjoyn'd the Huckle-bone Hip-bone and Share-bone of which more l. 9. c. 12. III. The Muscles of the Paunch or Abdomen are ten sometimes eight seldom nine distinguish'd by their proper Membranes and the running along or situation of the Fibres on both sides equally opposite one to another IV. The first Pair which is External is fram'd by the Oblique descending Muscles full of obliquely descending Fibres also These arise from the lower part of the sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh Ribs before they end in Gristles folded among the Spires of the greater Saw-shap'd Muscle and the transverse Processes of the Vertebers of the Loyns sticking also to the side of the Hip-bone and end with a broad Tendon in the middle of the Paunch at the Linea Alba. Which Tendon sticks so close to the Tendon of the next ascending Muscle that it is almost inseparable from it nor can be parted from it without being torn and dilacerated Now its membranous Tendon begins at the Linea Alba which Spigelius calls the Similunar or Halfmoon Line These Tendons in Men
oblong narrow in the Middle equalling the Gut Colon in Breadth and Largeness Which being dissected I found that narrow Part being like the Pylorus to end in another large Cavity which afterwards terminated in a thicker Orifice which was the real Pylorus from whence as an Ecphysis the first Intestine took its beginning Beside these three Examples I do not remember that ever I read any thing farther upon this Subject But there are two Stomachs in Animals that chew the Cud and many other Animals that feed upon harder and raw Nourishment also in Birds that cast up their Meat out of their Stomachs to feed their Young ones And then the First by the Latins was called Ingluvies or the Crap Which is more Membrany and Thinner the other more Thick and Fleshy And in the First the Matter seems to be prepared for concocting the Second to be perfectly Concocted It is said that in some Creatures three Stomachs have bin found and Riolanus testifys that four have bin found in those Creatures which chewing the Cud have Teeth only in one Jaw VIII The Shape of the Stomach is Oblong Gibbous toward the right Part and slenderer toward the Right IX It rests upon the Back-Bone near the first Verteber of the Loyns and with the left Part which is rounder and bigger giving way to the Liver it hangs forward toward the left Side The left Side being the slenderer and covered with the left Lobe of the Liver and supported by the Sweetbread is joyned to the Duodenum or first of the small Guts X. The Bigness varies according to the Diversity of Ages and bigness of Bodys to the Proportion of which it ought to answer tho' that be no certain and perpetual Rule For I have dissected several tall Men who have had very small Stomachs and several Men of a short Stature that have had large Ventricles Gluttons Voracious or Greedy People have generally large Stomachs Such was that which Schenkius anat l. 1. Sect. 2. c. 14. affirms that he saw in a great Glutton that held ten Quarts of Wine That was also a large one mentioned by Spigelius Anat. l. 8. c. 8. that contain'd fourteen Pints of Liquor Which was found in a Man that had a large Mouth Whence Bauhinus Anat. l. 1. c. 46. believes that a Man may judge of the bigness of the Stomach from the largeness of the Mouth And that such as have a wide Mouth have a large Stomach and are Voracious Which is also the Opinion of Spigelius But neither is that Rule without Exception For I remember that Falcoburgiâ—…s a certain famous Anatomist of Leiden cut up before us in the publick Theater the Body of a very tall strong Man who in his Life time had bin a stout drinker and a great Eater and always Healthy until he came to be hanged against his Will in whom we saw so small a Stomach that it hardly amounted to half the bigness of an ordinary Mans Stomach But trebly exceeded other Ventricles in thickness XI It is distinguished into the Bottom or Cavity the one the lower or greatest Part inclining to the left Side with its chiefest and largest Part where the first Concoction is finished and two Orifices the Right and Left XII The left Orifice commonly called the upper Orifice is that which is properly the Stomach and Continuous to the Gullet and Diaphragma about the eleventh Verteber of the Breast over against the Cartilago Mucronata admits the swallowed Nourishment This exceeding the other in Bigness thickness and Largeness is interwoven with many orbicular Fibres somewhat fleshy which cause its more firm Contraction and in the various Postures of the Body lying down hinders the Nourishment from falling back into the Mouth and Nerves from the sixth Pair and in that is the natural Heat of the Appetite according to the vulgar Opinion Not that the Act of Desiring is there performed which is only in the Brain but that through the Intervals there is such a Cause in it the Trouble of which being perceiv'd in the Brain stirs up such an Act of Desiring XIII The other Orisice which is the Lower properly called Pylorus or the Door-keeper is narrower than the other somewhat bow'd toward the Back Bone on the left Side full of Fibres thwarting one another having a thicker Circle and shap'd like an Orbicular Muscle by means of which it detains the Nourishment for some time lest it should slip away too soon and undigested and continuous to the Duodenum Gut send the concocted Nourishment to the Bowels Which Nourishment does not pass by a steep Fall as lying equally high with the Stomach but ascends before Expulsion XIV The Ventricle receives Nerves Arteries and Veins XV. It receives Nerves from the sixth Pair For that both the Trunks of the wandering Pair below the Ramus pneumonicus descending along the Sides of the Oesophagus is divided into two Branches the External and Internal Of these the External by and by joyn together again and embody into one Nerve and spreads it self over the upper part of the Ventricle with many Shoots The Internal also running together make one Nerve which descending along the Oesophagus and the external part of the Stomach encompass the bottom of the Ventricle and sends into it a great number of Fibres Through these Nerves the Animal Spirits flow in great Quantity into the Ventricle contributing to it a quick Sense of Feeling Which because of the larger Quantity of Nerves dispersed into the Stomach becomes more sensible in the upper Part than the lower which is thought to be the cause of Hunger Through these Nerves of the wandering Pair is infused into the Fibres of the Ventricle a natural Power of Contracting themselves in all Expulsions of what ever is contained in the Ventricle And by means of them also is that great Consent between the Ventricle and the Brain XVI It receives its Arteries from the Coeliac Arterie which serve to carry the Alimentary Blood with which it is nourished XVII It is sprinkl'd with several Branches of small Veins sculking among its Tunicles many of which meeting here and there and closing together they form at length four more remarkable Veins which run to the Porta Vein that is the 1. Gastrick which is bigger than the rest 2. and 3. the right and left Gastroëpiploid 4. and the Pyloric Branch Also another Vein called the Vas breve or Vas Venosum which issues forth from the Ventricle sometimes with one sometimes with two sometimes three and sometimes more Branches to be inserted into the Spleen Branch By these the remainder of the Blood which is left after the Nourishment of the Stomach is conveighed to the Liver XVIII Formerly Physicians asserted that there was a certain acid Iuice or Blood which ascended into the Ventricle through the Vas breve for the Nourishment of it as also to create an Appetite and stir up Hunger in the
deriv'd from the Costal Branch of the sixth Pair which do not only pass through the outward Tunicle and not lose themselves there as was formerly thought by many but penetrating further inward are distributed through the innermost parts of the Bowel with a manifold Ramification which little Branches accompany the Blood-bearing Vessels and are enfolded in the same Covering with them being form'd out of the proper Membrane that covers the Spleen which at the entrance of the Vessels turning inward and shap'd into the fashion of a Pipe accompanies and as it were gathers into a Bundle the Ramifications of the said Vessels Glisson also observes that these Nerves the nearer they approach to the Spleen the larger they grow as they likewise do in a little space after they have enter'd the Spleen XXIII Moreover Glisson writes that the ends of these Nerves are united with Nervous Fibres and by that means a certain Alimentary Liquor is infus'd out of the one into the other and carried from these to the greater Nerves which Alimentary Liquor he says withal is pour'd forth through the Parenchyma of the Spleen being first extended by the Fibres themselves afterwards this Liquor is conveigh'd into the Folding of the Nerves adjoyning to the Renal Glandules from thence as occasion shall serve to be distributed into all the Nerves of the Body either immediately through the Nerves of the sixth Pair or by the means of the Brain and Spinal Marrow and so to be carried to all parts of the Body But the most learned Person is in this particular altogether out of the way For as has been said the Fibres are not hollow nor have the Nerves sufficient Cavities through which any Liquor prepared in the Spleen can pass nor was ever any Anatomist so quick-sighted as to see any Liquor in the Nerves or that after Dissection could squeez the least drop out of ' em Besides it is unquestionable and no more than what is receiv'd and establish'd by all Philosophers that the Animal Spirits are thrust forward through the Invisible Pores of the Nerves from the Brain and oblong Marrow into all the parts of the Body Now then shall any other visible Alimentary Liquor thicker than the Spirits ascend from the Spleen to the Brain or its Marrow through the same Invisible Pores by any other Chanel or Stream Will the Nerves receive the Alimentary Juice from the Spleen into themselves not only to be cast forth into other parts but also to be remitted back into the Spleen it self Shall at another time the smallest drop of Liquor falling upon the Nerves beget a Palsie and shall this entring in abundance out of the Spleen produce no harm These are very great Absurdities and therefore an Opinion supported by such slender Props must fall of Necessity See more of this L. 8. c. 1. XXIV Here some one perhaps may put the Question how it comes to pass that the Spleen furnish'd with so many little Branches of Nerves should be so dull of Feeling seeing that the Nerves are not only endued with a most quick Sense but also contribute to all the membranous Parts by the animal Spirits a most acute Feeling The reason of this is because there is a continual Numness upon those Nerves occasioned by the subacid Substance of the Spleen which is perceived in the Tast of the Spleen being boyl'd and Sowre withal as also by acid fermentative Iuice which is bred therein encompassing the Nerves As the chewing of acid and sowre things begets a Numness in the Teeth so that their Sense of Feeling is much less or at least more obtuse than at another time And thus much concerning the Vessels whose State and Condition how they were found out by accurate Inspection into the Spleen of an Ox Malpigius describes l. de lien c. 3. XXV After the Fibres and the Vessels the Substance it self of the Spleen is to be enquired into which in a sound Spleen is somewhat hard and firm and endures handling without any harm but in a sickly Condition of Health grows softer and is easily dissolv'd Thus in Scorbutic and Hypochondriacal Persons I have often found it so soft upon Dissection that with the least Touch the Finger would enter into it And the external Air would easily dissolve it tho' outwardly at first sight there was nothing to be discovered amiss either in Bigness or Colour I dissected a Scorbutic Thief that was hang'd in March 1651. The Substance of whose Spleen was very soft yet neither exceeding due Proportion nor ill Colour and at that time being cold Weather within two days it was dissolved by the external Air into a frothy Liquor of an obscure red Colour so that unless it were several Fibres and thin Vessels there was nothing solid appeared within its Membrane From whence appears the Mistake of many who in the Scurvy and Hypochondriacal Distemper Quartan Agues and other Diseases arising from the Spleen always lay the Fault upon the Obstruction Hardness and Tumor of this Bowel when for the most part there is nevertheless no such Fault in it to be found in those that dye of those Distempers and only some specific Dyscrasis or peculiar Disposition of the Part receding from its natural Sanity are the cause of these Distempers while that peculiar Indisposition begets some Matter either too Acid or too Sharp too weak or too fix'd or some other way out of Order Yet we do not deny but that in a preternatural State sometimes it becomes so brawny and hard that it may be felt without side of the Body Nay George Queccius a Physician of Norimberg and Schenckius have seen Spleens that have been crusted in the Middle with a Cartilaginous Substance XXVI Many have affirm'd that this Substance is like the Substance of the Liver and that this Bowel performs the same Office with it and that when that Bowel is out of Order this Bowel alone does its Duty But the Dissimilitude of each Part is sufficiently apparent both from the Colour and the Tast. For the Colour which in a raw Liver is Ruddy and altogether Sanguine in the Spleen is Black and Blue or of a leaden Colour And that which in a boyl'd or roasted Liver is somewhat Yellowish in a roasted Spleen is like the Dreggs of red Wine Then the Tast of a boyl'd Liver is between bitterish and sweetish the Tast of a boyl'd Spleen is somewhat acid and sowrish XXVII It is commonly held that the Substance of the Spleen is a certain Mass of clotted Blood supporting the Vessels that run through it because it is easily made fluid by a slight Attrition But Malpigius utterly destroys this Opinion who having accurately searched into the Mysteries of this Bowel with his Microscopes writes that the whole Body of the Spleen is a membranous Mass distinguished into little Cells and Apartments and not so thick a Body as it has been formerly describ'd to be but loose and thin And to this
bigness of half a Man's head For that Nature wonderfully sports her self in bigness number figure and vessels Of which there are various and remarkable Examples in Eustachius Fernelius Vesalius Carpus Botallus Bauhinus and others Yet this Variety is very rare and hardly to be found in one among six hundred XIII In Figure they represent a French Bean or the expanded Leaf of wild Spikenard On the Outside they are gibbous and bow'd backward On the inside somewhat hollow at the ingress and egress of the Vessels The Superficies in a Man of ripe years is smooth and equal otherwise in a Cow Sheep and many other brute Creatures in whom it is unequal as if the Kidneys were compos'd of many round fleshy little Lumps or Buttons Which external shape they also shew in new-born Children which remains for three years and sometimes for six years after the Birth as Riolan witnesses Eustachius reports that he never observ'd that shape in Men grown up but only twice But Dominic de Marchettis writes that he shew'd the same Figure twice or thrice in the Theatre at Padua Once I remember I saw the same in a Man run thorough the middle of the Abdomen above each Kidney with a Sword In whose body when at the request of the Magistrate I enquir'd into the Cause of his death and the Nature of the wound by chance I found such a Figure of the Kidneys as if compos'd of small Buttons XIV They are cloathed with two Membranes of which the outermost is common proceeding from the Peritonaeum call'd the Fatty because that in fat people it is surrounded with a great quantity of fat Into this the Arteria Adiposa runs from the Aorta out of it proceeds the Vena Adiposa which the right Kidney sends to the Emulgent rarely to the Trunk of the Vena Cava the left sends forth to the Vena Cava This Membrane knits both Reins to the Loyns and Diaphragma the right also to the blind Gut and sometimes to the Liver the left to the Spleen and Colon. The innermost and proper Membrane is form'd out of the external Tunicle of the Vessels being dilated which Vessels enter the Kidney with one only Tunicle Into which little Nerves are inserted proceeding from the Fold of the sixth Pair and the Thoracical Branch affording a dull sense of feeling to the Kidney which being nevertheless extended further into the Ureters endue them with a most acute sense and for that reason are the Cause that in Nephritic Pains the Stomach having a fellow feeling has oftentimes a desire to vomit But very few Nerves and those very small and hardly conspicuous enter the Substance of the Kidneys it self XV. Both the Kidneys have two large Vasa sanguifera that is to say an Artery and an Emulgent Vein among which are sprinkled certain small Lymphatic Vessels as some imagine XVI The Emulgent Artery produced from the Trunk of the descending Aorta being first doubled enters the flat part of the Kidney thence it is dispers'd through the Substance of it with divers Branches and therein vanishes into extream small and invisible Twigs Through this Artery which is very large great store of blood is carried to the Kidney partly to nourish it together with its Urinary Vessels partly that a good part of the serous Humor may be separated from it in its Glandules and that being emptied through the little Urinary Fibres and Papillary Caruncles or the ten little Bodies in the Reins into the Pelvis or Receptacle of the Reins the blood may become less serous This Artery we have once seen in the right Kidney inserted into the lowermost part of the Kidney XVII The Emulgent Vein is a little larger than the Artery This with innumerable Roots meeting together in this Trunk adheres to the Kidney and its Glandules and thence proceeding out of it from the flat part runs on to the Vena Cava into which it opens with a broad Orifice so situated as to give a free passage for the Blood into the Vena Cava but hindring it from flowing out of the Vena Cava into the Emulgent Whence it is certain that the Blood is forc'd into the Kidney by the Emulgent Artery only and part of it remaining after the Nourishment of the Kidney being freed from a good quantity of the serous Humour in the little Glandules flows through the Emulgent Vein into the Vena Cava I think it was never observ'd that two Emulgent Veins proceeded out of one Kidney yet once it was seen and publickly demonstrated by us in a dissected Body in Novemb. 1668. Both were of the usual largeness and one proceeded from the middlemost flat part of the Kidney after the wonted manner the other from the lowermost part of the same right Kidney and about the breadth of half a Thumb one below the other was inserted into the Vena Cava And something like this I find to be observed by Saltzman in Observ. Anat. XVIII The left of these Emulgent Veins in a Man enters the Vena Cava somewhat in a higher place and is longer than the right by reason of the higher and remoter situation of the Kidney from the Vena Cava In many Beasts the right is the higher Sometimes their number is unequal and their Progress unequal as shall be shewn more at large L. 7. c. 6. XIX The dissemination and dispersing of both the Emulgent Vessels through the Kidney cannot be exactly demonstrated because of the extream slenderness of the Branches and the dimness of the Sight In the mean while several Anatomists have written various Speculations concerning this matter according to the diversity of their Opinions Among the rest Rolfinch asserts that the Roots of the Emulgent Veins meet together with the ends of the Emulgent Arteries by Anastomoses and that he reports to be first observ'd by Eustachius L. de Ren. But Malpigius lately has sufficiently demonstrated the vanity of these Conjunctions who by his Microscopes observ'd that several ends of little Arteries end in very small Glandules adhering to the little Urinary Fibres or Vessels and that so some part of the Serum is separated from the Blood of those small Arteries and carried by the Urinary Vessels to the Pelvis or Receptacle of the Kidneys but that the rest of that Blood is suck'd up by the ends of the Veins and so flows to the Emulgent Vein and thence to the Vena Cava XX. In the inner part of the Kidney is contain'd the Pelvis or Infundibulum which is nothing else but a membranous Concavity compos'd of the Ureter expanded and dilated in the hollow of the Kidney and reaching thither with open and broad Branches sometimes eight or ten like Pipes XXI Over which lye little pieces of Flesh or Carunculae vulgarly call'd Papillares by Rondeletius Mammillares over each one like small Kernels not so deep coloured but harder than the rest of the Flesh about the bigness of a
credible that either this or any other thick and feculent Humour could be conveighed through the most narrow Pores of the more solid Substance of the Nerves Others conjecture that there is a certain Rennet prepared in these Glandules which flowing from thence to the Kidneys causes therein a quick Separation of the Serum from the blood Which Opinion certainly carries with it great Probability if the way from these Pasages to the Kidneys could be demonstrated But what if we should say That that same black Juice is prepared out of the Arterious Blood and obtains a certain fermentative Power necessary for the Venal Blood for which reason it flows from them not to other Parts but endued with the same Quality flows through the Veins proceeding from the Capsulae to the Vena Cava But neither is this any more than a Conjecture Hence because the Use of these Glandules is so little known I am persuaded it happens that they were never taken into due Consideration by any of our Physicians Whereas we find that many Diseases arise from their being out of Order And therefore it is to be hop'd that all Practisers both Physicians and Anatomists will for the future observe these Parts more diligently and by frequent Dissections of dead Carkasses inform themselves what Diseases their Disorder and ill Temparature may occasion CHAP. XX. Of the Ureters I. THE Ureters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to make Water and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are certain oblong and white Vessels or round Channels proceeding from the Kidneys receiving the Serum strein'd from the Reins and carrying it to the Bladder together with the Gravel Choler Matter and other Iuices mix'd with the Serum II. They arise from the inward Concavity of the Kidneys whose various Pipes meeting and closing together form the Ureter III. One is generally granted to each Kidney seldome any more are found tho' it were twice my chance to find more which two Ureters however were united on both sides near the Bladder and enter'd it with an Orifice IV. They consist of a thick twofold and white Membrane the outermost common the innermost peculiar But Riolanus more judiciously acknowledges but one peculiar Membrane for that there is no outermost common Membrane joyned to it from the Peritonaeum The Ureters generally are contained under the Peritonaeum together with many other Parts but they are not particularly enfolded by that Membrane nor receive any peculiar Tunicle from the Peritonaeum as the Ventricle the Vena Cava the Liver and many other Bowels and Vessels do But the peculiar and only Membrane of which they consist is a Membrane strong nervous strengthened with some Fibres oblique and streight and Arteries and small Veins from the neighbouring Parts and furnish'd with Nerves from the sixth Pair and the Marrow of the Loyns which endue it with an exquisite Sense of Feeling Which little Nerves however Riolanus will not allow the â—…reters believing it enough to excite Pain that they are Membranous seeing that from the distension of a Membrane by a Stone or any sharp Substance there follows a Pain severe enough to be endur'd Wherein he mistakes for that any such thing can happen without the flowing in of the Spirits through the Nerves is prov'd from the Palsey in which Distemper the Membranes do not feel through the Defect of Animal Spirits nor do they display the least sign of Feeling that may be thought to proceed from their Structure and Composition V. These are very small in a Man about a Handful in length and about the breadth of a Straw Tho' sometimes they are very much dilated by Stones passing violently through and with a tormenting Pain so that sometimes they have been seen as broad as the small Gut VI. They proceed downwards from the Reins above the Psoâ—… Muscles that be in the Hip between the double Membranes of the Peritonaeum somewhat reflex'd toward the lower Parts and in some manner by an oblique Course between the Membranes of the Bladder are inserted about the hinder parts of the Neck of the Bladder and are continued with the inner Substance of the Bladder in which place some believe 'em to be fortified with Valves at their Oriâ—…ices hindering the Return of the Urine from the upper Parts Which Valves however Riolanus Andrew Laurentius and Plempius call in Question and say that their oblique and winding Ingress into the Bladder stops the Return of the Urine out of the Bladder for which Opinion we also give our Vote CHAP. XXI Of the Piss-Bladder I. THE Piss-Bladder 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a Membranous Organical Part of the lower Belly which retains the Serum received from the Kidneys and at length discharges it as being troublesom either through its Weight or Acrimony II. It is seated in the Hypogastrium between the double Tunicles of the Peritonaeum in the Cavity which is form'd by the Os Sacrum the Hip-Bone and Share-Bone In Men it leans upon the Intestinum Rectum and is joyn'd to the Prostatae Glandules in Women it sticks to the Neck of the Womb and in both is fastened to the Share-Bone before and it is also annexed to the Navel by the Urachus III. It consists of a threefold Membrane of which the outermost in Men but not in Brutes being surrounded with Fat proceeds from the Peritonaeum The middlemost which is thicker is endued with fleshy Fibres for Contraction and Expulsion of the Urine and hence by Aquapendens and Bartholine called the enfolding Muscle by Spigelius the Thruster downward of the Urine This if it be too much distended by â—…oo great a quantity of Urine occasions a total suppression of Urine because the Fibres of it being too much distended are so weakned that they cannot contract themselves again Which sort of Suppression of Urine Forestus writes that he himself was troubled with l. 25. Observ. 14. The innermost is thinner and being of a more exquisite Sense of Feeling is protected by a kind of Slime from the Corrosion of the Liquor contained in it This is found very much wrinkl'd in People that are troubl'd with the Stone IV. The Figure of it is oblong globous or round and sometimes sharp like a Pear V. The Bigness is not alike in all but in some larger in some less which extraordinary largeness is occasioned by its frequent and violent Distensions by too long a Retention of the Water VI. It has one Cavity which by the Observations of Physicians in some few has been seen distinguished into two by a Membrane or Fence in the middle VII There are three Holes belonging to it of which the two lesser before the Neck are open to the Entrance of the Ureters The third which is the bigger in the Neck gives way to the Urine going forth VIII It receives Arteries from the Hypogastries entring the sides of the Neck and carrying thither Blood
contain'd in those Vessels and that the slipperiness of the Urethra does not arise from any oily Humour flowing from the Vesicles but from some slimy part of the Nourishment of the Urethra with which that innermost passage is besmear'd which is the reason also of the slipperiness of the Piss-bladder Guts and several other Parts LI. Adjoyning to the Urinary Vesicles stand the Prostates which are two Bodies but so close joyn'd together that they seem to constitute one Body they are glandulous somewhat hard whitish and spungy flat before and behind round on the sides and are wrapt about with a thick Fibrous and strong Membrane rising from the Vasa Deferentia and the lower part of the Bladder and closely joyn'd to the Piss-bladder at the Root of the Yard LII They are about the bigness of a Walnut but bigger or less according to the salaciousness of the Party or the more frequent use of Copulation LIII They are also furnish'd with some few Nerves as also Veins and Arteries chiefly conspicuous in the External Tunicle LIV. These Prostates tho' at first sight they seem hardly to contain any Iuice nor to have any Commerce with the Vasa Deferentia yet in People extreamly Letcherous that have dy'd presently after Coition they appear swelling with a slimy Liquor and many little Vesicles are to be found full of that limpid slimy Liquor which being compress'd flows into the Urethra by the way of the Seed LV. But Regner de Graef has observ'd this slimy Liquor to be carried through many Chanels absconded in the inner Body of the Prostates and at length meeting all together In the innermost hollowness of it says he several Passages appear all which as many as there are at the sides of a large little piece of Flesh evacuate themselves into the Urethra The Orifices of these are stop'd up with certain small hits of Flesh lest the Matter made in the Glandulous Body should slow forth at other times than in Copulation or least the Urine should flow into their Body through those Passages LVI Then he adds a way how these Passages may be discern'd They says he who are so curious as to examin these Passages any farther let 'em first squeez out their natural Liquor and then swell 'em up with a hollow Straw at what time being distended with the breath they will display their Ramifications apparently at the sides of which little Cells about the bigness of a Mustard-seed distinctly appear which when the Passages are blown up swell together so that at first sight you would take the whole Substance of this Body to be spungy and to consist of several round oblong and several other figur'd Vessels Now as to the number of the describ'd Vessels that terminate in the Urethra it is not always the same in all Bodies Yet we never observ'd less than ten in a Man In Dogs we have numbred sometimes ninety and more through which this serous Matter flow'd out of this glandulous Body being compress'd That which is most remarkable in these Chanels is this That there is no such communication of 'em one with another by means whereof the Wind should burst out of one Chanel into another for that they are so distinct one from another that one Chanel being blown up only some part of the glandulous Body is extended and the other Chanel being puff'd up the other part swells so that the Substance of the glandulous Body may be distinguish'd into so many Divisions as there are Chanels to be found in it And thus has Regner de Graef by his singular industry egregiously discover'd the great Mystery of the Prostatae hitherto unknown LVII Riolanus observes that the Sphincter Muscle of the Bladder orbicular fleshy two fingers broad envelops the Prostatae and that it is in that place separated from the Substance of the Bladder the Prostatae lying between and thence it happens that when they are press'd by the Sphincter the Seminal Liquor is squeez'd out of 'em and that at the same time by the same Compression the Bladder is clos'd to prevent the Urine from flowing out with the Seed But in regard the Seed does not flow out of the Prostates only into the Urethra but out of the Seminal Vessels chiefly Riolanus ought rather to have said that the Prostates and Seminary Vesicles are compress'd together by that same constraint of the Sphincter and so the Seminal Liquor together with the Seed collected in the Vessels is at the same time sent from them to the Urethra Lindan here asserts two Muscles of which he calls the inmost the Sphincter the other the Fascial or Plaistred about two fingers broad wrapt about the neck of the Bladder and the Prostates resting upon the Glandules Upon which as he says depends the power of opening or shutting those parts But in regard that Lindan has only describ'd these Muscles from his own Speculative Contemplation never demonstratively shewn 'em we think it but reasonable to question the Truth of 'em till farther Confirmation LVIII The Prostatae in the middle of the upper part seem to be somewhat hollow'd like a Funnel and there it is that they admit the Passages of the Seminal Vesicles penetrating through the middle of 'em which being taper'd at this Entrance run along very small to the Urethra into which they are open'd with a very slender Exit LIX These Prostatae as also the Stones are endued with a most acute sense and much conduce to the pleasure of Copulation But we are to talk with some distinction when we speak of the exact sense of these and of the Stones for the acute sense is only in the outward Membrane involving these Parts for in the Substance it self there is very little or no feeling For tho' both Glisson and Wharton attribute many Nerves to the Prostates and Stones for my part I could never observe but very few and those very small which are carried thither and that those are chiefly dispers'd through the infolding Tunicle LX. The use of the Prostates is somewhat disputed Some think it probable that they add some greater perfection to the Seed which is made in the Stones and render it more fruitful Which Opinion however displeases others by reason of the small Commerce which they say there is between the Vessels preserving the Seed and the Prostates But this small Commerce Regner de Graef endeavours to prove For says he the Piss-bladder being taken away in the middle according to its length let the glandulous Body be dissected so he always calls the Prostates and the Chanels of the Vasa Deferentia and Vesicles be closely pursu'd to their Exit into the Urethra and be separated from the glandulous Body then putting a little Pipe into the Vessels carrying the Seed if any Liquor be forc'd into their Cavity by the help of a Syringe the Seminal Vessels swell with the Deferents themselves the Liquor flowing strongly through the
squeezing it together make that same Globe And thus by the Acrimony of the same Vapour ascending higher the Diaphragma the Muscles of the Throat and Jaws and other parts are contracted by the copious influx of Animal Spirits whence proceeds that Suffocation Nor does the hard binding of a broad Swathe or a long Napkin about the belly avail in such a case to hinder the ascent of that same Substance or Globe which women take to be their womb any otherwise than only because that by means of that hard binding the copious ascent of that sharp malignant Vapour arising from the womb or stones is hinder'd which Vapour being then detain'd below that Ligature is dissipated by the heat of the surrounding parts XXX Here by the way we are to take notice that Francis de le Boe Sylvius with whom Regner de Graef agrees in this Particular does not acknowledg the forementioned cause of the Hysteric Passion but has imagined another quite different that is to say that the Fault of the Pancreatic Iuice is the only cause of the Hysteric Symptomes aforesaid and so most couragiously rejects the Opinions in this case of all the antient and most of the modern Physicians and excuses the Womb and spermatick Parts from being the Occasion of those Symptoms But altho' some Symptoms having as it were some Similitude with some hysteric Effects may sometimes be occasioned by the defects of the Pancreatic Juice which I am unwilling altogether to deny yet by diligent Observation they may be sufficiently distinguished one from the other and I my self have observ'd 'em no less in Men than in Women nevertheless always to accuse the unfortunate Pancreas of this Miscarriage seems a little too hard when the Dissections of Women as well by my self as others many times instructed us that the Sweet-bread had no share many times in those hysteric Affections as being altogether sound and perfect but that the Fault lay in the Stones that were very much swell'd sometimes one and sometimes both half as bigg as a Hens Egg sometimes ill coloured and full of a virulent Liquor and when as also it has been observed that in such a uterine Suffocation that all the Symptomes have ceased upon Copulation or the evacuation of Seed upon the Midwife's digitizing the part affected and that by the use of moderate Coition the return of the Fit has been prevented whereas the same Remedies us'd could no way avail to remove any Distemper of the pancreatic Juice either easily suddainly well or pleasantly XXXI Neither can any thing be concluded from Scents in behalf of the said Opinion touching the Motion of the Womb. For the Womb is not endued with Understanding and consequently is no way affected with this or that good or bad Smell For it has no Nose nor any other Organ of Smelling and therefore makes no Distinction between sweet or stinking Smells neither covets or loves or flies or hates either the one or the other neither is sensible of any Smells as Smells neither is affected by them as they are Smells but by their hot attenuating sharp discussing Quality XXXII Now that stinking Smells held to the Nostrils abate the Hysteric Fit it is not because the Womb avoiding the Stench of stinking Smells descends but because the Sense of smelling being offended by the ill Smells the Brain contracts it self and so not only sends fewer Spirits to the contracting Fibres of the Guts and Nerves of the Mesentery the Diaphragma and the Muscles of the Iaws but also stops the Entrance of the Vapors ascending from the Testicles and Womb into those Parts and expells those that were entered before Which stinking Smells by virtue of their singular discussing Faculty dissipate as well in the Brain as in the Jaws and so the Woman not only recovers herself but upon the Relaxation of the Muscles of the Jaws is freed from her Fit XXXIII On the other side sweet Smells increase the Fit not because the Womb ascends to meet 'em but because while their Fragrancie delights the Sense to the end the woman may the longer enjoy that Pleasure the Brain dilates it self and so not only permits a greater Quantity of Spirits to flow to the Fibres aforesaid and increase the Fit but also admits more plentifully a greater Quantity of noxious Vapours ascending from the Womb through the Pores every way dilated whence the Effects of the Hysterical Passion Anxietie Raving Drowsiness and sometimes Epileptic Convulsions c. But sweet things being rubb'd about the inside of the Privity because they attenuate the thick and malignant Humours they dilate the Pores and powerfully discuss Trincavel Eustachius Rudius Hercules Saxonia and Mercurialis give quite different Reasons for this thing which Daniel Sennertus rejects and refutes Who nevertheless not being well able to get out of this Labyrinth and finding that the Womb is not sensible of Smells nor is affected by 'em as they are Smells flys to a certain hidden Quality affecting the Womb imperceptible to our Senses which he believes to adhere in such a manner to the Odours as not to be separated from ' em But there is no such need in this case of flying to any such occult Quality when the whole thing is plainly to be made out by manifest Qualities and Reasons XXXIV That the Womb in women with Child extends it self every way or slips out in falling down makes nothing to prove its spontaneous Motion For in Women with Child the womb does not simply ascend but grows and swells upward and round about through all its parts For as the Birth grows so its Domicil inlarges it self and the bigger the Child grows the bigger thicker and more fleshy becomes the womb so that near the time of Delivery it comes to be as thick as a Mans Thumb or the breadth of two Fingers Which is not caused by the sole Influence of the Blood and Humours into the Porosities of the womb but by a real firm and fleshy Increment But there is a great Difference between the inlarging of the womb and its spontaneous Motion For the one requires a long time the other is done in a Moment and should and ought to cease In the one the Substance of the womb is enlarged and thicken'd in the other it ought to be extended and attenuated XXXV In the falling down of the Womb the Motion is not Spontaneous for the Ligaments of it being loosened and the Substance of it being affected with a cold and moist Distemper it falls with its own weight as all heavy things and paralytic Members having lost their own spontaneous Motion slip downwards In the same manner as a Man who falls from a high Steeple does not move himself downward of his own accord but is mov'd by his own weight against his will From all which it is apparent that the womb moves neither upward nor downward nor tumbles about the lower Belly with a vagous Motion but sometimes by accident
mov'd XLVI Here perhaps by way of a Corollary some one may ask me what is that same Architectonic Vertue latent in the prolific Seed which performs the Formation of the Parts In the foregoing Chapter we have discoursed at large concerning the enlivening Spirit implanted in the Prolific Seed as it is the Subject of the first forming Spirit but because no Spirit of it self and by its own Power seems able to perfect Generation unless it have in its self some effective Principle by virtue whereof it produces that Effect hence the Question arises what that is that affords that active Force to the Spirit and power to form a living body and endues the Matter with all manner of Perfection and produces Order Figure Growth Number Situation and those other things which are observed in living bodies Which is a thing hitherto unknown and has held the Minds of all Philosophers in deep Suspense Of whom the greatest part have rather chosen tacitly to admire the Supream Operator and his work than to unfold him and so affirm with Lactantius That Man contributes nothing to his Birth but the Matter which is the Seed but that all the rest is the handy work of God the Conception the forming of the Body the inspiration of the Soul and the conservation of the Parts In which sense says Harvey most truly and piously does he believe who deduces the Generations of all things from the same Eternal and Omnipotent Deity upon whose pleasure depends the Universality of the things themselves But others who believe that the Bounds of Nature are not so slightly to be skipped over nor think that in the Inquiries after the Principles of Generation there is such a necessity to have recourse to the first Architect and Governour of the whole Universe but that the first forming and efficient Cause created by God with the Things themselves and infus'd and planted within 'em is to be sought out of the Things themselves more arrogantly have presum'd to give us a clearer Explication of the Matter by Philosophical Reason yet differing in their Opinions which are various and manifold XLVII For Galen calls this Architectonic Power sometimes by the name of Nature sometimes Natural Heat sometimes the Inbred Temperament sometimes the Spirit which he affirms to be a Substance of it self moveable and always moveable Aristotle distinguishing between the Heat or Spirit of the Seed and Nature asserts the Artichectonic Power to be that Nature which is in the Spirit of the Seed and therefore distinct from the Spirit it self which is inherent in the Spirit as in its Subject and acts upon the Spirit as its Matter This Nature in the Spirit of the Seed was also acknowledged by Hippocrates saying That it is learned tho' it has not learnt rightly to act Not that it is Rational but because as Galen explains it it acts of it self all that is necessary to be acted without any direction Hence Deusingius defines it to be a certain immaterial Substance arising out of the Matter so determin'd to the Matter by the Supream God that it can neither be nor subsist nor operate without it This same Architectonic Vertue others with Avicen call the Intelligence others with Averrhoes and Scotus a Coelestial Force or a Divine Efficacy Iacob Scheggius calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 oâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 active or forming Reason and says that by the word Reason or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 he understands a Substantial Form which is not to be apprehended by Sense but by the Understanding and Reason And so while he seems to speak something he says nothing at all XLVIII The Platonics call it a General Soul diffus'd through the whole World which according to the diversity of Materials and Seeds produces various Generations as a Plant from the Seed of a Plant a Man from the Seed of a Man a Horse from that of a Horse a Fish from that of a Fish c. But Plotin the great Platonist distinguishes this same Architectonic Vertue from the Platonic Soul of the World as produc'd from that by which it is produc'd and therefore he calls it Nature flowing from the Soul of the World which he says is the Essential Act of it and the Life depending upon it Themistius says that the forming Power is the Soul inclos'd in the Seed potentially enliven'd Deusingius in his Original of the Soul calls it Nature in the Seed that is as he explains himself a Soul potentially subsisting in the Seed being in it self the Beginning and Cause of Motion But in a Body already form'd he calls it the Soul actually subsisting And so without any necessity at all distinguishes one and the same thing into two and gives it two distinct names as it either rests or acts and according to the diversity of the Subject to be form'd or else already form'd Just as if a man distinguishing between a Painter lazily sleeping or painting awake should call the one Nature latent in his Spirit as one that could paint if he were awake and the other a real Painter as one actually painting as if the Painter that slept were not as much a Painter as he that actually painted Whereas as it appears by the Effects that which is able to form a Body at first out of the Seed and that which actually forms were not one and the same thing and so by a certain continuation the form of the thing formed remains This Opinion of his Deusingius seems to have drawn from the Institutes of the Platonists who distinguish between the Soul and Being a Soul that is between the Substance of the Soul which is said to be in the Seed and the Appellation of Nature and the Soul which acts at this prâ—…sent and is the form of the form'd Body Fernelius calls the Plastic Power a Spirit but he does not mean such a common Spirit which the Physicians say is rais'd by the preparations of the Bowels out of the Humours but some other Spirit of far sublimer Excellency For says he this Spirit is an Ethereal Body the Seat and Bond of Heat and the Faculties and the first Instrument of the Duty to be perform'd And Lib. 2. de Abdit c. 10. he believes it to be something that flows down from Heaven For says he the Heaven without any Seed produces many both Creatures and Plants but the Seed generates nothing without the Heaven The Seed only prepares aptly and conveniently Materials for the begetting of Things the Heaven sends into the Matter prepar'd Form and consummate Perfection and raises Life in all Things A little after he adds One Form of Heaven within its Power comprehends all the Forms that ever were or can be of all Creatures Plants Stones and Metals and impregnated with those innumerable Forms casts as in a Mold and generates all things out of it self XLIX Others believe the Plastic Vertue to be a certain Power flowing into the Seed from the Soul of
is much thinner Wharton saw in an Abortion in the sixth Month the lower part of the Thymus grown to the Pericardium and thence being bifork'd as it was under the Canel-Bone without the Breast ascending the sides of the Weazand So likewise in Calves it adheres at the lower part to the Pericardium whence it increases into a bigger Bulk and being divided leaves the Thorax above and ascending both sides of the Weazand runs forth to the Maxillary Kernels and sometimes to the Parotides XII And in these Creatures it is very great call'd Lactes and coveted as a dainty Bit. XIII It has also little Arteries and Veins from the Iugulars so small that they are hardly to be seen in Dissection XIV Wharton allows the Thymus Nerves from the sixth Pair and the subclavial Contexture which he thinks do empty into this Kernel their nutritive Liquor defil'd with some impurity and extraordinary acrimony and resume it again when refin'd But this is an erroneous Opinion for Wharton takes the Lacteal Vessels to be Nerves and describes 'em as such which in these Glandules are never more commodiously to be seen than by inspection of a Calf newly calv'd and fed with Milk in the same manner with those that are scatter'd among the Kernels of Breasts that give Suck Moreover Wharton does not observe what Juice is contain'd in the Thymus of a new-born Birth that is to say whether Chylous or Milky such as Harvey found therein and Deusingius saw plentifully flow out of it and such as you shall find in sucking Calves kill'd an hour or two after they have suckt Which Juice does not flow thither through the Nerves but through the Lacteal Vessels to be brought to more perfection therein and so to be transmitted through the subclavial Veins to the Hollow Vein and Heart But because this Juice in grown People by reason of the narrowness of the Lacteal Passages tending thither as being dry'd up flows in very small quantity or not at all into the Thymus hence in such People that part is very much diminish'd and contracted in like manner as in Womens Breasts when they grow dry Therefore there are no Nerves that are manifestly carry'd into the Thymus as being of little use to this Part neither sensible nor wanting the Sence of Feeling Tho perhaps it may permit some invisible Branches of Nerves to bring about some private Effervescency for its own Nourishment XV. Wharton affirms that he has often seen Lymphatic Vessels running through this part and emptying themselves into the Subclavial Vein Nor do they pass thither without reason seeing that in the preparation of the milky Matter that Lympha is requisite to raise a fermentaceous Effervescency in the Heart CHAP. V. Of the Pericardium and the Humour therein contain'd I. THE Pericardium as it were thrown about the Heart which Hippocrates calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Sheath or little Capsule of the Heart is a membranous Covering every way enfolding the Heart whereby it is contain'd within its Seat and defended from all external Injuries It is contiguous to the Heart but so far distant from it as the Convenience of Pulse and Agitation requires II. It arises at the bottom of the Heart from the common outward Tunicles taken from the Pleura enfolding the Vessels of the Heart which being about to enter the Heart leave it for the forming of the Pericardium III. Riolanus allows it a double Membrane the outermost of which he will have to be deriv'd from the Mediastinum but the innermost from the Tunicle of the Vessels of the Heart But it would be too great a Difficulty to demonstrate that Duplicity Moreover the outermost Tunicle of the Vessels of the Heart is derived from the Pleura as is also the Membrane of the Mediastinum Besides that it would be absurd that from one single Pleura two Tunicles should meet together toward the Forming of the Pericardium one from the Tunicle of the Vessels and another from the Mediastinum and that in the mean time the Mediastinum should remain a peculiar Membrane The same Riolanus inconstant to himself writes in his Animadversions upon Laurentius that the Pericardium rises from the Pleura in the doubling of which it is contain'd and in his Animadversions upon Bauhin That there is not a double but only one single Tunicle of the Pericardium forgetting perhaps what he had written concerning their duplicity in his Anthopograph l. 3. c. 7. IV. The outermost part is ty'd to the Mediastinum with several little Fibres and appears conjoin'd and continuous to it about the bottom of the Heart where it gives way for the greater Arteries and Veins to pass through The lower part of it sticks to the Center of the Diaphragma V. For Nourishment it has such slender Arteries that they can hardly be discern'd It sends forth little Veins to the Phrenic and Axillary Veins It also admits diminutive Nerves from the left Branch that turns back and the Sixth Pair passing to the Heart VI. It contains within it a serous Liquor ruddy in Bodies naturally constituted bred from the Vapours sent from the Heart and somewhat condens'd in the Pericardium to the quantity of one or two Spoonfuls This is the true Cause of its Generation and therefore they are not to be heeded who think it to be produced from Drink Spittle Fat of the Heart or any other Causes Nicholas Stenonis however believes it to be emptied out of certain Lymphatic Vessels into the Peritonaeum VII This Liquor moistning the Heart withoutside and rendring it slippery makes its Motion also more easy and prevents overmuch Driness But the long want of it causes Driness and many times a Consumption The want of it proceeds when through some Wound of the Pericardium Exulceration or some other Solution of Continuity that same Sweat of the Heart condens'd therein flows out of it and cannot be contain'd therein Yet some Practitioners have observ'd then when it has flow'd out through some Wound of the Pericardium that Wound being cur'd it has bred again and the Patients have recovered their Health Of which we have many Examples alledged by Galen Cardan Beniverius Peter Salius and others This Liquor is found as well in the Living as Deceas'd as appears by the Dissection of living Creatures which clearly convinces Matthew Curtius who will not allow it in living Animals VIII In diseased Bodies we have found it of a more watry Colour sometimes like Urine at other times like troubled Water but much more in Quantity For I have met with many Anatomies in our Hospital in which I have found half a Pint of this Liquor at a time In the Year 1651. in the Body of an English Man that had long fed upon ill Diet and so falling into a Flegmatic Cachexy at length died we shew'd to the Spectators at least two Pints contain'd in a distended and very much loosen'd Pericardium which was observ'd
by several as an unusual Accident This liquor I always found to be less in Quantity and more ruddy in Men of a hot Temper in whom the Vapors exhaling from the Heart are more thin and but a small Quantity condens'd in the Pericardium and such as were condens'd were sooner attenuated by the violent Heat of the Heart and sooner exhale through the Pores of the Pericardium On the other side I observ'd it more watery more plentiful and pale in colder Complexions in whom through ill Diet a diseased Constitution or some other Causes their Heat was less strenuous For which reason thicker Vapors sent from the Substance of the Heart and collected and condens'd in greater Quantity in the Pericardium were not so soon dissipated for want of sufficient Heat Hence Vesalius affirms it to be more plentiful in Women than in Men And Riolanus observ'd it more plentiful in old Men than in young Men. X. Moreover we observ'd that a greater Quantity of this Liquor does not cause the Palpitation of the Heart which is generally asserted however by most Physicians from Galen's Opinion For in all those in whom after they were dead I found a greater quantity of this Liquor in the Pericardium during all the time of their Sickness I observ'd no Palpitation of the Heart at all not so much as in the Englishman before mentioned but on the other side a languid and weak Pulse Neither does the Plenty of that Liquor cause such a Narrowness of the Pericardium as is vulgarly believed that the Heart cannot move freely within it and therefore palpitates But on the other side we always found that the Pericardium was thereby rendered so broad and loose that the Heart might move more freely therein than in lesser Liquor So that the Plenty of this Liquor does not cause Palpitation which is rather excited by any Liquor tho but small which contrary to Custom suddenly and violently dilates or by its Acrimony Corruption or griping Quality molests the Heart and stirs it up to expel so troublesom an Enemy CHAP. VI. Of the Heart in General See Table 9. I. COR the Heart seems to take its Name from Currere to run for which reason the Belgians call it Hart or Hert that signifies also a Hart or Stag because as that Beast excels all others in Swiftness and Motion so does the Heart surpass all other parts of the Body in the same Qualities Which Belgic word nevertheless seems to be deriv'd from Harden which signifies Duration or from Hard which signifies Hardness either because its Motion lasts all a Mans Life-time or else because it exceeds the Muscles and other Parenchyma's in hardness of Substance Riolanus deduces the word Cor from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 contracted of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to burn because from thence the Fire of our Body proceeds And so the Belgic Hert may be deriv'd from Heert which signifies a Hearth Menetiâ—…s derives it from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Shake or Brandish Chrysippus deduces it from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying Strength or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be strong in Empire because it performs most strenuous Actions and governs all the other parts of the Body II. However it is the Principal of all the Bowels the Sun of the Microcosm the Principle of the Actions of Life the Fountain of Heat and Vital Spirit and the Primum mobile of our Body Which being vigorous and active all the natural Functions of the Body continue in a vigorous and flourishing Condition when that languishes they languish and when that fails they cease altogether For in this is contain'd the Fuel and Flame of natural Heat while all those parts of the Body grow stiff and numm'd with Cold to which the Blood is hindred from coming from the Heart and that Blood grows cold that is absent longest from this Fountain of Heat and the wast of natural Heat can be repair'd in no other part of the Body than in this All which things are confirm'd by the Testimony of the Sences for that if you put a Finger into the Heart of a dissected living Creature so extraordinary a Heat is felt therein as the like is not to be felt in any other part of the Body III. This Heat tho so excelling from the Principle of Heat it self as it is and tho it be implanted and fixed within it yet certain it is that it is maintained and augmented by the Humours infused into its Ventricles and there fermenting and is continually fed by that continual Fermentation or Effervescency of Humours discharged into it Lime-stone burns through the mixture of Water by reason of its Fermentation or Effervescency what wonder then if the Heat of the Heart be presently inflam'd by the Fermentation of Humours flowing into it and that Flame should be more or less according to the greater or lesser fermentaceous Effervescency which greatly depends upon the aptitude of the Matter to be fermented For the innate hot Spirits of the Heart act upon the Matter that flows in and ferment it with its Heat and cause it to boyl and so renew the Flame that would extinguish by degrees till it went quite out IV. It is seated in the middle of the Breast surrounded with the Pericardium and Mediastinum somewhat reflexed with the Point toward the left by reason of the Diaphragma and fasten'd to it in none of the adjoyning parts but hanging only from the Vessels going in and out at the bottom to which it is united But its Pulsation is felt most in the left side below the Pap because the Sinister Ventricle arises toward the fore-parts of the Thorax with the Aorta which both together strike the left side But the Right Ventricle lies deeply seated toward the right side and therefore its Pulsation is less felt without upon the right side It is very rare that the Heart changes this Situation and that the right Ventricle lies in the left side and the left Ventricle in the right Side and beats in this Yet Riolanus affirms he observ'd this Situation in a Man of forty Years of Age and in the Queen Mother of Lewis the XIII V. The Substance of it is firm thick compact some thinner and softer in the right side thicker and more compacted in the left side closer and harder at the Point Yet at the end of the point where the left Ventricle ends thinner as consisting of the Concourse of the inner and outer Membrane VI. This Substance Galen affirms to be interwoven with a threefold sort of Fibres whom most Anatomists follow But if the Fibres of the Heart be diligently considered and sunder'd by degrees which may be done as well in a boyl'd Heart as in one newly taken out there are no transverse Fibres to be found whatever Vesalius has imagin'd but they seem all to be wound about with a periwincle
Lacedaemonian by the Testimony of Plutarch Also in Aristomenes of Messina as Valerius Maximus witnesses Of modern Authors Beniverius Amatus of Portugal and Mâ—…retus affirm that they have observed hairy Hearts XIII Through the outward parts of the Parenchyma are scattered several Vessels call'd Coronary because they encircle the bottom of the Heart like a Crown and are both Arteries and Veins XIV There are two Coronary Arteries arising from the beginning of the Aorta before it goes forth from the Pericardium which some think is furnished with a little Valve at its first rise to hinder the return of the Blood These Arteries encompass the Heart and extend many little Branches from the Basis to the Cone of which the most and largest are conspicuous in the left side Their Use is to convey the spirituous Blood immediately issuing out of the left Ventricle for the Nourishment of the Parenchyma Harvey believes that the Heart by means of them together with the Blood receives both Heat and Life Which Opinion Riolanus derides who asserts it to be absurd for the Heart to receive Life and Heat from that Blood since the Heart it self is the Fountain of Life and Heat from whence arises the heat of that Blood and hence concludes that the outward parts of the Heart are only nourished by these Coronary Arteries and the Fat preserv'd To which he might have added that the Heart makes the Blood and causes it to be and lives and is mov'd before there is any Blood XV. The Coronary Veins also are two Which like the Coronary Arteries encircle the Heart and are inserted into the hollow Vein and empty the Blood which remains after Nourishment and out of many lesser little Branches ascending from the Cone to the Base into the hollow Vein To these tho' very erroneously Bauhinus and Spigelius allow a Valve by which they believe the Influx of the Blood out of the Coronary into the hollow Vein is prevented Whereas of necessity that Influx ought to be uninterrrupted and free and if there be any little Valve there it ought to be plac'd after such a manner as to hinder the Influx of the Blood out of the hollow into the Coronary Vein in regard that to the same purpose there is a little Valve annex'd to the emulgent Jugular and several other Veins which open into the hollow Vein XVI Besides the Coronary Vessels Galen asserts That the Heart also receives small and invisible diminutive Nerves from the sixth conjugation or joyning together of the Nerves but as Riolanus observes it receives them from the fold of the stomachic nerves existing at the Basis of the Heart toward the Spine Of these Nerves of the Heart Picolomini Sylvius Bauhinus Bartholin and others make mention And Dissection teaches us that they are difficultly to be found and not to be discern'd within the Substance it self of the Heart and this Fallopius testifies in these Words Under the Basis of the Heart says he where the Arterial Vein begins to turn to the left side and where that remarkable Arterial Passage in the Embryo is which joyns the said Vein with the Aorta is a certain Fold or Nervous Complication strong and solid from whence a great quantity of Nervous Matter embraces the whole Basis of the Heart through which several Branches of little Nerves thence produc'd are scatter'd and run through its whole Substance which he adds by conjecture though I cannot follow them exactly and particularly with my eye Thus Galen could not exactly discern the insertion of the Nerves into the Substance Only saith he its covering the Pericardium seems to receive the Branches of slender Nerves from which being divided other conspicuous Branches at least in Animals of larger Bulk seem to be inserted into the Heart it self but they are divided into the Substance that cannot be perspicuously discover'd by the Senses These Nerves by reason of their extraordinary slenderness are so extraordinarily imperceptible that it was question'd by many and even by my self formerly whether any little Nerves or no did enter the Heart However at length after a more diligent Search I found several diminutive Nerves like small Threads extended from the Fold to the Basis of the Heart and the Orifices of the Ventricles in the same manner as Fallopius discovers them which I found a most difficult thing to follow into the Substance it self of the Heart for that being scatter'd in the Basis it self and the exterior Tunicle they seem'd presently to disappear and only two somewhat of the larger size seem'd to enter the substance of the Parenchyma whence I thought it probable if any Branches ran any farther that they are only extended like thin and invisible Threads into the substance and bequeath it a kind of dull sense of Feeling Fallopius attributes to the Heart a most acute sense of Feeling but contrary to experience For its dull sense of Feeling is sufficiently apparent in every strong Pulse which is not felt either in or by the Heart Nay not in that same sick person mention'd by Fernelius who consum'd away insensibly in whose Heart after he was dead he found three Ulcers and not a little hollow and full of Matter contracted long before which must have occasion'd a most sharp pain in so sensible a Part of which nevertheless Fernelius makes no mention nor Dominic de Marchettis in a Patient of the same Nature without doubt because the Patient never complain'd of any pain And the same Experiment is added of a Person wounded in the Heart whom we saw our selves who nevertheless complain'd of no pain in his Heart Here perhaps it may be objected That the Inconvenience of Palpitation is sufficiently felt To which I answer That it is not felt in the Heart but in the Pericardium the Mediastinum the middle of the Diaphragma and other adjoining Parts which being of quick sense of feeling are soon and violently pain'd by a strong motion of the Heart putting a force upon them But what shall we say when fetulent Vapors carry'd from the Womb and other Parts to the Heart put it to great Pain does not that Pain proceed from its acute sense of feeling I answer if the Heart felt any twinging vellication it would complain but it does not complain therefore Whence I infer That tho' we allow a kind of dull sense of feeling to the Heart especially in its outward Tunicle and the Orifices of the Ventricles nevertheless we must believe that these Alterations and Pains whatever they are especially the sharper sort chiefly proceed from hence either because the Heart has but a dull sense of feeling or else 1. Because that the Blood which ought to be dilated in the Heart is thicken'd coagulated or otherwise deprav'd by those corrupt and vicious Vapors and Humors so that it cannot be dilated as it ought or is usual for it to be in the Heart whence proceeds its faster or slower disorderly or otherwise discompos'd Motion 2. Because the
thence it is apparent that it receives but few Animal Spirits Which if it did admit in so great abundance as to accomplish its perpetual Motion they would without all Question occasion a most acute Sence of Feeling therein 5. Because the Hearts of several Animals as Frogs Serpents Eels c. being pull'd out of their Bodies will beat a long time after whereas all the Parts about it being cut away as also all the neighbouring Nerves there can be no Influx of Animal Spirits into them To this purpose take a living Dog and having slit him all along from the Throat take both Trunks of the Wandring Pair through which the Spirits flow to the Heart and either tie it hard or cut it off the Creature indeed will become silent and stiff but the Pulsation or Motion of the Heart will not fail for all that nay he shall live so long till his Strength failing by degrees for want of Food he is famished to Death For he refuses Meat in regard there are no Animal Spirits which can come to the Stomach and increase Hunger 6. Because that seeing the Heart is form'd and perfected before the Ware-house of the Animal Spirits the Brain and proves conspicuous beats and is mov'd before any the least Foundations of the Brain at any time appear as is apparent in an Egg set under a Hen or any other Conception If you say that nevertheless in the Egg or Bubble certain Delineaments of the Brain are in being tho' not to be discern'd by the Eye I answer that they are not yet come to any such Perfection as to operate whereas in the mean time the Heart both operates and is mov'd before it can have any Assistance from those Rudiments of the Brain 7. Because the Animal Spirits are generated out of the Arterious Blood which are generated by no other part besides the Heart Seeing then that they cannot be generated out of any other Matter and that this Matter cannot come to the Brain but by the impulse of the Heart wherein this Matter is generated of necessity it follows that the Heart is mov'd of it self before there are any Animal Spirits in any other part and is the first that forces to the Brain Matter adapted for the Generation of those Spirits that is to say the Arterious Blood Perhaps it may be objected that the Heart is mov'd at first by those animal Spirits which were mix'd in the Seed of the Parents and from that time still are intermix'd with it which is but a frivolous Evasion For the animal Spirit concurs indeed to the making of Seed but loses its own Nature and being mix'd fermented and concocted with the vital Blood becomes one Mass of another Nature with it and so both together put on the Nature of the Seed wherein there is no longer either animal Spirit or arterious Blood but that Seed becomes a new Body generated out of both being mix'd together and changed by Concoction which particularly contains in it self neither animal nor sanguineous Spirit but a new Spirit potentially viâ—…al arising out of the Mixture and Concoction of both which if at any time it be stirr'd up in the Womb and proceed from Power to Action will immediately enliven and form Vessels and Instruments that shall produce Spirituous Blood and Animal Spirits So that there are no Animal Spirits any longer in the Seed that are able to cause the first Motion of the Heart at the beginning For as no Man in his Wits will aver that there is any Blood really in a Bone tho' the Blood as a necessary Matter concurs to its making Nutrition and Growth so no Man will say of the Seed that there is in it either Animal Spirit or Blood tho' both concur to its Composition For as in the Generation of Bone the Blood concurring with the Animal Spirit losing altogether its Sanguineous Nature becomes Bone and is no longer Blood as the Spirit is no longer Spirit as it was before so likewise in the making of Seed the Animal Spirit and Blood remain no longer what they were before whence it cannot be said that animal Spirits remain in the Seed that should be able to begin the first Motion of the Heart 8. Because the Motion of the Animal Spirits does not proceed from the Brain but altogether from the Heart and this Motion of the Heart ceasing all Animal Motion ceases As is apparent when Wounds penetrate the Ventricles of the Heart for that the Blood not being forced into the great Artery and the Heart but flowing out through the Wound of the Ventricles presently at the very same instant the Brain rests and the Animal Spirits are no longer sent through the Nerves to the moving Parts neither are they moved in the Brain which is the reason that a Man so wounded falls of a suddain depriv'd of all his principal Faculties and of all Sense and Motion The same appears in Convulsions and Fitts of the Mother affecting the Heart and such like Distempers in which frequently the noxious Vapours and Humours reach no farther than the Heart but not as yet to the Brain and so the Heart ceases to beat the Brain remaining unendamaged which nevertheless upon the ceasing of the Motion of the Heart presently ceases to be mov'd nor does it begin to move again till first the Heart begins to move But most manifestly of all does this appear in Wounds of the Head that take away some part of the Scull and the Brain it self as we have seen in the Camp For if the Patient fall into a Convulsion presently we see the Motion of the Heart ceases but if the Heart begin again to beat which is easily perceived by the Patients Pulse not before but presently after some Pulses the Heart begins by little and little again to be mov'd and after the Brain by degrees all the rest of the Members are mov'd These are all certain Signs that the Heart is not mov'd by the Animal Spirits thrust forward into it from the Brain but that the Brain and by means of that the Animal Spirits are mov'd by the Blood sent upward In the mean time I will not deny but that by reason of certain Nerves scarcely discernable descending toward the Basis of the Heart the Orifices of it are somewhat less sometimes more loosen'd or contracted as in the Passions of the Mind and for this reason that the Blood in the Ventricles is sometimes more difficultly sometimes more easily expell'd according to the various Determination of the Animal Spirits to those Orifices Nevertheless the continual Motion of the Heart does not proceed from thence tho' this be not the cause of any Impediments to hinder from performing its Motion freely and equally as in the respiratory Motion of the Breast sometimes Impediments arise from the Muscles of the Larynx too much contracted by the help of the Animal Spirits flowing thorough the Nerves tho' those Muscles are no cause of Respiration And thus I have
at length they end in small Branches dispers'd among the Roots of the Pulmonary Artery and Vein and continuous with the Vesicles of the Lungs and opening into the same Which Branches so long as they continue pretty big are call'd Bronchia IV. The Bulk of the Artery differs according to the Variety of Sex Age and Temperament V. The Fore-part of it is of a Cartilaginous Substance that it should not close but remain open always for the free passage to and again of the Air and Spirits The Hinder-part is Membranous lest the Dilatation of the Oesophagus should be hindred by the leaning of a harder Body upon it VI. The Gristly part is not continuous but compacted as it were of several Rings of which the uppermost are the biggest These Rings are equidistant one from another and behind where they rest upon the Gullet are depriv'd of the lower part of their Circumference while a Membranous Substance supplies the Defect The rest entring the Parenchyma of the Lungs remain whole and cease to be semilunary as in the upper part but variously form'd some round some square some triangular and the deeper they enter the Parenchyma the more Membranous and less hard like Arteries and continuous they are to the Vessels of the Lungs But all the aforesaid greater Rings are exactly joyn'd one to another by Fleshy Ligaments the lesser are joyn'd together only with Membranes 7. This Rough Artery is cover'd with a double Membrane one external which is very thin proceeding from the Pleura and firmly fast'nd with Ligaments of Muscles The other internal more contracted and thicker and continuous to the Palate exquisitely feeling for the distinguishing of all Annoyances This is besmear'd with a fat slimy Humor to prevent drying and to sweeten the Voyce which Humor being wasted by sharp Catarrhs the Voyce grows hoarse but being dry'd up by extraordinary Heat as in Fevers becomes shrill and acute It has double Arteries some from the Carotides others from the Bronchial Artery which accompany all its Ramifications It sends forth Veins to the External Jugularies It borrows Nerves from the Turning-back Nerves of the Sixth Pair chiefly dispersed through the inner Membrane to which they contribute a most exact Sense of Feeling Which Lindan not considering will not allow it any Nerves at all The Rough Artery is again divided into the Bronchus and Larynx The Bronchus is the lower and longer Part display'd with several Branches into both parts of the Lungs The Larynx is the upper Part of which we are to treat in the next Chapter CHAP. XV. Of the Larynx and Voyce THE Head of the Rough Artery or the Beginning continuous to the Mouth is call'd the Larynx from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to call with a wide Throat and is the Organ of Speech and fram'd of several Gristles and Muscles for the forming and expressing of Words I. The Figure of it is Circular extuberant before and somewhat depress'd behind to give way to the Gullet in swallowing II. It receives Arteries from the Carotides which convey the Blood and send that which remains after Nourishment through the little Veins to the external Iugulars And the animal Spirits are brought by the Turn-again Nerves of the sixt Pair III. The Bulk of it varies according to the Age Sex or Temper of the Person and hence also the Variety of Sounds in Voyces which in young People and those that are of a dry Temper is shrill by reason of the narrowness of the Larynx in those of riper years by reason of its wideness is deeper Which Variety may also happen from the length or shortness of the Larynx also a strong or weak expulsion of the Air or plenty or want of it in respect of which the Voyce is sometimes shriller or deeper IV. Besides the Membranes mention'd in the former Chapter the Larynx is compounded of five Gristles and thirteen Muscles V. Columbus chuses rather to place the Gristles among the Bones as approaching nearer to a Boney than Gristly Substance and which sometimes in Old Men turn'd to absolute Bone and more he affirms that they contain a Marrowy Substance like Bones But he would have much ado to make out that Marrowy Substance Moreover although it turn to Bone in Old Men yet they are not therefore to be numbred among Bones for they may be at first for a long time Gristles and yet afterwards turn to be Bones as we have sometimes observ'd the Gristles between the Vertebers of the Ribs and the Spine have turn'd Boney which before that Alteration no man could have said were Bones VI. The first of these Gristles is call'd Scutiformis because of its Resemblance to a Buckler being almost foursquare like the Bucklers of the Ancients or rather like an Iron-Breastplate Gibbous without which Gibbosity because it is more conspicuous in men than in Women therefore in Men it is call'd Adam's Apple because it is vulgarly believ'd that part of that Fatal Apple stuck in Adam's Throat for a punishment of his Transgression and that for that Reason this Gristle grew Bunching out and the Protuberation became hereditary to his Posterity But because it is distinguish'd in the Middle by a certain Line therefore some have describ'd it as double whereas it was never found to be double in this World or if ever any Body did live to see it so it was a Wonder and no common Accident In its Angles it has Processes above two longer by which it is joyn'd to the lower Sides of the Bone Hyoides by the help of a Ligament and two shorter below by which it adheres to the lower Muscle Fallopius writes that he has met with the Thyroides Gristle Boney not only in decrepit People but in such as have been but newly entring into Old Age. Moreover he adds That when the Thyroides began to grow long it hardned first in the Sides VI. The Second is call'd Anuulary because it is round in form of a Ring and encompasses the whole Larynx VII The Third and Fourth is call'd the Guttal because the Processes being joyn'd together resemble that part of an Earthen Pitcher out of which the Water flows when we poure it forth Fallopius writes that he never found the Guttal Gristle Boney which Riolanus affirms he has seen VIII The Fifth Epiglottis seated at the Root of the Tongue and is the Covering of the little Chink or Glottis lest the Meat and Drink should slip into the Aspera Arteria in swallowing though it be not so exactly joyn'd but that some Moisture may slide in between the Junctures into the Trachea This is softer than the rest of the Muscles resembling an Ivy-Leaf or the Tongue it self and therefore is call'd Lingula Nicolaus Stenonis observes a certain piece of Flesh compos'd of Glandulous Berries in the upper part of a Calves Epiglottis from which he says there are conspicuous Passages to be seen through the
Cure was not so sudden as the former but gave us the Trouble of some Days so that we were forc'd to draw out the piece of Cheese with a crooked pair of Tongues made for that purpose Wharton contrary to all Reason believes these Kernels which are hardly endu'd with any remarkable Sense of Feeling to be the true and primary Organs of Taste Moreover he believes that the Spittle-Matter flows from the Brain to those Kernels through the Nerves as if such a copious Quantity of thick and viscous matter could flow through the narrow and almost invisible Pores of the Nerves The Refutation of which see l. 1. c. 16. and lib 8. c. 1. Below the said Tonsils are two other little Kernels adjoyning to the lower Region of the Larynx of each side one near the sides of some of the first Rings of the Rough Artery These because they are furnish'd with several little Arteries and Veins have a more Blood-like and solid Substance than the other Kernels and are not so easily cut with the Pen-knise What their Use is is much question'd Some believe 'em to be fram'd on purpose to moisten the Larynx on the outside with a slimy and fat Moisture and to render the Gristles more fit for Motion But in regard there is little need of this Use for that the Larynx does not require this Humectation on the outside I rather think it fit to be enquir'd Whether some Spittle-Vessels do not proceed from them XX. Next to these stand the Parotides the Jugular and Maxillar Kernels seated under the Tongue Of all which see l. 3. c. 24. And thus we have describ'd the Organs that form the Voice XXI Now the Voice is the articulate Sound of a Man produc'd by the Tongue through the Repercussion of the Air breath'd in to express the Conceptions of the Mind XXII Scaliger having a regard to this End not impertinently alledges out of Aristotle That Reason is the Hand of the Intellect as the Speech of Reason and the Hand of Speech For the Hand executes Commands Commands obey Reason and Reason is the Power of the Intellect Also out of Cicero That Nature hath arm'd Man with three Assistances Wit for the Invention of Necessaries Speech for Succour and Hands to bring those things to perfection which the Wit has found out or we have learn'd by Speech from others For by the means of the Voice and Speech we beg of others what we want and learn what we know not Moreover by the same means we command what we would have done and declare what we desire to communicate Therefore not every Sound as Coughing or Hauking c. is a Voice but only that which is made in the Tongue and directed by the Mind by the means of the Muscles of the Tongue Hence most Brutes though they have the Organs of Speech as a Larynx with Muscles Lungs c. yet they do not send forth an Articulate Sound because the Air breathing outward is not artificially directed or articulated through the said Organs by the Rational Soul which they want so that they either Low or Neigh or bark or send forth some other inarticulate Sound by the Instinct of Nature only Nevertheless by Art Sparrows Mag-pies Ravens and some other Birds are taught to speak and Sing articulately CHAP. XVI Of the Oesophagus or Gullet See Table 11. THE Oesophagus or Gullet by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latins Gula by the Arabians called Meri is a round Channel or Pipe through which the Nourishment descends from the Mouth to the Stomach I. Taking its Beginning from the Iaws under the Rough Artery it first descends downright thence turning a little to the Right to the Fifth Verteber of the Thorax then winds again to the Left toward the Ninth Verteber and at length passing the Diaphragma at the Eleventh it grows continuous to the upper Orifice of the Stomach and holds it as it were in a hanging posture II. It is annex'd to the Iaws and the Larynx by the Tunicle of the Mouth continuous to it self and the Stomach but to the Rough Artery the Vertebrae's and other adjoyning Parts it is joyn'd by Membranes arising from the Ligaments of the Back III. It receives Arteries from the Carotides and the descending Trunk of the Aorta many times also from the Intercostals and the Bronchial Artery found out by Frederic Ruysch Sometimes also it sends forth some few Veins to the Vein that has no Pair and sometimes to the Jugulars And it has some little small Nerves from the Branches of the Sixth Pair VII It consists of a Fleshy and Membranous Substance that it may be commodiously extended and full again and it is form'd of five Tunicles The first of these is outermost 't is said to be also common to the Stomach But there is a manifest Difference when the Membrane of the Gullet rises from the Pleura but that of the Stomach from the Peritonaeum The second which is the middlemost and proper to it is very thick soft and fleshy like a Muscle boar'd through interwoven with round and transverse Fibres obliquely meeting one another as Opposites and cutting each other like a St. Andrew's Cross. The Third which is the innermost and proper to it also is continuous to the Membrane surrounding the Mouth and Jaws thin hard and nervous Which some affirm to be sprinkl'd with streight and long others with transverse and circular Fibres but indeed they are so small and tender that it is not an easie thing to make any Judgment concerning them V. For the moistning of the Gullet several Kernels are annex'd to it That is to say above next the sides of the Tongue and Larynx two Tonsils affording Moisture to smooth the inward Concavity of which in the foregoing Chapter On the outside the two inferior Glandules are said to moisten it seated in the hinder part of the Gullet near the first Vertebra of the Thorax in the same place where the Gullet giving way to the Trunk of the Aorta turns a little to the Right and many times lie so conceal'd between the Gullet and the Oesophagus that they are nâ—…t to be found but by diligent Search and yet about the bigness of a French Bean and resembling the shape of a Kidney and adhering with the convex part to the Oesophagus so that in their place they seem like a Kidney divided in the middle However they happen sometimes to be less and to exceed the number of Two and then they vary also in their Shapes being in number sometimes 3 4 and 5. and they have also their Vessels diminutive Arteries from the Neighbouring Arteries and Diminutive Veins which they send forth to the next Veins and Lymphatic Vessels conveying Lympha to the Lymphatic and Pectoral Channel Wharton also asserts that they receive remarkable Nerves from the sixth Conjugation as also from the twelfth Pair of the
the Body whole and entire only the Cheeks were a little fallen the rest of the Members lay in their natural position and long hairs grew out of the Shoulders of a pale yellowish Colour A broad long Beard also reach'd down to his Navel of the same colour with the hair though by the Picture which was shew'd me he wore the hair of his Head and Beard very short when he was alive I also observ'd that when I went to turn the Carkass with my hand the whole Body except the Bones fell into a thin dust which after we had taken out the Bones and caus'd 'em to be bury'd again we likewise found to be so small in quantity that you might have grasp'd it all easily in one hand though it were the whole Complement of the Carkass XXVI Lastly By way of Corollary I shall only add one thing more Whether great store of Hair conduce to the Strength of the Body Levinus Lemnius maintains the Affirmative and therefore advises sound People never to shave their Hair to the Skin For says he the Use of it destroys the Strength and renders Men soft and effeminate besides it dissolves and extenuates the Spirits and Natural Heat and deprives the Heart of a great part of its Courage and daring Boldness to look danger in the face And the Story of Sampson in Sacred Scripture seems to favour Lemnius his Party who lost his extraordinary Strength upon the shaving of his Hair and recover'd it upon the growing again of his Hair On the other side we find the Romans shav'd their Wrestlers to the very Skin to render them more strong and lively However for my part I am of opinion that great store of Hair conduces little to the strength of the Body but much to the health of the Body while the Head is thereby cover'd and defended from many external Injuries But the Head together with the Brain being sound great store of Animal Spirits are generated which gives strength to the whole Body of the Nerves and Muscles and so great store of Hair may seem to add to the strength of the Body But this can be no universal and perpetual Rule because there are many in whom great store of Hair prevents the Transpiration of the Vapors and consequently weakens the Brain For this same Tower of Pallas being darken'd by Clouds of Vapors the generation of Animal Spirits is thereby obstructed and thereby the Nerves and Sinews are weaken'd besides that it is many times the occasion of Catarrhs and other Diseases For this reason to quicken the Sight Ruates and Avicen commend Shaving of the Head and Celsus in great Defluxions of Rheum orders the Head to be shav'd For which Reason Aristotle also was wont to shave the top of his Crown And Galen reports That the Physicians of his time were wont to shave to the Skin for the Preservation of their Health And besides Women by reason of their great store of Hair are never accounted strong To conclude therefore we may say that plenty of Hair is sometimes a sign of Strength and sometimes the occasion of Weakness and Distempers according to the Constitution of the Body Though they that have hairy Breasts and Skins are generally reputed strong not that the Hair confers any Strength upon the Body but 't is a sign the Heart and other Bowels are sound and strong and then the rest of the Body must be strong of course CHAP. III. Of the External Coverings of the Head AFter the Hair follow the rest of the External Coverings of the Head I. Of which the first that offers it self is the Cuticle then the Skin which in the Hairy part is of an extraordinary thickness to defend the Head from external Injuries and that the Hair may have the deeper and firmer Rooting II. Under the Skin lies a small quantity of Fat but not too much lest it should prevent the Transpiration of the Vapors Riolanus will not allow of any Fat III. Under the Fat lies the fleshy Pannicle and under that several Muscles to be treated of in another Place IV. Next to these lies the Pericranium which is a thin soft close compacted and sensible Membrane by reason of the Nerves dispersed through it and the Temples to the hinder part of the Head This encompasses the whole Skull and is closely joyned with Sutures and nervous Fibers running down through the joynings of the Bones to the hard Meninx and united with it whence there is a great agreement of the Membrane with both Insomuch that the Pericranium is vulgarly said to derive its original from the Meninx from which Opinion Spigelius Highmore not without reason differ who deny this original and only acknowledg a connexion of both by nervous Fibers Lindan seems to deduce the original of the Pericranium from the Tendons of the Muscles of the Forehead Temples and hinder part of the Head expanded about the Cranium which seems less probable seeing that the Pericranium is extended above the Muscles of the Temples and their Tendons and cannot be drawn off without their prejudice Fallopius says the Pericranium is twosold and in some parts of the Head may be divided into two parts of which the one sticks to the Skin the other grows to the Bone But Veslingius will not allow of this Duplicity nor could we ever as yet observe any such thing Above before and behind it encompasses the Cranium only the Periostium between Only descending to the sides it parts a little from it and passes over the Temporal Muscles and comprehends 'em within it self for their greater security not so far as their insertion but as far as the Jugal Bones and in those places it is thicker and harder V. Under the Pericranium lies the Periostium which is a very thin nervous Membrane by the benefit of which the Skull becomes sensible as all other Bones except the Teeth which have their sense of feeling partly from the Periostium investing the Roots and partly from an inner little Nerve This as it is firmly fasten'd to the Cranium so also it is so exactly joyn'd to the Pericranium that it seems to make but one Membrane which deceiv'd Fallopius who thought it to be but one which made him write that the Pericranium was the same in the Head as the Periostium in other Parts forgetting that the Periostium never passes over the Muscles as the Pericranium mounts over the Temporal Muscles But Anatomical Separation shews them to be two distinct Membranes To these exterior Membranes the Vital Blood is carry'd through the external Branch of the Carotid Arteries and that which remains after Nourishment through very small Veins is remitted to the external Jugular Some there are who believe these Arteries passing through the little holes of the Cranium penetrate and open into the large Cavity of the hard Meninx Which however does not seem very likely when they only tend to the Diplois and there end conveying the
Blood thither for the generation of the Spinal Marrow but never return from the Bones again VI. The Periostium adheres immediately to the Bones of the Head which are either of the Skull or of the Iaws The Bones of the Cranium are the Bones of the Forehead forepart and hinder part of the Head the Sphoenoides and the Bones of the Temples The Bones of the Iaws are many and have most of them peculiar Names Of which see l. 9. c. 3. c. CHAP. IV. Of the Internal Coverings of the Brain of the Scythe and the Cavities THE Cranium being taken off the inner Parts are to be seen among which are first to be met with two Membranes most acute in feeling by the Greeks call'd Meninges by the Arabians Mothers which careful Nature wrapt about next to the Brain for the preservation of that most Noble Bowel I. The outermost which does not enfold the Brain immediately is from the Thickness and Hardness of the Substance by Galen call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the thick or hard Meninx by Hippocrates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by others Dura Mater or the Hard Mother endu'd with a most exquisite sense of Feeling This several Anatomists together with Fallopius and Paulinus think to be twofold but because the Duplicature is not easily discern'd therefore Riolanus rejects it It was fram'd by Nature not only for the preservation of the Brain Marrow and Nerves but also to distinguish the Brain into two parts as also from the Cerebellum It loosly wraps about the Brain as far distant from it as the conveniency of Motion will fuffer It also surrounds the whole inner part of the Cranium with a looser Folding so that in some places it may be remov'd from it as is usual upon trepanning the Skull by a soft depression but at the bottom it is most closely knit that it cannot easily be separated from it and is firmly fasten'd to the Sutures by Fibers and about a Fingers breadth at the sides of the Sagiâ—…ral Suture and many times near its meeting with the Coronal by the means of small Vessels which it sends forth toward the 〈◊〉 it sticks in two three or four places in which places when the Cranium is pull'd off certain little drops of Blood start out of the broken Vessels Once Varolius saw one growing to the whole Skull which is very rare though twice observ'd by Hildan also II It is pervious with many Holes for the passage of the Vessels and one large one for the descent of the Marrow and one more as large toward the Spittle-Kernel But where it sticks to the Sieve-like Bone it is perforated like a Sieve or rather sends little Pipes to the Nostrils through the small Holes of the Bone manifestly conspicuous in the Head of a Calf On the out-side it is rougher and harder encompassing the Cranium and its Cavities and with several Fibers transmitted through the Saw-like Sutures sticks to it of which Fibers expanded on the out side about the Cranium some believe the Pericranium to be made On the in-side it is smooth and slippery bedew'd with a watery Humor and by means of the Vessels it sticks in many places to the thin Meninx III. It receives Arteries from the larger Branch of the Carotid Artery passing through the holes of the Wedg-like Bone and the Bone of the Forehead which in some places especially in the Region of the Crown starting out of this Membrane supply the thin Meninx with Branches by means of which these Membranes stick one to another It also sends store of Veins to the Cavities and the Branch of the Iugular Vein IV. It is doubled at the Crown of the Head where descending toward the inward Parts it divides the Brain into the right and left Part. This uppermost doubl'd part because it is broader toward the hinder parts and contracted toward the fore-parts and so seems to represent the shape of a Mower's Scy the is call'd Falâ—… or the Scy the. V. The Falx or Scy the with the fore-part of it runs to the top of the Nostrils and grows to the Cocks-comb or the Bony Enclosure distinguishing the Papillary Processes But the hinder and broad part of it being parted in the hinder part of the Head descencis toward the right and left side and distinguishes the Cerebel from the Brain In which place there is a Bone sticks out in Dogs that supports the Brain left the Cerebel should be comprest by it Riolanus will allow no Duplicature of the Meninx in the Falx nor in the Enclosure between the strain and the Cerebel which nevertheless the Cavities form'd in the said Duplicature suffciently prove VI. In the said Duplicature are four Cavities three larger and one small one the inward Hollownesses of which larger Cavities are not large alike but by reason of the many Vessels that open into them are somewhat unequal as being broader in some places in some places somewhat narrower The first of these Hollownesses being the uppermost and longest runs along the upper part of the Falx from the top of the Nostrils the whole length of the Head toward the hinder parts where it is divided into two lateral hollownesses at the bottom of the hinder part of the Head descending near the sides of the Lambdoides and continu'd with the inner Branch of the Jugular Vein VII Where these Hollownesses meet there is that which is vulgarly call'd Herophilus's Wine-Press or the Torcular Herophili But although these Hollownesses meet equally yet sometimes their meeting is found to be unequal so that one of the inferior lateral ones enters the streight one a little higher and the other a little lower Besides the foresaid Hollownesses Sylvius and some other Anatomists have observ'd three other Hollownesses though not in all Bodies One of which is carry'd along the lower part of the Scythe and is very narrow ends and opens into the fourth before-mention'd The other two Lateral lesser and shorter on each side one in the hard Membrane distinguishing the Brain from the Cerebel lie distant from the larger about a Thumbs breadth into which sometimes they empty themselves and sometimes run out as far as Hierophilus's Wine-press Riolanus laughs at these lesser Hollownesses perhaps because he never saw them or else because according to his usual Custom he takes it ill that he was not the first Discoverer and therefore would deprive the first Inventers of the Honour VIII Into these Hollownesses besides the Branch of the hindermost Carotis several little Arteries running through the Meninx make their Terminations the innumerable small Orifices of which are manifestly conspicuous in the uppermost larger Hollowness Which abundantly refutes Fallopius who asserts That there is no Artery which reaches these Hollownesses Moreover many Veins of the Meninxes open into the same pouring forth Blood into them which Willis and Wepfer have taught us by certain Experience For
nothing else than a hole form'd by the conjunction and closure of little fibrous Mountains and two Buttocks and Testicles This Channel being wrapt about with a slender Membrane Sylvius calls by the name of Alveus 2. Two remarkable little long Mountains prominent upwards consisting of a Substance compos'd of several little Strings or Fibers and therefore call'd by some Corpora striata These constitute the foremost upper part of the oblong Marrow conjoyn'd with the Brain and Pith which is not observ'd by some who think them to be parts of the Brain and not the Marrow but of a peculiar Substance and as it were impos'd upon the Marrow yet united and continuous with it cloath'd with an extraordinary white Membrane but fibrous within less white and more porous than the rest of the Marrow This Part seems only to be serviceable to the Sight as from whence the Optic Nerves proceed whence Galen calls the said Monticles Thalamos Nervorum Opticorum or the Nuptial Chambers of the Optic Nerves where by Thalami some think though erroneously that they are the two hinder Legs of the Arch and Riolanus reproves Bauhinus for asserting that all the Nerves within the Cranium arise from the Spinal Marrow whereas the Optic Nerves are wound about their own Chambers By which Words he plainly denotes that these Monticles consist of a Substance altogether different from the rest of the Marrow and that they are serviceable only to the Eyes In the mean time he does ill to reprove Bauhinus for saying that all the Nerves arose out of the Pith in regard the Chambers of the Optic Nerves are the upper part of the Pith and consequently the Optic Nerves proceed from the Pith which Riolanus does not seem to have taken any notice of XIV 3. Four Protuberancies of which the uppermost or foremost and largest from their Resemblance are call'd the Buttocks or Nates between which and the fibrous Protuberances there is a conspicuous Chink by Columbus call'd the Womb containing the hole of the Arse XV. The lowermost and least are call'd the Testicles and are as it were two flat Prominencies growing and continuous underneath to the Buttocks But that same Difference between the bigness of the Buttocks and Testicles is more remarkable in Brutes than in Men in whom these four Protuberancies are seldom of an equal Magnitude Now these four Protuberancies together with the Fibrous Protuberancies impos'd upon them are the beginnings of the long Marrow continuous below with the Brain above and upon the sides overspread with a slender Membrane from the Pia Mater having a Substance compacted of innumerable slender Fibers as is seen by the Microscope As to the Fibrous Protuberancies this is to be observ'd that though they be cover'd with an extraordinary white Membrane yet they consist of peculiar Substance within stringy fibrous less white than the rest of the Pith so that they seem to constitute some peculiar part as it were united to the long Pith at the beginning in the uppermost part and continuous with the Pith of the Brain Now the Use of these two Protuberancies is to be serviceable to the most noble Sence which is Sight because that the Visual Nerves only and no other proceed from them XVI 4. The Kernel seated between the Stones and the Arse near the Hole of the Arse which leads toward the Fourth Ventricle call'd the Pineal Kernel because it somewhat resembles a Pine-Apple fashion'd like a Top By others call'd the Yard of the Brain This Kernel is but small in Men but much larger in Sheep and Calves It consists of a Substance somewhat hard which nevertheless suddenly flags and being melted in stale Carkasses of Men seldom appears It is cover'd with a slender Membrane of a Ash-colour It is oblong looking upward or rather forward with its Point but with its bottom resting upon the Substance of the Brain Above it is cover'd with the Choroid Fold and the Vein there running thro' the middle of the Fold to which it is fasten'd that in Man it is easily pull'd off with them because it sticks so little to the Substance of the Brain that Bauhinus will not allow it to stick to it at all though it appear in Brutes more manifestly to be united to the Brain Sylvius allows it also certain little nervous Strings Wharton also writes that it is enter'd by two Nerves on each side one arising from the beginning of the Spinal Pith but very small But it would be a difficult thing to shew these Nerves neither will any man easily perceive any Nerves in that place Yet this upon more diligent inspection I have observ'd that the Choroid-Fold in the third Ventricle sends forth every way several Branches of small Arteries like small white diminutive Fibers into the incumbent Cavities of the Arch the Buttocks and Stones and the Substance of the stringy Protuberancies and of the Pineal Kernel so that the Fold adheres every way to the said Parts by means of these little sibrous Branches and pour sorth into the said Substance the Arterious Blood prepar'd therein and in some measure clear'd from the flegmatic Serum Which little Branches not so duly consider'd by Sylvius and Wharton their Inadvertency occasion'd their Mistake and so they took them for Nerves because of their whitish colour as do also the small Arteries of other Parts Neither is there any Blood to be seen in them because only the thinnest and most vaporous part of the Blood flows swiftly through them neither does it stay long in them the more thick Particles flowing through the Vein that is mix'd with the Fold XVII In this Kernel saith Sylvius he has several times sound Sand and a little small round Stone about the bigness of the fourth part of a Pea. Reyner de Graeff also writes of Stones found in this Kernel by himself We believe says he that Stones are generated in all parts of the Body more especially in the Pineal Kernel because that we have above twenty times found Stones therein upon the Dissection of Bodies as well wasted by a lingring Disease as by violent Sickness which however happens more frequently in France than in Holland Certainly these Stones should very much obstruct those Functions which are attributed to the Pineal Kernel yet the Discoverers of those Stones did never observe that the Persons in whose Pineal Kernels Stones were found were ever disturb'd in their Animal Operations XVIII Various are the Opinions concerning the Use of this Kernel Some think it ordain'd for the strengthning the Choroid-Fold Others with Galen ascribe to it the Use of a Valve to close the Hole of the Buttocks Others shut up the Soul in those Streights as in a Box and believe it plac'd there as in the Center of the Brain where it collects the Ideas of the five Sensories apprehends and discerns them and from that place sends forth the Animal Spirits to the determin'd parts through these certain Nerves Which
last Opinion many at this day stifly oppose and others as stifly defend Cartesius grants indeed that the Soul is joyn'd to the whole body but says that it exercises its Functions more particularly and immediately in this Glandule than in other Parts Regius will have it to be the common Sensory and that the Soul exists in that and in no other part of the Body Thus also de la Forge asserts it to be the principal Seat of the Soul and the real Organ of Imagination and common Sence and that the breeding of Stones in it is no obstruction to it in its Operations no though it be all Stone provided there be Pores wide enough for the passage of the Spirits He adds that though the Kernel should be wanting and only the void place left for the Arteries of the choroid Fold to empty themselves yet that place would be a sufficient Seat for the Soul the Imagination and common Sence Certainly with the same Reason he might have said that though the Heart were wanting yet if its place were left for the large Vessels to exonerate themselves it would be a sufficient Fountain for the support of all the vital Actions that is to say that in absence of the agent Organ the place of the Organ would suffice to perform the Actions of the Organ But for my part I must ingenuously confess that these 〈◊〉 are more subtil than Subtility it 〈◊〉 On the other side Wâ—…arton as vainly conceives that it only at tracts the excrementitious Moisture from the upper Thighs of the beginning of the Spinal Marrow And thus the Use of this Kernel is still undetermin'd XIX 5. The Choroid Fold which descending from the upper Ventricles in this middlemost is expanded thro' it with a much broader and thicker Contexture than in the former and has a Vein sometimes streight and sometimes double interwoven in the middle and running as far as the large Bay of the Scythe into which the small Arteries exonerate the remainder of the Blood which is to be carry'd to the Hollowness Now this Fold sends â—…orth into the Arch the fibrous Protuberancies the Testicles and Buttocks several small Branches like diminutive Fibers by means of which it is joyn'd to them every way and it wraps and enfolds the Pineal Glandule in such a manner that it cannot be seen unless the Fold be broken and taken off Malpigius together with Mâ—…bius believes that the Ventricles were form'd by Nature for no Use but only by Accident but how erroneous this Opinion is sufficiently appears by what has already been said For the service of the three Ventricles of the Brain is very necessary to afford a loose and ample passage to the Choroid Fold and defend it from compressure as also to receive and collect the serous and flegmatic Humors separated by the small Kernels out of the inner Substance of the Brain and especially out of the Vessels of the Fold CHAP. VII Of the Cerebel the Fourth Ventricle and the long Pith or Marrow I. IN the hinder and lowermost part of the Skull that is between the large Hollownesses of the Bone of the hinder part of the Head lies the Cerebellum by the Greeks call d 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 containing the second part of the Brain as it were a little and peculiar Brain because it is much less than the Brain and being cover'd with both the Meninxes is separated from it and on both side united to the long Pith for a little space and continuous with it but in the middlemost lower Seat it is joyn'd to the Spinal Marrow upon the hinder part by the intervening of the thin Meninx and lest the Fourth Ventricle should gape there it is wrapt about with the thin Meninx expanded as far as the Buttocks II. The Form of it is somewhat broad and something flat upon both the Lateral parts representing the Figure of a broader sort of Globe III. The Bulk of it is much bigger in Men than in Brutes IV. The Substance of it differs not much from the Substance of the Brain only that it seems not to be so soft but much firmer V. It is divided into innumerable small thin Plates representing the Leaves and Boughs of Trees and cloath'd with the thin Membrane interwoven with several Capillary Branches of the cervical Arteries and of which the inward and middle part are of a white the external Compass of a darker Colour Through those little Arteries the Blood flows to it in great quantity the remaining part of which after nourishment runs into the lateral Hollownesses VI. It has two Processes call'd the Worm-like Processes which consist of many transverse and as it were twisted Particles joyn'd together with a thin Membrane like Worms that lie in rotten Wood. Of these the foremost prominent into the fourth Ventricle adjoyns to the Buttocks and Stones the hindermost is not altogether so prominent but vanishes with a point into the Substance of the Cerebel Some also think that these Processes are distended and contracted in the elevation and compression of the Cerebel VII About the hinder part of the Trunk of the long Marrow is to be seen Varolius's Bridge which consists of two and sometimes three gibbous Processes on both sides protuberating from the Cerebel to the Circumference of the fourth Ventricle of which they that are seated near the Worm-like Process are larger the rest lesser VIII The Cerebel has no Cavities but only a wide Hollowness in the middle yet not very deep which by some is call'd the Cistern and this constitutes the higher part of the fourth Ventricle The Substance of the Cerebel differs little or nothing from that of the Brain and is cloath'd in the same manner with Membranes and a Shell and also has deep Windings and Meanders overcast with the thin Meninx to the lowest Depths and furnish'd with Net-work Folds of small Arteries and Veins whence the Office and Use of the Brain and Cerebel is thought to be the same Willis therefore observing no certainty in ascribing this Office to the Cerebel has found out another which he thinks to be more true and genuine And thus he â—…ays that the Cerebel which he takes to be a peculiar Bowel is a peculiar Fountain and Magazine of certain Animal Spirits design'd for peculiar Uses and distinct from the Brain The Office of the Brain he assigns to be to afford and supply those Animal Spirits wherewith the Imagination 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Discourse and other supream 〈◊〉 of the Animal Function are perform'd and by which all the voluntary Motions are brought to pass But that the Duty of the Cerebel seems to be to procreate Animal Spirits apart and different from those generated in the Brain and to send them to some particular Nerves by which unvoluntary Actions as Pulsation of the Heart Protrusion of the Chylus Concoction of the Nourishment and many others which unknown to us and
the softness of their Substance and because they never exceed the thick Meninx and the Cavity of the Skull neither have productions like other Nerves and therefore erroneously by most Modern Anatomists added to the Number of the Nerves and said to proceed from the Pith when ocular View evinces the contrary II. These Processes are two in number white soft long round at the end hollow within in men thinner and less but bigger in Calves Sheep and other Brutes III. Being propagated from the globous Pith and the foremost Ventricles for Willis errs in saying they rise from the Thighs of the long Marrow and clad with the thin Meninx they are carry'd between the Brain the Os Sphoenois and the Bone of the Forehead to the Hollowness of the Sieve-like Bone envelopp'd with the thick Meninx into which they insinuate themselves the Bony Process call'd the Cocks-comb intervening between and distinguishing them one from another IV. The thick Meninx investing these Hollownesses of the Sieve-like Bone is not only bor'd through with many little Holes but also with many little Pipes extended through the Holes of the Sieve-like Bone and so opens into the Spungy Flesh of the Nostrils adhering to the Spungy Bones and through those little Pipes transmits the Flegm out of the Ventricles of the Brain and brings it into the said Spungy Flesh and Spungy Bones of the Nostrils adhering to the Ventricles above and full of the said Spungy Flesh. Which is the Reason that something may flow down from the Brain but nothing can ascend back from the Nostrils for that if any thing do ascend upward it stops there partly by reason of the contrary situation of the Pores of the fungous Flesh and partly from the winding of the slender Pipes about the Extremities These Pipes are easily discover'd in the Head of an Ox or a Calf if the Bones of the upper part of the Nostrils be so taken away that their whole Cavity may appear for then those little Pipes are manifestly to be seen pendulous through the holes of the Ethmoides-Bone and extending themselves into the Spungy Flesh of the Nostrils V. From each of these Processes there passes a Channel from the upper Ventricles all their full length running out to the Ethmoides-Bone so large in the Brain of an Ox Calf or Sheep as to admit a Goose-Quill But in a dead man so very narrow as hardly it will admit the point of a Bodkin and therefore not to be seen but in Bodies newly deceas'd for if the Carkasses be kept for any time the Substance of these Processes grows so lank that the said Channel is never to be found which is the Reason that these Channels are by many Modern Anatomists overseen and not observ'd And among that Number is Vesalius who affirms that no Flegm falls down thro' those Processes and that there is no Passage within them neither can be by reason of their slenderness To his Authority Riolanus also subscribing avers that the flegmatic Filth does not distil through the Mamillary Process and the Holes of the Sieve-like Bones for that it would infect the pure Air which is requir'd in those parts Upon the same Foundations Rolfinch asserts that he never could find any Cavity in these Processes because perhaps he never examin'd other than stale and long kept Carkasses But let us hear what Fallopius says concerning these Processes It is hard says he to observe these Channels in Men because they are too slender and diminutively small but in Brutes as Oxen Goats Sheep and the like it is easie to see that these Processes arise from the foremost Ventricles and that a manifest Hole reaches They have a Passage from the Hole to the Colaterium or Sieve-like Bone which Passage is bigger or less according to the proportion of the Process For in the Process of an Ox it is very large in a Man so narrow that unless it be in a Carkass newly deceas'd it is hardly to be discover'd Which perhaps is the Reason that these Processes have been so little known to several Anatomists VI. This innermost Cavity of the Processes is very white and envelop'd with a thin Film common and continuous with that which overspreads the upper Ventricles withinside It is seldom empty but for the most part full of a slimy and limpid Juice VII It is the Opinion of Sneider and other Anatomists that these Papillary Processes are the real Nerves proper to the Sence of Smelling but Galen assigns them a double Use first to serve for the Smell and partly for evacuation of the Flegmatic Excrements out of the Ventricles of the Brain As to their first Use Avicen Hali Fucksius Bauhinus Epigelius Casser and several others subscribe to his Opinion affirming these Processes But as to their evacuating Function few of them make any mention of it though indeed it be their primary and only Office VIII For that they are no Odoratory Nerves there are many Reasons to prove 1. They have no Resemblance with the Nerves 2. They have a large Cavity which is not to be found in any Nerves 3. They do not rise from the Pith which is the Original of all the Nerves 4. They do not proceed from the thick Meninx and the Cranium nor send forth any nervous strings into the Membranes of the Nostrils which is the Seat of Smelling but only empty Flegm through the little Holes of the Ethmois-Bone into the spungy Bones of the Nostrils Besides a Nervous Organ full of Excrements would be improper for that Use as it happens also in all other Nerves whose Office is prejudic'd by the Moisture and Obstruction of Flegm But in these Channels Flegmatic Humors are always stagnant either in a greater or lesser Quantity and that also in Dogs which are Creatures endu'd with a most exquisite sense of Smelling and yet receive not any impediment in their Smell from thence Neither in Man is the Sense of Smelling prejudic'd by a moderate Quantity of Flegm sticking in these parts but if so great a Quantity be gather'd together in the spungy part of the Nostrils so as to make it swell like a Spunge by which the Nerves of the Nostrils and Membranes are compress'd and free Respiration hinder'd then the Smell is diminish'd and hinder'd as is known to happen in a Pose Manifest it is therefore that these Processes are no Odoratory Nerves but only Channels through which the Flegmatic Excrements flow from the foremost Ventricles of the Brain which slip out at their Extremities through the Porosities of the thick Meninx and the Sieve-like and spungy Bones to the Nostrils and Mouth which Porosities are so small that the Flegm more rarely flows out of it self only when it is very thin but for the most part is squeez'd out through the compressure of the Brain which is done lest the cold Air breath'd in should enter the Cavities of the Brain so that most noble Bowel be overmuch refrigerated
aforesaid Muscles but also sends some little Branches into the Nostrils and Cheeks and from thence the greatest part of it is carry'd to the Roots of the Teeth the Larynx and the Tongue Nevertheless he adds Hence it is that deafish people are somewhat hoarse and that a violent and close stopping of the Ears stops great Fluxes of Blood Hence the Teeth are set on edge with grating sounds and that naturally dumb People are deaf and deaf People subject to pant that People that dig in their Ears very hard cough and that the Ears of Peripneumonics are always moist all which things happen by reason of the Communication of the Nerves of the Fifth Pair with these Parts This brief Description of the fifth Pair is obvious in Demonstrations but they who endeavour to deliver a more exquisite Description of it and its farther Distribution through the Organs of Hearing do not all agree one with another neither in Dissections do the Distributions of the Nerves occur alike in all Bodies Nature sporting and varying as well in these as in several other parts of the Body Eustachius concerning this Matter thus writes The Fifth Pair of the Nerves of the Brain does not consist of two Nerves as others believe but has two unequal stalks on each side of which the biggest is neatly hollow'd to the full length like a Semicircle and kindly embraces the less and so being both joyn'd together proceed obliquely to the foremost and exterior part as far off the extream part of the Hollowness bor'd through in the Stone-like Bone for their sakes where the lesser stalk separating from the bigger finds a little hole prepar'd for it and enters it and with a wonderful winding course shoots forth without the Skull The bigger stalk seems to be divided into three portions little distant one from the other of which the principal is Caps a little hole pervious into the Cochlear-Bone but whether it cover it like a Pot-lid or pierce any deeper and be twin'd about within the Snaky Curles of that Bone I could not well examin because of the difficulty of handling those Parts Fallopius explains the same thing somewhat otherwise The first Pair says he assists the Hearing consisting of two Nerves the one than which there is no Nerve more soft except the Visory design'd to the Sence of Hearing the other which is also assign'd to the fifth Pair because it arises from the same place with the softer and reaches together with the same to the Stone-like Bone but indeed it is a distinct Nerve and harder than the former and equally as hard as the rest of the Nerves which form ihe rest of the Pairs nor will any Reason allow it to be a part of the soft one The other portion of the fifth Pair which is soft and by me call'd the Hearing-Nerve coming together with the hard one to the extremity of that Den by the means of certain very narrow middle holes is distributed into two Cavities of which the one is by me call'd the Labyrinth the other the Spoon or Spoon-like Portion neither does it proceed any farther or send any Nerve from its self to the exterior Parts And Coiter testifies that he has often found it as Fallopius describes it Vesalius differing from Fallopius thus answers That Difference by thee observ'd in the hard and soft Original of the fifth Pair or of its being carry'd to its proper hole I have not as yet discover'd For there is no nearer way whereby the foremost Portion of the Nerve of the fifth Pair can be carry'd or distributed to the beginning of the Den which I compare to the Chamber of a Mine And though you describe the hard Portion of the fifth Pair as if it were of no Use to the Organ of Hearing yet you must take notice that it produces a stalk that runs through the hole beculiar to the vaulted Den. Besides when I observe the Hole admitting the fifth Pair and see that there is a passage to be met with in the foremost Seat of it which ends at length I cannot understand how you while you divide the fifth Pair into soft and hard and assert the hard Portion to be slenderest and seated behind the other can expect it should enter the said Passage without some kind of crossing and running athwart which would prove the course and situation of your hard Portion above and soft one below For to my sight the former and not the hinder part seems to enter the said Passage which ceases in the Blind Hole under the Ear toward the hinder parts Here Vesalius describes an exact Distribution of the fifth Pair of the Nerves though it be a difficult thing to demonstrate it so exactly in a dead Body especially for those that are over-hasty in Dissection so that it is only a Labour to be perform'd by sharp-sighted dextrous and patient Anatomists XXVIII The Sixth Pair which provides for many Parts in the middle and lower Belly and thence call'd the Vagous or Wandring Pair arises a little below the fifth Pair cover'd over with strong Membranes by reason of its longer Course and connex'd to the neighbouring Parts At the Beginning it is compos'd of several little Nerves and Fibers which Fibers are presently so united and cover'd over with the same Membrane that they seem to constitute one Nerve Between these little Nerves collected together by this Union in each of the vagous Nerves there is one which arises not from the Pith within the Cranium but from the Pith of the Neck for which Discovery we are beholden to Willis from which place along the sides of the Pith into which it is never all the way inserted but only fasten'd by thin Fibers it ascends upward toward the Head and increases in Bulk hence carry'd to the inside of the Cranium it is fasten'd to the Fibers of the fifth Pair and with those issues forth at the same hole so that you would think they grew together into one Trunk After their Egress being again separated from the Trunk of the vagous Nerve it reflects back and afterward imparts certain little Branches to the Muscles of the Neck and Shoulders descends to the Scapular Muscle and in that is almost all consum'd pouring Animal Spirits into it for the motion of the Arms in Men the Fore-feet in Beasts tho Wings in Fowl and the Fins in Fish for in these Creatures also has Willis observ'd Productions of the said Nerve And therefore because the Motions of the Arm require strong Muscles it is requisite that it should arise from the Pith within and not without the Brain This vagous Pair being compos'd of the said little Nerves concurring together issues out of the Cranium through the third hole common with the hinder part of the Head to the Bone of the Temples through which also passes the bigger Branch of the inner Jugular Vein and not far from its Egress sends little Branches to the Muscles of the Neck and the Cowl-resembling
from all Parts in greater quantity to the Substance of the brain than is requisite for the nourishment of it For on the outside Thousands of little branches of Arteries empty a great quantity of blood partly into the Ash-colour'd Cortex enfolding the brain in whose little Kernels apt Particles are separated for the Generation of Spirits from those that are unapt and suckt up by the extremities of the little Fibers of the brain extended into the Cortex partly enter the Substance of the brain it self Moreover on the inside also in the third Ventricle that there are infinite slender branches inserted from the Choroid Fold into the white Pithy Substance and which stick and cling to it will easily appear to those who have prudently examin'd that Ventricle and gently lifted up the Fornix or Arch for then they may perceive innumerable little branches of the Choroid Fold sticking to and entring the Substance of the Fornix the furrow'd Monticles the Stones and Buttocks and pouring into the Pores of it the thinner blood freed by the little Kernels of the Fold from a great part of its viscous Serum which in the dissection of the Substance is seen to start as well out of the invisible Vessels as out of the Pores Moreover it is requisite that the Animal Spirits should be generated in that part out of which they may most conveniently either flow or be thrust forward into the Nerves But such a part is the Substance of the brain and pith which as being altogether fibrous and continuous with the Nerves has also Pory Fibers continuous with them into which by the compression of the brain which follows its dilatation those Spirits may commodiously be squeez'd forward Lastly the Soul makes use of the Ministry of these Spirits and therefore they ought to be generated and contain'd in that part where the Soul resides But the Soul does not reside in empty Cavities or Ventricles in the midst of excrementitious Filth but in solid living Parts Therefore as it resides in the Substance of other Parts so likewise in that of the brain where it lays the foundations of the Animal Spirits which from thence it sends every way at her own pleasure through the Nerves X. This Opinion two great Difficulties seem to oppose 1. Because the Apoplexy and other heavy Drowsinesses proceed according to the Iudgment of most eminent Physicians from a stoppage of the Animal Spirits which hinders their Influx out of the Ventricles of the Brain into the Pith by reason of some obstruction of the beginning of the Pith or its compression happening through some other Cause Which Obstruction or Compression would not be the Cause of the Apoplexy or that same Lethargic Drowsiness if the Spirits were not generated in the Ventricles or the Choroid Fold but in the Substance of the Brain it self 2. Because the Disposal of the Spirits determinated by the Mind would not be compleated in the Substance of the Brain it self but in the common Sensory which is seated in the Brain it self This the Catalepsis plainly shews us wherein the Spirits flow in great quantity into the Nerves but no new determination of them follows because of the Obstruction of the common Sensory XI The first Difficulty is easily remov'd if the Cause of the Motion of the Brain be more narrowly pry'd into In the Fifth Chapter we have at large inform'd you that the Brain is mov'd by the perpetual first Mover of our Body that is to say the Heart and that the Heart dilates the whole Brain by forcing through the Arteries the Spirituous Blood into its Substance which upon the cessation of that Impulse presently falls again and so by compression forces the Spirits contain'd in it further into the Nerves XII Now if through any Cause as Obstruction or Compression c. the Arteries happen to be streighten'd through which the Blood is push'd forward and flows into the Brain by which means the free access of the Blood forc'd through the Arteries to the Brain is foreslow'd or obstructed then there is a great diminution of the Matter proper for the generation of Spirits and the motion of the Brain is very small whence happens not only a generation of very few Spirits and a weaker Impulse of them into the Nerves Now in regard that few Spirits and those weakly impuls'd are not sufficient to perform the Actions of the Sensory Organs whose Actions are also perform'd by the continual and sufficing motion of the Spirits of necessity there follows a deep Drowsiness or Rest of the Animal Actions which Drowsiness is either more or less as the streightness of the Arteries is either more or less But if those Arteries through which the Blood flows toward the inner parts of the Brain that is to say the Arteries of the wonderful Net and the Choroid Fold nay the Carotid Arteries themselves be of a sudden strongly compress'd and obstructed by the sudden falling of thick Flegm collected in the Brain upon them or the depression of the Skull and Brain presently the Motion of the Blood toward the Brain is obstructed and hence also the generation of the Animal Spirits and their motion and impulse into and through the Nerves is obstructed which is the Cause of the Apoplexy Which Physicians hitherto have absurdly affirm'd to happen from the obstruction or streightning of the beginning of the Nerves when it altogether proceeds from the obstruction or compression of the Arteries Which Hippocrates most clearly teaches us where he asserts the Cause of the Apoplexy to be the standing of the Blood more especially in the Arteries of the Neck that is to say the Carotides and others deriv'd from thence such as those which compose the wonderful Net and Choroid Fold Seeing that thereby the Motion and Action of the Spirits is destroy'd which Moâ—…ion being obstructed the body must of necessity rest Let us hear the most acute Fernelius who confirms this Matter most elegantly by Experiments and Reasons Seeing upon a time says he a lusty sane man fall to the ground upon a desperate Blow upon the Left Eye and presently depriv'd of Sence and Motion together with a difficulty of Breathing and Snoaring and other strong Symptoms of an Apoplexy and that he could neither be preserv'd by Blood-letting nor any other way but that he dy'd within twelve hours I thought it worth my while to search into the Cause of his Death To that purpose having dissected and open'd his Brain and finding no Contusion of the Bone or Meninxes or Substance of the Brain but only that the inner Veins of the Eye were broken by the violence of the Contusion I observ'd that from thence about two Spoonfuls of Blood had lighted upon the Basis of the Brain which being clotted together had bound up those Arteries which form the Net-like Contexture and which being thence propagated into the Ventricles of the Brain constitute the other Choroid Fold But the Ventricles of
such an Atrophy caus'd by the ill temper of the Brain and Spirits has been often cur'd by Remedies apply'd to the Head alone by which the Animal Spirits being restor'd to their former Sanity Nutrition has had its usual Course 8. Because upon the cutting of any Nerve that Part to which the Nerve was carry'd shall consume and perish for want of Animal Spirits Of which Riolanus gives us an elegant Example Nicephorus Gregorius saith he saw a young Boy once that being shot with an Arrow into the Neck the Arrow had cut the Nerve upon which the contrary Foot was seiz'd with a Numness and the Disease remain'd incurable and though the other Foot grew as the Boy grew the other Leg retain'd its first exility and Shortness hanging loose and useless Upon which many that understood not the Causes and Reasons of things were strangely amaz'd how it came to pass that the Hand which was much nearer the Wound was altogether insensible of the Hart when the Foot so far distant was so deeply affected with it But by reason Anatomy was not so well understood in that Age the cause of that Accident was not so well discern'd by the Physicians of that time which was certainly this because the Arrow had not struck the Nerve after its separation from the Pith and its starting out through the Side-holes of the Spiny Fistula for there is no Nerve that slides through the Vertebers of the Neck which descends to the Thigh and Foot but penetrating within the Spiny Fistula had cut the Nervy Strings in the Pith it self which descends to the Loins and the holy Bone and thence to the Foot and for that reason the influx of Spirits into the Foot failing the Foot dry'd up and ceas'd its growth So that which way soever we consider the Matter it will appear that the Animal Spirits necessarily concur to the Office of Nutrition And moreover that in the Spleen they separate the Matter of Ferment out of the arterious Blood necessary for the preparation of the Blood and the Chylus These things Glisson and Wharton seem in some measure to have smelt out and Lambert Velâ—…hussus treading their Footsteps Only in this they were deceiv'd that besides the Animal Spirits they thought there flow'd through the Nerves some other sort of Nutritive Juice which of it self nourish'd the Spermatic Parts Which Error proceeded from that whitish Juice resembling the White of an Egg which when the Nerves are hurt is often gather'd together in the Nerves or about them vulgarly call'd Aqua Articularis Which Humor however doesnot distil from the Nerves when hurt for such a slimy Juice could never pass through the invisible Pores but is a Humor that usually setâ—…les about the Joints to render them 〈◊〉 and slippery which upon a too copious mixture with the Animal Spirits flowing out of the endamag'd Nerves grows thick and coagulated many times to the Consistence of the White of an Egg. Which loss of Spirits causes a debility and Atrophy in the Part. I thought good to insert this paradoxical Opinion of mine into these Anatomical Exercises in few words upon which others may comment more at large because that from this foundation the Use and Nature of many other parts may be gather'd There remain two things more to be unfolded First Whether the Animal Spirits are the next Instrument of the Soul concerning which thing Plempius accurately discourses l. 2. Fund Med. sect 4. c. 1. The next How these Spirits being generated in the Brain and flowing with a continual and natural Motion to perfect the Nourishment of the parts are mov'd by the Mind by another designing Motion and are sent sometimes in a larger sometimes in a lesser proportion to sundry parts But these things which chiefly concern the Actions of the Soul seem not to be the proper Subject of our Discourse wherein we have design'd to write not of the Soul but only of the Body of Man and therefore as for those that are covetous of Satisfaction in this particular I think fit to send them to the Philosophers who have on purpose set forth whole Treatises of the Soul and its Actions which however I advise to be read with great Judgment since not a few of them have feign'd many and wonderful idle Dreams in that particular CHAP. XII Of the Face IN the foregoing Chapters we have endeavour'd to display what is to be found in the Hairy Part of the Head now we come to the smooth Part which is call'd the Countenance or Vultus a Voluntatis judicio from the Iudgment of the Will because it discovers the Will It is also call'd Facies by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it distinguishes Men from Brutes and shews that there is a Celestial Spirit contain'd in them For if we more seriously consider the structure of the Face its singular Beauty and Splendor we cannot but discern something that is wonderful and divine therein Whence Aristotle very well observes that the whole man is comprehended in his Face as in the Compendium of a little Picture For the Wisdom of the supream Architect more than sufficiently appears in the several parts of human Body yet both the Beauty of the Face alone and its wonderful agreement with the Soul draws the Elegancy and Dignity of all the rest of the Parts as it were into a Compendium and seems to shew therein the Affections of all the rest of the Parts as in a Looking-glass For from thence we gather not only the Marks and Symptoms of Health Diseases and approaching Death but also make shrewd Conjectures of the Ingenuity Dispositions and Manners of Men. For as in the Cheeks Bashfulness and Terror in the Eyes Anger Joy Sadness Hatred and chiefly Love display themselves in the Forehead Gravity and Humility in the Eye-brows Pride in the Chin Majesty so by the Nose Sagacity or Stupidity by the Motion of the Face Wisdom or Folly Honesty or Knavery Civility or Rusticity Reverence or Contempt good or ill Will by the Colour we discover the Temperaments of the whole Body Moreover by the Face we distinguish of Sex Age Life and Birth Therefore it is the most certain Image of the Mind and a clear Mirror reflecting back those things which lie conceal'd wherein both the external and internal Sences discover themselves and all the Motions and Perturbations of the internal Faculties are display'd I. The Face consists of Parts containing and Parts contain'd The containing Parts are common or proper The common are the Cuticle the Skin which is here very thin the Fat of which there is none either in the Eye-brows or Nose and very little in the Lips and Region of the Chaps where it is so interwoven with Muscles that it cannot be separated from the Parts annext to it The Fleshy Pannicle which below the Eyes is so thin that Riolanus thought it to be altogether wanting in that Part. In the Forehead it is much more fleshy and sticks so
Constitution different from other Tunicles in respect of which it perfects the Sence of Taste together with the Tongue and to that purpose is furnished with Nerves from the fourth Pair The use of the Palate is to perfect the Sence of Tasting with the Assistance of the Tongue as also to break the Voice and render it more perfect whence it comes to pass that those People who have this part eaten away by some unhappy Ulcer taste but imperfectly and speak with a hoarse and ungrateful Voice III. The Uvula by others call'd Uva Gurgulio Columna Columella and Gargareon is a little ruddy piece of Flesh spungy somewhat long broad above and obtusely acute below hanging forward like a Grape from the middle of the Palate near the Passages of the Nostrils into the Mouth This Bauhinus and some other Anatomists think to be nothing else but the twice doubled Membrane covering the inner Parts of the Mouth It is over-spread with a very soft and loose little Skin and swells and grows longer upon Flegmatic Defluxions which Distemper is called the Falling of the Uvula To this Riolanus and Veslingius attribute two Pairs of Muscles the Internal and External by which it hangs and obtains a slight Motion But that their Opinion is only conjecture the Sight it self informs us it being a most difficult thing to shew any such Muscle in that Part and for that the Uvula does not want them to hang by nor for voluntary Motion which is never observed in that Part. Moreover Riolanus following Aretaeus ascribes to the Uvula two broad Ligaments not unlike the expanded Wings of Bats call'd by the Arabians Galsamach But these like the foresaid Muscles are prov'd rather by conjecture than demonstration unless they take the hinder membranous part of the Palate from whence the Uvula hangs for Ligaments IV. The use of it is manifold 1. To break in some measure the force of the cold Air breath'd in from rushing in too suddenly upon the Lungs to their great dammage 2. To prevent least the Humors descending through the upper Parts of the Palate should fall directly in too great a quantity into the Larynx but that only when the Uvula is forc'd back by swallowing that then they should be turn'd toward the Gullet and fall into it 3. To hinder the Drink from running back into the Nostrils 4. It contributes also something to the Tone of the Voice though Fallopius and others deny it For though the Modulation of the Voice be ordered in the Larynx yet the wider or narrower Exit of that modulated Voice contributes very much to the Tone of it Which is apparent from hence that if a Man sing with his Spectacles upon his Nose the Voice will be another thing then when he sings with Nostrils open So also if the Uvula by missing the Voice grows harsh and ungrateful as is apparent in such as have had their Uvulas eaten away by Ulcers 5. Fallopius believes the primary use of it is to moisten the Epiglottis and the Larynx by distilling upon them some certain lympid Liquor V. The Chaps are improperly taken for the whole Gaping of the Mouth properly they denote the hinder most and lower space where the Extremities of the Tongue and rough Artery and the Holes of the Nostrils descending through the hinder Parts of the Palate meet together which is conspicuous upon opening the Mouth and depressing the Tongue and by the Greeks is call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Galen also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and by Hippocrates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by a Metaphor from the Narrowness because an Isthmus properly signifies a narrow Tract of Land between two Seas and so the Uvula in the Chaps like a Neck of Land hangs in the middle gaping of the Chaps however they do not call the Uvula the Isthmus but the gaping of the Chaps it self whereas the Name ought to belong to the Uvula Nicholas Stenonis has observ'd in a Calves Head under the Tunicle a little piece of Flesh composed of glandulous Bunches full of Lâ—…mphatic Vessels VI. The use of the Chaps is to transmit and swallow those things which are taken in at the Mouth which is perform'd oy three Pair of Muscles common to the Pharynx with the Gullet and described in the Description of the Gullet CHAP. XXIII Of the Hyoides-Bone BEfore we enter upon the Description of the Tongue we are to say something of the Hyoides-Bone which is laid under it as a Prop for the firmer Structure of the Tongue and to facilitate its Motion I. The Hyoides-Bone consists of several Bones which being joyn'd together resemble the Greek Letter V. or A. and hence also is called the Upsiloides or the Lambdoides though it be more like an Upsilon than a Lambda in regard it is not carried about with an acute but an obtuse and somewhat round Semicircle It consista chiefly of three Bones very â—…eldom of Five Seven Nine or Eleven of which the middlemost exceeding the rest in bigness large broad withoutside gibbous withinside somewhat hollowed to which the other two are joyned like Horns But if it consist of more then three Bones those are Gristly Riolanus has these Observations touching the Hyoides-Bone But the Hyoides-Bone says he in Women appears more slender and thin and consists of fewer Bones whose room the Suspensory Productory Ligaments supply Then you shall observe that only the Epiglottis is received into the Cavity of the Hyoides and that the Tongue rests upon the upper side of the Basis. To these little Bones are joyned four small Gristles which prove sometimes bony themselves Two of these joyn to the Basis of the middle Bone resembling both in form and bigness a Grain of Wheat Two others are placed near the side Bones or Horns and are fastned with a nervous Ligament to the Pen-resembling Appendix And so the Hyoides upon the sides adheres to that Appendix on the forepart to the Target-form'd Gristle of the Larynx but chiefly to the Tongue and receives the Epiglottis into its Cavity II. When the Tongue moves this Bone also moves and that by the assistance of eight Muscles which it has in common with the Tongue The first Pair call'd Sternothyoides moves it downward and backward and rises with a round and fleshy Original from the upper inner Seat of the Bone of the Sternum and forward ends in the Basis of the Hyoides The second Pair called the long Coracohyoides by the Ancients rises from the upper side of the Shoulder near the Coracoides Process and in the midst of its Body grown slender like a Tendon is carry'd along obliquely under the seventh Muscle of the Head to the sides of the Hyoides and draws them obliquely downward The third Pair slender and round seated under the Chin proceeds from the extream Process of the Styliform with a round Belly therefore call'd Styloceratoides and being inserted into the Horns of the Hyoides moves obliquely
Axilla or Ala the Arm-hole covered with Hair Which hair prevents the Skin from gauling through the continual motion of the Arm. VI. In this Cavity under a little Panicle lye conceal'd three considerable Kernels joyn'd to the divarication of the Vessels which being clos'd together seem to make one These the ancient Physitians thought to be Emunctories of the Heart VII The Elbow in Latin Cubitus or Ulna by Tully is call'd Lacertus and by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 VIII The Hand at the end being expanded is simply called Manus being clutch'd Pugnus and the Ioynts of the inner part of the Fingers are call'd Internodia but being shut the protuberances of the Ioynts are call'd Conditi The Hand is divided into the Wrist the space between the Wrist and the Fingers IX The Wrists in Latin Carpus in the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being next adjoyning to the Elbow consists of eight Bones dispos'd in a double Order which want their proper Names X. The space between the Wrists call'd Meta Carpium consists of four Bones connex'd with a close and strong Ioynt XI The inner part composing the hollow of the Hand in Latin Vola Manus or Palma and the external Part by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latins is call'd Dorsum Manus or the back of the Hand In the hollow of the Hand several Particulars are to be taken notice of chiefly the little Mounts in Greek properly call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the Lines XII The little Mounts are the more prominent and fleshy Parts of the Hand The little Mount under the Thumb is call'd the Mount of Mars That next the Fore-finger the Mount of Iupiter That next the Middle finger the Mount of Saturn That next the Ring-finger the Mount of the Sun and that next the Little-finger the Mount of the Moon XIII There are many and various Lines in the hollow of the Hand not the same nor alike in all men From whence they that study Palmistry leaning upon ridiculous and vain Conjecture are wont to tell the Fortunes of many People prosperous Matrimony long Life numerous Off-spring Riches and the like milking the Purses of the credulous and deceiving their Expectations By these People there are chiefly observ'd fourteen Lines from the Meetings Inter-sections crookedness or streightness c. of which they gather their Presages But three they look upon more considerable than all the rest The Line of Life the Second running athwart through the middle of the hollow of the Hand to the Mount of the Moon and call'd the Liver-line and the Third call'd the Table-line or the Line of Venus XIV The Fingers Digiti in the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are five in number upon each Hand differing in length and thickness The first which is the thickest and equals all the rest for strength is call'd Pollex or the Thumb The Second is the Fore-finger from the use call'd the Index or Demonstrator the Pointer because it is us'd in the demonstration of things The Third or Middle-finger is call'd Impudicus Famosus and Obscoenus the Obsence and Inâ—…amous because it is usually held forth at men pointed at for Infamy and in derision The Fourth the Ring-finger or Annularis and Medicus the Physitian's-finger because that Persons formerly admitted Doctors of Physic were wont to wear a Gold Ring upon that Finger The Fifth call'd the Little-finger in Latin Auricularis or the Ear-finger for that men generally pick their Ears with it Every Finger is furnish'd with three Bones knit together with the Gynglymus to which are joyn'd the Sesamina As to the length of the Fingers Rases and Avicen notably observe that the shortness of the Fingers denotes the smalness of the Liver and consequently from the length of the Finger the bigness of the Liver Whether it be true or no I have not try'd my self neither have I met with any Anatomists that confirm it however certain it is that Avicen rejects it as an uncertain Observation XV. At the end of the Fingers on the outside grow the Nails by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of which the hinder whitish part is call'd the Root of the the white Spots are call'd Mendacia or Lyes and the hidden Parts under the Nails Cruptae The Nails are hard to defend the tender Extremities of the Fingers which are endued with a most exact Sence of Feeling and for the Conveniency of Scratching they are also flexible by nature to the end they may not easily be broken and as to their Shape they are somewhat convex They are transparent so that according to the Colour of the Flesh and the Blood underneath they are either Black and Blew Red Pale Yellow c. from which Colors the Physitians make many Conjectures of Health or a bad Constitution The Skin grows about them on the out-side under lye the Tendons of the Muscles For which reason because of the exquisite Sence of the Place upon any Bruise the Pain becomes terrible under the Nail The whole Arm together with the Hand consists of Coverings Membranes Bones Ligaments Muscles Arteries Veins and Nerves which are common to all the Parts of the Body Such are likewise the inner Coverings Skin Cuticles and Fat The Membranes are Periostiums Membranes of the Muscles and Tendons c. The Bones are many and various fastâ—…ed together with Ligaments of which see Lib. 9. C. 17. c. The Arteries proceed from the Axillary Artery the bâ—…anchings forth of which are described Lib. 6. Chap. 3. There are many Veins in the Hand and Arm which meet however all together at the Axillary Vein and discharge their Blood into it Of these three are chiefly remarkable by peculiar Names at the Bending of the Elbow the Cephalic Basilic and Median which are often opened in letting Blood Moreover in the outer part of the Extremity of the Hand there is one between the Middle and Ring Finger call'd by a private Name Salvatâ—…lla the opening of which in melancholy Distempers and Quartan Agues is very much commended especially in the Left-hand But this is only a meer Supposition grounded upon nothing of Reason of those that being ignorant of the Circulation of the Blood believe this Vein more especially to discharge the Melancholy Blood of the Spleen Six Pair of Nerves enter the Arm the Productions of which see Lib. 8. C. 3. CHAP. II. Of the Foot I. THE Foot call'd in Latin Pes in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is an Organic Part beginning from the Ioynt of the Hip and extending to the Extremities of the Toes It is divided into the Thigh Leg and small Foot The Thigh Femur 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 proceeds from the Joynt of the Hip to the first lower Joynt which in the Fore-part is call'd the Knee in the hinder-part the Ham. II. The inner part of the Thigh is call'd Femur the outer Protuberance
fasten'd without side into the first Bone of the Thumb XI 4. The Abductor Major arising from the Ligament of the Bone of the Metatarsus which lyes under the little Toe and the next to it terminates with a short and strong Tendon in the first Joynt of the great Toe in the inner Part. XII 5. Abductor Minor by Casserius call'd the Transversal proceeding from the Ligament of the little Toe which binds the first Internode is carry'd transverse and fleshy and stretches it self more inwardly to the first Bone of the great Toe with a short and broad Tendon To this some ascribe another Use believing it there apply'd to gather together the first Bones of the Toes Riolanus believes that it serves only for a Pillow least the Tendons should be injur'd by the hardness of the ground and the Bones Casserius who is said to be the first Discoverer of this Muscle will have it assign'd to bring the great Toe toward the little Toe thereby to make the foot hollow for the more easie walking in Stony and unequal places by the more firm taking hold of the step XIII In the flat of the Foot which is called Vestigium or the Footstep there is to be observ'd a Fleshy mass which like a Cushion lyes under the Muscles and Tendons Which some confound with the Universal Muscle AN APPENDIX Concerning the MEMBRANES and FIBRES CHAP. I. Of the Membranes in General I. A Membrane is a white similar part broad flat thick and extensible produc'd out of the clammy and viscous part of the Seed preserving containing gathering together corroborating and disterminating the Parts that lye under it or contained within it II. It was call'd by the Antient 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 All which words at that time signify'd one and the same thing Afterwards these words became particular and were attributed to particular Membranes For now Hymen properly signifies that Membrane which resides in the Neck of the Womb vulgarly called Claustrum Virginitatis the Fence of Virginity Menina signifies that Membrane that enfolds the Brain And 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Tâ—…nica is the general Name for all Membranes that cover the Veins Arteries Ureters c. At this day Membrane is a general word signifying any Membrane that enfolds a fleshy Part the Pericardium Periosteum Peritonaeum the Membrane of the Muscles c. III. There can be hardly any certain Original of the Membranes describ'd as being Parts subsisting of themselves form'd out of Seed and every where conspicuous in the Body Many have with probability enough deriv'd them from the Meninâ—…es Lindan writes that the Substance of the Heart is wrapt about with a very transparent and very thick Membrane which he believes to grow from the dilated Extremities of the Fibres of the Heart and thence would have us consider whether all the rest of the Membranes do not arise by a certain Propagation from this Membrane of the Heart But these are mere Conjectures hardly credible rather it is to be said that the Membranes are Spermatic Parts form'd with other Spermatic Parts out of the Seed at the first formation of the Embryo and that therefore they have no other Original than the Seed IV. The Membranes are nourish'd like the rest of the Parts by Arterious blood flowing out of the Arteries into their Substance and fermented therein by the mixture of Animal Spirits the residue of which either unapt for Nourishment or superfluous is carry'd back through the Tubes of the Veins into the hollow Vein V. Now the Membranes are the Organs of Feeling for all the sensible Parts even the Nerves themselves feel by the help of the Membranes only which those Parts that want are destitute of sence as the Bones Gristles the fleshy Parts of many Bowels wherein the Sence of Feeling no farther extends it self then to the Membrane that enfolds it This Faculty of Feeling is bequeathed to them by the Animal Spirits continually flowing into them through the Nerves which influx ceasing the Sence of Feeling also fails as in Apoplexies Palsies c. Such Membranes also into which few Spirits flow are dull of Feeling Thus Veins and Arteries are said to be void of Sence because they feel but dully VI. The Differences of Membranes are many In respect of their Substance some thin some thick some legitimate as the Pleura Periosteum c. Others illegitimate as being rather Membranous Bodies such are membranous Ligaments Tendons the Stomac Intestines Bladder c. In respect of their Figure some broad some long some triangular c. In respect of their Situation some inward some outward VII The number of the Membranes is almost infinite but the most considerable are these that follow In the Birth the Chorion Amnios the Urinary Membrane and in Brutes the Alantois In the whole Body of Man the Cuticle the Skin the fleshy Pannicle the Membranes of the Muscles the Periostea and the Membranes of the Vessels In the Head without the Pericranium more inward both the Meninxes which descend from the Cranium into the Spinal Concavity involving the Spinal Pith and extends themselves the whole length of the Nerves In the Eye seven Tunicles the Nameless the Conjunctive the Horny Uveous Net-like Spiders Web and Vitreous In the Ear the Membrane of the Tympanum In the Mouth the Tunicle proper to the Tongue and Palate as also that which is common to the Mouth the Chaps the Gullet and Stomach In the Breast the Pleura the Mediastinum the Pericardium the Tunicle investing the Lungs and Heart and the Valves of the Heart In the lower Belly the Peritonaeum Epiploon the Mesenterie and the Membranes that enfold the several Bowels as also those of which the Intestines the Bladder and other Parts are composed Of all which primary Membranes mention has been already made in their proper Places Besides these there is an infinite number of thin Membranes that have no Names CHAP. II. Of the Fibres FIbres are white similar Parts solid oblong like little Strings designed for the Motion of some and the Preservation of other Parts I. They are Parts which are not derived from others but existing of themselves for the Complement of those Parts where they are required And therefore they mistake who believe them to be produced from the Brain or from the Spinal Marrow as are also they who think them the Productions of the Nerves it being impossible that the Nerves should be expanded into so many Strings For Example a small Nerve which shall consist of twenty fibrous Strings is inserted into some larger Muscle consisting of a hundred fibrous Strings much bigger and stronger than those in the Nerve Thus the whole Body of the Heart is fibrous whereas it has very few and those very small Nerves The Fibres indeed communicate with the Nerves so far as they receive Animal Spirits from them yet they are no more Productions
Cavity in the Optics condemns the Opinion in general As for the Mamillary Processes they are no Nerves Vid. l. 3. c. 8. Nor are the spungy Bodies of the Yard Nerves though erroneously so called besides that Hollowness in the Nerves is against Reason For they carry invisible Spirits through the invisible Pores of their Strings but no conspicuous Liquor there being no such thing ever known to flow from them either upon Wounds or Dissections Moreover seeing the Spinal Marrow from whence they derive their Original has no Cavities much less the hard and dry Nerves that proceed from it Now that the long Marrow is not hollow we have often try'd by means of a long Pipe through which we could never make any Breath to pass though the Pipe being thrust into the Division easily went to the end of it Nor do Galens Words contradict my Opinion who does not speak of any sensible Cavity but of an insensible Hollowness meaning the Pores in which respect they may be said to be insensibly hollow Therefore says Nellianus Glancanus Though the Nerves do not appear sensibly perforated yet they are esteemed capable to conveigh the Animal Spirits For that the Spirits is most subtil and the Marrow of the Nerves so spungy as to be easily penetrated by a subtil Spirit Vid. l. 3. c. 11. IV. The Substance of the Nerves is thought to be threefold The first the Internal Medullary Substance proceeding from the Marrow of the Brain The second and third is the double Membrane investing the inner Substance of which the one thinner and more inward is the Production of the Piâ—… Meninx the other thicker and more outward the Production of the hard Meninx But this threefold Substance though perhaps it may be conspicuous in the Optic Nerves in the rest is rather to be distinguished by Reason than Sense Seeing all the Nerves are only long Threads wherein there is no Pith or Medullary Substance to be seen whence some deny that there is any Marrow at all in the Nerves And hence it is that that the Nerves which seem to be composed of Threads only are numbred among the similar Parts not that they are simply so but seem to be so and are all alike in all Parts V. How the Nerves are nourished is hard to judge Vesâ—…ingius allows them Veins and Arteries for Nourishment and vital Heat For which reason Hossman will have them hollow Lindan says that all the Nerves are not only hollow but admit a little Capillary Artery Stenonis also believes that he has observed Blood-bearing Vessels between the Strings of the Nerves We have our selves observed in the Optics some slight Foot-steps of a Blood-bearing Vessel passing and expanding it self into the Net-resembling-Tunicle for the Nourishment of the Humors and Tunicles of the Eye but never in any other of the Nerves And therefore I hold the Opinion that extends to all the Nerves to be groundless 1. Because never any such little Arteries were ever discernible in any of the largest Nerves except the Optics and what Stenonis observed among the Threads I should rather think might be found in the enfolding Tunicles if there were any such thing 2. Because the narrowness of the Pores is not only extreamly streight but plainly invisible not able to admit a small Hair much less a Capillary Artery 3. Because the Pulsation of the Arteries would be a hindrance to the Passage of the Animal Spirits especially the Passage of the Nerve being streightned by the Swelling of the Artery in a violent Pulsation of the Heart 4. Because that upon the Dissection of any Nerve not the least drop of Blood appears to flow out of any Artery supposed to be within side Glisson writes that the Nerves by conveighing the Animal Spirits are not only serviceable to Sense and Motion but also carry a certain nutritive Humor for the Nourishment of themselves and the Parts which they enter and that they do not receive this Humor from the Muscles Bones Heart Lungs and Kidneys but from the Spleen Stomach and Intestines and partly also mediately from the Brain But the narrowness of the Nerves is sufficient to refute this vain Opinion and we see that the least Humor getting into them obstructs the Spirits and causes the Palsie Besides that no Juice can be squeez'd out of the Nerve when hurt at any time nor does the Nerve being ty'd with any Ligature either swell or grow languid in any Part nor is there the least Tumor to be observed either about or beyond the Ligature To this add the Experiment of Regner de Graef We laid bare says he the remarkable Nerve tending to the hinder Part of the Thighs and slit it athwart through the Middle and being freed from the Lymphatic Vessels put it into a glass Viol such as wherein we used to collect the Pancreatic Iuice the Neck of which was so narrow that the thickness of the dissected Nerve gently closed the Orifice of it least any Spirit or whatever passes more suttle through the Nerves might exhale into the Air. This Viol we fixed to the Skin in hopes that if any thing of liquid passed through the Skin we should by that means preserve it but all in vain For during the space of four or five Hours not a drop came forth nor could we perceive any sticking of the Animal Spirits to the Sides of the Glass by Condensation Moreover what Glisson propounds in the last place is remote from Truth for if any Liquor were received by the Nerves it must necessarily flow into their Beginnings but there are no Beginnings of the Nerves that open either into the Stomach Intestines or Spleen but they all proceed without Exception from the long Pith of the Brain Read what we have discoursed upon this Point l. 3. c. 11. and a farther Refutation see l. 1. c. 16. VII Wharton and Charlton admits this nutritious Juice but will have it prepared and made in the Glandules seated up and down in the Body and appointed for this use But in regard that only thick and visible Juices are prepared in the Kernels no way possible to enter the Nerves and that Juice ought to flow with a contrary Stream to the Animal Spirits and for that either none at all or at least no preceptible Nerves reach to the Glandules most certainly it cannot be the Office of the Glandules to carry nutritious Humors VIII Malpigius believes some notable Juice to be conveighed through the Fibres of the Nerves but that it is derived from the Glandulous Cortex of the Brain and for this reason he numbers the nervous Fibres among the Vessels The nervous Fibres saith he are to be reckoned among the Sorts of Vessels which being cut I have observed a certain Iuice like the White of an Egg and thickning before the Fire to flow forth in a considerable quantity But still what has been already said concerning the streightness of the Nerves sufficiently evinces the
the hinder Branch of the eighth Pair of the Neck II. The ten following Pairs are likewise divided into the foremost bigger Branch and the hindermost lesser Of which the foremost Branches being accompanied with as many Branches descending under the Pleâ—…ra from the Inner Branch of the Nerve of the sixth Pair constitute the Intercostals which together with the Intercostal Arteries and Veins are carried all the length of the Rib toward the fore-parts through the Cavity in the lower and innermost Seat of the Ribs But those which belong to the true Ribs proceed as far as the Sternon But those which belong to the spurious Ribs are carried to the fore-parts of the Abdomen above the Peritonaeum From these several little Branches run out to several Muscles as to the External and Internal Intercostals the two Antic Serrati the broad Withdrawer of the Shoulder and the Pectoral which brings the Shoulder to also to the first Pair of the Muscles of the Abdomen and the whole Skin of the Breast and the Nipples of the Breast to which they impart a most acute Sense The latter Branches hasten toward the Spine between the Muscles growing to the Vertebres and send Branches both to them the Muscles rising from the tops of the Vertebres and the Skin of the Back Galen observes that the Nerves which issue from the bastard Ribs are bigger than those which proceed from the Superior Ribs and are always bipartited about the middle of the Ribs make their Egress at one Part and at the other crawl through the inner Rib. But we have observed that Division not about the middle of the Rib but presently after they have made their Egress out of the Holes of the Vertebres III. The twelfth Pair which others reckon to be the first of the Loyns breaks forth between the last of the Breast and the first of the Loyns and is presently divided into two Branches of which the foremost which is the biggest is inserted into the fleshy Appendix's of the Diaphragma the obliquely descending Muscles of the Abdomen and the first of the bending Muscles called the Psoas the Compression of which by the Stone in the Kidneys causes a Numness in the Thigh on that side From this Branch that little Sprig derives is Original which together with the preparing Artery is carried to the Testicles l. 1. c. 22. Which Vesalius Plater and Laurentius affirm to proceed from the first Pair of the Loyns being our twelfth Pair of the Breast The Hindermost enters the Muscles of the Loyns resting upon the hinder Part of the Vertebres that is to say the longest the Sacrolumbus and the broadest withdrawer of the Shoulder CHAP. IV. Of the Nerves of the Loins FRom the Spinal Marrow contained in the Vertebres of the Loyns proceed five Pairs which are bigger than the Dorsals and divided into two Branches of which the four Branches are carried to the Muscles of the Abdomen the hindermost to the Muscles of the Vertebres resting upon the Spines and nameless Bones and afford some little Branches to the Skin investing the Loyns The foremost being united at some distance constitute that Fold from whence the Nerves proceed that are to be sent to the Thighs I. The first Pair makes its Egress between the first and second Vertebre of the Loyns under the Psoas or Ploas Muscle and is carried with its foremost Branch to the second Muscle bending the Thigh and the first Fascial bending the Leg as also to the Skin of the Thigh With the latter going forth from the Abdomen it provides for the three Glutaei extending the Thigh and the Membranous Extensor of the Leg. II. The second Pair proceeds between the first and second Vertebre under the first Muscle bending the Thigh The Fore-branch of this passing near the Ileon Bones sends forth two Stalks one to the Knee and its Skin the other long which accompanies the Saphaena The other turns backward and enters the Muscles that cover the Loyns III. The third Pair which is the biggest of the Lumbal Nerves carried under the said Muscle bending the Thigh and the Share-Bone accompanies the Crural Vein and and Artery Columbus writes that there is a Branch extended from it to the Groin Scrotum and Skin of the Yard which Bauhinus however derives from the Pith of the Os Sacrum IV. The fourth Pair rises between the fourth and fifth Vertebre and its foremost Branch passes through the Hole between the Bone of the Hip the Share-bone and the Ileon and sends forth Branches to the two Muscles that fling the Thigh about as also to the Muscles second and third that send the Thigh and others to the Muscles of the Yard some believe that it sends other Branches to the Neck of the Womb and Bladder The hinder most goes away into the Muscles and Skin that covers the Vertebres V. The fifth Pair which some will have to be the first of the Os Sacrum rising between the last Vertebre of the Loyns and the upper part of the Os Sacrum is divided into two Branches of which the foremost is intermixed for the most part with the Nerves going to the Thigh and sends forth a little Branch near the inner Region of the Ileon-bone to the Muscles of the Abdomen and the second of the Thigh-benders The latter is disseminated into the Muscles growing from the Ileon bone chiefly the greater Gluteus and the Skin of the Bottocks CHAP. V. Of the Nerves proceeding from the Pith of the Os Sacrum FRom the Marrow contained in the Cavity of the Os Sacrum five Pairs proceed which Nerves before they take their Progress through the Holes of this Bone are divided each into an inner and outer Branch which go forth before and behind through the transverse Hole The three inner and uppermost go away to the Thigh the two lowermost to the Vessels of the Bladder and Podex also to the Perinaeum the Yard and Scrotum and the Neck of the Womb. The hindermost are distributed to the Muscles possessing the hinder Seat of the Ileum and Os Sacrum the first and second Extenders of the Breast the longest Muscle of the Back and Sacrolumbus the Bender of the Loyns called the Holy Muscle the broad Muscle withdrawing the Shoulder and the three Glutaei which constitute the Buttocks The End of the Spinal Marrow penetrating into the Coccyx-bone sends forth one Stock therefore called the Pairless which is first divided into two then more Branches running forth to the Buttocks Podex and certain Muscles of the Thigh This Pairless Nerve Fernelius reckons among the Ligaments CHAP. VI. Of the Nerves of the Arm and Hand FRom the Spinal Marrow through the Holes of the Vertebres five Nerves are carried into each Arm that is to say from the fifth sixth seventh and eighth Pair of the Neck and the first of the Breast These Nerves presently after their Egress are united with the foremost and larger Branches which are presently parted again and again united are
more slender the second longer and thicker is carried through the middle of the Thigh and extended to to the Leg. The fourth much thicker and longer then the former is carry'd through the Thigh and Legs to the Tops of the Fingers Of those the three foremost appear before the Fourth behind I. The First rises from the upper part of the Net-resembling fold where the Second Nerve of the Loyns unites with the Third and enters the two Muscles extending the Thigh and its Skin distributing little Branches to the first of the Leg-benders and to the second and third extending it and terminates above the joynt of the Knee II. The Second rising from the same Fountain next under the first goes away with the Crural Arteries and Vein through the Groyns to the Thigh and enters its inner and foremost Muscles distributing little Branches also to the adjoyning Membranes and Skin and sending one remarkable Branch to the Foot Laurentius Spigelius and others erroneously assert that this Nerve is united with the Saphena Vein for which reason it is somewhat dangerous to open this Vein whereas it takes its course all alone without any Companion The Third rising from the Fold presently under the Second and carry'd about the second Muscle bending the Thigh IV. The Fourth which Bartholin has observ'd double both at its beginning and Progress and which is the thickest dryest and strongest of all the Nerves in the whole Body form'd out of the lowest of the Loyns and the three upper Pairs of the Os Sacrum after it has provided for the Thigh and the Skin of the Buttocks sends forth little Branches to some Muscles of the Thigh Leg and Foot Thence descending farther with its Trunk at the bending of the Knee in the Ham it is divided into an outer and inner Branch Of which the outermost which is the slenderest is produc'd to the Ham the outer Parts of the Foot Perinaean Muscles and the Internal part of the Malleolus by the way affording many little Sprigs to the Skin The innermost which is the bigger all along the length of the Leg dispatches other Sprigs to the Muscles of the Feet and Toes to the great Toe the Sole of the Foot and the Skin of the Calf and to both the lower sides of the Toes Wherefore all the Nerves carry'd below the Knee to the Nerves proceed from this Crural Trunk except that Branch which descends from the second Pair next the Heel We have not given any particular description of the Cutaneous Nerves which are only little Branches sent to the Skin from the Nerves adjoyning whose productions are only conspicuous but their particular Descriptions are impossible and therefore never undertaken THE NINTH BOOK OF ANATOMY Concerning the BONES CHAP. I. Of the Bones in General MAny Anatomists begin their Anatomical Descriptions from the Bones in imitation of Galen because the Bones are the Establishment of the whole Body without which the rest of the Parts could not subsist For Nature says Galen imitates the building of Ships adapting the Vertebres in the place of the Keel to which she afterwards fits the Ribs Beams Planks and sides and the rest of the Wood-work And therefore Galen begins with the Bones presupposing them to be found before the other Parts as being the Ground-work upon which all the other Parts must subsist But we dislike that method for more pregnant reasons 1. Because the Bones are not form'd before the other Parts but at the same times lib. 1. cap. 29. 2. Because they are later compleated then the other Parts 3. Because the Bones are not the necessary basis for a Ground work at the beginning until they have obtain'd a convenient hardness which they have not at the beginning but some Months after Conception and the Formation of the whole nay many are wanting till after the Birth 4. Because the Bones cannot be shown till all the Parts annexed are remov'd and the Bones be laid bare 5. Because all the softer Parts are lyable to Putrefaction which the Bones are not and therefore necessarily the soft Parts are first to be demonstrated as leading the nearest way to instruction and dueness of Method And therefore we have observed this course adding in the last place the Gristles and Ligaments which fasten the Bones together But here you 'l say that the Knowledge of the Bones is beneath a Physitian and only fit for Chyrurgions whose manual Operations are only proper in Fractures and Luxations of the Bones But in regard it is necessary for a Physitian to understand the whole Body of Physic which consists but of two Parts knowing and curing and that Curation is perform'd by Dyet Chyrurgery and Pharmacy a Physitian certainly ought to have the perfect knowledg not only of the whole Body of Man it 's health and distempers but also of the Remedies and consequently of Chyrurgery which is certainly the most Noble and Antient Part of Medicinal Cure And although a Physitian taken up with more profound Speculations may not practise Chyrurgery yet the Knowledge of it is absolutely necessary for him that he may be able to perform the Office of a Chyrurgion where a Chyrurgeon is not to be had and that he may be able many times to direct a Chyrurgeon in his Operation to which purpose the Knowledg of the Bones is of great importance For which reason Hippocrates the Father of all Physitians recommends it to his Son Tessalus And for the same reason Galen would have all that read Hippocrates's Books of Fractures and Luxations to be perfectly skill'd in the Skeleton I. The Bones by the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to stand because the whole Structure of the Body stands by means of Bones according to that of Hippocrates the Bones afford Stability Streightness and Form to the whole Body II. The Bones are similar Parts very hard very dry and destitute of Sense colder than all the rest of the Parts framed for the support of the whole Body They are called similar not that they are absolutely but because they appear so to the Sense nor can be easily divided into other Parts For the clearer Explanation of which Sâ—…igelius distinguishes between Simile and Similare which he says differ as much as the Denominative from the thing from whence the Denomination is derived III. The Bones are generated in the Womb out of the thicker and more tartareous or earthly Part of the Seed nourished with the tartareous Particles of the Blood and moistned with the marrowie Fat IV. But the marrowy Fat called Marrow is not of the same sort in all the Bones for that in the large Hollownesses of the larger Bones it is very oyly and Fat yet of a Colour somewhat inclining to red but in the Cavities of the lesser Bones it is white But in the spungy Bones the Marrow is less thick and unctuous The Marrow is generated out of the Blood thrust forward into the
no remarkable Cavity containing Marrow only a certain marrowy Juice in its porous little Cells for its own Nourishment But it is broader than the Bone it self and for that reason renders the Articulation the stronger XVI The Bones are destitute of the Sense of Feeling neither are they furnished with any conspicuous Nerves except the grinding Teeth but without side they are wrapt about with a thin Membrane very quick of feeling that is to say a Periosteum which because it immediately adheres to the Bones and is cruelly pain'd upon any Distemper hence that painful Sensation is improperly attributed to the Bones not that the Bones are affected but the Periostea that lye next the Bones and the adjoyning Membranes However the Teeth are destitute of Periosteums after they make their Egress out of their proper Seats as also the little sesamoid Bones the four little Bones of the Ears and the ends of the Bones constituting the Joynts to prevent their being pain'd by overmuch Motion and Collision Nicholas Massa relates an unusual accident that he saw an ulcer'd Thigh the Bone of which after the Periosteum was scraped off felt an extraordinary Pain that it would hardly endure to be touch'd nay that he boar'd the Bone and that there was within a most cruel Sense of Pain which as he says he therefore set down in Writing that Anatomists might observe whether any Sensation of the Nerves penetrated to the Bones From which Observation some conclude that some of the Bones if not all are endued with the Sense of Feeling But rather we must believe that that same Corruption of the Bone being freed from its Periosteum extended it self farther to those Parts of the Bone which were not yet covered with a Periosteum and thence by the Motion of the Bone laid bare there might be some Pain in the Parts adjoyning to the Periosteum still remaining covered which Pains I have often observed in my Practise which were caused by the Motion of the Particles without Sense but really proceeded from the next adjoyning sensible Parts Against this Opinion of ours there is an Objection raised from the Words of Avenzoa who argues thus The Bones participate of the Rational Soul and are nourished therefore they are sensible for there is according to Aristotle both a vigitative and a sensible Faculty in every thing that is rational as in a Pentagon a Triangle and a Square therefore there must be either two Souls in the Bones or of necessity they must be sensible Moreover if they were not endued with the Sense of Feeling the greatest Part of Animals would not differ from Plants Lastly if the vital Spirits could slow into their Substance without the help of the Arteries much more easily the Animal which is much more spirituous without the assistance of the Nerve Which Arguments some have improved so far as to deny any Obtuseness of Sense but all quickness of feeling to the Bones But these Arguments fall to the Ground being seriously examined For the consequence of the first does not follow where there is a Soul and Nutrition there is Sense for there is a rational Soul and Nutrition in the Carotides in Cataleptics and Apoplectics but no Sense Nay the contrary to this is manifest in Brutes which are quick of Sense though destitute of a Rational Soul Moreover a Rational Soul operates variously according to the diversity of the Organs in the Eyes it causes Sight in the Membranes Feeling in the Muscles Motion and there all the Parts that want the Sense of Feeling are not to be proscribed out of the Jurisdiction of the Soul otherwise the Parenchyma's of the Bowels the Fat and other Parts must be exil'd A Man differs from Plants in that he feels both Pain and Pleasure but hence it does not follow that all his Parts must of necessity be sensible it is enough that a Man has those sensible Parts which the Plants have not For because a Man differs from Plants in seeing does it follow that all his Parts must see But lastly Experience teaches us that all the Bones are not sensible of feeling For we have often trepann'd and fil'd the Skull and Bones and burnt them with red hot Instruments without any Sense of Pain so that if you blind-folded the Patient he knew nothing of the Operation Thus Scaliger writes that he has pulled Bones out of his own gaping Wounds without any pain XVII The Number of the Bones is not the same in all Ages For in Infants and Children they are more which as the Heat encreases unite and become fewer as the Bones of the Sternon unite into one or three the Share-bones Hip-bones and Ilion-bones into one c. Nor is there always the same Number at the same Age. For sometimes one Rib is either superfluous or wanting of each side Sometimes the Vertebres of the Neck and Back as also the Bones of the Thighs unite into one Sometimes you shall find one Vertebre added to the Vertebres of the Loyns As was observed in a Skeleton preserved by Antony Polt of Utrecht wherein there were six Vertebres of the Loyns Lastly Anatomists vary in the Computation of the Bones Some computing Epiphyses among Bones and others reckoning in the Sesamoids XVIII The Qualities of the Bones consist in their Substance in those things which follow the Substance and in the Accidents Their proper Temper compleats the Substance of the Bones as being that which gives them their Being Hardness and Colour follow Substance The Accidents are Bigness Figure Number Situation and Connexion From these three Qualities proceed the Judgment of the Constitution of the Bones whether entire and well or endamaged and ill constituted Bones in living Creatures sound and well constituted ought to be hard wrapt about with a Periosteum whitish not absolutely dry but somewhat unctuous their Substance also ought to be equal and continuous and their Figure proper otherwise they are diseased and out of order CHAP. II. Of the Conjunction of the Bones THE Bones are fastned one to another either for Rest or Motion Connexion for Rest is called Coalition and is a firm Natural Connexion of the Bones without Motion when two Bones are so united one within another that they seem to be one Bone I. Symphysis is twofold real and not real Real is when two Bones harden and unite without any manifest Heterogeneous Medium thus the Chin or lower Jaw consists of two Bones united without any manifest Heterogeneous Medium and this is done three manner of ways II. 1. By Syneurosin when the Bones are joyned by a Medium that seems to be nervous or membranous as in Infants the Bones of the Skull the name-less Bones and Bodies of the Vertebres cohere together I say seems to be because that Medium is not really nervous or membranous but is truly bony but such as has not yet acquir'd a perfect hardness such as are many Bones of the Birth in the Womb till the fourth
this Jaw is accounted dangerous The hinder Process is obtuse furnished with a Neck and a long little Head called Condylus wrapt about with a Gristle for the more easie Motion by which it is joyned into the Cavity of the Rocky Bone smooth'd with a Gristle also and is ty'd to it with a common Membranous Ligament III. More inward it has a Cavity containing a marrowy Iuice for the Nourishment of the Bone Which in Men appears chiefly in the Fore-part toward the Region of the Chin. IV. It is furnished with four Holes of which there is one internal on both sides seated at the beginnings of the said Processes which admits a Nerve of the fourth Conjunction to be distributed to the Teeth together with a small Artery and sends forth a little Vein So likewise the two other which are lesser and round are both placed at the sides of the Chin on each side and sends forth little Branches of the foresaid Nerve outward to the lower Lip its Muscles and Skin In the Fore-part it is somewhat rough having an unequal Excrescence in the inner and middle Seat of the Chin for the faster Insertion of the Nerves It has also superficial Cavities both External and Internal about the beginnings of the Processes for the Insertion of the Muscles It is also full of little Holes for the Insertion of the Teeth of which there is no certain number in regard the number of the Teeth is not alike in all Persons but in some more in some fewer These Holes sometimes perish sometimes grow again For upon the pulling out of a Tooth if another does not presently succeed the Hole closes up so hard that it is able to supply the Office of a Tooth On the other side when the Teeth of Wisdom break forth at fifty or threescore years of age as sometimes they do you shall have new Holes made In Children also when they shed a Tooth it often happens that a new Hole is made the other being quite stopp'd up Below the lower Jaw under the Tongue the Hyoides Bone is seaâ—…ed of which Lib. 3. Cap. 23. CHAP. X. Of the Teeth I. THE Teeth by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are small Bones hard white fixed into the Holes of the Iaws by the way call'd Gomphosis appointed for the chewing of Food and serving also for Pronunciation I say they are Bones though it has been greatly disputed whether they are Bones or no. But for the Affirmative Riolanus produces these Reasons 1. Because they were form'd out of the Seed with the rest of the Bones 2. Because they are nourished by the Blood as the rest of the Bones 3. Because they are hard like the rest of the Bones 4. Because they do not feel in their own Substance but only by the Periosteums of their Roots and by means of the little Nerves that enter into them no otherwise than all the rest of the Bones are sensible III. Now for the chewing of hard things the Substance of the Teeth is also very hard and where they appear above their Holes smooth and naked without any Periosteuâ—… but within their Holes rough and enfolded with a thin Pellicle of a most quick Sense having a Cavity withinside which is manifest in the grinding Teeth when broken but invisible in the Dog-teeth and Nibblingteeth whereby they receive through the little Holes in the Roots besides a little Artery from the Roots a little Nerve also from the Branch of the fourth Pair expanded through a most thin little Membrane which enfolds the said Cavity by means of which and the Periosteum investing the Roots the Teeth are so sensible of Pain though their bony Substance which is destitute of the inner little Membrane and Nerve is altogether insensible IV. Now these three Vessels Artery Nerve and Vein being first united and wreath as it were into one small Chard begirt with a small Membrane enter the inner Part of the Iaw and in a peculiar Channel different from the Caverns of the Marrow run under the Teeth though how they enter the Teeth in Men we must confess is not discernible to the Sight for that although the small Holes of the Roots though they are somewhat conspicuous in Infants and seem to penetrate to the slimy Substance of the Roots yet in Men of riper years become so narrow that they are not to be discern'd by the Eye But Reason tells us however that there must be some ways by means of which those Vessels enter the inner Parts of the Teeth which is apparent by their continual Nourishment from the Arteries and Veins besides that the inner Cavity of the grinding Teeth especially the first mucous Substance is seen to be somewhat discoloured with Blood and many times there follows a Flux of Blood upon drawing the Tooth That there is some little Nerve that enters is apparent by the quick Sense of the Tooth Moreover though the Ingress of these Vessels in the Teeth cannot be so well demonstrated in Men yet if you open the lower Jaw of an Ox at the inside presently the Cavity containing the Marrow and the Artery Nerve and Vein enfolded with their peculiar Membrane appear in their proper Channel The Membrane being cut the little Nerve appears consisting of several small Threads between which the Veins and Arteries are carried and the Membrane being removed certain Fibres like Cobwebs are seen to be stretched from thence to the Roots of the Teeth And upon the drawing of a Grinder or a cutting Tooth you shall perceive small Fibres sticking to the Root of the Teeth which are extended from the Hollowness of the Jaw But this is to be wondered at that the Dogs Teeth and cutting Teeth which are less and fix'd with one Root should have large and conspicuous Branches openly coming to them and that the Grinders which are larger and fix'd with four Snaggs should only have capillary Branches to attend them and that in a kind of hugger mugger Which no question is no otherwise in Men were it discernible to the Sight V. The Principles or Beginnings of the Teeth generated with the rest of the Parts in the Womb lye latent between the Jaws and the Gums within whose Enclosures they are brought to Perfection by degrees wherein are first observed the Follicle the bony Part and the mucous Part. VI. The white little Bladder not exactly membranous but somewhat slimy covers the whole Teeth as the Cortex of the Seed covers the Pith of a Plant but never inseparably unites to the Plant. This by degrees is perforated upwards and downwards and then the Tooth it self buds forth in which beginning of it two Substances are to be observed the one bony the other slimy VII The bony Part is the Basis of the Tooth which by degrees is hardned into a firm and white Substance and thrust forth without the Gums The beginnings are more conspicuous in the new born Infants in
the cutting Teeth less in the Dog-teeth but in the Dog-teeth 't is long before they appear Vesalius Columbus and Sylvius thought this Basis to be an Epiphysis which Eustachius Riolanus and Fallopius with good reason denies The slimy Part is the Root of the Tooth which is fixed in the Jaw and consists of a thin Pellicle less white which contains that pellucid Slime somewhat hard of a Colour betwixt White and Red wherein you may perceive the small Rudiments of the Vessels to be intermix'd Which Slime being enfolded within that Pellicle continues so till the Age of two years more or less and is so soft that being squeezed with the Fingers the Root of the Tooth sweats forth Blood in the same manner as the Quills of Chickens or Pigeons Feathers of which the upper Part is hard and as it were solid the lower hollow and mucous and sweats forth Blood being more vehemently squeez'd In progress of time this Mucous or Slime is first more and more hardned and grows bony in the Circumference then by degrees it hardens in the middle yet so that there is a certain Cavity remaining at the middle of its thickness at the Root in the Grinders conspicuous enough in others not as being hardly extended to that Part of the Tooth eminent beyond the Gum and is encompassed with a most thin Membrane of an acute Sense constituted by the Expansion of a small Nerve Thus this Slime being hardned by degrees the Root encreases perforates the little Bladder and is fix'd into the Jaw it self Then the little Bladder changing its use becomes a Binding or rather Soder to the Tooth by means of which it sticks as it were glew'd and plaistered to the Gums VIII In this manner are the Teeth perfected that lye hid under the Gums out of which they do not break forth till some Months after the Birth at the time which is call'd the Toothing-time First break forth the upper and lower cutting Teeth as of which there is greatest use afterwards the Dog-teeth and lastly the Grinders and that with a great deal of Pain in regard they perforate the Flesh of the Gums which if it be hard makes the Passage more troublesome and causes Convulsions and Loosness of the Belly especially when the Dog-teeth cut the Gums Now why the cutting Teeth break forth first the Dog-teeth afterwards Aristoâ—…le gives us the Reason Because their Office is the first for that the Food must first be bitten before it can be chew'd besides that a lesser thing is sooner brought to perfection than a greater and the Fore-teeth are less than the Cheek-teeth After the twenty Teeth are come forth above and below then the Grinders follow more lâ—…isurely and that not before the fifth sixth or seventh year till which time they lye hid like small Points within the Jaws Probably because the Jaws before were not grown to a sufficient bigness so that it had not room for twenty eight or thirty Teeth IX About the seventh or eight year the foremost Teeth shed and others come in their Place However all the Teeth do not always shed but for the most part the Cutters and Dog-teeth and of the Grinders those that stand next the Dog-teeth Nay I have observed that some have only shed their Cutting-teeth and no other and some only two or three of the Cutters the rest remaining so that there is nothing of certainty in this Matter This shedding of the Teeth never happens but once or very seldom Thus once in forty years I have known a Grinder to have shed and another come in its room and I have observed some Children to have shed their Fore-teeth twice which have come again Which Variety Eustachius observes where he tells us That some renew their Teeth in the thirteenth and fourteenth Year others at certain times once after the seventh and again after the fourteenth and some have had a Tooth come again at twenty years of age instead of another pull'd out And sometimes young Men well temper'd and lusty have had their Cheek-teeth grown again and supply the Room of that which was pull'd out before X. This Change of the Teeth has caused a great Dispute whether the first Teeth are true Teeth and whether those that succeed are new Teeth or only new Branches from the same Root It being absurd to avouch a new Generation of the Parts after the first Formation For which reason some aver that the first Teeth are no true Parts of the Body but only various Particles generated from superfluous Matter and doing the Office of Teeth till the true Teeth come to perfection Others say that the first and last Teeth are both generated in the Womb but that the first Teeth being soonest perfected are soonest come forth the latter being more slowly perfected come out afterward and thrust the former out of their Holes It being visible in Anatomy that those Teeth which one shed in the seventh year are separated but a little way from those which break forth in the seventh and that there is no communion between them But neither of these Opinions come to the Point For the first Teeth about the seventh year first grow loose and afterwards shed Only it is to be observed that the Root it self does not shed but the upper Part that is next the Root For we find by Experience that if the Teeth be drawn Root and all 't is very seldom that another comes in the Room or if another Tooth doth come then 't is certain that the Root was not wholy drawn but that the lower Part being broken remained in the Gum. And therefore great care is to be taken that in pulling out loose Teeth you do not pull out Root and all for then you can never expect a new Tooth For this Rolfinch reproves Columbus avouching that the Tooth sheds Root and all and renews Root and all which is contrary to Reason and Experience and therefore let it go We have observed in a tame Deer every year or half year a certain soft and slimy Substance under the Foundation of the Horns to rise like a Stool-ball from the Root of the Horns upon which the loose Horns insisted which as might be observed by the restlesness of the Beast caused either Pain or some extream Itching in those Parts till the Horns fell off and that then from the same Root new Horns grew again by degrees So it is with the Teeth in which that mucous Substance rises from the Root under the Basis of the Tooth and loosens it with Pain so that you may easily pull it out with your Fingers and that unless it be pull'd out in time the soft Substance being afterwards dry'd and hardened it becomes strongly fixed again and another Tooth grows to the side of it from the same Root which however is no new Tooth but a new Branch proceeding from the same Root So that 't is no wonder the former Tooth is separated at some distance from
because it began to spread more and more I was sent for Thereupon after I had purged her Body I ordered her to wash her Hands with equal parts of mercuriated Water and Virgins Milk and to let them dry of themselves By which means the Scabbiness came forth more and more for two or three days but within three or four days afterwards wholly dry'd up and was cured OBSERVATION CI. A Malady in the Stomach ISaac of Aix la Chapelle forty six years of age was troubled with an old Distemper in his Stomach occasioned by difficult and painful Belchings so that after he had eat or drank any thing he was forced to belch fifty and sometimes a hundred times and more and that often both by day and by night neither could he stop them or if they did not break forth he was like one that was ready to burst Besides his Sight was very weak so that he could not see to read or write without Spectacles and that at a very near distance too and thus he had been troubled from the twentieth year of his Age till then He had had the Advice of several Physicians to no purpose upon which I desired him to try only one Experiment which was to smoak one Pipe of Tobacco after Dinner and Supper At first he took but half a Pipe but afterwars he grew such a Proficient that he would take two or three so that after he had continued the use of Tobacco in that manner for about a month his Belching ceased and his Sight was much amended ANNOTATIONS NIcholas Monardes writes that Tobacco is hot and dry in the second degree and therefore attenuates concocts cleanses discusses asswages Pain and has a stupifying Quality is good against the Tooth-ach allays all Pains of the Head being outwardly applied and laid upon the cold Stomach cuts the same c. Which Qualities Dodonaeus acknowledges also in Tobacco But in regard that in their time this Plant was not so much in request the Benefit and Abuse of it was less known to them than to us Practical Disputations OF Isbrand de Diemerbroeck Concerning the DISEASES OF THE HEAD BREAST and LOWER BELLY The Cures of the chief Diseases of the whole Head in Twenty Five Disputations annexed to the Cases of the Patients themselves HISTORY I. Of the Head-ach A Person of forty years of age of a Flegmatic Constitution often liable to Catarrhs in the midst of VVinter in a very cold Season had travelled for forty Days together and by the way had fed upon flatulent viscous Meats of hard Digestion and other such kind of Food to which he had not been accustomed and instead of VVine he had been forced to drink thick muddy Ale Upon his return home he complained of a troublesome Pain in his Head more heavy and obtuse than acute which if you laid your hand hard upon the place was so far from being exasperated that it was more gentle for the time This Pain was also accompanied with Noises in his Ears an Inclination to Sleep which his Pain however would not permit him to take and a want of Appetite a Lassitude of the whole Body and Paleness in the Face I. IN this Patient we find the Head to be first affected by the Pain thereof and the Noise in his Ears Whence by consent the whole Body suffers as appears by his Lassitude and other Simptoms II. The Malady of which he chiefly complains is a Pain in the Head which is a trouble to the Sense of Feeling in the membranous Parts caused by the Solution of the Continuum III. This Pain is internal in the Parts contained within the Skull as is from hence apparent for that it is not exasperated but somewhat mitigated by laying the Hand hard upon the Part. IV. The remote Cause of this Malady is disorderly Diet by which means by the use of Meats of ill Juice and hard Concoction several crude and flegmatic Humors are generated in the whole Body but especially in the Head which produce the Antecedent Cause which being encreased by the external Cold wherein he had traveled for four days together and fixed in the membranous Parts of the Brain occasioned the containing Cause V. These flegmatic Humors being by the external Cold condensed in the Head and not being evacuated through the Pores obstructed by the Cold or other Passages appointed for the Evacuation of the Excrement were gathered together in great abundance in the Passages of the Brain and by reason of their quantity distending the membranous Parts of the Brain and dissolving the Continuum caused the Pain VI. The Cure is to be hastned for if that flegmatic Humor stay long in the Head 't is to be feared that the Malady may turn to a heavy Drowsiness or an Apoplexie or if it dissolve too soon and make too improper a way least it cause some dangerous Catarrh which falling upon the Lungs or lower Parts may endanger a violent Cough or Suffocation or some other desperate Distemper in some other part VII Four Indications are here to be considered in order to the Cure 1. That the abounding Flegm be evacuated from the Head and whole Body 2. That it be specially evacuated out of the Head it self 3. That the Pain be allay'd 4. That the Head be strengthened and the Concoctions of the Bowels be promoted and so a new Generation of abounding Flegm as well in the Head as whole Body be prevented and that the Flegm already generated and abounding may be consumed VIII For the Evacuation of Flegm abounding in the whole Body let him take this purging Draught ℞ Trochischs of Agaric ʒj Leaves of Senna cleansed ℥ s. Anise-seed ʒj s. White Ginger ℈ j. Decoction of Barley q. s. make an Infusion Then add to the Straining Elect. Diaphaenicon ʒij Diagredion gr iiij Mix them for a Draught If the Patient cannot take this give him of Pill Cochiae ℈ ij or iij. or else ʒj of Powder of Diacarthamum or Diaturbith with Rhubarb This Purgation must be repeated to prepare the Humors three or four times every three or four days one after another IX For Evacuation of the Flegm particularly accumulated in the Head Sternutories and Errhines are of great use The one because they draw down viscous and tough Humors through the Nostrils and Palate The other because the Brain being by them provoked and violently contracting it self as violently expels tough Humors sticking to the Ethmoides Bone and by removing the Obstruction makes way for the Excrements detained therein X. Of this Sneezing-powder let him twice or thrice a day snuff up a little into his Nose ℞ Marjoram Leaves ℈ j. Root of white Hellebore ℈ j. s. Pellitory of Spain ℈ s. Black Pepper Benjamin an gr v. If Sneezing prevail not let him snuff up a little of the following Errhin into his Nostrils ℞ Iuice of Marjoram ℥ s. Iuice of the Root of white Beets ℥ j. Mix them for an Errhin XI In the mean time to allay
Molestation of the Animal Actions with a cold Rhuminess of the whole Body in which Distemper the Patient keeps that Posture of Body wherein they were when first taken III. The Brain of this Woman was affected not the whole but in that Part where the common Sense lies and that by a vitious Humor or Vapor translated thither from the Womb. IV. The Antecedent Cause is a vitious and viscous Humor or thick Vapor generated or collected in the Womb and thence conveighed to the Head through blind Channels which adhering to the common Sensory and Parts adjoyning and involving them of a sudden hinders the determination of the Spirits from the common Sensory and so constitutes the containing Cause of this Catalepsis V. Now because the whole Brain is not affected but that sufficient Spirits are generated therein whose Influx into the Nerves is not hindred by any Compression or Obstruction of the beginning of the Nerves hence it comes to pass that those Spirits flowing into the Parts designed when the common Sensory is already possessed of a sudden by that vitious Humor or thick Vapor are not determined to other Parts but copiously flow to those Parts to which they were determined just before the Catalepsis Which is the reason that the several Parts remain in that Posture wherein they were before the Fit and that the Eyes Arms and Thighs remain as it were fixed VI. Now the reason why the Patient stands being set upon her Legs and why her Members being moved this way or that remain in the same Situation is this because the Situation of the Muscles being changed the Influx of the Spirits is also changed and the Pores before open through which the Spirits flowed are shut but others which were shut before are opened so that the Spirits which copiously flowed before into these the Situation being altered flows into those Muscles into which they still also flow till the Situation be altered VII Respiration is performed after the same manner as in those that sleep and remains unhurt partly because of the remarkable largeness and broadness of the Pores and the mainly necessary use of the Respiratory Nerves partly because of the Customary and continual Determination to the Respiratory Nerves VIII The Fit ceases upon the discussing or dissipation of that Humor or Vapor which possesses the common Sensory And the Fit returns when any Vapor or Humor of the same Nature suddenly takes possession again of the same common Sensory IX This Distemper is very dangerous because the most noble Part is affected and because those vitious Humors or Vapors are not easily dispiers'd But in this Patient there was great hopes of Cure in regard the Malady was not generated in the Brain but arose from another Place Besides that the Fits being short we thence judge the common Sensory to be seized not so much by a tough and viscous Humor as by a thick Vapor which is more easily attenuated and dispelled However in regard this thick Vapor may condense into a tough Humor to the hazard of a more durable Catalepsis and loss of Life it self therefore the Cure is not to be delay'd X. The Method of Curing is 1. To discuss that thick Humor or Vapor possessing the common Sensory 2. To purge the Womb and remove the Obstructions of it and prevent a new Generation of that depraved Humor 3. To prevent the assent of that Humor or Vapor to the Head 4. To strengthen the Head that it may no more admit of those Humors or Vapors but may be able forthwith to dissipaâ—… and expel them XI In the Fit let this Sternutory be blown up into the Nostrils that the Expulsive Faculty being provoked the Vapor or Humor may thereby be violently removed â„ž Root of white Hellebore ℈ j. s. Pellitory Leaves of Marjoram Flowers af Lilly of the Valley an ℈ s. Black Pepper Corns n o vii Castoreum gr iiij Then anoint the Nostrils Temples and Top of the Head with this Liniment and put a little Cotton dipped in it into the Ears â„ž Oil of Thyme Rosemary Sage Caroways Castoreum Amber an ℈ s. Martiate Oyntment Ê’j Then let this little Bag be hung about the Neck â„ž Castor Assa Fetida Camphor an ℈ j. s. Sow them into a thin silk Bag. And in the mean time omit not the giving of a strong Glister XII If after all this the Fit remain apply Cupping glasses with and without Scarrification to the Necks Scapulas and Shoulders with dolorific Ligatures and painful Frictions of the Thighs and Feet Then leÌ„t this little Bag boil a little while in Wine and then squeez'd be laid warm upon the top of the Head â„ž Flowers of Rosemary Marjoram Thyme Calamint Flowers of Camomil and Stoechas an M. s. Seeds of Cummin Caroways Lovage an Ê’j s. Lawrel-berry Nutmegs an Ê’j For a little Bag. XIII The Fit being gone off give this purging Draught â„ž Leaves of Senna â„¥ s. White Agaric Ê’j Seed of Lovage ℈ ij Decoction of Barley q. s. infuse them and add to the Straining Elect. Hiera Picra Ê’ij XIV The Body being thus purged open a Vein in the Ancle and take away six or eight ounces of Blood XV. Then let the Patient drink three or four times a day a Draught of this Apozem â„ž Roots of Fennel Valerian Dittany Aromatic Reed Male Pyony an â„¥ s. Herbs Marjoram Nipp Calamint Rue Peniroyal Water Trefoil Baum an M. j. Flowers of Camomil Melilot Stoechas an M. s. Seeds of Lovage and wild Carrots an Ê’ij Iuniper Berries Ê’vj Water q. s. For an Apozem of lbj. s. XVI These Medicaments are to be often repeated as occasion requires And as for the regular Course of living let the Air be temperate and pure perfumed sometimes with Rosemary Baum Thyme Rue Lovage Castor and the like The Diet of good Juice and easie Digestion as such as corroborates the Brain and Womb. The Drink small and without Setling Sleep and Exercise moderate and let all the Patients Evacuations be regular and in due time either spontaneous or procured by Art HISTORY X. Of Giddiness A Woman of thirty years of age fat and lusty of a flegmatic Constitution having many times been troubled so soon as Winter was over with a heavy Pain in her Head and Noise in her Ears at length in the Spring time was taken with a Giddiness that often went and came first more mild then more vehement at what time she thought all things turned round so that sometimes she could hardly stand upright but fell down unable to rise till the Giddiness ceased which presently returned if she looked upon Wheels that ran round Flame or Smoak ascending upward upon any rapid Stream or from any Precipice Her Appetite and Digestion were good her Evacuations were regular and in Season and all the Bowels of the middle and lower Belly seemed to be in a good Condition I. CErtain it is that the Seat of this Affection was in the Brain in regard that Annoyance
be two Souls in Man The sensitive Soul what The Architectonic or Vegetative Soul subsists in a Man with the Rational Soul The Seat of the Vegetable Soul where Whether in some parts more than in others Willis not congruous in this matter to Reason What the Vegetative Soul is This Soul is the vivific Spirit produced out of Corporeal Matter The Opinion of Regius Willis's Opinion Willis Refated Willis his Explanation of this Soul The Authors Animadversions The form of the Soul is different from the Matter it inhabits Willis his little diminutive Soul Willis his Absurdity The Affections or Passions of the Soul Whether the Soul be nourish'd What this Life or Soul is the Philosophers ignorant The Uterine Liver The Definition It s Original When the Umbilical Vessels begin to grow Harvey's Observations of the beginning of the Placenta in 〈◊〉 Abortive Whether coagulated Blood Aquapendeat's Opinion The number of Placenta's It s Substance It s Colour Shape and bigness The Superficies The Ingress of the Navel Its Vessels Whether any Anastomoses between the Vessels of the Womb and Cheese-cake Wharton's Opinion Whether any Veins and Arteries in the 〈◊〉 Whether any Nerves in the Cheescake The Place of Adhesion The Opinions of the Ancients Opinion The Name deriv'd What the Cotyledons are In what Creatures to be seen Cotyledons in Brutes The use of the Placenta in Women The Placenta supplies the Office of some other Bowels Why the Placenta sticks to the Womb. An Objection The Blood flows from the Womb into the Uterine Liver A Watery Milky juice flows from the Womb to the Amnion Secundines The Chorion The Urinary Membrane Amnios The Caul on the Head The Conâ—…tion of the Membranes in Twins The reason thereof and of monstrous Births The Original of these Membranes Their true Original Alantoides What it is Iâ—…s Origiâ—…al Situation It s vse It s Shape and Bigness Whether any Allantois in Women A milkie Liquor within the Amnion The Filth sticking to the Birth What the Liquor in the Amnion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 iâ—… bâ—… 〈◊〉 Wâ—… Sâ—… Whether any Steam It is an Alimentary Humour What sort of Liquor it is Whether it proceed from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hoboken's Opinion A Difficulty concerning the milkie Uterine Vessels and the Umbilicals Vanhorn observ'd 2 milkie Branches descend towards the great Artery c. Curveus hiâ—… mistake The passage of the Iuice Ent's Opinion confuted That this milky Iuice does not come from the Breasts The Opinion of Veslingius touching the use of this Iuice The Amnios Urinary Membrane and Chorion stick close one to another The Opiâ—…ion of Riolanus The urinâ—…ceous Humour sepâ—…rated from the Liquor of the Amnios in Brutes where it is collected iâ—… the Alantois What the Serous Humour is The mistake of Deusingius The mistake of Riolanus The Name The Naâ—…el what it is It s Situâ—…tion Its Vessels The Umbilical Vein The Use. Its Valves The Error of Courâ—…eus The Umbilical Vein in Brutes The Umbilical Arteries These Arteries hard to be found in the Embryo for the first Months yet form'd and grow together The Use. The motion of the Blood through the Navel No Anastomoses No Union of the Umbilical Veins with the Arteries The Umbilical Vessels do not rise from the Uterines Whether form'd before the Heart How these Vessels pâ—… through the Membranes Dorsal Roots The Urachus or Urinary Vessel It is pervious in large brute Animals How it is observed in Mankind Why it is not conspicuous without the Abdomen Observation The Urine flows from the Birth through the Urachus Bartholin in an Error The Opinion of Courveus The Opinion of Maurocordatus The Pipe of the Navel-string Some few Nerves Knots like little Bladders full of a whitish Iuice Predictions from thence The cutting of the Navel-string When cut to be left of a just Length The Nourishment of the Birth in the Womb. First Digression The Birth is nourished by the Mouth and Navel Nourishâ—…nt by Apposition Nutrition by the Mouth and Navel The proof of Nouâ—…ishment by Apposition Proof of Nourishment at the Mouth Observation An Argument from sucking Confirm'd by Hippocrates With what matter it was nourished at Mouth Taken in by degrees and swalloâ—…ed not forc'd A Question The proof of Nutrition by the Umbilical Blood It is carryed in the same manner in a Chicken Riolanus deceived Whether Tapping iâ—… a Dropsie may not more safely be done in the Navel it self In what the difference consists Variety in the whole Difference in the Head Difference in the Breast Difference in the lower Belly Difference in the Ioynts How the Birth is contained in the Womb. The Inversion of the Birth Change of Situation The Opinion of Fernelius Digression How long the Birth remains in the Womb. Children born within the sixth Month. Children born in the fifth Month. They cannot live that are born in the eighth Month according to Hippocrates The reason of the variety in the time of Delivery Paulus Zachias Learned Men too much deceived by old Womens Tales Error in Womens Reckonings What happens near the time of Delivery The cause of Expulsion A natural Birth Unnatural Nature expels the Birth out of the Womb through the Uterine Sheath Something 's admirable to be observed The cause of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 Not the narrowness of the place Not the Corruption of Nourishment Not defect of Nourishment Whether abundance of Excrements The true cause A Similitude The 〈◊〉 of Refreshment and Respiration is the cause of Calcitration The Opiâ—…on of Harvey and two Questions Harvey's other Question That Birth may live a while without Respiration An Objection All in an Error who write of Respiration and crying in the Womb. The cause of 〈◊〉 and dead Births The Breast The strusture of it The Figure The largeness of it It s Division Containing parts The proper The contained parts Their place The names The bigness A consideration of the bigness Their number Their Situation The shape and colour Glandules A large Glandule The Teat Where the Milky Chanels terminate The exquisite sense of the Teat It s Colour It s bigness The Areola Vessels Nerves Arteries Veins 〈◊〉 Lymphaticks Lymphatick Vessels The Milky Vessels Whether the Chylus be carryed through the Arteries to the Breasts The Office First digression Milk what The matter of Milk Whether out of Menstruous Blood Absurdities from the former Opinions Whether out of Alimentary Blood An Objection Why the Veins swell in the Breast Whether made of crude Blood Whether out of the Arterious Nervous Blood Whether out of the Serum Whether out of Fat. The Chyle is the Matter of Milk How the Chylus is chang'd into Milk The Milky Iuice made more perfect Why the Milk fails in Effusions of the Blood Why Women that give Suck want their Courses Mesue's Story Whether the Animal Spirits be the Matter of Milk A notable Question The true Cause An Observation Why the Milk increases the fourth day after child-birth A Question Why the Breasts are dry'd up upon weaning What