Arteries Ureters the Womb the Gall-bladder and the Piss-bladder the Gullet the Stomach the Guts the Stones The term Meninx is properly given and peculiarly to the Membranes of the Brain Now a Membrane is a similar part broad plane white and which may be stretched made by a proper Membrane-making faculty of clammy and watery Seed to the end that it might by cloathing defend the Parts The Form thereof is the equality of its Surface Thinness and Lightness least it should burden compactness and strength that it might be widened and stretched It s Use is 1. To cloath and defend the Parts by reason of its hardness and compactness and to be the Instrument of feeling For the Parts feel by help of the Membranes And so great is the necessity of Membranes that Nature hath covered every Part with a Membrane 2. To strengthen the parts 3. To defend the parts from the injury of the Cold and to keep the Natural Heat from exhaling 4. To joyn parts with parts So the Mesentery knits the Guts to the Back 5. To shut the mouths of the Vessels least the Humors should flow out or flow back As in the Bladder where the Ureters are implanted in the Ventricles of the Heart by the Valves Now a Membrane is thicker or thinner The thin Membrane differs in thinness For the Periostium of the Ribs is thinner then the Pleura the Periostium of the Head is thinner then the Pericraneum the pia mater is thinner then the dura mater The thick Membrane is the Membrana carnosa which is not every where alike thick for it is thicker in the Neck then other places And now let us speak of the Membrana carnosa or fleshy Membrane The Panniculus carnosus or Membrana carnosa is by some termed a membranous Muscle by others a Nervie Coat a fattie Coat c. It is termed fleshy because in some places as about the Forehead the compass of the Neck and the Ears it turns to a musculous flesh and in such Creatures as by the help hereof can move their whole Skin it seems to be a Muscle It is endued with such fleshy Fibers especially in their Necks by the motion whereof they drive away flies But in Man save in his Forehead it is immoveable only Vesalius and Valverda report that there were some men who could move the Skin on their Chest and Back and in other parts just as oxen do In whom doubtless this Membrane was made of the same constitution which it hath in Brutes Moreover in new-born Children it resembles flesh by reason of plenty of blood in grown persons it is like a Membrane by reason of continually being dried In a Mans Body if exact Separation be made it will appear to consist of four distinct Membranes Spigelius and others do take those membranous Fibers which are every where interwoven among the Fat to be Panniculus carnosus or Membrana carnosa It s Use is 1. To defend the neighboring Parts yea and to cover and defend the whole Body and therefore it is situate all over the body 2. To keep in the Fat that it flow not out or melt by reason of the continual motion of the Muscles 3. To support those Vessels which are carried into the Skin which go between the Skin and this Membrane for it is knit unto the Skin by very many Veins some fewer Arteries branches of Nerves and membranous Fibers and to the Membranes under the Muscles by the smaller Fibers It is therefore false that when the Fat is consumed by fasting the Skin sticks to the Muscles no otherwise then a Ball to a peice of cloth wherewith it is covered It sticks most firmly to the Back in fashion of a Membrane and therefore it is said to arise from thence In the former part of a Mans Neck and his Forehead it can hardly be separated from the Skin and the Musculus latus it sticks so close and is thought to constitute the Musculus latus The Surface thereof is slippery there where it touches the Muscles by reason of that clammy Humor which is wont to be daubed upon the Membranes least the motion of the Muscles should be hindred It is of exquisite sense and therefore if it be twitched by a sharp Humor it causes shivering and shaking as by Choler in Agues The proper Membrane of the Muscles which some will have to spring from the Pericranium or Periostium others from the nervous Fibers of the Muscles is thin and is knit unto the Muscle by most thin filaments It s Use is 1. To cloath the Muscle and separate them one from anothe◠2. To impart unto them the Sense of 〈…〉 CHAP. V. Of the Muscles in General A Muscle is termed in Greek Mus a Mouse because it resembles a flaid Mouse and the Latins cal it Lacertus a Lizard from its similitude with that Creature Howbeit we cannot allot one certain figure to the Muscles by reason of their variety A Muscle is an Organical Part the Instrument of voluntary motion For only this part can receive the Iuflux of the motive faculty Helmont allowes the muscles a life peculiar to themselves which continues for a while even after death as the convulsive motion in the Falling-sickness which continues involuntarily Which nevertheless does more truly arise from the retraction and driness of the Nerves and defect of Spirits Also the same man is in an error in conceiving that new fibres do arise in the muscles and cause the Palsie No man ever saw them nor can they be bred anew because they are Spermatick parts The Palsie ought rather to be referred to a defect of some fibres A muscle is an Organical part because it consists 1. Of flesh 2. Of a tendinous part and these are the two parts of a muscle which perform the Action 3. Of Veins to carry back the Nutriment 4. Of Arteries preserving the inbred Heat and bringing the Nourishment to the part 5. Of Nerves which contribute sense and especially motion For the Brain sends the motive faculty through the Nerves into the Muscles 6. Of Membranes which encompass and keep the muscles together 7. Of Fat which moistens them and hinders them from being dried by over much motion The Muscles of the whole Body are most straitly conjoyned one with another Yet sometimes they gape and are at some distance when Wind wheyish Humor or some other matter gets between them as in the bastard Pleurisie and concerning a Soldier whipt by the Turks Veslingus told me that his muscles were so widened and separated that if he bent his body but a little every muscle would bear it self out from its Natural situation bunching out as it were and swelling We divide the Muscles into two parts a fleshy part and a tendinous part Again we make the tendinous part to be either united or disgregated and severed United where the whole tendinous part appears white and
hard either in the beginning end or middle or in all these parts Contrariwise it is disgregated or severed where it is divided into many small fibres scarce discernable to the sight being compassed about with flesh which tendinous fibers may notwithstanding be discerned among the fleshy ones in boyled Hogs-flesh and in the flesh of a Turkey-cock c. So in some Muscles especially 〈…〉 of the Thighs of a Turkey-cock the tendinous 〈…〉 appear whole and united from the beginning to 〈…〉 So in a man somtimes the Tendon descends 〈…〉 after it s Original mixe◠with flesh Somtimes the tendinous part appears united in the end and severed in the beginning as in the muscle Deltoides somtimes it is tendinous in the middle and somtimes not at all With Aquapendent we define a Tendon to be a Body continued from the beginning to the end of a Muscle and that it is a body of a peculiar Nature cold and dry made of Seed as the principle of its Generation But the beginning of its dispensation is a bone for it springs from a bone and is inserted or implanted into a bone Yet some Muscles arise from Gristles and some from Tendons and are implanted into them And it is rightly termed Tendo from stretching because it is bent and stretched like the string of a bow A Muscle is otherwise divided into the Head middle and End The Reginning and Head of a Muscle when it is tendinous is by Galen and other Anatomists called Ligamentum which they say is void of Sense and that it is less then a Tendon or the end of a Muscle Now the beginning in a great part of Muscles is tendinous seldom fleshy And to speak the very truth the beginning may as well be termed a Tendon as the end seeing for the most part such as is the Beginning such is the End in Substance in Thinness Lightsomness Whiteness c. Now every Muscle is said to move towards its beginning and every Muscle hath a Nerve which is inserted either into the Head or about the middle and in some through the Surface of the muscle in others through the Substance so that where the Nerve is implanted there is the Head of the Muscle Which Galen laies down as a sure Rule and saith that if the Nerve be implanted into the Tayl there is the Head of the muscle But Johannes Walaeus an excellent learned Physitian likes not this Rule and conceives that it is all one whether the Nerve be inserted into the beginning the middle or the end 1. Because that Rule renders the motions of many muscles obscure 2. Because it holds not true in the Pectoral muscle nor somtimes in other muscles of the Chest and Belly 3. Because that Rule is not founded upon any reason for whether the Nerve be inserted into the beginning of the muscle or into any other part thereof the Spirits flowing in by the Nerve may equally move the muscle As we see in Wind-Instruments the Air is let in somtimes above somtimes beneath one way as conveniently as another 4. And whereas that Rule is oftentimes found true it happens by accident because mostmuscles are moved upward because the Nerves descend from above and therefore could not be more safely implanted any where then in the upper part of the muscles And that which Riolanus objects against Walaeus touching the Contorsion or Wreathing of the recurrent Nerve is nothing For the Nerves run back to avoid confusion otherwise if Nature chiefly intended the Insertion into the Heads of Muscles she might have carried them right out into the Larynx as she doth other Nerves of the sixt Pair Some Muscles receive two branches of Nerves as the Midrif some five as the temporal Muscle The Middle of the Muscle which they call the belly or body doth for the most part swell and is fleshy some few have a tendon in the middle as the Musculus Digastricus which opens the nether Jaw and the second Pair belonging to the Os Hyoïdes The end or taile of a Muscle is by some called Tendo by others Chorda and Aponeurosis And the end is somtimes round somtimes broad somtimes long other whiles short somtimes one otherwhiles more then one Now this end or tendon is commonly conceived to be made up of a Concourse of Fibres Ligaments and very smal Nerves which by little and little grow into one Body For they will have a Nerve when it comes to the place of a Muscle to be divided into divers slips which are met by a Ligament cleft after the same manner Consequently they Determine 1. That the Tendon hath the sense of Feeling but not the Head which they account void of sense and Motion But this is false because the tendinous head of a Muscle when it is prickt breeds Convulsions and cruel Symptomes just as if the Head of the Muscle were prickt Moreover the beginning of a Muscle hath motion and therefore sense It hath motion because a Muscle even in its Head is contracted and expanded especially when it is fleshy 2. They say also that the End is thicker then the Head which notwithstanding is somtimes true and somtimes false as in the Musculous Biceps and others 3. They will have the Tendon to be softer then the Ligament as they call it or the beginning of the Muscle namely so much softer as it is harder then a Nerve But the contrary is true viz. that the Tendon is harder then the beginning because it many times changes into a boney and gristley substance as in the feet of feathered fowle but the beginning doth not so Moreover I deny that Nerves enter into the Tendon For Aquapendent and Riolanus have observed by frequent dissections that when they are entred into the flesh of the Muscle they are spread out into many little branches which go into a certain Membranous flexure and so vanish or end before they come to the tendon Moreover a Nerve is soft how therefore can it be mingled with an hard body Neither is the end less destitute of sense then the Head seeing there come no more Nerves to it then the other for the Nerve being implanted tends downwards and not upwards The Action of a Muscle is voluntary Motion The Motion of a Muscle is threefold 1. A Muscle is contracted within it self towards the Head and when this is done the opposite Muscle is relaxed and loosned 2. Being contracted it continues so And these two motions are primary per se and not accidental 3. After contraction it is relaxed which motion is accidental and proceeds from another And therefore Muscles are alwaies set one against another as Antagonists Now the work of this Motion or Action which is seen in the parts whereinto the Muscles are planted doth vary according to the Variety of Parts For in the throat it is swallowing in the Arme bending and stretching forth c. Yea
the Heart And the other which flows out of Porta prepares both with its acid juyce But be it how it will be the Authority of all Anatomists doth assert those Anastomoses from the times of Erasistratus and Galen to our daies because it is manifest to such as search diligently that these roots are joyned together somtimes athwart so that one lies over the middle of another as it were somtimes the extremities of one Vein touch the Extremities or ends of another otherwhiles the ends of one touch the middle of the other and somtimes they touch not one another at all peradventure where the Branches of the Liver serve only for Nutrition Bauhinus wishes us chiefly to observe a remarkable Anastomosis which resembles a channel and is as it were a common and continued passage out of the Roots of Porta into the Roots of Cava admitting a pretty big Probe But because we cannot rely upon naked Authorities experience must be called by us to counsel which doth necessarily perswade us that there are such Anastomoses or Unions of the Mouths of the Vesseis by reason of the passage of the Blood out of the milky Veins and the Venae Porrae unto the Cava and out of the manifest Arteries seeing the passage only through the flesh cannot suffice in a quick and plentiful Flux I confess all the kinds of Anastomoses are not appearent to the Eye as to be seen open in dead bodies though no man can therefore deny that there are such things but some of them are insensible which admit neither Probe not Wind and some admit Wind and nothing else The Renowned Walaeus observed and found by experience that the Veins of the Porta are in the Liver no where opened into the greater branch of Vena Cava but that the very smallest branches of Vena Porta do open into the smallest branches of the Vena Cava as he observed in a Liver blown up with wind after the flesh was taken away and floating upon water I have in an Oxes Liver curiously sought for apparent Anastomoses because there they must needs be visible because of the greatness following the example of the most learned Slegelius But the very truth is they are not visible to the Eye the Vessels indeed are divers waies interwoven and twisted one among another Trunk with Trunk branches of the Trunkes either with the Trunk of another Vein or with little branches and that either in the middle of those little branches or in the extremities even as we see both the Vessels cleave together in the Womb-cake But a Probe finds no entrance by any open hole of an Anastomosis Nevertheless it is not to be denied but that in living Bodies there is a passage known to Nature though unknown to us by reason of the necessity of a through passage Which I the rather believe because that in the conjunction of the Vessels yea even of the greater where the Anastomoses seems shut the Coat is extraordinary thin and for the most part single as appears by its transparency which in Living Bodies being ratified by heat and motion doth easily suffer the blood to pass through By these Unions therefore of the Roots of the Vena Cava and the Vena Portae the Blood may pass through And by them likewise the peccant matter passes when we Evacuate the habit of the Body by Purgations Not that it should be carried out of the Porta to the Mesentery as hath been hitherto beleived but so as thence to pass through the Heart and be emptied out through the Caeliacal Arteries and thence through the stomach or the Gall-Conduits into the Guts forced along by virtue of the purging Medicament Those Anastomoses are likewise to be observed by which the smal Veins of the Gall-bladder are joyned to the Branches of Vena Portae and Vena Cava The Roots of Vena Portae do by little and little towards the lower part become smaller and greater until they make one Trunk which is called Vena Porta the Gate-Vein So also the Roots of the Cava above and in the fore-part do altogether make up one Trunk before the going out whereof certain Circles are placed here and there in the greater branches being of a Membranous substance and very like to Valves somtimes thicker other whiles thinner and like Cobwebs which were first discovered by Stephanus and after by Conringius in an Oxes Liver and I likewise found them looking towards the larger trunk which hinder the return of blood not so much of that which is impure and dreggy as of the pair being once gone out to the Heart afterwards as soon as it comes to the Liver it is divided into two great branches the ascendent and descendent and hence it is that they say the Cava arises from the upper or bossie part of the Liver and the Vena Portae from the lower and hollow part The Liver hath two Nerves from the sixt pair one from the Stomach another from the Costal dispersed only through its Coat and not through its substance as Vesalius will have it that in its inmost body it may be void of sense in regard of so many motions of humors And therefore the pains in this part are dul and rather a kind of Heavyness then pain Yet Riolanus hath observed that two remarkable little Nerves do accompany the Vena Portae and go into the very substance of the Liver This TABLE shews both sides of the Liver and the Gall-bladder Distinct one from another The XVII TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE FIG I. AA The Convexe or Bossie side of the Liver B. The Livers Membrane Separated CC. The Ligament of the Liver called Sepâ—ale DD. The coming forth of Vena Cava out of the upper part of the Liver FIG II. AA The concave part of the Liver turned up B. A Lobe or Scollup of the Liver to which the Call joynes C. A cleft of the Liver out of which the Navil-Vein D. descends E. The Gall-bladder F. The Gall-bladder Channel GG The Choler-passage ending into the Duodenum H. I. The trunk of Vena Portae descending from the Liver K. The Right-hand Coeliacal Artery L. A Nerve brought unto the Liver FIG III. A. The bottom of the Gall-bladder B. A Cavity at the rise of the Neck of the Gall-bladder C. The Neck of the Gall-bladder DD. The Passage of the Gall-bladder between the roots of the Vena Portae F. and of the Cavae G. dispersed through the substance of the Liver E. The concourse of the passages of the Gall-bladder H. The Porus Biliarius or Choler-pipe broader then the Neck of the Gall-bladder I. The common passage of the Choler-pipe and Neck of the Gall-bladder K. The Orifice of the Choler-passage in the Gut Duodenum L. M. The Gut Duodenum opened N. An Artery dispersed into the Liver O. A smal Nerve of the Liver and of the Heart of the Gall-bladder which the graver hath represented too large page 36 Sanguification therefore or Blood-making is thus
Heart that it may not be dryed by motion 3. To heat the water in the Heart-bag as the fat of the Kidneys doth according to the conjecture of John Daniel Horstius Somtimes it is quite hid with the said fat which Spegelius Riolanus Jessenius observed in a prince of Lunaeburg so that the by-standers are apt to be deluded and think there is no Heart It was nevertheless rightly said by Aristotle Galen and Avicenna that fat called Pimele could not grow about any hot part as the Heart the Liver the Arteries the Veins c. For this kind of Fat is easily melted by heat but in the mean while to steaâ— Adeps or Tallow which differs much from Pimele or Greasie fat in substance consistency and place as I have demonstrated in my Vindiciae Anatomicae from Pollux Suidas Erotianus and others may grow about such parts because it is not easily melted Which makes a sputtering when it is put to the flame of a Candle because of a watry substance mingled therewith according to the Observation of Jasolinus which hinders it from suddain congealing so that it is no wonder that it is not melted by the heat of the Heart Now this same Tallow is bred about the Heart either because the Heart being of a very hard substance is nourished with thick blood of which suet is bred or because Excrementitious dregs are bred of the Nutriment of the Heart or because the blood is much stirred as by the great Agitation of Milk better is extracted which is the opinion of Achillinus As for Vessels The Heart hath a Vein which is termed Coronaria the Crown-vein because it incircles the Heart and is somtimes double It arises from the Cava without the right Ventricle about whose Basis it Expatiates in a large tract from the right Eare and with a wide Channel it compasses about externally to the left Ear which it doth not enter but turns aside into the Parenchyma of the Heart Hence it spreads its branches downwards through the surface of the Heart but the greatest store through the left side thereof because the flesh is there thicker A smal valve is fastned in its original which grants entrance to the blood into the right Ventricle but will not suffer it to go out The III. TABLE The FIGURE Explained This TABLE shews the Situation of the Heart in the Body and the going out of certain Vessels therefrom A. The Heart in its natural Situation enclosed in the Heart-bag BB. The Lungs CC. The Nervous part of the Midriff DDD The flesby portion thereof E. A portion of the Vena Cava above the Heart going upwards F. Part of the said Vein peircing the Midriff G. The great Artery arising out of the Heart HH Its branches to med Carotides the Drowsie-Arteries I. The point of the Heart enclining to the left side of the Body KK The Nerves of the sixt Conjugation from which the recurrent Nerves do spring which distribute five branches to the Heart-bag the Heart L. The left Ear of the Heart M. The right Ear. N. The Vessels of the Heart-bag O. The Cartilago Scutiformis Sheild-fashioned Gristle P. The first pare of the Muscles of the Larynx in their proper place Q. The Situation of Os Hyoides R. The Aspera Arteria or Wezand S. The Axillary Artery about the Original whereof the Right-hand Recurrent Nerve begins page 98 As for its Use Some have perswaded themselves that it serves to nourish the external part because it is lesser then ordinary creeps about the external surface only and the Heart is nourished with Arterial blood Others will have it to nourish the whole Heart Licetus assignes its Office to strain the blood to the left Ventricle of the Heart which I wonder at Because 1. It is exceeding smal 2. It creeps about the External parts 3. It arises externally from the Vena Cava and not from the right Ventricle of the Heart Botallus seems to have acknowledged the same way whose opinion examined by Walaeus Others as Riolanus make it serve not so much for Nutrition as to repaire the fat but first it reaches farther then the fat 2. No branches thereof are to be seen in the fat 3. The fat may be generated from Vapors of the Heart without any Veins The true Use of the Coronary Vein is to bring back the blood of the other Veins when it returnes from nourishing the heart into the right Ventricle again which the Situation of the Valves doth hint unto us and the unfitness of this blood to nourish the solid substance or Parenclyma of the heart It hath two Coronary Arteries from the great one at the same place in its original before it passes out of the Pericardium furnished with a Valve which prohibits the regress of the Blood Through these because they are moved and Pulse blood is carryed to nourish the heart and Ears and here is made a peculiar kind of Circulation as Harvy teaches out of the left Ventricle into the Arteries out of them into the Coronary Veins out of which it slides into the right Ventricle being to be forced again through the Lungs into the left Ventricle Now some men perswade themselves and especially Hogelandius that the Blood which remains after Nutrition doth not all pass back through the Veins but that some particles thereof sweat through the Parenchyma into the Ventricles and cause Fermentation in the Generation of Arterial blood But 1. The Fermentation if there be any may be made by the reliques contained in the Cavities 2. The coronary Vessels do not reach unto the Ventricles 3. T is hard when the body is in health for the blood to sweat through so hard and compact a flesh unless the blood be very wheyish and the body of a thin Texture 4. Why doth not the blood sweat through the Skin which in some parts is very thin 5. No particle remains in the flesh save what is ordained for the nourishment thereof Nerves it hath likewise obscure ones from the sixt conjugation inserted into three places One being terminated into the heart it self Another into its Ears A third among its greater Vessels to cause sense and not motion according to Piccolhomineus because the Nerve being cut asunder the heart moves nevertheless The heart hath not many Nerves but a great Contexture of Fibres like to the Nerves which Aristotle perhaps reckoning for Nerves said the heart was the Original of the Nerves But that may be Materially true not formally Yet I have seen in the heart of a Sow the branches of the Nerves with intangled twigs towards the Cone or Point carryed from the Septum to the Wall of the Belly Yet that is false which Fallopius tells us that a great Squadron of Nerves is spread up and down the Basis of the heart resembling a Net For the motion of the heart is no Animal motion but a natural motion because the heart is no Muscle For the heart is moved without our will and
of business to impose such Names as these as also when they call the Glandula pinealis Penis and a certain long ditch between the Eminences they term Vulva Between the fore-more Ventricles so called and the Seat of the Testudo there is the Plexus Choroidis or Reticularis so called being a contexture of very smal Veins and Arteries sent partly from the Arteries partly from the Vessels of the dura Mater in the fourth Ventricle There is a glandulous substance interwoven within this Plexus and a portion of the pia Mater The Plexus Choroides being truly glandulous does receive a little branch of the Carotick artery which pierces into the lower part of the brain which ends about the Glandula pinealis where it branches up and down through the lower Surface of the Ventricle The Use hereof is the same with that of the Rete mirabile At the beginning of that hole which passes from the middle Ventricle into the noble Ventricle there is placed a certain Glandule or Kernel termed Pinealia the Pine-kernel Glandule because it is fashioned like the Kernel of a Pine-apple The Greeks call it conarion or somâ— conoâ—ides some term it the Yard of the brain It is of an hard substance of a yellowish and somtimes dark colour and is covered with a thin Membrane In Creatures newly kil'd t is large in old karcasses being melted it is scarce apparent or is very small as also in men whose brains cannot be opened whil'st they are warm And therefore they say it spends like Camphire exposed to the air being also partly melted as Salt is in a moist place According to the Observation of Sylvius a nervous little string does fasten this Kernel as it stands betwixt the Testes Who also observed more then once certain granes of sand in this Kernel and somtimes also a little stone as big as the fourth part of a pease and somwhat round The Use of this Pine-kernel is like that of other kernels and especially to help the distribution of Vessels through the brain Some will have it placed like a Valve before the hole which passes into the fourth Ventricle Des Cartes and his Followers Meyssonerius Regius Hogelandius do conceive that this Kernel being placed in the middle of the Ventricles which when a man is awake are distended with Spirits perpetually does 1. Receive the motions of all Objects 2. That the Soul in this part done by these motions does apprehend all external sensible Objects and all the Ideas proceeding from the five Senses as in a Centre and discern the same and does afterward by help thereof send Spirits into all parts as in a smal Sphaerical glass all things are received in the same order in which they are either in a Field or Chamber For this cause Meyssonerius will have it to be of a conick Figure because Individuals require more space then sorts or kinds of things And that these Idea's are diversly moved by the motion of the animal spirit but are alwaies found joyned by the Verb EST and according to their equality or inequality truth or falshood is compounded being compared together like two Lines And that for this cause Infants do not presently speak nor reason because the slappiness of their brain gives not passage to the Idea's And that the overgreat and confused motion of these Idea's in the Pine-shap'd kernel makes ravenings as in persons drunk phrentick c. But many things there are which will not suffer me to embrace this new and witty Opinion For 1. It is too small and obscure a body to be able to represent clearly the Species of all things 2. The Species of all Senses do not come hither because the Nerves do not touch the Kernel 3. It is placed in the Quarter of Excrements whether they are purged out by the third and two foremore Ventricles where the Species or Representations of things would be defiled 4. The Species of things are perceived rather there whereto they are carried But every sensory Nerve each in its place carries the Species to the beginning of the spinal Marrow and therefore each in their place are judged and received by the Soul in the beginning of the spinal Marrow Moreover this Marrow is big enough globous hard and of a brighter colour 5. Several Idea's would be confounded in this little body The Eye indeed being likewise very small receives the Species or Representations of things without Consusion but they are only the visible Species whereas in this Kernel the divers Species of different Senses are to be received 6. There is hence no open or known passage to the Nerves as from the beginning of the Marrow nor any communion with some Nerves of the external senses The Use of the Cavities or Ventricles of the brain is to be the Receptacles of Excrements which is apparent 1. From their Structure for an hole goes from the Cavities to the Glandula pituitaria 2. The Surface of the Ventricles is continually moistned with a watry Humor 3. They are often found topful of flegm and watry moisture Howbeit in this new Section after the neck of the funnel is shewed with the Glandula the Marrow being lifted up first of all the Nates and the Testes are seen and then the hole into the noble Ventricle afterwards divers Nerves the Ventricles of the brain with the hole into the funnel the Corpus callosum the Fornix the Plexus Choroides and the Glandula pinealis But in the old and common way of Dissection these parts of the brain are shewed in order The Corpus callosum the Septum tenue the two Extuberances upon which the Ventricles rest the two Ventricles commonly called the foremore the Fornix the Plexus Choroidis the third Ventricle it s two holes the Glandula pinealis and the brainlet being a little removed the Nates and Testes the brainlet the worm-fashion'd Processes the noble Ventricle the Pelvis Glandula pituitaria and Rete mirabile But if you will use the middle way of Dissection familiar to Fr. Sylvius thus you shall proceed Take off the Skull as deep as conveniently you can Then suffering the left side of the brain to remain untoucht with its Membrane begin your Dissection on the right side first of all cutting asunder and removing the dura Mater then take away some particles of the brain with the pia Mater til you come to the Cavity of the Ventricle and then follow both its upper and lower passage with your Dissection as you see it done in the second Table Separate the Limbus if you please with a blunt probe from the root of the Spinal Marrow and shew it though that may be more conveniently done in the opposite side of the Brain The greatest part of the right side of the Brain being thus taken away the upper and lower Cavities of the Sickle are to be shewn as also the greater right side lateral Cavity and the oblique descend
spinal Marrow The figure of the Nerves is long round and smooth like Conduit pipes but without any hollowness as the Veins and Arteries have because the later with Spirit were to carry Blood but the Nerves carry only Spirit Riolanus the Father excepts the Nerves of the Privity manifestly hollow which nevertheless his Son excuses to have been meant of the hollow Ligaments of the Privity who is better verst in Anatomy than his Father was and so also Laurentius spoke Severinus in his Zootome saies the Nerves of a Bulls pizzle are hollow Galen also adds the Optick Nerves which he will have to be hollow and perforated sensibly and manifestly for the discerning whereof he conceives three things are necessary viz. That 1. The Animal be great 2. That it be cut up as soon as killed 3. That the Air be cleer and bright Plempius doth also require three things more that the Nerve be cut asunder with a most sharp Knife that it be not squeezed nor stretched and that it be cut beyond the growing together of the two Nerves Cornclius Gemma subscribes to Galen who attributes rather a passage to be seen like a prick in the inner substance of the Nerves Others conceive the porosity is better seen in the optick Nerves being boiled Fallopius saies that Galen thought thus because in the Bodies of Apes which he dissected all Nerves are pervions Howbeit Spigelius admits only certain passages in the beginnings of Nerves where they grow together and soon after towards the Eyes it vanishes I also saw a Cavity and Publickly did shew the same in a dead body after they were joyned and before they entred into the Eye But Vesalius Eustachius and Coiterus deny these Nerves to have any Cavity against Galen and so do others and produce experiments which succeed not unless the conditions aforesaid be observed All the rest of the Nerves do want a manifest Cavity but they have Pores through which the subtile spiritâ— paâ—s least we should grant penetration of bodies which is impossible These pores are double according to Hogeland lesser and greater through the former subtil aerial bodies pass to move the parts by the later bodies less subtil Neither of them is discernable to the Sense Nor are there two sorts of Spirits in the Brain I am rather apt to believe that according to the Indigence of every part and the pleasure of the will and the Imagination sometimes more spirit passes through the greater sometimes less through the lesser which the more plentiful or scanty influx of the Spirit doth make Moreover all the Nerves do consist none excepted of many nervous fibres or filaments which grow mutually together by little Membranes I my self with Johannes Leonicenus a right diligent Anatomist have observed the Trunk of Nerves neer the Hips if it be dissected to shew a Cavity as it were consisting of an infinite contexture of fibres like little Worms whereas elsewhere it is one continued body with cohaering and continued fibres The Substance of the Nerves is thought to be threefold the internal white and marrowish by which as the Centre the action is performed from the marrow of the Brain but more compact and thickned and an external being a twofold coat the outer harder proceeding from the Dura Mater the inner finer from the Pia Mater Which Membranes do the same for the Nerves which the Dura and Pia Mater do for the Brain Howbeit this distinction of Substances is to be searcht out rather by Reason than by Sense Cartefius supposes that there are Valves in the Nerves which stop the Spirit that it may not flow back otherwise the parts cannot be moved But it seems to me the Spirits may not be retained in the parts which the Soul that directed the Spirit as far as to the Valve shall direct it into the very parts For no Anatomist as yet hath observed any Valves Nor can subtile Spirits be stopped by Valves Nor would Apoplexies or Palsies so easily happen if the Spirits could be detained in the parts by Valves Besides Valves H. Regius introduces likewise a circulation of the animal Spirits in the Nerves For after they are distributed from the Brain to the whole Body he conceives part is dissipated by insensible Transpiration and part being insinuated into the Veins is mingled with the Blood and returns with it into the Heart and thence again into the Brain and Nerves He proves this by the example of a Snail enclosed in a glass in which the spirits through its transparent Body are seen to move and pass from the Tail through the Belly to the Head and from the Head through the Back to return to the Tayl and from thence to the Head again But some doubts with-hold me from assenting to this witty conjecture because 1. Walaeus searching out the Motion of the Animal spirits with all his diligence could finde nothing but the motion and distention of the Muscles For the Nerves being bound do not swell nor are distended and being cut â—sonder they shew no other motion but that they are contracted into themselves 2. There is no need that the spirits should run back to the Veins because being subtile they are easily consumed and by his own Confession do insensibly exhale 3. New spirit is evermore supplied from the Brain which may supply the Defect of that which is consumed 4. The Veins need none because they possess that spirit which is proper to the Blood nor are they moved with animal motion 5. The Nerves themselves are not moved by Systole and Diastole nor of themselves as was said because it appears not when they are bound and they move with a voluntary motion by the Muscles and not by the arteries because they are smaller and go not into them finally the Nerves are unfit for such a motion because of their Slipperiness 6. In a Snail the Spirit aforesaid is instead of Blood which Snails have not 7. I have seen those who had their senses perfect and the motion of all their parts free to the last gasp whose Pulse did nevertheless intermit for certain daies where there was no regress of the Spirits to the Veins freely passing nevertheless from the Brain to the parts of the Body as long as there was any left It is now to be observed that all the Nerves are not alike hard or soft whence Galen reckons some Nerves soft others hard the former he calls sensitive the later motive Now the Nerve become harder 1. Because of their Production as being to go a great wavâ— or through some hard Body or by a crooked way And by how much they are further from the Brain by so much the harder they are Hence the short Nerves as those of the Sight Taste Hearing are soft and those of the Smelling softest of all 2. For use for hard Nerves are held to be fitter for motion soft ones for sense And therefore the Organs of the Senses have received soft Nerves that they
might be the sooner affected by a sensible object occurring Now all parts which have voluntary motion have hard Nerves because that which is hard is fittest to act that which is soft to suffer The â—se therefore of all the Nerves is 1. To carry animal Spirits to all parts for sense and motion which appears when they are hurt For if they are obstructed in the beginning or totally they both perish and an Apoplexy is caused or in part and then one part of the Body is deprived of sense and motion If they are cut asunder the motion of that part is lost into which they were inserted 2. To diffuse Animal light into the parts For the animal Spirits could not so soon be taken away either in a Ligature or Obstruction of the Nerves but that those Spirits which remain in the part might cause motion or sense Therefore the direction of the Brain proceeds from some what else which being taken away the parts presently cease from performing their functions even as the Hammer is by the Hand directed unto the Anvil and a Staff is directed when it is hurled which others endeavour to explain by some hot Acciâ—ent beside the Animal Spirit But I suppose these things are done by a light which irradiates from the Brain with the spirits which being intercepted the parts are immediately deprived of Sense and Motion as the light of the Sun is taken away by a Cloud and the light of a Candle by holding a mans hand before it For 1. No other influent cause can slow in so suddenly and be withdrawn so suddenly 2. Light is the cause of all motion wellnear in the Universâ— and nothing is swifter than it is 3. Sometimes it remains after interception but not long as light received into the Bononian Stone and a Stick by me violently darted and broken in the middle way does fly yet further by the motion impressed from my hand 3. The Temper of the Body follows the Figure and Temper of the Nerves and therefore Joâ— Damascenus in the seventh Aphorisme to his Son advises in giving of Medicaments to avoid such as dissolve the force of the Nerves Chap. 2. Of the ten Pare of Nervs which arise within the Skull from the Medulla Oblongata and their progress I Make the first Pare to be Par Olfactorium the Smellingpare whose processes are termed Mammillares And these processes have been sufficiently known to all but the Nerves to which they are fastned behind and well near continued to none or very few These Nerves slip out of the Marrow about the Saddle of the Sphaenoides near the foremore Ventricles and have the carriage colour and use of Nerves and therefore I reckon them for Nerves For they must not therefore be robbed of the Name of Nerves because they pass not without the Skul and Dura Mater and are not afterward invested herewith for then all the other Nerves as long as they are within the Skull must not be called Nerves which were absurd To these Nerves are adjoyned two thick portions or processes called Processus Mammillares papillares the Teat-like processes They are in Number two white soft broad longish in men thin and sruall in Brutes greater especially in Dogs and other Creatures that have an exquisite Smell For The use of these Processes is to be the true Organs of Smelling and not the Nose nor its coat These Processes are placed in the fore-part of the Brain behinde the Colander-bone and to it being covered with the Dura Meniax they put a face Through the Colander-bone the Odours ascend The Second Pare which others count the first is the Optick or seeing pare because it carries the seeing Spirits to the Eyes or the representations of visible objects to the Brain but not humours from the Brain to the Eye to nourish it which is the fiction of Caesalpinis Hicroâ—hilus calls them poros opticos or meatus the optick pores or passages because they are thought to be hollow These Nerves of all the ten pare are the greatest and thickest but softer than the rest They arise not as the common Opinion is from the fore-part of the Basis of the Brain for their original must be sought further towards the hinder part of the Head where they are carried between the Brain and the beginning of the spinal Marrow and arise out of the beginning of the first Trunks of the Medulla oblongata growing out of the Brain But Riolanus demonstrates that they are turned round about those great Eminencies of the Brain which Gâ—â—â— câ—â—s Thataâ—os nervorum opticorum which reach unto the foremore Ventricles that they may fetch optick spirits from thence And having proceeded a while they are neer the middle way united above the saddle of Os Sphaenoâ—des not by a simple touch or intersection in Mankind but a total confusion and mingling of their Substances that they might suffer the less in the middle of a long passage by reason of their softness Vesalius Aquapendens and Valverda have observed that they have somtimes continued divided in their whole Course Vesalius also observed that in a Woman they were joyned only by mutual Contact whose right Eye had been withered from a Child because the right Nerve was smaller than the left beyond the Conjunction But in most bodies the inner substance of the Nerves is confounded as I have observed by accurate Inquisition The growing together of the optick nerves was therfore contrived by Nature either left the sensible object being received in by both Eyes should seem double or that the Visive spirit might if need were be all conveighed into one Eye which are the conjectures of Galen or finally for strength and stability here necessary least in Concussions of the Brain they might hap to be broken or distorted or least through the softness and moistness of the Brain and optick Nerves by reason of distillations and other Excrements they might become flaggie and so driven out of their right station which is the opinion of Plempius Soon after being seperated they go out of the Skull into the Centre of the Eyes in Mankind but much lower in Beasts because they look more sidewaies Within the Skull they are cloathed only with the Pia mater but from the holes which pass to the Eyes they are covered with the dura mater Afterward it spreads the latter to the Sclirotica tunica the former to the Tunica choroïdes and its inner marrowy substance to the Retina The third pare which others count the second is the motorium oculorum the Eye-mover next unto the former This pare is thought by vulgar Anatomists to arise from the Brain neer the original of the first pare But it reaches to the middle of the Head goes beneath the Opticks cross-wise and Arises at the inmost part of the Beginning of the medulla oblongata where in their Rise these two motive-nerves are so united as to touch one another yea to become one
sense of feeling for every Membrane is the Adaequate Organ as may be seen in the Bones Nerves Stomach c. For though all the Organs of the senses are dissimilar parts yet one similar part is the primary cause of the action which is to be performed by the whole Organ For examples sake the hand is indeed the Organ of feeling and especially that part of the skin which covers the hollow of the Hands and Feet as being of all other most temperate And because the skin is temperate in the first qualities it is therefore also temperate in the second as 〈…〉 hardness thickness thinness 〈…〉 The first use of the Skin is to be a Covering for the Body and therefore it hath received a Figure so round long c. as the subject parts required and therefore also it is seared without the Body and because it was to be as it were the Emunctory of the Body The professors of Physiognomy commend unto us another use of the skin as it is streaked with lines who are wont to tell mens Fortunes from the Lines and Hillocks in their Hands and from the Planetary and Adventitious Lines in their Foreheads A third use is Medicinal being good for Anodinâ— Emplasters Being dried it helps women in Labor Epileptick Convulsions according to the experience of Hildanus and Beckerus Wounds of the Scul according to Poppius The fourth is more illustrious that it might give way to Excrements and exclude insensible sooty Fumes by way of insensible Transpiration by which we are more disburthened then by all our sensible Evacuations put together By this Sanctorius through the statick Art in the experience of thirty years did learn that many persons in the space of one natural day do void more by transpiration then in fifteen dayes together by stool The fift is to attract 1. Air in transpiration in Apopleâ—tick and Hysterical fits and in such as dive deep and bide long under the Water 2. Juyce in long fasting from plasters applied if we credit the Observations of Zacutus Lufitanus and the force of purgative and other external Medicaments And for this cause 'T is bored through in divers places for the ingress and egress of things necessary Now its holes are some of them visible as the Mouth the Ears the Nostrils c. others invisible and insensible as the pores Those pores of the Body being otherwise not Conspicuous are seen in the winter when the Body is suddenly bared for then the Scarf-skin looks like a Gooses skin when the feathers are pul'd of By reason it seems of these pores it was that a certain Persian King made use of the skins of Men for windowes if we may credit Orabasiâ—s The Skin is thick six fold thicker then the Scarf-skin but thinner then it is in other Animals nor must any one judg of the thickness of the Skin after it is made into Leather for by Tanning it is much contracted and thickned And it seems to be made lighter for a Mans skin Tanned according to the Observation of Loselius weighs four pounds and an half It is soft and exquisitely sensible but softer and thinner in the Face Yard and Cods harder in the Neck Thighs soles of the Feet Back of a midling constitution between hardness and softness in the tops of the Fingers So some part of the skin is extream thick as in the Head according to Aristotle falsly cited by Columbus Some is thick as in the Neck some thin as in the sides whence proceeds tickling some yet thinner as in the Palms of the Hands some thinnest of all as in the Lips In Children 't is more thin and porous then in grown persons in women then in men in an hot Countrey then in a cold Also the Skin is more rare and open in the Summer then in the Winter and therefore it is that the skins of Animals flaid off in the Summer do more hardly retain their hair then such as are flaid off in the winter Also it varies very much according to the diversity of the suoject so that in some it hath been of an admirable density and thickness if we beleive Petrus Serâ—… who tels of two Negro women that could without hurt take up carry hold and almost extinguish burning oles with their bare Hands Fallopius saw the skin of 〈…〉 so 〈…〉 that he lost his feeling 〈…〉 â—easoâ—… of the Nerves As to its Connexion some skin is easily separated from the parts under it as in the lower and middle Belly in the Arms and Thighs From others with more difficulty by reason of the thick Membrane to which it is fastned by the Fibres and by means of the Vessels In the soles of the Feet and Palms of the Hands it is hardly separated to which parts it grows that they might lay the faster hold Also hardly from the flesh of the Forehead and of the whole Face especially of the Ears and Lips by reason of tendons and Muscles mixed therewith especially the Muscle Latus so called mingled therewith So in the Forehead it is moveable and in the hinder part of the Head of some People by reason of peculiar Muscles but it is not so in the rest of the Body The skin hath received common Vessels for Nourishment Life and Sense It hath received two cutany Veins through the Head and Neck from the Jugulars two through the Arms Breast and Back from the Axillaries two through the lower Belly Loyns and Legs from the Groyns which are Conspicuous in women after hard Labor and in such as have the Varices in many branches It hath few Art â—â—ng And those very small in the temples and Forehead Fingers Cod and Yard It hath no Nerves creeping in it but it hath many ending in it as Galen conceived though Iohannes Veslingus the prime Anatomist of Padua sayes there are very small branches of Nerves running through the skin and that rightly for their presence was necessary to cause the sense of Feeling CHAP. III. Of FAT FAt is a similary Body void of Life growing together out of Oyly blood by reason of the coldness of the Membranes for the safegard of the whole Body That it is void of Life appears in that it is cut without pain and Consumptions thereof shew as much Therefore Pliny writes that living sowes are gnawn by Mice and Aelian reports that the Tyrant Dionysius was so Fat that when he was a sleep the pricking of Needles could not awake him Also in Greenland they cut fat out of living Whales which they never feel nor perceive Pinguedo fat which the Greeks term Pimele is by Gaza ill translated Adeps for Pinguedo is an Aiery hot and moist substance of the moister sorts of Animals and is more easily melted with heat and will scarce ever become hard again nor can it be broken and it is soft laxe and rare but understand the contrary in Suet which easily grows hard and stiff but is hardly dissolved
Membrane which cloaths the Nerves of the Yard The other is external more fleshy and furnished with transverse Nerves The middle part of its proper substance is loose spongy and black that it may be distended together with the nervous Bodies The Use of the Urethraâ—…mon passage for the Urin Seed and oâ—… The Nut or Head of the Yard is the outmost swelling part thereof roundish or pointed even and compassed with a Circle like a Crown It hath Flesh more sensible and solid then the rest of the Yard covered with an exceeding thin Membrane It is soft and of exquisite sense for Titillations sake In some Men it is more sharp in others more blunt It hath a Coat or Covering called the Fore-skin or Praeputium a putando from cutting off for the Jews and Turks cut it off and therefore they are nick-nam'd Apellae and Recutiti skinless or skin-cut In which Nations t is wonderful what Vestingus told me himself saw viz. that in young Boys it grows out so long and pointed that it resembles a tayl Hildanus observed it in a certain person very great and fleshy At the lower end it is tied to the Nut by a Membrane or Band termed Fraenum the Bridle which is terminated in the hole of the Nut. Some will have it to be made up of the extremities of the Nerves Carolus Stephanus thinks it is composed of a Combination of the Tendons of the Muscles of the Yard and a Nerve The two nervous Bodies on each side one do make up the remaining and greatest part of the Yard the whole substance whereof is like a most thick spungy Artery stuffed with flesh For the substance thereof is twofold the first external compact hard and nervous the other internal spungy thin and hollow and of a dark-red colour enclining to black and therefore Vesalius saies t is filled with a great deal of black Blood like a Pudding Now this substance is rare and pory that it may be filled with Spirit and Venal and Arterial Blood by which means the nervous substance thereof is the more stretched and the Spirits are not soon dissipated whence proceeds the hardness and stiffness of the Yard not so much for Copulations sake as that the man might squirt his seed right out as far as might be even to the Orifice of the Womb after the Yard hath been moved in the female Privity These two Bodies have their Original from the lower parts of the Hip-bones as from a firm and stable Foundation to which they are strongly tied with two Ligaments where in their Rise they keep some distance that place may be allowed to the Urethra and then they are carried upwards and grow into one about the middle of the Share-bone like the two horns of the letter y but so as they do not both remain perfect but they loose near a third part of their nervous substance Howbeit they remain distinct by the coming between of some membranous partition which consists not of a double Membrane as at the Rise of the Bodies but of one single one very thin and transparent strengthned with nervous and strong transverse fibres which fibres are ranked and ordered like a Weavers Comb. All kind of Vessels enter into the Yard Nerves Veins and Arteries 1. External ones running in the Skin very frequent from the Pudenda and also internal ones spred through its Body They are therefore mistaken that think the Yard is destitute of Veins It s internal Arteries are two remarkable ones arising from the Hypogastrica which are inserted at the beginning of the growing together of the Bodies and are spred up and down according to the length of the Yard But in the middle where the Septum or partition is thinnest they send branches up and down through the spaces of the Fibres the right Artery into the left Body and the left Artery into the right Body carrying Spirit and Blood to blow up erect and nourish the Yard The Nerves also are disseminated from the Marrow of Os sacrum through the Yard as well the external and Skin-nerves as the internal and those remarkable ones which ascend through the middle of the forked division and are thence disseminated into the Muscles the whole Body and the Nut that there might be an exquisite sense and delectation Also the Yard hath two pare of Muscles The first pare short and thick are the Yard Erectors this pare arises nervous under the beginning of the Yard from an Appendix of the Hip and growing fleshy it is carried to the bodies of the Yard into which it is inserted not far from their Original Their Use is to raise and keep the Yard up in Copulation The second Pare which widens the Urethra is longer but thinner or leaner These two fleshy Muscles arise from the Sphincter of the Fundament following the length of the Yard then they are carried beneath and inserted into the sides of the Urethra about the middle thereof It s Use is to widen the lower part of the Piss-pipe both in pissing and especially in Copulation when the bodies of the Yard are full that the Egress of the Seed may not be hindred And in these Muscles is the place where Surgeons do commonly take out stones The Line of the Cod being drawn to one side according to their length and not according to their breadth as Marianus sanctus notes against the Ancients an hollow Catheter being thrust into the Ureter upon which the Incision is to be made which manner of cutting Aquapendent describes and approves of The Use of the Yard is for Copulation which a man cannot rightly perform without the Erection of his Yard and the squirting out of the Seed which follows thereupon For the man squirts his Seed right out into the Mouth of the Womb where being afterward joyned with the womans Seed an drawn in and retained by the Womb Conception is said to be made A secondary Use thereof is to void urin yet was it not therefore made seeing women do make water without it By reason of this twofold use of the yard the Arabians make two passages as Vesalius tells us who observed such a like Conformation in a certain person In some the Nut of their Yard is not bored through in the sore part where it ought to be but in the lower part as Hofman hath noted out of Aristotle and Paulus who cannot make water if their Yard do not stand or when they sit Others and that more frequently have it imperforated in the upper part They are both unapt for Generation Somtimes the Yard hath no passage at all as Julius Obsequens hath observed Chap. XXV Of the Parts serving for Generation in Women and first of the Spermatick Praeparatory Vessels THe Parts serving for Generation in Women do some of them agree after a sort with those in Men as the spermatick Vessels the Stones and the Vasa deferentia or Vessels that carry away the Seed Others are
of the brain is ful of turnings and windings like those of the Guts which we must not say were made for understanding with Erasistratus seeing Asses also have them nor for lightness sake as Aristotle would have it nor that they are without End or Use as others conceit but that the Vessels of the brain might be more safely conveighed through those turnings and windings least they might by continual motion be in danger of breaking especially at the ful of the Moon when the brain doth most of all swel within the Skul The windings of the brain which I first learnt of Fr. Sylvius a great Anatomist if you diligently examin the matter you shall find to descend a good depth that the brain doth gape on each side over above that same middle division made by the Sickle with a winding clift which begins in the forepart about the roots of the Eyes whence according to the bones of the Temples it goes back above the Root of the spinal Marrow and divides the upper part of the brain from the lower part Yet now and then that same great Chink cannot be found or very hardly Instead thereof I have found a certain smal lateral clift on each side easily separable even in the common section near the Ventricles ful of the Carotick Arteries The inner Surface hath sundry Extuberances and Cavities as shall be said in the following discourse The Colour is white because the brain as all other parts hath its original from the Seed but so that it hath less of Amplification then of Constitution and therefore in extream fastings the brain suffers no diminution It s Temperament is cold and moist which appears from its whiteness and moistness And therefore Hippocrates saies the brain is the seat of cold and clammy humors For the overgreat heat of the brain is an hinderance both to Reason and Sleep as appears in Phrenetick persons Yet is it by reason of the spirits hotter then any Air as Galen rightly saies yet is it not so exceeding hot as the Heart Its substance is proper to it self such as is not in the whole body besides Hippocrates doth liken it to a Kernel by reason of the Colour and plenty of moisture It is soft and moist for the more easie impression of Images and Conceptions for it is the seat of Imagination Yet is it not so soft as to run about but hath a consistent softness so that what is imprinted therein may continue for a season for the brain is also the seat of Memory The followers of Des-cartes doth weave the brain together of soft and pliable Fiberkies mutually touching one another with intermediate spaces of the pores by which Fiberkies the Images of Objects are imprinted upon the brain They do indeed excellently explain the reason of Sense if this Hypothesis of theirs were true But such Fiberkies are not found in the soft substance of the brain unless we shall mean the beginning of the Spinal Marrow out of which the little Ropes of Nerves do arise It is a rare case for the substance of the brain to be quite wanting but Horstius saw it somtimes much diminished by over great use of carnal Embracements as his Epistles shew Howbeit Schenckius Valleriola Carpus c. saw a Boy without any brain as also Nicolas Fontanus at Amsterdam in the year 1629 who instead of a brain and spinal marrow found a very clear water enclosed in a Membrane Sundry Vessels are Disseminated through the brain For if you squeeze the substance thereof many little Dripplekies of blood do sweat out and therefore I conclude with Galen that very many capillary Veins and Arteries are there disseminated which I have also divers times beheld with mine Eyes Which will then principally happen as Fr. Silvius observes when the brain is Flaccid and Friable because he observed that then it would come of it self from the Vessels in dissection and especially if the Vessels by means of Age or any other waies are become more solid then ordinary Now there are no Nerves Disseminated through the Brain and therefore it is Void of all Sense The Veins which are carryed through the substance of the brain are 1. The five branches of the jugular Veins some of which go into the Cavity of the dura mater others are spred up and down through the Coats and substance of the brain But they according to the Observation of Walaeus are no other then 2. very smal twigs which on either side go into the substance of the brain out of the Cavities of dura mater There are four Arteries from the Carotides and Cervicales whereof the former are disseminated into the brain upwards and downwards the latter into the Brainlet or Cerebellum In the Chinks the same Carotick Arteries are carried in very great number both in the surface and the bottom which Fr. Sylvius conceives to be the cause of that same troublesome pulsing about the Temples in some kinds of Head-ach though in the judgment of A. Kyperus the pulsation of the external Arteries adds somwhat hereunto as the Cure of the pain doth shew by opening the said Arteries The Use of the Brain according to Aristotle is to cool the Heart which Galen justly refutes because the brain is far from the Heart But there are some Peripatericks who deny that Aristotle dissents from the Physitians while he saith the brain is made to temper the heat of the Heart and they will have it made to produce Animal spirits In as much as the Animal spirits cannot be generated unless the vital Spirits be first cooled But The Use thereof is 1. To be the Mansion of the sensitive Soul for the performance of Animal Functions Now the brain is no particular Organ of Sense as the Eyes Ears c. but an universal one for judgment is made in the brain of the Objects of all the Senses Also it passes judgment touching Animal Motion whereas it self hath no Animal Motion But it hath a Natural Motion communicated from the Arteries and that a perpetual one of widening and contracting it self as appears in Wounds of the Head and new-born Children in the forepart of whose Head the brain is seen to pant because their bones are as yet exceeding soft and plyable In its Dilatation the brain draws vital Spirit with arterial blood out of the Carotick Arteries and Air by the Nostrils In its contraction it forces the Animal spirits into the Nerves which like Conduit pipes carry the said Spirit into the whole body and therewith the faculties of Sense and Motion And by the same Contraction the blood is forced out of the Ventricles through the Veins unto the Heart The Matter therefore of the Animal Spirits is two fold viz. Arterial blood ful of vital Spirit and Air. Touching the place of its Generation we shall speak hereafter For I am not of their opinion who confirme that this Spirit is Generated in
the substance of the Brain or in those Ventricles in the forepart thereof 2. That the Animal spirit may be contained and kept in the brain as in a Store-house after it is generated And the substance truly of the Brain is a convenient House and Receptacle for the Animal spirit seeing it is the same with the internal Marrowy substance of the Nerves which also contains the said Animal Spirit Now I am of Opinion that in the Brain properly so called or the Rinde is contained Animal Spirit for Sense and that in the whole Marrow Head and Tail Spirits is kept for Motion which shall be made manifest in the following Chapter Chap. IV. Of the Parts of the Brain in Particular and I. of the lengthened and Spinal Marrow and its noble Ventricle SOme with Galen Vesalius Fallopius intending to contemplate what is contained in the Brain begin their Dissection in the upper part and proceed to the lower and therefore they do unfitly propound and explain many parts I treading in the steps of Constantinus Varolus shall take a quite contrary Course yet such as is true and accurate beginning at the lower part of the brain and so passing to the uppermost and I shall afterward propound the order of parts from top to bottome for their sakes that will needs follow the vulgar and common way of Dissection where also a third way of Dissection shall be propounded Beginning therefore at the lowest part of the Brain we meet first with the beginning of the lengthened Marrow the progress whereof because it is contained in the Vertebra's of the Spina or Back-bone therefore it is termed Spinalis and Dorsalis Medulla the Spinal or Back-marrow And if any one shall think we ought therefore to begin with the brain because the Spinal Marrow is said to take its beginning therefrom we answer that we make the Marrow both as it is within the Skull and in the Back-bone to be the beginning rather of the brain and that the brain being divided into two parts is as it were a certain double process or production of the Marrow it self Which is yet more manifest to those that behold the Anatomy of Fishes for there the Head and Tail of the Marrow is very great but the process of the Marrow or the brain is very little the Cause whereof is that Fishes use motion more then sense intimating that the brain or barke contributes more to sense and the Marrow it self to Motion Hence Fish are dull of Sense but very nimble in motion And according to this opinion of ours that saying will be verified than an hard body is fittest for motion and softer for sence The IV. TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE presents the fourth Ventricle of the Brain the Brainlet and the Corpus Callosum in several Figures FIG I. AA The Brainlet or Cerebellum and its Globes B. The Worm-like process of the Cerebellum or Brainlet CCCC The processes of the Brainlet which make the bridg of Varolius D. The beginning of the spinal Marrow EE Two roots or smaller Processes of the spinal Marrow arising from the Brainlet F. The fourth Ventricle likened to a Pen GG A portion of the Brain cleaving to the Brainlet FIG II. AA The inner whiteish substance of the Brainlet BBB The outer and more duskish substance compassing the white about CCCC An Elegant structure of the Brainlet Representing the branchings of Trees FIG III. AA The appearance of the brain cut off in the middle as far as to the Ventricles BB. The corpâ—s callosum drawn a little to the left â—ide C. A portion of the Sickle turned backwards DD. The right fore Ventricle uncovered above EE The left Ventricle open in like manner FF The Plexus choroides G. A portion of the Speculum or Septum Lucidum HH The dura Mater drawn away on both â—ides â—â— The two Thighes or portions of the Fornix page 136 The lengthened Marrow arises as some conceive from the brain alone according to others from the Brainlet or Cerebellum But it hath both to speak now at a vulgar rate for its beginning For it arises from four Roots or Foundations two of which are greater from the fore-part of the brain commonly so called two are lesser from the inner part of the Brainlet or petty Brain From these united the spinal Marrow seems to be constituted But it is peradventure a more true opinion to think that those originals are processes of the Marrow it self as was said before The Substance of the Medulla oblongata or lengthened Marrow is a little harder then that of the brain One part thereof is within the Skull four Fingers breadths above the great Hole of the Hind-part of the Head Another and the longest part thereof is without the Skull in the Vertebra's from the first of the Neck to the last of Os sacrum It s Figure is longish and round The Scripture calls it the Silver Cord. In its beginning it is thicker and larger then elsewhere It is further divided into the right and left part even as the brain is by the pia Mater which immediately invests the same which may be seen in the Marrow of an Oxe indifferently boyled Hence there may be a Palsie of only one side of the body Now it is divided into many little Cords as it were about the sixt and seventh Vertebra of the Chest and if the spinal Marrow of a body newly dead be presently plunged in cold water and a separation of these cords made you may see the shape of an Horses tail especially towards the end divided into many long Hairs so that according to Laurentius the Nerves also of the Back and Loyns do spring from the Marrow of the Neck It is covered with a tripple Membrane the first which immediately covers it is from the pia Mater The second is from the dura Mater and cleaves to the former Which two according to the Observation of Spigelius are not separated any distance one from another as they were within the Skul but touch one the other The third being external springs according to Galen from a strong Ligament which binds together the foreparts of the Vertebra's and in the hinder part ends into a strong Coat least in bending or extending the Back-bone the Marrow should be hurt A thick and clammy humor is poured round about this Coat to moisten the same Afterwards the Marrow is shut up in the Vertebrae least it should be hurt as the brain is shut up in the Skul seeing it is a noble part and the original of the Nerves Therefore the Ancients called the Cavity of the Spina or Back-bone Hieran Surigga the holy Pipe In the beginning of this Marrow while it is yet in the Skul there appears ingraven An Hollow Cavity which Galen calls the Ventricle of the Brainlet others call it the fourth Ventricle of the brain though it is not in the brain
the Thigh â—nd makes the Crural Arteries Chap. 6. Of the Crural Arteries OF the Crural Arteries on each side are constituted these following Arteries Above the Ham for the exterior parts of the Trunk Muscula curalis externa to the foremore Muscles of the Thighs from the inner the Muscula crutalis interna to the inner Muscles of the Thigh and this is mingled at the Knee with a small branch or twig of the Hypogastrica Under the Ham arise three branches 1. The Popliteus into the hinder Muscles of the Thigh 2. The Suralis which is divided into the Tibicus exterior the posterior altus and posterior humilis â—â—â— the Muscles of the Leg. 3. The rest is spent upon the Foot and its â—oes THE THIRD MANUAL Of the Nerves Answering to the THIRD BOOK OF THE HEAD CHAP. I. Of the Nerves in General BY the Term Nervus the Ancients did sometimes signifie a Ligament or Band hence the Comaedian saies He will come to the Halter in Nervum ibit but it properly signifies a common Organ which together with animal spirits carries the faculty of moving and feeling wherefore Aurelianus calls the Nerves seasuales viâ— A Nerve therefore is a common Organ long and round to carry the Animal faculty lodged in the Animal spirit into the parts of the Body The Efficient is the Nerve-making faculty The Matter according to Hypocrates is a clammy and cold part of the Seed heated but not burnt and Galen saies 't is a matter white thick and roapie And this is the Beginning of its Generation The Beginning of the Dispensation of Nerves or the part whence the Nerves immediately arise is the Medulla oblongata partly as it is within the Skull and partly as it is in the Back-bone Within the Skull arise those which are commonly said to arise from the Brain viz. the seven pair of Nerves and in the Back-bone thirty And this most true opinion is confirmed not only by the similitude of the Marrowie and Nervie Substance but also by ocular experience Aristotle would have them arise from the Heart who is followed by Alexander Averroes and Apoâ—easis who nevertheless say it comes by mediation of the Brain Others would have the Nerves to be nothing else but the Veins and Arteries continued and degenerating into Nerves as Praxagoras of old in our daies Cesalpinus Reusnerus Hofmannus and Martianus but they are out seeing 1. In the Brain there is no Conjunction of Arteries and Nerves by Anastomoses 2. An Artery being hurt or cut in the Head no Convulsion follows 3. The distinct Rise of the Nerves in the Brain is apparent as of the Arteries in the Heart Erasistratus did conceive they came from the Dura Mater At this day many Physitians conceive with Galen that some Nerves arise from the Brain others from the Spinal Marrow who are all confuted by Ocular inspection Their End and Use is to carry the Animal faculty with the Animal spirit from the Brain like conduit pipes into the parts 1. Sensory as the Eyes Ears c. 2. Motive as the Muscles 3. All in a manner that they may in general perceive and understand what causeth pain And therefore the Nerves inserted into the parts do give to the said parts either Sense alone or Motion alone or both Sense and Motion nor is there any voluntary motion or sense without the help of a Nerve and therefore a Nerve being cut that part is presently deprived of Sense and Motion The Nerves therefore I say do afford to the parts either Sense or Motion according as they are disseminated into such and such parts because the Nerves of themselves are not sensitive or motive So that if they be implanted into Muscles the Organs of Motion they are termed motive Nerves if into the Instruments of sense sensitive Many times also according to the Nature of the Parts one pare of Nerves affords both sense and motion As the sixt pare of the Nerves of the Brain commonly so called is communicated to the Bowels of the middle and lower Belly to cause the Sense of Feeling and when it becomes recurrent it bestows motion upon the Muscles of the Larynx The optick pare so called gives only sense because implanted into the Eyes only But the other pare which is termed motorium parâ— the moving pare and arises from the marrow as well as the former causes motion because it is implanted into the Muscles of the Eyes The Situation of the Nerves for securities sake is more profound and deep than that of the Arteries The Magnitude is various according to the condition of the Organs and dignity of the Actions their Assiduity and Magnitude The optick Nerves are great because the action of the Eyes is so also those Nerves are most thick which are sent to remote and many parts as the Limbs indifferent in the sensory parts for because they were to be soft they could not be very small the Nerves of the neerest parts are smallest of all as in the Muscles of the Face The Nerves are commonly said to be seven and thirty pare in number seven pare from the Brain which I say arise not from the Brain but from the Medulla oblongata within the Skull and thirty from the Marrow in the Back-bone But I say that indeed in truth those seven pare are ten pare as shal be made apparent in the following Chapter and so I make forty pare of Nerves ten arising within the Skull and thirty without in the Back-bone The former were indeed by the Ancients reckon'd to be only seven in number and to arise from the Brain which they comprehended in this verse Optica prima Oculos movet altera tertia gustat Quartaque Quinta audit vaga sexta est septima linguae First sees next moves the Eyes third fourth do tast Fist hears sixt roams seventh moves the Tongue too fast But the smelling pare was by them omitted and that which they make the third pare is double and distinct so the fist is double one pare of which duplicity some have made to be an eighth pare for Archangelus reckon'd eight pare Columbus nine and I ten as stall be said hereafter Now the thirty pare of the Marrow of the Back are so divided that seven are of the Neck twelve of the Chest or Back others say eleven five of the Loyns sometimes four and six of the Os sacrum All these Nerves do sprout out of both sides and therefore they are termed Pares of Nerves Susugâ—â—â— conjugations or coupling of Nerves And it is necessary for a Physitian to know their originals and distinctions that he may understand to which part of the Back-bone Topicks are to be applied when motion or sense or both are impaired in the Face Neck Hands Muscles of the Belly Yard Fundament Womb Bladder c. Moreover as to number you must know that every Nerve hath its mate or Companion except the last or lowest proceeding from the
partly fat but more clammy than fat Its Use 1. Is principally to render motion more easie and lasting in the Joynts whiles it anoynts the parts of the Bones least by mutual rubbing one against another they should wear and fret Hence in some Joynts are found Gristles which crustover two bones joyned together 2. To defend the parts from external injuries For they are not easily bruised and broken because they are hard and not friable nor are they easily cut and squeezed as the soft and fleshy parts Hence the extream parts of the Nose are gristly Hence Gristles are joyned to the Breast-bone and Ribs to defend the Heart and Lungs and the Gristle Ensiformis to defend the Midriff and the mouth of the Stomach 3. To make such a Connexion of the Bones as is termed Sunchondrosis 4. To shape parts prominent or hollow as appears in the Ears Larynx and Wesand 5. To fill up hollownesses especially in the Joynts as is seen in the Knee 6. To serve for a cover as in the Epiglottis 7. To be as an underpropper to sustain somwhat as the Gristles of the Eyelids bear the Hairs Their Situation is various for Gristles are found in sundry parts in the Eye-lids Nose Ear Larynx Wezand Spine Chest Ear-lets of all and every of which in their places Their Magnitude also varies so also Their Figure is divers as ring-fashion'd Sheild-shap'd Sword-like c. As to their Connexion Some Gristles constitute parts of themselves as that of the Nose Xyphoidis the Coccyx others grow to bones which knit them together either without any other medium as in the Share and Breast-bones or by common Ligaments coming between as in the Connexion by Diárthrosis In Substance some are harder as those which in time become boney others are softer fastning the Joynts and resembling the Nature in a manner of Ligaments and are therefore called Chondro-syndusmoi Gristly Ligaments Now though their Substance be hard yet it is flexible and tough because less cold and dry than a bone and because compassed with a snotty matter And this Substance of theirs is void of sense because it hath no acquaintance with Nerves nor Membranes Nor was it requisite that it should feel least in motion when the Gristles rub and strike one against another pain should be caused In other things they agree with Bones Chap. III. Of Ligaments in General LIgamentum a Band or Tie is by the Greeks called Súndesmos The Ancients as Hippocrates Aristotle and Galen somwhere call it Nervum and Nervum colligatum a Nerve and a twisted Nerve or Nerve tied together because in shape and colour it counterfets a Nerve and otherwise the term Ligament may in a large signification be applied to any part which fastens divers parts together Also Galen calls the beginning of a Muscle Ligamentum part whereof is thought to turn to a Tendon All these are improper acceptations I shall now decipher a Ligament properly so called It s Efficient is the Ligament-making Power It s Matter is a clammy roaping part of the Seed It s Use is like a cord to bind together the parts of the body especially the Bones and so to keep them together in the Head Chest Back and Limbs that they may not be dislocated or dispointed Because of its most strong cleaving thereunto a Ligagament is said to arise though it be indeed made of the Seed from the Bone primarily somtimes from a Gristle gristly bone or Membrane and it s said to be inserted into a Bone Gristle Muscle or some part Or if you would rather have it so Ligaments grow among the Bones of in the Bones Their Situation Some are without among the Bones as the grisly Ligaments so called which are thick and commonly round others are wound externally about the bones which are thin and membranous As to Figure some are broader which Anatomists term membranous Ligaments as hath been said others are longer which are called Nervous Ligaments And they call them so because of their resemblance not as if a Ligament were truly membranous or nervous So they are called membranous which being broad and thin do compass the Joynts also which are wrapt about Tendons and Muscles It s Substance is solid white bloodless softer than a Gristle harder than Nerves and Membranes for it is as it were of a middle Nature betwixt a Gristle and a Nerve It is without Cavity Sense or Motion It was to be without Sense least it should be alwaies pained in Motions when as the Ligaments are made somtimes longer and shorter that is to say are contracted and extended Some nevertheless wil have membranous Ligaments to feel but they must grant it to be so by means of membranes and not of their own proper substance For this substance of theirs is as Galen tels us divisible into fibres visible to the sight which experience also confirms Now this Substance is in some places softer and more membranous than in others as in all Ligaments wel-neer which go round about the Joynts and among these it is softer about the Joynt of the Shoulder than about that of the Hip and yet softer where it goes about the inter-joyntings of the fingers But in other places the substance is harder and as it were in part gristly and therefore they are in such places termed gristly Ligaments and they are such as lie concealed among the Bones as that which goes from the Head of the Thigh into the Hip-joynt Chap. IV. Of the Skull in General WE divide all the Bones of the Skeleton into the HEAD TRUNK and LIMBS and them into the Arms Legs The whole structure of the Bones of the Head is termed CRANIUM the Skul because it is as it were Crános an Helmet some term it Calva and Calvaria It s Situation and Magnitude follow the Brain and correspond thereunto It s Figure is natural or non-natural and depraved It s natural figure is round that it may hold the more yet a little longish towards the fore and hindparts where it branches forth that it may contain the Brain and Brainlet on the sides it is flatted but more towards the fore-parts and therefore the hind-part of the Head is of greater capacity than the forepart of which Albovinus King of the Longbeards or Lombards made a Drinking Cup for Festival daies as Diaconus relates in his History The depraved and non-natural Figure thereof is manifold 1. When the foremore protuberancie of the Head is wanting and such persons are counted foolish and mad for want of Brain which ought to be most plentiful in the forepart of the Head 2. When the Hinder Protuberancy or bunching forth is wanting 3. When both are wantings so that the Head is round as a Ball such as the Heads of the Turks and Greenlanders are thought to be And these three depraved figures Hippocrates doth acknowledg 4. The fourth Figure Galen adds which he conceives may be imagined but not really found when the length is changed
But of Blood That blood is Aiery and oyly Fat is colder then Blood yet moderately hot The efficient cause of Fat. How Fat is bred T is proved that Fat is generated by cold How Fat is bred in thâ—… Call And about the Heart And the Kidneys An Opinion that Fat is caused by Heat An Opinion that it is made by compactness Refuted An Opinion that it is caused by Dryness It hath â—…ing whiâ—… thâ—r By a peculiar Form The form of Fat. Its Vessels It s Kernels It s Uses Whether it may turn to nourishment The fleshy Membrane its situation The difference between a membrane and a Coat and Meninx What a Membrane is It s Use The Difference of Membranes The fleshy Membrane what for a thing it is It s Use Connexion Original The Membrane of the Muscles what 〈…〉 Use What a Muscle is A Muscle is an Organical part The Connexion of the Muscles of the whole Body The Parts of a Muscle only two The tendinous Part how many fold What the Tendon of a Muscle is It s Beginning Why called Tendo The Beginning and Head of a Muscle Both the beginning and end of a Muscle may be called a Tendon Two things observable touching the beginning of a Muscle Galens Rule Disliked by Walaeus and why The Objection of Riolanus answered The middle of a Muscle The end of a Muscle how known by Galen and other Anatomists Whether the Head of a Muscle be void of sense If it have Motion Whether the end be thicker then the Head Whether the Nerves go into the Tendon The action of a Muscle is Motion And that Voluntary The use Which Muscles do move more strongly The Original of the oblique descending Muscle It s End What the white Line is The Error of Aquapendent and Laurentius touching the Original of the oblique-descending Muscle Their first Reason refuted Their second Reason answered T is proved that these Muscles arise from above not from beneath The Original of the obliquely ascendent Muscles Their double End The Original of the right Muscles That there are divers right Muscles The Veins The Arteries and Nerves The Pyramidal Muscles Their Original Their Use The transverse Muscles The Action of the muscles of the Belly Why there are divers muscles of the Belly A Praeoccupation A Secondary action of the muscles of the Belly Peritonaeum how so called What it is The Shape of the Peritonaeum It s Surface Original Connexion It is double The Error of Fernelius How many Holes there are Its Productions The Cause of a Rupture Its Vessels It s Use It is the mother of the Coats in the lower Belly The Etymologie of the Call It s Situation It s Connexion The cause of Barrenness It s situation in persons strangled In Infants It s Origina Its Parts Riolanus refuted It s Figure It s Magnitude Its Vessels â— It s use The Stomach why called Ventriculus It s Situation The Number of Stomachs in feathered Fowle In Beasts that chew the Cud. Its Orifices The Symptoms of the Stomachs Mouth and why like Heart-passions Whether the Soul be seated in the Orifice of the stomach The right Orifice called Pylorus It is opened in the Distribution of Chylus It is shut somtimes and opened in Vomiting It is somtimes exceedingly widened Whether the Pylorus have any Rube over the inferior Parts The Fibres of the Stomach and their use Their Number The Surface The Membranes The Crustiness in the stomach whence it proceeds It s Connexion Shape It s Magnitude Vessels Whether blood cast out of the Spleen help Appetite and Concoction Its Nerves The Stomachs Fermentation Three things requisite to Concoction Concoction is the Stomachs Act. How it is made The use of the Stomach The Guts Why called Intestina Their greatness The use of the turnings and windings of the Guts Theâ—r Situation Their Substance Their Coats Their Crust Their Fibres Their Vessels Difference of the Guts Whether the thin Guts may be right said to be uppermost The thick Guts Their Use The Gut Duodenum The Holes of the said Gut The Gut Jejunum The Gut Ileon Rupture of the Guts The Passio Iliaca The thick Guts The Gut caecum or the blind Gut The Intestinum caecum or blind Gut of the Ancients The Gut Colon. It s Situation and Progress A Valve in the Gut Colon. How it is found out The Intestinum rectum or the straight Gut Touching the Fundament The Sphincter Muscle The Muscles cald Ani Levatores or Arse-lifters Mesentery why so called It s Division It s Figure It s Magnitude It s Rise Its Vessels It s Kernels The Use of the Kernels The Use of the Mesenterie And of its Membranes The Substance of the Pancreas It s Situation Original Its Vessels It s Use The Use of the Pancreas Why the Liver is the Original of the Veins It s Number It s Situation It s Figure Its Magnitude It s Membrane It s Connexion It s Substance It s Color Its Vessels Their Anastomoses The Original of the Veins The Authors opinion how the blood is made See Fig. III. Table 17. The Shape of the Gal-bladder Division Bottom Neck Its Veins and Arteries It s Use Porus biliarius Ductus communis naturalis the common passage natural Preâ—ernatural Scituation of the Spleen See Table XV. It s Number Whether the Spleen may be taken out of the Body Why a man hath a large Spleen It s Shape It s Color Connexion It s Coat Substance Its Veins Its Arteries Its Anastomoses Whether the Spleen receive Melancholy from the Liver The argument of Rondeletius invalid Whether the Spleen make Blood For what Parts the Spleen makes Blood Whether any portion of Chyle be carried to the Spleen and what way What Creatures have no Spleen Whether the Spleen be an Organ of the sensitive Soul The Opinion of Walaeus touching the use of the Spleen How the Spleen may be said to be the seat of Laughter * T is called Lover in the North of England possibly that is the Etymology of the Word How its thick The threefold excrement of the Blood Their Situation Which Kidney is the highest Their Bigness Surface Their Colour Shape Connexion Membranes What it is to search the Reins Their Bellies The Caruncles The emulgent Veins and Arteries A Valve in the Vein Venae adiposae Their Nerves Why such as have a stone in their kidney are subject to vomit The structure of a Dogs kidney The Cribrum benedictum of the Ancients The Error of Vesalius Aristoles Error touching the use of the Kidneys How the Urin is made Whether the Kidneys prepare Seed This Opinion reconciled with the Doctrine of Circulation Whether the Kidneys make Blood Their first finder out Their Number Their Magnitude Their Cavity Their Shape and Substance Their Connexion Their Vessels The Ureters Their Number Their Situation The Original of the Ureters Their Middle Their Connexion Their End Why the Urin cannot go out into the Emulgents Their Magnitude Figure
and properly termed flesh And in Hippocrates his Language by flesh many times is ment the Muscles 2. Viscerous flesh or the flesh of the Bowels Erasistratus cals it Parenchyma or an Affusion of blood Galen cals it Similar and simple flesh which supports the Vessels of the bowels fills up the empty spaces and performs the Action 3. Membranous flesh or the fleshy substance of every Membranous part as in the Gullet Stomach Guts Womb bladder 4. Glandulous flesh or the flesh of Kernels which serves 1. For to support the divisions of Vessels 2. To drink up superfluous humors especially wheyish humors because the Kernels are of an hollow Spungy substance and therefore they are vulgarly termed Emunctories or Clensers Those in the Neck being counted Clensers of the Head those in the Arm-pits of the Heart those in the Groyns of the Liver 3. To moisten the parts for their more easie motion or otherwise to prohibit dryness Such are those which are situate by the Tongue Larynx Eye-corners c. But the similar parts are reckoned to be ten A bone a Gristle a Ligament a Membrane a Fibre a Nerve an Artery a Vein Flesh and Skin Of these some are similar only in the judgment of Sense as Veins Arteries some add Muscles others are simply and absolutely similar That Veins Arteries Nerves Muscles are not truly simple and similar hath been rightly taught by Aristotle for a Muscle consists of Flesh Fibres and a Tendon Nerves are made up of the Dura and pia Mater with Marrow Arteries of two different coats the Veins of a coat and of Fibres as some will have it and Valves Simply and truly similar parts are Bones Gristles Ligaments Membranes Fibres Flesh and Skin To these some add the Ureters the Air implanted in the Ear c. but in vain For 1. They are not parts common â—â— the whole body but proper to some parts 2. The implanted Air of the Ears is nothing but an implanted spirit which cannot be reckoned among solid parts Here we are to observe that all these parts are commonly divided into Spermatical Sanguine or mixt The Spermatical are made of seed and such are the eight first reckoned which if they are cut asunder they breed not again nor can they be truly united but they are joyned together by a Callus in the middle by reason of defect of matter and formative faculty which acts not after the Conformation of the Parts The Sanguine or fleshy Parts contrarywise are bred again because they are supposed to be made of Blood as the Flesh A mixt Part is the Skin of which we shall treat hereafter in Book 1. Chap. 2. For feed and blood are commonly accounted the two general Principles of which we are made so that in the Seed there is very little of the material principle but much of the active but in the blood much of the material principle and but a little and weak portion of the active or effective principle The first Rudiments and underwrap as it were of the parts are said to be made of Seed and the woofe or superstructure of blood flowing in But what the Truth is in Contradiction to this vulgar opinion we have taught in our Anatomical Controversies For we are rather to hold that the parts are at first made only of Seed as of their matter and that the Mothers blood doth nourish and encrease and amplifie the Parts The Skin in comparison to other Parts hath an indifferent proportion of Seed not so much as the Spermatical nor so little as the Sanguinary parts The Compound or dissimilar Parts are those which may be divided into divers unlike parts as an Hand cannot be cut into other Hands but into Bones Muscles Veins c. The dissimilar parts are by the Phylosopher called Members but they are vulgarly termed Organical or instrumental parts Now in every Organ there are for the most part four kinds of parts For example sake in the Eye there is 1. That part by which the action viz. Seeing is performed namely the Chrystalline Humor 2. That without which it cannot be performed as the Optick Nerve 3. That by which it is the better performed as the Coats and Muscles of the Eyes 4. That by which the action is preserved as the Eye-lids c. And because the Dissimilar parts are more or less Compounded they are divided into four degrees or ranks The 1. Is such as are similar to the sense as a Muscle Vein Artery The 2. Is made of the sormer and the rest of the similars as a Finger The 3. is compounded of the second as an Hand Foot c. The 4. Is compounded of the third as an Arm or Leg. Finally the Body is divided into its greatest Members as by some into the Head Chest Belly and Bladder by others as Aristotle Ruffus a 〈…〉 Oribasius into the Head Neck Chest under they comprehend the lower Belly and therefore Hippocrates placed the Liver in the Chest the Arms and the Legs But others have better divided them into the Bellies and Limbs The Bellies are certain remarkeable Cavities of the Body wherein some noble bowel is placed and as there are three principal Members so are there three Bellies the lowest belly commonly called Abdomen or the Paunch contains the Liver and Natural parts The Middle or Chest containes the Heart and vital parts The uppermost or Head contains the brain and Animal parts The Limbs which were given us for more conveniency of living are the Arms and the Legs And therefore we shall make four books 1. Of the Lower belly 2. Of the Middle belly 3 Of the supream belly or Cavity the Head 4. Of the Limbs And to these shall answer four Petty Books The first of the Veins which arise from the Liver in the lower Cavity The second of the Arteries which arise from the Heart in the middle Cavity The third of the Nerves which are commonly thought to spring from the brain The fourth of the bones which are most what in the Limbs and as the bones joyned together make a compleat frame and bodies as it were so also do the Veins Arteries and Nerves We may find another division of the body in Fernelius which nevertheless is of no use save in Physick He divides the body into pulplike Regions and Private Private Regions he calls the brain Lungs Kidneys Womb c. Publick or common he makes three extended through the whol body 1. Hath the Vena porta and all the parts whereinto its branches are spred 2. Begins at the Roots of Vena Cava and is terminated in the smal Veins before they become Capillary 3. Hath the Muscles Bones and Bulk of the body and ends in the Skin We purge the first Region cheifly by the Guts The second by the Urinary passages The third by the Pores of the Skin The I. TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE This TABLE holds forth the Pourtraicture of a Living Man wherein
hand it grows small by little and little that the meat may be gradually thrust thither Whence we gather that it is better for such as lie down to sleep to lie first upon their left side till the Digestion be finished and afterwards upon their right otherwise then is commonly imagined But in the left side there is the bottom where the meat ought to tarry for being rowled to the right side it is nearer passing out Howbeit in this case much must be allowed to Custom 'T is only one in Number in man and such live Creatures as have teeth in both their Jaws Riolanus bath twice observed a double Stomach in a man continued but distinguished by a narrow passage out of one into another Sperlingerus saw the same in a Woman of Wittemberg and Helmontius saw a bag full of stones which grew to the Stomach Yea and that it hath been double in one that chewed the Cud as Salmuth relates and others is not to be doubted In some Fowls there are two Stomachs the one membranous which the Latins term Ingluvies the Crap which only receives the meat that from thence being lightly digested they may cast it into the mouths of their young ones whereas otherwise young Birds could not be nourished The other is very fleshy and hotter having within a hard Membrane wherein hard meat is received Petrus Castellus a rare man adds a third which is in like manner fleshy In Beasts that chew the Cud and have Hornes and teeth only in one Jaw there are four The first Venter the Reticulum the Omasus and the Abomasus of which Aristotle speaks The Venter and the Reticulum which is a part thereof are ordained to hold the crude meat The Omasus receives the Food immediately from the mouth if it be thin if thick it is first chewed and from hence after a short stay it slips into the Abomasus Now chewing the Cud is a second chewing of the meat in the mouth for the more perfect Digestion thereof whence the Aliment proves excellent and for that cause among the Jews such as chewed the Cud were counted clean Beasts Chewing the Cud is caused not as some think because the meat in the first Stomach gains such a quality that it provokes the Stomach to cast it up for so in every sharp biting of the Stomach and in all Animals chewing the Cud would happen against their Wills but it depends upon the voluntary Action of the Stomach which by a singular membrane expels what it pleases and when it pleases as that some Tosspot of Malta whom I have seen would as he pleased cast up what ever he had drunk and others will swallow down the Smoak of Tobacco and turn it out again In great Sea-fishes I have observed a threefold Stomach as in a Porpice and others but it grew so together that there was rather three distinct Cavities with passages from one to another three perfect Stomachs It hath two Orifices and both of them in the upper Region of the stomach The left is commonly called the upper Orifice and somtimes singly the mouth of the Stomach and somtimes t is termed the Stomach because of its largeness the Ancients did cal it Cor the Heart because the Diseases thereof caused fainting Fits and other Symptoms like those which happen to such as are troubled with Passions of the Heart also because of its most exquisite sense and because the Heart doth sympathize therewith both in regard of its nearness and they have Nerves proceeding from the same Branch This Orifice is greater thicker and larger so that it may admit hard or half chewed meat T is situate at the eleventh Vertebra of the Chest It hath circular fleshy Fibres that it may by Natural Instinct shut up the mouth of the Stomach after the meat is received in least fumes should arise and go into the Brain and breed Diseases and that so Digestion may be more perfectly accomplished So we cover it as we do our Seething-pots with a potlid to keep in the Fumes and to hinder the meat from falling back into our mouths when we lie in bed and tumble this way and that way Through this Orifice meats and drinks are received in And it is but in the Epigastrick Region and it is more near the Back-bone then the sword-fashion'd Gristle or Cartilago Ensiformis And therefore when it is diseased we apply Epithems rather behind then before Helmont places the seat of the Soul and the Principle of life in the Stomach as it were in its central point so that it governes and rules over the Head and principal Faculties If you aske him more particularly where it is placed he will answer you that it is there after an exorbitant manner centrally in a point and as it were in the middle of an Atome of the thickness of one Membrane But the Stomach cannot be the Seat of the Soul because 1. It is alwaies full of impure meats 2. No Faculties flow to us from thence 3. Great Feeders and persons of large Appetite should have more Soul then other people 4. The Soul is not fixed to any Centre 5. When the Stomach is hurt death doth not presently follow as appears in him that swallowed the knife And any dammage happen it is by reason of the Nearness of the Heart and Community of Nerves and consequently by accident For the Soul sticks not in the Nerves primarily but there rather from whence the Nerves have their Original and it is a common Membrane Yet in a large sense it may be called the Principle of Life because there is the Seat of Appetite and the first Reception and Digestion of Aliments whose fault in the following Concoctions is never amended Now it rules over the Head by reason of the Consent of the Membranes and the most undoubted arising of Vapors The right Orifice commonly called the lower is as far from the bottom well near as the left It is narrower and abides shut until the Digestion of the meat be finished that is to say until the meat be turned into a liquid Cream or Posset as irwere Howbeit Walaeus hath observed that it may and doth let out the more liquid meats and such as are of easie Digestion by peicemeal before the rest which may easily be done by opening it self a little way so that the thicker and undigested meats cannot pass through as Riolanus objects seeing they cannot pass through a narrow chink This Walaeus I say observed in his Dissertion of Living Creatures Helmont affirms that in Vomiting it is shut upwards towards the Pylorus because it is inconvenient to Health that the faculent matter of Vomits should pass downwards Yet he grants that it is sometimes opened between the first and other Vomits when somwhat ascends out of the Guts And the truth is that it is also open to noxious Humors Lienteries doth witness and other fluxes of the Belly Miserere mei and other Diseases which
and with very many Vessels variously interwoven whose proper flesh is as it were congealed blood shed round about the Vessels 2. In the Spleen there are very many textures of the Vessels and infinite Anastomoses Now there are no where such textures and plications or foldings of the Vessels save for a new elaboration as may be seen in the Brain Liver Stones Duggs c. 3. It appears from the Scituation of the Ramus splenicus which is far beneath the Liver out of the Trunk of Vena porta where part of the Chymus is attracted or of the Chyle which hath some disposition towards blood If therefore it receives matter there of which blood is made why therefore shall not the Spleen make blood 4. Nature is wont either to double the Parts of the Body and set one on each side as appears in the Kidneys Stones Lungs Duggs Organs of the Senses c. or if she makes only one she is wont to place it in the middle as the Heart Stomach Womb Bladder Nose Tongue Mouth c. Therefore the Spleen must needs be another Liver 5. Diseases of the Spleen as well as of the Liver do hurt Blood-making or Sanguification 6. Somtimes the Situation of the Liver is changed so that it is in the left side and the Spleen on the right 7. The Liver failing and growing less the Spleen is augmented and assists the Liver as is known by many Examples whence the Spleen hath been often seen in Dissections to be greater and redder then the liver 8. T is unlikely that so many Arteries enter into the Spleen for the sake of Excrements but rather to digest concoct thick Blood that so by contrary thinness the stubborn thinness of the said Blood may be overcome 9. In a Child in the Womb the Spleen is red as is the Liver by reason of the cause aforesaid 10. Such as the Diseases of the Liver are such in a manner are those of the Spleen 11. And the Diseases of the Spleen and Liver are cured well near with the self same Remedies 12. If Authorities are of force enter Aristotle in the 3. Book of the Parts of living Creatures Chap. 7. where he saith that the Liver and Spleen are of a like Nature also that the Spleen is as it were an adulterate Liver and where the Spleen is very little there the Liver is Bipartite or of two parts and that all parts in the Body almost are double Plato calls the Spleen an express image of the Liver Others call it the Livers Vicar the left Liver c. The Author of the Book touching the use of Respiration hath confirmed this as also Apbrodisaeus Araeteus and others Archangelus makes another use of the Spleen to be to make more plenty of Blood If any shall demand To what â—nd serves the Blood which the Spleen makes Some conceive it serves to the same end with that of the liver viz. to nourish the whole body and to assist the liver But he was of Opinion that this was not done save when necessity requires in some defect or Disease of the Liver But he conceives that ordinarily the Spleen is an Organ to make blood to nourish the Bowels of the lower Belly as the Stomach Guts Call Mesentery Sweet-bread c. and that the Spleen it self is nourished with some portion of the said Blood and sends the rest to the parts of the body And he conceives that the liver makes blood for the rest of the parts especially the musculous parts And he proves it 1. Because the bowels of the lower Belly receive their nourishment from the Vena splenica or from the branches yssueing therefrom namely from the branches of Vena portâ— only and not from the Vena cava 2. Because those bowels are thick more earthy and base And such as the like parts are not found in the body besides and therefore these parts stood in need to receive such blood from the Spleen 3. And therefore the liver is greater because it makes blood for the whole body besides The Spleen less because it makes blood only for the lower Belly save when in cases of necessity it is forced to help the Liver 4. In Dogs the Spleen is long and thin because the Parts or Bowels of the lower Belly are smaller in a Dog and less wreathed and folded then in a Man 5. There is an evident difference between the Fat bred in the musculous Parts or those which are nourished by the Vena cava and that dirty and soon puâ—rifiing Fat which is bred in the lower Belly as in the Cal Guts Mesentery c. Hence arise so many Putrefactions in the mesenterick Parts And by how much an Humor is thicker as is the muddie Fat we speak of so much the sooner it putrifies As the dreggie fat doth sooner then the Fat in musculous parts So the Blood of the Spleen is more disposed to Putrefaction then that of the liver and this then the blood of the right Ventricle of the Heart Moreover the blood of the Arteries is less subject to Putrefaction then any of the former and the Spirit least of all 6 He believes this to be a most strong Argument that where a part is found having the substance of the Bowels there also there are Veins from the Vena portae or the branches of the Spleen but where a part is consisting of musculous flesh there are Veins which have their Original from Vena cava as appears in the Intestinum rectum in which by reason of its twofold substance Nature hath placed two sorts of Veins In the musculous Part there are the external Haemorrhoid Veins which arise from the Cava In the â—owellie or guttie substance there are veins from the Vena portae These and such like Reasons prevailed with my Father of pious Memory to prove that the Spleen drew Chymus by the Ramus spenicus Which Opinion was at that time embraced by most Anatomists as Varolus Posthius Jessenus Platerus Baubinus Sennertus and Riolanus in his first Anthropographia But that Age deserves excuse as being ignorant of what Posterity hath since found out For the milkie veins discovered by Asellius do shew that no Chyle thick or thin is drawn by the Mesaraick Veins or carried any whether but by the milkie Veins only to the Liver and not to the Spleen Moreover a Ligature in live Dissections declares that nothing is carried through the Mesaraicks to the Spleen but contrariwise from the Spleen to the Mesaraicks Yet I allow thus much to the foresaid reasons that there is a certain Generation of Blood made in the Spleen by the manner hereafter to be explained not of Chyle which hath here no Passages but of Arterial Blood sent from the Heart Hofmaannus and Spigelius bring the dreggie part of the Chyle through the mesaraick Veins unto the Spleen that it may be there concocted into Blood Who are in the same fault For the Arteries are ordained to carry blood to
Sense Hypocrates did well write that the Liver is seated in the Chest which other unskilful persons not understanding did imagine that Hypocrates was ill versed in Anatomy It s Figure is after a sort Oval though not exactly and Hypocrates compares it to a Tortoise or the Belly of a Lute In Mankind it is more bunching in the fore-part but in the middle of the Brest-bone it is flatter about the sides round because of the bowing of the Ribs in the Back more flat It s Magnitude in General varies according to the different degree of Heat for by the wideness of the Chest we measure the Heat of the Heart But in particular persons it is larger towards the lower Belly where the vital bowels are concealed and grows narrower by little and little at the beginning of the Neck It s outer Substance is partly bony partly fleshy This middle Belly is not wholly fleshy as the lower is 1. Because it was not to contain any Parts that were very much to be stretched 2. That over-much Fat might be bred there and hinder Respiration Yet is it partly fleshy because it contains Parts which-ought to be moved as the Heart and Lungs and for the same Cause It could not be altogether bony like the Skull for that is a very rare case which Cardan mentions in his 11. Book of Subtilties Page 458. in my Edition of a Man that instead of Ribs had one continued Bone â—rom the Throat to the Flanks Yet is it in part bony for to safeguard the noble Parts For Its Use is to contain the vital Parts as the lower and first Belly contains the Natural Now the Parts likewise of this Belly are either containing or contained and the former either common or proper The Common are the same which are in the lower Belly Howbeit these things following are here to be observed The Skin of the middle Belly is hairy under the Arm-pits These Hairs are called Subalares Pili being useful to keep those Parts from wearing and fretting in the Motion of the Arms seeing they exceedingly and quickly sweat because they are termed the Emunctories of the Heart receiving the Excrements thereof in some also that are hotter of constitution and strong-hearted the breast is hairy as the Groins are called the Emunctories of the Liver Moreover there is little Fat found in the Chest if you except the Dugs that Respiration may not be hurt by the weight thereof For by reason of its bony part so great plenty of the matter of Fat could not flow into it as in the lower Belly which is wholly fleshy and therefore alwayes the fattest part of the body the middle belly or Cavity is indifferently stored with Fat the Head is least fat of all But the fat it self being otherwise white is wont in the chest to appear a little more yellow then ordinary by reason of the heat of the vital Parts which lye under the same The proper Parts besides the Muscles Bones c. are the Dugs of both Sexes the Midriff the Membrane of the Sides termed Pleura and the Mediastinum or Partition-wall The Parts contained are the Bowels and Vessels The Bowels are the Heart with its Heart-bag or Pericardium the Lungs and part of the Wesand or Wind-pipe oâ— aspera Arteria The Vessels are the Branches of the Venae cava and Arteria magna underpropped with the Thymus or Kernel in the Throat and sundry Nerves Chap. I. Of the Dugs ACcording to our Anatomical Method the first Parts in the Chest which we dissect as soon as we have done with the lower Belly are the Dugs Now we shall treat of the Dugs of Women casting in between while wherein those of Men differ therefrom The Scituation of the Dugs is in the middle of the Brest above the Pectoral Muscle which draws to the Shoulder 1. Because of the nearness of the Heart from whence they receive heat 2. For Comeliness sake 3. For the more convenient giving of suck because the Infant cannot presently walk after the manner of Brutes but being embraced in his Mothers Arms it is applied to the Dugs No other Creatures have Dugs in their Breasts saving the Apes who hold their young ones in their Arms likewise Laurentius tells us the Elephant does the like and Riolanus sayes as much of the Bat or Flitter-mouse Some great Sea-fishes of the Whale-kind have Dugs on their Brests full of Milk as we lately observed in a Whale that came out of Norwey They are two in Number not because of Twins but that one being hurt the other might supply its Office Howbeit Varro reports that Sows will have so many Pigs as they have teats Walaeus in a certain woman observed three Dugs two on the left side of her Brest and one on the right And Cabrolius observed in a certain woman four Dugs on each side two As to their Magnitude In Girls new born there is only a Print or Mark visible on the brest and afterwards by little and little it swells and in little wenches hardly any thing appears beside the teats untill by degrees they grow to the bigness and shape of Apples and when they are raised two fingers high their Courses begin to flow In old women they wither away so that nothing appears but the Nipples the Fat and Kernels being consumed In women they swel more and in women with child the last moneths they are more and more encreased In men they do not rise so high as in women because ordinarily they were not to breed milk yet because of the equality of the kind it was convenient that men should have them as well as women And therefore in men the Dugs are commonly without Kernels yet in burly people the Fat which is under them raised the breasts In the Kingdom of Sengea the Dugs of women hang as low as their Bellies and in the Isle of Arnabo 't is said they turn them over their shoulders to their backs and there suckle their children Their Shape is roundish They represent as it were an half Globe And in some because of their over-great weight they hang down The Dug is divided into the Nipple and the Dug it self For in the middle of the Dug there is to be seen a peculiar Substance which Is called Papilla the Teat or Nipple being spungy like the Nut of a Mans Yard and therefore it will fall and rise when it is suckt or handled For it hath an excellent and exquisite Sense of feeling because it is as it were the Centre into which the ends of the Nerves Veins and Arteries do meet Which is apparent from the Delicacy of its Sense and the redness of its color a sure token of Blood brought in by the Arteries by reason of the Concourse whereof Chyrurgeons do judg Cancers and other Tumors about the Nipple pernicious Riolanus believes that the Skin is doubled and as it were
saved from choaking by voiding their Breath out at their Ears by means of this passage Those do abuse this passage who render the smoak of Tobacco which they take through their Ears Finally we meet with the Nervous Auditories or Hearing Nerve which proceeds from the fift pair of the Brain entring the Ear through the hole of Os Petrosum It touches the Cochlea and the Labyrinth with a double branch that it may in both places perfect the Hearing To which a Branch is added to move the Muscles proceeding from the fourth pair and cleft in two Chap. X. Of the Nose ANother Organ of Sense follows viz. The Nose the Instrument of smelling given to Men and fourfooted Beast that bring fourth living Creatures Now it is divided as the Ear into the External and Internal Nose The Internal hath Bones and Nerves with the Mammillary processes of which in their place The External is Extrinsecally divided into the upper and lower part The upper part which is boney and immoveable is termed the Back of the Nose and it s Acuminated part Spina The lower part is Gristley and moveable the utmost end wherof is termed Globulus and Orbiculus by the only feeling whereof Michael Scotus pretends to tel whether a Maiden have lost her Virginity The lateral or side parts are termed Pterugia alae Pinnae that is Wings or Pinnacles that fleshy part which sticks out in the middle near the Lips is called Columna the Pillar The Nose is divided within by a partition Wall into two Holes or Cavities which they call Nares the Nostrils that one hole being stopped we may draw in and pass out the Air by the other And when both are stopped the Mouth supplies the Office of the Nostrils Now each hole is again divided about the middle of the Nose into two parts the one ascends upwards to the Os Spongiosum the other goes above the Palate into the Throat and upper part of the Mouth Hence drink somtimes comes out at the Nostrils and things put into the Nostrils the Nose being shut are wont to slip into the Mouth Hence also the thicker Excrements also of the Brain while they are carryed downward to the Nostrils may slide into the Mouth or be brought thither by Hawking and so purged out at the Mouth It is situate in an high place viz. between the Eyes 1. For comelyness Sake 2. Because all smels mount upwards The Magnitude varies as also the Figure for some have great Noses others little Noses some Hawkenoses and Roman-noses and others saddle-noses c. Touching which Physiognomists Discourse It s Substance consists of the Scarfâ—-Skin Skin Muscles Bones Gristles Vessels and Tunicles It s Skin is thin and void of fat that it may not grow too much under the partion in the Colomme it is thick and Spungy so that it is like a Gristle and is compast with Hairs termed Vibrissae There are eight Muscles of the Nose especially in large Nosed people but they are smal because the motion of the Nose is little Four serve to widen the Nose while the Alae or Wings being drawn upwards they open the holes of the Nostrils And there are four more which straiten the Nose The two first widners being fleshy do arise from the Cheek-bone near the Muscle of the Lips which they make a third They are inserted partly into a part of the upper Lip partly into the lower Wing Casserius found them resembling the leaves of Myrtle The IX TABLE The FIGURE Explained This TABLE represents the Muscles of the Forehead Eye-lids Nose Cheeks Lips lower Jaw and Ear-let a. The Pericranium b. The Periosteum c. The Hairy Skin or Scalpe d. The Skull made bare e. The temporal Muscle f. The upper Muscle of the Ear. g. The Muscle of the Hind-part of the Head stretched out to the hinder Muscles of the Ears h. The Muscle of the Fore-head i. A frontal Appendix spred out upon the Back of the Nose kkk The orbicular Muscle of the Eye l. The triangular Muscle of the Nostrils m. The common muscle of the Lips which lefts up n. The first proper muscle of the upper Lip o. The second proper Muscle of the upper Lip p. The trumpeters Muscle q. The chewing Muscle r. The common Muscle depressing the Lips s The proper Muscle of the lower Lip caled Mentalis deprimens tt The third commmon Orbicular Muscle of the Lips u. The Circular Muscle of the Nose xxx The part of the Earlet termed Helix y. The opposite Part cal'd Anthelix z. The part of the Ear-let cal'd Tragus A. The Antitragus V. The Lobe or lap of the Earlet page 151 The other two which are commonly triangular and like the Greek letter Δ on each side one with a sharp and fleshy beginning do grow from the Suture of the Forehead by the Foramen lachrymale or Tear-hole and are implanted into the Spina or the Pinnae of the Nose I have somtimes observed an Appendix thereof to have descended to the upper Lip viz in such as cannot lift up their Nose without their Lips Casserius against the mind of all Anatomists draws its original from the Pinnae of the Nose but they are moveable The two first Strâ—itners which are little do arise fleshy about the Root of the Pinnae are carried along transversly and inserted into the corners of the Alae Casserius did first of all observe a portion thereof and describe it which is not alwaies found for more often the circular Sphincter involves the Pinnae of the Nose orbicularly The Use thereof is a little to shut the Nostrils depressing the Pinnae The remaining two are exceeding firm and membranous lying hid under the Coat of the Nostrils in the inner part They arise from the Extremity of the Nose-bone and are implanted into the Pinnae or Wings Besides these Muscles of the Nose aforesaid I have found on the Nose-back of a certain person a fleshy Muscle thin stretched right out from the frontal muscle with a broad Basis and ending soon after narrower about the outmost Gristle of the Nose Gristles do make up the Substance of the lower part of the Nose and are five in number The two uppermost being broad ones do stick unto the Bones of the Nose and the more they descend the softer they grow so that the end of the Nose hath a substance partly gristly and partly ligamental The third being in the middle of the other two make sthe partition-wall between the two Nostrils By these are placed the other two of which the Pinnae of the Nose are constituted and they are tied together by membranous Ligaments As to Vessels It hath Veins from the Jugulars Arteries from the Carotides Nerves from the third pare on each side one which goes through the holes common to the Nose and eyes at the greater corner into the Coat of the Nose and the Muscles and the Palate The Coat which cloaths the Nostrils is from the dura Mater and
but broad fleshy sunk into store of Fat is carried down wards right on to the upper Lip which moves it directly upwards with the first pare Sometimes also it is obliquely inserted into the confines of both the Lips wherefore some do make two pare therof The first pare common to both Lips is long fleshy broad at the beginning arises outwardly from the Jugal process and descending obliquely through the Cheeks it is terminated in the space between the two Lips Sometimes I have seen it from the beginning drawn out as a Rope to the first proper pare It s Use is to draw both the Lips obliquely upwards towards the Temples The second common pare of the Lips from the lower Jaw-bone to the sides of the chin fleshy arises with a broad beginning and sometimes stretched out to the middle of the chin grows by little and little narrower ' till it is obliquely inserted into the same confine of each Lip but lower which draws away the Lips obliquely downwards and outwards in such as grin and gern for anger The third Muscle common to the two Lips is circular like a Sphincter encompassing and constituting the whole Mouth spungy and firmly sticking to the ruddy Skin it draws the Mouth together when people simper as Virgins are wont to do The proper pare of the lower Lip is called Par Mentale the Chin-pare arising from the middle of the Chin with a broad beginning and aseends directly to the middle of the lower Lip which it moves downwards Now all the Muscles of the Lips are so mixed with the Skin that the Fibres do cross one another mutually and therefore the motions of the Lips are very divers To cause that exquisite Sense which is in the Lips Branches of Nerves are sent thither and Veins and Arteries from the neighbouring places from whence that same ruddy splendor of the Lips proceeds a note of Beauty and of Health The Muscles of the lower Jaw for it is moved the upper being immoveable some reckon eight others ten called Masticatorij Mansorij Molares Chewers Eaters Grinders because they serve for the chewing or grinding of the meat One only pare depresses the Jaw because it is apt to go downwards of it self the other pares setch it up which are exceeding strong ones Hence it is that some can take heavy weights from the ground with their teeth and so carry them Hence phrantick and otherwise distracted persons do shut their mouths with so much stubbornness and strength that they can hardly be opened with great force and iron Instruments Contrariwise the stubbornest person in the World may be compelled without much ado to shut his or her mouth The first Muscle is termed Crotaphites the temporal Muscle from its Scituation because it possesses the Cavity of the Temples This is the greatest of them all firm and strong yet firmer and stronger in some Beasts as Lyons Wolves Dogs Swine c. which were naturally to bite hard Forth End of the temporal Muscle is in the begining of the lower Jaw which it moves and draws upwards and so shuts the mouth and it is terminated in a sharp process with a tendinous Nerve short and strong Now it arises from the Temples wich a beginning broad fleshy and semicircular and by little and little grows narrower as it descends Three Nerves are on each side inserted thereinto two from the third pare another from the fift pare And therefore this Muscle being wounded or bruised there is great danger of Convulsion and of Death in conclusion especially if the lower part be hurt which is most Nervous And because of the distention hereof Hypocrates did pronounce the Luxation of the lower Jaw-bone to be deadly unless it were put presently in joynt again For safeguard sake Nature hath given it 1. A Membrane thick and hard and black and blew in color wherewith it is covered and shines with a neat color the Pericraneum so that the inner part of the Muscle being all fleshy doth there stick to the bone without the Pericranium 2. The Os jugale over the lower part Tendinous and Nervous 3. She hath fenced the Tendon with flesh above and beneath The second Muscle is the Mansorius primus first chewer called Masseter Molitor and Mandibularis or Lateralis seated in the Cheeks It arises from a double Head the one fleshy the other Nervous from the Os jugale and the first bone of the upper Jaw It is implanted into the lower part of the Jaw-bone by a Connexion sufficiently broad and strong which it turns this way and that way in such as are eating For the Fibres of the Head do so interfere and cross one another that they move the Jaw both forwards and backwards and side-wayes The third pair is the Pterygoides or Alare externum the outward Wing-muscle the finding whereof we owe to Fallopius but Vesalius accounts it a part of the temporal Muscle 'T is seated under the temporal It arises from the Os Sphaenoideum and the external processus Alaris with a beginning partly Nervous and partly fleshy 'T is implanted into the Neck of the lower Jaw-bone and the inner seat of the Head thereof It s Use is to move forwards and thrust out The fourth is termed Mansorius alter the other Chewer or Alaris internus being thick and short It arises Nervous from the Productions of Os Sphaenoideum called Alatae internae and is inserted into the inner and hinder part of the Jaw with a broad and strong Tendon It s Use is to draw the Jaw upward and backward to assist the temporal Muscle The fift is termed Graphyoides because It arises from the Appendix Styloides Membranou s and broad and soon becoming round and fleshy t is inserted into the Chin. Hence it is seen to have a double belly and therefore 't is also termed Digastricus twi-belly 'T is fastned to a Ligament least it should go too far back For Its Use is to draw the Jaw downwards and so to open the Mouth Others do reckon for another pair part of the Musculus quadratus fixed in the middle of the Chin. Which broadest Muscle arising from the upper part of the Brest-bone the Channel bone and the Shoulder tip and covering the Neck and the whole Face after Galen Sylvius and Theophilus Riolanus describes in this place I spoke thereof in the beginning of the Chapter Chap. 12. Of the Parts contained in the Mouth viz. the Gums Palate Uvula Fauces and Throat-bone PArts contained in the Mouth besides the Teeth are the Gums Palate Uvula Fauces Tongue-bone Tongue Almonds or Tonsillae Larrnx and beginning of the Gullet Of the three later I spoke in my second Book because of the Connexion of Parts Of the five former we will treat in this Chapter and of the Tongue in the Chapter following GINGIVA the Gum is an hard flesh compassing the Teeth like a Rampart and in such as have lost
continued Body which is the cause that when one Eye moves the other is moved also This Pare is lesser and harder than the former and stretched out by the visive pare goes out of the Skull at other holes to the Muscles of the Eyes and Ey-lids It sometimes though seldom sends a branch to the temporal Muscle and that is the Cause that the said Muscle being hurt the Eye is hurt and the Eye being hurt that is hurt The Fourth Fift and Sixt pares are much confounded by Anatomists For some make the fourth and fift Pare one and call it the third Pare consisting of two roots the lesser of which some do make the third pare and they themselves do make the fift and sixt pare one viz the fourth pare by them so called But those who reckon it for one they count the fourth pare according to my reckoning for the lesser root of the third pares and the sixt pare for the fourth whereas we distinguish all these pares The fourth pare therefore which others as Bauhinâ— count the third others as Fallopius the eighth pare others badly the lesser root of the third pare for it hath nothing common with the following pare is not joyned to it either in the Beginning or the Progress and grows out of the order of other pares â— according to some From the side of the Beginning of the Medulla oblongata according to others it grows with a very small Nerve out of the lowest and hinder seat of the Medulla Cerebri or marrow of the Brain then it is carried forwards and fastned to the second pare it goes with it out at the common hole enters the socket of the Eye and sends one from it self branches Into the fat of the Eye the fift Muscle and by a peculiar hole of the Bone of the Fore-head it goes out to the Skin of the Fore-head and the upper Eye-lid And these are furnished by its first branch The second furnishes the Muscles of the upper Lip and some of the Nose and the Lip it self and Gums The third by the Cavity of the Nostrils serves the coat of the said Nostrils The fourth serves the inner part of the temporal Muscle All which branches Fallopius doth attribute to the two following Conjugations but my distribution is propounded by Vesalius Columbus Pâ—uerus and Bauhinus The fift Pare which others count the thicker root of the third pare is commonly thought to furnish the Tongue with the sense of Tasting This arises neer the following Conjugation out of the sides of the Medulla oblongata and presently after its passage through the Os sphenoïdes a writhen branch comes out like a tendrel of a Vine which some think is done to make it harder and is united with two little twigs of the auditory Nerve It furnishes the Muscles of the Face the Temporal Muscle the chewing Muscle of the Cheeks the Skin of the Face the Gums and Teeth for by their means the Teeth have all the sense they have the Muscle that lies concealed in the mouth and the lower Lip The sixt pare which some call Quarta Conjugatio others the smaller root of the fourth Conjugation Hath a smaller Original next the former and somwhat harder than it It goes through a common hole with the former and yet it doth not therefore become one pare with the former for the third fourth and seventh pare as I reckon them do also pass through one and the same hole It is carried into the Palate Others would have this pare also to serve the sense of Tasting The seventh pare which others count the eighth others the ninth others the smaller portion of the fift pare when as in the mean while it is a peculiar pare smaller and harder than the fift also distinct therefrom in its original and progress For it arises a little before the fift commonly so called in the middest of the Medulla oblongata and going over the third pare and cutting the same it proceeds along between the third and fourth pare where it is carried upwards and forewards towards the sides It goes out of the hole with the third and fourth pare and is commonly quite spent upon the Musculus abducenâ— of the Eye But that is a question which others say that it is carried into the temporal Muscle and into that which lies concealed in the Mouth The Eighth pare which others count the fift which is called Auditorium the Hearing pare arises close by the sides of the former only a little below It enters the Os petrosum and is dividâ—d into the greater branch which being spred out they wil have to make the Drum and the lesser broad below as if it would accompany the sixt Conjugation TABLE â— The Explication of the FIGURE This TABLE presents the Original of the Nerves to be seen in the Brain turned underside upwards AA The Smelling Nerves reckoned by our Author for the first pare bb Their mammillary processes or Teat-like productions CC. The optick Nerves cut off neer the Eye-holes the second pare D. The Glandula pituitaria E. The Infâ—ndibilum or Funnel ff Two white kernels set before the passage of the Brain GG The greater Branch of the Carotick Artery HH The Arteria Cervicalis III. The Beginning of the spinal marrow within the Skul Kkk. The small branches of the Arteries which others call the Retâ— mirabile LL. Nerves of the third pare according to our Author MM. The Beginnings of the Nerves of the fift pare OO The Nervi Auditorij or the eighth pare PP The Beginnings of the ninth Pare QQ The Rise of the tenth Pare SS The Cerebellum or Brainlet page 326 It sends branches through the first and second Vertebra to the proper Musces of the Larynx and therefore it is that picking our Ears too deep a dry Cough is caused It is thought somtimes to send branches to the Arm with the fourth fift and sixt of the Arm and somtimes into the whole Foot with the Nerves of the Back-bone after it hath accompanied the Spinal Marrow going downwards The ninth pare which others call par sextum and vagum the fixt and roaming or wandring pare because it furnishes very many parts here and there yea and all the internal parts seated in the middle and lower Bellies which receive branches for sense seeing they are soft bodies nor can away with the harder sort of Nerves springing from the spinal Marrow And because of the long way they go they are cloathed with strong Membranes and are carried united to the neighboring parts This Pare arises a little beneath the foregoing sundry fibres being presently united It goes out through the hole of the Occiput through which the Ramus major jugularis internae had ascended and not faâ— from its egress it provides for the Muscles seated in the Neck especially the Cucularis Then the Trunk descends and is knit with the last pare the Carotick Artery and Jugular Vein and sends branches athâ—art through the Membrane
is their immediate nutritive Matter and in Ligaments Membranes and Nerves that same clammy humor shed in amongst them Of the solid Bones not hollowed the immediate Nutritive matter is thick Blood sent in through the pores because 1. Being broken they are joyned with a Callus bred of the Remainders of the alimentary Blood 2. They are liable to Imposthumation in their Substance the superfluities of the nourishment putrifying in the pores Hofman allows that they are nourished with Blood contained in the Marrow and that the Marrow serves the Blood by carrying the solid part The Efficient is the Vis oâ—â—ifica or Bone-making faculty or the innate faculty acting by the Assistance of Heat The Form of a Bone is the Soul as of the whole and in the next place the ratioÌ„ formalis whereby a Bone is a Bone and no other thing 2. de Gen. Anim. cap. 1. And therefore the Bones of dead persons are not properly but equivocally Bones The Accidents or Adjuncts of Bones are their sundry Figures Solidity Strength c. of which hereafter The End or Use of the Bones is 1. To be the Foundations and Supporters of the whole Body like Pillars or Foundations in Houses 2. To be as a Safeguard for some parts as the Skull saveguards the Brain 3. To serve for going as is apparent in the Thighes and Legs and therefore Serpents Worms and other Creepers which have no Legs cannot go but are forced to crawl 4. There are some private uses of divers Bones of which in the special History of Bones 5. Certain Medicinal Uses there are of Bones Their Pouder cures a Cancer Fevers any Fluxes Their Oyl is good for the Gout the Magistery of a Mans Skull is good against the Falling-sickness as also the triangular Bones of the Occiput c. The Situation of the Bones is deep because they are the Foundations and Upholders of the Body They vary in Magnitude according to the variety of their Utilities Great are the Bones of the Leg Thigh Arm Shoulder c. Small those of the Ear serving for Hearing the Sesamoidean Bones the Teeth the Wrist-bones c. They are many in number and not one only because of the variety of motions and lest that one being hurt all should be hurt Now a monstrous thing it is for a Child to be born without Bones such an one as Hippocrates speaks of being a Boy four fingers big but not long-liv'd the like to which Forestus also saw The Number of all the Bones of the Body is not the same in all Persons For in Children they are more which by degrees grow together and become fewer Others may number the Epiphysis by themselves as distinct Bones and so make a mighty number Others may omit the Sesamoidean and other small Bones or such as are seldom found as in the Carotick Arteries and so doth Archangelus who reckons but two hundred forty nine others make commonly three hundred and four Others as many as there are daies in the year They vary in Figure some are round others flat some sharp others blunt c. as shal be shewed when we come to speak severally of the particulars The Colour in such as are naturally constituted is white mixt with a very little red They are all of them externally inclosed not internally with the Periostium excepting the Teeth sesamoidean Bones and the sides of the other Bones where they are mutually joyned one to another And the Periostium is exquisitely sensible but the Bones themselves want the sense of Feeling excepting the Teeth to whom we may attribute some Sense seeing they feel exceeding cold Air or Water yea with their Ends especially when the Teeth are on Edge before it reach to the little Membranes and Nerves by help wherof they are thought to Feel The Connexion of the Bones is various But the mutual and artificial hanging together of all the Bones is by the Greeks cal'd Skeleton as if you would say a dried Carcass from Skellein to drie Being compacted partly with the natural Ligaments dried with the Bones partly with artificial ones somtimes bolt upright otherwhiles in the posture of sitting which doth not properly belong to Anatomy but the other Natural Osteology framed by Nature and adorned with its own moist Ligaments And this natural Cohaerence or Connexion according to Galen is made either Cat ' árthron by way of Joynting or catà sumphusin by way of growing together He makes Arthron a Joynt to be double viz. Diarthrosis or by way of Diarticulation or joynting such as are Enárthrosis Arthrodia and Gigglumos or Sunarthrosis such as he reckons Suture Harmonie and Gomphosis Moreover Symphysis or growing together is said to be with or without a Medium But I shall thus divide the Connexions of the Bones The Bones are fastned together either by Articulation or Joynting or by Symphysis or growing together Articulation or Joynting is with motion and that either obscure which others cal neuter or doubtful Articulation as that of the Ribs with the Vertebrae also of the Bones of the Wrist and Pedium or evident loose and manifest and it is called Diarthrosis of which there are three sorts I. Enarthrosis Inarticulation which is when there is a great quantity both of the Cavity of the Bone receiving and of the Head of the Bone which is received as in the Articulation of the Thigh with the Huckle-bone II. Arthrodia is where the Cavity receiving is superficial and the Head received flat as is that of the lower Jaw with the Bone of the Temples III. Gigglumos when the same Bone both receives so that contiguous bones do mutually enter one into another And it is done three manner of waies 1. When the same bone is received by one bone which receives the same again mutually as we see in the Articulation of the Shoulder-bone with the Cubit 2. When one bone receives and is received of another as in the Vertebrae For the Vertebra being placed in the middle receives the upper and is received by the lower 3. In manner of a wheel as that of the second Vertebra of the Neck with the first where upon the Axel-tree as it were of one Vertebra another is turned and wheeled about By Sumphusis or growing together Bones are fastned when the Connexion is without motion and two Bones do only touch one another or approach mutually one to another as in the former And this growing together is either without a medium or with it Without a Medium 1. Rhaphé a Suture as in the Skul 2. Harmonia which is a joyning of Bones by a single Line streight oblique or circular as in bones of the upper Jaw and the Nose And so all Epiphyses in a manner are joyned 3. Gomphosis that is to say Nailing when one Bone is fastned into another as a Nail in a Post as the Teeth in the Jaw-bones These three sorts Galen and others following him have comprehended under Synarthrosis as the Genus
Jaw-bone like a Pipe so that a bristle put in at one hole will come out of the other The one is more inward hindermore and greater receiving in a part of those Nerves which we reckon to be the fift pare to the Roots of the teeth with a little Vein and Artery The other is more outward less round by which a Branch of the foresaid Nerve received in is sent out to the lower Lip It hath sundry Asperities and Cavities for the Risings and Insertions of Muscles Also on each side two Processes called Horns carried upwards One goes out forwards broad and thin whose point or sharp end is called Corone into which the Tendon of the Temporal Muscle is implanted And therefore Hippocrates counts the Luxation of the lower Jaw-bone deadly The other hindermore is carried backwards representing a little bunch and is called condulodes having a little Head coverd with a gristly crust under which there is a longish Neck By this Process the Articulation is made with the Temple bones where yet another Gristle is placed between the Cavity and the gristly head to facilitate the motion Also a common membranous Ligament doth cover this Articulation Chap. XII Of the Teeth in General THe Teeth are called DENTES as if you would say Edentes Eaters and by the Greeks odontes as it were edôuntes Eaters and they are Bones properly so called hard and solid smooth and white like other Bones They have some things peculiar which other bones have not which nevertheless doth not exclude them from the number of Bones 1. They are harder than other Bones that they may bite and chew hard things and they are little less harder tha Stones nor can they easily be burnt in the Fire and whereas in the Sarcophagus or Flesh-eating Stone the whole body is consumed in forty daies the Teeth remain unimpaired and therefore Tertullian writes that in them is the Seed of our future Resurrection 2. The Teeth are naked without any Periosteum least they should pain us when we chew 3. Yet they have a Sense but more of the first than of the second Qualities and especially rather of what is cold than what is hot contrary to the Nature of flesh according to Hippocrates and hence they are so an◠to be set on edg But the whole Tooth doth not feel of it self but the inner softer and more marrowy part which is covered over with an hard external part which is not pained neither by Fire nor Iron as in a Sword under the most hard rind of the Steel an Irony marrow less hard lies within and the Skin through the sensless Skars-skin doth feel so the inner part of the Tooth feels through the outmost into which inner part being hollow little soft Nerves enter and little cloathing Membranes Hereupon a certain Nun at Padua causing a very long Tooth shee had above all the rest to be cut off to avoid the Deformity thereof shee presently fell down into a Convulsion and Epileptick fit Now in the part of her Tooth which was cut off there appeared the tokens of a Nerve 4. Hence they receive Nerves into their Cavity which other bones do not 5. They grow longer than any other of the Bones almost all a mans life because they are dayly worn by biting and grinding as Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo The hardest Stone a dropping House-Eve hollows Cause drop upon drop drop after drop still follows But not by force And look how much they wear away so much are they still augmented which hence appears in that if any Tooth fall out and grow not again the opposite Tooth grows so much the longer as the empty space of the former Tooth comes to Fallopius considering the praemises and how new Teeth are thought to breed he collects that the formative faculty remains alive in the Teeth to extream old age Helmont counts the matter of the Bone not to be meerly boney but as it were of a middle nature betwixt Bone and Stone because the Teeth turn to Stone whatever kind of food sticks long to them be it Bread Flesh Herbs Fish Apples Beans or Pease c. But there is no petrification or turning to Stone unless the things eaten be of a tartareous Nature but only a drying the moisture being consumed by the Spittle nor are the Teeth made bigger by that addition which somtimes is scraped off somtimes turne to clammy filth The Teeth are bred in the Womb after the Generation of the Jaw-bones twelve in each Jaw or a few more as I shall speak hereafter touching their number four Cutters two Dog-teeth six Grinders which lie somwhat imperfect and concealed within the Jaws for it is rare for an Infant to be born toothed least the child as it sucks should hurt the Nipple And therefore in an Abortion or a young Infant small teeth may be pulled out They break out of the Gums sooner in Brutes though Varro be otherwise minded as touching Horses because they are sooner capable of solid meat in mankind at the seventh month or later after the Child is a year old and the upper sooner than the lower yet in some the lowest first and among the rest The fore-teeth in the first place because 1. They are most sharp 2. They are less then the rest 3. Because the Jaw-bone is there thinnest 4. Because there is most need of them both to speak with and to cut and bite the meat And at that time when the Teeth of Infants shoot forth Hippocrates tels us that Feavers Convulsions Fluxes of the Belly arise especially when the Dog-teeeth come forth because when the Teeth make their way through the Gums they torment more than pricks in the Flesh These Teeth have a Substance boney hard and hollow where they break out but in their hinder part they have a soft substance covered with a thin and transparent Membrane And about the seventh and fourteenth yeer other Teeth are wont to break out the former falling away in both the Jaws ten four Cutters two Dog-teeth and four Grinders And the former fall out in the fourth fift and sixt year because the holes grow wider and therefore the Teeth being at that time soft do grow loose and fall out Nicephorus in his Interpretation of Dreams saies that for a man to dream he looses a Tooth another comes in the Rome betokens gain and unexpected Joy If their Teeth do not shed the latter Teeth come out at new holes the upper commonly on the outside the lower on the inside as there were new ranks of Teeth More frequently they spring out on the sides and augment the number But these Teeth are not bred anew without the Womb for then likewise Membranes Nerves Vessels and Ligaments might be bred anew but the seeds of them lie within the Jaws For Eustachius and Riolanus have observed some smaller Teeth at the back of the rest which fall out a very thin partition being
removed which is found between the two sorts of Teeth But a rare case it is for Teeth to breed again after many years and in old age As Thuanus relates of a man that was an hundred yeer old in our Fionia a man of an hundred and forty years of age had new Teeth Helmont saw an old Man and Woman of sixty three yeers of age whose Teeth grew again with such pains as Children have when breed they teeth which was no token of their long living for both of them died that yeer Sir Francis Bacon hath the like Example touching an old Man But now let us speak of the Teeth in grown persons The Teeth are seated in the Compass of the two Jaw-bones in Mankind shut up within his mouth in a Boar they stick out as also in the Whale-fish cal'd Narhual in our Greenland which sends out an exceeding long wreathed Tooth â—ut of the left side of his upper Jaw which is commonly taken for the Unicorns horn and is yet of great value among Noble Men and Princes In Magnitude they come short of the Teeth of other Animals because of the smallness of Mans mouth And in Mankind some have greater others less They vary in Figure In Man they are of a threefold figure Cutters Dog-teeth and Grinders as shall be said in the following Chapter save that Fontanus observed in a certain Man that they were all Grinders which he had In Creatures that chew the Cud they are double Cutters and Grinders In Fishes they are in a manner all perfectly sharp excepting one kind of Whale which the Islanders call Springwall whose teeth are blunt but broad The Surface is smooth and even The Colour white and shining unless negligence Age or sickness hinder The Number is not the same in all Men for to let pass rarities viz. that some men are born with one continued tooth in their upper Jaw-bone which they relate of Pyrrhus and a certain Groenlander brought hither in the Kings Ships also of a double and tripple row of teeth such as I have seen in some Fishes and such as Lewis the thirteenth King of France had and which Solinus writes of Mantichora and is known of the Lamia which hath five ranks strangely ordered and among them exceeding sharp teeth resembling the stones called Glossopetrae and therefore Columna took the teeth of a Lamian turned to stone to be the Glossopetrae or precious Stones of Malta so called of which I have spoke elswhere In a Sea-wolf I have observed a double rank the former of sharp teeth the inner of grinders close joyned together which possess the lower part of the Palate A man hath ordinarily but one rank in each Jaw-bone and twenty eight in all somtimes thirty in the upper Jaw sixteen in the lower fourteen but for the most part thirty two sixteen in each Jaw But this number is seldom changed save in the grinders which somtimes are on each side five somtimes sour otherwhiles five above four beneath or five on the right and four on the left side or contrarily A great number of teeth argues length of life few teeth a short life according to Galen and Hippocrates And rightly For the rarity and fewness of teeth is bad as a Sign and a Cause for it argues want of matter and the weakness of the formative faculty As a Cause because few teeth cannot well prepare the meat and so the first digestion is hurt and consequently the second But we must understand that this prediction holds for the most part but not alwaies as Scaliger well disputes against Cardan in his 271. Exercitation For Augustus who lived seventy six years is said to have had thin few and scalie teeth and so likewise Forestus who lived above eighty years Their Connexion is by way of Gomphosis for they seem to be fixed in their holes as nails in a post Also they are tied by strong Bands unto their nests which bands stick to their roots and then the Gums compass them of which before The outer Substance is more solid and hard not feeling the inner is a little more soft endued with sense by reason of the neighborhood of a Nerve and Membrane and hath in it a Cavity larger in Children then Elder persons and compassed about till they be seven years old with a thin Scale like the Combs of Bees and full of snotty matter in grown persons the humor being dried up it is diminished This Cavity is cloathed with a little Membrane of exquisite Sense which if it imbibes some Humor flowing from the Brain extream Tooth-ach follows In this begin Erosions Putrefactions and most painful Rottenness and herein somtimes grow the smallest sort of worms which exceedingly torment men Vessels are carried to this Cavity by the holes of the Roots of the Teeth As Veins to carry back the blood after nutrition and continual augmentation Which are not seen so apparently in Mankind as neither the Veins of the adnata tunica of the Eyes but they are manifestly seen in Oxen and are gathered from the sprinkling of blood in the Cavity Little Arteries to afford Natural Heat and Blood for Nutrition and Alteration And therefore upon an Inflamation a pulsative pain of the teeth is somtimes caused which Galen experimented in himself Hence much lightful shineing blood comes somtimes from a tooth that has an hole made in it and somtimes so as to cause death Little Nerves tender and fine are carried to them from the first pare according as we reckon which go through the Roots into the Cavity where they are spred abroad within and by small twigs mingled with a certain mucilaginous Substance sound in the middle of the teeth The Use of the Teeth In the first and chiefest place is to chew and grinde the meat And therefore such as have lost their teeth are fain to content themselves with suppings and therefore Nicephorus reckons that it is bad to dream of a mans teeth falling out and saies it signifies the loss of a Friend 2. They serve to form the voice and therefore Children do not speak till their mouths are full of teeth especially the fore teeth which help the framing of some certain Letters Hence those that have lost their teeth cannot pronounce some Letters as for Example T. and R. in the speaking whereof the tongue being widened â—ought to rest upon the fore-teeth Also the loss of the grinders hurts the Explication or plain Expression of the Words according to Galen so that the Speech becomes slower and less clear and easie Let therefore such as have lost their teeth procure artificial ones to be set in and with a golden wire to be firmly fastned 3. For Ornament For such as want their teeth are thereby deformed 4. Homer conceives the teeth are an edg to the tongue and Speech to keep in a mans words and prevent prating 5. In Brutes they serve to fight withal in which case a man uses his hands 6. In the
of the milkie Veins do go DD. Two milkie Branches greater then the rest ascending by the Porta and inserted into the Liver by the Opinion of Asellius EE The Lobes of the Liver F. The Gall. GG The empty Gut called Jejunum HH The Ilium OO Glandulous Flesh in Dogs by the Duodenum and the Entrance of the Jejunum which may be called in Dogs the lower part of the Pancreas page â—â—â— Some also there are who suppose that the blood being carried out of the Heart does go back and return again by the Arteries into the Heart Which they are therefore moved to think that they may be able to give a mechanick cause why the Valves of the Heart in the Orifice of the Arteries do fall down and are closed up I truly have alwaies esteem that a rare design of Erasistratus to explain all things that happen in our Body mechanically but I account it a rash thing in him to measure the Wisdom of God by his own Wisdom And these are to be counted Engins which evident reason and especially Sense do shew to be such Here contrariwise our Senses observe that the blood goes through the Arteries from the Heart not to the Heart and in a rare and languishing Pulse that the Artery does not swell last where it is knit to the Heart as it should do if that Opinion were true but first of all Also that the Valves are not shut by the blood running back we have this sign that in case the Artery be bound two fingers from the Heart and it be so opened betwixt the Ligature and the Valves that the blood may freely pass forth and therefore go neither backwards nor forwards yet the Valves may be divers times well sastned the Heart ordinarily moved and so as not to sâ—ed forth the blood save in its constriction And therefore if I would here allow of any mechanical Motion I should admit the common Opinion which saies that the shutting as of the heart so of the Valves is performed by contraction of the Fibres For that same contraction of the fibres in the Heart is every where obvious to the Eye-sight But we have truly no sign or â—oken that the Blood is any other waies directly moved through the Veins from the Heart or through the Arteries to the Heart In Joy truly the Humors move outwards but this may be betide by the Arteries alone And in Sadness the Humors may be moved inwardly through the Veins alone and they must needs do so for seeing the Pulse does not cease in Sadness and by the Pulse there goes continually somwhat through the Arteries outwards hardly can any thing be moved through the Arteries inwards and to the Heart Howbeit praeternaturally the humors have another motion besides that which we have here described whilest by their lightness or other activity they mount upwards or by their weight descend downwards as is manifest in such as have the Varices so called Also that way being shut up by which they were wont to be moved they are compelled to seek another So in a Duck I have divers times seen in the Vessels of the Breast the blood parti-coloured some whiteish some reddish which the Artery being contracted was moved to and from the Heart in divers sides of the Artery but that motion lasted not long nor did the blood ever enter into the Heart by that motion And thus most worthy Friend Bartholine I conceive I have answered your Question touching the motion of the Blood Whereinto I did enquire more scrupulously that I might better know the Nature of the Humors and their Deflux from which Flux of Humors innumerable Diseases arise I did also believe that I might more exactly understand how good or bad blood was generated if I knew those Parts by which the Humor passing along might be changed Also I conceived that I should be better able to judg how very many Diseases ought to be cured if I knew which Vein being opened would evacuate such and such parts and through what parts the Remedy ought to pass before it can come to the part affected Also innumerable things came into my mind diffused through our whole Art as the Doctrine of Pulses of Feavers of Inflammations their Generation and Cure and other things which made me desire to be acquainted with this Motion of Blood And the Experiments whereby I was brought into this Opinion are so evident that I doubt not to affirm that learned and discreer Physitians will henceforwards allow of this Motion of the Chyle and Blood Howbeit in some Causes and in certain circumstances of this Motion I cannot promise the like Agreement for sundry men are Naturally inclined by a disparity of their Judgments to embrace different Opinions Touching the truth of these Experiments you cannot my Bartholine make Question who have your self seen many of them and there were frequently present most learned Doctors of Physick not unknown to you Franciscus Sylvius Johannes Van Horn Ahasuerus Schmitnerus most accurate Dissecters and those persons of solid Learning Franciscus vander Schagen and Antonius Vockestaert nor were they only present but they also afforded their Counsels and Handiwork to help make the said Experiments to whom in that respect I am very much obliged And so farewel most learned Bartholine and persist to love me Dated at Leyden the 10. of the Kalends of October Anno 1640. THE SECOND LETTER OF THE Motion of the Blood To the said BARTHOLINUS SUch is the Fate of Writers that they are comcompelled to write when they are unwilling that so they may answer their Adversaries unless they would rather be wanting to themselves or the cause which they defend A certain learned Man would needs extort this from me being busied about far other matters For those Theses which he had before objected against he hath endeavored now lately by a peculiar Writing to refute In which Writing there are many witty and learned Passages but I find that fault in the Author which the Ancients found in Albutius the Rhetoritian who made it his Business in every Cause he pleaded not to say all that should be said but all that he was able to say Also that Motion of the Blood which is evident in live Dissections he hath never labored to observe just as if the matter might better be conceived by the Mind then he could see it with his Eyes But these and other things concerning those Theses I leave to the Care of Roger Drak who is now a Doctor of Physick at London a Man of an acute Wit and solid Learning I shall only meddle with such things as shall seem to oppose the circular Motion of Blood And in the first place what it is that Blood-letting does teach us in this Case concerning which that learned Man hath observed things worthy of Consideration A Surgeon being to open a Vein makes a Ligature upon the Arm that the Vein may swell The Vein that swells
Membranes Vessels Use The Error of Asclepiades and Paracelsus The Situation of the Piss-bladder It s Magnitude Its Connexion It s Substance Membranes The Crust of the Bladder The expulsive Muscle of the Bladder It s Holes It s Neck The Sphincter Muscle Its Vessels It s Use The Spermatick Vessels and their Original Their Magnitude Their Passage Their Use The Stones Their Number Why placed without in Men Their Greatness Their Figure Whether the left Stone be colder then the right The Error of Aristotle Whether Nature alwaies intends to beget Boys Their Coats Common The Cod. Why void of Fat Porper The Substance of the Stones Vessels Muscles The Efficiens cause of the Seed Without the Stones there is no Generation The Sympathy of the Stones with the whole Body The Parastatae Names Their Substance Their Rise Their Use See Fig. III. Tab. XXI Whether a Bull may ingender after he is guel Whether seed is contained in the Bladderkies Whether in the Prostatae See Tab. XXII Let. QQ Whether the Prostatae do make seed The seat of the Gonorrhaea The Prostatae do not help to make seed Its Names Situation Figure Magnitude Why the Yard is void of Fat the first Opinion Laurentius his Error It s Substance The four Parts of the Yard Urethra The Nut of the Yard â— The nervous Bodies Whence the hardness and Erection of the Yard proceeds The Muscles of the Yard Copulation Conception The Genitals in Women quite different from those in men The similitude of the Yard and of the Womb ridiculous The praeparatory Vessels in women How they differ from those in Men. How the Stones of Women differ from those of Men. Why Womens stones are placed within their Bodies Why the womb is placed in the Hypogastrium It s Magnitude The true Figure of the Womb. The Ligaments of the Womb. The upper Ligaments of the Womb. The falling down of the Womb. The Lower It s Substance Its Membranes Its Vessels Why the left Veins of the Womb are joyned to the right Anastomoses in the womb The Largeness of the Uterine Vessels A Child conceived in a womans Stomach The wombs motion Why sweet smelling things do hurt some women See Tab. XXVII The short Neck of the womb Some Cause of Barrenness The Bottom No Cavities or Cells in the womb of a woman Why Horns are said to be in the wombs of women The inner Orifice of the womb Some Causes of Barrenness The Use of the Orifice of the womb When the Mouth of the womb is opened See Tab. XXVII Wrinkles in the Neck of the womb The Orifice of the Bladder See Fig. IV. and V. of Taâ— XXVIII That there is some true sign of Virginity Why Virgins are pained in their first carnal Copulation An Exception What is the token of Virginity The I. Opinion of the Arabians The II. Opinion The III. Opinion The IV. Opinion The V. Opinion strengthned by many Authors The Confutation of such as deny it to be alwaies found in Virgins The VI. Opinion The hole in the middle of the Hymen is of several fashions A Question touching the shedding of blood in the first Copulation Whether Conception may be made without hurting the Hymen Parts of the Privitie See Fig. II. and III. of the XXVIII Tab. See Fig. IV. of Tab. XXVIII See Tab. XXVIII It s Substance Its Muscles Tentigo Its Vessels It s Use See FIG III. and IV. of the Tab. XXVIII The Lips and Venus Hillocks Wherâ—â—n the Child in the Womb differs from a grown person Whether the heat of the Womb only â—e the Efficient cause of the Membranes Sundry opinions concerning the matter of the said Membranes Their Number What the Secondine is and why so called Whence the Liquor proceeds that is in the Amnios What the Cotyledons are What the Navil is and of what parts it consists The Vena umbilicalis It s Insertion It s Use The Knots Arteries Anastomoses of the umbilical Vessels Their Twisting The length of the Rope It s thickness The binding of the Navil The Dignity of the Navil is not much Urachus The Urachus is not hollow in Mankind The Error of Laurentius The middle Venter what it is Hypocrates and Aristotle It s Figure Magnitude Substance It s Use Its Parts Common The Use of the hair under the arm-pits Why there is little Fat in the Chest The proper Parts See Tab. XXV Lib. I. Why the Dugs in Mankind are seated in the Breast Number of the Dugs Magnitude The difference of the Dugs in men and women Their Shape Their Parts How the Nipples come to have so exquisite Sense The Dug The Venae Mammariae Why Milk is bred after the child is born Their Arteries The matter of Milk is not Blood as Martianus holds But arises from the Stomach the Chyle The said Opinion refuced And the Argument of Martianus and others are answered Their Nerves Their Pipes The use of the Dugs The Efficient cause of Milk Milk may breed in Virgins Men Women not with Child c. See the Figure of the following Chapter Their Number The Error of others Their use It s Situation It s Figure It s Number Magnitude An Head and Tail in the Midriff It s substance It s Membrane It s Holes Vessels Sardonian Laughter Use How the motion of the Diaphragma is performed What the Pleura is and its Original It s Thickness The place of the matter which causes a Pleurisie It s Holes It s substance Vessels The use of the Mediastinum The Pericardium See Tab. 3. of Book 2. It s Original It s Holes Situation It s Connexion It s Surface It s Substance Its Vessels It s Use Whether all Live-Wights have this wherish Liquor in their Heart-bags Why more plentiful in dead Bodies Whence the liquor in the Heart-bag proceeds The first Opinion It s Use Why the Heart â—â— in the middest of the Body A vulgar Error that the Heart is in the left side Why the point of the Heart enclines to the left side Who have the greatest Hearts Connexion Why the Substance of the Heart is so thick It s Coat Whether Fat is found about the Heart The Coronary Vein of the Heart An Error of Fallopius Whether the Heart be a Muscle The Error of Averroes An Hairy Breast what it signifies An Hairy Heart what it signifieâ— Whether the Heart doe perfect the Blood What things are requisite to perfect the Blood In which Ventricle the Blood is perfected What the Pulse is Its Parts The Heart takes in Blood in the Diastole The Quantity of blood in the Heart The form of the Heart in the Systole The shape of the Heart in the Diastole The next Efficient Cause of the motion of the Heart Whether there be a pulsifick Faculty Remote Causes of the motion of the Heart The Earlets of the Heart why so called What pulses first in an Eg. Their Situation Number Substance Their Surface See Tab. IV. of Book II. Their Motion Their use The Ventricles of
are the only seed-makers as Regius endeavors to prove Which if it were true guelded persons might engender Guelded persons do indeed send forth a moist matter resembling seed and they are provoked to Venery but they can get no Children And if they have been observed at any time to engender according to what is related of guelded Horses and Bulls there was doubtless remaining in the seed-bladders so much seed made by the stones as might serve for one bout of Generation But if they engendred more then once doubtless one stone was left behind when they were guelded Chap. XXIV Of the Yard THe Genital Member of a Man is commonly called in Latin Penis a pendendo because it hangs also Virga the Rod or Yard Colis c. Many other Names are wont to be put upon it which are better past over then mentioned In English t is most usually termed the Yard or Prick Plato in his Timaeus compares it to a certain living Creature because it hath an Appetite to Generation Howbeit it is indeed the Part and Instrument of a Live-wight and the Faculty of Appetite is seated in the Brain T is seated at the Roots of Os pubis that carnal Copulation might more conveniently be accomplished and that it might be no impediment to other parts it is placed in the middle because only one in number Yet there was once a man dissected at Bononia who had two Yards Which also Obsequens relates of a Boy among his Prodigies Another named Anna being lately a vagrant in Italy had no Yard but instead thereof a certain piece of spongy flesh under his Navil which Nature had provided him to piss withal It s Figure is round and long but not exactly because it is broader on the upper â—ide which they call the Back of the Yard It s Magnitude consisting in thickness and length does vary both in the several sorts of Animals and in the Individual Creatures of the same sort Particularly t is in Man so great as was necessary to propagate his species or kind But proportionally shorter then in many Brutes because Mankind couples after another manner then those beasts do In particular Men there is exceeding great variety For it is for the most part greater then ordinary 1. In little Men. 2. In such as abstain from carnal Embracements if we beleive Galen 3. If the Navil-strings be not tied close to the Navil in Infants for otherwise by reason of the Urachus or Piss-pipe the Bladder and neighboring Parts are drawn more upwards Yet Spigelius is herein of a quite contrary mind 4. In such as have large Noses For the proportion of the Yard answers that of the Nose very much if we will beleive Physiognomists 5. In Block-heads and dull-pated Asses Some Nations have this Member larger then ordinary as the Aethiopians or Blackmores It consists of the Scarf-skin Skin fleshy Membrane and a proper substance of its own It is void of Fat even in the fattest men And it is a great question why there is no Fat found either in it or about it Some as Laurentius think it is because fat through its softness would hinder its erection But the Yard will stand as long as the Bodies thereof are blown up Others make the Cause to be least the weight thereof should do hurt and that the Yard might not grow too great But if there were a little Fat it would add nothing to the weight nor would it enlarge the Yard over much The truer Cause therefore is this that there is therefore no Fat that its sense might not be dulled and the pleasure of Copulation abated when the Fat should melt by rubbing the Yard It s proper Substance is not boney as it is in a Dog a Wolf a Fox a Whale c. but peculiar and proper to it self such as is no where to be found in any other Part of the Body Now there are four proper Parts of the Yard the Urethra or Piss-pipe the Nut and the two nervous Bodies The URETHRA or Piss-pipe is a nervous Pipe or Channel alwaies of the same size from the neck of the bladder to which it is joyned but does not arise therefrom nor communicate therewith like a long neck to the End of the Yard save where the Nut is joyned with the nervous Bodies For there indeed it hath a superficial Cavern or Hollowness in which an Ulcer and intollerable pain does somtimes happen when some corroâ—iâ—e humor is thâ—â—â— collected by means of a Gonorrhaea or some other occasion It is exceedingly widened in persons troubled with the stone Alpinus saw it so wide in Aegypt that it would receive a large Hazel-nut And therefore it is easily blown up to draw out the stone In the beginning thereof are those Pores through which we said before the seed stills forth There is also a little Membrane or Caruncle like a Valve stretched before it to keep the seed and urin from returning into the spermatick Vessels It is eroded or fretted by sharp Humors or by use of the Catheter whence follows a perpetual Gonorrhaea Riolanus observs that it is found in Boys till the twentieth year of their Age but I see no cause why it should not remain in their after Age when the encrease of seed makes it more necessary then formerly The Bodies of the Yard do embrace and touch this Urethra and it is â—…d back with them and so reaches to the Nâ—… the figure of an S. The XXIV TABLE All the Parts of the Yard are represented in this TABLE The Explication of the FIGURES FIG I AA The inner Surface of the Urethra being dissected B. A Part of the Urethra which makes its way into the Nut. CC. The Nut of the Yard DD. The two Nervous Bodies of the Yard FIG II. A. The Membrane of the Nervous Body separated B. The blackish Pith of the said Body C. The Nut of the Yard made â—are FIG III. AAA The inner Part of the Nervous Body all the spongy Substance being taken out of it B. The Nerve which goes into the said Body CCC The Artery of the said Body DD. The transparent Partition by Spigelius so called FIG IV. AAA Veins running along the Back of the Yard BB. Arteries CC. The Nerves of the Yard D. The Nut of the Yard FIG V. Shews the Muscles of the Yard in their places AA The Parts about the Buttocks B. The Region of the Share C. The Yard with its Skin â—â—ead off DD. The two Nervous Bodies E. The Urethra or Piss-pipe FF Two Muscles which widen the Piss-pipe GG Two Muscles which raise the Yard aa Their Beginning cut off from the Hip-bone H. The Fundament I. The Sphincter Muscle of the Fundament KK Two Muscles which draw up the Arse-gut page 60 One Membrane is internal and thin of exquisite sense as those can witness who are troubled with the stone With which also the Nut is covered and it is bred out of the thin