â—epend the motion of the parts which is â—ot so much distinguished by the diffeâ—ence of place forward backward upâ—ard downeward to the right hand to â—he left or in orb but also in the figure of â—he part which is called Scheme For figureâ—s â—s the scituation of a part in motion Now â—ince every instrument should be so disâ—os'd that it may most aptly attaine the â—nd unto which it was appointed and that a Muscle is the instrument of so many voluntary expressions of the minde Let us see what neate elegant composure it hath to give an apt satisfaction to so noble important motions The similar parts which concurre to the construction of a Muscle are seven in number to wit a Veine Arterie Nerve Flesh Tendon Membran Fat among which there is a part without which the action cannot be done being that part from which action doth first arise the root or mansion of the facultie all the others subministring to this concurre and conspire to the end of that one action Therefore it is not sufficient to know that a Muscle is the Organ of voluntarie motion but there is need of the acutest edge of wit to finde out that part which exists as Prince and chiefe in it and which is upon commandment of the Soule effective of motion This prerogative of moving a Muscle is most justly given to the Nerve as having the greater aptness for motion for all men very well know that the part moves not but the soule for the instruments move because they are moved by it besides the instrumentâ— that serve any facultie must derive their orginall from that part from whence such a facultie proceeds Now the Nerves have their beginning from the Braine and are afterwards dispersed here and there and derived to other parts greater or lesser according to the diversitie of the Action But there ariseth no small doubt because Galen in many places calls the Nerves the way of the vertue that depends upon the Braine whereupon many assuredly take the Nerves to be onely the Posts Conveyors not Motors had rather call them Illatores thaâ— Motores which is farre from truth for although they do bring the intelligence from the Braine to the Muscles yet withal they do move and worke and they are the Intelligencers and way of conveyance untill they come unto the moveable parts but when they are once entred into the composition of the Muscle they become Agentâ— and Motors Which Marinelius by most cleare and pregnant instances out of Galen maintaines and manifestly demonstrates to be true Now the Braine is the Vniversall organ of voluntarie motion the great mysterie whereof is thus ordered The Braine commandeth as soone as it hath judged whether the thing is be to be avoided or prosecuted the Nerves commonly called Illatores or the Posts for the Intelligence they give bring the commandment and Facultie the Muscle illustrated with the Animall Spirits obeyes and moves the part according to the command of the â—ill and as a Rider by the moving of his Raines guides his Horse so the force of the Soule residing in the Braine moves the Muscles by the Nerves as with Raines for the will is like the Rider the Nerves to Raines and the Muscles to the Horse So it is no motion untill it come to the Muscle for that is truly motion which is done by the intension and remission of the Muscles Sect. IIII. That the Appetite or Will is the first efficient cause but not the chiefe cause of motion the Spirit and Faculty being the more propinque and conjunct cause and that besides the commandment of the Will the endeavor and intention of the mind is necessary thereunto SInce there are divers motions and Actions performed by the members through mediation of the Muscles who have their virtue from a faculty by which Physicians understand that which has a power of Doing or Working who sometimes call them Powers sometimes Virtues a Faculty by the definition of Galen being the cause of an Action for every effecting cause is a Faculty Now since every worke proceedes from some action and it is necessary some cause should also go before every action it followes with reason that as Action is the cause of every worke so some faculty should be the cause of that Action for nothing is done without a cause which is an Axiome in Physique therefore it is altogether necessary to consider the efficient Faculty of Action and the Cause of work for how can any thing be done without an Agent Cause and that which has the power of working Now this is the animall faculty which gives sense and motion which suggests cogitation intellection memory and which transmits sense and motion from the Braine by the conduct of the Nerves with the Greekes usually cal'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Rationatrix presiding over all the actions and motions that flow from our will that is from Election and Councell and that by the aide of the Nerves and operation of the Muscles of the Animall faculty the motive is a species Albertus where he speakes of the Exterâ—our motive virtue which followes upon the affective that is upon that which workes the inward motion of the mind very appositly to our purpose distinguisheth the motive faculty into the appetitive the affective and the motive the first commands the part to be moved the affective and motive perform the motion of the members but the affective makes the inward spirituall motion the motive makes the exteriour corporall motion of the members which represents the inward motion But the actions that are done by the most manifest tone of the Muscles are those which are produced by that species of motion which they call Pathetique for that causeth more violent extant and remarkable actions in all the parts of the body the internall motion of this Faculty or Perturbation Averrhoes calles motum electivum and there is no creature that at some time or other is not droven to some impetuous action by this inward agitation or perturbation of his mind which actions in respect of their effect are morall of their supposed Spring vitall yet the actions of these vitall Ethiques serve the Animall by divers motions of perturbations which spring from â—he Pathetique Energetique or Ethique faâ—ulty which although of it selfe it be â—oyde of reason yet being apt to obey â—ence there ariseth some conflicts beâ—weene the Rationall and Irrationall part â—s the Practique Intellect hath these afâ—ections in Subjection called patheâ—â—call when they are mov'd by the arbitriâ—ent of another which though they be â—eckon'd among passions yet in their â—ffects they are actions and appeare so â—o be in their types and externall repreâ—entations in the face and countenance â—nd other parts of the body The prinâ—iple of all motion is the Appeâ—ite whence the sense offering what is desiâ—ed the motions are done no otherwise then as you see in Machins the â—ullyes loos'd one thrusting foreward
a voluntary motion 'T is true they who are precise in the definition of a Muscles use say it is to be the instrument of free or spontaneous motion and not vâ—luntarie because Beasts have Muscles unto whom Will is denyde because it presupposâ—th Reason Will being properly an appetite according unto Reason Fabricius ab Aqua Pend. takes them for unskilfull men who thinke when they reade of Voluntarie motion that it is onely competent to men whereas they by the Will meane not the Appetite contracted but generall and at large which we call the propertie of the very Phancie it selfe and animall This Aristotle every where calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Spontaneus of ones owne accord and not done at unawars whence if any will draw it narrower and call it voluntarie in men and Spontaneous in other creatures he will not be against it upon this occasion there occurrs another greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is rendred propositum studium institutum voluntas and this seemes almost to signifie the same thing which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est animi appetitus but differs that one is common to Beasts but will and election is onely proper to men of which impeâ—uous motion a Muscle is the Organ Picholhomenes likes the generall definition and allowes not of the vulgar restriction of voluntarie motion the word Spontaneous according to Nancelius being chosen to shew the final cause that the definition of a Muscle may bee adequate and competent also to the Muscles of Beasts in whom they are not moved according to voluntarie election indeede as Archangelus observes Voluntarie motion in man is both Spontaneus and voluntarie by Spontaneous wee must understand the intrinsique Principle of the parts to be moved which is Cognition and such appetition with Brutes is the sensitive Cognition and appetite for these in man there is the intelective cognition and appetite which is called the will Yet as Riolanus well observes all voluntarie motion is Spontaneous but they are not termini convertibiles for all Spontaneous motion is not voluntarie Indeede Galen sayes it boots not whether you say such motions are done by advice or freely or voluntarily And although as to its principle voluntarie motion is distinguished from animall as it depends upon the command of Reason yet wee had no neede of that distinction but that wee search not onely by what instruments these motions are performed but whence and after what manner they are made That therefore Physicians call an animall or voluntarie motion which is made by preceding knowledge either of the Intellect or imagination whereby the motive facultie is excited that it may move the members after a divers manner according to the diversitie of the appetite By all which and divers other places of Galen it appeares that voluntarie motion appertains only to Muscles as their office and that for good reason Muscles are appointed for the proper instrument as being their common and proper action motion proceeding from a Muscle as from both a Principall and adequate Agent although Averrhoes in this point crossing Galen by divers instances which Laurentius hath sufficiently answered labours in vaine to prove that a Muscle is not the Organ of voluntary motion Sect. III. Of the nature and Constitution of a Muscle AS he that is ignorant of motion must necessarily be unacquainted with Nature as the â—enius of Nature inferrs so if you know not the moving of a Muscle you shall bee altogether ignorant of its nature which doth wholy consisâ— in moving for moving is a certaine action whereby the first habit of the Muscle is changed which moving the operation of a Muscle is so proper to Muscles that Fabricius hence convinceth Aristotle of ignorance in Muscles that he is silent of them in his Historie of living creatures where hee speakes of their moving which hee would never have beene had hee beene skill'd in them A Muscle beeing not ordained to any use but for the cause of certaine Action from whence perchance of the Latines called Musculus a movendo â—he movings of many Muscles in leane â—nd muâ—culous bodyes doe evidently â—ppeare before the skin is taken off And this Muscleâ—s â—s much advanced by its proper tempeâ—ament being remarkably hot for as motion begets heate so heate is much requir'd to motion which is performed with greater strength and intension of â—he mind than the acts of sense But the distinction of Spigelius is worth the â—oting That motion cannot scarce 〈◊〉 way properly be said the action of â— Muscle but rather a certaine effect and â—â—e use of its action for the motion is of â—he part into which the Muscle is inserâ—ed And the Muscles are chiefely named â—rom the motion of members which are â—erformed by them not that they are â—laced in those parts but that they are â—he Authors of the motions and conseâ—uently of the significations that apâ—eare in those parts He must therefore â—e well read and exerciz'd in the nature â—f Muscles who would know of what Actions and Significations every one is â—he Instrument He should diligently in â—very member out of the Muscles raise a consideration of the motion of the members and againe out of the motion of the Muscles the differences of Muscles for they are Relatives Motions are the motions of certaine Muscles and Muâ—cles are the Muscles of certaine motions Whence so many voluntary motions aâ— there are in the Body distinct in place and time there are so many Muscles at least defin'd by their termes and circumscriptions but although for the most part one Muscle is assign'd to one motion yet there is sometimes two where a stronger force is required sometimes one onely Muscle to more motions And that we might not alwaies stand in neede of so many Muscles as motions not few of them performe oblique motions and with the opposite Muscle of the same stock straight motions So that a Muscle is destinated to all motions Hence as the word motion is generally tooke for thâ— Genus so action which is a doing motion or a factive motion of the parts is thâ— Species and the signification which action signifies is speciall when wee say with Aristotle That action is an impressioâ— in the parts moved or with Galen Actioneâ— â—n fieri constituuntur which Factive motiâ—n is best understood with Avicens reâ—â—riction to animall actions performed by â—he abilitie of the Muscles which motive â—ctions when they appeare in the parts â—oved for the most part are voluâ—tary â—hough they may be also constrained as â—ne may by violence make me bow my Head to the seeming signification of asâ—ent And as the moveable parts vary so â—he actions vary Some parts are moved â—y themselves others by the interveâ—ing of some other and againe they eiâ—her change their place or are stirred up â—n the same place The Muscles which â—ave their principle of moving from the â—oule and actuate those parts are moved â—n the same place and on their movingsâ—epend
their substance if they should be compelled to give any thing away which was in their possession from which most Emphaticall operation of this Muscle to thâ—â— signification of the Mind the Muscâ—â— might be properly called Musculâ—â— illiberalis the Illiberall Negative or the Niggard Muscle So much shal suffice as to the Denominations of this Muscle which is principall in the Action which thâ— Mind enters visibly in the Head and Shoulders as for the other Muscles which are but Accessories they are like to retaine their old names unlesse some charitable Myotomist be pleased to take pitty of their private Condition and think good to bestow the other significations of this Action as nominall favors severally upon them Memb. II. Of the Muscles serving to the generall expressions or most important motions of the Face or Countenance MAny are the affections of the Mind that appeare in the signifiâ—ant motions of the Face even when â—he Bones are at rest for whereas some â—arts of our skin are altogether immoâ—â—able and pertinacious in their circumâ—uction over the subjacent parts other â—arts thereof versatile indeed but they are not actuated with any voluntary motion the skin of the whole Face participates of motion which being voluntary does necessarily imply the use of Muscles by whose benefit those motions should be orderly and significantly performed Galen was the first who observed that Broad Muscle which he calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The broad Mouse-Muscle and was unknown to the ancient Anatomists arising from the top of the Sternon and the whole Channell Bone the upper Spine of the Shoulder-blade the Spine of the Vertebres of the Neck and inserted into all the parts of the Head which 〈◊〉 without haire and the lower jaw beâ—yond which it goes not according 〈◊〉 whose variety of originals and the proâ—ductions of divers fibres it proves 〈◊〉 Author of so many voluntary motioâ— as appeare in the Face for it so ends 〈◊〉 the Face that it covers it within as 〈◊〉 a Visard Sylvius makes it a Horsemaâ— Cap or a Riding-Hood if you take 〈◊〉 so much of it as is covered with the 〈◊〉 Theophilus compares it to a womans 〈◊〉 which the Greekes vulgarly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is nothing else but a notable fleshie Membrane a medium between a skin and a Muscle which encloseth the Head and Face no lesse than the Skin therefore called fleshie because besides the nature of other Membranes in some places it is thicker and degenerates as it were into a Muscle as appeares in most parts of the Face where the skin conveyed along with the Membrane is the cause why the skin is there moveable hence Creatures who have all their skin moveable for the greatest part have this Membrane growing to â—heir skin But although the Ancients â—hought the whole Face was moved in â—ll its significations by the operation of â—his broad Muscle yet latter Anatomists â—ave found out the Muscles that lye unâ—er it whose opportune subjection â—oncurs to the advancement of the â—eaking motions and voluntary disâ—urses of the Countenance there 〈◊〉 for these purposes of the Mind as 〈◊〉 reckon forty sixe to wit to the â—otion of the Eyes and Eye-brows â—enty foure to the motion of the 〈◊〉 twelve and to the rest of the parts ten These Muscles by the effect of their action are beheld in the motion of the Face while they move the skin together with them the parts wherein they are inserted varying according to the variety of the parts This difference being as Galen speaks between the skin and the eyes and lips that under the skin there is a Musculous thin Nature the Eyes are moved by Muscles and the Lips by a Nature mixt of a skin and a Muscle So that the parts of the Face have their significant motions either from the administration of their propeâ— Muscles as the Forehead Eye-lids and Lips or by reason of the vicinity oâ— the skin as the Balls of the Cheeke which being destitute of Muscles 〈◊〉 moved together with the next skin 〈◊〉 that indeed one motion often times folâ—lows upon another by reason of 〈◊〉 common broad Muscle out of whicâ— the Muscles that move the parts of 〈◊〉 Face are made there being some 〈◊〉 are common to two Members as 〈◊〉 of the Nose and upper Lip and the 〈◊〉 and Cheeks whose Muscles are 〈◊〉 to each other Indeed the Professe of Dissection assigne not any action to the skin in generall because it is a simple and similar part not organicall and instrumentall which must be understood of common and visible actions for private it hath as nourishing it selfe by attraction of aliment though indeed in regard of Tact it hath a common action But in the Face it hath a publique and locall motion that is most Emphatically significant wherein the perturbations of the Mind discover themselves being moved in the Face by the streight annexion to Muscles which are the organs of voluntary motion for Nature would have it so ordered â—hat by the benefit of certaine Muscles working under the skin and affecting â—he parts of the Face being all of them furnished in their originals with Nerves from the third Conjugation of Nerves â—hat come from the Braine Man with â—is very Countenance alone should â—xpresse all his Will Mind and Desire when at any time it happened â—o be inconvenient or unlawfull to open 〈◊〉 in words at length The reason why â—he Face doth so naturally follow the motions of the Mind and is an Index of the Affections is as Baldus thinks That Affections being Passions in matter and in the Body they are the forms of a certaine Body to wit of the Mass of Bloud and insooth a certaine passion requireth a certaine matter as Anger Choller Joy pure Bloud Sadnesse Melancholly Astonishment Phlegme which humors conteyned in their Naturall Vessels and mixt together furnish the Affections with matter which while it remaineth about the Heart and the first sensitory from the image perceived and adjudged to have the cause or matter of molestation or placencie excited by Heat and Spirits it is drawn into Act and is made such in act from thence the altered Spirits or vapours with the Spirits are elevated which by the Arteries coming to the Braine the Principle of the Nerves which bring the Commands for motion to the Muscles into which they are inserted so making them the Instruments of Voluntary motion pluck and pull it after diverâ— manners according to their quality Affecting Contracting Dilating Heating Refrigerating more or lesse drying or moystening And any the least mutation made in a Principle there followes a change in those things that depend upon that Principle Wherefore the Arteries and Nerves that follow the Heart and Braine are changed and because the Face is nigher the Braine the chiefe organ of the Sense made remarkable by the Cognizanze of the greatest Arteries and endued with Nerves such varietie of proper and common Muscles which entertaine them Hence it comes to
other for they are small and thin their employment being easie because the Iaw with its own weight tends downward and hath no need of any strong Retractor but as a heavy thing it is drawn down with a little adoe to open the Mouth In the motions of the Lips the contrariety is not very much perspicuous for they are exercised in two moveable Lips wherefore their Muscles contracted together they are Contracted to wit the upper Lip upward the lower Lip downwards whereupon the Teeth are discovered whence some derive Rideo a Radio But that we see the upper Lip more contracted than the lower it hath that property from the more valid Muscles which it hath obteined â—or although the Muscles of the lower Lip are broader than those of the upper yet being shorter they gaine no advantage by their Breadth for the Length of a Cord gives more advantage in Drawing than the Breadth And that the Lips also in Laughter are moved neither inward nor outward which motions and those indeed contrary every one of them hath happening by the advantage of certaine fibres belonging to their Muscles the cause is that they being weaker than the Muscles themselves moving the upper Lip upwards and the lower downwards by good right give way to their motions neither are they able according to their usuall operation to move the Lips inward or outward especially since they are strongly drawn in on both sides and extended by the Contraction of the Cheekes to which on both Hands they are annexed The Muscles which draw out and open the Nostrils excell so in strength the constringent paiâ—e which are somewhat small that the adverse moving in the Nose is not so perceptible to sense therefore in Laughter they are strongly Contracted insomuch as the Nostrills are opened and especially in Derision are wrinkled and these Muscles so raise up and Contract the Nostrils that the Nose seemes crooked and hooked and by that means also the Nostrils become acute We may observe concerning the Eye-lids which are two over each Eye an upper and a lower Lid that the upper Lid only according to Galen is moved upward and downward by the office of divers Muscles having contrary motions So that by this Rule and Mâ—thod that teacheth all the Muscles in the Face to be moved together at once in Laughter We should not affirme the Eye-â—ids to be then moved if the aforesaid Muscles of the Eye-lids were of equall strength But since as it appreares by the effect the Muscle that draws it down is stronger to which the weight also of the Lid it selfe doth adde some advantage it comes to passe that the Eye-lid is a little then moved downward and the Eye a little closed And although Aristotle who was not advised of Muscles much lesse of the Muscle which late Anatomists have found for that motion truely affirmes the lower-lid to be also moved in man yet that motion is but small and little better then nothing and that which is as it were nothing is to be thought in a manner to be absent Whatsoever is to bee observ'd of this matter from late Anatomists this is enough for this purpose that the upper-Eylid hath obteined two contrary motions and therefore can neither shut nor open the Eye overmuch in laughter although it shuts it more and it is observable that by reason of this contrariety of moving of the upper-Eyelid that in laughter there is made by reason of the Contranixion a certaine corrugation or wrinkle about the angle of the Eye especially the outward angle which in those that laugh often are supposed to grow habituall which some Ladyes fearing will not laugh lest they should contract wrinkles and looke old by breaking in that part which is neere the Temples whose Latine Eâ—imologie they much abhor Hence of some who have but a kind of pinke eye we usâ— to say they laughed that they had never an eye to see And because the Eyâ— is more shut than open'd in laughter 〈◊〉 comes to passe that both the Eye-browâ— are drawn a litle downward and theâ— somewhat yet lightly incline boâ—â— the Eye-browes together especially 〈◊〉 excessive laughter being necessarily moved whereas otherwise at pleasure 〈◊〉 can move one of them alone as 〈◊〉 nictation The Eyes in profuse laughter seem to be retracted or drawn back and noâ— a little to be hid within their Orbitâ— But to conclude this to be done by thâ— Muscles is to speake to more than thâ— causes appearing to Sense It is though the Optique Nerves may be retracted 〈◊〉 well as other Nerves and why not Which may be by the seventh Musclâ— placed about it which with it fibres 〈◊〉 hath obtein'd being straight may 〈◊〉 is likely draw the eye back also 〈◊〉 whether the other Muscles of the eye 〈◊〉 contracted or no that 's a question Why not but there is no confident pronouncing this for a certainty becausâ— they appeare not to Sense but if they be contracted it is most probable that they are all contracted together in this laughter as the other Muscles of the Face are and by reason of that contrariety of movings that they have and perchance equality of strength the eyes seeme rather to rest than to be moved as any man may make experiment in himselfe and may apprehend that while he laughes his eyes can difficultly be moved to looke round with a distinct vision which is done at the perpendicular Ray unlesse he endeavour it by the inordinate motion of his whole Head and Body which circumâ—pection the Head nor whole Body â—an Scarse then obteine But the Auâ—hor of this experiment will not endure â—o be asked whether the Muscles may â—e then moved abhorring to be put to â—o difficult a point of Divination Sureâ—y the question may be resolv'd accordâ—ng to the received Philosophy of Arbiâ—rary motion for if he will admit the Muscles of the Eye to be all moved at 〈◊〉 together the motion is Tonique â—herein although the Muscles seeme to be at rest yet as Galen sayes they doe quiete agere act in rest Tonique motion being an action with immobility In this excessive laughter the Forehead by which we must understand the Musculous skin thereof hath a peculiar property of it selfe and a privilege from the universall contraction of the other parts for the Front which is a thing has bin but little observ'd is neither moved upwards nor downwards nor knit although it be very propense and proportionall to signify many passions by those motions but it remaines as it were in its naturall state yet smoothly expanded and stretched out insensibly which motion of expansion is to be refer'd to the Muscles it hath received or to its fibres which as we may believe are equivalent whereby when in laughter by the same reason as other Muscles they are moved together it comes to passe that the Forehead then doth rather remaine immoveable and the motion proves Tonique or streined out unlesse perchance it may be moved a
the place of the Forme is Motus the matter or Subject are all the parts of the Face especially the Muscles together the finall Cause is to bring forth Laughter which by a kind of magneticall virtue it doth even in another But Laughter being no affection but an outward act proceeding from some inward motion of the Mind the question is what affection of the Mind this Jubilee and vibrations of so many Muscles should signifie Fracostorius judgeth Laughter to be a sign of two Passions Joy and Admiration Valeriola and Laurentinus take away Admiration supposing that profuse Laughter is the issue only of Joy Vallesius states the Controversie The opinion of Fracostoreus whatever Bartholinus and others object to the contrary seemes to me most probable that it is a compounded motion because in Laughter there are certaine contranitencies for Admiration makes a kind of suspension in the Head and Joy a kind of expansion in the Heart Yet both motions are so sudden that they are done together whereby 〈◊〉 comes to passe that when Laughter 〈◊〉 produced it is not done without somâ— molestation And that which seeme to confirme this opinion is that theâ— are most apt to Laughter who are easily drawn to admire as Children Women and the Common-people where as Grave men and Philosophers are lefâ— prone to Laughter Another thinâ— that seemes to confirme this opinioâ— is a new thought of my own that 〈◊〉 suspension of the Eye and expansioâ— of the Forehead seeme to be Symbolicâ—â— effects of this mixt Passion But here the grand Quaere how Joy that is motion and passion of the Heart shoulâ— move the Muscles for how so maâ—â— Muscles that are the Instruments of thâ— Animal Faculty should be moved by a passion of the Heart is worth the scanning For you would verily think that the Heart were a Muscle and the grand Principle that set all the other Muscles in Motion whereas it is known well enough that the Heart is neither a Muscle nor of it self can move the Muscles for that moves only the Arteries yet though Joy be a passion of the Heart Laughter indeed which proceeds not only from Joy but Admiration is a passion of the Rationable part for otherwise Beasts might laugh no wonder therefore that the Instruments of the Animal Faculty are moved to discover and bring forth the Admiration conjoyned with Ioy nor is it a marvell that Ioy should be expressed by an Animal motion the Heart not moving the Muscles but the Animal Faculty consenting with the Vitall So that hereby it is made manifest that naturall Laughter is a free motion because it is Animal yet it can hardly be held in sometimes because although it be Animal yet it is in the number of them that serve the Naturall And this is the reason why Laughter is originally from the Head and not from the Heart that notion intelligence or imagination which are functions of the Mind and accounted among those faculties that reside in the Braine are brought forth by the Soule for who ever unlesse a Parasite laughed before he knew wherefore he laughed So that Hippocrates Lib. de morbo Sacro with very good reason deduceth Laughter from the Head as having its originall from thence for that the first motions begiâ— there and from thence are communicated to all the subject parts drawing thâ— whole Body into Consort and witâ— its universall moving and agitation declares the Sympathy it has with thâ— Mind and the Braine as if the Minâ— sitting enthroned in a high Tower denounceth so to her Subjects to preparâ— themselves for Laughter for there waâ— something which they knew not 〈◊〉 which yet she only saw and knew to 〈◊〉 worthy of Laughter upon this admoâ—nition presently the inferiour principaâ— parts Contiguous and Connatives tâ— their High Prince bestirring themselves do sollicite the other lower parts also subject unto them And first the Braine commands the Nerves these stir up the Muscles and they agitate the parts annexed unto them untill the whole Body as it were to gratifie the Mind as a King signifies its conceived Joy in all the waies and officious demonstration of triumphant gesture it possibly can and as every part is nigher to its Principle so much the sooner and vehemently it is moved And although to speak according to the modesty of Caesars Speech in Tully we are ignorant how Laughter exists where it is and from what place it so suddenly breaks out into the Countenance yet the manner and order of the generation of Laughter may be supposed to be after this manner When some pleasant queint novel and conceited object offers it self to the Senses there is an impression thereof made in the Braine the Object thus come into the Braine the Mind is filled with Ioy this by the first branch of those Nerves of the sixt Conjugation which goeth into the Heart is carryed unto the Heart with which the Heart affected impatient of delay dilates it self the Heart impetuously moved the Cawle thereof by consequence is carried from one part unto the other and contracted and because the Cawle is fastened to the Mediastenum and Diaphragma there is a necessity also that the very Diaphragma should be violently moved agitated and heated by the diffusion of Bloud and Spirits that are then encreased about that part Thâ— passion or motion by the object thus raised in the Heart such is the consent between the Heart and Braine is by the other branches of the Nerves of the sixt Conjugation called Nervi pâ—renici which bring the motive Spirits from the Braine into the Diaphragma and by virtue whereof it is very sensible carried back to the Braine So that the change of motion in the Heart caused by this Passion and imprinted ecchoed and expressed in the Diaphragma and thence conveyed unto the Braine is as the Ground and the motion commanded the Muscles by the Braine is as the voluntary Descant upon it Concerning the chiefe corporall Principle and materiall Instrument wherewith Laughter is performed the Learned differ in their Judgments Democritus thought that that first part and chiefe Principle was the Spleene and that the other parts were but as Instruments aâ—â—â—rwards subservient to the perfect finishing of the work Which opinion to others hath justly seemed absurd because Laughter is performed by the ministeriall assistance of certaine motion but the Spleene is beheld neither to be moved nor to be the Principle of any kind of moving yet we see those parts to be moved which are in the Breast and middle venter besides it is not accounted the prime seat of any faculty of the Soule much lesse of the Cognoscent or Animal therefore it cannot be the prime Principle of Laughter Others have beleeved the prime Part by which Laughter is begotten to be the Diaphragma for that is a certaine Muscle somewhat broad placed neere the Mind excelling in alacrity of Sense agile to motions of it self in the first place subordinate to Respiration being of such
and yet that they were not found by the most exercised Anatomists Dissect XX. IN Cogitation Admiration attentive Dâ—liberation and in voluntary Extasies of the mind the Eyes are fixed and the Eye-lids remaine unmoved and the Head let downe we contemplat the earth with a set wist or museing look which motion is Tonique and is done as Bâ—uhirus Laurentius Spigelius and others suppose when the foure first Muscles of the Eyes the Lifter the Depressor the To-leader and the Fro-leader worke together for then the Eye is drawn inward fixed established and contein'd which is then according to Nature when the fibres of all the Muscles are equally intended and stretched out So that the Muscles seeme then to be at rest though indeed as we have often said they doe as Galen speakes quiete agere act in rest for every action of the Muscle is a moving The manner how this is done as they say is very remarkable the foure Muscles arise from the Conus of the Orbit of the eye or the roote of the Optique Nerves thence stretched to the Optique Nerve and to the eye in a straight line they â—end to the horny Coate but before they come thither they end in a broad Tendon whereby they are joyned to the Tendons of the other Muscles seeme to constitute a proper membrane encompassing the whole eye this tendonous membrane is inserted into the hornie Coate in that part where it is pellucid before the Iris or Rainbow of the Eye Whence it comes to passe that al the Muscles working together the Eye is staid and established But Columbus who challengeth the fift Muscle as discovered first by his invention affirmes that Muscle to come into the aid of the other foure which stayes the Eye as its situation shewes when it is contracted towards its Head holding the Eye that it fall not out of its Seate And Laurentius will have all the six Muscles of the Eye to concurre and to stretch their fibres to this Ballancing or equall fixing of the Eye This makes Lavellus Fontanus and others contradict Galen Vesalius Fuchius and others that follow him as if there were no need of a seaventh Muscle But although Spigelius and others will allow no Muscle to be purposely assign'd to this Tonique motion of the Eye yet Avicen Fernelius and some late expert Anatomists are for the seaventh Muscle affirming that the Muscle which is most active and providently design'd to this action is that bulbous and orbicular Muscle which they leave to Beasts who have need of such a Muscle by reason of their prone aspect whereas mans os sublime makes it unnecessary As for them who cannot see this Muscle if there were any doubt of it the expression of Fontanus which he useth about Folius his affirming to have sometimes seene the venae lacteae may be applyed It is easier to believe one that writes affirming he hath seen it than him who denies he hath seene it for because one hath not seen a thing it doth not straightwise follow that that thing is not but that which one truely sees that is because sense is of things existent This Muscle therefore that encompasseth the Optique Nerve and the Basis of the Eye hath a signature of Situation for this purpose and therefore being the Chiefe operator it might be called the Tonique Muscule And because Admiration Cogitation and attentive Deliberation are a kind of suspension or fixing of the mind and an intent application for the whole force of the mind is fixed upon the thing and therefore it is called an intention And because Extasie is a certaine excesse of the mind and phantsie in Admiration from whence the Nerves are stretched and the Eyes made immoveable in resemblance of the posture of the mind this Muscle might be called Musculus intentae Cogitationis voluntariae Eâ—stasis intentae Deliberationis the Muscle of earnest Cogitation and Deliberation or the Muscle of the Ecstaticall intention of the mind or the Musing Muscle ¶ Amazement Astonishment and Stupidity passions of the mind working in an extraordinary manner upon the same Muscles being then passive cause such an immoveable fixing and staring of the Eye This is of things formidable and is an affection above an Extasie which has then no name but is called Horror from its effect for the Spirits that move the Muscles being made immoveable the Eyes become stiff as horne for admiration causeth a tension feare frigiditie whence the Nerves become distended and as it were congealed Generally this set motion is the other kind of that aspect which they call Tonique and is besides nature when the Eyes remaine fixed whether we will or no which happens as they usually say when the faculty that moves the Muscles is resolved weaken'd or wholy extinguished or because those Muscles are all equally gather'd and contracted into their Heads Memb. VI. Of the Muscles assign'd the Eares for certaine significations of the mind Dissect XXI CLaramontius and indeede all Semeioticall Philosophers are here lost concluding that there is scarce any refluction of the affections into the Eares and that of themselves they have no order at all to action Caelius saith they are immoveable or if they bee moved that motion of theirs is duller and lesse preceptible Galen takes not away all motion from our Auricles whose substance is as his words are but fere immobilis Athenaeus describing Hercules greedily eating saith he mov'd his Eares no lesse than Quâ—drâ—pedes doe where Causabon besides which he brings out of Eustathius speakes of one Muretus who could manifestly move his Eares And Hosman sayes hee hath â—eene them that could doe as much Justinian the Emperour had such Eares and therefore the people among other opprobious indignities offer'd him in the Theater as you shall find in Proâ—opius called him Asse S. Augustin writes of certaine who could at their pleasure move their Eares either one alone or both together Vesalius also sayes he saw in Padua a Lawyer one Claudius Symâ—nius a Forojuliensian a facetious man and one Petrus Raviscerius of Geneva a valiant and stout man who could at their pleasure move their Eares All the Family of the Flacci oâ— Rome had this moving of the Eares and Scipio Du Plesis the Resolver a great observer of the curiosities of Nature sayes that hee himselfe had seene in Gascoigâ—â— two men who had this moving And when I was a boy I remember a School-fellow of mine in whom I was wont to observe that by way of sport he would often wagg his Eares So that the Eares although in man for the most part they are immoveable so that their motion is sensibly perceived in very few yet if it happen that we move them at our pleasure as has bin observ'd in many that is performed by Muscles Caelius imagines that these Muscles which are perceived to be so wonderfully moved in some men is not by reason of the inward motion of the Eare but by extrusion or excussion of the Muscle that moves