and nourished with humidity and new always substituted in the place of that which is absumed for I do not see why if radical humidity be wanting that death should follow but answer may be made that the privation or defect of the radical humor depends upon the impotency of heat for whatsoever suffices in the place of its native humour that is necessary to be changed by the help of heat which as Scaliger thinks is altered and grows feeble by use and diuturnity of time therefore what accedes of aliment is more worse and impure then that which decedes therefore heat destitute of idoneous aliment is dissipated And hence it is that man necessarily must dye CHAP. 8. Of Spirits 1. HItherto of humors so called Now we shall handle the doctrine of spirits they are called A spirits because they fly away by their subtil and aereal tenuity which after a certain manner responds to the Nature of Spirits indeed 2. But here the word spirit is taken B for a very small or thin substance aereal and vaporous the first instrument of life as to the performance of action 3. Here its essence is not to be understood ethereal and celestial but in a manner elementary First because such like spirits are what like their matter is but their matter is elementary Secondly they can accend refrigerate increase diminish and extinguish but the celestial on the contrary want these neither can they be changed by natural cause Thirdly because to their preservation the inspiration of the air is necessary Fourthly and lastly the spirits do restore again an elementary body in a swounding fit 4. A spirit is either insited or fixed or influent 5. Insited which is ordinarily C complanatus is an aereal and tender substance lying within several solid members and procreated of the genital seed from the governess faculty of the principal parts the first and proximate seat of native heat and a certain faculty as it were the band of unition of the soul with the body 6. Of this there seems to be so many differences as there are natures and temperaments of parts if it may be accommodated to these and attemperated to the nature of every part 7. The influent is that which is implanted and lest it should dissolve and vanish it remains fixed 8. And here it is threefold natural vital and animal 9. And as in mans body First there are three Vertues Natural Vital and Animal Secondly so also there are three principal bowels if I may so call them the Liver Heart and Brain Thirdly three Organs also administring to these the Veins Arteries and Nerves so there are so many spirits distinct in species and form which are as it were the chariots of strength 10. The natural is D a thin vapour procreated in the liver of the purer part of blood and thence diffused by the veins into the habit of the body to absolve all natural actions 11. Concerning this many great questions are made some do expunge it from the catalogue of spirits First because it takes its natural faculty from the Liver Secondly that it doth renew the same faculty insited from every part Thirdly and by this Spirit or Captain the gross blood is carried to distant parts 12. The vital spirit E is a thin halite vapour or breath begotten of inspirated air and natural spirit carried to the left side of the heart and so runs by the artery over the whole body and so supplies the vivifical strength unto them 13. All the ancient Neotericks do conclude this to be coacted when it is chiefly necessary to life for as Plato doth affirm if the sun should quiesce one moment the whole world would perish because it excites spirit and heat by its motion so here if the spirits be prohibited forthwith the Animal perishes 14. The animal spirit is F a pure halite begotten of a portion of vital spirit carried to the brain and insited in its faculty diffused by the nerves into the body that it may incite it to motion sense and all animal actions 15. This as it pleases some doth not differ from the vital in kinde and nature because they maintain that there is but one universal spirit but as aliment doth take a new form by a new coction and thence a new denomination So that first there are divers Organs Secondly divers faculties Thirdly divers manner of generations so also this spirit is diverse from the rest in species The Commentary A BY spirit here we understand not an incorporeal substance or the intellect of man which is rightly called by the Philosophers a spirit which Scaliger otherwise a man very learned dothseem to dissent from for he speaks Theologically and is to be understood as speaking of an incorporate substance but by spirit we mean a thin and subtil body B Because nature is not wont to copulate one contrary to another unless it be with some medium not unlike a band for mortal and immortal do differ more then in kinde and therefore an incorporate being is not consentaneous to a brittle body and immortality cannot be united to the intellect of man without the concurrence of a medium and this is no other then a spirit which doth bring mortality to the body having a thin and tender substance as it were acceding to the intellect The medium between both is nature and this spirit is not void of a body but begotten of the elements which were in the seed and it is most elaborate nearly acceding to the nature of celestial spirits and most thin that it may fly all sense very apt to pass by an incredible celerity for it passes over the whole body with a great celerity that it may give motion sense and strength to its parts and perform other functions of the soul. D Concerning this spirit many great questions are agitated some do-banish it from the catalogue of spirits moved thereto by these Arguments First because there is no use nor necessity for it We answer Its use is great for first of all it is the chariot of aliment for the humours gotten in the liver can scarce penetrate of themselves through the narrow passages by reason of their crassitude nor can they well be carried to the other parts of the body by reason of the slowness of their motion Furthermore this spirit takes its natural faculty from the liver whose work is to attract retain and concoct familiar aliment to all the parts of the body and by a certain force doth expel the excrements Secondly they will have no place to be given by nature proper for this spirit We answer the liver is its fountain and principle as the heart of life and the brain of the soul. Thirdly they alledge that this spirit doth not lead any thing to any part or carry any thing thereunto But we say that as the animal spirit is carried by the Nerves the Vital by the Arteries so the natural spirit is carried by the veins together with the
aliment blood into the general mass of the body But here another question will arise how can the spirits flow into the inward and most remote parts but by penetration and dimension Answer Some bodies are crass and solid and some thin and tender through those that are hard they cannot penetrate but the spirits because they are thin do fly all manner of sense and are diffused without impediment in a moment this way and that way with a certain kind of celerity and do pervade the members neither by their presence filling them nor by their absence emptying them E And in this spirit all the causes come to be considered the matter is the natural spirit procreated in the liver thence carried by the vena cava with the arterious blood that is the purest of blood upwards going into the right side of the heart where it is attenuated most accurately by the passages not altogether occult but if a dog be dissected it will be found in the left side the efficient cause is the strong heat of the heart attenuating and making thin the vital spirit it 's form its rarefaction not unlike to the tenuity of a little flame its end is to conserve life diffused from the heart by the arteries into the universal body F The matter of this spirit is that vital which is carried by the crevices of the arteries to the basis of the brain and it doth slide thereinto as into a net which is placed there by nature as a labyrinth for when any matter would exactly elaborate it doth devise a longer stay in the instruments of coction and afterwards by another context is intromitted into ventricles of the brain the efficient cause is motion but chiefly the proper force of the solid substance of the brain whereby this spirit doth exactly elaborate and so become animal the form of it is rarefaction made perfect by the degeneration of the vital spirit into the animal its end is to shew a sensitive and moving faculty with great celerity from the middle ventricle of the brain by the nerves into the whole body by which spirit the animal faculty is apprehended in man of reason and memory if its force or motion be not hindred CHAP. 9. Of the similar parts of an Animate body 1. HAving expounded the contained parts the continent do follow which consist of substance by reason of that firmness and solidity they have 2. And they are either homogeneous or heterogeneous similar or dissimilar 3. A similar A part is that which may be divided into similes according to the particles of sense and into the same species 4. Of similar parts some are spermatical others carnous 5. The spermatick parts are those which are generated immediately of the crassament of seed and so coalesced into hard substances 6. Of which sort are Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Nerves Arteries Veins Fibres Fat 's Skin 7. Bones are the hardest parts B of animates dry and cold begotten of the crassament of seed by exustion to the stability of the whole 8. These are endowed with no sense because first no Nerves are disseminated by their substance Secondly if they were sensible they could not endure daily labors without great pain and that sensation would either take away the greatest part of action or render it frustraneous 9. A Cartilage C is a kin to these which is a substance or part a little softer then bones and harder then any other member and flexible after a certain manner made to the keeping of motion in its destinated parts 10. A Ligament D is a simple part of the body hard and begotten of seed yet softer then a Cartilage and yielding to the touch knitting the bones together 11. A certain portion of these is called tendous which is a similar part begotten of Fibres Nerves and Ligaments mixed in a muscle all which are called articles 12. A Membrane is a similar part begotten of seed tender covering several other parts 13. The Nerves are spermatick parts arising from the brain or back-bone the interior part of the marrow the exterior of the membrane carrying the animal spirit to sense and motion 14. They are distinguished into softer or harder 15. They are soft which do arise from the former part of the brain 16. And they are seven conjugations for none of all the Nerves are simple but all conjugated whence they are called paria nervorum 17. The chiefest of these are inserted in the centre of the eye and are called the visive or optick nerves carrying the faculty of seeing unto them 18. The second propagation of moving of the nerves is the eyes 19. The third society is partly scattered into the tunicle of the tongue to propogate to the taste and part dispersed in other parts of the face 20. The fourth conjugation is a certain proportion dispersed in the palate 21. The fifth is carried by the auditory passage to the drum of the ears and they are called the auditory nerves 22. The sixth is a large portion of nerves wandring and running almost through all the bowels 23. The seventh arises from the hinder part of the head and the marrow of the back-bone and inserted into the muscles of the tongue and is said to move the tongue 24. The crasser nerves in which there is a more obtuser faculty and they do come out of the marrow of the back-bone carrying sense and motion to the internal parts 25. And thirty of these are alike and combined seven to the hinder part of the neck twelve to the Thorax five to the Lungs six to the sacred bones all which do disperse themselvs like boughs into the other parts of the body 26. The Arteries F are hollow vessels long having two tunicles and those crass and substantial ordained for the deducing of the vital spirit and for temperating and expurging of the heart and other parts to heat 27. And they do arise out of the heart of which two principal Arteries do spring out of the left side thereof from which two all the other take their original Arteria Aorta et Arteria venosa 28. The great Artery Aorta is the foundation of all other Arteries and doth carry the vital spirit to all the other parts of the body 29. The venous artery is stretched out like a quill from the same side of the heart into the liver from whence it brings air to cool the heart 30. A vein G is a similar part and round and hollow like to a reed arising from the liver consisting of one tunicle contexted of three Fibres carrying blood for nutriment together with the natural spirit to the several parts of the body 31. Veins are distinguished into principal and less principal 32. The Principal are those out of which as out of a trunk or stock others do arise and they are two vena porta and vena cava 33 Vena porta is a great vein coming out of the hollow part of the liver and excepting all the Mesenterian veins
brain is not onely the seat of sense but the artifex of motion and the house of wisedom memory judgement cogitation in which things man is like to God 5. Therefore nature hath exceedingly fenced it not onely by enrolling it within the skull but also by covering it with other parts therein contained which are two membranes whereof the one is called dura mater the other pia mater 6. Menynx or dura mater is an exterior membrane hard and cuticular covering the brain and fencing it on every side 7. After that is taken away the pia matâ—…r is visible which is a tender membrane the immediate and next cover of the brain not covering the exterior superficies onely but going deep into part of the substance 8. But its substance is thin that it may insinuate it self about all the sides and parts of the brain and thin also because it need not be troublesome to the brain neither in gravity nor weight and that it may deduce the vessel through the whole body of the brain 9. But the whole body of the brain is divided into two parts the anterior and posterior 10. The anterior by reason of the magnitude of it obtains the name of the whole and is properly called Encephalon the brain 11. The posterior is called Pacencephalis that is cerebellum which seems to be 〈◊〉 by nature for the succor of the former that it may keep the animal spirit transmitted from the ends of the brain and that it may be adapted to the marrow of the back 12 The brain above the anterior hath two cavities distinguished clearly by internals called ventricles 13. And these are the receptacles of the spirits which are daily brought out of the heart by the artery and in them they are made more lucid like to celestial flames of fire and that for the better perfecting of the animal actions 14. And they are three in number the right left and middle the two formost are called by some anteriors but more properly superiors 15. The dexter therefore consists in the right part of the brain reaching over the whole length of it from the anterior to the posterior resembling the figure of a half circle its use is the preparation and generation of the animal spirits 16. The left consists in the left part of the brain and it hath the same form seat and use with the former 17. Whence experience doth testifie and the observation of Physitians doth confirm that if the brain be violently compressed or the ventricles bruised that then the animal must needs be deprived of sense and motion 18. For they place in these superior ventricles common sense which doth discern the objects of divers senses 19. The middle or third ventricle is nothing else then the concourse or common cavity of the two former ventricles 20. This doth produce of it self two passages the first whereof receives phlegme the latter is extended to the fourth corner or bosome 21. They place also in it the faculty of imagination and cogitation 22. These are the three ventricles of the anterior part of the brain the fourth is common to the cerebellum and the marrow of the back the last yet the most solid of all the rest because it receives the animal spirits from the former and so transmits it to the marrow of the back 23. This is the place where they say the memory is contained The Commentary A THe substance of the brain is soft and medullous and they say it is so called because it carries the substance of marrow but it differs much from that marrow which is found in the cavity of the bones because it is neither to be melted nor absumed as the other is its use is famous and noble for in this consists fear or courage as also a voluntary motion of the senses without which man stands as an image or pillar And it is not onely the place of sense and motion but the house of wisdom and the shop of the cogitations judgement and memory whereby man comes to resemble God And lastly it is the treasure of the animal spirits therefore by right the brain is the noblest of all members whose excellency if Aristotle had known he would never have written of the nobility and dignity of the heart B Whereas in the opinion os Plato the brain is the first and common sensery The question will be and it is full of intricacy and obscureness whether the brain be endowed with the sense of feeling It is the general answer of modest Physitians and Philosophers that the substance of the brain doth want sense though it be stirred with a daily motion but the membranes which encompass the body of the brain are endowed with a most exquisite sense But some will say how can the brain be void of sense and yet be adjudged the principle of sense this is a nonsequitur If the heart according to Aristotle be the principle of the motion voluntary shall we therefore say that it is moved by the arbitrement of the will when it is rather moved naturally so the brain communicates sense to other members therefore it is endowed with sense this is a nonsequitur Again I answer that Theoreme to be true in logick onely in Homogeneous causes and those also that are conjoyned and not remote for the senses do not remain in the brain immediarely but mediately by the benefit of the nerves which arise out of the brain Yet Scaliger answers the brain to have the force or faculty of sense dunamei but not the act CHAP. 14. Of the Species of Animals viz. of Beasts and they both perfect and imperfect 1. HItherto of the parts of an Animate body the species and differences of animals do follow 2. Therefore an animal is either A Alogon or Logicon 3. Alogon is called a Beast and it is an animal wanting Reason and onely endowed with Sense 4. But here B some go about to make a noise in opposing this both ancient and later writers in declaring that certain beasts by a singular sagacity and art may be obstupefied by artificial operations that they will act those things which cannot proceed from them but they must be endowed with some prudence and reason and besides their particular sense something that deserves to be ascribed to reason 5. It s true they are endowed with some remarkable actions but we must not conclude them to proceed from any reason in them but from a natural instinct 6. And how can Brutes be said to have common reason when reason is a faculty of the soul which doth move and bufie it self to finde out causes from the effects and again from the causes to those effects which are the causes of them 7. Furthermore beasts are either perfect or imperfect 8. They are perfect C which have a perfect body in substance and not in shadow and endowed with blood procreated in them 9. And they are such as either go or flie 10. They are terrestrial which draw
therefore they are purged by nature 31. And these are made either by the second concoction together with the blood in the liver and may be discerned or of the third of what is left of every part 32. Two excrementitious humors are generated in the second concoction in the liver the one representing the flower the other the fecies of wine to wit yellow and black choler and whey 33. Yellow bile or choler F is an excrementitious humour hot and dry bitter also being procreated of the tender and hotter parts of chyle and so gathered into the bladder of the gall 34. This humor doth flow from the bladder of the gall by the passage of the Choledochum from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is choler and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to receive to the end of the intestines that it may stimulate the dull intestines by its acrimony to excretion and so bring down the slow flegme adhering to the interior membranes 35. Black choler G or melancholy is a cold and dry humour crass and black acerb acid arising from the grossâ—…r and feculent part of aliment and expurged from the spleen 36. Serum or whey is an excrementitious humor begotten of drink or any other liquor wherewith meat is digested in the stomach by the action of heat in the liver 37. Part of it is mild and distributed together with blood into the veins and so the same made gross by the coction and plenty of fibres and as it were deduced in a chariot to the extremities of the body the other part which is unprofitable is forthwith expelled to the â—…ins and hence by the Uretra's to the bladder 38. This Serum therefore is matter of urine for this is no other thing then serum altered in the liver and vessels attracted from the reins and expulsed into the bladder and at last excreted by the passage of the vein that purer blood may be made 39. But the excrementitious humours which are discerned in the third concoction do either break out of the whole body or by some determinate part 40. Of which sort are sweats and tears which we put amongst the excrements of the third concoction not that they are then generated for their matter is the same with serum but after that the concoction is made they are discerned 41. Sweat therefore is serum altered in the liver and by the conveyance of the blood is transmitted by the veins and at length out of these veins by the insensible passages of the body expulsed into the species of water 42. The usual and natural sweat of our body is of a watry colour but sometimes it is yellowish and reddish by reason of the tenuity of the blood which Aristotle mentions 43. A Tear is a drop contained in the head and angles of the veins which are in the eyes and doth break out by the watry holes to the internal angle of the eye and by compression and dilatation by the scissure of the conjunctive tunicle 44. Hence it is that the coming of tears doth not proceed from the eyes for they are as it were but the emissaries of the drops 45. It behoves also that nature should have given to every man tears properly so called because sometimes he is sad and sometimes rejoyces whence his veins are dilated and compressed 46. They are most prone to tears whose bodies are endowed with a cold and moist tender soft and effeminate constitution and with a moist and languid brain hence it is that children and women more then men are addicted more to pour out tears in such a plentiful manner 47. Great plenty and abundance of tears do flow from them also who have the carnucles and angles of the eyes great and lax 48. And on the contrary some by no force nor means can be made to weep because in them the Lachrymal flesh doth obduce the veins and so hinder the flux of tears 49. Let these suffice to have been spoken of the primary humours both excrementitious and profitable the secondary humours are those which are made new of insited or radical moisture or of blood much concocted 50. Of which sort are these two H Ros and Gluten 51. Ros is an humour which doth distil like a dew generated of blood resolved into vapour and doth resude by the tunicles of the veins and partly flows from or by the pores thereof 52. Gluten is an humour begotten of Ros applied first to the substance of the part and there adhering and then changed by the heat of the parts and it is called Gluten because it agglutinates the parts 53. Therefore we shall exclude the rest either because they are or may be referred to what hath been said or that they are improper wanting names whereby they cannot be appropriated to any class The Commentary A IT is delivered in the definition that an Animal doth consist of Matter and Form Matter is an Animate or Organical body Form is endowed with sense for sense ought to belong and is necessary to such an Animal and of that alone are Animals constituted and therein do they differ from Plants which indeed are animates but destitute of sense Now in animals motion doth always accompany sense as a thing necessary to the conservation of the animal for because it is preserved by nutriment it stands in need of motion to procure that nutriment but every animal by divine ordination doth generate the whole and perfect simile to it self in which generation matter is the seed of both sexes masculine and feminine or a certain simile that is in stead of seed although sometimes certain animates are produced out of putrefaction yet there must be some certain seminal force therein or else it could not be the efficient cause of any such generation B Because these sublunaries do consist of dissimilar natures therefore they are mortal corruptible therefore lest that God should seem to be wanting to them he hath or dained that they that cannot remain in the same number or at least in the same species be revived by annual succession and therefore by the benefit of procreation that one species should proceed out of another whence the life of the dead as we may say is placed in the memory of the living and the father doth live in the son as the artificer in his work But as God is always the first cause of all natures so is he the true proper and first efficient cause in the rise of all animals The secondary or instrumentary are the animals themselves whether masculine or feminine of the same species that they may make one when they are united and distinctly ordered to the obscene parts and instruments of generation for the masculine is generated in another and not in it self the feminine doth generate in it self and not in another Where observe that perfect animals onely can be said to proceed from the congress of the masculine and the feminine yet some may be excepted for of little animals as insects
is the first part of the foot along to the toes Planities or Planta pedis which is called the interior part of the foot Vola which is the concavity between the two mounts of the sole the toes called Digiti in number equal to the fingers of the hand its substance doth consist of thirty eight bones and two vicine muscles by which they are extended bended moved and adduced CHAP. 11. Of the inward Organical parts of the belly 1. HItherto we have illustrated the External dissimilar parts The internal compounded members do follow which are not exposed to the eye but contained inwardly in the belly being covered by externals 2. And they are contained in the belly either in the bottom middle or top thereof 3. Those members A that are contained in the lower region of the belly are called natural organs because they serve the natural faculty or vegetive soul. 4. And they serve either for nutrition or generation 5. Those that are ordained to serve for nutrition are either of the first concoction or second 6. Those that serve for the first concoction are the mouth of the stomach the stomach and intestines 7. Oesophagus or mouth of the stomach is a part membranous and nervous consisting of two tunicles coming from the jaws to the superior mouth of the ventricle carrying meat and drink into the stomach 8. The stomach B succeeding the Oesophagus is a membranous hollow and spherical part consisting of two proper tunicles placed under the Diaphragma almost in the middle of the body and it is the shop of the first coction converting the ingested nutriâ—… into chyle whence it is properly called culosis 9. It hath two orifices whereof the one is frequently called the stomach and by ancient Medicks Cardian because it is endowed with a most exquisite sense the other which is inferior called Puloros is as it were the port or entrance 10. The ventricle is enrolled in a little skin which is called omentum and it is a membrane conâ—…ed of two tunicles arising from the peritoneum interwoven with many nerves veins and arteries covering the ventricle and cherishing its heat 11. There are certain continued intestines to the ventricle which are long round and hollow bodies reaching even to the fundament appointed constituted and ordained for the alterating of meats distributing of chyle into the liver and for the carrying away superfluities 12. And although the intestines are one continued body yet by reason of their substance and situation are distinguished into gracila and crassa 13. Those intestines that are called Gracila are those whose substance is thin and rare and the superior are these three duodenum jejunum and ileos 14. And these are ordained for the receiving and distributing of chyle 15. Duodenum D is a slender intestine or gut adhering next to the ventricle twelve fingers in length 16. To this doth belong a certain passage coming from the vessel of the gall which conveys yellow choler and by its acrimony the intestines are stimulated to excretion and disturbed by thin flegme adhering to the membranes 17. Jejunium is E a hungry gut having many mesaraical veins which snatch the best part of chyle out of the whole concoction so that the rest of the intestines seem empty 18. Ileos F is a gut more slender then the rest having many anfracts and therefore doth retain chyle longer that it may eliciate its juice better 19. Those intestines that are called Crassa are those which have a thick tunicle and they are three inferior Caecum Colon Rectum and these are the receptacle of excrements 20. The matter of these excrements is the terrestrial and dryer part of chyle accommodated to no use of the body daily swallowed up into the intestines with part of choler 21. Caecum is G a gross intestine broad and short having one orifice into which comes the Ileos and Colon receiving excrements and elicitating the other juice and so transmitting the rest of the fecies into Colon. 22. Colon H is an intestine grosser then the rest having many great anfracts like unto cells receiving the fecies and lest they should flow with an involuntary flux it makes the passages more narrower 23. Rectum is I a gross intestine lower then the rest crooked with many windings and turnings it reaches to the very fundament and carries out the excrements 24. The inferior part of this intestine is constringed with many muscles into a globular form 25. In the middle of the intestines is placed a certain pannicle and it is called the mesentery which is a membrane consisting of two tunicles and an innumerable veins and arteries full of fat connecting it self and gathering as it were into folds 26. Thus much of the members of the first concoction the second serve either to elaborate profitable aliment or to convey away inprofitable excrement 27. The liver is occupyed in the making of good nutriment 28. The liver is K an organical part of the lower belly consisting of red flesh like to blood newly coagulated it is placed near to the Diaphragma and in the right side of the Hypochondria and it is the shop of blood its action is cal'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 29. It hath two parts L or superficies the exterior and interior the exterior is called Gibba and it is light the interior is named Cava and it is rough 30. Members M which are of the second concoction serve to carry away excrements and they either evacuate choler or serose humours 31. Choler is either black or yellow the gall receiving the former the spleen the latter 32. The little vessel of the gall is a membrane having one simple tunicle but woven strong after the manner of a hair bag long and round connexed to the hollow part of the liver drawing choler from it and driving it into the intestines 33. It hath two conduits as it were or channels the one is carried into the liver alliciating choler into it the other into the Duodenum detruding the same into the intestine 34. But it is not carried into the bladder of the gall by the proper and alone motion of an elementary form but partly derived from the liver because it is an excrement and partly drawn from the vessel 35. But it doth not attract for nutritions sake First if choler be an excrement then it is an enemy to the body not in quality alone but in quantity also because the humour is bitter and mordacious Secondly neither doth it concrete like blood therefore it cannot be assimilated to the body but doth draw it for occult conveniences 36. The spleen N is a thin member spungy consisting of obscure flesh placed in the right-side of the Hypochondria adverse to the liver attracting from it black choler 37. The spleen doth allure to it self this juice by a strange providence and occult familiarity embrued not with pure and unmixed but with better and morâ—… nourishing blood whereby it is cherished with profitable juice 38. But a portion
water but the rather more inflamed by it 32. That is called Petreolum which flows from Rocks and sometimes Naptha Petra 33. Amber is fragrant Bitumen and kept amongst the richest merchandise and it is gotten about Arabia 34. Vitriol is a concreted Juice looking like the clearness of glass it is called by the Latines Atramentum sutorium and sometimes Chalchanthum 35. The native is found concreted in the Veins of the Earth or clefts of the Rock and from thence doth distil by drops part thereof hanging like frozen Ice and part found in the bottom of Channels 36. Furthermore Juices which cannot be melted yet not indurated into stones are Auripigmentum Sandarach Chalk Gypsum Lime Oker Argil Sealed earth Armenian earth 37. Auripigmentum or Arsnick is B a concreted Juice of a yellowish colour flourishing Pictures with a golden colour is hot and dry in the fourth degree and a present poyson 38. Sandarach is a reddish earth of the colour of Cinabaris yet something inclining to a yellow much of it is gotten in the veins of Metals with Auripigmentum smelling strong of Sulphure 39. Lime is a dry earth cocted to a stone which after it is burnt is inflamed with water and extinguished with oyl it is called Viva or Living because it contains fire hidden within it 40. Gypsum is a shining earth gentle and light akin to Lime but not so dry nor hot which is digged out of the bottom of the earth the Factitious is made of a certain stone and so placed in walls for the ornament of houses 41. Chalk is a tender earth and white plentiful in the Island of Crete 42. Ocher is a light and yellowish earth which when it is burnt is red 43. Argil is a fat and soft earth of which figuline vessels are made 44. Sealed and Lemnian earth is a portion of earth that is very red digged out of the Island Lemnos and sealed with the seal of Diana's high Priest it is also digged daily in Silesia and Hassia it resists poyson 45. The Armenian is a portion of earth digged out in Armenia drying by nature and of a pale colour The Commentary A SAlt is derived a saliendo from leaping because it leaps in the fire Some judge it to be called salt from the sun because it is gotten of its own accord of sea-water the spume thereof left upon the shore by the sun is concreted into salt The efficient cause of salt is the heat of the sun and the rest of the stars which drawing the sweeter and tender parts out of the saltish matter leaves the Terrene which being boyled makes a saltish substance Two things are required to a salt sapour the dry and Terrene parts and their adustion of the first is made a sapour of the latter a salt sapour Erroneous therefore is that opinion which judg'd salt to concrete as Ice of cold For if salt doth concrete of â—…old it is dissolved with heat because it is a general rule with Naturalists every thing to be dissolved by the contrary wherewith it was congealed but salt is dissolved with nothing less then with heat for that hardens it and dryes it more but it is quickly dissolved with water therefore it is not constringed of cold The matter is a Terrene Juice adust and dryed with heat the forme is dryed vapours with concocted water the end and use of salt is various in the whole course of life whence it is rightly said that nothing is more profitable then salt and the sun And old Homer called salt Divine because â—…t is accommodated to various â—…ses Salt hinders putrefaction and â—…akes away superfluous humidity â—…n our Bodies without salt a perfect concoction cannot be made besides it is of frequent use in the cure of wounds B Auripigmentum is double native and factitious that which is like to Ackorns erupts of its own accord from Metals this again is double the one is made of Arsnick and natural salt of equal parts mixed and burned in a crucible till the vapour appear like Chrystal hence it is called Christalline Arsnick the other is made of natural Arsnick and Sulphure mixed together and combustible both of them are dry and hot in the fourth degree and a present poyson CHAP. 4. Of the Nature of Plants in general and of their corruptions 1. HItherto we have spokeâ—… of an inanimate Body perfectly mixed Now we proceed to Animate Bodies which are perfectly mixed endowed with soul and life 2. There are two parts in the life of a furnisht Body the external Body and the soul which subministers life of the former we have spoken before of the latter we shall now 3. An animate Body is expert of sense or sensitive 4. A Plant is a Body expert in sense which is also called stirps A which is a body perfectly mixed endowed with a vigent soul which doth grow live wax green is nourished and increased from the earth 5. For when Plants are nourished and increased and bear flowers and fruits it proceeds from the soul and they are the works of animated Bodies neither can they be without this soul 6. Therefore rejected is that opinon of the Philosophers which call that the form which vivificates Plants and that their nature which indeed is the soul. 7. And also Erroneous is that opinion which maintans Plants to be Animals endowed with sense which Scaliger refutes Exer. 138. 8. For they are not accommodated with Organs which are requisite to sensitive faculties neither can the actions of any such faculties be apprehended in Plants for which of them can see hear smell taste or feel Arist. lib. 1. de planc C. 1. 9. We do not deny but some sense is resident in Plants in attracting to them what is profitable and shunning what is unprofitable but then the question will be how can Plants which are always fixed in a place properly be said to draw what is profitable and shun what is incommodious 10. The vegetable soul alonâ—… that is within the Plant is used as an instrument to the preservation of life by heat both native and adventitious lawfully temperated which the Plants draw out of the earth where they are fixed by the roots 11. That heat adhering in the moist matter it attracts as convenient to its nature and so alters and converts it into the substance of the Plant. 12. Hence there are two vital principles in every Plant heat and humour the want whereof as it is death to Animals so it is a corruption and decaying to Plants 13. Corruption doth either infest part of the Plant or the whole 14. A total corruption is either natural or preternatural 15. The natural is made when Plants are rendred more dryer for their internal heat and their moisture decayed by progress of time 16. Some are corrupted sooner others later and so accordingly they live long or short 17. The cause of which variety is especially the form yet sometimes it happens from the gluishâ—…ess of the humour and
more exact in its new guest 39. Hence it is that wilde Plants if they be engrafted do remain firm because they are nourished by a more sincere Aliment so that a Domestick or Garden Plant engrafted into a wilde Plant wâ—… grow better and yield more pleasanter fruit 50. The Fruits of these respond in sapour colour and odour the nature of the Plant whence the Graft was taken because the juice whereby the fruit is nourished is of great moment in this matter The Commentary A NAture doth proceed always from the less perfect to the more perfect therefore it is in the first place disputed seeing that Plants by reason of forms do want of the perfection of Animals whether it be a body perfectly mixed First it is defined to be a Body perfectly mixed to difference it from Meteors in which there is an alteration of Elements made whereas in Plants and also in Metals there is a notable mutation of elementary parts therefore there is added in the definition endowed with 〈◊〉 vegetive soul. Therefore in the first place that I may take away the opinion both of Philosophers and Physitians who call that the form which governs the Plant and that the nature which is the soul for when Plants are nourished and increase they bear fruits and flowers which are the works of animate Bodies and they cannot want that soul Secondly to take away their opinion who declare that Plants are endowed with sense as Animals are concèrning which Plato Anaxagoras Empedocles and many others maintain to which many later writers assent but especially Cardan First Flight Hatred Aversion Appetite cannot be attributed to any Bodies but such as are endowed with a sensitive soul but Plants refuse and fly too much Heat as the Vine hath no propinquity with the Cabbadge and many other Plants also the Vine desires the Elm and almost all other Plants do gather what is familiar unto them and fly from what is unprofitable therefore by these actions it is not obscure that Plants are endowed with sense Secondly they are distinguished in the sex the Feminine Plant cannot consist with the Masculine each other desiring their congress neither can they come to ripeness or bear fruit without their mutual society But to the first we Answer That the Hatred Flight and Appetite of Plants is not proper but translated as Danaeus speaks indeed they contract and extend themselves by the benefit of their Fibres and so receive what is familiar and profitable by a certain natural faculty yet not with any sense onely endowed with the strength of a vegetive soul and led by the impulse of nature which Cicero calls an instinct for what things love or hate by sense those cannot hate or love as Scaliger saith Exer. 138. But for example the Cabbadge always refuses the Vine and hath a continual enmity against it and hence doth manifestly evade it But this Flight and Appetite of Plants is altogether without sense yet some attribute this to the Sex of the Plants which is to be understood metaphorically as a certain similitude taken from strength and weakness for the Masculine is more stronger then the Feminine the Feminine more weaker then the Masculine therefore we are to understand that masculine Plants are always strong and robust the feminine weak and fecundine But it is said in the Definition which do grow out of the earth for this is as it were the belly of Plants as Anaxagoras saith and out of this the Fibres of the roots whatsoever is profitable to them and agreable to their nature they attract and convert into their substance Further it is said to grow live nourish and increase in which vital actions the Plant differs from other Inanimate things which as they are destitute of a soul so they want these actions Hence it is that a Plant is said to be dissolved not that it hath onely an animate Body but organical also and so of it self alone and not of the earth as the Soicks would have it to have the beginning of its actions but although these strengths and actions are common to Animals yet notwithstanding they are insited in Plants the soul is used to the life and preservation of the Plants instrumentally with heat well tempered which Plants do draw out of the earth where they are placed by the roots and that heat which cleaves to the humid tressel and subject the defect whereof as it is death to Animals so it is dryness and corruption to Plants B The plenty of the inward humour causes the longevity of Plants for thereby the innate heat which is the instrument of form is thereby made First therefore when plenty of heat is discerned it suggests the aliment not easily to be dissipated but that the Plant will live long and yield much oleous and resinous juice Secondly when they are dense and compact they faithfully preserve their vital heat and moisture neither can they suffer external injuries and for this cause trees are more diuturnal then Fruits and Fruits then Herbs Thirdly the Longitude and crassitude of roots is of great moment by reason of their hardness for lengthening of life First because by how much the roots are deeper by so much they stick more firm and the more do resist the external injury of winde and heat Secondly the roots are as it were the beginning of Plants in which the hot moisture doth chiefly flourish and the subterranean heat and humour daily cherished for it is consonant to reason where there is much humidity and calidity there the roots must needs be ample and profound and therefore a small and simple root is defective of calidity and humidity and thereupon cannot grow long Fourthly fecundity also is the cause of shortning its life because of the too little dissipation of Juice whereby the inward humour is nourished which juice should go into the seed and fruit C Heat hurts Plants less then cold unless arridity accede which is called squalor and those are easily hurt by cold whose roots are not deep for there the sun doth the sooner pierce unto them and the proximate parts of the roots are affected strongly by the beams of the sun because the earth is wanting to nourish them D But why certain Plants do arise quickly after sowing the seed and others a long time after The first and chiefest cause is the force of form The second is the strength and imbecility of the insited heat The third is the rarity and density the softness and hardness of the seeds for in hard and dense Bodies the humour is elicited not so readily by the force of heat out of the earth whereby the seed doth swell and for this cause it is that the seed of Pyony doth bud so long after Sation and Mandrake longer which is more hard and dense which certain space of days of budding or sprouting happens according to the variety of the suns influence and heavens concurrence and hence it is that if dung be commixed
onely distinguish of those which are idoneous to be eaten of which sort are edible Fruits and Herbs Fruits as Wheat Rye Barley Oats c. all manner of pulse as Pease c. Pot-herbs as Radish Fennel c. and all other Herbs that are eaten or mingled with meats as the Cabbadge Lettice c. Those which are not fit for esure are healthful or exitial the use whereof is in medicine either to absterge calefie or refrigerate with many other properties which medicine requires exitial are those that have an excedent quality as Hemlock But why have Plants and Animals such a familiarity or hatred amongst themselves is a question worth resolving There are certain Herbs which are edible which preserve the life of Animals now the consent must be in principles for all things are nourished by their simile and corrupted by their contrary but whether this consent be from the form or matter is a question not yet resolved That it doth proceed from the matter is a thing seemingly to be proved because the aliment doth not come from the naked form but body of the Plants and when it begins to nourish for those aliments which nourish must be concocted by the innate heat of the Animal and so be changed divers manner of ways it seems rather to belong to the matter then the form but we must know that matter cannot be idoneous for the nourishment of any body unless also the consent of form doth concur for neither without the help of other can be the cause of any action For whatsoever is made from a body that doth consist of matter and form is so made that the actions may be given rather to the form then matter and the passions rather to the matter then form and therefore the familiarity of nutriment is chiefly to be referred to the form although that the concurrence of the hability of the matter be necessary From these may be gathered why certain herbs are so averse from putrefaction but on the contrary apt and ready to the breaking of the whole body and everting of life for the cause of corruption is the contrariety of form and the matter makes repugnancy lest that any nutriment happen to the other for so the seeds of Grapes have of the matter and yet not nourish men and the wolf Thos hath of form and matter and yet averse from the life of men CHAP. 7. Of parts contained in animate Bodies and first of all of Humors 1. HItherto we have spoken of the first kinde of natural Animates to wit of Plants We shall now prosecute the other kinde aistheton or such as have sense 2. Aisthetice is a nature which is indowed with sense 3. And it is Zoophyton or an Animal 4. An Animal is a A sensible and animated body moving it self to a place 5. For Sense belongs onely to Animals and they are constituted for them and herein they differ from Plants 6. This animated Body B is one and simple harmony of many parts by continuation and union of form and it is dividual and variable into almost infinite parts 7. Therefore all that is part of an animate Body into which the same body cannot be divided or remain well whole Arist. 7. Polit. c. 8. 8. And some things are contained in these parts 9. They are contained which when they have a fluent and coherent nature are yet sustained by help of others 10. Of which sort C are both humours and spirits 11. An humour is the liquid and fluent part of a body contained in the spaces of an animate body and so placed therefore for the preservation of the same 12. Therefore whatsoever doth flow in and from the body insomuch that a vessel is required to be subjected in which the thing may be contained is called an humour 13. And humour is either insite or acquisite the insite is engendered of the whole mass of the body having its rise from the seed and menstruous blood for the conformation of the body and it is also called radical or primogenial 14. And it is either airy or oleous in which the native heat is preserved even as a flame by the candle 15. It is daily made of aliment for whatsoever suffices in its place it is needful to be changed by the help of heat but heat in product of time begins to fade and therefore what happens of aliment is impure and if it be destitute of fit aliment then heat at length quite dissipates 16. The acquisite doth come out for reparation sake for the more profitable parts of aliments 17. And it is either primary or secondary 18. The primary is gotten immediately of aliments concocted in the liver 19. Chylus therefore is not to be accounted the first humour both for that it is unapt of it self to nourish the body or any part thereof and also that it is not as yet truly fluid and not cocted in the liver 20. Primary humours are either profitable or excrementitious 21. Those that are profitable and make much to nutrition are blood and flegme 22. Blood D is a hot humour temperate sweet rubicund prepared in the Miseraick veins and confected in the liver of the most temperate oleous and airy parts of chyle 23. With this alone are all the parts of animals nourished First when it is certain that we are nourished of those things of which we consist but we are made of pure blood in the womb Secondly because this humour alone is distributed by vessels over the whole body and so doth accede to every part Thirdly this alone also is sweet and apt to nourish other humours are either bitter or acid Fourthly this alone can concrete by the benefit of the fibres and be assimilated to the body Arist. l. 2. de part anim c. 23. 24. Therefore this alone is contained in the veins not mingled with any other humour although it be conflated of four divers parts which do so constitute the sanguineous Mass as Cheese and Whay belongs to the substance of milk 25. Therefore because nature is not one and the same in all parts therefore from this Mass several stocks of juices may be drawn 26. Those parts are various of which blood doth consist some improperly entitle them by the name of excrementitious humours 27. For those humours are not carried with blood into the body if it injoys fully its native health but if infested with any preternatural affection then it is not blood but an excrement as Aristotle calls it and the Philosophers Nosodes haima diseased blood 28. Flegme E is a cold humour moist white and insipid gotten of a cold portion of chyle in the liver that by the progress of time and greater concoction it may divert to blood and so nourish the body 29. Therefore nature prudently hath hid no receptacle which might expurge it therefore seeing it cannot be evacuated it requires to be altered 30. Furthermore there are excrementitious humours which are unprofitable to nourish the body
by which it takes chyle out of the ventricle and intestines and so doth carry it to the concavity of the liver 34. Vena cava which is also called the great vein doth arise from the bunchy part of the liver and running over the whole longitude of the animal carries the blood to all the parts for nutriment 35. The less principal veins are branches of the former and either they have peculiar names allotted or not 36. The branched veins are partly Mesenterial and partly Hemorrhoidal 37. The causes of these are either external or internal 38. The internal are the emulgent or seminal veins 39. The exterior are the jugular veins in the head the intercostal in the trunk and the auxiliary in the arms of these and all the branches dispersed from them into both the exterior and interior parts of the body no particular names are allotted them 40. The fibres are H similar parts begotten white and solid of seed and dispersed every where over the whole membrane 41. And they are either right oblique or transverse 42. They are right which are carried according to the longitude of the membrane and do serve to attract aliment 43. Those that are transverse are such as are placed cross the body and they retain the attracted aliment 44. Oblique are those that are obduced with an organ crooked and do crosswise cut the two former and have an expelling force 45. Fat is a similar part I of the body moist without blood concreted of the aereal and fatty part of blood erupting by sweat through the tunicles of the vessels and congealed by the frigidity of the nervous parts 46. The skin K is a similar part ample and spermatick and it is the covering of all the parts of the body 47. To this may be added that which is no other then a thin and tender skin not unlike to the peeling of an onyon 48. Hitherto of similar parts which are spermatick they are carnous which are generated of blood and they are the flesh of the muscles 49. Flesh L is a tender part soft and rubicund and concreted of coagulated blood The Commentary A MAny definitions of similar parts are delivered both by ancient and late writers Aristotle doth call that a similar part which is divided into like parts which definition almost all have kept which notwithstanding seems to be imperfect for it must be understood of those things that may be divided into similar parts both according to sense and reason As for example flesh in the judgement of sense may be divided into parts which are similar mutually to it self and to the whole but in reason or imagination it is divided both into the four humours of which it consists and also into the four elements which neither are similar mutually to it self or by being compound to the whole therefore this particle is rightly added in the definition according to sense whence also Galen makes mention of sense saying That these are similar parts which are like in sense and therefore those parts are called rightly similar which do admit of no division altogether sensible into diversities and therefore they are called simple as to sense For although the elements alone are truly simple because they acknowledge no composition onely of matter and form notwithstanding they are called simple and similar parts of animals by a certain similitude and analogy for those things which are truly similar cannot be divided into the parts of a divers species neither in sense nor reason so that what things are onely similar in sense are not to be divided into diversities sense being judge B Bones are called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because their substance is hard and dry whence it follows that the same is chiefly terrene that is partaking more of earth then of any other element they are void of sense because much portion of the nerves is disseminated by their substance by the benefit whereof all the parts are sensitive But because some do assert that there is a notable sense in bones We answer that this sense doth not arise from the bones but from that membrane which doth cover the bone for that being abrased the bone may not onely be cut without any pain but without sense But it may be objected that the teeth are bones which experience doth teach to be most exquisite in sense I answer That happens by accident and not of it self for certain soft and tender nerves do appear to be derived from the teeth which because they are disseminated to the inward parts of the teeth do so affect the substance thereof that it causes great pain Furthermore in hollow bones marrow is contained which is a simple substance moist fat and white and the aliment of those bones this marrow is without blood yet hath its original of blood which doth distil out of the orifices of the vessels to the Periostium and so doth pierce into the cavities of the bones the efficient cause is the frigidity of the bones whence it is that cold and moist bodies do abound with much more fatness and marrow then the hot and dry and for this reason the bones of a Lyon do want marrow which of all creatures is the dryest and hottest because they have bones hard and dense It s use is to nourish the bones and to binde with iâ—… incalescency with motions and other causes C A Cartilage is called by the Greeks Condros its substance is terrene and solid but not so much as the bone whence Aristotle doth rightly write that the matter of a Cartilage and Bone to be one and the same matter onely differing in dryness for a Cartilage is softer then a Bone and somewhat flexible whence it gives place with its softness neither doth it so resist as the bone It s use is multifarious for first it is a certain stay and prop and makes the proximate parts more stable Secondly it admirably defends the bones from knocking or grinding together but being annexed by the same they may be more firm and stable Thirdly they promote and cause certain light parts to a promptness of motion in the arteries Fourthly they defend them against many accidents for their substance is idoneous to cover them and defend them because they being hard cannot easily be broken or cut hence we conclude with good reason that a Cartilage is void of sense D The most noted ligaments are in the trunk or artubus the ligaments of the trunk are either in the head or thorax in the head either in the whole or in part for a ligament doth convert the whole head with the spina so the tongue with the jaws In the trunk of the joynts there are ligaments knitting the bodies intrinsecally and cloathing of them as it were extrinsecally the ligaments of the joynts do connect other bones os ilii with os sacrum But there is a certain portion of a ligament called a tendon consisting of the fibres of the nerves and
are called rather by similitude then reality 55. The hip-bones are two strong bones placed within the os sacrum and ending in the buttocks 56. But os sacrum H is conflated of many bones to wit five or six sited almost in the middle of the body other bones both superior and inferior resting upon them are moved thereby 57. The Artus are two the hands and feet 58. The whole hand I is that which is portended from the shoulderblade to the end of the fingers 59. It is divided by Hippocrates into three parts into the arm the wrist and the hand it self 60. That is named the arm which extends from the shoulder to the elbow and doth consist of one great bone and many muscles seven whereof do govern the motion of the arm and four govern the motion of the wrists and it doth consist also of three chief veins the humerary axillary and median 61. The wrist is that part from the elbow to the hand and consists of two bones the greater and lesser whereof are both called Ulna which consists also of thirty three muscles prepared for the motion of the arms and hands 62. The hand reaches from the wrist to the end of the fingers the organ of apprehension 63. The parts of this again are brachial postbrachial and the fingers 64. The brachial or wrist is part of the hand it consists of eight bones the ligament being â—…ransverse 65. Postbrachial is that part of the hand placed between the wrist and the fingers whose posterior is articulated with the wrist the anterior with the fingers 66. The fingers are in number five every one consisting of three little bones the first is that which is the greatest in strength and magnitude and is called Pollex the second is called the Index and Demonstrator the third the middle fourthly the Ring-finger fifthly the least 67. The foot K is part of the body which is inserted into the hip the organ of walking and standing 68. Its parts are three the thigh the shank and the foot 69. The thigh doth reach from the hip even to the knee consisting of a bone the greatest of all with muscles and glandulous flesh 70. The knee is a knitting or dearticulation of the thigh and leg whose anterior part is called Patella and Posterior Poples 71. The shank is a part reaching from the knee to the foot the anterior part is called Anticnemion and the posterior Gastrocnemion 72. The shank doth consist of two long bones the interior and greater is called Tibia the exterior or less Fibula 73. The foot doth begin at the end thereof and reach to the extremity of the toe and doth consist of thirty eight bones and two musces whereby the toes are moved bended and extended The Commentary A TEeth are said to have sense by the communication of those soft little nerves proceeding from the third rank of nerves because those teeth that are â—…ormost or extant without the jaws are not capable of sense but those that are covered as it were with flesh in the jaws are very sensitive because the nerves and their vertues are extended to their region But now that part of the tooth which appears naked is insensible This I prove if it be cut filed broken or burned with a hot iron it is not sensible of any of these Therefore in this very thing do teeth differ from other bones because the teeth are perpetually nourished and increased which cannot be except there were instruments to convey this unto them But other bones onely take their determined increment B The substance of the tongue is laxe and therefore fit to be moved in every part and because it ought to judge of sapors therefore it ought to be rare that it may be easily imbued with the humour of sapours and that it may perfectly feel and distinguish of all kind of sapours it hath certain nerves implanted in it from the fourth rank C This Particle alone is proper to man for it avails much to the tuning of the voice and therefore it is called by some Plectron D By ancient writers that part of the body which reaches from the neck to the Genitals is called the Thorax so that according thereunto the belly is contained under the name of Thorax But Later Medicks with Galen do account that part onely the Thorax which is included between the sides or the region of the paps It is called Thorax apo to thoro for the continued motion of the heart its use is to be dilated and compressed to the motion of the vital members which contains in it self the benefit of respiration the substance of the Thorax doth consist of muscles paps and grisles or bones E They are called Cleides because they shut up the coarticulated humour with the shoulderblade lest it should slip into the brest thorax or arm F The ribs are numbred to be twenty four each side containing twelve where observe that this number is not always found for in some are found thirteen and in some but eleven which happens by reason of the matter either abounding or deficient Therefore Aristotle doth erre in asserting that there are but onely eight bones in the side of a man and in some nations onely seven And as many ribs as there are in a man so many there are in a woman and therefore altogether ridiculous is that Comment that there is one less in a man then in a woman or one abounding more in a woman then in a man G The belly is a part of the body which reacheth from the brest where the ribs end even to the privities and it is divided into three regions the first above about and below the navel above the navel from the midriff to the navel Epigastrion and Hypochondrion the middle which is as it were the center of the navel which is formed of two veins and so many arteries which carries blood and spirit for the nutriment of the yong and conveys back again the excrements about this are the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 both viâ—…ine parts to the navel so called because they are empty below the belly is containted the Hypogastrion which is that part of the belly which reaches from the navel even to the genitals H This bone is called Sacred because it is great broad and ample Hieron with the ancient is great this doth consist of many bones coagmented together which notwithstanding in tender age may be separated yet in old age with much coction so much coalesced that it is almost incredible to believe it conâ—…ts of many bones I Galen and Hippâ—…ates do call that the hand which is from the shoulder to the fingers that which Aristotle calls brachium we call manus and the Germans Ein hand K It consists of a superficies and substance tâ—… superficies is distinguished into five regions which are these Calcaneus and that is the posterior part the mouâ—…t of the foot by the Greeks called Tharsos and by the Arabians Rascheta and it