sometimes from all which exercitation it self will easily discover Observe Secondly That most commonly we descry more and more infallible signs from the effects then from the two other heads Observe Thirdly That of the proposed signs as to indication some are of more some of lesse efficacy but yet by rallying up all we draw a conclusive demonstration of the thing which we enquire after Observe Fourthly That we must perfectly understand the nature causes and effects of all those things which are in our body or contingent to it that we may not erre in deducing signs from the proposed head And we must be so well furnished with the precepts of Physiology and Pathology that we may not here be destitute to shew them as often as occasion of use shall require Otherwise these Semeiotical instructions though they be laboured out to a prolixity wil all be but as waste paper The Second Section of the SEMEIOTICAL Parts Of the Diagnostick signs The First CHAPTER Of the signs of bilious Humor predominant in the whole body THE knowledge of the temperament and humor predominant in the whole body is necessary for the understanding the species of the affection and the productive cause thereof Therefore before we discourse of them we must first propose the signs of humor predominant in the body beginning with Choler But it is first observable that there are only two heads from which we take the signs of humors viz. the causes and effects for the essence in this case gives no light That therefore we may lance the skulls of these heads and see what they contain we must orderly run thorough their genus and species at least all those which may be usefull in directing us to the knowledg of humors which that they might not be burdensome to memory are digested into the following Tables To this referre the Table noted with the letter A. By the observation of this order we shall descry Choler predominant in the body by the indication of The Material Causes The Quality of Aliments Feeding on hot and dry meats drinking noble wine old or new which are easily convertible into Choler Quantity Order Defect of aliment as famine food very smal and sparing Sweet things eaten after a meale because by long coction they convert into Choler as experience instructs us that after some space of time they grow bitter by artificial coction Use of hot Medicaments as Spices c. which degenerate to Choler Medicaments Retentions Customary evacuation of choler thorough the belly by Urines Vomits or Sweats flowing either voluntarily or driven out by Medicines suppressed or intermitted The Efficient Causes Parts An hot and dry temper of the ventricle liver and heart Because these parts are able to disseminate an Affection thorough the whole body Descent Parents of a bilious temper Age. Youthfulness that space chiefly which intervenes between eighteen and thirty five Sex Virile sex for they are accounted more bilious as women more pituitous Region A Region hot and dry Time Summer season Aliment Meat and drink of a calefactory and exsiccating quality as onyons garlick all salt and peppered things which by overheating the liver cause a copious generation of choler Exercitation A laborious life toiled with much exercise Venery An over-vehement motion to venery which sets the whole body on fire Watching Too much watching by which the blood and spirits are inflamed Passions of the mind Anger cares and violent commotions of the mind They are helped by things cold and moist offended by things hot and dry and fasting The Effects Animal Actions Ingenuity A sharp and witty ready and quick of fancy Passions of the mind Teastiness rage boldness jactation desire of revenge Sleep and Watching Very little sleep and slight and much watching Dreams Dreams of fires flames contentions and tumults Senses Lively acute quick and expedite senses chiefly hearing to which siccity is very advantagious Swift and nimble but soon tyred motions Vital Actions A great frequent and hard pulse Natural Actions Appetency Want of appetite and nauseating of meat in summer especially Appetite to cold things A difficult toleration of hunger Thirst Much thirsting and frequent drinking Quick and speedy accretion and timely Age because the radical moisture is soon consumed A forward propensity to venery by reason of the acrimony of the seed Venery A speedy wearisomeness in venery because the spirits of bilious men are very dissipable by reason of their tenuity The Passions Bilious men have a propensity which disposeth them for diseases as burning feavers and tertians phrensy and pleurisy to bilious vomits Diarrhaea's Erysipela's blisters and pimples in the face c. Excrements By the mouth Vomiting of humor thin pale or yellow and bitter or a bitter tast in the tongue The ears Copious excrements of the ears and very yellow Belly Feculency very yellow Bladder Urine thin and yellow or also red and flammeous The Purgations of the womb somewhat yellow or orange colour The Habit of the body Skin first quality A skin to the touch hot and dry the heat of it sharp and biting especially in the hands Second A skin hard and rough The colour of the skin principally of the face and eyes pale and yellowish Haires Thinness of haire by reason of the rarity of pores which permits an effluxion of hairy matter Quantity Quality Yellow hair resembling choler and somewhat black by too much expulsion sometimes also curled by reason of the dryness which turns the hairround and bilious men become bald by reason of the siccity of the skin and consumption of the matter of haires Passion The hair soon growing and soon falling The Latitude of the vessels For dilatation is proper to heat and the veins in the eyes apparent Flesh A slender and lean habitude of body CHAP. II. Of the Signs of pituitous humor predominant in the body Flegm predominant in the body is discovered by The material Causes Quality of Aliments A customary feeding on meats cold and moist as fruits hearbs fish meats made of milk drinking of water c. for they are transmuted into flegme Quantity Too great a quantity of Aliment overwhelming the native heat and generating crudities Time Meats taken soon after sleep or before sleep before the concoction of the former Medicaments Too long use of cold and moist medicaments which as aliments degenerate into flegm Retentions The omission of a natural assuefaction to evacuate flegm by vomit or secesse or of an artificial custome by exercitation or use of both waters stewes or purging or diuretick Medicines by the intermission of which flegm is copiously generated The efficient Causes Parts A cold and moist temper of the ventricle liver heart and brain Descent Parentage of a pituitous temper Age. Old age which in defect of heat accumulates much flegme as also childish age by reason of gluttony and unwary institution of diet Sex Female sex Region A Country cold and moist abounding in pooles and marishes or drench'd with great rivers exposed
to the fury of North windes snowes and showers and those that lie to the North this is the cause that most Germans are pituitous Time Winter season Meat and drink Meat and drink of a refrigerating and irrigating quality as lettice purslane and summer fruit and drinking of water which by cooling the ventricle and liver cause them to produce plenty of flegm Quiet An idle and sedentary life Sleep Much and profound sleep especially after meat Passions A life void of care study or anxiety or one much troubled with them because they by dissipating the native heat refrigerate the body By the use of things hot and dry they are helped and by things moist and cold they are hurt The Effects Animal Actions Principal Imagination good enough and an easie apprehension of things but a speedy forgetfulness because on humid things impression is easily made and as easily obliterated A drowsy and dull mind a slow and heavy wit Remisse anger and easily appeased Sleep A great propensity to sleep Dreams Dreams of cold waters rains snowes drownings rivers pooles seas and white things Sense A dullness of the senses Motion A slowness but continuance of motion because the spirits being somewhat thick are not soon dissolved Vital Actions Pulse A smal slow and soft pulse Natural Actions Hunger A dejected appetency and this reason Hipp. gives that old men can easily tolerate hunger Thirst None or very little thirst Accretion Slow growth because the heat being weak requires much time to subdue the forces of moisture Venery Slowness to venery The moderate use of which is advantageous to them as reinforcing the heat which thereupon concocts the flegm and reduces the body to a better temper but by the too frequent use thereof the body is too much cooled The Passions They are better in health in clear weather in cold and rainy worse They are subject to cold diseases as catarrhes dropsies pituitous distempers lethargies palsies and the like The Excrements By mouth and nostrils The excretion of humor thick white and insipid conveyed thorough the nostrils and mouth The belly Mucous and whitish feculency Bladder White or pale Urine and that thin if there be obstructions otherwise muddy and thick with plentiful sediments Womb. The flowings of the womb in women white The Habit of the body Skin first A skin to the touch cold feet chiefly and hands very cold in winter Qualities second A soft and smooth skin Third The colour of the same white Hair Hair soft and smooth and from the beginning thin Second quality Yellow hair because flegm by longer coction is so coloured Third figure Direct hairs because the skin being void of dryness the passages in it are easie thorough which the excrements may freely passe Passions Hairs of slow growth but never disrobed by baldness Vessells The narrowness of the vessels and no veins appearing in the eyes Flesh A soft habit of body and fat yet not carnous CHAP. III. Of the signs of Blood predominant in the body The blood predominant in the body is evident by The Material Causes The use of meates of good juyce and easie concoction such as new bread very white and well baked soft boiled egges young flesh and of good nourishment especially that of Hens Partridges Pheasants Calfes Kids c. clear fountain-water generous wine healthfully tempered Retentions Suppressions of usuall vacuations as of issuing of blood in the younger of the Hemorroids in the more aged or the monthes in women The Efficient Causes Parts An hot and moist temper of the heart and liver Descent Sanguin parents Age. The Age from Childhood to Puberty Region A Country perflated by meridional and Southerly winds Time Spring Time Exercise Idleness or but little exercise which creates an appetite without any resolution of the body Venery Unfrequent use of Venery Sleep Sweet and moderate sleep Passions A Life free from care exhilarated with joy and mirth and affluences of delights The large emission and voluntary profusion of blood is commodious for such and the discarding of all such things as may any way diminish the copiousness thereof The Effects Animal Actions Imagination A happy imagination and comprehension of things because moisture readily receives an impression Ratiocination A dulness and stolidity of mind profuse laughter impudence incontinence in very sanguin complexions In others mirth and hilarity of the mind with easie and free discourse and a great inclination to love Memory A memory somewhat weak Sleep Profound sleep yet lesse than in persons pituitous Dreams Dreams of red things of mirth pleasantness marriages gardens musical notes Kings Princes and Nobles Motion Moderate motion but heavy and soon tyred Vital Actions Pulse A great Pulse slow and full Natural Actions Hunger A mediocrity of appetite unlesse the humors abound which breed satiety Thirst Mediocrity also of thirst Venery Inclination to venery but not so much as in persons bilious An easie toleration of venery by reason of the copiousness of seminal matter Passions An easie falling into continuall feavers flegmons and little inflammations c. Excrements Thorough divers parts Frequent and copious excretions of blood expelled thorough the nose womb and Hemorroides The Bladder Copious Urine of a laudable colour and consistence and sometimes replenished with a multitude of contained in it Belly Feculency ruddy and of an indifferent consistence The Habit of the body Qualities A skin hot and soft to the perception of the Touch. Second A florid and ruddy colour of the face Third hair An indifferent plenty of haire of a yellowish colour and a speedy generation of them Vessels Indifferent largness of the vessels A carnous and well compact habit of the body A COROLLARY A true Plethorick void of all Cacochymie is discovered most usually by the same signs if we add an extension of the vessels and voluntary lassitude CHAP. IV. Of the signs of Melancholy predominant in the body THE redundancy of Melancholick humor in the body is demonstrated by the following signs The Material Causes Aliments Use of too crass and hard aliment of a terrene substance such as brown and branny bread black and thick wine troubled and muddy water pulse old cheese beefe hares pork marish-fowle especially salted or hardened in the smoak great fishes hard and salt cabbages parsnipes c. Retentions The customary evacuation of Melancholy retained spontaneously or artificially by the Hemorroides the belly the crooked veins or the Itch c. The Efficient Causes Parts A cold and dry temper of the liver and heart with the infirmity or obstruction of the milt by reason of which it is disabled to attract Melancholick humor and conveniently to expell it Descent Melancholick Parentage Age. Consistency of age from the forty to sixty Region A County whose aire is of an unequal constitution Time Autumn season Watching Immoderate watching because it dryes the body and dissolves native heat Passions A Life agitated with studies cares anxieties and griefe Helpfull and hurtfull They are pleasured by things hot
happens that animal actions do not seldome perish in the parts though they receive no hurt but only the principle of them but the natural are never hurt while the parts are free from harme Secondly Aire is the matter of all spirits for out of it and clear exhalations from the blood they are produced But there is no passage thorough which the air may be conveyed to the Liver Therefore that can be no seat for the generation of spirits Thirdly The spirits are according to Hippocrates the causers of motion therefore if the veins harbour spirits they should beat no lesse then the Arteries But the principal argument to confirme the assertion of natural spirits is this Three actions specifically distinct are exercised in our bodies viz. Animal Vital and Natural but the exercise of action is the duty of the spirits as Galen very often affirms therefore we must necessarily constitute three spirits differing in species viz. the Animal Vital and Natural If you object that natural actions are exercised by the inbred spirits I Answer that the adventitious are absolutely necessary for conservation of the inbred which bear a similitude of nature to them the production of which is acknowledged from the Liver I Oppose therefore to the first argument established by the authority of Galen in opposition to this that the rudeness obscurity and non-purity of this spirit created sometimes in Galen a doubt it being more caliginous and terrestrial then the Vital and proportioned to those actions which it is designed to performe But though the faculties be implanted in the parts they want the help of the adventitious spirits for exercise and to hinder the dissipation of the implanted spirits To the second I Answer That the natural spirits want but little aire which by insensible transpiration by the Arteries knitted to the veins of the Liver and by the continual ventilation of the Diaphragma are easily imparted to the Liver To the third I Answer That the beating of the Arteries is not caused by the spirits but by a pulsifick vertue communicated to them from the heart But the Liver being not endowed with such a faculty the veins which have a dependence upon it do not beat for it is not necessary because the blood and natural spirits want no such ventilation but are well enough preserved only by transpiration The Vital is generated in the heart by the natural spirit and the attraction of the air by inspiration and by the help of the Arteries flowes into the whole body for the preservation of natural heat and defence of life It stands better with reason that the vital spirits which surpasse in tenuity should be generated out of that spiritous substance prepared and attenuated in the Liver rather then out of the venal blood only which is destitute of spirits for as the animal owes its production to the vital so it may be supposed the vital is related to the natural Therefore that natural spirit being conveyed to the left cavity of the heart with the purer part of the blood is intermixed with aire arriving thither by the inspiration of the Lungs thorough the venal artery whence by the inbred force of the heart and innate heat by joynt elaboration the vitall spirits are generated which being after transported to the Arteries are conducted thorough the whole body that they may nourish and preserve the whole body by their vigorous heat The Animal is generated in the brain by the concurrence of the Vital and the aire attracted by the mouth and nostrils whose influence on the whole body is by the nerves for the exercise of animal functions A portion of the vital spirit is conducted to the brain by the Arterie Carotides whose course is thorough the neck and in the ventricles of the brain is mingled with air attracted thorough the high-way of the mouth and nostrils where by the idiosincracy of the brain it is changed and acquires a new form and becomes Animal spirit fit for the performance of animal actions for during its continuance in the veins it is the principal officer and chief instrument in the execution of these actions but while it flowes thorough the nerves into the various parts of the body it compleates and perfects the motion of the senses A COROLLARY THE reasons following will sufficiently evince that there is no Animal spirit First The cold and moist substance of the brain cannot be convenient for the generation of spirits which are hot and thin since there must necessarily be a relation of similitude in all productions Secondly All vapors which ascend to the brain by the frigidity of it are condensed to a concretion and turned into water Therefore if the spirits which are of a like nature were contained in the brain they would in like manner be infrigidated to a concretion Thirdly If there were such spirits their chief place of residence would be the ventricles of the brain but that is impossible because those ventricles are continually feculent with excrements to the expurgation of which they are designed but they would infect the spirits Fourthly If these spirits were lodged in these ventricles of the brain they would easily make escape thorough those passages which are appointed for the evacuation of the excrements Fiftly If these spirits were housed in the brain sensation and cogitation would alwayes be quick because the faculties of the soul give constant attendance and are alwayes in action till they want instruments To the first I Answer That the brain is not in such a measure cold but that it is actually hot which heat is sufficient for the generation of the Animal spirits which are not simply the production of heat but of the very idiosyncracy of the brain which must necessarily incline to coldness that the heat of the vital spirits might be allayed that our cogitations and sensations may be constant and firm which otherwise those incendiaries the spirits would blow up to a deliration and madness as we see in men phrenetical To the second I Answer That the spirits are not concrete in the brain as the vapors because they are not the chief constitutions of a waterish nature but rather of Aery or Aethereal one To the third with Aristotles consent 2. of the soul chap. 8. I Answer That Nature can imploy the same thing in the business of divers offices as the tongue primarily for the taste secundarily for speech the nostrils primarily for smel and inspiration of aire but secundarily for the conveying away of mucous flegme so the ventricles of the brain are primarily contrived for the generation of spirits secundarily for the expurgation of excrements but these excrements by reason of their continual purging and effluxion cannot be infectious to the Animal spirits as long as the brain squares to Nature To the fourth I oppose That the spirits break not forth thorough those channels in which the excrements stream being retained by the friendly nature of the part and familiarity of the substance To the fifth I Answer That the concurrence of three things cause cogitation Faculty Instrument and Object all which being supplyed the mind operates indefatigably for not only waking but often also sleeping we exercise our cogitations because we use the object of the internal senses but both failing cogitation ceaseth as also in default of the Instrument viz. Animal spirit which
the whole masse therefore for the exercise of action there is not only required the presence of the soul with its retinue of faculties but also a disposition of the Organ fitted for action which being disorderly the actions are lamely or not at all exercised But it is observable that in the parts beside the action properly so called there are two other things considerable viz. their Work and Use The Work is the effect of action viz. when it hath a real and permanent object as for example the Chyle which proceeds from concoction in the ventricle is named the Work so the blood in the Liver But the use of a part is when it exerts no action from it self but is only auxiliary and commodious to the action of another part as the mesenterium which is only the pillar supporting the mesaraick veins the epiploon of the ventricle nourisheth heat and involves it as a vestment Therefore Use is distinguished from action because this is perpetually in motion which cannot in conceit be abstracted from it but Use is placed in the idleness of the part which sometimes remains after the decease as appears by the use of the skin which covers the whole body and by the skul useful to contain the brain CHAP. II Of the Differences of Faculties and Functions The Faculties and Functions are three-fold Natural Vital and Animal THE spirits were before divided into three differences every one of which is produced in its peculiar part and streams from it into the whole body where we mentioned three parts which are the shops of these parts it remains now that we constitute three faculties and enthronize them in those parts which by the disposition of instruments may in them chiefly exercise their actions whose actions ought not to exceed in number the faculties being their effects and because we attaine not the knowledg of the faculties but by the functions aforesaid they were divided into three because there appear three kind of actions distanced by a great latitude every of which is subdivided into its species as after shall appear But experience doth often inform us that those three functions and so the faculties are mutually distinguished For First it is evident enough by this that the Animal faculty is distinguished from the natural because many parts as the bones and cartilages are destitute of sense and motion yet they live and receive nutriment Besides It is plain by this that there intercedes a difference between the Vital and Animal because when we sleep or desist from all operation yet the heart with the Arteries is in continual agitation and is in no wise obedient to the command of the will Lastly The distinction of the vital from the natural is manifest in a part consumed by an Atrophy or the whole body in a Marasmus which for want of Aliment is pined yet it lives by the help of a faculty issuing from the heart which defends and preserves it Some may object That Galen in his bookes of the differences of symptomes constitutes only two faculties the Animal and Natural omitting the Vital I Answer That Galen there understands that terme Naturall at large for all that which is not voluntary and so comprehends the Vital faculty in the latitude of the Animal for he there engages himself to the strict law of division which is made when the members are opposite so that in this manner voluntary is opposed to involuntary seeing then the Animal functions are voluntary but the Vital and Natural involuntary and both performed only by the vertue of nature therefore he there expresseth both by the term of Natural though in many other places he distinguisheth them CHAP. III. Of the Natural Faculty and Function and their species and First of Nutrition The Natural faculty is that vertue of the soul by which through the assistance of native heat the body is nourished and increased and the same according to its species is generated And it is three-fold Nutritive Auctive and Generative Hence the Function is three-fold Nutrition Auction and Generation IN Animate bodies three things are very necessary the conservation of the Individuum its just proportion and the conservation of the species The substance of the Individuum by divers causes as well internal as external daily moulders away and something alwayes departs from it which unlesse a restauration were made by Aliment life would soon be extinct that therefore this body may be preserved to while away some time the first faculty called Nutritive is requisite But because Nature hath confined all things to a certain magnitude convenient for the exercise allotted them the second necessary will be the Auctive faculty by the help of which the animate body fils up every particle of that magnitude whence this virtue proposeth not for its end the conservation of the form in the matter but the operation of the living creature Lastly animate bodies being frail and subject to corruption lest their species should fail the Procreative faculty was necessary by which though the individuals yeild to corruption the species it self is preserved The Nutritive faculty is that vertue of the soul which by the help of innate heat converts the Aliment into the substance of the body to repaire its loss The Action of this faculty is called Nutrition which is the instauration of that substance of our bodies which is consumed The Native heat in our bodies is never idle as is before alleaged but acts continually upon the humidity which it wasts and dissolves therefore lest the creature should pine away and dye the losse must be made up this caused that opinion of Hippocrates that a man cannot subsist without Aliment seven dayes And so Nutrition is proper only to living creatures for though by Aristotle himself fire is said to be nourished and increased by combustible matter yet this is no true Nutrition but only improperly so called for there are three things requisite to true nutrition and accretion according to the mind of Aristotle First That a thing be nourished and increased by the access of external matter Secondly That the thing increased remain numerically the same Thirdly That this accesse of magnitude accrew not only to the whole but to every particle thereof But now in the nutrition of the fire it remains not in its numerical identity but by reason of the combustible matter is continually successive neither is every particle thereof compleat with the addition of magnitude and for this cause true and proper nutrition is not agreeable to fire but by Analogy only It may be objected That if the Aliment in Nutrition convert into the substance of the parts there is no intervening difference between nutrition and generation I answer That there is no real but only a rational distinction between them viz. according to the diversity between the whole and a part for nutrition is the generation of a part of the substance viz. of that small part of the flesh which is wasted but
incomprehensible by sense which yet our mind knows to be certainly true This is the head of all sciences which by the efficacious vertue of this faculty are usually learned and taught Memory is that operation of the soul which retains and preserves the received species of things The species of things when they are once hedged in to the mind are there long detained so that after a large space of time when they have been entertained by the senses they are represented to the mind and imagination This caused the invention of a third faculty distinct from the rest which might preserve all those species as a treasury out of which they may be fetched as occasion serves The Philosophers create another operation different from the memory viz. reminiscency which summons up those things that are run away from the memory rallying them together by the help of those which are yet retained But yet we are inclinable to assert with Galen that reminiscency is an operation of the memory reflecting upon it self For it is not as some conceive the only business of the memory to retain the species for by this means it would be a vertue not knowing but only lodging the species but it is the office of the memory to record things as they are transacted and so reminiscence is a progressive motion not a differing action of the memory A COROLLARY A notable question is usually debated among Physicians whether the principal faculties are locally distinguished in the brain in which for satisfaction I referre you to Laurentius by whom quest 2. book 10. it is admirably well handled CHAP. VIII Of Sleeping and Waking To the internal functions of the Brain are referred Sleeping and Waking we must therefore now treat of them ALL the Philosophers referre Sleeping and Waking to the common sense Positively asserting sleep to be the cessation of the common and exterior senses but watching to be the action and exercitation of them Hence when wee comprehend the common sense under imagination when also dreams of which we shall after treat may be circled into imagination strictly accepted therefore this place will be convenient for this Treatise But Sleep is a quietation or cessation of the internal and external senses appointed for the recreation of the body Watch is nothing else but the free exercise of the same senses By the Interior senses we chiefly understand that internal action by the help of which the species are received which by the external senses are conducted to the imagination for that operation sleeps with us but not the action of imagination ratiocination or memory which are not seldome exercised in sleep Nay the senses themselves do not wholly compose themselves to cessation for in sleep we receive violent objects as noyses ratlings and such like and so though sleep be called a privation and watching an habit yet it is no total privation but such an one which easily gives way to a retreat from it self to the habit and by this means it comes short of the essence of true privation The next and immediate cause of sleep is the locking up of the spirits and prohibition of their influence into the instruments of sense and motion But the influence of the spirits is block'd up by swarmes of vapors suffocating the brain which barricadoe the passages thereof The cause of natural and quiet sleep is a gentle and as it were roride vapour exhaling from the aliments into the brain stopping up the ventricles and passages of it for the retention of the spirits and quietation of animal actions But that sleep is induced by such like vapors mounting into the brain it is evident because the copiousness of meat and drink wine especially casts us into a long and deep sleep but these send up many vapors into the brain But they who are very sober and fast sleep little by reason of the paucity of vapors making to the brain which are soon dissipated for the sleep ceaseth when the native heat hath dispersed those vapors For those things stop the influence of the spirits which either much dissipate or dull them or any other way fix them The principal cause of sleep prohibiting the influx of the spirits is the plenty of vapors randezvouzing in the brain Yet there may be afforded many other causes producing the same with less efficacy or at least not so naturally for instance when the animal spirits are so tyred by the labour of the day more serious thoughts of the mind studies and cares so that all their forces rallyed together will not be able to effect an ordinary influx but nature retains them and the influent heat to repair the loss of the spirits So also cold things taken or applyed intercept and solidate the spirits as it were to a congelation And the spirits do not seldome make a stop at such things as delight the mind as pleasant Songs the allusion of bubbling waters an intermission of cogitations security of the mind and such like Lastly the end of sleep is the instauration of the animal strength and of the whole body The chief designe of sleep is to restore the animal powers to their vigour because they being over-wrought by a tedious and various sensation are by the help of sleep enlivened and the spirits exhausted by watching are strengthned the members wearied with motion return to their former nature and functions Secondarily also sleep conduceth to the better effecting of natural actions which by animal operations are in watching in a manner hindred For in the time we repose our selves to sleep the heat retires to the inner parts which is advantagious to concoction and now new matter is afforded for generation of spirits the excrements are mitigated diminished and better concocted CHAP. IX Of Dreams A Dream is a glancing apparition of some sensible thing represented to an animal in the time of sleep WHile an animal wakes and exercises the external senses representations from sensible objects are conveyed to the brain that there being imprinted by the virtue of the animal spirits they might be preserved When therefore this animal sleeps and releases to his external senses then these representations unless the animal spirits be obscured and obliterated with some dregs or disturbance of violent motion do again present themselves and appear in sleep This is the cause that the animal judgeth it self really to know by the outward senses those things which are objected onely in shadow Dreams usually visit us in the morning because then after perfect digestion the animal spirit is more pure the crass vapors being resolved and dispelled by native heat now therefore the species of things are presented and stated before the imagination more clearly and perfectly for as in troubled waters we perceive either none or a very uncomely effigies so the brain muddied with such plenty of vapors gives place to the effigiating of no dreams or of very confused and broken ones But Dreams are either supernatural or natural Supernatural
occult from the senses yet all of them are understood by symptomes which are their effects and most of all by labefacted action which immediately and by it self depends upon disease and so essentially that if we assert action hurt we necessarily imply a disease on which it hath dependence But it may be objected That action is often hurt immediately by the very morbifick causes for aliment too copiously burdensome to the ventricle is hurtful to concoction without the interposing of a disease Therefore all action hurt depends noton a disease I answer That the coction of the ventricle is not therefore hurt because it cannot concoct a great plenty of aliment for it being requisite that there should be a certain proportion between the Agent and Patient for the right exercise of action if the Aliment be too copious or of quality troublesome the action of the ventricle is not hurt though it cannot master it as it is not troubled though it cannot concoct Iron This defect therefore depends on the disproportion of the object It is again thus objected Some symptomes may primarily and by themselves hurt action as the quality changed in the eye viz. the yellow colour of the cornea tunica of men troubled with the Jaundies caused by the effusion of yellow choler into it which immediately produceth sight for they can discern no colour but their own but no disease can be impeached of such treason against the eye Therefore that colour which is the symptome doth immediately injure action I Answer in the eye peculiarly a preternatural colour may be termed a disease for the eye in its natural constitution ought to be without any colour that it may be the fitter for the reception of the species of external objects pure and inconfused and their various colours for that colour of the eye may be referred to diseases in number because the number of qualities which ought naturally to be in the eye is increased The same may be held of an extraneous taste in the tongue and sound in the eare which are impediments to the due perception of taste and sound hence it appears that in these peculiar instruments of sense peculiarly constituted we may admit a peculiar kind of disease Here ariseth lastly cause of objection That in Sympathetick affects the actions of the parts are hurt without the violence of any disease for if a disease were in the sympathizing parts we should endeavour remedy for the which is not done neither when the action of the nerves is hurt by the obstruction of the brain can we impute a disease to the nerves but only to the brain I oppose to this That Therapeutick Physicians number not the sympathetical affects with the diseases because we apply no remedies to them but if we consider more seriously we shall find they may be referred to some genus of disease viz. the influence of animal spirits into the nerves is block'd up by the obstruction of the brain by the defect of which motion and sense decay but this defect may be reckoned among diseases in the number of deficients and so we may hold of many others CHAP. II. Of the Kinds and Differences of Diseases Hitherto of the Nature of disease it followes now that we discourse of the Differences thereof GAlen confounds the genus species and differences of diseases in 2. of his method and useth them for one and the same for he is not precise in their strict and logical consideration though either of them may be truely predicated in a diverse respect viz. in relation to the disease it self which is the principal genus they must be called species or differences in relation to the subordinate species into which they are subdivided they are honoured with the Title of genus But the differences of diseases are some essential some accidental The Essential are taken from the very essence of the disease and are otherwise called specifical because out of them the genus and species are constituted But they are three viz. similar organical and common The whole essence of accidents depends upon subjects therefore their essential differences must be derived from the differences of their subjects but the subjects of diseases are the parts of our body which are properly called such viz. which cohere to the whole mass and partake of life in common for although by Hippocrates the parts be divided into the containing the contained and those that cause motion where by the containing he understands the living parts designed for the exercise of actions by the contained the humors by those causing motion the spirits there the name of part is tentered to the widest sense for nor humors nor spirits can be the subjects of diseases nor do they communicate of life but they are rather the causes of diseases when they are extravagant in quality or quantity Therefore seeing those living parts branch out into two differences viz. similar and organical diseases also shall be divided into similar and organical but because in both the forementioned parts there is required another common disposition besides their due temper and conformation that they may behave themselves according to the rule of nature viz. a natural continuity or union of these parts the corruption of which is the generation of another species of disease termed Common CHAP. III. Of the species of a similar disease Every similar disease is called Intemperancy THE similar Parts are composed of Elements onely and their actions are executed by the symmetry of the foure first qualities and the allaying them to a due fixation of temper For the similar Parts as similar are voyd of any action nutrition excepted by reason of which they retaine convenient aliment when it is attracted concoct it and thrust out superfluities all which are in them performed by the temper alone As long therefore as a due temper is preserved in the similar parts they regulate themselves according to nature But when they are intemperate they are in a morbous condition and so every disease affecting the similar parts will be intemperateness But intemperateness breaks out into other differences of which some are essential some accidental Again the Essential are some simple some compound the simple are foure 1 Hot 2 Cold 3 Moist 4 Dry. The Compound are the same in number 1 Hot and moist 2 Hot and dry 3 Cold and moist 4 Cold and dry These intemperatures are called morbous when they swell to such an excess that they do manifestly hurt the actions otherwise they confine themselves to the prescripts of health for instance though a man of a bilious temper be hotter and dryer than is convenient for the moderation of a fit temperament yet as long as in the exercise of his actions he is not irregular as to the prescript of his innate temperament he is not said intemperate to disease till transgressing the proper limitation of health he falls for example into a feaver or some other hot affect The accidental differences
and cold as also by temperate injured by things cold and dry as vineger Effects Animal Actions Imagination Fear and sadness which without any manifest cause possesseth men very Melancholick But they who are Melancholick by a light adustion of the blood are cunning wary prudent constant and ingenious Atrabilary persons in whom melancholy is adust are haters and betrayers Melancholick persons are difficulty provoked to anger and difficultly appeased A difficult apprehension of things Memory Memory firm by reason of Siccity Watching Much watching troubled and interrupted sleep Dreams Dreams of black and horrid things of carcases sepulchres devils c. Sense A dulness of the senses an unconstant sad and horrid aspect Motion A slow heavy and composed motion Vital actions Pulse A slow and hard pulse Natural actions Hunger Insatiable voracity by reason of the acidity of melancholy which excites an appetency even when it is dejected Thirst Small thirst by reason of abundance of spittle and wheyish humor being plentiful in melancholick men Expulsion Acid belchings excited by crudities abounding in melancholick men Accretion Slow accretion and quick age Venery They are not easily excited to venery and by the use thereof are very much injured yet those Melancholicks are more forward to it which are very flatulent neither is venery so hurtful to them because they send not forth so much seed being by flatulency excited to coition Passions A frequent invasion of Melancholick diseases such as the Quartane swelling of the Milt and hardness the Leprosie loathsome scabs corrupt blood and the hemorrhoids c. Excrements Frequent vomiting of Melancholick humor By mouth Customary spitting and copious ejection of water whence Melancholicks are termed Spitters Belly The belly for the most part dry and constipated and blackish dejections Hemorrhoids Excretion of black blood through the hemorrhoids Bladder Urine thin and white sometimes thick and pale The habit of the body Skin first second third A skin to the touch cold dry hard and rough A dark leaden or blackish colour of the face Hairs Many hard rough thick black slow of growth and soon hoary hairs Vessels Narrow veins Flesh A slender and lean habit Thus much of the Signes of humors predominant in the whole body A COROLLARY By tracing in this method after the footsteps of these Signes we shall find out the temper of every part by applying them in the same manner to those parts and by contemplating chiefly their actions and excrements A Table of the Signes of the part affected The Signes of the part affected are taken either from The Essence which with Physicians is either The Temper which consists in qualities The first which are Calidity Frigidity Humidity Siccity The second which are Hardness Softness Magnitude Increased Diminished Situation Figure Causes External Internal Effects which are Actions Animal The principal Imagination Ratiocination Memory Less principal Sense Common to which refer Sleeping Watching Private Seeing Hearing Smelling Tassing Touching under which pain which is Purgitive Tensive Gravative Pulsative Motion The vital known by pulse Natural which are Nutrition whose servants are Attraction Retention Concoction Expulsion Generation Excrements in which is considered The substance which is either Of the essence of the part Naturally contained in the p. Preternaturally contained First Heat Cold Moisture Dryness Second Tenuity Crassity Viscidity Spumosity Third Colour Taste The Quantity Manner of Excretion Order Quality changed in Colour Taste Sound CHAP. V. Of the signs of the Affected part HAving duly enquired into the natural we come now to search out the preternatural disposition of the body First then we will make a diligent inspection for the better discovery of the signs of the part affected Next the species of the affection possessing that part and lastly the causes on which it depends The signs of the part affected may be derived from three heads the Essence the Causes and the Effects a Catalogue of which is proposed in the Table marked with the letter B. Therefore according to that Series the affected part is discovered by The essence First quality By the Temper of the part for if we perceive it hot moist or dry in excesse we shall judge it to be preternaturally affected Second By hardness and softness if for instance in Hypochondriacks we perceive hardness and retinency we shall judge the parts subjected the liver or milt to be obstructed or inflamed so too much softness in any part is a sign that the part is affected with some tumid distemper Magnitude increased A preternatural swelling whether external perceptible to the sight or internal sensible to the touch such as the tumors of the ventricle liver milt bladder c. Diminished A great consumption and atrophy of the parts Situation The situation of the part which in this case is very considerable for if we know by anatomical inspection what place is proper to every part in our body we shall easily conjecture by the humor distemper or some other sensible affection possessing that place that that part is diseased Figure The figure mutually distinguisheth the parts situated in the same place so a tumor in the right Hypochondrium shaped like the Moon shews that the bunchey part of the liver is affected but being of a long figure and more external it evidenceth to us that the straight muscles of the abdomen are affected External Causes External Causes also discover something for instance if any one hath taken Cantharides and conjecture that his bladder is affected because they have a peculiar vertue to alter the bladder if any one be affected after converse in the Sun we judge that his head akes because the sun doth usually affect that part rather than any of the rest if the affection be produced by the immoderate use of venery we say the spiritous substance and nervous parts are ill because venery is an enemy to these parts Internal causes We may number the affections themselves among external causes as where any one is troubled with a Tertian this speaks the liver affected a Quotidian the ventricle a Quartan the milt because these parts are the randezvouz of their causes Observe That when we in practise search for the part affected we must not trace it by its essence and causes but from its actions excrements and changed qualities the signes are first to be deduced and after from the essence and causes thereof The Effects Actions Animal The laesion of an action shews the part on which it depends to be affected for instance Principal Deliration watching abolition of sense and motion signifie the brain affected Sense private Laesion of a particular sense as of sight or hearing shews that the instrument thereof is affected Pain pungitive tensive A pungitive pain shews the membrane affected chiefly by sharp and eroding matter but a tensive pain is often caused in the membranes by flatulency and in the veins by over-repletion Gravative A gravative pain signifies the parenchyma of any of the bowels to be affected for all
hurtful the signes of a part sympathetically diseased are taken of which the following theorem is constituted If two parts being together diseased by helpful or hurtful things approximated to one one of them is advantaged or injured that to which the helpful or hurtful are applied is primarily affected but the other by consent So remedies being applied to the ventricle if the pain of the head cease or is remitted the head is affected by sympathy The Effects The Effects also or symptoms are very efficacious in demonstrating this as appears by the following theorem Of many parts diseased together Magnitude that which hath greater symptomes is the primarily affected part but the rest by consent Of many parts together affected that is first diseased in which the symptomes first appeared So when the ventricle is diseased if a pain of the head afterwards arise this pain is symptomatical In the exacerbation of affections that part is primarily diseased in which the exacerbations of the symptomes begin Idiopathetical affections are continual without any intermission but sympathetical admit usually of a respit so deliration caused by a feaver ordinarily ceaseth upon the mitigation thereof but being produced by the inflammation of the brain it continues impatient of any restraint or mitigation Here insert the Table folio 131. A Table describing the Species of the Signes of Affections The signes shewing the species of affections are taken either from The Essence in respect of which a disease is either Similar or a temper Simple Hot. Cold. Moist Dry. Compounded Hot moist Hot dry Cold moist Cold dry Organical which is either in Conformation which is either in Figure Passage and Cavity Adstriction Obstruction Dilatation Asperity and Levity Magnitude Increased Diminished Number Exceeding Deficient Situation which is either in Position Connexion Common or the solution of the continuum in The flesh Wound Ulcer Contusion The bone Fracture Fissure Putrefaction The nerve Puncture Section The veines and arteries Ruption Anastomosis Diapedesis Erosion The membranes Rupture The skin Excoriation The Causes discovering the disease Similar such are All those Causes which discover humour predominant in a body to which adde the periods of humours Organical and common and those are Materirial By which Aliments Medicaments In which Peculiar disposition of the parts Efficient Natural The various temper of the perâ—â—â— Hereditary disposition Not natural Exercitation Venery Effects or symtomes which are either Actions hurt Animal The principal Divers kindes of deliration Less principal Sense Common Immoderate sleep Immoderate watching Private The five natural senses Abolished Diminished Depraved under which pain Pulsator Stupid Eroding Motion Abolished Depraved Diminished Vital hence the pulse is Great Small Frequent Rare Natural Nutrition whose retinue is Attraction to which Hunger Thirst Retention Concoction Expulsion Generation Excrements ejected by Themouth in which is considered Substance Nose in which is considered Quality Belly in which is considered Quantity Bladder in which is considered Manner of extion Womb. in which is considered Qualities changed CHAP. VII Of the signes of the Species of a disease THe signes discovering the species of affections are almost of like learning with the signes of the part affected but for clearer instruction sake we will handle them severally to avoid confusion in that Treatise These signes therefore may be taken from three heads viz. from the Essence of the disease it self from the causes producing it and the effects thereof or the symptomes flowing from it All which are orderly set forth in the following Table To this the Table noted with the Letter D is related But the series of them is shortly demonstrated in the following theorems The Essence The Essence of a disease is nothing else but the disease it self and therefore if our senses will sufficiently discover to us a distemper residing in any part or some species of an organical disease or the solution of the continuum we shall not need any other signes to evidence it The Causes The causes of Similars All the Causes signifying the humours predominant in the body may also hint to us the Species of a disease for those which produce choler do usually also generate hot and dry diseases those which produce flegme cold and moist and so of the rest and these in respect of similar diseases may be taken from the former table marked with the Letter A. To which yet the periods of humours shall be added in this manner The humours which are moved every third day are signes of a tertian Those that are moved every day of a quotidian those moved every fourth day of a quartan feaver Causes of organical and common But those Causes by which organical or common diseases are discoverable are such like Aliments and medicaments Use of aliments and medicines of force to bind the inner passages and cavities breed a suspicion that the disease was produced in astriction Incrassating aliments and medicines do usually generate many obstructions Aliments and medicines very detergent do usually produce asperities in the tongue oesophagus aspera arteria ventricle and intestines Aliments fat and oleaginous generate levity in the intestines and Lienteria's Medicines sharp and eroding erode and exulcerate the internal parts Disposition of the part The Liver and Milt are oftentimes troubled with obstructions if therefore these parts be affected we shall shrewdly suspect obstructions The Aspera arteria is often exasperated or levigated by fluxions therefore if that be affected we may conjecture of asperity or levity Worms are commonly produced in the intestines therefore upon an affection of the intestines we may call them in question Temper of the parts They that have a ventricle cold and a liver hot are subject to obstructions because the liver attracts crude aliments by which obstructions are generated They who have a cold ventricle and hot reines do usually harbour stones in their reines because flegme generated in a cold ventricle is by the heat of the reines indurated and converted into a stone Descent The issue of lienous nephiritical and podagrical parents are inclined to such diseases Exercise presently after a meal causeth obstructions because it throws down the aliments from the ventricle before they be concocted Venery Immoderate Venery causeth a calculous disposition because it debilitates the reines EFFECTS Animal Actions A deliration with rage speaks an hot distemper of the brain Principal A deliration with fear or sadness and fatuity shews a cold distemper of the brain Sleep Immoderate sleep signifies a cold and moist distemper of the brain Watching Immoderate watchings signifie an hot and dry distemper of the brain Sense and motion A total abolition of sense and motion such as appears in an Apoplexy shews a total obstruction of the ventricles of the brain The Motion of all the parts depraved such as is seen in an Epilepsie shewes the ventricles of the brain half obstructed The privation of motion in any part signifies an obstruction resolution or incision of the nerves retaining to that part
Pain A pulsatory pain is a signe of inflammation in the part aggrieved A stupid pain shews a cold distemper A sharp and eroding pain discovers exulceration Vital Actions A great and frequent pulse shews an hot distemper a small and rare one a cold distemper Natural Actions Attraction A dejected appetency and great thirst shews a hot distemper A great appetency and small thirst argues a cold distemper Expulsion Nidorous belching shews a hot distemper but acid a cold Frequent vomiting and excretion of feculencies hindred shews an obstruction lurking in the intestines Generation The appetite to coition being lost signifies a cold distemper A vehement desire of coition with a perpetual and painful erection shews an inflammatory affection Excrements By the mouth Bloud copiously expelled by coughing through the mouth shews a ruption of the vessel but a small quantity permixt with purulent matter an exulceration Belly Fragments ejected through the belly shew exulceration in the intestines Bladder Urine having red and sandy sediments is a sign of the stone or of an hot distemper of the reines scorching the humours Heart Small sweats and frequent interludes of shaking signifie an Empyema 10 Coat 1. By the acrimony of the corruption the internal parts are vellicated which is the cause of trembling but the small sweats proceed from the debilitated faculty Substance Aliments excreted in the same manner as they are taken shew a Lienteria drink if it be expelled unchanged by urine signifies a Diabete Yellow Choler excreted in the beginning of a paroxysme signifies a Tertian Feaver Manner Blood copiously flowing through the nostrils in the beginning of a Feaver signifies a synochical one Bloud flowing abundantly from any part signifies a ruption or anastomosis of the veines but softly sweating out a diapedesis Quality changed Redness in a deep grain in any part speaks a phlegnumous inflammation so redness in the cheeks signifies a peripneumony A Yellow colour shews an Erisipelatous affection so in an exquisite pleurisie the eyes do often appear as it were delineated in yellow colours so the Jaundise doth not seldome succeed bilious Feavers A yellow colour of the whole body without a Feaver shews an obstruction in the bladder of the gall The skin of the whole body preternaturally drawn in a blackish colour signifies an obstruction in the milt CHAP. VIII Of the signes of a great and a small disease A Physician who undertakes the cures of diseases is not sufficiently furnished for it by the bare knowledge of their essential differences by their proper signes for the accidental differences also are to be diligently inquired after that we may pass a certain judgement of them We will therefore propose signes of the chiefest of them viz. of those which are of near necessity to the practise of the Art in respect of which every disease is called great or small gentle or malignant acute or slow and so forth That disease is termed great which is very intense and oppresseth our body with much violence The signes of which are taken from the three heads aforesaid for we judge that disease great which being great in its Essence was produced by great and intense causes and hath great and vehement symptomes all which for clearer instruction are in order to be handled as is described in the following Table noted with the Letter E. E. A Table of the signes shewing a disease to be great or small The signes of a great or small disease are taken either from The Essence The causes Efficient External Internal Helpfull and hurtful Material or subject Effects or symptomes which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements Qualities changed That we may therefore in proposing the signes of a great disease conform to this Table we shall institute the following theorems The Essence Great distempers or inflammations great tumors great obstructions great wounds or ulcers extended to the full dimensions long broad and deep shew great diseases The Causes External Whatsoever external Causes are very prevalent in affecting our body do usually produce and discover great diseases So long and violent exercise used in a very hot air doth excite a great Feaver Internal Those humours which are nested in our body and which are the ordinary causes of most diseases if they extremely erre in quantity or quality they cause and foreshew great diseases So the bloud copiously abounding or very hot either choler copious sharp or putrified are signes of a great disease Helpful and hurtful Those diseases to which there are none or few remedies profitably many noxiously applied are accounted great Those diseases which outrage the dignity of the principal or the publickly officious parts are in respect of them judged great if they be but accompanied with any other signe of magnitude So a wound though of it self inconsiderable if it be inflicted on the Heart Liver Lungs or other the like parts is counted great in respect of the part affected as also because it produceth great symptomes EFFECTS Animal Actions Whatsoever disease introduceth a deliration profound sleeping immoderate watching privation of sense or motion or a very vehement pain discovers a great disease Vital Actions Whenever we perceive in any sick person a great frequent and difficult respiration a great frequent or else very small pulse we may safely pronounce him troubled with a great disease Natural Actions A small appetite or thirst or on the contrary an insatiable appetite and ever quaffing thirst inconcoction or a long flux of the belly and suppression of urine or a tedious and copious profusion thereof signifie a great disease Excrements A superfluous quantity of excrements or a total suppression of them or a bad colour or a most fetid smell or substance very remote from their natural one are signes of a great disease Qualities changed A Colour of the body very red yellow or pale a tast bitter in the tongue the colour thereof black and much driness declare a great disease A Corollary By these signes before mentioned we may easily discern what diseases they are which deserve the name of small diseases viz. all those in which the mentioned signes are not found CHAP. IX Of the signes of a gentle and malignant disease WE term those malignant diseases which are attended by some malignant and venomous quality and their signes may be derived from the same heads All which shall be in the following Table mark't with the Letter F orderly proposed F. Of the signes of a gentle and malignant disease The signes shewing the benignity or the malignity of a disease are drawn from either The Essence The Causes which are either Material Out of which Aliments Medicaments In which The disposition of the parts Efficient External Necessary Aire Not-necessary Venery Fortuit Wounds Internal Bloud Flegme Divers species of choler Helpful and hurtful Effects which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements ejected by Vomit The belly Urine Habit. Qualities changed and proper accidents Therefore to follow the series of this Table
those are together with the humors in them contained refrigerated it is not to be admired if they infrigidate the sweats conveyed through them though caused by very frequent humors imprisoned within Cold sweat then in acute feavers is a signe of death because it shewes that the native heat is too weake to lord it over these cold humors and must therefore submit to their pleasure But in more gentle feavers it signifies longitude because by reason of the exiguity thereof it doth not so enervate the strength as to lay it naked to the invasion of death yet plenty of cold humors cannot under a long space be concocted and subdued The second A very great extenuation of the whole body signifies a long disease If a person troubled with no inconsiderable seaver remaines in the same plight of body without extenuation this denotes a long disease Aph. 28. Sect. 2. For permanence and non-extenuation depends upon the density of the skin and crasseness of the humors and it therefore signifies a long disease The body very pale or of an orange colour denotes duration of a disease For this colour shewes a wide recess from natural state which cannot be retrograde but in a long time CHAP. II. Of the signes of a disease tending to health or death THat is called an healthy disease which endangers not the life but that a deadly one which threatens death to the sick party The prognostick signes of them are derived from three heads The Essence Causes and Effects according to the following table marked with the Letter L. L. The signes of an healthy and deadly disease are taken either from its Essence in respect of which it is either Similar Organical Common and these either Simple Complicate The Causes which are either Efficient or various humors Material or the subject Helpful or hurtful The effects which are either Actions Animal Principal Less principal which are either Sences Internal Sleep Watching Dreams External Seeing Hearing touching c Motion to which is referred A voluntary commotion of the members Lying down Trembling Convulsion Stiffness and shaking Sternutation Vital to which refer Respiration Pulse Natural to which belong Attraction to which Hunger Thirst Expulsion to which The Hicough Excrements ejected by The eyes Ears Nostrils Mouth Belly Bladder to which referurine Liquor Contents and in these Substance Quantity Quality Manner of excretion Sweats Abscesse and pimples Qualities First Calidity Frigidity Second Hardness Softness Third Colour Smell Taste Sound Proper accidents chiefly considered in The eyes Ears Nostrils Teeth Temples Lips Tongue Jawes Hypochondriums By observing the series of which Table the following Theorems will discover an healthy or deadly disease The Essence A day-expiring Feaver and all true intermitting Feavers are healthy and bring no danger The Solution of a strong Apoplexy is impossible of a slight one difficult Aph. 42. Sect. 2. That is called a strong Apoplexy which introduceth a total privation of sence and motion together with a great laesion of respiration But a slight one is that in which there is no such loss of sence and motion or so violent an injury of respiration In a strong one the brain is so oppressed that it cannot by any means free it self from it nor in a slight one neither without much struggling so that alwaies if a solution is made it degenerates into the Palsie by reason of the weakness of nature unable any longer to expel the morbifick matter Those who are taken with a Tetanus dy within four dayes but if they escape in them they recover A Tetanus according to Galen in his comm is a disease compounded of an emprosthotonus and an opisthotonus in which the body is so stiffe and unmoveable that the breast alone can hardly be moved It being therefore such a violent disease it kills a man in the first quaternion which if he escapes it is a signe that the fury of the disease is remitted otherwise it were intolerable Those who frequently and strongly swoune without the appearance of any manifest cause dye suddenly Aph. 41. Sect. 2. For this signifies a great infirmity or oppression of vital strength by which nature is soone overthrown Almost every dropsy is in its own nature deadly Because the temper of the liver being vehemently injured is irreparable All Feavers continual and burning as also the inflammations of internal parts as Phrensies Quinsies Pleurisies peripneumonies hepatitides and the like are naturally dangerow Yet they are not wholly mortal but according to the various condition of the sick person they end sometimes in health sometimes in death Nor can a Physician under pain of convincible ignorance give sentence of health or death on the beginnings of these affections but the critical dayes are to be expected which do commodiously discover unto us whether the disease incline to death or health Upon cessation of a Feaver into a dangerous disease without any evident cause death not health is to be expected Whatever Feavers not intermitting on the third day grow stronger are more dangerous But those which pause sometimes signifie no danger Aph. 43. Sect. 4. Continual Feavers either alwaies keep one station or are increased or diminished Those which are increased and exacerbated are worse then those which are not exacerbated because the evil in exacerbation is made much worse and more troublesome to the sick person But they are exacerbated either every day or every third day But those which are exacerbated every third day are more dangerous for that they are caused by bilious and so more hot juyces to which it is proper to be moved every third day Of this kind are burning Feavers and semitertians which are usually most dangerous But those Feavers which intermit are not dangerous because as Galen in his comm asserts they proceed not from any inflammation nor malignant putrefaction for neither of these acquiesceth without a Feaver Yet it is known by experience at least in these regions that intermitting tertians have been fraught with much malignity which in a third or fourth paroxysme did kill the sick parties We must say therefore that this opinion is of them which do most commonly but not perpetually happen or we may answer to the defensive argument of Hippocrates and Galen that these intermitting tertians have no perfect apyrexy and there alwaies lies hid some obscure sparkles of a Feaver raked up in the embers of intermission They who by an asthma or cough are distorted to gibbosity dye before their puberty Aph. 46. Sect. 6. For the heart and lungs being augmented by which they become disproportionable to their place this crookedness hindring the amplification of the breast it happens that the augmenting bowels cannot be long crouded up in too narrow a lodging so that sherly after gibbosity it introduceth death not that we may draw a consequence from this that the sick persons presently dye but that they fall far short of that diuturnity of life to which otherwise they might attain A Dropsie accompanying
excludes them through the inferiors Sincere dejections in acute diseases are very bad Hipp. termed those sincere dejections as Galen saith in Aph. 6. Sect. 7 which are not mixt with aquous humidity when the humor alone which is evacuated is dejected whether it be bilious or melancholick or whether it represent the colour of a leek or be that choler which is termed eruginous For such dejections demonstrate that all the native humidity is scorched by febrile heat which very much endangers the life So in Hipp. 1. Epid. aegr 2. Silenus on the first day expelled much bilious sincere spumous deep coloured matter on the fifth his dejections were sincere bilious smooth fat on the eleventh he died Such dejections also happened in the daughter of Euryanax Parius Pithon and others who were affected with deadly diseases Fat and viscous dejections are deadly Fat dejections in acute diseases are caused according to Gal. comm in text 22. hock 2. prorrh as often as the fat is melted by fiery heat But when they are viscous also they signifie not onely a colliquation of the fat but also of the solid parts of the body whence they necessarily pine But because fat and viscid dejections are sometimes generated by fat and clammy aliments as also by flegme made viscid by much heat they are so to be distinguished that those which proceed from aliment or flegme are more copious and stink not but those caused by colliquation are few and very fetid and as Galen will have it stink is the chief sign of colliquation These fat dejections therefore signifie a great inflammation and certain destruction if they be attended with any bad signes and the more if the disease be great and vehement as in a more gentle disease they presage diuturnity instead of destruction such as Hipp. observed in him who dwelt in Dealces garden of whom he saith that on the sixth day his dejections were black fat spumous viscous and fetid who was not judged before the fourtieth day But they proceeded not from the colliquation of the solid parts but from fat and viscid numors putrified for they were many But these which are caused upon the pining of the solid substance of the parts are wholly exitial such as Hipp. observed in Silenus as we noted in the precedent Theorem Spumous dejections in acute Feavers are bad For they denote either an inflammation of heat by which the boyling excrements contract a spume as we see in a kettle by the force of heat or that flatuous spirits are mingled with humor as appears in the forth of the sea upon an insurrection of windes but both is bad because the one argues a melting heat the other an unequal perturbation Yet they are worse which denote a melting inflammation of heat and they are known by an acute feaver and expulsion of spumous excrements somewhat hot as also because they are sincere Of these we may read in 2. Prorrhet A spumous efflorescence in bilious and sincere dejections is bad But those which proceed from the commixtion of flatuous spirit are also bad because they declare a crudity in the excrements In acute diseases if things assumed be cast forth unaltered it is deadly Such a lienteria shews that the natural functions in the ventricle are abolished by the very great exolution of native heat which denounces the proximity of death as appears in Hipp. in 3. Epid. Sect. 3. Aegr 15. in the wife of Dealces to whom on the seventeenth day happened a turbulent irritation in her belly after her very drink flowed from her and on the twentieth day she died Wormes In the beginning of a disease if wormes creep forth it is bad either alive or dead chiefly if they come unattended with feculency For alive they signifie a very great crudity or penury of aliment and dead they denote great putridity by which they are killed Wormes in the declination of a disease expelled with excrements and upon appearance of concoction is good For this shews that nature hath power over the excrements Quantity Dejections of the belly in any disease too copious are bad But if when they be expelled the belly do something swell and increase they are very bad Too copious a flux of the belly doth much resolve the strength and debilitate nature as Hipp. mentions in 2. progn But if there be an universal and frequent dejection it imminently endangers a defection of life which he also confirmes in Coac prenot in these words A liquid dejection and flowing out copiously and at once Here insert Table marked solio 183. A Table containing all those heads from which the signes of humors predominant in the body are derived The signes which discover the humor predominant in the body are taken either from The Causes which are either Material Things assumed Aliments in which is considered Quality Quantity Order Time Medicines Excretions and retentions Efficient Natural Various temper of hereditary disposition The ventricle Liver Heart Brain Age. Sex Not-natural Aire to which referre Region Time of year Meat and drink Motion to which referre Exercitation Venery Quiet Sleep Watching Passions of the mind Helpful and hurtful Effects in which are considered Actions Animal Principal Imagination to which referre the Various disposition of phansie Various passions of the mind Ratiocination Memory Lesse principal Sence Common Sleep Watching Dreams Private The five natural sences Motion Vital whence the pulse Great Small Frequent Slow Soft Hard c. Natural Nutrition with her servants Attraction to which Hunger Thirst Retention Concoction Expulsion Accretion either in Quantity Great Small Time Quick Slow Generation whence An appetite to venery Aversion from it Hurt by it Benefit thereof Passions Excrements excluded by Mouth Ears Nostrils Belly Bladder Womb. Habit of body and in them is considered Consistence Colour Taste Smell Habit in which are considered The skin with its qualities First Calidity Frigidity Humidity Siccity Second Hardness Softness Roughness Smoothness Third Colour Parts arising from the skin viz. hairs and in them Quantity Continual Longitude Brevity Discrete Multitude Pancity Quality Patible Second Hardness Softness Roughness Smoothness Thinness Thickness Third Colour Figure Rectitude Curvitude Passion Rise Increase Fall Partssubiect to the skin and in them Vessels in which Narrowness Latitude Flesh and in it Gracility Obesity Carnosity and by degrees is bad for one introduceth wakings the other exolution But if to a copious dejection a swelling belly be added it signifies a great exolution of native heat whence many crudities and flatulencies are generated whereby the belly swells A very small loosness or such a one as stops as soon as it begins is evil For we have shewn in another place that all evacuations that proceed in a little quantity are of small moment both because they do not suffice to take away the cause of the disease as also because they signifie either a great multitude of humors oppressing the strength of nature or else a great weakness of nature it self Besides if a
in its proper substance inclined to this crassity but by the permixtion of some other crass thing not separated through some defect in concoction which by the assistance of heat is wont to banish things heterogeneous The expulsive faculty is that by which the parts after concoction expel things of no use All that is attracted by the parts cannot be wholly consubstantiated with them but there alwayes remains something which estranges it self and will not accept of the benefit of concoction which therefore ought to be removed as strange and superfluous which for this reason is called Excrement This faculty then was requisite to turn out of dores this alien lest it should contrive any thing prejudicious to nature The official parts also drive out not the excrements onely but the useful substance being unable to naturalize all the aliment after they have for some time entertained it and pleasur'd themselves in it they thrust it away to other parts as a burdensome superfluity and useless mass And for this reason the very alimentary substance is called useful excrement in relation to the parts expelling it because whatever is expelled or cast out is in a common speech usually termed Excrement Private expulsion is caused by heat and siccity But official partly by those qualities partly by transverse fibres There is no cause of admiration in any one why attraction retention and expulsion being actions widely differing should be performed by the same qualities viz. calidity and siccity for this doth peculiarly evidence that we must needs acknowledge an higher cause of actions then the temper which is onely the instrument of the form So an Artist by one and the same instrument operates variously though it is undeniable that divers degrees of heat and dryness are requisite to divers actions which yet fall not under our knowledge But the transverse fibres are very commodious for official expulsion because especially by their contraction they crone up the part and compression is the cause of expulsion A COROLLARY Many hold the Number of faculties and functions attending on nutrition to be imperfect and deficient because Galen and other Authors enlarge this catalogue with many Additions but how many functions soever are found we must multiply the faculties which are their causes to equalize them in number First Therefore Galen serves up two courses of appetency in the ventricle not Animal only perceptible to the sense and named hunger but also natural by which through a natural appetite we desire convenient Aliment this appetite no part of the body wants Secondly Galen addes to the before rehearsed qualities the secretive and distributive for in the first of nat fac when he had informed us that the concoctive was in the veins and parts he further insists that a secretive faculty is necessary which might segregate things superfluous and useless from the useful and expel them And in the 5. of causes of symptomes he recites symptomes contingent by some error in secretion and distribution the Jaundies proceeding from a defect in secretion Atrophy from vitiated distribution Thirdly Apposition and assimilation differ from the rest before mentioned therefore their number must be multiplyed To the first I answer That appetency is not really distinct from attraction but the difference onely consists in the nicety of understanding for this vertue is implanted not to attract promiscuously but with choice viz. of that which bears a friendly compliance with the parts To the second I answer That distribution and secretion are not distinct but rather mixt faculties consequential to the operations of the other For the distribution of the Aliment thorough the whole body is effected by the other parts expelling it in which humors are copious and others attracting which want humor as Galen himself attests and so it depends partly from the faculty attractive partly from the expulsive So also secretion is usually caused when the retentive faculty of the parts keeps that which is of use and the expulsive expells that which is useless To the third I answer That apposition and assimilation proceed not from any peculiar faculty but only are various degrees of concoction so that through its mediums it is in progresse from the first motion of its alteration to the perfection of assimilation But the reason why Galen proposeth them all in proper and distinct terms is for the clearer understanding them not that they are really distinct from the other actions CHAP. IV. Of the Auctive faculty and of Accretion The Auctive faculty is that virtue of the soul by which the body upon conversion of aliment into its substance fils up its dimensions and to arrives a due proportion convenient for the exercise of actions Hence Auction or Accretion is an extension of the body into every dimension viz. long broad profound HEnce ariseth that distinction of Natural from Artificial Accretion for those things which are augmented or extended by Art lose so much of their longitude as they acquire in latitude and the contrary But true accretion is in this manner differenced from pinguefaction because pinguefaction extends not it self to all dimensions but most to profundity It is also distinguished from the Accretion of stones and metals which is by opposition not by an intrinsecal dilatation of the parts from aliment converted by nutrition for auction deviates not from nutrition but the parts receive augmentation from the same matter that they receive nutrition Yet though Accretion proceeds in the same course as Nutrition it is really distinct from it This auctive faculty is of such necessary alliance to the nutritive that without the assistance of it it cannot be compleat upon which ground many have been moved to assert them one and the same faculty therefore the auctive enjoyeth no singularity of action different from the nutritive but when so much is acquired by the prepared aliment as was carried away by quotidian effluxions then the body is said to be simply nourished but when the income is greater then it is augmented and increased But addition or diminution change not the species of the action therefore the auctive faculty differs not from the nutritive having one and the same object viz. nutriment But yet we may for certain conclude that these two faculties are set at a large distance for proof of which there are many arguments For first they agree not in their proposed end for the end of the nutritive is the restoring of the parts wasted but of the auctive an acquisition of due proportion Secondly they differ in form for the form of nutrition is the union of the aliment but of accretion a motion of extention Thirdly they are distinct in the manner of their mutation for in nutrition there happens no local mutation of the body but that which is augmented changeth place for it fills up more room Fourthly they are differenced in consideration of time for nutrition is at all times but accretion hath a determinate time of duration But that accretion
proceeds not from the copiousness of aliment viz. after nutrition performed will in this convincingly appear because experience shews that they grow and fill who use but little nutrition as is evident in boys and youths diseased who though they be very lean are yet continually growing because at such age the auctive faculty is most efficacious and so potent that it plunders the nutritive it self of aliment conveying it chiefly to the solid parts viz. the bones by the extension of which the whole body is extended therefore the aliment by virtue of the auctive faculty is carried to these parts and the carnous parts are defrauded of their due nutriment Hence those that are in growth appear lean On the contrary we find many fat and well stuffed and fed with high delicacies which yet arrive not to a due or decent procerity of body But though to the auctive and nutritive faculties the same object is proposed viz. nutriment yet they use this object in divers relations For the nutritive useth it as it tends simply to the conservation of the substance of the part But the auctive as it is directed to heighten the substance to a just magnitude and quantity For though the substance acquired by nutrition have quantity it being impossible for a material substance to be destitute of quantity yet nutrition regards not the substance as it hath quantity but as it is a substance but accretion is related to it not as a substance but as having quantity So for example as the blood is incarnated so far goes nutrition respecting only the substance of the flesh but as blood is changed into a greater proportion of flesh here enters accretion regarding not the substance of the flesh but only its quantity The end of accretion is not commensurated by life but accretion is most usually extended to twenty five or thirty Nature hath measured out a certain proportion to every living body therefore a living body is so long in a tendency to augmentation as it is in attaining to this determination of time But when it is augmented to a compleat magnitude in obedience to the command of Nature it stops there and makes no further progress Besides because accretion immediately depends upon the extension of the solid parts according to the three dimensions the sequel will be that a body doth so long increase as the parts thereof may in this manner be extended But now in the course of our life the solid parts are so hardened and dryed through the continual resolution of primigenious moisture occasioned by the action of native heat that they will no longer yeeld to extension But though the auctive faculty after the limitation aforesaid operates no more yet we must not assert it corrupted or idle as some fancyed it being not necessary that the faculties of the soul should be alwayes secondly actual and in operation for in our apprehension generation and local motion is not ever actual and therefore also there is no necessity of a continual growth but the faculties upon their arrival to their appointed end repose themselves So the auctive rests upon the assecution of its end viz. the due stature of magnitude After that it is obstructed in its operation having no fit subject viz. a body not disposed to an aptitude for extension The cause therefore sprouts into two branches one taken from the end the other from the subject A COROLLARY Here is obvious a Probleme worthy our knowledge Why all men are not advanced to an equality of magnitude but some are taller others of shorter stature I answer That the cause of this is threefold The first drawn from the various disposition of bodies for the more moist and hot they are the fitter they are for extension and grow more and in less time than cold and dry bodies whose parts submit not so easily to extension The second proceeds from nutrition for the more perfectly and copiously a body is nourished it is of a better and more speedy growth and the more imperfectly and sparingly it hath been supplyed with nutriment it groweth the less and the slower The third cause is the similitude of the Parents for tall Parents generate tall Sons short short ones because the seed transfers the idea and conditions of all the parts from the Parents upon the Children CHAP. V. Of the Generative faculty and of Generation The Generative faculty is that virtue of the Soul by which a man produceth a thing like to himself for the perpetual conservation of his species Hence Generation is a production of something like the producer GEneration according to the Philosophers is twofold Univocal and Equivocal That is termed Univocal when every thing generates something resembling it self such is the generation of all perfect animals Equivocal is when things of a various and dissenting nature are generated such is the generation of imperfect animals whose wombe is putrefaction Therefore univocal generation is principally applicable to perfect animals Hence Mules and Eunuchs are not fit for generation By this it appears that the name of Generation is not used in so large a sense by the Physicians as by Philosophers who call all introduction of form into matter Generation but here it is taken onely for the production of a like thing which is also called procreation To the Generative faculty two other are subservient the alterative and conformative The Alterative is that which alters and changes the subject matter of generation Seed is the subject matter of generation which is incompatible with the nature of various parts unless all its qualities as well first as second be variously changed for this cause the soul is endowed with a peculiar faculty which may execute this duty which is therefore called alterative or immutative The Conformative is that which graphically delineates and effigurates the whole body and all its parts The Conformative faculty entertains the seminal matter altered and prepared and out of it commensurates all the parts of the body and assignes to every of them a due magnitude figure site connexion and all other things commodiously which are requisite for the convenient exercitation of every peculiar action A COROLLARY All other relations to the Generative faculty are more largely disputed in the succeeding Section which treats of the Procreation of Man CHAP. VI. Of the Vital faculty The Vital faculty is that virtue of the Soul by which the vital spirits are generated in the heart and life is preserved in the whole body THE Spirits plainly demonstrate that there is in the Soul a peculiar faculty distinct from the rest which from the fountain of the heart copiously flow into the Arteries but every spirit is the instrument of some faculty But this faculty generates Vital spirits in the heart which spirits are the subjects of the influent heat which two communicate themselves to every part of the body the heat whereof with the implanted spirit they preserve But life necessarily depending upon implanted heat the
conservation of it will be the conservation of life hence this faculty is significantly termed Vital or the preservative of life And so life is an action depending upon this faculty as an effect upon its cause The Vital faculty is attended by two servants Pulse and Respiration It is ignorantly asserted by some that the Pulse is the chief of Vital actions and immediately to depend upon the Vital faculty for life as we before affirmed immediately depends upon that but the pulse is only a subservient action to it caused by a pulsifick faculty whose vertue is only to cause systole and diastole in the heart by which means it performs its duty to the Vital faculty Pulse is a function of the heart and Arteries composed of Systole and Diastole with some interposition of rest caused by the pulsifick faculty of the heart to further the generation of the Vital spirits and effect the distribution of them thorough the whole body The Pulse of the heart and Arteries is composed of three parts viz. diastole systole and the intercession of a pause By Diastole the heart and Arteries are impregnate When the heart dilates it selfe it attracts the Aire from the Lungs by the help of the Arteria Venosa and the blood from the Vena Cava that from the commistion of them in the left closet of the heart the spirits may be generated but the Arteries being strtech'd to a dilatation attract the spirits from the heart and are tumid with them as also the external Aire entertained by those orifices which are terminated in the skin and in this manner is transpiration caused which by this intromission of external aire fixes the internal heat to a due temperament and cherishes it for all heat is preserved by a moderate compliance of cold according to Hippocrates By Systole or contraction the heart by the assistance of the Arteria venosa purges out at the Lungs all the fuliginous excrements left in the generation of spirits For the Arteries by an insensible transpiration drive out the fuliginous vapors contained in them and send the spirits more copiously to the parts Lastly there mediate between the systole and diastole and intercessive quiet because a transition from one contrary to another cannot be effected but by a medium A doubt may be moved whether the spirit and blood contained in the heart moves upon its coarctation I Answer that there are two doores in the heart one in the right corner another in the left which are dilated when the heart is contracted and are so filled viz. the right with blood contained in the right cavity but the left with spirits contained in the left Three things are requisite to cause pulsation Faculty Instrument and Use The first necessary is a pulsifick faculty which is the primary and principal agent Secondly instruments disposed to pulsation viz. the Heart and Arteries moved by that faculty Thirdly use and necessity forcing the faculty to action viz. the generation of spirits and conservation of native heat Respiration is an action partly Animal partly Natural by which the Aire is ushered in thorough the mouth to the Lungs by the distention of the breast and by the contraction of the same the smoaky vapors are excluded for the conservation of Native heat and the generation of Vital spirit The parts of Respiration and of Pulsation are three Inspiration expiration and immediate quiet By inspiration the breast is dilated by the muscles destin'd to this office and in compliance with the dilatation of the breast the lungs are also dilated lest there should happen a vacuity in that cavity and the lungs are filled with air as bellowes the inspiration of which aire tempers the violent heat of the heart and thence the vital spirits are generated as is before urged But by expiration the breast and lungs are contracted which by their contraction turn out of doores the hot aire and fuliginous vapors issuing from the heart The concurrence of three things is necessary for expiration Faculty Instrument Use First Animal faculty concurs moving the muscles of the breast as also the natural implanted faculty causing motion in the lungs that they might be helpful to the heart Secondly There is a concurrence of instruments as all the parts designed for Respiration And Lastly use or necessity of Respiration for the ventilation of the heat in the heart A COROLLARY It is much disputed whether Respiration be purely Animal or mixt viz. partly Natural partly Animal Which being ingeniously disputed by Laurentius question 20. book the ninth I referre the Reader to him CHAP. VII Of the Animal faculty and function and first of the Principal faculties The Animal faculty is that vertue of the soul which moveth a man to the exercise of sense Auction and other principal functions of the mind The principal are three Imagination Ratiocination and Memory Imagination is that action of the Soul by which the species of every object offered to the external senses is made perceptible and distinctly discerned EVery sense enjoyeth its proper and peculiar object as shall after appear whose species it entertains in its proper organ without passing judgment of it for this is the prerogative of the Imagination only to which the spirits presents the species conveyed by the nerves from the brain to the instruments of the senses The brain therefore being the Court of the principal faculties while the objects of divers senses promiscuously resort to it they are first represented and distinguished in the imagination which the peculiar senses are not able to perform for instance the whiteness of milk is only represented to the sight but not the sweetness of it on the contrary the sweetness is represented to the taste not the whiteness But they are both together perceptible to imagination which rightly distinguisheth to what sense they be related Besides imagination apprehends not only things present as the senses but things absent also and represents them to the mind composing many things never existent yet in Analogy to those which are apparent to the senses The Philosophers divide those operations of the mind which we consenting to Galen include under the notion of imagination into two species viz. into the common sense and into fantasy or imagination commanding as it were the common sense to welcome only the species of present objects but the imagination to propose to it self things absent as if they were really present as also things not in being and impossibilities But seeing that they differ only in the method of their operation it is not necessary that they should depend upon faculties differing in species Ratiocination is that action of the soul by which a man discourses understands and reasons This is appropriate to man the others being enjoyed also by brutes But this receives the species of things from the imagination dividing and compounding them and unravelling their nature by the help of discourse distinguishing good from bad truth from falsity drawing out of them many things
immediately on a disease The chief symptome is injured action immediately depending on a disease which is able to produce another in excretions and retentions and that to induce a change of qualities which yet depend upon the disease as their true cause some mediately some immediately as is before mentioned The symptomes may arrogate to themselves the honor of causes never of diseases So nutrition hurt is the cause of the consumption of the parts and leanness So excrements imprisoned in the body cause feavers obstructions humors and such like and so the symptomes become the causes of diseases but never presume to take the nature of a disease as being unable by themselves to injure the actions For though some diseases be called symptomatical because they are consequents of others as a feaver which follows a pleurisie or any other inflammation which is in it self a true disease yet in respect of the disease on which it depends it is called a symptome Yet certain it is that those diseases are improperly termed symptomes because they follow other diseases as symptomes but yet they are not the immoderate production of them but mediate by some true symptomes for as by humor or vapor which are the after-causes of diseases CHAP. II. Of the Differences of Symptomes There are three kinds of Symptomes action-hurt default in excrements and quality changed ACtion-hurt is the chief and principal symptome which immediately followes the disease and from which the rest are generated and depend Default in excretions follow the lesson of natural actions by which the aliments are ill affected corrupted or tainted with some evill quality or lastly are naturalized to a contrariety infestious to the body But by Excretions we here understand not onely true excrements but also all those which preternaturally issue out of the body as sand the excrements of the parts themselves c. But quality changed follows the before-mentioned symptomes and under it are contained all patible qualities perceptible by sense and inherent in the body it self or in any part thereof as colours smell taste and the like which in their proper place shall more at large be explained CHAP. III. Of the Differences of Action-hurt The differences of Action-hurt are taken either from the differences of laesions or from the divisions of the actions themselves The differences of laesions cause a triple difference of hurt-action 1 Action abolished 2 Dimished 3 Depraved 1 Action abolished is that which is impossible by any means to be restored AS sight in blindness and hearing in deafness are said to be be abolished because they cannot by any means be exercised Yet there is action called abolished as to the judgement of the sense as motion and sense in an apoplexy and in a suffocation of the wombe Action diminished is that which is infirm and scarce exercised and requires more time for perfection or never arrives to a just proportion thereof So the weak concoction of the ventricle or function of any other part imperfectly exercised is said to be diminished Depraved action is so called either when it is corrupted or not exercised as it ought to be Action is termed corrupt when it changes its object into another quality as when the ventricle changeth the aliment into nidorous juices as porraceous choler or matter wholly putrid It is not exercised as it ought to be in cold palpitation hiccough c. because in these affections the parts are unduely agitated or too violently provoked by a preternatural object From the differences of action Action hurt is threefold 1. Animal 2. Vital 3. Natural These branch out again into as many differences as in Physiology are proposed of animal vital and natural actions The animal actions are in Phisiology divided into Sensitive Motive and Principal The Sensitive actions are five Sight Hearing Tast Smel and Touch. All these as before is declared are subject to abolition deminution and depravation The Sight is abolished in blindness diminished in obtusion and dulness depraved in hallucination The Hearing is abolished in deafness diminished in slowness of hearing depraved in the tinckling of the ears and thus it is easie to conjecture of the symptomes of other Senses Motion is abolished in the palsy diminished in stupidity depraved in convulsions trembling cold c. So the principal actions ratiocination and memory are abolished in a carus and apoplexy diminished in fondness and lethargy depraved in phrensy and madness The Vital actions consist in the Pulses which also are frequently abolished diminished or depraved Lastly the natural actions concoction retention attraction and expulsion are accompanied with as many symptomes The Concoction of the ventricle is abolished in inconcoction diminished in slow concoction and depraved in bad concoction So we must judge of the other differences of actions all which suffer under as many differences of laesions of which many are not yet particularized by proper terms A COROLLARY Concerning the Differences of hurt Actions In the number of hurt actions is reckoned that which is termed a preternatural auction such as a canine appetency great thirst c. But it is dubious to what species it should be referred The vulgar answer is that it is contained under the notion of depraved action because it is amist and perversly exercised which is the condition of depraved action but it is objected that if this opinion hold that diminished action should also be placed under depraved since action increased and diminished stand in a direct contrariety and therefore ought to be placed under the same genus It is answered That in matter of diseases and symptomes it is not a Physicians business to consider the trifles of Logical contrarieties but only those diversities by which our bodies are preternaturally affected and so action increased standing in a wide distance from action diminished as well in respect of the cause as of the manner of operation when as we said it is amiste and perversly exercised it is in right reason contained under depraved action and distinguished in the whole genus from action diminished in a Medicinal consideration CHAP. IV. Of the Differences of Excrements Excrements may be peccant four wayes 1. In Substance 2. In Quantity 3. In Quality 4. In the manner of Excretion First they are peccant in Substance when they have a Substance quite different from that of vulgar Excrements AND they are said to be preternatural in the wide extension of their whole genus And they are twofold either wholly aliens or consisting of natural things The stone maw-worms c. are mere strangers to nature Excrements consist of natural things when the blood fat a part of the flesh or some such thing is driven out as an excrement which ought by all means to be retained Secondly Excrements are peccant in Quantity by reason of excesse or defect When either their effluxion is too copious as in a Diarrhaea Dysenteria Diabete plentifull sweat and profuse issuing of blood or when they are more sparingly than is convenient
we propose the succeeding Theorems The Essence Some diseases are naturally alwaies malignant as a Cancer Leprosie the Venereal disease a Carbuncle the Plague others alwaies gentle unless they light upon a pestilent constitution as a Tertian ephemeral simple synochical Feaver and the like The material causes Usual feeding on meats of a bad juyce or corrupt drinking of marish muddy or corrupt waters do frequently produce malignant diseases Medicines venomous and of a deleterious quality generate malignant diseases In bodies of bad juyce and ill affected malignant diseases are most commonly generated The efficient causes A pestilent and corrupt aire doth usually produce malignant diseases Coition with an impure harlot whose sole issue is a malignant disease Wounds inflicted with intoxicated swords or the bitings of venomous creatures do produce and shew venomous affections Bloud and flegme produce gentle diseases but choler black porraceous eruginous and sometimes yellow causeth malignant diseases Whatever sick person is not sustained by healthful causes whether proceeding from nature as spontaneous vacuations or from art by due administrations of remedies but is advantaged by these applications onely which are of a preservative virtue against poyson and injured by almost all the rest that person is molested with a malignant disease THE EFFECTS Animal actions A deliration and great perturbation of the mind watching disturbance without a vehement Feaver are signes of a malignant disease Vital actions A sudden debilitation of the pulses and the strength a Deliquium and syncope discover a malignant disease Natural actions Great thirst without a vehement Feaver or the appetite to meat and drink abolished signifies a malignant disease If by vomit the belly or urine exerements pale black eruginous or tainted with some alien quality remote from the natural be expelled this shews a malignant disease In a notable Feaver attended by ill-look't symptomes if the urine be like that of healthy persons it shews a malignant disease For by such urine it doth evidently appear that the disease scornes to own for a parent vulgar putridity but is generated by a more intense profound occult or malignant quality which appears not with the urine Small and frequent sweats flowing in the forehead and neck onely shew a malignant disease Qualities changed A place colour in the face or other parts in Feavers signifie the malignity of them A black colour in the tongue not accompanied with thirst demonstrates a malignant disease Proper Accidents Those who in Feavers are infested with Wheals divers Pimples Carbuncles Botches in their arm-pits and groins impostumated ebullitions behind the ears and such like are malignantly diseased Ulcers smooth all round are malignant Aph. 4. Sect. 6. A corollary Those diseases are accounted gentle in which the foresaid signes of malignity are not discoverable CHAP. X. Of the Signes of an acute and Chronical disease DIseases of short continuance and swift motion which also have magnitude accompanying brevity are called acute and vehement to which the Physicians commonly oppose Chronical though they stand not in diametral contrariety to them for Chronical or long diseases are so called onely for that they are of continuance though sometimes also they are great such as the palsy the Dropsie and the like to which those are truly and properly opposed which are termed short simply as an Ephemeral Feaver The signes therfore of acute diseases shall be drawn from the precedent heads according to the order of the following Table mark't with the Letter G. G. The signes shewing an acute or Chronical disease are taken either from The Essence or species of the disease The internal causes or humours producing the disease The Effects or symptomes which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements ejected by The Belly The Bladder Qualities changed But the series of this Table will more evidently appear by the following Theorems The Essence All the inflammations of the interiour parts burning and continual Feavers are in their proper nature alwaies acute So when we see any one troubled with the Phrensie Pleurisie or such like affection we say they are sick of an acute disease The Causes Whatever diseases are produced by blood yellow or black choler are usually acute and so the knowledge of the humour effecting the disease easily conducts us to such skil that we know whether it fall into the number of the acute ones THE EFFECTS Animal Actions A deliration abolition of sence and motion or any part afflicted with very vehement pain shew an acute disease Natural Actions A great thirst large fluxes of the belly or total suppression of the evacuations of the belly and urine signifie an acute disease Excrements The excrements of the belly very yellow porraceous eruginous pale or black discover an acute disease Red green or eruginous urines shew the like Qualities changed The countenance of the sick person engrained in red heat overspread in the whole body a bitter taste in and blackness discolouring the tongue signifie an acute disease A Corollary The signes of the differences of acute diseases are described chap. 4. Sect. 3. of prognostick signes But Chronical diseases are easily known by the absence of the mentioned signes and presence of the contrary so that repetition of them here will be useless CHAP. XI Of the signes of morbifick causes and first Of the signes of preternatural choler DIseases are most generally the spawn of various humours unconformable to nature but those humours do usually breed diseases which are predominant in the whole or in any part of the body and so if we do accurately know this factious humor we shall easily arrive to the cause of the disease We must therefore recall the signes of these domineering humors from the first Chapters of this Section and because the humors there fall under our consideration as they are constituted in their natural state we therefore proposed onely four first differences of humors but now some others offer themselves which are wholly preternatural these we shall in short propose neither will it be impertinent to enquire after some other causes of diseases produced by humors lest this Treatise should be any way defective To begin therefore with choler we termed that natural which was died with yellow or pale though it be often disobedient to nature and produceth many diseases yet it always presents the same signes if to that which is preternatural and somewhat putredinous we adde this onely viz. that it is moved every third day as manifestly appears in the paroxysmes of a Tertian Feaver But there are other species of choler which are perpetually preternatural and as often as they visit the body they usually produce diseases and they are vitelline porraceous erguinous glasteous and black The vitelline owes its production to the yellow with the midwifery of preternatural heat which by dissipating the thinner parts incrassates that so that in consistence and colour it dissembles the yolk of an egge This is not discovered by any other signes then the yellow except onely