it adds nothing substantial to the praeexisting Matter the Soul it self seems to be from thence a mere Ens of Reason and only an extrinsical denomination Further when the Peripateticks from the Soul raised up out of the Grave of Matter which they affirmed to be a simple form without Extension and divisibility do contend that the Members of the same Body do perceive many things at once and together they have introduced into the Schools that Plea or rather Riddle to wit That it is whole in the whole and whole in every part To this Opinion thus unfolded that of Dicaearchus was a-Kin who said the Soul was Harmony and also that of Galen who call'd it a Temperament Nor do we meet with a less diversity of Opinions among the Philosophers of every Age delivering that all Souls or all others the rational excepted are Corporeal To pass by those who have affirmed the Soul to be either Fire or Air or Water or something made out of many of these Elements some as Critias and Empedocles have said that it was Blood Which Opinion the Sacred Scriptures in some places plainly favour where the eating of Blood is forbidden because it is the Life or the Soul Moreover there are not Reasons and Arguments wanting which conclude this to be very near or very like to Truth as shall be shewn anon To these may be added the Opinion of Epicurus delivered of old and of late revived in our Age which introduces the Soul plainly Corporeal and made out of a knitting together of subtil Atoms and asserts citing Laertius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. which according to the mind of Gassendus is as much as to say That the Animal is as it were the Loom in which the Yarn is the Body and the Woof the Soul From thence Laertius describing more fully its Corporeity saith 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. which is that the Soul is Composed of most light Atoms and round not much different from those out of which fire is Other Epicureans describing the Nature of the Soul otherways depaint it as from something hot flatuous and airy we need not to unfold any further this Opinion nor shew out of Laertius and Lucretius by what Rite the Assertors of the Epicurean Philosophy do accommodate such an Atomical Composition of the Soul to all the Actions and Affections of the Function or Animal Government which are to be performed Upon this Hypothesis of the Epicureans as it were its basis the Philosophers of this latter Age have built all their doctrines of the Soul tho very divers and I may almost say opposite For as the soul of the Brutes is affirmed by most of them to be Corporeal and divisible yet she is by some of them deprived of all Knowledg Sense and Appetite in the mean time not only Sense Memory and Phantasie is granted to her by others but the use of a certain inferior Reason And what is more to be wonder'd at the same end of their Assertion is proposed by either Sect to wit That the Soul of the Brutes both as it may be deprived of its gifts and also as it is most notably adorned by them may be very much distinguish'd or that I may use the Idiom of the Schools diversified from the humane Soul The first Assertor of the former Opinion was Gometius Pereira who affirmed that Beasts wanted all Knowledg or Perception whom in our latter Age the Famous Men Cartesius and Digby with others Exactly followed who endeavouring as much as they could to discriminate the Souls of Beasts from the humane affirmed them to be not only Corporeal and Divisible but also meerly passive that is that they were not all moved unless that they were moved by other Bodies striking some part of the Soul from whence it followed that every action of the Brute Consisted in it as it were an artificial Motion of a Mechanical Engine to wit that first some sensible thing affecting the animal spirits and Converting them inwards stirs up sense from which by and by the same spirits being moved as it were by a reflected undulation or wavering return back again and being determined for the fitted order of the organs and parts of the Fabrick it self in certain Nerves and Muscles they perform the respective motions of the Member◠For otherwise if Cognition be granted to the Brutes you must yield to them also Conscience yea and deliberation and Election and a Knowledge of universal things and lastly an incorporeal and rational soul. Whilst these famous Philosophers suppose Brute Animals to be only certain Machines wonderful made by a Divine Workmanship to wit which without any Knowledg Sense or Appetite perform only Corporeal Motions and the Acts of their Faculties according to the fitted structure of parts and the precise direction of the spirits within Certain measures or bounds of the Animals yet some of them differ in their Opinions about the structure and model of the Machine or moving Engine to wit for as much as the figure and properties of the Atoms out of which the same is supposed to be made are assigned one way by these and after a divers way by those The most illustrious Cartesius unfolding all things by matter and motion asserting the Souls of Brutes to consist altogether of round and highly moveable Atoms which he Calls the Elements of the first Kind affirms That nothing else is requisite for all its acts to be performed than that the fibres and nervous parts being struck by a stroke of a sensible thing they receive a motion after this or that kind of manner and transfer it by a Continued affection of the sensitive parts as it were by a Certain undulation or wavering into the respective parts But our Digby supposing mobility of the particulars of this kind out of which the Soul is made adds further That certain most thin Effluvia's falling away from the sensible Body do not only affect the Exterior sensories but entring into the more interior recesses mix themselves with the spirits and moving them into Various fluctuations do produce sense and divers sorts of local motions Moreover that out of these Extrinsical Atoms so entring into the nervous parts and the Brain it self do proceed not only Extempory Actions but out of those left in the feeling body and retaining the former Configurations are Constituted the remaining Idea's in the memory of things formerly done It would be too prolix a business to recount particularly what appertains to the aforesaid Hypothesis concerning the souls of Brutes or animal Actions or to Examine the Reasons of each also to shew by what manner of Solutions of that Kind those operations of the Brutes which seem to be made by a Certain Judgment and Ratiocination are wont to be unfoulded But indeed these Solutions of difficult Phaenomena's and the Reasons for the mechanical provision of living Creatures and their Souls tho artificially formed by these Authors seem not
of the whole Body in which the animal spirits like Soldiers sent abroad perpetually running up and down on this side and on that perform the offices of Sense and Motion Further those who dwell within the Head it self the superior Legion of the sensitive Soul altho more freely ranging yet lye not disorderly or loosely but its numerous Company being limited with certain Bounds and Cloysters as it were within the narrow space of One Chamber perform infinite Variety of Actions and Passions Concerning these discoursing formerly more fully in our description of the Brain and Nerves we did distinguish the Seats of all the Faculties yea we did shew the Commands of the Animal Function voluntary and involuntary to be divers in themselves also to belong to divers Governments of the Brain and Cerebel with their respective appendixes of the Nerves Further we shewed that those Spirits the Authors of either function not only within the narrow Channels of the Nerves but also in the large meeting places or Emporiums of the Head have peculiar paths to wit the medullary tracts as it were intrinsick Nerves most curiously stretch'd forth here and there But indeed because it is objected that I have not described all and perhaps not exactly enough therefore that those medullary Passages may be the better beheld we have lately instituted another more accurate anatomy of the Brain to wit by gently scraping with the point of a Pen-knife its parts we removed every where the softer and brownish substance a-Kin to the Cortex of the Brain the whiter and more hard being left by which means in several places of the Brain and the Oblong Marrow many Medullary Chords or Strings as it were distinct Nerves wonderfully Communicating among themselves and with other white or medullary Bodies were brought into sight For as much as this Anatomical Administration render'd the more secret passages of the Spirits and the motions belonging to the Arcana's of the animal Government very Conspicuous we shall here shew a new Figure or two of the Brain rolled forth and the flesh when taken off in the chief places in which are plainly beheld both the Common Passages and the Private paths of the Spirits and which carry them backward and forward immediately thorow the beaten way of the medullary tail and which lead thorow the by-paths of the Prominences into the streaked Bodies Therefore in the Brain taken out and rolled abroad according to our Method let there be a dissection so made between the Orbicular Prominences to wit between the Testes or Testicles Nates or Buttocks that when they being whole and divided in the middle of the Pinal Glandula the parts are layed by themselves the streaked Cavity of either may be lay'd open As in the 6 th Table Fig. 1. A. b E. A. b. c. c. D. Then it it will easily appear that the said Prominencies called the Testes are marrowy Epiphyses or additions of the oblong marrow which sticking to the tails of the Cerebel from thence look towards the Brain and a Commerce is seen to be maintained between this and that This last Ephiphysis passes from the parts of the Brain into the next natiform or of the form of a Buttock B. which is an adjunct or some Augmentation of that To this Medullar a.a. in a Sheep Ox and many four-footed Beasts grows a Cortical substance B.B. But otherways in a Man Dog Fox and other more sagacious Creatures it is marrowy thorow the whole the reason of the difference I have shewed in another place This medullary Epiphysis reaching above the Testes and Nates and going under the Pineal Kernel tends towards the Chambers of the Optick Nerves approaching which F. by and by it is cleft into two Branches as it were Nervous one of which G is carryed to the Cone of the streaked Body and the other H. towards its Basis and in its oblique passage sends a shoot into the midst of the Border of the streaked Body this Branch going to the basis of the streaked Body behind the root of the Fornix is inserted into an Angle of the streaked Body As to the Use of these Parts we have proposed our Conjectures in our Tract of the Brain and truly nothing seems more probable than that by this side-path of the Prominences and by the Passage of the Medullary Passages there are Commerces held between the Brain and the Cerebel for as often as it happens that Impressions or Instincts meerly natural follow spontaneous Affections and Motions or are joyned to them all that within those private Tracts is occupied See our Anat. of the Brain p. 176. Further whereby every such Impression from the Viscera or Precordia by the mediation of the Cerebel are carried from them in the same way forward and backward into the streaked Bodies and on the contrary every force and perturbation The Medullary passage which is for their commerce enters in three places viz. In the middle and at either end into the streaked Bodyes To the Prominences which are called Nates and Testes succeed the Chambers of the Optick Nerves E. E. as also above the Medullary Trunk certain Epiphyses or Additions serve for a private office viz. only for the visive Function For as the sight is a most noble faculty and as the Organ of the eye is highly curious so it obtains a very spacious Furniture or Porch and also a very strait to the common Sensory viz. the streaked Bodies Because the Optive Nerves coming together under the Trunk of the oblony Marrow and being by and by disjoyned they climb up his sides where going under the appropriate Protuberances they go into a numerous company of hairy threads which are every where interwoven with the cortical Substance Fig. 2. Tab. 6. These Medullary or Nervous structures or bindings which without doubt the visible Species pass thorow are all parallels which being stretched forth Strait are brought to the streaked Bodies every where through their whole Compass Fig. 2. Hence it is probable the causes of the Sandy drops or Spots yea and of the sight otherways depraved or lost do lie hid not only in the Eye and Optick Nerve but sometimes in these parts for as much as those Filaments or Nervous threads being obstructed or bound together the visible Species are not able to beam themselves to the streaked Bodies I knew one being affected by his Imagination and Memory being grievously hurt that those diseases vanishing fell into blindness The reason of which accident seems to be that the morbifick matter occupying at first the superior frame of the Brain being slid thence lower by the Cortix at length enter'd into the Optick Chambers There remains yet a private passage of another sence to wit of the smelling to the common Sensory viz. the streaked Bodies The mamillary Processes being entered into the Prominences of the Inferiour Brain go under its Basis till they come to the border of the
humidity therefore the Spirituous Effluvias or the lucid part of the Soul which ought to irradiate these Bodies is very much obscured as the beam of the Sun passing thorow a thick Cloud Wherefore at this time the strokes of sensible things being not deeply fixed are presently obliterated and in them local motions hardly follow yea in some Beasts in whom the Blood being continually and habitually thick and who have a less Clear Brain tho through their whole Life some acts of the Exterior Senses and Motions are performed yet few Characters are left of any interiour Knowledg Wherefore we shall here inquire only concerning Brutes that are more docil to wit in whom are besides local motions and the five Exterior Senses Memory and Imagination and in these we may conceive this kind of Introduction or Method of Institution concerning the Exquisite Knowledge by the sense with which they are wont to be imbued Therefore as soon as the Brain in the more pefect Brutes grows Clear and the Constitution of the Animal Spirits becomes sufficiently lucid and defecated the exterior Objects being brought to the Organs of the Senses make Impressions which being from thence transmitted for the continuing the Series or Order of the Animal Spirits inwards towards the streaked Bodies affect the Common Sensory and when as a sensible Impulse of the same like a waving of Waters is carried further into the Callous Body and thence into the Cortex or shelly substance of the Brain a Perception is brought in concerning the Species of the thing admitted by the Sense to which presently succeeds the Imagination and marks or prints of its Type being left constitutes the Memory But in the mean time whilst the sensible Impression being brought to the common Sensory effects there the Perception of the thing felt as some direct Species of it tending further creates the Imagination and Memory so other reflected Species of the same Object as they appear either Congruous or Incongruous produce the Appetite and local motions its Executors that is the Animal Spirits looking inwards for the Act of Sension being struck back leap towards the streaked Bodies and when as these Spirits presently possessing the Beginnings of the Nerves irritate others they make a desire of flying from the thing felt and a motion of this or that member or part to be stirred up Then because this Kind or that Kind of Motion succeeds once or twice to this or to that Sension afterwards for the most part this Motion follows that Sension as the Effect follows the Cause and according to this manner by the admitting the Idea's of sensible things both the Knowledg of several things and the habits of things to be done or of local Motions are by little and little produced For indeed from the beginning almost every Motion of the animated Body is stirred up by the Contact of the outward Object to wit the Animal Spirits residing within the Organ are driven inward being strucken by the Object and so as we have said constitute Sension or Feeling then like as a Flood sliding along the Banks of the shore is at last beaten back so because this waving or inward turning down of the Animal Spirits being partly reflected from the Common Sensory is at last directed outwards and is partly stretched forth even into the inmost part of the Brain presently local Motion succeeds the Sension and at the same time a Character being affixed on the Brain by the sense of the thing perceived it impresses there Marks or Vestigia of the same for the Phantasie and the Memory then affected and afterwards to be affected but afterwards when as the Prints or Marks of very many Acts of this Kind of Sensation and Imagination as so many Tracts or Ways are ingraven in the Brain the Animal Spirits oftentimes of their own accord without any other forewarning and without the presence of an Exterior Object being stirred up into Motion for as much as the Fall into the footsteps before made represent the Image of the former thing with which when the Appetite is affected it desiring the thing objected to the Imagination causes spontaneous Actions and as it were drawn forth from an inward Principle As for Examples sake The Stomach of an Horse feeding in a barren Ground or fallow Land being incited by hunger stirs up and variously agitates the Animal Spirits flowing within the Brain the Spirits being thus moved by accident because they run into the footsteps formerly made they call to mind the former more plentiful Pasture fed on by the Horse and the Meadows at a great distance then the Imagination of this desirable thing which then is cast before it by no outward Sense but only from the Memory stops at the Appetite that is the Spirits implanted in the streaked Bodies are affected by that Motion of the spirits flowing within the middle part or Marrow of the Brain who from thence presently after their former accustomed manner enter the origines of the Nerves and actuating the Nervous System after their wonted manner by the same Series produce local Motions by which the hungry Horse is carried from place to place till he has found out the Imagined Pasture and indeed enjoyes that good the Image of which was painted in his Brain After this manner the sensible Species being intromitted by the benefit of the Exterior Organs in the more perfect Brutes for that they affix their Characters on the Brain and there leave them they constitute the Faculties of Phantasie and Memory as it were Store-houses full of Notions further stirring up the Appetite into local Motions agreeable to the Sensions frequently they produce an habit of Acting so that some Beasts being Taught or Instructed for a long time by the assiduous Incursion of the Objects are able to know and remember many things and further learn manifold works to wit to perform them by a Complicated and Continued series and succession of very many Actions Moreover this Kind of acquired Knowledg of the Brutes and the Practical habits introduced through the Acts of the Senses are wont to be promoted by some other means to a greater degree of perfection For in the third place it happens to these by often Experience that the Beasts are not only made more certain of simple things but it teaches them to form certain Propositions and from thence to draw certain Conclusions Because draught Beasts having sometimes found water to be Cooling they seek it far as a remedy of too much heat wherefore when their Precordia grow hot running to the River they drink of it and if they are hot in their whole Body they fearlesly lye down in the same In truth many Actions which appear admirable in Brutes came to them at first by some accident which being often repeated by Experience pass into Habits which seem to shew very much of Cunning and Sagacity because the sensitive soul is easily accustomed to every Institution or
diffused within the Brain and stock of Nerves is Co-extended or equally stretched forth with the Organical Body and almost with all its Parts is affected with every Contact or with the meeting of other Bodies she perceives all Impressions either outwardly objected or raised up within and as she is moved by these every where diversly inflicted she indues according to the various impulse of the Objects various Gestures and Species in her self and also draws the Members and Parts of the Body it self with her wholly into the same Figures and Motions For indeed it is the Energie or the Act of the Soul it self from which every Function of the animated Body primarily and chiefly arises If at any time any Stroke or Impression be inflicted any where to the animated Body presently a certain Fluctuation or waving is stirred up in the Hypostasis of the whole Soul or of the struck Member by which some Animal Spirits or subtil Particles shut up in the Organical Parts as a blast of Wind in a Machine being struck run hither and thither and so produce the Exercises of Sense and Motion in the whole Body or respective Parts Truly among the various Gestures of the Corporeal Soul by which she altering her Species or Hypostasis brings a change to the containing Body the Sensitive and Locomotive Powers obtain the chief place for as much as they are Common almost to all living Creatures at least to the more perfect to which also all the rest of the Faculties may easily be reduced These are the chief Advancers of the animated Body upon which all the other Wheels of this Self-moving Divine Machine depend But the Internal and next efficient Cause both of Sense and Motion are the Hypostasis of the Sensitive Soul or the Animal Spirits instilled from the inkindled Blood into the Brain and from thence diffused into the Nervous Stock which being distributed from the Brain as the Fountain thorow the Nerves to the whole Body imbue irradiate and blow up all the Parts and bring a certain Tensity or stretching forth to each so that the passages of the Nervous Bodies like Cords stretched forth straitly on every side from the Brain and its dependencies reach forth into all the Exterior Parts by which so stretch'd forth and actuated by a certain Continuity of the Soul if one end be struck presently the stroke is perceived through the whole so that every Intention conceived within the Brain presently performs the designed work in every Member or Part and on the other side every impulse or stroke which is inflicted from without to any Member or to the Sensitive Body is communicated instantly to all Parts within the Head If that an Impression or force tends from the Brain outwards thorow the Nerves into the moving Parts Motion is produced but if they being made outwardly are directed inwards towards the Brain Sense arises But whil'st either of these are performed it is not so to be understood as is commonly asserted as if the same Spirits make hast and leap back presently as it were from one end of the Course or Circuit to the other but as the Soul is stretched forth thorow the whole with a certain Continuity its Particles viz. the Spirits contiguous one with another are set like an Army in Array for they after a Military fashion whil'st they move not from their station and keep Order perform their Offices and whether they be set in Battel Array or on the Watch they perform the Commands carried outward from the Brain themselves being almost immoveable and effect Motion and deliver presently to the Brain the news of any sensible thing impressed whereby Sensation is made So indeed the same Animal Spirits thô with an opposite and inverse tendency and aspect of them cause Motion and Sense But both Faculties as to the Exercises of their Acts require something divers Organs yea the Animal Spirits planted within the same for the performing the divers Offices of their Faculties are ordered with a various Affection and with a different manner of Orders That each of these may be the more clearly illustrated we shall first of all speak of the Sense and of whatsoever belongs to it both in General and in Special and then afterwards concerning Motion The Sense as it is taken in a more strict acceptation viz. for the proper Function in animated Bodies and by which they are distinguished from inanimates is wont to be described after this manner That it is the faculty of perceiving Sensible objects Because the Sensitive soul as hath been said being apt to be affected or moved by every Contact or Impulse of an exterior Body forces its constitution to vary in the whole or in part according as it is struck But exterior Bodies because they consist of Particles of a various Kind and diversly figured therefore when some are applied to others their approaches one among another are not always made after one and the same manner but after a manifold manner and with notable variety to wit either by Corporeal Contacts or by Effluvia's falling from them or by Particles of Air Breath or Light reflected from them issuing from them on every side like Darts Further and to every one of these Kinds many Species are attributed Because not only Concretes but also various little Bodies of the same Subject shew and impress manifold Types of their Contacts several of which as they are received and so known distinctly by living Creatures the Sensitive Soul using Corporeal Organs hath many Sensories fitted for such variety of Objects and divers representations of things in which several both the Conformation of the Pores as also the disposition of the Animal Spirits are proportionated to the little Bodies sent in from the Object which are only of one Kind fitly to be received By this means sensible Impressions at least that may be of use to any Animal are perceived and from this manifold way of Sension proceeds the Knowledge of all things according to that of the Philosopher All Knowledge is made by the Sense when on the contrary if Bodies and their Particles should strike the Systasis of the naked Soul or part of it always after one and the same manner nothing at all would be known because one thing or parts from another or these from those Members would not be distinguished Wherefore that all the chief Objects and their Accidents might be distinctly noted it is so provided that some Particles strike this Organ and not that so that they affect their several respective Sensories only the rest being untouched From hence it is clear that 't is necessary that there should be many Sensories in perfect Animals which may perform divers Actions both for the preserving of Life and propagating the Kind and also for the knowing many things and chiefly for the embracing of what things are Congruous to themselves and for the shunning all incongruous things for this things 't
the Sense are not distinctly painted in the Common Sensory as on a Table but every Impression there shown depends on the Motion as it were by a certain waving of some Spirits separate from others and within these or those peculiar Tracts of them Nor is it irrational to affirm that some Spiritual Particles are moved within the Hypostasis of the Sensitive Soul and her the same Portion of it whil'st others lye quiet lying between them for it plainly appears and which afterwards is more largely shown that within the Body of the Air the lucid Particles are agitated whil'st the rest lye at ease yea also that Sonorifick yea and odorous little Bodies and perhaps many others of another Kind are moved by a distinct and peculiar Agitation apart by themselves from the other texture of the Air for both Images pass thorow Sounds are poured out Odors flow warm or cold Effluvia's and other little Bodies are variously carried yet notwithstanding others in the mean time are neither driven by force by some others nor is the Consistency of the whole Air disturbed by some Singulars Yea various Impressions not only pass thorow the Air unchanged but also the Superficies of the Water for we have observed in a River or a Fish-pond when many wavings have been stirr'd up by various and divers strokes together that all of them however they meet one another pass thorow or cut one another continue still distinct and inconfused why then may we not suppose that in the Airy Systasis of the Soul which is also is founded in a Watry Humor there are Particles of a various and unlike make and that manifold Species by their passing thorow may be at once brought to the Common Sensory without Confusion As for Example Suppose that for seeing most Subtil and as it were Aetherial Particles others almost Saline and notably moveable for the Hearing and so for the other Senses Spirits endowed after this or that manner to be interwoven together and every peculiar Sension to be produced by a particular affection of them to which it happens that for the various passing thorow of the Spirits of so diverse a Nature divers Tracts or Paths are produced both in the Organ it self and in the Common Sensory and so when the Animal Spirits are affected which are of this or that Nature apart from others which are of another Nature and as there are beamings forth of several kinds as it were within various Inlets or Passages 't is no wonder if in divers Organs distinct Acts of Sensions are performed and that all of them however different in Kind and coming together from many ways are shewn within the same Common Sensory to wit the streaked Bodies because in this Marrowy Part Spirits of every kind abound and also passages of every sort of Conformation are found therefore every Impression impressed on any Organ from without may be distinctly represented in this same Body That it is so it more clearly appears from hence because both the streaked Bodies and the way leading to these consist of many white Ligatures which seem as so many soft Nerves or marrowy Tracts for the divers ways of receiving the Impressions of sensible Species When a sensible Impression is brought through the Animal Spirits being affected by a continued Series from the Organ to the Common Sensory if it be light it is there terminated and the perception of the External Sense quickly vanishes without any other Affection but if which more often happens the impulse of the Object be stronger the Sense excited from thence like the vehement waving of waters in a Whirl-pool both partly passes thorow the streaked Bodies and going forward to the Callous Body it oftentimes raises up two other Internal Senses to wit the Imagination and Memory either one of both of them and also is partly reflected from them and from thence by a declining of the Spirits leaping into the Nerves local Motions are made For indeed Impressions of sensible things from the beginning furnish both the Imagination with the Memory and Appetite and induce the first attempts of local Motions It is first effected for as much as the sensible Impulse is often propagated beyond the streaked Body into the marrowy part of the Brain or the Cortex or the extream Confines of it But local Motions ordinarily succeed to Sension for as much as the Animal Spirits being struck back from the bolt or stay of the streaked Bodies spring up outwardly and as they enter these or those Nerves by a certain Consequence or by chance they excite fortuitous local Motions or depending on the previous Sense for in the reciprocal exercise of these Faculties to wit of Sense and local Motion before Animals are imbued with Phantasie and Memory almost the whole Animal Function consists because Brutes or Men whil'st they as yet know not things want Spontaneous Appetite So long therefore they being destitute of the Internal Principle of Motion move themselves or Members only as they are excited from the impulse of the External Object and so Sension preceding Motion is in some manner the Cause of it Therefore in every Sension the Animal Spirits are moved and their Motion being excited in the utmost Sensory from the approach of the Object and harmonised according to its Impression turns inwards and as hath been said is conveyed to the first or Common Sensory wherefore it is not to be thought that the little Body 's sent from the Object do penetrate deeply and enter the inward parts of the Brain it self as some have asserted but it suffices that they being cast forth like Darts from the sensible thing do affect the Spirits placed in the fore-front and then they from thence most swiftly pass thorow by their Irradiation the impressed Motion As to the Parts within which the Animal Spirits dwelling do carry thorow as it were by Pipes and Dioptrick Glasses the impressed Species of sensible things they are the Fibres Nerves and the Oblong Marrow and chiefly the tops of it to wit the streaked Bodies The Fibres being stretched forth in every Sensory as it were Nets spread abroad take the Particles of the Object diffused and entring here and there from which whil'st the Spirits implanted in those Fibres are affected and are marked with the type of shaddow of the Objected thing forthwith the same Character being expressed by a continued Series of Spirits passes forward thorow the little Pipes of the Nerves and the Medullary Trunk into the streaked Bodies and is there represented as upon a white well But the Rational Soul easily beholds the Image of the thing there painted or perhaps carried forward beyond into the Callous Body the Imagination and Phantasie being excited But after what manner Brutes perceive themselves to feel and by reason of that Sension they either imprint it in their Memory or draw forth the Acts of the Appetite we have shewn elsewhere Concerning the number
latter convey the Sension from the Fibres which are planted somewhere more inwards about the Viscera to the Cerebel from which without Knowledge of the Animal oftentimes involuntary Motions are retorted as when Vomiting follows upon an Emetick Medicine unknown and against our Minds If that this private Sension belonging to the Cerebel be a little stronger and vehement passing thorow the same Cerebel goes further even to the streaked Bodies as when Medicines provoking the Stomach more sharply induce a Sension or trouble about the Heart or otherways molestious which they plainly give notice of Further when the Tangible Impression arrives first and immediately at the streaked Bodies if the same be light it is there terminated and the sensible Species presently vanishes but if the Impulse of the Object be somewhat stronger it passes further to the Callous Body and oftentimes to the Shell of the Brain and therefore their Affections Imagination and sometimes Memory gather'd from the touch of the thing succeed and when the sensible Species being also dilated to the Common Sensory a divergency or bending down of the Spirits from thence is reflected into the same Nerve or others related to it so it stirs up local Motions These sort of Effects are sufficiently known by the Common Proverb Where the Pain is there the Finger will be for it is implanted by Nature in every Animal to rub or press the place with its finger or foot where any sense of Trouble or Pain is As to the Kinds and Differences of Feeling both are taken either from the Objects or from the various affection of the Sensory the ways or means of the former are so manifold that they cannot easily be recounted for hither ought to be referred as we said but now the universal Tangible Qualities By Tangible Qualities we understand here the various habitudes of Natural Bodies which arise from the Crasis and Disposition of the Elements of which they are made as also from their Intestine Motion or Effluvia's variously appearing in themselves which kind of Modifications of Bodies the Sense of Feeling chiefly finds out and makes their knowledge or marks so certain that when we do not believe the Scrutiny of the other Senses we are wont to rest satisfied with the Examination of this Concerning the Species of Feeling Constituted in respect of the Sensory we shewed even now that the sensible Impression was immediately derived from the External Organ either to the streaked Bodies or to the Cerebel Therefore for that Reason Sension is either manifest and knows plainly every thing or private of which the Animal is scarce knowing but the Consequence declares this Kind of Sension to have been stirred up for a Motion being made in any inward unseen argues a previous sense of it to have been as from the change of the Pulse or a failure of Spirits shews a certain Malignity to have affected the Praecordia or the Cerebel In either of the aforesaid Kinds of Sension to wit whether the same be manifest or private the Tangible Impression either coming pleasantly to the Fibres gathers together the Spirits implanted in them and more nearly delights them and strokes them with a soft and gentle rubbing whence pleasure arises or the Impulse of the same pulling and wrinkling the Fibres distracts and dissipates the Spirits one from another and so Grief Pain or Trouble Succeeds But concerning these Affections viz. Grief and Pleasure we shall have hereafter a more fit place to speak of them so that it next remains for us to proceed from the Sense of Feeling to its nearest Neighbor and Relation the Taste CHAP. XII Of the Taste THe Taste is so like to the Sense of Feeling that it seems to be a certain Species of it and certainly the Object in either Organ ought to be brought near and laid upon it yea in tasting to be admitted more deeply within the Pores and its passages Upon this Sense depends chiefly both the Life and Vegetation of Animals for this chooses and takes in Juice for nourishment convenient and that by this Office it might be constantly and rightly performed it is furnished with a faculty or a certain implanted Judgment whereby some wholesome and agreeable Aliments fit for every Individual are discerned from those that are disagreeable and hurtful also further as it were in reward of its work it is delighted after a notable manner with the Exercise of its Function For unless convenient agreeable things â—it to be Eaten move Spittle and as it were prickle them with a most grateful pleasantness of Taste the appetite of desiring or taking of Food is quickly extinguished with oblivion or tediousness so for the preserving the Individual no less than the Species Desire and Pleasure ought to be had The Sensory of the Taste is not so diffusive and almost Co-extended with the whole Body as that of Feeling but is limitted to one part only yea and its Sensible is of one Kind only to wit a Savoury thing nor does it include as the Tangible Quality the Subjects of many Catagorical things Indeed the chief and almost only Organ of the Taste is the Tongue to which after a manner but obscurely do consent the Palate and the Upper part of the Throat But in all of them the Nervous Fibres are the immediate Instruments of Sension wherefore 't is observed that the Tongue is notedly more Fibrous than any other part also consists of a very porous Contexture for this end that the savory Particles of the thing might be more plentifully and more deeply admitted into the passages of the Sensory and so meeting at once with many Fibres might excite a more acute Sension yea it may be suspected that whil'st the subtil Particles of the savory Humor are imbibed so deeply by the Tongue the Animal Spirits do in some measure snatch the same for their nourishment and convey them inwardly by the passages of the Nerves towards the Brain for it plainly appears that in great Fastings or want of Food and swouning or failure of Spirits that a refreshment of them immediately follows upon the first tasting of any noble Liquor Eating is a certain Kind of Solution whereby the savory Particles may be the better taken in from the Food by the Sensory Because whil'st solid eatable things are reduced into bits by Chawing the Tongue and other parts of the Mouth and Throat pour forth as it were a certain Menstruum which washing and as it were Elixivating the savory little Bodies carries them into the Sensory and insinuates them into the Pores of the Tongue Further The savory Particles because so impacted in the Sensory do employ its passages hence it comes to pass that one savour not rarely excludes another so sweet things being tasted because they are clammy and very obstructing hinder or pervert the more exact taste of Wine wherefore that the hindred Faculty might be again restored salt or sharp things
as if they were enervated and cannot stand upright and dare scarce enter upon local motions or if they do cannot perform them long yea some without any notable sickness are for a long time fixed in their Bed as if they were every day about to dye whilst they lye undisturbed talk with their Friends and are chearful but they will not nor dare not move or walk yea they shun all motion as a most horrid thing Without doubt in these although the Animal Spirits do after a manner actuate and irradiate the whole nervous Stock yet their numbers are so small and in so few heaps that when as many spirits ought to be heaped together somewhere in it for motion there is great danger lest presently in the neighbouring parts their continuity should be broken Wherefore when the spirits inhabiting the Brain are conscious of the debility of others disposed in the Members they themselves refuse local motions for that it would be too difficult a task to impose on their companions wherefore the sick are scarce brought by any perswasion to try whether they can go or not Nevertheless those labouring with a want of Spirits who will exercise local motions as well as they can in the morning are able to walk firmly to fling about their Arms hither and thither or to take up any heavy thing before noon the stock of the Spirits being spent which had flowed into the Muscles they are scarce able to move Hand or Foot At this time I have under my charge a prudent and an honest Woman who for many years hath been obnoxious to this sort of spurious Palsie not only in her Members but also in her tongue she for some time can speak freely and readily enough but after she has spoke long or hastily or eagerly she is not able to speak a word but becomes as mute as a Fish nor can she recover the use of her voice under an hour or two In this kind of spurious Palsie arising from the defect or rather the weakness of the Animal Spirits than from their obstruction it may be suspected that not only the Spirits themselves as to their first numbers of them and particular originals are in fault but besides that sometimes the imbecillity and impotency of local motion doth in some measure also depend upon the fault of the explosive Copula suffused every where from the blood into the moving Fibres For indeed from a very Cacochymical blood or full of juice and for that cause vappid and liveless as the Animal Spirits are but few that are instilled into the Brain so it is probable that those themselves derived from the Brain into the Nerves being disposed at length within the muscular Fibres do meet with other Nitro-sulphureous Particles which we have somewhere shown to be necessarily required to the Musculary motion from the so vitious blood that are but dull and degenerate from the Elastick power wherefore indeed the Spirits being concreted so evilly within the Muscles even as Gun-powder being full of more thick feculences rarely and weakly perform the acts of explosions As to what belongs to the other species of the Palsie in which the sensitive faculty is also affected we say that this is hurt either by it self or together with the motive and such an hurt of both together doth almost only happen forasmuch as the passages and ways of the Spirits are more firmly shut up so that whether they tend forward or backward all their irradiation is intercepted That sometimes happens though rarely from the Morbific matter fallen down from the Brain into the oblong Marrow but more often by reason of a grievous hurt of the Spine or Back-bone as from a fall from on high stroke or wound inflicted on them For from such occasions by compressing the marrowy cord or by too much distending or writhing it all the tracts of the Spirits are blotted out Sometimes the sensitive faculty is hurt by it self the motive being still safe this is sufficiently obvious and the reason very clear of the organs whose Nerves are only sensible to wit as of the sight hearing tast and smell But indeed that in the extream habit of the body or members the touch or feeling sometimes perishes the loco-motive power being unhurt as is ordinarily discerned in Lepers those distemper'd with the Elephantiasis and some Mad-men who are wont to go naked and lye on the ground whose skin and musculous flesh are so benumned that they feel not the gashes made in their flesh with a Pen-knife nor Needles any where thrust into them this I say seems very hard to be unfolded But as to this it may be said that perhaps the same Nerves carry the instincts of motions and the impressions of sensible things forward and backward or to and fro but that the same Fibres which are loco-motive are not altogether or chiefly sensible We have elsewhere shewed that its power is performed by the tendinous and musculous Fibres but the sensible Species is almost only received by the membranaceous Fibres wherefore the outer skin is the primary organ of feeling after this the Membranes covering the Muscles and lastly those constituting the Viscera are somewhat affected by the Tangible object Wherefore the loss or hurt of feeling arises by reason of an hurt brought to the exterior Membranes to wit when the Fibres of these are obstructed by a Vitriolick matter or are benummed very much by excess of cold so that the Animal Spirits which ought to receive their impressions are excluded from their organs And indeed from hence it appears that these inhabiting the exterior Membranes are only affected because sense being lost the members wither not as when deprived of motion but remain full and round which is a sign that the Animal Spirits entring still the Nerves and fleshy Fibres do contribute their virtue to the office of nourishment after what manner we have already shewn but when motion is lost the Spirits are almost wholly banished from those parts and the flesh consumes because the nourishing matter though carried thorow the Arteries is not assimulated We have largely discoursed of this in our Treatise of the Nerves The Theory of this many-form'd Disease being now at length finished its kinds and differences all or at least the most and chiefest of it together with the reasons of each of them being rehearsed in order we shall shew next those things which belong to its prognosticks and Cure 1 Every Palsie whether accidental or habitual and either of them whether universal or partial or whether suddenly excited or by degrees if it happens that the knowing and vital faculty be unhurt it ought not to be accounted an acute Disease but being free from sudden danger admits a long Cure or at least an endeavour of it 2. This Disease coming from a solitary evident cause as from a stroke a fall wound c. or coming upon the Apoplexy Carus Convulsion the Colick
medium between the Body and the Soul but that the members and parts of the Body are the Organs of the Soul what can we think else or affirm but that many and distinct portions of the same Extended Soul actuate the several members and parts of this Body Besides it is seen in several living Creatures whose Liquors both the Vital and Animal in which the Soul as to all its parts immediately subsists are viscous and less dissipable that the Soul is also divided with the Body and exercises its Faculties to wit of Motion and Sense in every one of the divided members layd apart by themselves So Worms Eeles and Vipers being cut into pieces move themselves for a time and being pricked will wrinkle up themselves together But that we have affirmed the Soul of the Brute to be not only Corporeal and Extended but that it is of a certain fiery nature and its Act or Substance is either a Flame or a Breath neer to or a-Kin to Flame besides the large Testimonies of Authors both Ancient and Modern Reasons and Arguments almost demonstrative have also induced me to it Some of the Chief of these we have of late Exposed in the Treatise concerning the Inkindling of the Blood there remains many others of no light moment to be added hereafter As to what appertains to the suffrages of others that I may not seem to stand upon the Authority of one Gassendus who has maintained this Hypothesis I shall here Cite many both Ancient Physicians and Philosophers For not to mention Democritus Epicurus Laertius Lucretius and their followers Hippocrates Plato Pythagoras Aristotle Galen with many others tho disagreeing about other things in this Opinion to wit That the Soul was either a Fire or something analogical to it they all shook hands to whom also have joyned themselves of the Moderns Fernelius Heurnius Cartesius Hogelandus and others and lately Honoratus Faber hath delivered in Express words That the Soul of the Brute is Corporeal and its Substance Fire it self But indeed he far otherwayes Explicates his saying than is propounded in our Hypothesis For having shewn this Soul to be material and supposed all sublunary matter to be nothing else but the four Elements he therefore Concludes the Soul of the Brute because it is not seen to be any thing Compounded out of the rest of the simple Elements or of many of them That it is mere Fire Tract 2. l. 2. pr. 33. ad 38. I shall take notice of one or two of our Countrymen The most noble Verulam chiefly distinguishes animals from inanimals in this respect for that the spirits of those are otherways inflamed and inkindled than the spirits of these Natur. Histor. Cent. 7. The most Learned and Famous Physician George Ent in his Apology against Parisanus That Blood even as Fire desires two things to wit Food and Ventilation hath most clearly demonstrated Wherefore after so many Learned Men it will be no Paradox to affirm That the Soul lying hid in the Blood or Vital Liquor is a certain fire or flame which Opinion agrees well enough with right Reason as appears by what follows Indeed if Fire and Flame are to be defined or unfoulded not by those External accidents of burning glowing and of heat which are not its proper Passions but by intrinsic Causes we conceive very easily the substances of them to be even as the Souls of the Brutes or altogether of the same sort For truly Fire if we would describe it according to its Essence it signifies an heap of most subtil Contiguous particles and existing in a swift motion and with a continued generation of some renewed by the falling off of others which indeed Conserves both its motion and substance for that its Food on which it continually feeds is perpetually supply'd from the subject matter which is Sulphur or some other nitrous thing in the Air that Compasses it about for from thence out of the Food of either the Particles being most minutely resolved and agitated with a most rapid motion the forms of Fire and Flame which differ only in more or less result Since we have in another place discoursed largely enough of these things it will not be needful to add any more here What if we should in like manner say That the Souls of Brutes are an heap of these sorts of most subtle Atoms heaped up together and extreamly moveable To wit which being stirred up with Life into motion as it were an infiring Continue the same and likewise its subsistance so long as Nutriment out of the apposite matter which is by degrees Consumed within Sulphureous and without Nitrous from the ambient medium is granted to it For that we say That the Souls of all Brutes so long as they live and flourish after the manner of fire do want Constantly either kind of aliment to wit Sulphureous and Nitrous That this is true is shewed hereafter as well concerning Insects and other bloodless Creatures also concerning Fishes and the more frigid bloody Creatures as well as in the more hot and perfect Creatures that have blood Which Conditions however are required to the Act and Subsistance of no subject besides But no motion either of Fermentation Ebullition Vegitation or of any other thing besides Life and Fire is immediately supprest by reason of the taking away of the Air. Concerning the Corporeal Soul in general these Three things first fall under our Consideration viz. First What kind of Subsistence or Hypostasis it is of Secondly In what its Life or Act consists And Thirdly What are its primary Offices or Operations As to the first we may believe That the Brutal Soul doth consist of Particles of the same matter out of which the organical Body is formed but that they are choyce most subtle and highly active which as a flower arising out of the grosser mass do mutually come together and do constitute fit passages which they produce thorow the whole frame of the Body having got one continued Hypostasis to wit very thin and as it were Spirituous and equal and extended to the whole For indeed so soon as any matter is disposed towards Animation by the Law of Creation and not by a Fortuitous Concourse of Atoms at once the Soul which is the form of the thing and the Body which which is called Matter begin to be formed under a certain Species or Kind according to the Model or Form impressed upon them Wherefore the more nimble and Spirituous Particles rowling away from the rest heap themselves together and by leasure grow Turgid These being thus moved stir up others more thick and dispose them into destinated places where they ought to stay and to increase and so they frame the Body according to its destinated Species In the mean time this heap of subtle Particles or the Soul which explicating it self more largely and insinuating its Particles into other more thick and weaving them together frames
Divers or such as dive under the waters and he shews the manner whereby some men may be made able to dive to wit if whilst they are Infants they be provoked often to Cry they are suffered a long time to restrain the spirit from hence there will be a necessity of casting forth the Blood thorow the oval hole or navil and for that reason will hinder its Coalition or Closing up But indeed in these Brutes as to such a Conformation of the Praecordia the most skilful Anatomist Doctor Walter Needham did doubt and desired to have found it in some of them by an ocular search after many dissections However it is we are to suppose these living Creatures do not breath whilst they are under the Waters and from thence the Course of their Blood is by and by made more flow and smaller In which Condition it matters little whether it so growing torpid or sluggish creeps from the hollow vein into the Aorta by the navil hole or whether lying quiet it creeps forward by a gentle or slow pulse of the Heart for either way there will be a necessity that the Vital fire for defect of aerial food would be presently diminished and as it were depressed into a halituous or breathy substance Notwithstanding in the mean time that it may not wholly Expire or be Extinguished these two things are done viz. First Because in these Animals and as in all Fishes the Vital fire together with a certain Sulphureous and also Nitrous food within as we have shewed is injoy'd therefore it is able a long time to want its external supplement from the Air. Then Secondly in some of them the Hypostasis it self or Constitution of the Soul consisting of less subtle Particles is not so suddenly dissolved but that its parts stick together more strictly among themselves nor are they wont to be dissipated presently by any force as in more hot Animals Further as their Souls as to the greater part by much subsist in the Brain and Nervous stock more than in the Blood it comes to pass that however this fire being diminished and almost suppressed the Animal faculties remain still lively enough and indeed far otherways than in hot Living Creatures whose blood being obstructed about the Praecordia presently there follows an Ecclipse of the Animal faculties Notwithstanding Frogs Eeles and Serpents after their Hearts are taken forth will live for some time and leap about yea by reason of the animal spirits being intangled with a viscous matter and not easily dissipable retain for a little while motion and sense after their Bodies are cut in pieces and the several portions divided and lay'd apart as we have shew'd before The Third and highest Form of Animals Is that of Creatures of an hot Blood all which are framed with a two-Belly'd Heart and Lungs The Anatomy of these being already so accurately performed by many and commonly known there needs not any description of the History and Uses of the Vital or Animal parts in these kind of Creatures or Brutes The chief Species of this Kind are Fowls and Four-footed Beasts and in the same Class or Rank we place with the Souls of the later also the Inferior or Corporeal Soul of Man and that rightly because there is the same Conformity in either of their Praecordia of their Brain and also of their nervous Appendixes which notwithstanding differs from that of Fowls or Birds What kind of difference this is between those and these as to their Animal parts we have formerly declared at large and now we shall notifie what difference happens between them as to their Vital parts The Lungs of Men and Four-footed Beasts are every where shut in the outmost superficies that the Air entring by the Trachea or Wind-Pipe and by and by entring into its Chanels quickly blows up all the Lobes of the Lungs and distends them but it goes no further But in Fowls the Lungs being full of holes admit the inbreathed Air into the whole Cavity of the Belly which by the Muscles of the Abdomen or lower part of the Belly is exploded thence The reason of this I suppose to be in some part that there may be a greater plenty for singing and in some for the longer tuning of the Voyce or for the more strong or longer breathing forth of the Air. Besides for that all are not singing Birds it is so provided for in these Brutes that by reason of the Trunk of the Body being filled and as it were extended with Air they may the more easily fly and are more easily held up by the outward Air by reason of that within Indeed Fishes that they may the more lightly swim in the Waters have in their Bellyes Bladders blown up with Air. In like manner Fowls by reason of the Trunk of their Body being full and as it were blown up with Air whilst they rely on the open Air become less heavy and so fly more lightly and faster Hence it comes to pass that men being in danger of drowning whilst they swim receive great help by restraining the spirit and inflating the Breast as much as may be yea Dead Carcasses being drowned after the breath or fumes begotten by the inward putrefaction and shut up within blow up the fallen Cavities of the Viscera and extend them more rise up again and swim on the surface of the Water If we inquire into the Souls of the more hot Brutes without doubt it was at first in respect of these that the Ancients did declare the Soul to be Fire and the more modern Fire or Flame these placing it in the Heart those making it to be inkindled in the Blood And indeed since we have granted Souls as it were fiery to Bloodless Creatures and those of a more cold Blood which also the Lord Bacon grants to Plants it is not for us to deny the same dignity in Creatures of a more hot Blood For besides that the Souls of those like Flame require absolutely either sort of Food viz. the Sulphureous and the Nitrous and cannot be a minute without them the very hot Blood also is seen by mere accension for as much as we cannot shew how it can become so hot after any other way to boyl up yea and the Lungs hanging to the two-bellyed Heart to be the fire-place chimny or breathing hole of the Flame cherished within them Therefore as the Soul of the Brute of a more hot Blood being the perfectest in its Kind is as it were a Rule or Square by which others more inferior ought to be measured and as the same actuating and vivifying the humane body is sabordinate to the Animal and is the immediate substance of it as shall be more fully shown it remains now that we inquire into its Nature and Essence and first of all that we search into what parts powers and affections she has which shall be the chief Members of our Psycheology or Discourse
streaked Body on both sides then being a little bent inwards they proceed by an oblique passage towards its Basis where they are inserted Fig. 1 Tab. 6. As to the Impressions of the other Senses and to the force and Instinct of every Spontaneous motion carried up and down there is a necessity that all these Kinds of Commerces between the streaked Bodies and the Nervous Appendix should be made by the Shanks of the longish Marrow The tops of these being large and broad Stick to the hindermost borders of those so that from these into those and so on the Contrary a going and returning is easily performed Further that the many and divers motive and Sensible Forces and Impressions together may be carried without confusion by this beaten and common way the whole frame of the Medullary Shanks appears thorow the whole to be made with Nerves or Medullary strings compacted together as if they were so many distinct paths in this common passage of the Animal Spirits for the inculcating the Various acts of the Senses and of Motions The Sixth Table represents these parts to the Life As to the Offices and Uses of the streaked Bodies though we can discern nothing with our eyes or handle with our hands of these things that are done within the secret Conclave or Closset of the Brain yet by the effects and by comparing rationally the Faculties and Acts with the Workmanship of the Machine we may at least conjecture what sort of works of the Animal Function are performed in these or those or within some other parts of the Head especially because it plainly appears that the Offices of the Interior Motions and Senses as well as the Exterior are acted by the help of the Animal Spirits ordained within certain and distinct Paths or as it were small little Pipes As therefore it appears from what we have said that the chamfered or streaked Bodies are so placed between the Brain and Cerebel and the whole nervous Appendix that nothing can be carried from these into that or on the contrary be brought back hither but it must pass thorow these Bodies and as peculiar passages lead into these most ample Diversories from the several Organs of Motions Sense and the other Functions and further as Passages lie open from these into the Callous Body and into all the Marrowy Tracts of the Brain nothing seems more probable than that these parts are that common Sensory that receives and distinguishes the Species and all Impressions transferrs them being ordained into fit Series to the Callous Body and represents them to the Imagination there presiding that also transmitts the Force and Instincts of all spontaneous motions begun in the Brain to the Nervous Appendix to be performed by the motive Organs By reason of these manifold and divers offices so many Marrowy streakes or internal Nerves are produced within the streaked Bodies for the Various Tendences and Beamings forth of the Animal Spirits it may very well be concluded that the Sensitive Soul as to all its Powers and Exercises of them is truly within the Head as well as in the nervous System meerly Organical and so extended and after a manner Corporeal The Explanation of the Figures The Fifth Table Shews the Figure of the Brain of a Sheep roled forth and derased and as it were made bare of the Flesh in many places that the Marrowy Tracts may be seen A. A. The Medullary Protuberances called Testes which being certain Epiphyses or excrescences of the oblong Marrow and joyned to the Trunks of the Cerebel look thence towards the Brain B. B. The Natiform Protuberances the Substance of which in a Sheep a Goat and many others is partly Cortical a. a. partly Marrowy b. b. in a Man Dog Fox and others it is wholly Marrowy C. The Cavity or Ventricle lying under the Prominences which is lay'd open these being dissected and opened D. D. Two Marrowy Chords or strings of the Medullary Trunk going strait to the streaked Bodies E. E. The Chambers of the Optick Nerves e. e. The parts of the pineal Kirnel cut thorow the midst and laid apart F. F. The Medullar or nervous passage proceeding from the Prominences which presently becoming forked sends forth one branch G. to the Cone of the streaked Body and the other H. to its Basis. I. A shoot from the medullary Branch going towards the Basis of the streaked Body reaching into the midst of its Border K. The latter border of the streaked Body receiving the nervous passages and under the root of the Fornix united to its like Border of the other side L. The whole streaked Body with its Vessels creeping thorow its Cortex or shell M. The other streaked Body with the shell scraped off that the Nerves or marrowy Tracts may appear N. N. The foremost border of both the streaked Bodyes Conjoyned to the Callous Body O. The Basis of the Fornix P. The Trunk of the Fornix Cut off and with the Brain rolled out removed at a distance Q. Q. The two roots of the Fornix R. R. The interior superficies of the Callous Body noted with transverse medullary streaks S. A medullary hedg or mound dividing the streaks of one side from those of the other T. T. Portions of the Brain Cut off and rolled forth which as also its whole Frame appears with a marrowy and a Cortical substance intermixt V. V. Portions of the divided Cerebel lay'd apart W. The Portion of the Oblong Marrow situated beyond the Cerebel The Sixth Table Shews the Basis of a Sheeps Head in certain parts of which Derased and in others Exposed naked the Streaks or Medullary Tracts as so many Nerves appear A. A. The Mamillary Processes carried to the Basis of either Streaked Body and inserted into them B. B. Some remaining portions of the Brain cut off from it greater bulk C. C. The streaked Bodies derased and as it were made bare of flesh that the Medullary streakes may appear also in its lower parts D. D. The Chambers of the Optick Nerves in which the strait and thick-set Medullary streakes are reached forth towards the streaked Bodies E. A Tract leading to the Tunnel of the Brain F. A Kirnel placed behind the Tunnel which is twofold in man G. G. The Trunks of the Optick Nerves divided and removed from their joyning together before the Tunnel H H. f.f. The Shanks of the oblong Marrow lying under the Orbicular Prominences in which strait and most thick streakes are also stretched forth towards the chamfer'd Bodies I. I. I. Transverse Medullary Tracts distinguishing the regions of the oblong Marrow K. K. Ringy Processes compassing about the oblong Marrow nigh the Cerebel L. The extremity of the oblong Marrow going into the Spinal M. The Top of the Spinal Marrow The Seventh Table Shews the orbicular Prominences and the Optick Chambers Erased and as it were made bare of Flesh that their inward Frames may be beheld A. A. The Testes which thorow the whole
Spirits by their secret Influence These Kind of Affections without doubt proceed from occult Enmities of the Sensitive Soul for when it happens this Systasis or Disposition of the Animal Spirits by the meeting of some Object to be driven into Confusion it ever after that abhors the coming of the same or its Contact by its Effluvia's Secondly Sometimes the Sensitive Soul receives the Superior Rational Passions which we call Metaphysical and solicitously busying it self concerning their Good and Evil it either draws forth or shortens the Compass of its Expansion For indeed the Rational Soul relying on the help and familiarity of the Spirits dwelling in the Brain aspires to Metaphysical Notions which having more fully learnt it not only falls upon higher Speculations but also exerts a certain Superior Appetite to wit the Will and implicates it with certain Affections as it were inspired of God the exercise of which sort of Sacred Affections are not performed by the mere Conceptions of the Mind But their Acts being delivered from the Rational Soul into the Sensitive do first employ the Brain with the Phantasie then being transmitted from the Brain into the Breast there for that they produce in the Heart and Blood variety of Motions receive their Complement or Perfection Wherefore in the Worship of God Piety and Devotion are attributed very much to the Heart Hence Repentance the Love of God and Hate of Sin Hope of Salvation Fear of Divine Vengeance and many other acts of Religion are wont to be ascribed to the work and endeavour of the Heart The reason of which seems to be for as much as the whole Corporeal Soul is Commanded by the Rational Power that in Adoring God she should very much bow her self before the Deity and as it were lye prostrate on the Ground therefore presently both Parts of it viz. both the Sensitive and Flamy do repress themselves and restrain their wonted Emanations hence plenty of Animal Spirits being drawn from the Phantasie for the more full actuating the Organs of the Senses they bestow the Operations of the Nerves on the Praecordia which whil'st they are more straitly drawn together and as it were constrain'd cause the Blood to stay longer within the bosomes of the Heart and so inhibit it lest it should be too much inkindled within the Lungs and lest being inkindled by the Heart in the whole Body and chiefly should be carried rapidly into the Brain For indeed the Blood containing Life as a most precious Jewel in it self is not only heaped up more plentifully about the Praecordia in all Fear and Danger and is there lay'd up as it were for defence sake that it might better preserve its Flame But further in devout Affections whil'st the Rational Soul orders the Spirits inhabiting the Brain into sacred Conceptions and Notions by the Influence of the same Spirits the Bosomes of the Heart are also so affected that they cause the Blood to Centre and to be more fully drawn into them and there longer retain it as it were an Holocaust to be offered to God so as often as we Pray most earnestly we endeavour nothing less than that our Life with the Blood be laid upon the Altar of the Heart For truely almost every body experiences in himself that in strong Prayer the Blood is more and more heaped up in the Bosomes of the swelling Heart wherefore that the Vacuities of the Lungs might be supplied we breath deeply and so the Air being more fully drawn in the Muscles of the Breast and the Diaphragma are detained almost in a continual Systole or more often iterated to wit for this end that the Vital Blood to be offered as it were a Sacrifice to God should be there kept nor suffer'd to go from thence or to be inlarged till as it were by a long immolation together with Prayers lieve may be had from the Godhead Yea 't is to be observed that those religiously affected are apt at all times to call back the Blood towards the Praecordia and to repress it from a more plentiful Excursion which may give a loose to Delights or Mirth Because 't is just that this Vital Humor should be Conserved even Holy and Pure for God and as it is so restrained in the Praecordia lest it should grow too luxurious nor be carried towards the Brain with too impetuous a Rapture the Conceptions also of the Mind without much heat and distraction of thoughts concerning Divine things Hence it is that Drinking of Wine Banquetting and every Kind of Dissolute Life because they render the Blood lawless and not able to be restrain'd or bridl'd are said to make hard the Heart and to obstruct the Duties of Religion Further not only the devout Acts of Religion and Pious Affections are attributed to the Breast and Praecordia but also the sober Counsels of Wise men yea and the Exercises of Virtues and Moral Habits are ordinarily ascribed by Philosophers to this Seat or Subject Hence Wise men are said to be Cordati Hearty or sage of Heart but when one that is unwise or plainly foolish doth a thing it is said That there is nothing leaps in the left part of his Breast The reason of which seems to be that when as the Animal Spirits which are the immediate Instruments of thoughts are procreated altogether from the Blood not only their more excellent disposition but their right and timely Dispensation depends chiefly on the Praecordia For to these are owing that the Blood be inkindled in its due manner and also Eventilated that it may give to the Brain firm and stable Animal Spirits which however Subtil and Active yet may not be volatile beyond measure and hence the Solidity of the Mind and the sharpness of Judgment are produced When on the contrary by reason of the Blood more slowly passing thorow the Praecordia or more swiftly than it should do the Animal Spirits become too fixed or volatile above measure and therefore either a stupidity or lightness of Mind arises But in truth Wisdom is much rather ascribed to the Heart for as much as from thence râ—ins are put upon the Blood apt for fiercenesses and Impetuosities lest that rushing into the Brain with an inordinate rapture should not only disturb its serious Cogitations but stir up enormous Motions of the Appetite and mad Lusts. For truely whil'st the Spirits inhabiting the Brain are disposed by the Intellect from thence presiding within the Imagination into Series and Orders of Notions the Blood about to break forth from the Heart ought very much to be restrained lest that growing luxurious it should confound all things by an importune evasion of the Brain and should agitate the Spirits called away from this work into Commotions and various Fluctuations wherefore from the immoderate drinking of Wine for as much as by it the Blood is made more head-strong and will not be repressed or contained by the Heart Men become not only
are eaten which may open the Pores of the Tongue and clear away the sticking Viscousness As to the Nerves which serve to the Fibres of the Tongue thickly interwoven with it and which carry the Impressions of Savours to the chief Sensory it seems that they are of a double Kind for as Nerves are inserted in the Tongue from both the Fifth and the Ninth pair and are every where distributed thorow its whole frame with a most thick Series of shoots it is very likely that they are both Sensitive Concerning the Nerves sent hither from the Fifth pair the thing is out of doubt and as from the same pair other shoots are sent into the Nostrils hence we may say the reason is of that Consent which is between both these Sensories but indeed as to the Nerves bestowed also on the Tongue from the Ninth pair it may be something doubted because it is commonly believed that the Office of these serve to the Motion of the Tongue and to Speech wherefore from the same pair are sent certain branches into the Muscles of the Tongue and of the Bone called Hyoides which without doubt are destinated for their Motion Nevertheless thâ— it be granted that the Nerves of the Tongue and its Appendix inserted from the Ninth pair do bestow on them the moving Power which indeed is necessary to this Part as well for Tastings as for speaking to wit as the Tongue is very versatile it takes in with delight the Savours from every corner or recess of the Mouth yet what hinders that however the same Nerves should not serve for both to wit Motion and Sense For it appears that many Nerves which serve for the Sense of Feeling do in like manner serve for the performing of the Motions of those Parts to which they belong Wherefore as Tasting is a certain Species of Feeling it is probable that it enters in some measure through the moving Nerves of the Tongue it self neither does it appear otherwayes for what end Branches of the Nerves derived from the Ninth pair into the Tongue disperse such thick-set shoots into its whole frame unless they should serve for the receiving of the Particles of Savours coming from every Part. But for as much as after this manner two Nerves of a distinct Original belong to the Tongue and one of them arises from the Parts of the Brain and the other from the Cerebel Hence a Sension being carried inwards by the same it is stay'd from either at the Common Sensory and so according to the diverse Nature of the Object a pleasant and delectable fruition or an ingrateful and sad Aversion at once in either Government the Imagination and the Praecordia are affected There is a sufficient indulgement to the Taste for a reward of its necessary work to wit Eating therefore its Objects are sought far and near through the Regions of the whole World yea and all the Elements are imployed Further as to its Ministry all the rest of the Senses serve to this for nothing pleases the Palate unless the Sight and Hearing Smell and Touch approve it 'T is fit it should be so for this Sensory by which Food is conveyed for Humane Life and that it might enjoy great variety for the shunning of nauseous things and use a guard upon the rest for Discrimination lest instead of Food it might unawares take Poison The Speculation of Savours which are the next Object of Taste contains in it self very many Pleasant and no less Profitable things wherefore I think it will not be from the Matter to turn aside here a little into this Theory and as we shall divide all Savours into Simple and Compound First we shall rehearse what Nature suggests of that Kind particularly according to their several differences both of themselves and of the Subjects in which they are Then secondly we shall add the Parallels by what means and by what service of Art the same Savours in Subjects are produced anew in which they are not by Nature Thirdly After what manner Savours both Natural and Artificial are any way altered and changed in their Subjects or wholly perish It will be worth our while to discourse briefly concerning these and lastly somewhat of Compounded Savours Savours called Simple are commonly counted to be Nine viz. Sharp Bitter Salt Acid or Tart Astringent or Biting Sowre Sweet Oyly insipid or without Taste The first is sharp or biting Savour such as is felt in Pepper or Pellitory being chewed which probably arises as often as the Particles of any Body are smooth and sharpned and after that manner figured like the stings of Nettles that they may prick and very much dig into the Sensory In Subjects indued with a sharp biting Savour a volatile Salt or an Alchalisat or suffering a Flux from Fire very much exceeds other Elements First Concretes which have by Nature Particles so figured are accounted among Vegetables Hearts-ease or Trinity-Herb Pepper Aron Country-Mustard Sea-Lettice or Milk-thistle Mustardseed Pellitory Ranunculus c. Of Minerals Arsneck Sandaraâ—h c. Among Animals it is scarcely met with nor among their Parts a savour of this Kind unless perhaps some Insects as Cantharides c. Secondly Sharp biting Bodies produced by the help of Art are Mercury Sublimate Butter of Antimony Strong-Waters and Causticks the fixed Salts of Herbs made by burning to Ashes Calcined Vitriol the Rust of Brass c. The oftner things suffer Calcination and Fusion in the Fire the more biting sharp they are made because by this means the Pricks and Spears of the Particles are sharpned An Example is in the fixed Salts of Herbs calcined Vitriol the Infernal Stone c. Bodies which are biting sharp and Corrosives mixt together and committed to the Fire acquire a most sharp force of burning An example is in Mercury Sublimate and Stygian Waters the reason of which is because Salts of a like Kind being mixed together joyn their forces or edges and are at the same time very much sharp'ned by the fire It happens otherwise to Salts of a divers Kind as are Spirits of Vitriol and Salt of Tartar mixed together Sugar and Honey subjected to distillation exhale a Caustick Water also the Spirit of Wine highly rectified becomes biting sharp and burning because the Saline or Spirituous Particles in both Substances being deprived of the sweetness of the others put forth their Spears and Pricks Thirdly Which was the Third Proposition the biting sharpness in Bodies both Natural and Artificial is put away or altered after various wayes Mercury Sublimate highly Corrosive if another quantity of live Mercury be added and sublimed it takes away all acritude or biting sharpness and it becomes insipid or without taste The reason of which is that when the Particles of the added Mercury do grow to the little Spears of the Salts they do thereby become more thick and obtuse The Spirit of Vitriol and Salt of Tartar being
belongs to the Organ of Smelling we have largely enough unfolded it in our Discourse of the Nerves to wit we have shewed that within the Caverns of the Nostrils are placed tubulated Membranes or like Pipes which contain sensible Fibres most thickly interwoven Into these Membranes very many small Nerves are sent from either Mamillary Process passing thorow the holes of the Seive-like Bones but those Mamillary Processes as they are plainly soft Nerves arise in the Medullary Trunk nigh the streaked Bodies wherefore when the odorous steams strike upon the Fibrous and very sensible Membranes forthwith an impression of the sensible thing is carried by the passage of the Nerves into the Mamillary Processes and from thence into the streaked Bodies Further We have formerly declared why the Smelling Nerves divided without the Skull are harder but united within it are not only softer but also tubulated or like Pipes and for the most part in Brutes filled with clear Water There is no need to repeat it here again nor what we have declared there concerning other Nerves coming from the Fifth pair and inserted also into the Organ of Smelling Of which certainly the Office is to cause a certain Sympathy and consent of action between the Smell and Taste and something also between the Sight and it I know some attribute the office of Smelling altogether to these Nerves arising from the Fifth pair denying it to the Mamillary Processes and from hence they render a reason not only of that consent between the Nose and the Palate from whence it comes to pass that the same Objects are embraced or refused but also wherefore it happens that one Sense being lost that oftentimes the other perishes to wit the Cause of this they say is nothing else than that both Sensories do borrow the branches of their Nerves from the same Trunk of the Fifth pair But this Objection is easily overthrown because the Nerves of a twofold Original are bestowed not only on the Sensory of the Smell but also of the Taste For the Tongue receives more and greater Branches from the Ninth pair than from the Maxillary Trunk of the Fifth pair to wit that if the Nerves of one Kind be obstructed the Animal Function may be performed by those of the other Kind Concerning this then we may say that the Principle Nerves serving to the Organ of Smelling are derived from either Mamillary Process also that the Nerves on which the Sense of Tasting chiefly depends are sent from the Ninth pair Nevertheless some secondary Nerves or that are as it were taken in are distributed to either Sensory as also to the Eye far fetch'd from the Fifth pair for this end that there might be an affinity or mutual respect between the Taste and the Smell and between both and the Sight hence therefore the Taste almost admits of no Object unless that the Smell first approves of it but both Faculties do require that sensible things do first stand to the examination of the Eyes But that the loss of one of them oftentimes brings in the defect of the other as it is sometimes observed in a Pose or Stopping of the Head that losing the Smell the Taste is lost also the reason of it is because either Sensory being planted near are both at once overthrown by the same serous Matter poured forth from the Blood and apt to be too much stopped for both the tubulated Membranes of the Nose and the frame or substance of the Tongue it self are made of a very rare and as it were spongy Texture wherefore the Pores and Passages of either Organ are wont to be overflown by the serous flood and the sensible Fibres in both in like manner to be obstructed which happens because when as the Nostrils and Tongue ought to be moistned with a continual Humor either of them are punished more grievously than other Parts by the shower of the Serum issuing forth so both on every light Cause become obnoxious to the same Evil. CHAP. XIV Of the Sense of Hearing AFter the Smell and Taste of which we have already treated we shall next speak of Hearing which as to the use is far more Excellent than the other Senses for as much as by its help chiefly Sciences and Learning are acquired also by whose instinct the Passions are excited yea and are wont to be governed and allayed further as to Activity this Sense is much more Efficacious because having got a larger Sphear perceives its Objects at a great distance and admits not the sensible Species unless brought in a more thin consistency For that it is the Interest of living Creatures to know some remote things by Contact and often placed out of Sight because they may be timely prevented if they should be inimical and disagreeable but if thought amicable that they may be come to and apprehended the Hearing serves for either Intention and by its sign the Marks and Symbols of approaching Bodies are received afar off Because the Hearing is always performed at a distance and a sound comes often farther than the Effluvia's of a sounding Body can be admitted therefore this Sense is supposed to be made even as Sight by reason of a certain activity of the Medium it self or by a Motion and as it were a certain waving of little Bodies which flow in it so as the sounding Body moves by its Vibration or shaking the Particles diffused in the intermediate space and they being moved at length affect the Sensory but they conceive a certain Figure of their carrying forth according to the Particles first agitated and they propagate the same in others and then in others or move forward as it were by undulation and so the sound still retaining the Character or Type of the first Impression is continued even to the Ear. Althô by the consent of all the Air is said to be the Medium that carries the sounds yet this ought not to be understood of the whole Atmosphear of the Air and Breaths for neither is the audible Species poured forth by the Motion of this most fluid Body as it were by a waving of Waters because this much sooner runs thorow than the Body or Consistency of the whole Air is wont to be moved and propagate its Fluctuation as may be discerned plainly by the successive blowing of the Winds and bending of Trees and the tops of Corn which happens because any sound whether great or small whether it comes with or against the wind is carried to a certain place always with an equal time which would be otherwise if it obey'd the waving of the whole Air or should depend upon that Further That the whole frame of the Air doth not wave by reason of the transmission of the sound appears by this because if a Lamp be held in a little Bell whil'st many other Bells being struck together yield a mighty sound its flame will hardly shake much less will it be moved up
manifold refraction it may become more clear and sensible then further that every Impression carried about by this winding and very narrow way may come more distinct to the Sensory because by this means care is taken that many confused Species together may not be brought in After the example and similitude of this Shell artificial Caverns and arch'd Meanders are wont to be framed by Architects for the increasing of sounds and for the distinct propagating of them to a wonderful distance Further there is another use of the Shell no less noted to wit that the audible Species may be impressed on the Fibres and the ends of the sensible Nerves inserted in this place not at once or at large but by little and little and as it were in a just proportion and dimension We have elsewhere discoursed concerning the Hearing Nerves which receive the sensible Species and carry it towards the Common Sensory and we shewed that the softer process of either of the seventh pair is destinated to this office wherefore the end of this Nerve is terminated in the nearest Chamber of the Shell whence it is manifest that the sensible Impression being disposed from the Shell into this Chamber is conveyed thence towards the Head by the passage of this Nerve But moreover which we took not notice of before it is observ'd that this softer auditory processe is cleft into two branches one whereof is inserted after the manner we have here described into the aforesaid Chamber but the other no less noted branch is implanted in the Shell it self about the mid'st of it or nigh to the meeting of either Labyrinth so that this branch seems to receive the Depositum of the foremost Shell and the other aforesaid of the latter Shell The extremity of either auditory Nerve which are implanted about the end of either Shell ending in slender thrids seems to cover over the places of Insertions every where with Nervous Fibres spread abroad as it were into a certain little Membrane whence it follows that towards the end of either shell the proper Sensory of Hearing ought to be placed for there is the Sense where the Nerve receiving the Idea of Sension is implanted but as the Shell is twofold and that in like manner there is a double insertion of the forked auditory Nerve it follows that in either Ear there is a twofold Organ of Hearing but for what use this is so made does not plainly appear That we may give our Conjecture concerning these perhaps there is need for the audible Species to be carried toward the common Sensory that its passage may be the more certain and that the perception of the sensible thing may be put out of doubt but we rather think that this Sensory is made double that when oftentimes the Idea's of sounds ought to be heard and perceived together some might pass this way and others that way without Confusion For it is observ'd that the Hearing not only as the other Senses receives many objects together and by and by whether united or confused comprehends them by the same act of the Sense but moreover this faculty in the time of Hearing so distinguishes things often divers admitted together at the Ears that it seems to hear one after another It ordinarily happen'd that in a confused multitude of voices and sounds that I have my self taken notice to have heard the peculiar voice of a certain Man and then a little after I have known that I have heard at the same time some other words o◠another Man that I did not perceive before the reason of which is that this sound being received together with that reached not at the same instant to the Common Sensory wherefore we may believe that the sensible Species of the former sound passing thorow only one Shell is by and by conveyed by the first branch of the auditory Nerve sooner to the Sensory but the other sensible Species because it could not be carried with it together by the same Nerve therefore it is carried by a winding about thorow the second Shell and at length to the second branch of the auditory Nerve and so coming later to the Common Sensory is afterwards perceived Thus much concerning the Instrument of Hearing and its parts both Preparitory and chiefly Organical of the first sort are the Ear the outward Den the Drum and what belongs to it the interior Den and its two doors to wit one admitting inward thorow the door from the palate the other emitting thorow the oval hole Of the latter sort are The twofold Shell with both the Branches of the auditory or hearing Nerves Both the Parts for the most part are of like make in all Animals the greatest mark of difference is as to their Ears which are variously figured partly for ornament sake and partly for a diverse use in respect of the inward Den placed behind the Drum for this is framed in a Calf Sheep and perhaps some other Animals of spongy Bones and long Caverns having recesses in themselves In Man and in Doggs and perhaps in many others who are indued with a more acute Hearing this Cavity is shut up with a round Bone having a plain Superficies within whence the sound is reflected more strongly into the Shell but in a Calf and Sheep the sound seems to be much broken and debilitated in these bony Caverns wherefore these Animals are said to have slow Ears for it is not expedient for such destinated for to be fatted for Food to hear acutely that they might be affrighted and provoked by every Noise CHAP. XV. Of the Sight IF there be any strife for Dignity among the Senses the Palm is given almost by the consent of all to Seeing as the most noble Power because this faculty apprehends things at a great distance under a most subtil Figure by a most clear perception and with great delight so this Sense acts that is next in virtue to the Eternal and Immaterial Soul To wit it views and measures both Heaven and Earth in a Moment and brings within its embraces whatever Bodies are situated in either and that are far remote from our touch 'T is needful that Seeing should be so performed at a distance that visible things might diffuse and every where propagate themselves by their Images far and wide so that where-ever the Eye is stop'd the Images of some Bodies objected are met with But after what manner this is done and by what means the sensible Species is received by the Organ ought a little more deeply to be inquired into As to the first althô Light Colours and Images are wont to be moved from place to place and by the help of Glasses to be transferred hither and thither and indeed affect the Eye with their Motion yet it is manifest that they are not meer Qualities but certain Bodies or consist of most thin little Bodies These three are very much of Kin
thô the Chrystalline Humor be of the form of a Lentil it doth not bear out enough so as it might receive the Beams of the whole Hemisphear therefore the watery Humor is lay'd to it as an addition which thrusting forth the Cornea or horny Coat and rendring it more bunching out encreases outwardly the Convexity or bending forth of the Eye which is indeed that the visible Species might be from this place and from that and on every side more plentifully admitted into it as into a Window made forth or butting out beyond the plane of the Wall Further the watery Humor swelling forth with the horny Coat breaks a little the oblique Beams falling towards the Perpendicular and so compelling them nearer together directs more together into the Convexity of the Chrystalline swelling There is yet another use of this watery Humor to wit to temperate the Beams passing thorow it being sometimes somewhat fiery and so to render them more proportionate to the Sensory On the other side of the Chrystalline Humor to wit on the back of it the glassy Humor stands like to fused Glass this much more plentiful than both the other possesses the greatest part of the Optic Chamber also being less Compact in it self is apt somewhat to flow out and is included with a most thin little Membrane this lyes upon the Retine Coat and contains the Chrystalline within its Bosom It s Primary use is to separate the Retine Coat in a just space from the Chrystalline Humor that after the Beams have past thorow this as it were thorow the Burning-Glass with a due Refraction they may have in that placed at a just distance their habitation Hence in those who have the Chrystalline Humor in the form of a Lentil and so the Beams passing thorow can't come together but at a greater distance have great plenty of this glassy Humor and its plenitude causes the Spherical Figure of the Eye But in those who have the Chrystalline swelling round that the Beams passing thorow are more crooked and have a dwelling or nest at a less distance the quantity of the glassy Humor is found less and its defect causes the depressed Figure of the Eye or of the form of a Cheese Further the glassy Humor according to Scheinerus being somewhat a more thin Medium than the Chrystalline Humor breaks a little the Beams passing thorow from the Perpendicular and therefore somewhat enlarges or draws forth the Picture of the visible thing otherwise more contracted and shews the same more conspicuous in the Retina Thus much concerning Seeing and of all the Senses in the next Chapter we should speak of the other Power to wit the Locomotive but being we have formerly largely discoursed concerning that we shall handle in the following certain Affections belonging to the Corporeal Soul as to the Exercise of the Motions and the Senses to wit Sleep and Waking CHAP. XVI Of Sleeping and Waking SUch is the weak and instable Nature of all living Creatures that they are not able neither to Live perpetually nor to Act and Labour continually but that there is a Necessity for them even as once and at last to dye so daily to repeat frequent turns of Sleep as it were so many previous Monitors of Death Though we have not experienced it we easily know what it is to dye to wit when the vital Flame like a Lamp is either by degrees consumed or violently extinguished presently Heat and Light and what flow from them both all the Vital and Animal faculties are abolished But what is the formal Reason Essence and Causes of Sleep which we suffer and daily experience is almost wholly unknown Concerning this there are various Opinions both of Ancients and Moderns but they rather seem Dreams than satisfactory Reason To wit whil'st some affirm Sleep to be mere Privation others a Bond of all the Functions these place for its Cause a retraction or introcession of Heat those an assent of Vapours from the Stomach to the Head Some assign for the subject the Brain others the Heart others the Stomach and Spleen and some again the Soul others the Body by it self and lastly others both together to wit the whole Animal Body Among the latter Writers Conradus Schneiderus hath of late been Eminent who rejecting the Opinions almost of all others and asserting Sleep not to be produced from Vapours nor from any material Cause nor to depend either upon any affection of the Brain or of any other part affirms it to be and Waking also mere faculties of the Soul to wit innate or born in it and wholly inorganical Also he saith that the formal Reasons of either are that the Soul or its animadversive Faculty sometimes withdraws and as it were hides it self and sometimes puts forth and expunds it self This Opinion thô in some part it seems likely does not easily deserve our assent because notwithstanding he asserts Sleep and Waking to be proper Faculties of the Soul and these inorganical and independing of the Body he further supposes other chief Powers of the Soul to wit common Sense Memory and Appetite not to be performed from the divers Organs within the Brain nor to be distinguished by their Seats but to be diffused thorow the whole Body Therefore that we may the more rightly Philosophize concerning Sleep we ought to consider what are its Subject formal Reason Causes Differences and Effects First As to the first it clearly appears that Sleep is not extended neither to the whole Soul nor to the whole Body for the Praecurdia and Organs of respiration are exercised with a perpetual Systole and Diastole the Viscera dedicated for Concoction perform their Offices more and better in Sleep than in Waking Further when as the aforesaid Parts are wont to alter their actions according to the urgencies of evident Causes as may be argued by the Pulse and respiration variously changed also from Vomiting and sometimes a sudden loosning of the Belly the exercises of the sensitive Power as well as the Motive ought to be granted to them in Sleep But the Blood is circulated and flames forth in quiet the nourishing and Nervous Humors are dispensed yea and the superfluous and what is excrementitious are best separated or put forth Hence as it appears perpetual watches are kept about the midst or inmost part of the Animal Body In the mean time it is observed that Sleep urging all the External Senses are shut up also that all Spontaneous Motions whatsoever cease so that the Bodies being wholly subjected to ease lye as they were dead Further the Internal Powers related to these such as are the Common Sense Phantasie Memory Appetite conspire together with these External Powers and either wholly omit their Acts or exercise them but obscurely and confusedly From these it may be plainly gathered that the Animal Spirits which are the next or efficient Instrument of Sense and Motion are also the immediate
moving Parts and drive them into Motions before accustomed to hence the divers movings of the Body and Members are produced But because the tendency of the Spirits excited is made only outwards and is not at all reflected inwards into the streaked and Callous Bodies therefore for that the Common Sensory nor the Imagination are affected they neither perceive nor remember the Actions they had done If it should be demanded for as much as the Common Sense at this time is stupified or asleep by what instinct the Animal Spirits are determined according to the Impressions of Sensible Things for the performing of local Motions of this or that Kind It may be said That this reciprocation of Sense and Motion depends chiefly upon Custom viz. The Spirits being before accustomed to be ordered after this or that manner and having gotten the Liberty of Action in Sleep compose themselves of their own accord for the performing of their wonted Measures even as when an Harper whil'st he is thinking of some other thing his Fingers being before taught the Nâ—mbers of the Tune exactly strike the Strings with wonderful agility and discretion Therefore the Cause of walking in Sleep seems to consist in this viz. That the Animal Spirits are too fierce and unquiet and will not all lye down together but that some of them more fierce than the rest leap forth of their own accord and enter into Motion like as perhaps one or two Dogs starting out without government leave the company of the rest and fall to Hunting For that Cause also the Spirits so apt to wander and roam about for Excursion obtain their more free spaces in the Oblong Marrow nigh the Nervous Original rather than in the Brain or in its middle or marrowie Part. For it seems that during Sleep the Pores and Passages in the globous frame of the Brain are stuffed up so that the Spirits there like to water frozen are thrust in hard together in the mean time the Substance within the Medullar Processes of the Brain and the Oblong Marrow which lead towards the Nervous Original is more loose and possessed less with an adventitious Humour that the Spirits there being ready for Motion easily make way for themselves to go forth and entring the little heads of the Nerves produce local Motions of which the Common Sense and the Superior Faculties of the Soul are utterly ignorant For such a Disposition of the Brain and its Appendix which inclines to wandring by Night as if it depended upon a certain peculiar Conformation of the Organ is proper to some Men from their Birth nor does it indifferently happen to all Men or is ever contracted by the reason of inordinate Living I have known in a certain Family where both the Father and all his Children were obnoxious to this Affection the Brothers would often run up and down in the Night in their Sleep sometimes meet and lay hold upon one another and so awake one another But others who had not this Evil impress'd upon them from their Birth have fallen into this Distemper without any fore-warning or manifest Occasion Thus much concerning Sleep and by the by of Dreams we have largely handled thus the Nature of it because this Speculation very much Conduces to the illustrating the Affections of the Brain and the Nervous Stock It behoves us next that we consider of the Aurora of Sleep to wit Waking but this may be considered under a twofold respect either First for as much as it succeeds Sleep it is its bound or Secondly according to its proper Essence As to the former we Awake or Sleep is shaken off either because it ends of its own accord or because it is interrupted That it may end of its own accord two things are requisite to wit that the Animal Spirits being enough refreshed rise up of their own accord and return to their wonted watches which indeed they for the most part do at a set-time unless hinder'd Secondly That what ever is superfluous of the serous Humor by whose Embraces the Spirits are bound be evaporated for after Banquetting or often Drinking by which a greater plenty of the serous and spirituous Latex is carried to the Brain we Sleep longer so that there is need that Sleep be longer protracted that it may suffice to spew forth the untamed Wine But Rest is very much interrupted by a violent Sensation to wit some Spirits dwelling about the Extremities of the Nerves being awakned by the impulse of some strong object awake others in the Common Sensory whereby Sensation is performed and then the stroke being further continued all being as it were at a Sign given called to Arms awake suddenly and fall to their watches This kind of troublesom Sensation which awakes the Animal Spirits from Sleep is not only brought in from an outward sensible thing as when a great sound or stroke made on the Flesh shakes off Sleep but sometimes the Nervous Parts are pulled by a sharp Humor Physick Worms and other Internal Distempers and so a Convulsion or Pain arising the Spirits are compelled into Motion and for that reason we are excited from Sleep As often as Sleep is broken off sooner than it ought often yawning and reatching for the most part follows the reason of which is because the Spirits being awakned strive by contracting and extending those Parts to shake off the Dewie Humor not sufficiently evaporated from the Brain and Nervous Parts Further If we are forced to awake before the Spirits are refreshed with their wonted Provision they from thence become dull and heavy and less ready for the exercise of the Animal Function As to the Essence or formal Reason of Waking it consists in the liberty and expansion of the Animal Spirits in the Brain and the whole Nervous Stock For these like standing Souldiers desire to watch both to meet the sensible Object also by reason of their obedience towards the Superior Powers of the Soul so long as they are fit for this work But that the Animal Spirits may be able to perform their watches in a just time and with their whole strength it is required that they should be free without any Impediments to wit that they be not irritated with any gross or otherways Excrementitious Humor nor drowned with a serous heap but that being free from all burthen they might remain ready and still nimble for the swiftest Motions Then Secondly That the Spirits may rightly perform their watches there is need that they should be only intangled in moderate Affairs Being fitted by these Kind of defences they lively accomplish their Task and daily for so many hours continue their Motion like the Wheels of a Clock and then the time being expired they go to Rest of their own accord The End of the First Part. THE SECOND PART PATHOLOGICAL OR Of the DISEASES which belong to the Corporeal Soul and its Subjects viz. The Brain and the Nervous Stock CHAP. I. Of the Headach THE
of them should be stopped or pressed together at once yet the blood being admitted to the Head by the passage of one Artery only either the Carotid or the Vertebral it would presently pass thorow all those parts both exterior and interior which indeed we have sufficiently proved by an experiment for that Ink being squirted in the trunk of one Vessel quickly filled all the sanguiferous passages and every where stained the Brain it self I once opened the dead carcase of one wasted away in which the right Arteries both the Carotid and the Vertebral within the Skull were become bony and impervious and did shut forth the blood from that side notwithstanding the sick person was not troubled with the astonishing Disease wherefore it may be doubted whether the blood excluded from the Brain by reason of some Arteries being obstructed or compressed doth bring forth this Disease Certainly there is more of danger that the cause of the Apoplexy should be from its too great incursion and extravasation within the Brain as it was in the three Apoplectick people cited by the Author and that not only because the marrowie substance of the Brain was deprived of the Blood coming to its use for such a defect might have been supplied by the other Vessels extending their branches every where but rather because by the extravasated Blood and not seldom being concreted into an hard and mighty bulk the marrow of the Brain is pressed together the passages of the Spirits being by that means shut up But indeed though we deny this to the afflux of the blood into the Brain being hindred in any part only yet it may be granted to its total exclusion for therefore we have often noted a want of all motion to be caused which Distemper however hath been rarely taken for the astonishing disease but rather is wont to be called a Syncopy or Swooning away or the Hysterical Passion If at any time the motion of the Heart be wholly suppressed presently the Blood being retained without the Brain the Animal Spirits fall down even as the light vanishes when the flame is put out The action of the Heart is stopped or hindred either by reason of the improportionate flowing in of the Blood as in the violent passions of fear or sadness or by reason of the Animal Spirits which serve for its motion being denyed by the Cerebel This we think to happen sometimes because of the Cardiack Nerves being Distemper'd with a Convulsion or otherways bound together after which manner it is usual in Convulsive and Hysterical Passions sometimes for the outward parts as the Arms and Legs and sometimes the Inward to wit the Praecordia and Viscera one after another to be affected but a want of motion follows the inordinations of these in which the sick lie for some time without motion or sense with a small or seldom beating Pulse as if dead Which indeed so seems to come to pass by reason of the Cardiack Nerves being contracted at that time and so the Spirits which were about to flow being suspended though we believe such a want of motion sometimes to be produced by the mere confusion of the Spirits within the Brain but in this case the heart it self is lively enough moved and the Pulse is also strong and landable But besides it seems most likely that the motion of the Heart is ofen suppressed or inhibited by reason of the Animal Spirits destinated to the vital function being suppressed in the fountain it self to wit within the Cerebel We have mentioned this to be done in the Distemper of the Incubus but without doubt it ought to be attributed to this cause for that I have observed in some a failing of the Spirits with a sudden privation of all the Animal functions to follow upon a great weight in the hinder-part of the Head in which the sick become senseless and immoveable with the Pulse and breathing very much lessened and scarce perceivable and lye quite cold for many hours yea oftentimes a day or two more like dead than living persons I have known sometimes those distemper'd to be stiff and cold Pulse and breathing to be thought quite gone and to be indeed esteemed quite dead and put into their Coffin yet after two or three days to have reviv'd again but whoever awakes out of this fit whether it be of short or long continuance does not for that reason fall into a Palsie or half Palsie of one side as those for the most part do who are distemper'd with the Apoplexy Further no doubt but that many die from such a Morbific cause whose death wrongfully hath been ascribed either to the mortal Syncopy or to the Apoplexy properly so called Truly the case afterwards described can only have the like reason given for it Wherefore though it may seem a Paradox yet it is not incongruous to reason that we affirm that there is a twofold Apoplexy one in the Cerebel which we but now described the other seated in the middle of the Brain into the causes of which and the manner of it we shall now inquire But here in the first place we must distinguish concerning the various assault or fit of this Disease to wit forasmuch as sometimes being excited without any previous disposition or Procatarxis from a sudden and solitary cause it is often invincible and for the most part mortal against this there can be no preventive method of healing or preservatories instituted and the Curatory method which is wont to be taken proves very oft ineffectual Or Secondly the Apoplectick fit having an antecedent cause or previous Procatarxis is brought into act by reason of various occasions or evident causes As to what belongs to the blasting or being stricken of the former kind to wit suddenly and unthought of its conjunct or next cause is either a great solution or breach of the unity happening some where within or near the middle of the Brain by reason of which its Pores and passages being obstructed or pressed together the whole emanation of the Spirits is suppressed or else it is an huge and sudden profligation of the Spirits or an extinction of those dwelling in the Brain We shall shew the formal reasons of both of them particularly and the several ways of their being affected Extravasated Blood the breaking of an Imposthum and a great flood of Serous humor plentifully flowing forth are wont to effect the greater breach of the unity within the Brain From Blood effused or extravasated within the Brain and there either growing together in clodders or striking on the affected places doth often times cause mortal Apoplectick fits as I my self have proved by Anatomical inspection in some others besides the instances brought by the famous Webfer but such Morbific extravasations of the Blood within the Brain proceed either from an external cause as a fall from on high or by a blow on the Head or by hitting it
therefore here pass over purposely in this part of the Diseases belonging to the Head and according to our wonted method descend yet lower to the other regions of the Brain and its dependences and now we shall endeavour next to describe the Distempers which belong to the Streaked Bodies Oblong Marrow and also to the Nerves and nervous Fibres We have formerly shewed that these parts do perform all the functions belonging to motion and sense wherefore the failing or the enormities of these are the affections of those Bodies or of the Spirits inhabiting them But indeed sense and motion are hurt chiefly after two manner of ways to wit either is wont to be perverted or hindred when Motion is perverted Cramps and Convulsions when Sense pain arises when either function or both together is hindred or abolished the Distemper is thence stirred up called the Palsie which we are at present about to handle Concerning Convulsion and Pain we have already treated The Palsie is described after this manner to wit That it is a resolution loosening or relaxation of the nervous parts from their due tensity or stiffness by which means Motion and Sense to wit either one only or both together in the whole Body or in some parts cannot be exercised after their due manner The nervous pats are loosened because the Animal Spirits do not sufficiently irradiate them nor blow them up nor actuate them with vigor The cause of which defect is either an obstruction of the ways by which their trajection or passage is hindred or the impotency of the Animal Spirits for that they are distemper'd with a numness or that being but few in number they do not lively enough unfold themselves By reason of these various means of being affected there arise diverse kinds of Palsies For in the first place as to motion by it self this spontaneous faculty which is chiefly and almost only lyable to the Palsie is sometimes taken away in the whole or altogether in some parts but sometimes this being only hindred is lessened or depraved Secondly In like manner also one sense only by it self or more together is sometimes wholly taken away and sometimes only much diminished or vitiated Thirdly Sometimes it happens that both powers are hurt at once We shall speak of each of these in their order and first of the Palsie in which spontaneous motion is abolished which we say is excited from two causes chiefly to wit the ways being obstructed and the Animal Spirits being touched with a numness or as it were with a certain malignant blast As to the former an interception of the Spirits from the loosned parts by reason of their passages being obstructed that always existing above them is wont to be caused in various places and for divers causes but chiefly it happens in the first sensory viz. in the Streaked Bodies or some where about the Medullar Trunks or lastly in the Nerves themselves and so either in their beginnings or middle processes or in their extreme ends i. e. the nervous Fibres When the evil or hurt is brought to the Streaked Bodies or the oblong or spinal Marrow it either obstructs the whole Medullar thread or rope from whence arises an universal Palsie below the distemper'd part or one moiety of it whence comes the Hemiplegia or Palsie of one side or it affects in one side or in both at once the little heads of some Nerves whence loosnings or resolutions are caused in this or that member apart from the others There are many means whereby the ways or passages of the Animal Spirits are obstructed in the aforesaid bodies First Either their passages are filled by an extraneous matter impacted in them Or Secondly They are pressed together by Blood flowing out of the Vessels a Serous deluge or some Tumor lying upon them Or Thirdly and lastly the unity or continuity is broken as by a stroke or wound or bruise also by excess of cold or heat According as these several places are distemper'd and the several means of their being affected we shall run thorow the chief cases of the Palsie together with the Aetiology or reason thereof with the manifold appearances of Symptoms in them and in the first place we will speak of the Palsie arising from an hurt brought to the common Sensory to wit the Streaked Bodies And indeed that it so comes to pass I have proved by ocular inspection and shall be plainly demonstrated anon by Anatomical observation Further as often as an universal or an half Palsie follows as it is often wont to do upon a Lethargy the Carus or Apoplexy any one may conceive that such a change of the Disease happens from a translation of the Morbific matter for that this at length going out of the Pores and passages of the Callous Body which it at first possest and sinking down a little lower runs into the Medullary tracks of one of the Streaked Bodies or perhaps both of them And so when the Animal Spirits are hindred from their wonted out-flowing or irradiation into the nervous Stock the motive faculty only or if the obstruction be very great both this together with the sensitive is hindred I have sometimes observed in a Palsie coming after a grievous fit of some other Disease that all the moving parts of either side have been loosened after a more light manner For though they were not able to perform the more strong motive endeavours yet for the most part they could extend bend yea and move their members hither and thither to wit because the Morbific matter being diffused abroad thorow both the Streaked Bodies had not so closely filled every where all the passages Moreover on the contrary I have known in a Palsie of one side so suddenly excited that there has been a far greater resolution so that they so struck were not able to move any way hand or foot nor any other member on the distemper'd side Further sometimes it happens from the Morbific matter being copiously fallen down and obstructing closely all the Medullary tracts of one of the Streaked Bodies that all the respective parts have not only been destitute of motion but some of them also of sense so that some members felt not any painful impression how vehement so ever it was Such a Distemper happening in a lesser degree is wont to excite a sense of numness or pricking or tingling such as in members lean'd or lain upon If it be demanded why sense is not always hindred as well as motion in every Palsie since as it seems either is performed by the same Nerves and Fibres within the same Medullary tracts so that one faculty is only the inversion of the other as to this we may say that as light beams thorow glass when wind is excluded so also sense being safe oftentimes motion is lost Besides sense is only a passion and a sensible impression which is propagated from the organ by a continuity of
character 54. 't is of kin to boldness ibid. Animals reduced into classes 7. as Fire and Light are chiefly energetical in mechanical things so in Animals In perfect ones there ought to be many senses 56 Animal spirits what they are 23. to what compared ibid. they abound in an objective and an active virtue 24. they are the efficient cause of sense and motion 56. a most swift communication of them implanted within all the parts ibid. an opposite tendency of them effect both sense and motion ibid. they pass through the sensible species and not the effluvia of the object penetrate even to the head 59. they actuate the Rainbow of the Eye very much 85. they are the immediate subject of sleep 87. and the immediate subject of the Vertigo 147. their distemper being after a diverse manner as it is the cause of the phrensy so it is of Melancholy Madness and Stupidity 188. from what disposition of them the primary Phaenomena of a melancholick Delirium proceed ibid. as they are compared to light they are call'd opacous or full of darkness 189. these kind of spirits in melancholy compar'd to those in Chymical Liquors ibid. they are not like the spirit of Blood as they should be nor like the spirit of Wine for such is rather in the Phrensy ibid. they are like acid spirits distill'd out of Salt Vinegar Box and such like ibid. Stygian Waters are like the nature of the Animal Spirits in madness ibid. three chief affections of acetous Chymical Liquors which agree with them in Melancholy first the effluvias falling away from these Liquors are perpetually in motion in like manner also the Spirits in the Phantasy of a Melancholick Person thence the effluvias from acetous Chymical Liquors do not proceed far in like manner the imagination of a Melancholick Person though always imployed comprehends only a few things and therefore every thing is conceived with a greater Image than it should be Lastly effluvias from acetous Liquors do not evaporate so much from open Pores as they make new and in like manner whilst the Animal Spirits form new tracts in the Brain produce unwonted and incongruous notions 190 191. after they have for some time been vitiated in melancholy the conformation of the Brain is also hurt 191. how they acquire a disposition like to Stygian Water 202. they are the subject of Madness 201 Antiscorbutick Medicines good for pains in the head 116 Apoplexy its seat 153. a description of the disease ibid. its subject ibid. the spontaneous functions only deficient in it ibid. the opinions of others concerning this disease ibid. the theory of this disease is best shown by Webser 154. a reason added by the Author ibid. a twofold Apoplexy 155. The Theory of the former delivered ibid. this disease either accidental or habitual ibid. the cause of the former 156. an extinction of the Spirits comes from opiates or immoderate drinking of hot Waters ibid. the formal reason of the habitual Apoplexy ibid. what its conjunct cause is 157. it consists in the Pores of the Callous Body being suddenly stopp'd and the spirits being driven away by the contact of malignant matter ibid. what the nature or disposition of the morbifick matter ibid. the procatartick cause of the habitual Apoplexy ibid. the differences of this disease 158. its prognosticks ibid. the curatory method ibid. what is to be done in the fit and in what position the sick ought to be kept ibid. Phlebotomy and other administrations noted as Vomiting-medicines Comforters Cupping-glasses hot or glowing Iron 159. the preservatory method ibid. purging and bleeding Spring and Fall ibid. Cephalick remedies ibid. Spirits and Tinctures Lozenges Tea Coffee and Chocalet prepared how to be made and taken 160 a medical Ale ibid. Examples and Histories of Apoplectical Persons ibid. an Anatomical observation 161 Appetite it stirs up local motion 36. the Appetite Imagination and Phantasy in the callous Body of the Brain 25 Approach of the sensible object is made either by contact or effluvias sent forth or by reflected or repercussed particles of the Air Breath or Light 56 Arguments and Reasons of very many Authors perswade that the Soul of Brutes is not only Corporeal but Fiery 5 Artery cutting what it may profit in the head-ach 120 121 Authors for two distinct Souls in man 40 B. BAths when their use is hurtful to the Palsy 173 Bewailing wherefore oftentimes joined with weeping 80 Blasting or withering of Trees like the Palsy 164 Blood animated but hardly sensible 55. its disorders allayed by sleep 92. it performs its offices which are the generation of the Animal Spirits and nourishing the parts better in sleep ibid. how it excites the head-ach 108. the Blood and its contents are sometimes the means of the conjunct sometimes of the evident cause in head-achs 109. for what causes it is wont to be moved and bring hurt to the distempered head ibid. it delivers to the head the morbifick matter received from any other part 110. its inordinations how they may be taken away and prevented 114. its exclusion from the Brain does not easily happen because all the Arteries communicate one with another and some of them supply the defects of others 154. its total exclusion from the Brain sometimes happening causes a terrible Syncope 155. which depends oftnest on the motion of the heart being hindred and so either by reason of the Cardiak Nerves being bound together or by reason of the Spirits in the Cerebel being hindred from their flowing into the Nerves ibid. the original of madness either from the Blood or the Spirits themselves 203 Bloody Brutes why some more hot some more cold 13 Bloodless Creatures whether they have Fiery Souls ibid. Brain and Cerebel 2. Roots of the sensitive Soul 23. a twofold action in the Brain and its Appendix of begetting and dispensation and of Exercise and Government 24. the reason and manner of the former ibid. an exact anatomy of the Brain through its corticated or shelly part 25. the Brain and Praecordia the two Roots of the Soul 48. vices of the Brain noted 148. its distempers wherein the reason is hurt as wel as the other Animal functions 179. what its indisposition is to the Phrensy 183. the Procatartick cause of the Phrensy partly in the Brain 184. Melancholy a distemper of it and the Heart 188. its conformation is hurt after the Animal Spirits being for some time vitiated in melancholy Diseases 191. the Brain labours in stupidity as to its magnitude and figure 209. as to its substance or texture 210. and in its evil conformation as to its pores and passages ibid. Bridges passing over them looking down from on high places and drunkenness how they cause a turning round of the head 146 Brutes their various kinds with their Souls described 7. all their Souls after the manner of Fire want a twofold Food viz. a Sulphurous and Nitrous 6. the more perfect Brutes are indued with knowledge either inbred or
the second enunciation 39. how little the Brutes Soul can do in respect of man 40. Authors for two distinct Souls in man ibid. which reason also dictates 41. the rational does not exercise the Animal faculties nor obliterate the sensitive by its coming nor transmute it into a mere power ibid. by what bond united to the Body ibid. the corporeal its subject ibid. created and poured into the formed Body not propagated extraduce 42. plurality of Souls in man manifested by their differences ibid. the rational of it self without affections and how it governs and orders them and the Phantasy 43. in things to be known the corporeal obeys it but not in things to be done and inclining it self to the flesh fights against it ibid. how 't is reduc'd to obedience ibid. it oft seduces the mind ibid. it s twofold state 45. its lucid part feels or perceives the impulse of all objects and is moved by them 56. after what manner the corporeal Soul is affected in Melancholy and Madness 191 Spirits their distinct offices in various provinces c. 24 25. how they receive sensible species so very divers 57. the Animal the immediate subject of Sleep 87. for what causes they lye down of their own accord 89. compell'd into sleep by Narcoticks 90. their penury perswades to sleep ibid. the distemper of the Animal Spirits being after a diverse manner as it is the cause of the Phrensy so it is of Melancholy Madness and Stupidity 188 compared to light they are opacous or full of darkness 189. these kind of Spirits in Melancholy compared to those in Chymical Liquors for they are not like the Spirits of Blood as they should be nor the Spirits of Wine for such are rather in the Phrensy but like acid Spirits distâ—â—â—â—d out of Salt Vinegar c. ibid. Stygian Waters like the Animal Spirits in Madness ibid. three chief affections of acetous Chymical Liquors which agree with the Animal Spirits in Melancholy 191. after the Animal Spirits in Melancholy being for some time vitiated the conformation of the Brain is also hurt ibid. how the Animal Spirits acquire a disposition like to Stygian Water 202. the original of Madness either from the Spirits themselves or from the Blood 203. it begins from the Spirits for two occasions ibid. Squinting whence it comes 82 Stupidity arises chiefly from the failing of the imagination and memory 209. wherefore the Organs of these faculties labour in this Disease ibid. chiefly the Brain first as to magnitude and by reason of figure ibid. as to substance or texture 210. its evil conformatiâ—â— as to its pores and passages whence Stupidity sometimes proceeds from both of them being in fault together ibid. what the antecedent causes of foolishness are ibid. ripeness and the declination of Age dispose some to foolishness 211 great hurts of the head sometimes cause dâ—ting or want of ingenuity ibid. and frequent Drunkenness ibid. and vehement affections ibid. and the more grievous Diseases of the head ibid. the differences of this Disease 212. how Foolishness and Stupidity differ ibid. Stupidity its degrees ibid. the prognostick ibid. if from an hurt of the head evil ibid. if excited from a Lethargy it admits of Cure ibid. sometimes 't is cur'd by a Fever ibid. the Cure requires both a Master and a Physician 213. what the Labour of the former ought to be ibid. what the Medical intentions are ibid. what kinds of remedies are shown ibid. T. TAngible species immediately carried either to the cerebel or to the stroaked Bodies 61. and from thence go forward sometimes to the other faculties ibid. Taste of kin to feeling c. 62 63 Tears their matter 80 Touch the same Nerves are observ'd to serve for its sense and motion 63 V. VEnus an enemy to the Brain and Nerves 55. necessary to the preserving of the individual 62 Vertigo its seat 145. a description of it ibid. the causes and manner of an unnatural one ibid. why looking down from on high and passing over Bridges cause it 146. how Drunkenness causes it ibid. from what causes the preternatural one is wont to be excited ibid. sometimes 't is a symptome of other cephalick Diseases sometimes 't is excited by reason of the distemper of other distant parts viz. from the Stomach Spleen c. 146 147. not by reason of Vapors elevated from these parts 147. its immediate subject is the Animal Spirits ibid. it s formal reason ibid. it s conjunct cause 148. is seen by things helpful and hurtful ibid. the more remote foregoing cause ibid. the differences of this Disease ibid. its prognosticks 149. the Cure ibid. the curatory method shown 150. why vomiting Medicines are so much noted in this and other Diseases of the head ibid. what is to be done out of the Fit for prevention sake ibid. cases and examples of the sick in three Histories and the reason of the case of the second History described 151 152 Vices of the Brain noted 148 W. IN Waking the Spirits inhabiting the cerebel are disturbed with the Spirits of the other Regiment 93. why those being disturb'd perform their offices better whilst these lye quiet in sleep ibid. a double consideration of waking 95 Long Waking of two sorts 't is either the symptom of other Diseases or a Disease it self 138. how many ways the unquiet or elastick Spirits stir it up 139. its causes assign'd ibid. its Cure and History ibid. Natural Waking its cause consists in the restlesness of the Spirits and the openness of the cortical part of the Brain 138 Want or paucity of the Spirits oftentimes the cause of the spurious Palsie 166 Watching preternatural depends either upon the restlesness of the Spirits or the openness of the cortical part of the Brain 139 Weeping its causes and the manner of its being made described 80. wherefore a bewailing is oftentimes joyned with weeping ibid. wherefore it comes from sudden joy 81. why mankind only or chiefly weep ibid. Wise and strong men why not always begotten of wise and strong men 210 Withering or blasting of Trees like the Palsie 164 FINIS Advertisement DOctor Willis's Practice of Physick being all the Medical Works of that Renowned and Famous Physician Containing these Ten Treatises following viz. I. Of Fermentation II. Of Feavers III. Of Urines IV. Of the Accension of the Blood V. Of Musculary Motion VI. Of the Anatomy of the Brain VII Of the Description and Use of the Nerves VIII Of Convulsive Diseases IX Pharmaceutice Rationalis the first and second Part. X. Of the Scurvey Wherein most of the Diseases belonging to the Body of Man are treated of with excellent Methods and Receipts for the Cure of the same Fitted to the meanest Capacity by an Index for the explaining of all the hard and unusual Words and Terms of Art derived from the Greek Latin or other Languages for the benefit of the English Reader With a large Alphabetical Table to the whole With Thirty Copper Plates Done into English
a twofold Knowing Power and a twofold Appetite The Rational Soul of it self without Affections how it gâ—verns and orders the Phantasie and Affections In things to be Known the Corporeal Soul obeys the Rational but not in things to be done The Corporeal Soul inclining her self to the Flesh Fights against the Rational How it is reduced to Obedience It often seduces the Mind Wars are moved between them Affections of Conscience nigh to Man A Twofold state of the Corporeal Soul Tranquil or Quiet And Disturbed In which either part of the Soul is moved And is either too much inlarged Or Contracted The Trouble of the Soul impressed on the Sensitive Part by and by is Communicated to the Blood The quiet of the Soul happens not only in sleep but often waking when pleasing or unhurtful things are met with On the Contrary when from the Objects Good or Evil is promised Then first the Imagination afterwards the Appetite is mâ—â—ed The Reason of Good and of Evil either concerns The Corporeal Soul by it self Or her united to the Body Or her subjected to the Rational Soul Hence Passions are called either Physical Metaphysical or Corporeal Passions merely Physical are Sympathies and Antipathies Some Instances of Passions merely Physical Passions Metaphysical By these first the Rational Soul Then the Sensitive and Sanguineous part of the other are affected Wherefore and how the Praecordia are esteemed the seat of Holy Affections What it is to have the Heart hardened Wherefore the Praecordia are called also the seat of Prudence and Wisdom Three Corporeal or Moral Passions The two Primary Gestures or Affections of the Soul are Pleasure and Grief They affect the two Roots of the Soul to wit the the Brain and the Praecordia Grief and Pleasure first of all arise from the Sense Afterwards both from this and also from the Phantasie and Memory Some are more Pathetical or moved than others How the Affections are wont to be iterated also how allayed or obliterated The Number of the Passions uncertain Pleasure and what Affections are subordinate to it Love Hope Boldness c. Grief with the Affections subordinate to it Hatred Aversion Fear c. Next to Pleasure and Grief are Love and Hatred The Objects of these are Sensible or Imaginary things By what means desirable things affect the Spirits and the Blood A Pleasant Sensation is described Love is excited by Opinion The Object of this is set up like an Idol in the Phantasie And Worshipped Hatred excited by the Sensible or Imaginary Species How the first of these Affects the Spirits and Blood The Imaginary Evil affects both the Blood and Spirits Love and Hate are transitory Passions Quickly changed into Desire and Aversion The Soul is chiefly employed by these Both proceed either from the Sense or Opinion The desire of a sensible thing is excited either from Natural Instinct or from Custom The former is moderate and easily satisfied Desire got through Custom despising moderate things aspires to new things The reason declared Because the Agent and Patient ought to be unlike The Desires of sensible things tend chiefly to Luxury or Lust. Phantastic Desires are immense But are chiefly carried to Riches or Honors Aversion is excited either from the Sense or from Opinion This Passion being frail is soon changed into Desire Sensible Desire affects both the Spirits and the Blood What Alterations Imaginarâ— Desire brings upon them The Fluctuation of the Mind Plaâ—t Hope and Fear Succeed to Desire and Aversion The Provision of Hope It s Obâ—ect both the Sense and the Imagination Affects both the Spirits and the Blood A Character of Fear How it Affects the Spirits and all the Faculties How the Blood It often passes into Desperation In like manner Hope into Audaciousness To which Anger is of Kin. The Character of Anger There are more than Eleven Affections Pity Envy Boasting Shame c. A Character of Shame Innate Affections Viz. An Inlargement of the Individual A begetting of its Kind Venus an Enemy to the Brain and Nerves The madness or fiery of Lust. Reason suppresses its flowing The Blood is animated but hardly sensible The lucid part of the Soul feels or perceives the impulse of all Objects and is moved by them Sense and Motion are the chief Advancers of the animated Body The efficient Cause of either are the Animal Spirits A most swift Communication of them implanted within all the Parts An opposite tendency of them effect both Sense and Motion What the Sense is The approach of the sensible Object is made either by Contact or by Effluvia's sent forth or by reflected and repeâ—â—â—ssed Particles of the Air Breath or Light As these several are made manifâ—ld they requiâ—e divers Sensories All Knowledge from Sense In Perfect Animals there ought to be many Senses That one of the Touch or Feeling suffices not How the same Spirits receive sensible Species so very divers Than this may be done are required First a Structure of the Organ after a diverse manner Secondly a Various Constitution of the Animal Spirits After what manner Sension is made All sensible Impressions do beam forth from all the Organs into the streaked Bodies In every Sension is required First That the Species be impressed on the Sensory Secondly That it be carried thence by the passage of the Spirits to the Common Sensory How the divers sensible Species are distinctly represented in the same Common Sensory It is shown by an example of the Air whose divers Particles have divers carryings forth Also by the example of Water in which many wavings being at once made are all distinct The like is in the Airy Hyposiasis of the Corporeal Soul For the divers Perceptions of which together in the Common Sensory there are many and distinct Tracts produced Sensible Impressions as they are stronger weak stir up other Powers either more or fewer All the other Powers of the Soul proceed at first from Sension The Animal Spirits pass thorow the sensible Species and not the Effluvia of the Object penetrate even to the head The bounds and passages by 〈◊〉 and into which the Species pass thorow The Number of the Senses is well affirmed to be Five So many and not more are requisite The Sense of Feeling is more thick but the most ample or large Exhibits Signs of Iudgment to the rest of the Senses It hath a mighty diffusive Sensory or Organ Which are the Nervous Fibres In all the Parts both External and Internal Which Fibres thô every where of the same Conformation Yet Exhibit various Species according to the various approaches of tangible things Tangible Species immediately carried either to the Cerebel or to the streaked Bodies And from thence goes forward sometimes to the other Faculties Viz. the Imagination Memory and Appetite The Kinds and Differences of Feeling are either In respect of the Object In respect of the Sensory And so it is either manifest or private Pleasant or Sad. The Taste a
to satisfie a Mind desirous of Truth And whilst every one expounds so the Works of the Creation according to the model of his Wit they seem to say That God is not able to make any thing beyond what Man is able to Conceive or Imagine Wherefore others also renowned Philosophers both Ancient and Modern professing themselves no less adverse to Atheism than the former Challenge in the behalf of the Beasts not only the operations of an external and internal Sense with Perception Appetite and spontaneous motions but besides grant to them a certain use of Judgment Deliberation and Ratiocination Nemesius an ancient Philosopher discoursing of the Cognation or Propinquity of all Created things after he had shewed from Minerals that some things came near towards the natures of Vegitables and some of Plants and Animals 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. which is The Common Architect passing from irrational Creatures to that rational Animal Man hath not effected this suddenly but first has referred certain natural Knowledges and Artifices and Subtilties to other Animals so that they appear near to rational Creatures Peter Gassendus a most Skilful and Cause-Expressing Man in his late Experimental Philosophy when he had enumerated very many Instances by which the Cunning and Wonderful Sagacity of brute Animals were declared and also the Epithets whereby these kind of Animals are noted by Philosophers to wit that some are called Excelling in Knowledg others Artificial these Dexterous and Compleat or Crafty and Wise at length the Author adds that These things could not deservedly be attributed to them unless they granted them a certain kind of Reason However it be we may seem at least to be able to distinguish by a ready way that as Commonly a two-fold Memory To wit a Sensitive and Intellective is distinguished so nothing forbids to Call Reason Sensitive and Intellectual And truly as we understand by the Name of Reason the faculty or beginning of Ratiocination and that to Reason is nothing else than to understand one thing by the Knowledg of another thing there is nothing more Easily to be observed than that Brutes do Collect one thing out of another or what is the same thing do reckon or recount and therefore are indued with Reason From these we may easily understand what dignity and beyond the powers of any Machine causing its Efficacy he affirms to be in the Souls of Beasts But in the mean time if it be marqu'd what Hypostasis or formal Idea he hath assigned them it doth not so Easily appear how that such Choyce Priviledges do agree with those Souls so slenderly gifted as to their Substances For when from the Opinion of Epicurus he had shewn these to be Corporeal and their Bodies to be made up of most light and round Atoms out of which sort fire and heat is Created at length he Concludes The Soul therefore to be a Certain Flame or a Species of most thin fire which as long as it lives or remains inkindled so long the Animal lives when it no longer lives or is Extinguished the Animal dyes But indeed concerning his Hypothesis he ought to have unfolded by what means this Fire Intelligent and Artificial to speak like the Stoicks could be or how a flame within certain bounds and Organs of the Body however framed with the most excellent artificie being inkindled and dilated can be able to produce the Acts of the animal Faculty This I say most difficult Problem this most Learned Man came to and pass'd over its Knot as it were purposely in that place CHAP. II. The Opinion of the Author Concerning the Soul in General That the Soul of the Brute is Corporeal and Fiery AFter having thus recited the chief Opinions of others It now remains that we propose our own Opinion or rather Conjecture in so hard a matter Where in the first place I am not easily led to believe That the Soul of the Beast is an Incorporeal Substance or Form For as to what relates to that Platonick Fiction concerning the Soul of the World that and also the Heresie of the Manichees hath already been refuted and clearly exploded both by the Ancient and Modern both Philosophers and Theologists that there remains no further dispute about it Further neither can I Consent to those Origenists who have affirmed the Souls of all Living Creatures to be immaterial and also to subsist before and after their Bodies For tho I should be little solicitous for the almost infinite multitude of the more perfect Beasts which have liv'd and do live yet where do so many Myriads of Souls even innumerable of Insects and Fishes which are dayly produced subsist and what do they The Bodies of very many of these serve only for Food to other Creatures And for that the Souls to these Bodies serve chiefly to preserve them only for a little time and as it were pickle them to keep them from putrefaction there is no need that these should be therefore immaterial and immortal Besides when of old Egypt was infested by Divine Punishment with Swarms of Fleas Flyes and other Various Kinds of innumerable Insects and that the same also abounded every where it is not easily to be Conceived from whence so many Souls were so suddenly Called and into what places the same being by and by separated could be placed Moreover as Heaven the Kingly Palace of the Great God challenges for it self Angels Gen. 2. and pure Souls free from all spot to be its Inhabitants but the Earth as it were a Certain sink draws forth and extracts the feces of things and from its bulk ruinous Bodies it seems more agreeable to the fitted Oeconomie of the World that all immaterial things with the humane Soul which we have noted to be placed in the Confines of Nature that it might be the fastning and knitting of either System should be ascribed to the Air but the other Animals Condemned to the belly and prone to the Earth to this Glebe so that the Souls of those may be said to be born and dye with their Bodies and to be altogether Corporeal Yea if that Reasons and Arguments of greater weight fight for this Opinion than those we have seen on the opposite side wherefore should we not rather follow this and pass farther on into its parts And indeed that the Soul of the Brute even as the inferior of Man Is material and divisible yea Co-extended with the whole Body seems to appear from many things both first because we perceive many and divers animal Acts to arise at once from divers members and parts of the Body For Examples sake in the same instant that the Eye sees the Ear hears the Nose smells the Tongue tasts and all the Exterior members Exercise the sense of feeling and motion and in the mean time all the Inwards and the Praecordia perform their offices Wherefore since there is no
by shall be more fully shown the Strifes and Dissentions of one Soul with another sometimes this and sometimes that getting the Rule or being in Subjection But as it is said That the Rational Soul doth exercise of it self all the Animal Faculties is most improbable because the Acts and Passions of all the Senses and Animal Motions are Corporeal being divided and extended to various Parts to the performing which immediately the incorporeal and indivisible Soul seems unable so that it would be finite Then as to what respects that Vulgar Opinion that the Sensitive Soul is subordinate to the Rational and is as it were swallow'd up of it as that which in Brutes is the Soul is mere Power in Man these are trifles of the Schools For how should the Sensitive Soul of Man which subsisting at first in Act was material and extended foregoing its Essence at the coming of the Rational Soul degenerate into a mere Quality if that it should be asserted That the Rational Soul by its coming doth introduce also Life and Sensation then Man doth not generate an animated Man but only an inform Body or a rude lump of Flesh. Therefore supposing that the Rational Soul doth come to the Body first animated by another Corporeal Soul we shall inquire by what Bond or Knitting since it is pure Spirit it can be united to it for as much as it hath not Parts by which it might be gathered to or cohere with this whole or any of its Parts Concerning this I think we may say with the most Learned Gassendus That the Corporeal Soul is the immediate Subject of the Rational Soul of which as she is the Act Perfection Complement and Form by her self the Rational Soul also effects the Form and Acts of the humane Body But for as much as it seems not equal nor necessary that the whole Corporeal Soul should be employed by the whole Rational therefore we may affirm this purely Spiritual to sit as in its Throne in the principal Part or Faculty of it to wit in the Imagination made out of an handful of Animal Spirits most highly subtil and seated in the Middle or Marrowie part of the Brain Because when as the Species or every sensible Impression of which we are any ways Knowing being inflicted any where on the Humane Body is carried to the Imagination or Phantasie and there all the Appetites or Spontaneous Conceptions or Intentions of things to be done are excited the Intellect or Humane Mind presiding in this Imperial seat easily performs the Government of the whole Man For as Gassendus properly has it As there is no necessity for a King to be in his whole Kingdom but only in his Palace to which place are carried whatever happens in the Kingdom so the Phantasie is the Kingly Palace of the Intellect to which may be brought whatsoever are acted Spontaneously and to our Knowledge in the whole Body But as to what has relation to the Functions merely Natural which being done by a constant manner of Oeconomy as it were by a Law from the Creator are performed unknown to the Animal it were not fit that the Imagination much less the Intellect should attend on these lower Offices althô also the faults of these as often as they are amiss lying hid to the Imagination the Intellect most often finds them out and procures them to be amended As to the Mode of the Intellect by which the Phantasms of all sensible Things being drawn in the Imagination is beheld it may be said That this is done not by perculsion from the Corporeal Species for this is repugnant to the Corporeal Faculty but by an Intuition into it self expressed in the Phantasie But as the Rational Soul will stay and preside in the Court of the Phantasie there is no need that she should be shut out from thence or bound by any Bond because destinated to this by the most high Creator to wit that it should be the informing Form of Man and also her self is very much inclined to the Inhabiting this House because whil'st in the Body it depends very much as to its Operation on the Phantasie without the help of which it can know or understand nothing For it draws its first Species and fundamental Idaea's by which it rears all its manner of Knowledge from the Imagination wherefore that the Mind of one Man understands more and reasoneth better than that of another it does not thence follow that Rational Souls are inequal but every disparity concerning the Intellect proceeds immediately from the Phantasie but mediately and principally from the Brain being variously disposed For as this being affected by an Intemperate or Evil Conformation the Spirits being made more dull or hindred cannot irradiate and actuate in their due manner therefore the Phantasms are difficient or distorted and the Faults or Vices of these infects the Intellect Hence it very often happens by reason of some hurt coming to the Brain that the Faculties or Habits or Ratiocination or Reasoning howsoever strong are diminished or taken away Because as the most Skilful Gassendus tell us That the acquisition and loss of an habit stands in the Power of the Brain and Phantasie a subject purely Corporeal but that the Intellect as it wants Parts cannot be wrought upon by Parts but that it is from the beginning and of its own Nature a full and perfect power of understanding which understands not more by the coming of any Habit but is rather it self an Habit always ready to understand wherefore he says that Aristotle has hit the mark when he says that his Agent having its Intellect as it were a Light had it therefore as it were a certain Habit to wit when this Intellect as it were a Light is ever ready to illustrate therefore it would have it self like to an Habit in a Workman or Artist to whom when you give an Organ or Instrument as an Harp to an Harper he is presently ready to Play by which it comes to pass as he says the Intellect also to come under such a Reason like as Art comes under Reason as to Matter So we may say As an Harper has in himself the Skill of Playing on the Harp and if he shews not his Art there is a defect not of himself but by reason of the absence or the depraved disposition of the Harp after the same manner the Intellect is aboundantly Instructed in its own Nature that it understands and uses Phantasies and if it may not do it the cause is not in it self but is either in the absence of the Phantasms or their Imperfection For indeed as the same Author afterwards adds The chief Function of the Humane Intellect seems to be like that of the Angels that it is of its own Nature merely Intelligent that is Knowing things by a simple Sight not by Ratiocination But that darkness is poured on it dwelling in the Body that
unable for Exercising the Acts of Judgment and Reason but are found very prone to all manner of Wickedness and most filthy Desires As to the Moral Passions or by us called Corporeal we may observe that the Sensitive Soul is more often and easilyer affected by reason of Good or Evil which is of its Subject that is of its Body which includes its good Habit. Altho also she hath her proper and occult Loves and Aversations and is bound to shew due obsequiousness to the Rational Soul for as much as it is united to the Body as it were by a Conjugal Compact therefore all other relations being lay'd aside it minds only this Concerning the Care of it 't is mostly solicitous and by reason of its prosperous or adverse Affairs it is wont to be affected with Pleasure or Grief and other Passions depending on either of these For indeed as we mentioned before there are two Chief and Primary Gestures of the Sensitive Soul as often as it is moved from its wonted and Natural State or Condition to wit either she stretches forth her self into a greater Compass by profuse Pleasure as if it affected to be dilated beyond the bounds of the Body or being overthrown by Sorrow or Grief she is contracted more narrowly and runs her self within the wonted Sphear of her Emanations from this twofold Affection of the Sensitive Soul all the other Passions take their Origine For truly Pleasure or an Elation of the Soul is its most pleasing Constitution which desiring to gain for it self by any means it follows all Objects promising it with Love Desire Hope Faithfulness Boldness and other means of getting it On the contrary Sadness or a Contraction or Dejection of this Soul is a Gesture most ungrateful to it what things then soever threaten or induce it we endeavour to remove away far by Fear Hatred Anger Desperation Shame Pusillanimity and other motions of shuning it In the first place therefore we will speak briefly of Pleasure and Grief which are according to Aristotle as it were a forked measure of the Sensitive Appetite for the double Ladder of Affections flowing thence by which she is carried to this or that First Pleasure and Grief because they bend or incline the whole Corporeal Soul after a diverse manner therefore it s two roots to wit the Brain and Praecordia are chiefly affected When the Soul is stretched forth in Pleasure and is drawn to its utmost Sphear of Irradiation the Animal Spirits being carried within the Brain stir up most pleasant and pleasing Imaginations and further they actuating lively the Nervous System Cause the Eyes Face Hands and all the Members to shine and as it were leap forth Further then more fully shaking also the Praecordia by the Influence of the Brain delivered by means of the Nerves they thrust forth the Blood more rapidly and as a Flame more brightly inkindled they pour it forth with strength thorow the whole Body On the contrary in Grief whil'st the Soul sinks down contracted into a more narrow space the Spirits inhabiting the Brain as it were struck down by flight and troubled put on only sad and fearful Imaginations from whence the Countenance is cast down the Limbs grow feeble and the Praecordia being contracted or bound together by reason of the Nerves carrying the same affection from the Brain restrain the Blood from its due Excursion which being therefore heaped up in the same place with a weight brings in a troublesome oppression of the Heart and in the mean time the Exterior Parts being deprived of its wonted afflux languish and Contract a paleness The aforesaid Affections of Pleasure and Sadness which is wont the Imagination being employed to be poured from thence on the Praecordia and by and by from that double Root into the whole Corporeal Soul as to their first Originals wholly depend upon the Sense For from the beginning Sensible Objects affect the Sensory with a certain sweetness or asperity and there bring to the Spirits a certain Ovation or Triumph or Confusion from whence presently the Impression like a waving of Waters being Communicated to the Brain excites the Spirits inhabiting it into a consent either of the delight or trouble and this Affection being delivered from the Sensory to the Imagination if it be short there ends and is not carried to the Praecordia but if the stroke being carried from the Sensible Object is like a more strong waving of Waters impressed more vehemently it reaches from the Sensory to the Brain and presently thence to the Breast that the Motions of the Heart and Blood are intangled together with the disorder of the Animal Spirits so as to the first Conceptions of the Affections as well as Notions there is nothing in the Imagination or I may rather say there is nothing in the Brain or Heart that was not first in the Sense But afterwards when many Idea's of Pleasures and Griefs are impressed on the Phantasie and Memory then very often without any previous Sense or feeling of Pleasure or Sadness the Imagination being repeated is wont to excite a Passion of the pleasant or troublesome thing for when at any time we conceive in our Mind Good or Evil things belonging to us not only present but also past or to come that Conception employs the Phantasie and not rarely very much exercises it Further being thence transmitted to the Breast it inordinately either Contracts or Dilates the Breast and so pours forth the Affection together with the disturbed Blood on the whole Body A Wise and Strong man easily moderates the passions of Pleasure or Grief lest these being brought either from the Sensories or suggested from the Memory should affect the Phantasie and the Praecordia by too great a waving For the Brain and Heart which are the supports of the Soul ought not to be moved much by the more light Objects of the Senses nor are these principal Powers at leisure to be present at every small thing Hence some have born the torture of the Body or the cutting off a Member beyond Stoical Patience undisturbed whil'st others in whom the sensible Species being above measure increased vehemently shakes the Praecordia the Skin scarce wounded swoon away or fall into fainting Fits In like manner it is observed that some are carried away by a most light Pleasure of the Senses into softness and Luxury in the mean time others are scarce moved with any Pomp of Delights or Exquisite Blandishments of Pleasures It is observ'd in the fruition of a pleasing Object which also holds of the appulse of a pleasant or a painful sensible thing there happens a certain reciprocation between the Spirits of the Brain and the Inhabitants of the Sensory We imagine the Drinking of excellent Wine with a certain Pleasure then we indulge it the Imagination of its Pleasure is again sharpned by the taste and then by a reflected Appetite drinking is repeated So as
the whole Soul seems to go out at the Eye or the Ear and neglecting the other Sensories Conspire with their proper Offices into those Acts of Sension It is somewhat otherways in Love excited through Opinion because in this the Species of the Object being represented by the Imagination is erected as an Idol in the Brain about this many Spirits being employed at first they weigh the noted Beauty and its various Ornaments then they worship it for whatsoever we love we imagine it fair profitable pleasant and far above what in truth it is then by reason of these kind of feigned Attributes we more earnestly fall in love with the thing beloved Further the Spirits inhabiting the Brain invite all the rest flowing in the whole Nervous stock to the worship of the Idol erected by themselves wherefore the Inhabitants of every Sensory watching for the works of the Senses look hither here also they wait for the Motions Executors of the Limbs and Members but they chiefly inspire the Praecordia with the Love of this Imaginary Good wherefore these being variously dilated and thrust together greedily receive sometimes the Blood imbued as it were with the Character of the thing loved and as it were imbibe its Influence sometimes they cast forth that Humor from themselves towards the Brain as it were to pick out something from the Image of the Good This Kind of Image exciting Love is impressed on the Imagination either from the Intellect or from the Memory and Phantasie to wit one of them only or both together and from thence a Passion of Love is brought in either Metaphysical or merely Sensitive or mixt Much after the same manner as we have said of Love the evil Appearances also which excite Hatred or the Aversation of the Soul are objected to the Sense or Imagination As to the former when any incongruous and improportionate Object is brought to any Sensory that distracts and drives the Animal Spirits into a certain Confusion therefore afterwards when such an Object comes again to the same Sensory the Spirits mindful of their former hurt abhor the Contact and approach of this Evil Contract as much as they can the Organ and shut up the Passages and Doors if they are strong they endeavour to remove the Enemy from themselves by sudden and iterated Excursions but if they are not able for such Assaults they convey and hide themselves within and reject the embraces of the hateful thing by every manner of way A rejection of the sensible Object happens when stinking Odors of very unsavoury Meat strike the Palate or Nostrils and the like when incongruous things are offer'd to the sight or hearing But especially when the breaking of the Unity happens to be inflicted by Fire or a Sword on the Skin or Flesh. Concerning these repulses of the approaching Object not only the Spirits flowing in the Sensory but oftentimes also by the consent of these others inhabiting the Brain are irritated into Fury so that the Imagination conceives a detestation of the thing and the Praecordia being therefore disturbed sometimes draws back the Blood sometimes drives it outward towards the driving away the Evil and stirs it up to its Expulsion When an Object apparently Evil appears therefore hateful to the Imagination presently the Phantasie fixes on it a Monstrous and very deformed Image then stirs up all the Spirits implanted both in the Brain and the Nervous Appendix into a Detestation of this Imaginary Spectre from hence the Brows are contracted the Teeth gnash together and the Face is writhed but especially the Praecordia variously open and shut themselves that they might Eventilate the Blood by driving in up and down and Conserve it free from every Influence or Tincture of this Object After this manner the Passions of Love and Hatred are employed about Good and Evil taken absolutely and almost Indifferently or rather about their Idea's to wit the Sensitive Soul beholding the Image of appearing Good received from the Sense or the Imagination and admitting it into it self presently she embraces it with a certain strictness as it were with open and infolded Arms and endeavours to be intimately united to it But it rests not long in this fruition for if this Image of Good be only Imaginary and being embraced vanishes like a Cloud taken for Iuno the Soul sensible of her Error quickly le ts go her empty Embraces yea if that Good were solid after some time its fruition brings forth a loathing and the Complacency of the Object at first amiable grows cold by the enjoyment and it is esteemed troublesome For indeed it is so order'd that we esteem nothing long in this Life but being always wanting whatsoever is obtain'd we esteem less seeking after new things wherefore we are perpetually incited to the desiring of absent Good and to the flying from Evils hanging over us Love or lasting Charity is a Divine Passion almost proper only to Heaven as Hatred standing and endless is an Affection merely Diabolical and ought to be esteemed peculiar to Hell But in most Mortals these are presently changed into Desires or Aversions because the desire of any absent Good which we seem to want or the declining of any approaching Evil obliterate the Idea of any Good or Evil before affixed to the Sensitive Soul and adhering to it even as the following waves sup up the former In truth the Sensitive Soul is chiefly employed with Desires and Aversions these are perpetually suggested by heaps from our wants either true or imaginary and a very infinite Company or Succession of them exist Concerning our Indigencies from which these Passions are drawn it is to be observed that they proceed either from the Sense or from the Opinion and so peculiar Desires or Aversions are excited As to the former the Animal Spirits in every Sensory watch as so many hungry Guests expecting the Approach of an Object congruous to them as it were food to the meeting and snatching of which they are often wont to go as it were to meet it and be carried quite beyond the Confines of their Subject But that the Spirits residing in the Organ of every of the Senses do greedily Covet after this manner the sensible Object as their Prey happens by the mere Instinct of Nature or is procured by Custom The former is discerned when hunger or thirst require the Supplies of Meat and Drink and when the Coldness of a naked Body requires Cloathing These sort of Desires which Necessity puts upon Nature are easily satisfied and what are sufficient for the maintaining of Life and obtained after this manner to wit the Animal Spirits labouring under a defect in this or that part do variously Contract and so affect with a sense of trouble the Nervous Bodies in which they flow which Impression being presently Communicated to the Brain it stirs up the Spirits inhabiting it into an Appetite or
is needful that the Sensitive Soul should be affected by the Objects after a various manner and so perceive their manifold Influencies How vile their Condition is and how hard their Lot that are gifted with the only sense of the Touch appears from the Life and Operation of the more imperfect Animals as Oysters and Lympins then besides how false is the Opinion of some who say That every Sense in all Animals is the feeling only for althô every Affection is made by Contact from the Object to the Soul yet neither is the same thing still employed nor received after the same manner but how many types soever of sensible things are to be found so many Counterfeits remain in the Sensories Nevertheless it may here be rightly Quaeried How it may be for as much as the whole Hypostasis or Contexture of the Soul is made up of most subtil and also most highly moveable Particles that every one of them wheresoever implanted are not indifferently moved by every sensible stroke when especially the Interior frame of the Soul which is Common to all the Sensories receives ths Affections of every one and so is mediately affected by every sensible thing I say why the Spirits implanted in the Eye do not equally perceive Sounds and Smells as they do Colours for as much as they inhabiting the streaked Bodies discern both these and all other sensible things For the resolving of this Problem these two things are to be supposed to wit first That the Structure of every Sensory is so made according to its Pores and Passages that Particles only proportionate to them may be admitted in wherefore as Light and the Images of things pass thorow Glass and clear Bodies not dark Bodies so the same are received only by the Eyes and not by the other Sensories The same Reason holds of all the rest For we may observe when in the Circumambient Air or in the Atmosphere there are Bodies of a various Nature and of a divers Configuration that some things affect this others that Sensory and so the things which are of a several Kind affect the particular Organ of the Sense As for Example the Particles of most thin Air or Light which seem to be of a Sulphureous Nature being reflected from Bodies Convey as was said their Images into the Organs of the Sight or Seeing the little Bodies of Air which seem to be saline being repercussed from Solids shake the Drum of the Ear by their leaping back yea and the same being made clammy by a sweet dew or moistned affect the taste the Particles of the same Air filled with sweet Exhalations strike the Nostrils And lastly The same stuffed with warm or cold Effluvia's move the Sense of Feeling But in the mean time the Particles of the same Air or Element which are proportionate to one Sensory are incommunicable to the rest But Secondly the Animal Spirits themselves which reside in the Organs of the Senses and that are like Watchmen are furnished for the respective meetings of the Objects with a certain peculiar Provision and an appropriate manner of Disposition for when some Spirituous Particles more pure than others and more subtle exist some more dull or blunt others notably moveable these Naked those smered with Humor and marked with many other Affections it is so provided that as the Naked Spirits or those less gifted suffice for the Sense of Feeling these without any farther indowment are disposed every where in the Membranes and fibrous Flesh but the most pure Spirits and as it were Chrystalline for the Sight flow into the Eyes those that are highly moveable are fitted for the Hearing and the more Viscous which are fused with a requisite Humour for the Taste and Smell These things being thus premised concerning the Multiplicity and Difference of the Senses and the Organs we will now inquire into Sension it self by what means and after what manner it is performed Concerning these we thus say in general that the Object being applied to the Sensory whether it be done immediately or the Particles of the Air or Element coming between doth impress its Idea or Character on the Spirits implanted in that place and in the same instant by a continued Series of the Animal Spirits as it were an Irradiation the Type of its Impression doth pass from the Sensory to the Head and whil'st the Spirits actuating the streaked Bodies are in like manner affected by it a perception of Sense begun from the Organ is formed That Sight is so performed Dioptrick Experiments do plainly shew by which the same Species of any Body by a Glass artificially placed may be Carried or Reflected hither or thither and may be figured and beheld at once in several places why in like manner may we not Conceive the Image of the Object represented in the Eye as in a Glass to propagate its likeness from thence further to the streaked Bodies But as to the other Sensories the Business seems more hard to be unfolded because the sensible Species for as much as they are more Corporeal or thicker cannot be conveyed to the Head with so quick a passage and almost unperceiveable like Lightning but as to these it is to be understood that althô the Smell Touch and Taste require more near and more Corporeal approaches of the Object than either the Sight or Hearing yet the Animal Spirits which as it were internuncii are placed within every Organ and the chief Sensory equally and as easily transmit the stroke or impulse of every Kind Because as the Spirits are diffused thorow the whole Nervous System and thorow the Head it self as it were with a continued beaming every Impression by the stroke of the Eye gets sooner from one bound to the other yet the Character of the Object is conveyed by the like Motion of their Neighbors and as it were by a certain waving even to the streaked Bodies Hence it follows that for the Act of Sension these two things are required First That the sensible Species be expressed so as it may be impressed on the Sensory And Secondly That the Idea of the same Impression be carried thence by a like Affection and Motion by the Spirits flowing in the intermediate passages to the Common Sensory for otherwise Sension is not performed as it appears when being intent on other things we take not any notice of any Objects thô they approach near to the Eyes or the other Organs But here we may have a Cause of Doubting how the manifold Species of sensible things for the receiving of which many Organs and those diversly framed are required do all come together within and are discerned in the same Common Sensory For it is a wonderful thing that the same streaked Body consisting of a make not much unlike should admit and know distinctly in it self the universal Idea's of Objects As to this we may say that the Images of things to be perceived by
of the outward Senses we shall not recede from the vulgar Opinion affirming them to be Five for althô in some imperfect Animals perhaps one Sense or two are only found and thô it may seem that the more perfect living Creatures may exercise many more than Five because it is possible that the Kinds of sensible things far exceed that Number yet it is seen that those Five Organs of the Senses do abundantly enough supply the wants of all living Creatures at least it seems good to the great Creator not to grant to Man more than these nor perhaps better than brute Beasts have obtained Hence we may argue that whereas the first Notions of all Simple things are acquired only by the showing of the Sense and that Man notwithstanding is wont from thence to form Complicated Orations and Discourses beyond what Brutes are able to do that this is done by the Virtue and Operation of the Rational Soul in him of which indeed Beasts are wholly destitute As to the Order or Method by which we should treat of the Senses particularly to be consider'd if their worth or dignity be respected it is confessed by all that Seeing and then Hearing should by right have the Prerogative but indeed because Knowledge more easily and always more happily proceeds from more Known things to things less Known therefore I think to begin with the Touch or Feeling as the most Common Sense also for that the formal Reason of which seems to be most easily unfolded CHAP. XI Of the Senses in Particular and first of the touch or Feeling THe Touch or Feeling thô it seems a Faculty of a lower Order and as it were of a more gross Nature because it apprehends not the object unless it be brought near and as it were pressed with its Arms yet in some respect it is more excellent by far than the rest because this Sense beyond all others receives and knows the Impressions of many sensible things and those inflicted with greater variety and so obtains a most large and as it were a general Province For since that the Sensible Qualities so called are manifold and divers to wit Heat and Cold Moisture and Dryness Hardness and Softness and other Modifications of Bodies their Make Motions Influences and Types or Figures of Appearance which in Concretes result from the mixtures and divorces or the various Transpositions of the Elements the greatest part of them by much are the proper Objects of Feeling and are discerned only by its Judgment and as it were by its Will Further 't is observ'd That the Touch or Feeling gives notes of Judgment to all the other Senses concerning uncertain Objects for when the Sight cannot distinguish a Ghost or Spectre from a solid Body by the tryal of Feeling presently the thing is put out of doubt so likewise of the Smelling and Taste which oftentimes put away sensible things brought to them and fear their near Embrace unless first tryed by handling But this Power as it enjoys great variety as to its Objects so it hath a most ample Sensory and equally extended almost with the whole Body That indeed few Parts either within or without but partake of this Sense Further this Faculty for that 't is of a general and common use insinuates it self into the Organs of the other Senses destinated to the private Office of every one For both the Tongue and Nostrils also the Eyes and Ears perceive heat and cold hardness and Softness and other tangible qualities no less than their proper Objects If that we should further inquire what the immediate Organ of Feeling is in the several Members or Parts it may be said that it is the Nervous Fibres every where stuffed and as it were distended with a Company of Animal Spirits which as the Strings of a Lute as often as they are struck by the strokes of Tangible things propagate the Impulse every where received by the passages of the Nerves forthwith to the Common Sensory For as much Fibres being thickly set are interwoven in the Skin the fleshly Pannicle the Membranes and Musculous Flesh yea and with some of the Inwards so that the Approaches of outward Tangible things are not only felt in the Palm of the Hand or the Superficies of the Body but as often as sharp Humors are brought within into the Bowels or that Preternatural Contents cause a pulling or hawling a troublesome Sense of it is felt wherefore the proper Organ of Feeling is neither the Skin nor the Flesh nor the Membranes as hath been asserted after this manner by some and after that manner by others but the Fibres are that Organ implanted in the whole frame or make of these or those Parts Althô many sensible Fibres are placed every where thorow the whole Body also thô there are divers and manifold Tangible qualities yet it is not to be thought that these Fibres that they may be the better fitted for those qualities are of a different Kind or Conformation for neither are there some Fibres by which heat or others by which cold or others different from either by which other Tangible things are perceived but the same Fibres are every where alike and receive and distinctly carry the approaches of every Object for neither do the sensible Fibres planted in divers places or parts acquire a diversity of Office so that one Member should be the Index of heat another of cold or another of a several Tangible thing but every one indifferently feel almost all Tangible things from every Fibrous Part. The reason of the difference is because the Fibres thô of the same nature and frame enter into divers ways of Contractions or wrinklings from the various strokes of sensible things even as the strings of an Harp from the various strokes of the Musitian give forth different Sounds so also the Fibres which are the Instruments of Touching are affected after a different manner by the various impulse of Tangible things For it seems that these are irritated or provoked one way with heat and another way with cold and so from the rest of the Qualities after a manifold manner therefore the Animal Spirits implanted in them enter into a peculiar way of Gyration or turning round or of undulation or waving according to which the Spirits being harmonized which flow within the passage of the Nerve belonging to those Fibres do propagate the same Figure or Type of their carrying forth to the Medullary Stock and by its means to the Common Sensory The Tangible Species being impressed after this manner on the Nervous Fibres or the outward Organ of the Touch are not always carried from thence or at least not immediately to the same Common Sensory for we have shewed elsewhere that some Nerves spring from the Parts of the Brain and others from those of the Cerebel wherefore when they direct the Impulse hap'ning outwardly immediately to the striated or streaked Bodies these
Subject of Sleep but not all of them but some Bands as it were of a Superior Order at those times keep Holy-day but others whose task is more assiduously required for the Preservation of Life are wholly inhibited Concerning these that the reason of the difference may appear and that the bounds of Sleep may be defined we must note that there is need for all the Animal Spirits which constituting the Hypostasis of the Corporeal Soul perform all its Functions because they cannot incessantly exercise or ever continue their Acts to have frequent intermission by which being worn out and tyred they might be refreshed notwithstanding there is not granted a Vacation or rest to the Spirits of every Regiment after the same manner nor in the like dimension For the Animal Spirits which being born within the Brain there constitute the chief Faculties of the Soul and from thence flow into the Nervous stock for the performing of the Spontaneous Acts of Sense and Motion and effect the more hard and laborious tasks are not tyed to the continual performance of them but are permitted after hard labours to lay aside their work and as it were to be idle so that the Privilege of Sleep properly pertains only to these But as to the Animal Spirits of the other Kind which being procreated within the Cerebel and there receive and emit the Instincts and forces of Sense and Motion merely Natural and from thence flowing into the Praecordia and Viscera perform the more assiduous Offices of the Vital and Nutritive Function I say that the Labours of these are more easie and less laborious but as they are absolutely necessary for the preserving of Life that they ought not almost at any time to lye still therefore the aforesaid Spirits being busied about these Offices are not suffered to keep Holy-day long and to indulge themselves with Sleep but it is sufficient for them to intermit their tasks for a short space and presently to resume them and so to have in stead of a longer Vacation some broken times from their Labours as chiefly appears from the pulse and breathing in which the times of motion and of rest are reciprocal and almost equal Indeed the Spirits performing these tasks seem as if condemned to the Stone of Sisyphus to wit that they still lift up the same burthen then resting whil'st it slides down again they presently and so perpetually repeat their Labour Further whil'st that the Animal Spirits influencing the Viscera of Concoction propagate the Acts of Vermiculation from Part to Part receive and give place to motion and rest mutually in themselves which also is more amply performed when we Sleep soundly in so much that sometimes the work of more difficult Concoction is not to be done but in Sleep Therefore the Empire of Sleep chiefly and almost only belongs to the Animal Spirits inhabiting the Brain and the Executors of the Animal Function there of whose Acts we are knowing and in the Appendix both Medullary and Nervous If those Spirits arising from the Cerebel as influencing some Pathetick Nerves to wit of the fifth and sixth Pair seem to participate of Sleep that happens by a consent deliver'd from the Brain to wit by which the Commands as of Motion so of rest are conveyed to them We affirm That the immediate Subject of Sleep is the greater Portion of the sensitive Soul which being rooted in the Brain and thence diffused into many Parts of the Body is the Author of every Spontaneous Motion But the Mediat the Brain it self and all the sensible and moving Parts which Communicate with it Also on the contrary the other lesser part of the sensitive Soul which being rooted in the Cerebel and thence stretched forth into the Praecordia Viscera and some other Bodies is the Parent of the Vital and merely Natural Function to wit of whose Acts the Animal is not conscious is freed from the Bonds of Sleep From these that we may proceed to deliver the formal Reason of Sleep let us conceive that this greater portion of the sensitive Soul the Animal Sleeping doth lay aside its expansion like a Veil sinks within it self and hiding its head as it were within its own Bosom sees nor cares for nothing that is without so that both the Emanation of the Spirits into the globous Part of the Brain and also their irradiation into the Nervous stock ceasing the Act of spontaneous Sense and Motion both outwardly and inwardly is suppressed If it be demanded in what Part or Region these Spirits dwell who first of all possess Sleep and begin to be indulged with rest before any others it may be well supposed that the Spirits first Sleeping are those which flowing within the globous part of the Brain create the Acts of the Fantasie and Memory To wit these either of their own accord or by reason of the incourse of Strangers falling down from the Pores of the Exterior Brain in which they were wont to expatiate convey themselves into its more deep Matrows or middle Parts where as it were lying down idely intice the Spirits there implanted to the like slothfulness and from thence flowing into the Nervous stock recall others from their Efflux and solicite them to idleness Indeed the Spirits irradiating the outer Brain do first of all grow stupified and begin Sleep in their recess as appears from hence because there is a Necessity for these sometimes to be repressed from their expansion and to be driven inwards that there may be a place left for the instilling the Nervous juice or matter for new bands of Spirits into the Brain wherefore those veterane or old ones being not only wearied go from their Station but being as it were drowned by the Humor plentifully rushing in are compelled from their watches From these things it will not be difficult to assign the Causes of Sleep and first that we may begin with the Final which is always the Key to the rest If it should be demanded for what end the Animal Spirits going out of the globous part of the Brain into its middle or marrowy Parts are bound up with chains of Sleep and so after a solemn manner alter the vicissitudes as of Exercise so of Rest this easily occurs that the Animal Spirits at least those who are wont to be more strongly exercised lest they being wholly loosned should perish and break the Hypostasis of the Soul want for the sustaining of themselves a twofold prop to wit Rest and Food by the former care is taken lest the Spirits for that they are highly volatile should be very much drawn asunder by too much Occupation and acted into Confusion wherefore after that they have long and much laboured they desire to rest and be at quiet of their own accord then by the other to wit Food the wastings both of themselves and of the spirituous Liquor with which they are washed are repaired therefore needful for them But
spaces of time had been measured out by the wheels of a Clock Secondly The Animal Spirits being wearied by the hard labour of the Body or too serious intention of the Mind indulge themselves with Sleep of their own accord For when after immoderate exercise by reason of Heat and Sweat flowing forth the Spirits plentifully exhale and those which are left being as it were poured forth and distracted one from another as soon as those have left them they presently lay aside all work that they may Concentre themselves within and recollect their forces for the like reason after vehement study or long Contention of the Mind by reason that the Animal Spirits become very much tyred we grow Sleepy yea sometimes serious Meditation and when imployed with Hearing chiefly of Sacred things and great Attention procures an invincible Sleep the reason of which is not that the Spirits are so much consumed or wearied but because they are gathered together in two great heaps in the Brain and so with them too great plenty of the Nervous Humor is poured in whereby the Brain is overflowed Hence also it is that if presently after Eating Reading or Philosophical Lectures be attended to they shall cause Sleep sooner than an Opiat to wit because these more grave Exercises of the Mind both convey more plentifully to the Head the Blood and at the same time the Spirits Concentre together on every side towards the middle Part of the Brain wherefore from the Blood coming to its border a mighty heap of Nervous juice is admitted in by which the Spirits are presently overturned and their spaces stuffed up the contrary happens as often as any one after a full Banquet shall go to the Theatres to see Plays for the Spirits being stretched forth by delectation blow up and distend the Brain so that the coming in of the Sleepy Humor thô heaped up at the Door is kept out Thirdly We may observe that the Animal Spirits when delighted with a soft Harmony are invited inwards from the Organs of the Senses and being there recreated slide into Sleep So a certain Musical and soft modulation of the Voice the gentle murmur of Waters the soft whispering of the Wind also pleasant Fancies as when we Imagine our selves to be in a green Meadow or splendid Houses because by this means the Spirits gently Concentre together Sleep is wont to creep upon one Fourthly There remains another manner of introducing Sleep to wit when the Animal Spirits are oppressed by Narcoticks or Opiats taken inwardly or applied outwardly and so are inhibited the exercise of their Function For Opiats because they Poison the Spirits extinguish their forces as Water poured upon Fire or Sulphur laid on the Kitchin Fire and cause a Torpor or Numness wherefore if they are more largely taken that they cannot be overcome by the Spirits put to flight who by little and little being recollected renew the Systasis of the Soul a deadly or perpetual Sleep follows Fifthly To this rank ought to be referred the Penury or evil Constitution of the Animal Spirits for when they are either deficient in Plenty or are dull and Torpid that they can neither tolerate daily or hard Exercises nor actuate the Brain nor defend it against the Inundations of the serous Humors from thence are wont to be induced a Torpor or Numness and frequent Sleepiness of the Animal Faculty as is to be observed in Dropsical and Scorbutical People but the Consideration of this Kind of Torpor we shall refer to another place where we speak of Soporiferous Diseases 2. Another Kind of evident Causes by which Sleep is introduced consists in this that the Brain is first affected then by its Consent the Animal Spirits being half overthrown betake themselves to rest these Kind of Effects are chiefly brought in when an heap of Serum is poured in upon the Brain from the Blood too much stuffed with a watery Humor which watering it with too much moisture rushes overs its Pores and Passages and as it were drowes the Animal Spirits flowing in them Such an Inundation of Spirits is produced either from a too great taking in of Food whence the Blood swelling up above measure with the nourishing Humor too much puts down upon the Brain the plentiful provision of Nervous Juyce wherefore presently after a more full feeding or drinking men become Sleepy or also the Blood as to its Temper being made more watery moistens the Brain as it were with a perpetual shower and so renders those affected continually Sleepy as is wont to come to pass ordinarily in Dropical and Scorbutical People To these may be added and oftentimes is partly the Cause the imbecillity or weakness of the Brain and the loosness of its Pores so that they gaping too much most easily admit the serous heap whereby Sleepiness is brought in For it is observed That Drunkards especially such as drink Wine fall asleep with it on the least occasion and not only become Drunk but also Drowsie or Sleepy The reason of which is that when the passages of the Brain are more often and untimely unlocked with the Particles of the Wine at length become so feeble that the Blood growing hot above measure pours forth its Recrements upon the Brain and so causes from thence a torpor or stupidness therein These are the chief means whereby Sleep is effected when it is excited by reason of the overflowing of the Nervous juyce and as it were the over-turning of the Animal Spirits But as to these it hath been far otherways taught by the Opinion of the Vulgar to wit that fumes and vapors are raised up from the Chyle or Humors growing hot within the Viscera of Concoction which cloud the Brain and so cause a Numness But this Opinion easily falls since the Circulation of the Blood and the more plentiful Suffufion of it on the Brain have been known and that the rather because a passage from the Stomach into the Head thorow so many Inwards and bony Cloysters like stops seem impervious or not passable for the sending up of fumes Without doubt much the greatest part of the Humor with which the Brain is watered and the Spirits inhabiting it over-turned during Sleep is carried by the Arteries and distilled in immediately from the Mass of Blood But althô we deny vapors elevated from the Stomach to the Head to cause Sleep yet by reason of some affections of the Ventricle it manifestly appears that Sleepiness is induced for as much as Opiats being taken they begin to operate oftentimes presently and before the virtue or any of their Particles can come to the Brain by the passage of the Blood This also appears because we become Sleepy from more gross Meats and of ill Digestion which stay long in the Stomach and burthen it The reason of which seems to be because when as the Corporeal Soul or a principle portion of it is the immediate
or shuts up their passages Hence it follows that preternatural Waking or that which is immoderate depends upon these two either on one or both together for either they being grown too outragious and as it were struck with a fury will not lye down of themselves or the nervous Liquor doth not so fill and stop up the Pores of the outward part of the Brain that from thence the Spirits may be compelled inward to rest Examples of both of these are ordinarily to be met withal And first of all we shall take notice that the Animal Spirits sometimes becoming outrageous and so Elastick or shooting forth or otherways enormous that they will not only not lye down and be quieted but scarce be contained within the proper sphere of their emanation wherefore being spread abroad in continual waking so fill the Brain and keep it extended that the nervous Juice though it lyes heaped up at their doors cannot be admitted but if it enters of it self and the Spirits are called back inwards from the Cortex of the Brain presently they being forced thither or tumultuating within the middle part of the Brain raise up many and often most horrid phantasies whereby sleep is driven away or directing thence their declination further into the nervous Stock there stir up great disorders which continually drive away and break off Sleep though it seems ready to creep upon them As to the former of these I have often observed that some being disturbed with waking were afraid to sleep though desiredly coming upon them for as soon as they shut their eyes to sleep presently leaping up they would cry out they should grow mad with a multitude of confused phantasms so that they were necessitated to abstain from sleep Secondly whilst the Spirits become more outrageous and are for sleep sake recalled towards the interior compass of the Brain sometimes they convert their rage into the nervous Stock and then tumultuarily rushing in upon the Nerves destinated for the Precordia or the Inwards raise up inordinations in the respective parts hence in those thus distemper'd as often as they shut their eyes to invite sleep either tremblings leapings and binding up of the heart with loss of Spirits and breathing stopped or inflations and rising up of the Bowels with a sense of choaking and other symptoms commonly called or taken to be Hysterical follow or else secondly the Spirits being recalled from their watches and turning on the nervous Stock transfer their rage sometimes on the spinal Marrow and the Nerves reaching from thence into all the exterior Members Wherefore in some whilst they would indulge sleep in their beds immediately follow leapings up of the Tendons in their Arms and Legs with Cramps and such unquietness and flying about of their members that the sick can no more sleep than those on the Rack Once I was consulted with for a noble Woman who was in the day-time cruelly tormented with the pain about the heart and Vomiting but in the night she was hindred from sleep though it seemed to approach by reason of these kind of Convulsive Distempers invading her with it nor indeed could she sleep all the night unless she had before taken a large Dose of Laudanum wherefore this Medicine at first being permitted her only twice a week afterwards she took it daily for three whole months contracting by it no hurt either in her Brain or about any other function and when in the mean time by the use of other Remedies the Dyscrasies of the Blood and the nervous Juice were amended and the Animal Spirits were made more benign and gentle she having after that wholly left off her Opium could sleep indifferently well These kind of sleep-destroying Distempers stirred up either within the middle part of the Brain or within the nervous Stock either more inward or more outward do depend wholly on the evil constitution of the Animal Spirits for those who ought to be gentle clear and bright and to actuate gently the containing bodies and to influence them with a benign influence become sharp and fierce and like Effluvia's sent from Stygian Waters unable to be restrained do distend them too much and refuse to be governed by the command of the will and to be quieted by sleep yea being restrained in one place they immediately grow tumultuous in another Such a constitution of the Animal Spirits proceeds from the acid and oftentimes as it were Vitriolick Dyscrasies of the Blood begetting it and of the nervous Juice cherishing and increasing it as shall be more fully shewed hereafter when we speak of madness In the mean time as to what belongs to the Cure of thorow or long waking which we but now described because it cannot be long tolerated therefore those things which may bring present ease ought first to be administred for this end those things which sooth the Spirits and gently moderate their disorders are convenient as those commonly called Anodynes viz. Distilled Waters Decoctions Syrups and Conserves of the Flowers of Water-Lilies Cowslips Mallows Violets Hearts-ease of the leaves of Willow Lettice Purslain also Emulsions or Juicy expressions If that the unquiet Spirits will not be allayed by gentle flatteries you must compel them into quietness as it were with bonds and strokes plenty of them ought to be diminished and the places also to be inlarged in which they may expand themselves in freedom and without tumult and quitted from the intanglements of other Humors to wit of the Blood and Serum For which ends sometimes the opening of a Vein is convenient and Blisterings are always to be made use of also Diacodium and Laudanum if it be convenient are frequently given and in the mean time whilst that Opiates give some truce to the Disease the cause of it ought carefully to be rooted out by the use of other Remedies as much as may be wherefore such as take away the sharpness of the Blood and nervous Juice and render a sweetness to them are to be administred day after day in Physical hours In which rank are shelly Powders Apozems and Distilled Waters Alterers made out of temperate Antiscorbuticks the more gentle prepared Chalybeats Spirits of Harts-horn and of Sut and almost before all other things the Tincture of Antimony is much esteemed There remains another sort of thorow or long Waking the cause of which in some if not in the greatest part consists in almost a continual openness or too much gaping of the Pores or passages in the Cortex of the Brain For besides that the Animal Spirits becoming sharp and somewhat outragious refuse to lye down of their own accord and to indulge rest moreover no stop or yoke is imposed upon them from the nervous Liquor entring into the Pores of the Brain but being free and quitted of all burthens they are also expanded within the exterior spaces of the Brain every where open wherefore for this cause those troubled with long Waking
good dyet let her take also Morning and Evening a Dose of Cephalick Powder or Electuary drinking after it a draught of Posset drink with the leaves of Sage or Betony or the Roots or Seeds of Poeony boiled in it Let the Infant take twice a day a spoonful of proper Distilled Water Let him have an Issue made in the nape of the Neck and let it lye sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other and rarely or never on its back If a Neck-lace of Coral or little balls of the Seeds or Roots of the male Poeony be worn about the Neck or at the pit of the Stomach it is not altogether useless if that in sleep being often and grievously shaken they are seen to be more dangerously troubled with this Distemper let Blisters be raised in the hinder part of the Neck or behind the Ears also Evening and Morning let there be daily given a Dose of the Powder of Ammoniacum or other proper Dose in a spoonful of Distilled Water or Iulep CHAP. VII Of the Vertigo or a turning round in the Head HAving viewed the exterior compass of either part of the Head and detected the Diseases which beset the sensitive soul about the first beginnings and last springs of the Animal Spirits we shall next descend to the middle part of the Brain where the phantasie and common sense reside and behold what kind of passions these parts are obnoxious to Concerning this in the first place we shall note that sometimes troops or rather mighty armies of Spirits inhabiting these places are affected and sometimes also small handfuls or bands then again many of them are affected together or else only a few at a time or they become Elastick from an heterogeneous Copula and so are compelled into inordinate motions or as it were explosive or shooting off as in the Epileptick fit or suffering an eclipse as in the Apoplexy are deprived of all motion Concerning the former disposition of the Spirits we have formerly treated largely enough and the astonishing Disease we shall handle afterwards But in this place we shall speak of a certain Passion or distemper belonging to these parts viz. the Vertigo in which a certain band or handful of the Spirits are affected and their motions are seen to be partly perverted and partly suppressed Being but little solicitous about the names by which the Vertigo is wont to be known we shall describe the nature or formal reason of it after this manner viz. The Vertigo is an Affection or Distemper in which the visible objects seem to turn round and the sick feel a perturbation or confusion of the Animal Spirits in the Brain that they do not rightly flow into the Nerves Wherefore the visive and the loco-motive faculties do often in some measure fail that those labouring with it fall and oftentimes are covered with darkness In this fit it is observed that the imagination and the common sense are in a manner deceived whilst they believe the quiet objects to be moved but the rational judgment remains for we understand our error and we presently ascribe this fallacy to the inordination of the Animal Spirits for that we plainly know that the spirits flowing within the Brain do decline from their wonted irradiation or beaming forth and do not rightly perform the offices of motion and sensation during the fit That we may find out the Morbific Cause and the preternatural manner of the Vertigo we shall inquire after what manner this same affection or Distemper how extempory or sudden soever it be is wont to be excited from non-natural things for men ordinarily become Vertiginous or have a turning in their head with a long turning round of the body looking down from an high place passing over Bridges Sailing and by Drunkenness and many other ways It will be worth our while to consider a little further the means of affecting by which these exterior actions stir up this turning or rolling about from whence it will the better appear what kind of intrinsick causes â—ay be able to excite this passion In the first place therefore when men are foâ—â—ome time turned about both in that motion all things seem to be turned about and also they ceasing from turning about that still continues in the phantasie so that the affected oftentimes fall to the ground further though they shut their eyes they still perceive as it were a turning round like the turning about of a Mill in the Brain The reason of these is not that the deception of the sight is first brought to the eyes and afterwards continued for some time because this affection is caused by the turning round of the body whether they look with or shut their eyes But indeed the cause of this apparition wholly depends upon the fluid substance of the animal spirits For that the spirits flowing within the Brain are even like to water or a thick heap of Vapors included in a Phial which being shaken round about together with the Vessel and made so to turn about continues for a time that motion though the Vessel stands still in like manner also when the body of a man is turned round about the spirits inhabiting the Brain from that turning about of the Head like the containing Vessel are agitated into spiral or round motions and when therefore they cannot irradiate the Nerves with their wonted influx and direct beams from hence oftentimes a Scotomy or dizzness and a failing of the feet together with a rotation or whirling about of visible objects are induced The visible Hemisphere seems to turn round because as the sensible impression is received by the means of the recipient so the objects as the spirits seem to be moved round about Secondly looking from on high and passing over Bridges stir up a Vertigo or giddiness in the Head for that there is a terror cast on the imagination from unaccustomed objects as also from the site of the body or going in danger whence that being very solicitous how it should rightly order and more firmly direct the spirits into the bodies of the Nerves calls them back into the middle part of the Brain and so perverts them from their wonted afflux and irradiation and whilst it indeavours to set their battel in better array and to direct them more surely by too great a care drives them into a certain confusion and irregular motion Wherefore 't is observed that drunken men and very bold because they are not careful or solicitous concerning the guiding of the animal spirits suffer no such thing Sailing or riding in a Coach causes a turning in the Head by the like reason as the turning round of the Body because the very fluid spirits being too much agitated like water shaken in a Glass leap hither and thither disorderly Further it is wholly for the same reason why many going by Ship or by Coach are subject also to cruel Vomiting to wit because the spirits being snatched
same is wholly darkened and suffers a full eclipse The word Apoplexy denotes percussion and by reason of the stupendous nature of the Disease containing as it were something divine it is called a Sideration or Blasting for those taken with it being as it were Planet struck or with an invisible Numen fall suddenly to the ground and being deprived of sense and motion and the whole animal function ceasing unless that they breath they lye a long time as if dead and sometimes yield to death But if they revive oftentimes they are taken with an universal Palsie or else of one side The immediate subject of the Apoplexy and the nearest are the Animal Spirits inhabiting that region of the Brain where the principle faculties of the knowing or understanding soul reside to wit the Callous Body but we conclude the mediate subject to be the middle part of the Brain because from hence the instincts of all spontaneous motions proceed and in this the perceptions of all sensible things are terminated by what means the Cerebel and Praecordia and all the other parts both Animal and Vital are secundarily affected we shall shew anon when the symptoms of this Disease and their reasons are delivered Upon the coming of the Apoplectick fit all the acts of every spontaneous and knowing function to wit which depend upon the brain it self are forthwith hindred and cease the reason of which is because the Animal Spirits being suppressed in their chief place of meeting to wit the Callous Body both their next motion of expansion in that place as also their flowing forth into the nervous appendix is wholly defective For therefore by reason of such an eclipse of them in that place an immediate and an universal darkness is caused in the whole animal region which is under this government yet in the mean time the Pulse and respiration as also the motion of the Ventricle and Intestines are after a sort performed either perfectly and freely or at least interruptedly and with pain forasmuch as their actions proceed wholly from the Cerebel which is not at all or but little hurt by the Morbifick matter But it will seem difficult to be explained after what manner and from what causes the Animal Spirits are so suddenly and all at once suppressed and as it were extinguished about their first spring of emanation so that all sense and motion depending thereon ceases every where Concerning this there are many and diverse opinions of Authors whilst some place the cause of the Apoplexy in the Heart and others in the Brain then some lay the fault on the intemperance of that and others on the evil conformation of this Further the obstruction of the Brain is said by some to cause the Apoplexy in the greater Ventricles by others in its Pores or lesser passages then the obstruction being taken for the cause of the Disease and wholly binding up the lesser Pores of the Brain is said to excite the fit either because the afflux of the blood for the begetting of Spirits is hindred from those parts or because the flowing forth or emanation from thence of the Animal spirits is kept back It would be a tedious thing to examine the opinions of every one and to consider the weight of their reasons The Theory of this Disease seems to be very exactly delivered by the famous Webferus for in the first place for the finding out of its so abstruse and hidden causes he brings Histories or Anatomical observations in which the Phaenomena are declared in many dead Carcases of those dying of this Disease to wit in three struck or blasted he had found the blood extravasated or out of the Vessels here and there in great clodders and had largely marked the substance of the Brain in another the Serous Colluvies had overflowed the whole head both without and within the Skull From these footsteps of this most hidden Disease thus detected the Author concludes That the principal places affected are not the greater Ventricles but the middle marrowy substance of the Brain and Cerebel which is every where porous and indued with very small passages both that the vital spirits may flow in thither from the blood and that the animal may flow forth But indeed he affirms That the whole cause of every Apoplexy doth consist in these two viz. either in one of them or both of them together to wit either because the flowing of the blood thorow the Arteries to the Brain is deny'd or else by reason that the flowing forth of the Animal Spirit from the Brain and Cerebel thorow the Nerves and Spinal Marrow is prohibited or for both these causes together As to the former he proposes a threefold means whereby the blood may be hindred viz. First Either by reason of the obstruction of the inner Carotid Arteries and of the Vertebrals to wit which happens in the greater Vessels and chiefly about the ascent of the Brain from the blood concreted into cloddery pieces or in the lesser Vessels which pass thorow the brain from a Viscous Matter planted in them Or Secondly the flowing in of the blood is detained from the brain by reason of the compression of those Vessels which sometimes happens because the Paristhmia or Kirnels of the hinder part of the Neck do so swell up from a Serous heap of watry Humors that by pressing together the Arteries passing thorow shuts forth the passage of blood to the Head Or Thirdly The bloody flood may be hindred because a Vessel being preternaturally opened within the Skull great quantity of blood is poured forth which should otherways go to the benefit of the brain As to the other cause of the astonishing Disease viz. from the flowing forth of the Spirits being hindred he affirms that may be caused by two ways to wit either by reason of the obstruction of the beginning of all the Nerves caused by a serous inundation or by a sudden compression of the same which is caused either by an heaping up of too much blood in the Meninges or in some parts of the brain it self or in its Ventricles or else by a disposition of the Phlegmonodes These most ingenious reasons indeed seem to challenge our assent for that more probable or more likely are not easily to be brought but because we think some of these are to be altered and others to be added therefore we shall here institute though not a different yet somewhat another reason of this Disease And in the first place though we grant that the flowing in of the blood may be sometimes denyed to the Brain yet we do not believe that it only happens after the aforesaid ways nor that for that reason the Apoplexy doth arise We have elsewhere shewed that the Cephalick Arteries viz. the Carotides and the Vertebrals do so communicate one with another and all of them in several places are so ingraffed one in another mutually that if it happen that many
part of his Neck an immense quantity of water flowed and from that time even till he dyed it still flowed forth hence as I suspect he became so waking by reason of the watry humor being so greatly drawn away from the Brain The head of this dead Man being opened the interior cavities of the Brain or all the Ventricles being filled to the top with clear water appeared as if they were distended yea the medullary cord it self about the top of the Back-bone seemed to be drowned and compassed about with water laid up there Without doubt for this reason the Pains and Convulsions so cruelly tormented him in his Loins Members and all over his Body and by reason of the deluge in the Ventricles he became obnoxious to blindness of his sight and to frequent loosenings of his limbs Nevertheless hence no Lethargy but a waking was induced by reason of the waters being so much derived from the compass of the Brain by the Blistering Plasters He had also a Dropsie in his Breast by reason of his Lungs being much vitiated His Liver appeared of a mighty bulk besprinkled every where with white spots and almost without blood so that to these faults of the Viscera the vices of the Blood and nervous juice ought in some measure to be ascribed CHAP. X. Of the Delirium and Phrensie THUS much concerning Cephalick Diseases by which the Animal Functions by themselves and as they are Corporeal without any respect to the Animal Soul are wont to be hindred or perverted In some of which viz. the Vertigo and Palsie the Intellect for the most part remains clear and lively and in the rest like the eye placed in an obscure place it beholds the species either not at all or a few objects only of a more rude appearance but is not easily snatched into any great error or fury which kind of symptoms are ordinarily induced by reason of other Distempers of the Head and of the Spirits inhabiting it of which we are now about to treat For if at any time the Imagination is so disturbed or perverted that it falsly conceives or evilly composes or divides the species and notions brought from the Sense or Memory presently for that reason the intellect beholds or forms conceptions and thoughts only deformed distracted one from another and very confused Which indeed are represented to it from the Brain evilly affected and as it were monsters from a multiplying or distorted Glass As there are many ways by which the Imagination and by consequence the mind and will and the other powers of the superior soul are wont to be perverted or depraved all of them are noted by the common word Foolishness or talking idly But this Distemper is distinguished into shorter which is called a Delirium and into a longer or continual which is either conjoined with a Feavour and termed Phrensie or it happens without a Feavour and then their is joyned with it either raving sadness or stupidity and so it is divided into madness melancholy and morosity or foolishness we shall speak of each of these in order and first of the Delirium and Phrensie Although the Delirium is not a Disease of it self but only a symptom proceeding from other Distempers yet because it happens in some of them that for the most part it is cured by Remedies appropriate to it therefore it will not be amiss for us to inquire a little more strictly into the causes and nature of it This word taken after an especial manner is the same with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or a going crooked or out of the right or straight way and denotes an hurt of the same Animal Function such as ariseth in fits of the Feavour Drunkenness and sometimes in the passions called Hysterical and induces men for a short time to think speak or do absurd things either some of these or all of them together The Delirium is excited forasmuch as the Animal Spirits being either too much irritated or acted into confusion are carried tumultuously into disorders hither and thither within the globous compass of the Brain where the Phantasie and Memory have their seats and so whilst the various images of the imagination and the memory being excited at once are confounded together they object only incongruous and absurd phantasies to the rational Soul and so both the acts of the intellect and the will are only inordinately chosen or drawn forth In like manner it happens by reason that the Animal Spirits being moved within the middle of the Brain or the Callous Body that incongruous conceptions and confused thoughts are objected to the rational Soul as in a long circumgyration or turning about of the body the images of visible things are carried to the common sense whence all things seem to be turned about and sometimes to be lifted up and sometimes to be depressed to the ground that nothing is beheld stable or standing in its due place and position In a Brain rightly disposed the motion of the Animal Spirits are performed as it were in certain numbers ways and measures whilst some Spirits are raised up in these tracts others lye still in those and so they succeed one another in their motions and the several acts of every faculty are made distinct like so many wavings of water in a River but in the Delirium all the Spirits leap forth at once and meeting one another tumultuously or variously laying hold on one another are agitated like mad Bacchanals Further even as these being struck with such a fury within the compass of the Brain do stir up manifold and very much disturbed cogitations so whilst they are carried without its confines into the nervous original they produce incongruous speeches absurd gestures of the body and members and not rarely Convulsive motions But for that such a rage of the spirits otherways than in the Phrensie or Madness presently grows cool and their tumult being over none of their wandring tracts are imprinted in the Brain the Delirium soon passes over and the distemper'd come immediately to themselves again without any marks left of their foolishness or idle raving If it be demanded from whence this short fury is impressed on the spirits inhabiting the Brain that the Reins of the mind being shaken off they turn thus all things upside down in their government we say that they conceive this kind of inordination from a twofold reason to wit this rage or madness is brought immediately to them from the blood washing the frame of the Brain or some Animal Spirits outwardly dwelling in the nervous Stock enter first of all into some disorder then the same being communicated by the nervous passages affecting in like manner the spirits there inhabiting stirs them into a Delirium There are various causes and kinds of either of these the chief of which we shall here touch upon and first shall be shewed how and for what occasions the Blood being either
or for a long time continue in their irregularities and when the Palsie Apoplexy Vertigo or Convulsion are not joined to this Distemper of theirs which argue obstructions of the Brain it may be inferred that the Animal Spirits not fetching their force elsewhere are driven into such inordinations nor do chiefly conceive their disorders by reason of the Pores and passages of the Brain being obstructed but rather in this case they cause these aforesaid Symptoms in the sick from the default of their own Nature Such an indisposition of the Animal Spirits is wont to be described after this manner to wit that they when as they ought to be transparent subtle and lucid become in Melancholy obscure thick and dark so that they represent the Images of things as it were in a shadow or covered with darkness The explication of which does not seem incongruous forasmuch as we have already shewed that the Animal Spirits flowing forth from the inkindled Blood go forth after a manner as the rays of light from a flame And it sufficiently appears that the light shews and illustrates it self diversly according as it proceeds from the burning of bodies flaming forth after a various manner as of Spirits of Wine Oyl Fat Mineral Sulphur Nitre and others in like manner the Animal Spirits forasmuch as stilled forth from the Blood having got this or that or some other disposition they are either subtil clear or dull thick and as it were sooty they variously pass thorow and irradiate the organs of the Animal Functions and so for that reason diversly pervert their actions But further when as the Animal Spirits are not wholly loose and free as the little bodies of light but mutually cohere or stick together and left the continuity of the soul should be broken off they ought to be contained in a certain Latex therefore these with the Vehicle to which they cleave may be very aptly compared to some Chymical Liquors drawn forth by distillation from natural mixtures Which Analogy indeed seems fittest for the unfolding the mad distempers 1. Liquors Chymically Distilled are according to the active Elements after a various manner combined in them of a diverse kind the chiefest of these by the consent of all are said to be such as in which the Spirit being united with the Salt doth volatise it and on the other side is sharpned by it and after a sort fixed or kept Of this sort they conceive the great Elixir and the Liquor Alcahest to be and indeed in a manner are the Spirits of Blood of Harts-horn of Soot and such like very subtil volatil and penetrating yet not apt to be inflamed or suddenly to be dissipated And indeed the Animal Spirits seem to be after a manner having obtained a sound and legitimate disposition like a spirituous liquor stuffed with a volatile Salt which is distilled from Blood besides to this there is given from the fire an high Acrimony and Empyreuma or smatch of burning which are wholly absent from the liquor watering the Brain and Nerves 2. Other Chymical Liquors are sulphureous and burning as the Spirits of Wine and Turpentine which consisting of Spirit and Sulphur combined together are easily inflamed and depart one from another of their own accord and fly hither and thither what way they can find the Animal Spirits of this nature as we shewed in the former Chapter seem to be in the Phrensie 3. Some Liquors or Spirits are produced by Chymical operation in which the fixed Salt being carried forth to a Flux hath obtained the dominion of which sort are such as are distilled from Vinegar ponderous Woods and some Minerals with a gentle fire whose particles are very moveable and unquiet but of a short activity so that Effluvia's do not long flow from them that if they should be distilled in Balneo nothing but an insipid Phlegm would be carried into the Alembick And indeed the Animal Spirits in Melancholick Distempers are to be suspected to be of this kind of acetous nature with the dominion of a fluid salt as shall hereafter be more largely shewed 4. Some Stagmas drawn forth by Spagyrick art are sometimes most sharp to wit in which the untamed Particles of a fluid Salt and also Sulphureous and Arsenical being combined together are exalted as are the Stygian Waters distilled out of Nitre Vitriol Antimony Arsnick Verdigriece and the like all which are of a fierce nature very penetrating and not to be broken so that their Effluvia's are agitated with a perpetual motion penetrate every thing and are also diffused far and wide And these kind of Liquors may be aptly likened to the disposition of the Animal Spirits acquired in Madness as shall be anon declared But for the present that we may deliver the formal reason and causes of Melancholy let us suppose that the liquor instilled into the Brain from the Blood which filling all the Pores and passages of the Head and its nervous Appendix and watring them is the Vehicle and bond of the Animal Spirits hath degenerated from its mild benign and subtil nature into an Acetous and Corrosive like to those liquors drawn out of Vinegar Box and Vitriol and that the Animal Spirits which from the middle part of the Brain irradiating both its globous substance as also the nervous System and do produce all the Functions of the Senses and Motions both interior and exterior have such like Effluvia's as fall away from those Acetous Chymical Liquors Concerning which there may be observed these three things 1. Their being in perpetual motion 2. Not long able to flow forth 3. not only to be carried in open ways but to cut new Porosities in the neighbouring bodies and to insinuate themselves into them From the Analogy of these conditions concerning the Animal Spirits it comes to pass that Melancholick persons are ever thoughtful that they only comprehend a few things and that they falsly raise or institute their notions of them We shall consider of each of these a little more largely 1. Therefore we shall take notice that the Effluvia's falling away from these distiled Acetous Liquors are perpetually in motion for the Spirits of Vitriol or of Vinegar or Sea Salt continually evaporate the reason of which is because those Particles of the fluid Salt do scarcely agree with any others but where ever they are stopped being apt immediately to leave their subjects seem to endeavour to get new consorts And hence some have thought nothing more like to perpetual motion than the Acid Spirits of Minerals shut up and Hermetically seal'd in a Phial for so the Vapours or Effluvia's will creep about the sides of the Glass with a continual Circulation In like manner we may suppose That the nervous Acetous Liquor is instilled from the Blood sometimes stuffed with a fixed Salt or with Vitriolick Particles or other heterogeneous into the Brain for the matter and Vehicle of the Animal Spirits and
use of an inferiour reason 3 Nervous Liquor how a cause of the head-ach 108. the habitual head-ach depends chiefly upon its fault c. 109 wherefore it oft-times becomes corrosive c. 202 Nutritious juice how it excites the head-ach 108.110 111 O. OPâ—ats how they cause sleep 128. how they operate in the Ventricle or Brain how as assigned by Webfer 156 P. PAlace or seat of the humane mind in the Phantasy 41 Palsie what it is 161. its seat ibid. it s conjunct causes 162. in the Palsie either motion or sense only or both together is hurt ibid. spontaneous motion is abolished by reason of the ways being obstructed either in the beginnings or middle passages or about the ends ibid. the ways are obstructed by impletion or compression or by a breaking of the unity ibid. an obstruction in the streaked Bodies causes the universal Palsie or the Palsie of one side ibid. why sense is not hindered as well as motion in every Palsie 163. why all Muscles of the Eyes and Face are not loosened in an universal Palsie ibid. a compression of the streaked Body sometimes stirs up the Palsie ibid. a paralytick obstruction doth sometimes happen in the oblong and spinal Marrow ibid. a Palsie often succeeds Stupidity ibid. a Palsie sometimes from the pressing together of the Marrowy chord ibid. sometimes from the unity being broke 164. the seat of the Palsie sometimes in the Nerves themselves which are either obstructed or compressed or the unity broken ibid. an obstruction sometime in the beginning of the Nerves sometimes in the middle or in their utmost processes ibid. the other conjunct cause of the Palsie ibid. in every Palsie the matter is not so thick or cold as it is vitriolick and other ways infestous to the Spirits ibid. the blasting or withering of Trees like the Palsie ibid. the more remote foregoing causes of the Palsie ibid. the Palsie is either a primary Distemper and a Disease of it self or secondary coming upon or succeeding other Diseases ibid. why the Palsie often succeeds convulsive Diseases ibid. why the distemper of the Colick 166. why the Gout ibid. the evident causes of the habitual Palsie ibid. want or paucity of Spirits oftentimes the cause of the spurious Palsie ibid. for which reason old men are obnoxious to this Disease 167. also scorbutical Persons and such as are full of ill humours ibid. also others long sick ibid. hence some dare not venture on local motion others endeavouring cannot bear it long ibid. the second kind of Palsie in which motion and sense are hurt at once ibid. the third kind in which sense only is affected 168. why feeling is sometimes lost and motion safe ibid. the Prognostick ibid. the Cure 171. Histories and Examples of Paralyticks 174 Paraphrenesis what it is 181. its conjunct causes 181 182. wherefore breathing is hurt in this Disease ibid. its Prognosticks 184. Cure 185 Parts of the corporeal Soul 22. parts serving for hearing how they differ in man and some four-footed Beasts 74 Passions their History from 45 to 55 Phantasy or imagination the power thereof in Brutes 38. 't is often deceived ibid. in man 't is the intellect presiding over the imagination V. Intellect the seat or palace of the humane mind in it 41. the pleasing of it and the senses cause sleep 90 Phantastick desires are immense 52 Phrensy V. Delirium Platonists and Pythagoreans affirm'd the Soul of Brutes to be an incorporeal substance 2 Pleasure and Grief the two primary affections of the Soul 48. they affect the two roots of the Soul viz. the Brain and Praecordia ibid. and 49 Praecordia wherefore and how esteemed the seat of holy affections 47. why call'd the seat of Prudence and Wisdom ibid. they and the Brain the two roots of the Soul 48. they truly labour in the Incubus 142 Prototype of a sound by and by stirs up innumerable Ectypes 70 Pupil of the Eye in some round in others longish the reason inquired into 83. its colour in some black in others grey reddish or otherwise colour'd the reason shewn ibid. R. REasons of very many Authors perswade that the Soul of Brutes is not only corporeal but fiery 5. the reason of good and evil either concerns the corporeal Soul by it self or united to the Body or subjected to the rational 45. reasons of Colours and Images unfolded 77. reasons of the symptoms in Love-madness explained 199. of Tumors and Vlcers in the Kings Evil c. 202 203. of symptoms in Madness 205. why wise and strong men are not always begot of strong and wise men 210 S. SAlivation in inveterate head-achs without suspicion of the Venereal Disease whether it ought to be administred 119. the means and manner of salivating by Mercury unfolded 119 120 Sense what it is 56 57 to 60 Serum how it excites the head-ach 108. its evacuation through its right way being suppressed brings its Flux to the head 110 Sight the most noble Sense 75 77 78 Sleep unknown or greatly controverted what it is 86. Schneiderus's opinion that it is an inorganical faculty of the Soul ibid. its subject not the whole Body 87. the Animal Spirits its immediate subject ibid. all the Spirits injoy rest but not in sleep c. ibid. it s immediate subject is the knowing part of the sensitive Soul ibid. the mediate are the Bodies contemning it 88. its formal reason and beginning ibid. and causes 89. 't is either natural not natural or preternatural ibid. by what and how many ways it begins from the Brain first affected 90. not from fumes ibid. its matter conveyed only by the Arteries 91. why raw and indigested meats induce sleepiness ibid. how it seems to begin in the Eyes ibid. the effects thereof 92. why those that sleep are apt to be cold outwardly ibid. the Blood performs its offices better in sleep ibid. what it affords to the lucid part of the Soul ibid. benefits of sleep noted ibid. Soul the contemplation thereof whereto it conduces 1. divers opinions of the Soul 2 3. three things to be considered in the Soul of Brutes 6. various kinds of Brutes Souls described c. 7. Insects have fiery Souls c. 8. whether fiery Souls in Bloodless Creatures 13. the corporeal Soul in man subject to the rational 18. a double subject of the Brutal Soul 22. whence two parts thereof c. ibid. the sensible part divisible 23. the Animal Spirits constitute its Hypostasis ibid. its beginning 29. frames it self before the Body and increases with it ibid. the Bodies duration depends upon it ibid. like flame it has its trepidations c. 31. as strong in sense and motion as a machine 32. if immaterial also rational ibid. the common sensory not the whole Soul 33. 't is like a self-moving musical Organ 34. the rational far exceeds the Brutal how both joyn'd in man and how they frequently disagree 38. the rational Souls priority ibid. the first act of either is simple apprehension ibid.
Desire and then an inflowing being made into the appropriate Nerves into a Prosecution of the desired thing all this is performed without the Image of the Object increased by the Imagination also without any Perturbation known in the Praecordia or the Blood It is much otherwise concerning sensible Desires got by Custom for when as a Fruition once happens to the Spirits inhabiting this or that Sensory of a more pleasant Object having moderate things in Contempt afterwards desire the same and being not long Content therewith still aspire to others more pleasant so the Palate being accustomed to more delicate Victuals loaths every thing unless spiced Aliments and prepared with most exquisite Sawce In like manner may be observed concerning the Smelling Sight Hearing and other Sensitive Functions to wit that the Appetite proper to any of them for as much as it once exceeded what sufficed Nature is always carried to more excellent Objects and they for the most part only fresh the reason of this seems to be that the chief Pleasure of the Sensitive Soul consists in a more lively Motion and larger Expansion of the Spirits implanted in every part but such a Motion of them depends very much upon the Excellency also the Variety and Change of the Objects For whatsoever moderate or too familiar thing happens to the Spirits it little affects them for every motion supposes a Superior and a Virtue of the Object somewhat unlike to the Agent wherefore when any Object by daily use obtains a Similitude or Equality with the Spirits that is less apt to move them therefore that the Activity or the lively unfolding of the Spirits which is the Effectress of Pleasure may be continued a long time leaving the Fruition of every old and worn-out Good it always tends to new and more high things After this manner thô every Organ of Sense puts forth Desires peculiar and proper to themselves it reiterates them with a perpetual change but for as much as Objects applied through Corporeal Contact rather than by Effluvia affect more vehemently the Sensory therefore the greatest Company of Desires arising from the Sense are wont to be referred to Luxury or Lust. The Desires of the Spirits dwelling in the other Sensories for as much as they take only the Species or the little Bodies falling off from sensible things and less thick Embraces therefore they are more temperate and are often directed to better uses But our wants are chiefly Imaginary and proceed from Opinion and from hence a most plentiful Crop of Desires grows up For indeed every Man breaths after Felicity or after a certain Divine State wherefore it seeks very much things apparently Good which are said to Conduce to this State and endeavours to obtain them But having followed certain Goods it finds not the desired Satisfaction in them therefore it seems to want others and then again others So for as much as Men always tend to the highest Good or last end and that he attains it not in his life-time there is a Necessity of infinite Wishes and Desires concerning the intermediate Goods Hence it is that whatsoever another has yea whatsoever of Good the Phantasie can conceive or feign presently we believe we have need of it and therefore we desire it and wish for it So though there is an immense Company of Concupiscible things yet as most Men place their felicity in Riches or Honours hence the Chief Species of Desires arising from Opinion and therefore not to be satisfied are Covetousness and Ambition As to Aversion this Passion seems only to be the former inversed and in like manner to take its Original either from a certain Defect perceived by the Sense or taken from Opinion for a Sense or Opinion of want calls to either a declination of the same manner of State Wherefore when the Animal Spirits in the Sensories are deprived of the Enjoyment of a necessary Good or of what they were before accustomed to they either conceive or set before them the approach of its Contrary and these being very unquiet let go the Embraces of every present Object and set themselves to perform or enter into a new Confederation until either the Sense or the Opinion shall detect some apparent Good to the desire and following of which the same Spirits are busied And so Aversion being for the most part a Passion of it self Vain and quickly perishable terminates in the desire of Good that may supply the Defect so Carefully shun'd Having shown after this manner for what Causes and upon what Preparations or fore Occasions the Sensitive Soul enters into Passions of Desire and Aversion Let us now see after what manner or ways of Gesticulations or Gestures she is Composed in either Affection As to Desires begun from the Organs of the Senses it is observed that whil'st the Spirits there implanted are carried towards the absent Object all fruition being left they as it were naked and destitute of all helps like Beggars ask an Alms which as they most greedily desire as it were about to take by force that Good they exceed the limits of their Subject and oftentimes when the Desire is vehement almost the whole Soul is drawn into Parties and by a certain going out from the Body wanders towards the desired thing or at least emits a Portion of it self That it is so it plainly appears in that mad affection of Lust in which the genital Humor containing Fragments picked from the whole Soul is poured forth In like manner in a pleasant Sight Sweet Odor and most pleasing Harmony the Animal Spirits as it were lifted up role together out of the Sensories towards their Objects but on the contrary in Aversion they betake themselves inward and sometimes forsake the Sensories themselves As to desires excited by reason of the Opinion of want the Sensitive Soul being impatient of a Lot so poor becomes very instable and unquiet all the acquired Goods of its Body it neglects and disesteems also refuses to hearken to the dictates of Reason yea being altogether precipitate in desires she always looks outward and as it were with wings is ready to fly to this or that apparent Good hence by the disorder of the Spirits flying hither and thither the Nervous Parts are variously distracted and Men betray their desires by their Countenance and going also the Breast and the Praecordia being moved together the Blood like the Sea working with the winds is compelled into various Fluctuations that those affected sometimes grow Pale and sometimes are over-spread with redness also from the same Blood entring inequally and impetuously the Confines of the Brain succeed inconstancy of Judgment and frequent Changes of a thing proposed as sometimes they will do this anon that as if ten Minds were together by the Ears in one Man According to the aforesaid Characters or Scheams the Sensitive Soul is composed about absent Good and Evil and not
into disorder by too great a motion and confused fluctuation run inordinately into the heads of the Nerves of the wandring pair and for that reason stir up Convulsions and Convulsive motions in the Bowels Thirdly 'T is observed that the Vertigo comes upon Drunkenness as a known symptom and that to those unaccustomed the drinking though moderately of Wine or strong Ale also the taking of Tabaco easily induces the same affection the reason of which is because from the Liquor or vapour so taken certain fierce particles and untameable are carried into the Brain by the passages of the Blood and nervous Juice which being improportionate and incongruous to the Animal Spirits drive them hither and thither from their wonted tracks of flowing and reflowing or ebbing and so move them into whirlings and turnings about These are the chief occasions or solitary evident causes which do use to bring the Vertigo or turning round in the Head to some men how sound of constitution soever they be which kind of effect these occasions produce forasmuch as the Animal Spirits being disturbed beyond their set courses and orders are moved inordinately fluctuating here and there both within the passages of the Brain and also some of them like a thred broken off from their wonted irradiation into the nervous Stock For these being always reciprocal depend mutually one of another to wit a perturbation of the Spirits within the middle part of the Brain and their flowing forth into the nervous Stock being hindered for from what ever cause either effect is induced the other immediately follows A turning round of the body going in a Coach or in a Boat or Ship also Drunkenness and the unaccustomed fume of Tabaco compel the spirits in the Brain to fluctuate and shake disorderly which for that cause are presently inhibited from their wonted flowing into the Nerves that those so affected can hardly go or stand in like manner on the contrary looking from on high passing over Bridges a languishment or syncope falling on them recal the spirits from their wonted emanation who for that cause tumultuating within the Brain or being moved inordinately cause a Scotomy or dizziness or a turning round of the objects These things being thus premised concerning the Vertigo raised up by reason of an outward accident or from a solitary evident and non-natural cause we shall next inquire how and by what means it is wont to be induced from an intrinsick and preternatural cause Concerning these take notice that the Vertigo is sometimes a symptom depending upon some other Distemper placed sometimes within the Brain and sometimes without it but sometimes this is a Disease of it self which being raised up within the middle part of the Brain becomes very troublesome and often terrible and very hard to be Cured As to the former many Cephalick Diseases or such as belong to the Head viz. Acute pain the Lethargy Epilepsie Carus Apoplexy with many others do often accompany the Vertigo to wit because the equal expansion of the Spirits in the Brain and therefore their irradiation into the nervous Stock from such like various Morbific causes are easily hindred or disturbed as shall hereafter appear when we deliver the Aetiology or reason of the Vertigo as it is a Disease of the Brain But sometimes this symptom is wont to be produced by reason of other Distempers placed a long way from the Brain and that chiefly by two ways or means For first it is usual for a dizziness to arise by reason of the flowing of the Blood being suddenly called away from the Brain as in a Syncope or Swooning great want coming near it wicked hard labour great Haemorrhagies or expence of blood long fasting in passions of violent sadness and fear yea by reason of other occasions when the motion of the blood is deficient or fails in the heart so that the affected are proclive to faintings and swooning away presently because the tribute of the vital liquor is withdrawn the animal Spirits growing deficient in the Brain withdraw their radiation from the nervous Stock for when their spring is cut off those that remain leaping back from their emanation wander about confusedly in the Brain and very often stir up the Vertiginous Distemper Secondly an inordinate recourse or flowing back of the Animal Spirits from some inward or from some outward member often causes the Vertigo forasmuch as the Spirits being disturbed from the affected part by a long series thorow the passages of the Nerves at length disturb others inhabiting the middle part of the Brain and drive them into the like disorders for this cause it is that sharp humors gnawing or pulling the Fibres of the Ventricle because the infestous and irritative matter being moved in the Spleen Pancreas or Intestines causes light dizzinesses in the Brain I have known from an accute pain an Ulcer or a mortified Inflammation in the Foot or Arm frequent tremblings and failings though short in the Brain to have been induced Whilst that the conceived inordination of the spirits is transferred from the distemper'd part thorow the Nerves into the Brain a certain Formication or tingling or as it were the ascent of a cold air is seen and perceived wherefore the cause of this Distemper is commonly ascribed to Vapours arising up to the Head which error we have elsewhere sufficiently confuted Further many are wont when they have fasted or stayed long beyond their hour of dineing to have a dimness before their eyes and their heads to have a turning and then afterwards those clouds vanish having eaten a little this does not so happen according to the vogue of the people for that wind or vapours ascend to the Head from the empty Stomach which the aliments being taken in do immediately suppress but because the Fibres of the Ventricle and the nervous Filaments or little strings being destitute of the nervous Juice with which they desire to be watered are wont to enter into corrugations or wrinklings and light Convulsions which kind of Convulsions and disorders of Spirits for that they are continued thorow the passages of the Nerves into the Brain produce the Vertiginous Distemper which as soon as the Fibres of the Stomach remit their wrinklings ceases of its own accord For this reason I have known some by a Vomit being given tearing the coats of the Ventricle to have been taken with a cruel Vertigo yea I do suspect that this Distemper does sometimes arise from meats of ill digestion and ungrateful to the stomach But the Vertigo is not only a symptom but sometimes a primary Disease of it self whose nature that we may the better search into we ought to inquire into its subject the formal reasons and causes of it and then these being found out and truly unfolded we will proceed to its prognostick and Cure Without doubt the immediate subject of the Vertigo are the Animal Spirits which every one labouring with this Disease
finds to be greatly disturbed and wandring up and down but the mediate subject are those parts of the Brain in which the Imagination and common sense reside and whence the next way lies into the nervous Stock These are the Callous and streaked bodies For indeed the Animal Spirits love to expatiate themselves and to he expanded or stretched forth on every side within these medullary places as in a most ample Field and pleasant Garden wherefore like beams of light with a full and streight ray they pass thorow all the Pores and most thick passages of the marrow hence it is that whilst they gently flow in one line from the outmost border of the Callous body to wit from the streaked bodies and turnings and windings of the Brain towards its middle part they represent pleasant imaginations and phantasies and whilst in another line they flow forth perhaps thorow other passages from the middle of the Callous body into the infoldings or windings about of the Brain they transferr thither signets or marks of notions for the Memory and then whilst they tend into the streaked bodies and the beginnings of the Nerves they actuate all the moving parts and carry to them as often as there is occasion the instincts of the motions they are to perform But in the Vertigo these equal emanations of the Spirits as it were rays of light seem to be intercepted and diversly perverted in various places because some bands or handfuls of the Spirits are obscured others are bended another way and moved hither and thither into turnings round and whirling about and oftentimes snatched transverse or cross one another Wherefore confused phantasms wandring and inconstant images or actions of sensible things are represented in the Brain by reason of the Spirits so disturbed Then forasmuch as the irradiation into the nervous stock is lessened or hindred a dizziness and failing of the motive function follows If that we should yet further inquire into what hinders or obstructs the ways whereby the Spirits are compelled thus to go aside or tumultuate within the Brain it seems probable that these inordinations of theirs do depend upon a two sold cause viz. first that certain fierce and extraneous Particles being entred deeply into the Brain together with the nervous Juice stick close to the spirits and move them into enormous motions but this as appears from common experience happens to every one on the immoderate drinking of Wine or Strong-waters or the unaccustomed taking of Tobacco by the eating of some Vegetables or being anointed with Mercury for that some Heterogeneous bodies and infestous to the Spirits follow them and are snatched with them even to the middle part of the Brain why may not such kind of Morbific particles and Vertiginous be supplied from the Blood and other humors very much vitiated and insinuated into the inmost conclave of the Brain Then secondly we may suspect that when the serous foulness doth by degrees creep forward with the nervous Juice and at length penetrated deeply that it doth contaminate these pure marrows and greatly stuff up its Pores so that the Animal Spirits do not shine or beam forth with a clear and full light but with a weak broken and as it were with many shadows mingled or interspersed with it In an habitual Vertigo and inveterate it seems to be plain that the Conjunct Cause doth contain both these from the proof and that not light taken from things that are hurtful and helpful For I have observed in many that this affection or Distemper hath been altered much for the worse or for the better upon two occasions for whatsoever things being inwardly taken that beget turgid particles and apt to grow too hot and rageing as Wine Strong-waters spiced pepper'd and flatulous or windy food always hurt those troubled with the Vertigo and for the same occasions no less hurtful are those things by which the brain is filled and more stuffed as Surfeits sleeping at Noon or overlong in the Morning the Southern wind a cloudy thick and moist air a low and watry habitation on the contrary the same persons are much helped as they easily perceive by a slender and light dyet also by a clear air and an open soil where the wind has a thorow passage Thus much concerning the subject the formal reason and the conjunct cause of the Vertigo now in the next place let us inquire into its Procatartick or more remote leading cause by reason of whose morbid provision or predisposition these two evils are wont to be induced on the spirits inhabiting the middle part of the Brain But here we apprehend both the Brain it self with the watering Liquor and also the Blood with its infected humors to be in fault The vice of this is most often that it turns from its right temper into a sour acid and otherways vicious disposition and being degenerate perverts the nourishing Juice and also gathers in its bosom a Serum and filthiness of diverse kinds which it is ready to pour forth into the Head But there are many evident causes to wit an evil dyet and errors in the non-naturals also the Scurvy a long or malignant Feavour and other Diseases going before by reason of which the Blood becomes so full of ill humors and so hurtful to the Head In the mean time the crime of the Brain is for that its temper is humid and weak its frame loose and infirm with its Pores too much open and gapeing more than they ought so that all the heterogeneous strange and elastick Particles together with the serous or otherways diseased recrements being poured forth from the Blood into the Head are easily admitted into the Brain together with the nervous Juice and because of its more open Pores fall down without any let or stop into the middle part viz. the Callous and streaked Bodies This kind of too dissolute or loose habit of the brain is in some innate and originally further those who are of a tender constitution to wit delicate soft and luxurious Men and Women whose spirits are not able to suffer any thing strongly easily contract a Vertiginons Distemper or rather increase it to wit because when the spirits of the Brain cannot resist the incursions of strangers they give way to every matter that is drove to them but in others though strong inordinate feeding a sedentary life frequent surfeiting also intemperate sleep and study an inveterate Scurvey evil gross humors a long â—eavour and other diseases of the Head do very often cause this kind of evil disposition of the Brain From what hath been said the differences of this Disease are easily gathered for that I may pass by what we but now mentioned that it was either a primary Distemper of it self or secondary arising or depending upon others further we noted that the primary Vertigo so it were light and not deeply rooted was only troublesome with fits excited from an