hath the Number 10. at the corner of the brass Plate A DECLARATION OF THE TABLE OF THE NINTH CHAPTER This Table represents the Muscles and bones of the Breast its Membranes and Diaphragma FIG I. A The Pectoral Muscle in his scituation B The same Muscle out of his scituation C Serratus major anticus in its scituation D The same a little removed out of it E Serratus anticus minor totally in its scituation F The subclavian Muscle in its scituation f The Clavicula bowed back under the pectoral Muscle gg Platysma myodes in the neck with their right strings GG c. The external intercostal muscles without their scituation HH c. The internal intercostal muscles in their scituation II A portion of the Diaphragma in its scituation K Part of the great artery descending L The hole for the Gula passing the Diaphragma M The hole for the Vena Cava descending NN The square muscles of the loyns in their scituation of which Chap. 12. OO The muscles called Psoas in their scituation of which Chap. 19. FIG II. Shews the bones of the breast as they are to be seen forwards AA The Sternum B The Mucronata or sword-like Cartilage CC c. The cartilaginous part of the Ribs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The true Ribs 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. The bastard Ribs FIG III. Shews the Ribs Vertebrae and processes on the back part  FIG IV. The Breast opened in which AA The Mediastinum drawn to the side BB The tunicle of the Mediastinum diducted under the Sternum C The right lobe of the Lungues FIG V. AA Part of the Pleura drawn at one side from the Ribs BB The Ribs laid bare from the Pleura CC The Ribs cloathed with the Pleura FIG VI. Shews the Diaphragma separated from the Ribs and Vertebrae AAA The fleshy part of the Diaphragma covered with its Membrane BB The Phrenical arteries CC The Phrenical veins D The passage of the Vena Cava E The passage of the Gula. FFF The membranous part of the Diaphragma G The hole between the fleshy portions of the descending of the great artery FIG VII A The left nerve of the Diaphragma B The right nerve of the same C The superior membrane of the Diaphragma separated D The fleshy substance of the Diaphragma E The hole for the Gula. F The hole for the Vena Cava GGG The Membranous part HHH The fleshy parts between with the great artery descends CHAP. 10. Of the Heart and Lungues THE Heart and Lungues occupy the Cavity of the Breast although the Oesophagus Wind-pipe and common vessels have also their proper places in it Before we can behold the Heart we must remove the Pericardium by which the Heart is wrapped round It is of a Membranous substance and not only contains the Heart in its proper place but also defends it from injuries neither is this Tunicle single but is observed to be outwardly the same with the Mediastinum inwardly to proceed from the vessels produced from the Heart It hath smal Veins from the Phrenical its Arteries are are scarce conspicuous It hath Nerves from the external and internal branch of the sixt pair and its Recurrens although the right branch of those Nerves which are carried to the Diaphragma passe by the out side of it it is very neer the Heart only there is that Interval between the Heart and it which is commodious for the motion and pulsation of the Heart about the Basis of the Heart where it is joyned to the Mediastinum it gives passage to the Veins and Arteries It contains in it a thin Liquor gathered of resolved vapors whereby the driness and suddain heaviness of the Heart is allaied The Heart it self which is the Prince of all the Bowels and the Fountain of vital heat and Spirit by whose flourishing the Creature flourisheth and by whose languishing it languisheth and by whose failing it dies I call it the Fountain not of that primoginial heat produced by the substance of the Seed but of the influential heat which is taken from nourishment or drawn by Blood It consists of a thick and compact substance that it may not only keep that hot and vital Spirit to its self but also communicate to the whole Body by the Arteries It hath a proper Membrane of its own which is very thin and yet very strong The coronal Vein and Artery are distributed about the exterior part of it the Vein from the Vena Cava which by a Moon-like shutter stops the Blood running back the Artery from the great Artery which gives his branches most especially to the left side of the Heart it hath Nerves from the next branches of the sixt pair which are distributed to the fleshy substance of the Heart and are scarce observable to any of those which come to the Pericardium we have spoken before of which that which proceeds from the left Recurrens gives a branch to the Basis of the Heart neither can the Heart want these for its motion sake because it moves before the animal faculty gives either Sence or motion It hath very many Spermatical parts according to the recess of its Cavities like Nerves in form but larger and if you dilligently view them in a Dissection you shall find they have a pore within The greater part of the Heart is covered with fat which preserves it from consuming which sometimes is so copious that the blind South-sayers that judged by the entrails of beasts said they had no Hearts because they could not see them for fat There hang appendices neer the Basis of the Heart on each side and by reason of their likeness they call Eears and their substance is almost like Save only that the left is a little more solid they are both of them hollow and full of Nervous strings yet the Heart being contracted Systole it may receive the Blood flowing into it and return it back again the bigness of the Heart in Man is famous though various according to age and Temperament It is divided into the Basis or broadest part and the top which is the narrowest and ends in a poynt It hath two Ventricles the right and the left the right is the thinner but the larger distinguished by a thin and fleshy portition which sometimes being doubled makes a third From the right Ventricle the Vena Cava takes its original whose beginning is strong being Membranous with shutters at the end that it may administer Blood to the Heart to perfect I call it a vessel because it contains a liquid substance to be distributed to all the parts of the Body and a Membranous vessel on it consists of its own proper Tunicle which is single and soft that it may the better draw the blood by inosculations and yet for safeguard in its progresse where it lies more open it is covered with the covering of the adjacent parts Also the Provident Creator hath added shutters to it to wit very thin Membranes in form like a
in the Rete Mirabile the Blood is prepared for the Generation of the animal Spirit in the Brain But the Ventricles before mentioned together with those that follow by the aprobation of Modern Physitians are ordained for the collection of air and abounding flegm The chink which is in the valley of the foremost ventricles being lightly drawn aside makes the third ventricle of the Brain according to the opinion of the Ancients in which two passages are observable of which the foremost is carried down to the Funnel a Process sticking up which they compare to a womans Privities the hinder which they liken to the Fundament is carried to the Cavity of the Marrow of the Back and shews that space which the beginnings of that marrow make by their mutual concourse being famous with four protuberances and maketh the fourth ventricle constituted between the Brain and Cerebellum But that Cavity which the principal Authors of Anatomy call the fourth ventricle seeing it properly belongs to the Cerebellum we will speak of it when we come to it in order of Dissection Of those Protuberances some are lesser and proper to the Brain which are called Testicles others greater and called Buttocks from a certain similitude they bear to those parts The Glandula Pinealis is neer these so called because 't is like a Pine-nut It is in substance somewhat hard reddish easie to be resolved and compassed about with a thin Membrane it is set before the hinder passage of the third ventricle to wit the channel that passeth to the beginning of the Marrow of the Back Now the superior parts of the brain being taken away by Dissection and drawn to the side the Cerebellum appears and the Basis of each beginning of the marrow of the back from whence the Nerves take their common original The Nerves are vessels of the same substance with the Brain thin and white Chords if you except the first and second pair which being coupled together by the Meninge make long and round Channels by which the Animal Spirit which is the Author of sence and motion is carried to the several parts of the Body they have Veins and Arteries for their nourishment and vital heat they have no Cavity discernable to the eyes seing they seem to contain a whitish marrow within which both wounds and obstructions in them sufficiently manifesteth the dilligence of Nature in preserving them is admirable for it brings the Nerves to the parts they are appointed for by a certain flexure as they pass the holes of the Vertebrae it defendeth and strengthneth them with a seminal substance most of them make a plexure one with another and make a substance like a swelling or contraction ere they pass further as though they would unite their strength in their progress they are harder Amongst the Nerves which take their original within the Skull the Nerves of smelling come first to view they take their slender beginning from the Basis of the Brain beyond the hole of the rocky Process which gives passe to the Nerve of the fift pair and by degrees growing neerer together and thicker they are extended above the Os Ethmois the Process called Crist passing between they make the swelling Processes called Mamillaxes with their extremities and these in such Creatures whose smell is strong are larger The next pair are the Optick Nerves which the Ancients held to be the first they are great but soft and more porous than the rest they take their original backwards from the beginning of the marrow of the back where the two legs of the vault are stretched out in the midst of their journey they are joyned that the spirit might more easily pass from one eye to another then being separated they pass through each hole of the wedg-like Bone to the right and left Eye this pair being taken away the Infundibulum comes in sight being a Membranous Channel like a Funnel growing narrower by degrees from a broad Basis and carries the redundant flegm to the Glandula under it The Glandula it self is called Pituitaria and is placed in the Saddle of the Wedg-like bone and sends the moisture it receives by the holes next to it to the Pallat. The second pair of Nerves are those that move the Eyes and are therefore called Motorium they take their original neer the former at their beginning they are joyned afterwards being severed they pass to the Eyes by the second hole of the Wedg-like Bone and to the Muscle which lifts up the upper Eye-lid to the Adductor and the lesser oblique Muscle to this we adjoyn that Nerve which is called the lesser Branch of the fift pair which coming from the middle Basis of the Brain passeth to the Muscle of the Eye called Abducens The third pair of Nerves takes its original behind from the basis of the Brain and in its progress is joyned to the former in the hole of the Eye which when it toucheth it is divided into two branches whereof one passing above the Eye by the bony Channel or hole of the Forehead is distributed to the upper Eye-lid the Skin and the Muscles of the Forehead The other branch passeth under the eye and proceeding between the two long Lamens and sending branches both to the tunicle of the Nostrils and to the temporal Muscle it passeth by the hole of the fourth bone of the upper Jaw to the Muscles of the upper Lip and others of the Face some call this the first branch some the first and second of the third pair which joyns it self to the fourth pair to this third pair we ad that small Nerve which arising from the Basis of the Brain neer the prominences which are called Testicles entring the Apple of the Eye is carried to his Muscle called Trochlea The fourth pair ariseth from the Basis of the Brain with the former but a little before it and descends by the sixt hole of the Wedg-like bone and after in its passage it hath bestowed branches upon the temporal Muscle the internal Alar and the Buccae to the Teeth of the upper Jaw the Pallat and Gums it is carried into the internal hole of the lower Jaw and gives branches to the roots of the Teeth and passing out again at the external hole of the same Cheek it s distributed in the inferior lip and his skin the branch of this pair which remaineth passing by the Muscles in the mouth it is distributed to the sides of the Tongue That small Nerve is nothing else but a branch of this pair which the Ancients called the fourth pair thinking it to be a pair by it self and is distributed in the Pallat and his Tunicle The fift pair ariseth from the very beginning of the marrow of the Back where it is joyned to the Cerebellum it passeth the first hole of the bones of the Temples it is of one soft substance and is the proper organ of Hearing another harder which passeth through the hole called Caecum by the Ancients
Sponges take away the superfluous moisture thereof It s largeness is various according to the diversity of Bodies In some it is not stretched below the Navil and in some it is the fatter it is the heavier it is so that in very fat Women it causeth barrenness In all it is double and the Tunicles being taken away between the Stomach Spleen and the Gut Colon it often give a receptacle to wind and serosus humors It s fatness takes away its natural coldness and driness and yet in falling down it is very subject to putrifaction for this very reason It is joyned to the round lobe of the Liver to the Sweet-bread Spleen and bottom of the Stomach to the Gut Colon which its office is to cherish The Omentum being taken away the Stomach appears being an Organical part of the inferior Ventricle which converts the foot being taken and well chewed by the teeth into a white substance which the Ancients called Chyle it consists of a three-fold Membrane which is stretched out when it receives in meat and contracted again when it is digested the outward Membrane is called common and it is supposed to receive it from the Peritonaeum the middle Membrane is more fleshy that so it may retain the more heat the inner is fuller of Nerves and is the very same that cloatheth the inside of the pallat this is wrinkled and unequal for the better embracing the meat and that it may not be suddenly vexed with the acrimony of juyces it is defended with a mucilaginous crust a delicate variety of Fibrae is both in the middle and inner tunicle stretched out rightly obliquely and orbicularly which gives solid strength and easie motion to it The stomach receives veins partly from the trunk of the Vena porta partly from the branches thereof both from the right which is called the Mesenterick and from the left which is called Splenical From the trunk of the Vena porta ariseth the vein which is called Vena gastrica dextra others call it Pylorica and it is divided about the lower Orifice of the stomach from the Splenical branch ariseth the vein called Gastrica major which compassing about the superiour region of the stomach and the superior Orifice in form of a Crown is called Coronaria and by certain Anastomosis joyns it self to the Pylorica then the lesser Gastrial veins and the short vessel or short vein which is sometimes within sometimes without the Spleen is stretched out towards the bottom of the stomach sometimes it is not single but manifold Lastly the vein called Gastroepiploica sinistra which comes from the lower branch of the Splenical vein is distributed to the left side of the bottom of the stomach as also to the Omentum from the Mesenterick branch ariseth the vein called Gastroepiploica dextra which also is distributed to the bottom of the stomach partly before and behind and partly to the Omentum and it receives Gastroepiploica sinistra by Osculations All these you may see cleerly delineated in the Table of the following Chapter figure the sixt The Arteries of the Ventricle or stomach arise from the Coeliacal branch of the great Artery from its right and especially its left branches and keep company with the veins like man and wife together The Nerves give the animal Spirit from the external branch of the sixt pair both right and left and are very copious about the upper Orifice hence comes the sence of that place to be so ready and exquisite and such a wonderful consent betwixt the stomach and the bowels for that pair of Nerves seing it is not bestowed upon the stomach alone but also upon the rest of the parts of the Abdomen makes a great consent between them we shall speak of it here briefly but shall describe it and shew it fully in the Theater There ariseth a Nerve of the sixt pair within the skul from the beginning of the marrow of the back a little below the fifth pair which seems to arise out of the concourse of very many smal Nervs having passed the Skull it is knit to a Nerve of the seventh pair and passeth to the tongue and the Muscles of the bone Hyois and on both sides it is divided into an external and an internal branch The outward branch of the right side after it hath administred branches to the Muscles in the Neck then in its progress to the internal Muscles of the Larinx then to the Sphincter of the Throat between the Jugular vein and the Artery called Carotides it slips under the Clavicula in the breast certain branches which it sent out being again united they make that Nerve which is called Recurrens or running back because running back about the subclavian Artery neer the right side of the Aspera Arteria or Wind-pipe then into the Wind-pipe then is distributed in the Muscles of the Larinx making its Progresse from thence and giving smal branches to the Pleura and Pericardium It is stretched out not only to the external tunicle of the Lungs but also in the Lungs themselves to the Branchi of the Aspera Arteria by many branches At last having obtained the name Stomachicall it is divided into two Branches and penetrating both the Gula and Diaphragma it embraceth the superior Orifice of the stomach with a Net like contexture of many small Nerves and it bestows a smal Branch also upon the Liver The Internal Branch of the sixt pair on the right side strengthens its Fibrae with a long red and callous substance In its Progresse by the fore-part of the Neck whilst it applieth to that plexure which is made of the cervical pairs of Nerves and taking small Branches from them growing thick again by its own callous Body it is carried to the Thorax or Breast in which descending under the Pleura neer the roots of the Ribs A small Branch being taken from each inter costall Nerve whence it obtained the name Costalis at last having passed the Diaphragma and sent certain small Branches to the Original of the Mesenterium with the other Internal Branch which is its companion it produceth a Nervous plexure variously guarded with callous Bodies from which by the right Region of the Mesenterium Branches passe to the Guts to the Omentum Liver Gall and right Kidney The remainder of it which is free from this plexure is partly spent upon the os Sacrum partly upon the bottom of the Womb and right side of the Bladder In like manner is the Nerve of the sixt pair distributed by the left side of the breast and Abdomen Save only the external branch of it bends back its Recurrens under the trunk of the great Artery Besides it sends a special Branch with very many Divisions to the Pericardium and the Heart its self then it passeth to the Nervous plexure of the Mescuterium partly by its self partly united to the right Stomachical having first sent a speciall Branch to the Liver The
of the Skull here is often a collection of excrements and a filthy putrifaction and sometimes callous matter and stones found in a Dissection the fourth of the greater Cavities is shorter passing between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum two Branches being first produced it is partly bestowed upon the callous Body and partly enters in two parts the foremost Ventricles of the Brain making a portion of the plexure called Chorois Where there is a concourse and community of these Cavities there that Funnel called Herophilianum is constituted The Dura Mater is firmly joyned to the Sutures of the Skul especially to the Os Sphenois at other places it is at distance both from the Skull and the Pia Mater as the increase and decrease of the Brain requires The other Membrane for the diversity of its habit is called Tenuis Meninx and Pia Mater It is a very thin and soft Membrane not only wrapping the Brain round but also enrowling the turnings of many Veins and Arteries which accompany it which may be easily separated from it The word Brain comprehends both that properly called so and also the Cerebellum it is made of a cleer substance of the Seed and makes the animal Spirit by which the Soul which is the Governess of the Body performs both Sence internal and external and also voluntary motion therefore in living Bodies it is swelled with gentle heat and Spirit in dead Bodies being dissected in thin slices it shines like Alablaster The Ancients thought the Brain was clouded or obscured by Melancholly or vapors drawn up thither Hippocrates rightly conceived that wounds passing deeply into its Cavities were mortal and yet here is a huge difference either by reason of different properties in Nature or the ambient air for light offences either of the Skull or Meninges kill some presently and others whose Brain it self is wounded escape yea although some part of it be taken away and separated by reason of putrifaction also the wound growing together the leaden Instruments used in the cure remain many yeers fixed in the Brain and Meninges The Brain receives Veins on each side from the internal branches of the Jugulars and small passages from the Cavities of the Dura Mater carrying Blood It hath Arteries from the Carotides and those which rise up by the Vertebrae which have but a single Tunicle like the Veins the substance of the Brain hath no Nerve at all and therefore 't is void of sence although it give original to all the Nerves It s largeness in Man is famous and it increaseth and decreaseth as the Moon doth it is divided into the right part and the left by the Hook-like Process of the Dura Mater it hath diverse Cavities which we shall lay open in the particular dissection it hath an evident heat although compared with the other Bowels which are hotter it may be accounted cold and moist also it is made moist by accident seing the vapors sent unto it from the Breast and Stomach are turned into water from whence flowing to the inferior parts if it have not power to resolve them it brings sickness in the small Guts It is garnished with many circulations like the River Meander above it is round like a Sphere and therefore Pliny calls it the Heaven of Man because in figure it imitates the most Sacred and Noble part of the World It is seated by the most wise God within the strong defence of the Skull and the Dura Mater The Brain is moved like the Arteries not so much by any inherent vertue of its own as by vertue communicated by the Heart The Cerebellum is another part of the Brain produced of the same substance with its self and endewed with the same Vessels although fewer in number it is nothing neer so big as the Brain and must yeild to it in roundness but it consists of more Lamens it is hid within the large Cavities of the hinder part of the Head and its office is consecrated to the MEMORY These things thus premised we come now to the Method of Dissection wherein the distinctions of the substances of the Brain are to be viewed as also the callous Body the two foremost Ventricles the Speculum Lucidum the Fornix the Plexus Choroides the third Ventricle and beside that the Eminences in the fore and hinder part of it then the Brain being deduced to the sides and the shorter Process of the Dura Mater being draw away the Nerves of smelling The first second third fourth and fifth Conjugation of Nerves the Infundibulum and Glandula Pituitaria are to be observed then the Brain and Cerebellum being turned to the right side the Rete Mirabile the Process and Cavity of the Cerebellum which is called the fourth Ventricle and the beginning of the Marrow of the Back comes to view The substance of the Brain is double the external which is softer and of a more ashy or yellow colour and the internal which is more sollid and white this they compare to the Marrow the other to the Bark The Corpus Callosusn or Callous Body is a hard portion of the Brain conspicuous between its foremost division under the sides of which the two foremost Ventricles lies These Ventricles are the largest Cavities of the Brain compassed with a thin skin and by their bowing exceed in length its Marrowy substance on the upper part from a broad and blunt beginning it grows something sharp towards the third Ventricle or common Cavity from hence on the backward parts they grow roundish again downwards towards the Basis of the Brain and being bowed like a hook toward their first beginning they are attenuated and end neer the original of the Optick Nerves They are divided into the right and left Ventricle a thin partition passing between them and the substance of the Brain which being withdrawn and held against the light is transparent and therefore called Speculum Lucidum To this is joyned above the Fornix or vault being a callous substance of the Brain it obtained this name because like the vault of a House it sustains the waight of the Brain which else would fall down into the Cavities It is underpropped with three legs of which two are stretched out downwards towards the Basis of the Brain and embracing the root of the Marrow of the Back neer the sides which a singular prominence being neer with a crooked vally they design the inferior Cavity of the foremost Ventricle on each side Arantius gave the name of Hippocampus or Sea-horse and Silk-worm to them the third leg of the vault is stretched forward over the common Cavity of the said Ventricles Besides in the foremost Ventricles is obvious the Plexus Choroides made of a subtil Membrane and very small Glandulae and smal branches of vessels variously infolded both from the fourth Cavity and the branches of the Carotis and Vertebral Arteries That neat and wonderful distribution is seen by the lower Cavity of the Ventricles in which even as
you disdain not to turn thy eyes and mind to the Corps of Man Artificially dissected whether the Profession of Wisdom or Physick delight thee I promise thee here something worth thy labor and not to be despised for there is not the least nor most abject part of Man but by its admirable structure thou maiest know him that made thee to be most wise most powerful Thou shalt find out the causes of all the actions the consent and concord of thy whol Body the Foundation of Health and Sickness thou maiest the better apply Remedies to afflicted parts and in the time when Nature calls for remedy thou needest not be hurried on with rashness nor retarded by fear In the Body of Man both Ventricles and Limbs are to be heeded the common name of Limbs comprehends both Hands and Feet we cal those notable Cavities of the Body Ventricles in which Nature hath placed diverse parts dedicated to diverse actions to settle their abode in Of these are three The first which is the lower is called the Abdomen and is internally compassed with the Psritonaeum it is called the Abdomen because it hides and involves all those Bowels which are ordained for the preparation of the nourishment of the whol Body the begetting of Children the producing and cherishing of the Seed The second which is the middle is bounded about with the Pleura It is in the Fountain of vital heat and in it are the Lungues The third which is the highest is included in the head and stoutly defended by the Skull in this Plato placeth the Coelestial part of Man We because we would avoid putrifaction begin the Dissection at the lower Ventricle or Abdomen whose fore part which is next the lower Cartilages of the Ribs the ancients called Hypochondria and is divided into the right and left But the other we of Modern times very fitly call that part which is next the Stomach and the uppermost Guts Epigastrium but that which contains the lower part of the belly even to the groyn and privities Hypocastrium the middle between the Epigastrium and Hypogastrium we call the region of the Navil the back part of the Abdomen the upper part of it is called the Loyns the lower part the Buttocks Of the parts of the Abdomen some are common to the whol Body some proper to its self the common parts are the skin scarf-skin fat and fleshy Membrane The Skin is a Membranous covering of the Body drawn over the outward parts defending them from injury and giving judgment of tangible Objects I call it a Membranous covering because the substance is the same with a Membrane and it is stretched abroad like it yet it differs from a Membrane in Temperament conformation and office it takes its original not from Blood nor yet from the Vessels but from the Seed and this the first radiments of the Embrion in the womb testifies which Nature compasseth about with a thin skin even so soon as it is compacted Hence also like other Seminal parts even in a Blackmoors under the black thin skin it is white neither when it is lost doth Nature restore again the same but another substance like it which is called a Callus or Scar. It receives its quickness of sence from the Nerves not only the extremity of which but also diverse small branches are spread abroad in it as is very cleer in the third and four pair of Nerves which pass to the face and the sixt pair which pass to the Arms. It receives also many small veins and Arteries that so it may be furnished with blood for nourishment and vital spirit for quickning that the coldness and dryness of it may be allayed that part of of it about the Abdomen is supplied by veins and Arteries from the Epigastricts Lumbals and Mammary branches The Habit of the skin is altogether different according to the variety of temperament age sex and region The skin on the top of the head is thickest that on the sides thin that on the face and palm of the hand thinner and that of the lips thinnest of all that on the tops of the fingers is mean that so the sence of touching might be the more perfect It hath very many passages or holes in it of which some are wide as the mouth nose ears eyes and privities c. seing they are necessary either to receive in food or cast out excrements others are small and innumerable by which sweat and fuliginous vapors transpire It is in colour naturally white and sticks loosly to the fat that is under it so that in some places being cut it may be blown up from it as hath been tryed by some in that barbarous fashion of cuting Leprosies It sticks fast to the fleshy membrane of the fore-head as also to that of the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands So that the motion of those parts it is drawn into wrinkles together with it by which as by Hieroglyphicks the curiosity of mans brain hath drawn indications of things to come A famous thin skin covers this skin externally which the Greeks very acutely call Epidermis the Latins Enticula and we Scarf-skin it takes its original from the dewy moisture on the out side of the skin which is made thick into that form partly by the gentle and nourishing heat of nature partly by the driness round about whence it comes to passe that the Embrion being yet very tender yet this though very soft is found about it it obtains its firmnesse by age even such a firmnesse that sometimes it restrains the excrements that pass through the pores of the skin It is extended all about the body where the skin is and sometimes through hot and fiery vapors that pass through the pores you may see it divided as in such cases when we English say the skin pills off It is all together void of life and sence and yet so firmly knit to the skin that it can hardly be seperated Neither is the use of this Scarf-skin though it seems so smal a busines smal for without this could not the pores of the skin be covered the continual moisture of the body restrained the body be made able to endure heat and cold nor the limbs be clensed of durt and filth Serpents seem yearly to cast off this Scarf-skin but the scaly skin is not a true Scarf-skin but a thin membrane made of viscous slime and filth and the driness of the air about the same happens to men in feavers especially upon their tongue Underneath the skin is the fat which is an unctuous or greasy substance of the body produced out of the Oyly substance of the nourishment which lying like a mat about the body not only defends it from the injury of cold but also restrains the immoderate dissipating or scattering of the internal heat therefore in the Child even when it detained in the womb it begins to grow yet is it more in quantity and thicker after
it is born Art imitates Nature in this in that it puts Oyl upon Liquors which are full of Spirit least the Spirit should exhale The body is universally surrounded with it if you except the Eye-lids the lips and the Privities of men the office of which would be vitiated either by needless weight or superfluous moisture The fat is thickest about the Abdomen and loyns mean upon the breast and thinnest upon the head nature providently regarding and providing for the want of all places the fat considered in it self Quatenus fat wants both life and sence yet it receives both from the Mammary Lumbal and Epigastrick branches of the arteries and the strings of the nerves which are mixed with it The matter it self from which it is produced shew its temperament to be moderately hot mixed with an aerial moisture Its effects are evident viz. moderately to heat and attenuate and more plentifully to moisten Also it is well known to profit much in pains of the sides and joynts to keep the hair from falling off and to take away the deformity of scars It grows most about the hottest parts of the body and cannot positively take its original from cold that kind of fat which is called Pinguedo is softer than that which is called Adeps I suppose Adeps to be that which we English vulgarly call Suet and as it grows with more difficulty so it melts without ease It is joyned to the skin and to the membranes underneath it and besides the foregoing uses it moistens and refresheth those parts of the body appoynted for violent motions lastly it is placed in the intervalls of the Muscles to better their motion and encrease their comliness Underneath the fat of the whole body is stretched out the skin which the Latins call Membra Carnosa and Panniculus Carnosus I know not what better version to give it then a fleshy membrane Although in the Abdomen of a man ripe in years it carries no fleshy appearance at all yet about the fore-head the Neck the hinder part of the head and the Ears it hath an intertexture of Musculous flesh and therefore it serves not only to keep the Fat in its due place but also to divide one Muscle from another and all of them from the other flesh It obtains veins Arteries and Nerves from the neerest branches to it it is stretched out over all the parts of the body even where the use of the Fat is either very little or none at all Its constitution is not alwaies single for in fat bodies you shall find it often double sometimes manifold in respect of temperature it is cold and dry which coldness and dryness is quallified by the neerness of the flesh and Fat it is exquisite in sence anoyed by sharp vapors and suddain shakings it sticks close to the Fat to the Muscles to the ligaments of the bones at which places it may easily be found Place here the Table of the first Chapter which hath the Number 1. at the corner of the brass Plate AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE FIRST CHAPTER The first Figure shews the Effigies of a living Man in which not only the external parts of the Abdomen but also the Veins under the Skin which are conspicuous are represented A The right Hypochondria B The left Hypochondria CC The Epigastrium DD The Bowels EE The Hypogastrium FF The Groyns G The Region above the Privities H The Vein of the Forehead I The Vein of the Temples K The external Jugular Vein L The cephalick vein of the right Arm. M The basilick vein of the right Arm. N The middle or common Vein which is not in the same place in all Bodies O The cephalick vein of the left Hand P The vein of the left Hand called Salvatella QQ The Vein Saphaena descending RR The Vein Saphaena in the Foot it it self SS The Sciatick Vein The Second Figure expresseth the common coverings of the Body of Man and the Muscles under them laid open A A The Scarf-skin B B B B The Skin C C C C The Fat. D D D D The fleshy Membrane E E Part of the pectoral Muscles laid open F F F Certain beginnings of the Muscles called Serrati antici majores GG HH II The Muscles of the Abdomen obliquely descending G HH Their toothed beginnings I I I I The tendon of the oblique descending Muscles under which the right Muscles of the Abdomen with their Nervous inscriptions appear K K The white line of the Abdomen CHAP. 2. Of the Bones and Muscles of the Abdomen and of the Peritonaeum THe parts which are properly attributed to the Abdomen are either external which deservedly bear the name of parts containing or internal which we call parts contained amongst the external are numbred the Bones the Muscles and the Peritonaeum connexed with them We begin with the Bones which are the drier parts of the body of man and the harder ordained for the stability of the whole body the firmness of the joynts and the strength of voluntary motion Their first substance they have from the seed and therefore they are all Carthilaginous at first and grow solid in process of time they are longest before they grow bony at the ends which the Greeks call Epiphyses and the Latins Appendices They are covered with a notable membrane which is called Periosteum of the vessels they receive in the Veins are evident the Arteries more obscure and the Nerves obscurest of all and yet the pain which is felt not in a few places when they are laid open by the hand of the Chyrurgion manifesteth that the Nerves penitrate not only to the external membrane but also into the holes of the Bones themselves There is a mighty diversity both in their magnitude and figure so that they ought all to be handled in particular and not in the universal They are in number above three hundred a great part of them are bowed into Sinus or stick out in heads which nature hath covered with a soft cartilage as it were with a crust that so the bowing of the joynts might be the safer and readier part of them have cavities like long pipes part of them have small holes like Sponges as the present bones of the Abdomen have all of them abound with marrow or with a juyce like marrow whereby their cold and dry nature is not a little mitigated The joyning of the Bones is made the stronger both by Carthilages and Ligaments of which the Cartilages are Spermatical parts usually joyned to the Bones but not so hard that so the joynts may bend the better The Ligaments are Spermatical also and are softer than the Cartilages although they are more or less soft according as they are round or flat It is very fitting we should take notice of the manner of their conjunction or joyning severally The Bones of the Abdomen are but few in number but of great bulk occupying the lower and hinder part of it in
the right Kidney n n n n The branches distributed in the Mesenterium and Guts o The branch which goes to the Os Sacrum p p The extremity of the internal right branch which is distributed to the Womb and Bladder q r The branches from the internal right side which make the plexure on that side ♄ The Nerve of the sixt pair on the left side in which the signification of the Letters is the same save only G Is the Nerve from the left Recurrens which is distributed to the Pericardium and Heart it self ** The Nerve which from the external left stomachical is carried to the Liver l l The Nerve which is carried to the Spleen and Gut Colon. m m The Nerve of the left Kidney The remainder are the same with the former CHAP. 4. Of the Mesenterium Sweet-bread Liver and Spleen THE most wise Creator of Man hath taken care by the intervening of the Mesenterium that the manifold foldings of the Guts might not come into a confusion and so mans health be indangered thereby It is a double Membrane furnished with Glandulae and fat joyned to the Peritonaeum fitted to cherish the Bowels as well as to keep them in Office and Order a famous number of Veins are dispersed in it from the right Vein of the Vena porta joyning themselves together by many Osculations even before those small branches go to the Bowels The Arteries are not inferior to these which proceed from the Mesenterical superior branch of the great Artery and also from the inferior It hath many Nerves from the plexure of the internal of the sixt pair and the Marrow of the Loyns To these belong those passages which carry the Chyle which the first observer of them called Venae Lacteae because of their white colour but this as it may be seen in the dissection of live creatures so the creatures being dead and the distribution of Chyle ceasing the whiteness cannot be discerned And yet it often happens that by reason of the intemperancy of men abundance of humors flowing through so many Vessels the pores which carry the Chyle are obstructed or in plain English stopped and the Juyce being putrified it causeth feavers the cause lying in the Mesenterium The largeness of the Mesenterium is great being encreased by fat which corrects the cold and dry temperature of the Membranes by heat and moisture it sticks strongly to the uppermost and third Vertebrae of the Lyons and binds the foldings of the Guts every where firmly to its self The Sweet-bread Pancreas is a Glandulous part of the Abdomen very profitable for attenuating and purging the Chyle and preparing it for the Liver and Spleen before it be turned into blood for as Nature deduceth the blood it self which is either for nourishment of the fruit in the womb or to make seed for the Generation of it by diverse degrees or steps even so the Juyce which it turns into blood it alters it in the mouth concocts it in the Stomach easeth it of excrements by the Bowels and by the sweetness of the Sweet-bread frees from sharp and salt humors and therefore the Sweet-bread is alwaies full of Chyle as you may find if you dissect a creature alive and cut it with a knife It receives the Chyle and having received it sends it to the Liver not by any veins or arteries descending from the Vena porta but by special passages which by reason of their colour Asellius named Venae Lacteae as I told you before they are long and round Vessels with a very thin Membrane very small ascending upwards from the Sweet-bread to the Liver about the place where the trunk of the Vena porta descends they pass downwards to the Guts with very small branches they have very small shutters which hinders the regress of the juyce they draw to the Guts the knitting of the Sweet-bread to the Spleen seems rather to perswarde a man that they pass thither than any passage yet found out and yet it is certain they do pass thither because they convey a watry portion of Chyle not yet coloured to the Spleen The Original of the Venae Lacteae is deduced from no place so fitly as from the Sweet-bread for as Nature produceth all veins and arteries from the trunk from which the branches are distributed throughout the Body so the foundation of the Venae Lacteae is at the Sweet-bread and the branches pass to the Liver and Guts and yet the Creator of all things would not bring them into one common Trunk by reason of the latitude of the Sweet-bread as the Nerves which are the Organs of the sences though they arise from one spring yet is their intervals in their originals the Splenical branch of the Vena porta and the left Coeliacal Artery as also small Nerves from the Gut Duodenum pass through the Sweet-bread and yet it hath a proper Vein of its own from the Vena porta and Arteries from the left Coeliacal and a thin skin from the Mesenterium which incompasseth it round Also there is a most observable and singular channel in the Sweet-bread lately found out by our Versungus which to a curious eye carries the structure and shew of a vein It ariseth from the Gut called Duodenum sometimes in the extremity of the biliar pore having a common Orifice with an outward shut sometimes neer the biliar pore from a distinct place it is stretched transversly in the Sweet-bread with short yet very many branches it is wide at the beginning and consumes by degrees before it come at the extremity of the Sweet-bread sometimes it is double in man but unequal in length and ariseth neer the biliar pore at about a fingers breadth distance The use of this channel is no waies hard to be found out for seeing it brings a certain sharp juyce not unlike to the Gall it separates the juyce of its own Nature from the Chyle and carries it away to the Gut Duodenum and therefore this being stopped the Sweet-bread swels by reason of the excrements retained and so many vessels being by this means compressed the Liver and Spleen receive no small damage The Sweet-bread in fat men is bigger and in such as die not through default of Nourishment it is of a cleer white colour and therefore of old it was called Lactium It is stretched out transversly under the Stomach towards the Spleen being more diducted towards the Liver it hath a wonderful nexure with the Liver by proper vessels and passages compassed about with a Membrane It sticks close also to the Duodenum as though it drew a part of its Chyle from it its copulation with the Spleen is not so strong and besides its former offices it cherisheth the Stomach The Liver succeeds this being a famous part in the lower ventricle being the shop or work-house of Blood and Natural Spirit Its substance is fleshy like congealed blood whence Erasistratus gave it the name Parenchyma in the Embrion like
french Bean which from them were called Kidney Beans outwardly bowing inwardly unequally hollow It is monstrous when both of them stick together or when they are so bowed that both ends touch or when either of them is double yet their surface is often unequal by reason of Glandulae that stick to them in the conception and remains even in age The copiousness of water that continually flows to the Reins mitigates their hot and dry quallity the right Kidney lies under the Liver the left under the Spleen neer the Muscles of the loyns called Psoas The right Kidney lies lowest by reason of the bigness of the Liver both of them are joyned to the Diaphragma and loyns by the outward Membrane The Ureters receive the urine being separated by the Reins and carry it to the Blader they are round channels composed of a double Membrane the exterior of which they have from the Peritonaeum for their strength sake the interior is propper to themselves strong and Nervous endewed with many right and oblique strings they have small Veins and Arteries from the next descending vessels and small Nerves from the Plexure of the sixt pair and from the loyns they are usually in number two sometimes more the third descending from the left Kidney neer the second They take their beginning from that loose and membranous Sinus which Authors call Infundibulum renum from which they pass within the small pores of the Reins and their extremities being opened they take in those fleshy knobs called Papillares which we spake of before to which they are usually equal in number then contracting themselves they descend and pass above the Muscles Psoas and pass into the Bladder toward the lower part thereof between the Membranes The Bladder is an organical part of the inferior Ventricle which keeps the Urine it receives from the Kidneys and expels it when the weight or acrimony of it makes it troublesom it consists of a three-fold Membrane the external of which the Peritonaeum bestows the other two are proper to its self of which the middlemost is thickest and full of fleshy strings and is of great concernment for the expulsion of the Urine the innermost is thin and quick of sence and defended from the sharpness of the Urine by a mucous crust It hath veins and arteries from the Hypogastricks Nerves from the lower internal branches of the sixt pair which touch not the plexure of the Mesenterium and also from the Os Sacrum not only age but also its violent stretching alters its magnitude It is divided into the bottom and the neck the bottom is the superiour and wider part of the Bladder from which the Vrachos passeth to the Navil which is wider towards the bottom but grows slender by degrees towards the Navil this when man grows to any age together with the Umbiliar Arteries makes that strong Ligament of the bladder by help of which the bottom of it is detained which else would be depressed by the Bowels lying upon it which see more at large in the Tenth Figure of the Second Chapter and yet sometimes it happens even in ancient people that the Vrachos being loosned by some violent means gives way to the Urine by the Navill The neck of the Bladder is the inferior part more narrow more fleshy The strings of this being cast in a circle makes the Sphincter which shuts the passage that the Urine may not flow from us whether we will or not The Bladder hath three passages of which two are obscure by which the Urine passeth into it by the Ureters one greater by which it passeth out It is in form like a Pear and possesseth the bottom of the inferior Ventricle the bottom of it is fastened by the Vrachos the Neck in Men to the right Gut and the Glandulae prostatae in Women to the Neck of the Womb and the Os Pubis Between the Bladder and the Reins in the publick order of Dissections there is worth the observation the descending Trunks of the Vena Cava and the great Artery although Nature seldom keep the same order in the number magnitude and scituation of the branches The Vena Cava after it hath sent out the Emulgent under the Diaphragma and the Spermatical veins passing downwards it sends out three or four Lumbals and distributes them to the Vertebrae of the Loyns and the marrow included in them the superior of which passing upwards are joyned by Anastomosis to the descending branches of the internal Jugular about the Os Sacrum the Trunk of the Vena Cava being placed under the great Artery is divided into two great branches which are called Iliacks to wit the internal and external from which the superior Vena Muscula and Vena Sacra proceed From the internal Iliack branch which is the least ariseth the Muscula Glutea and the famous Hypogastrick vein which gives branches to the longitude of the neck of the Womb to the Muscles of the bladder and right Gut and to the Os Sacrum from the external Iliack branch which is the greatest after the internal Iliack the Epigastrick vein which is double in Women and proceeds to the neck of the Womb and the Privities the remainder of it after it hath passed the Abdomen makes the Crural branch which we shall speak to hereafter The progress of the great Artery is not much unlike to this for after it hath brought forth the former Mesenterick Artery then the Coeliacal afterward the Emulgent Spermatick and inferior Mesenterick the Lumbals and that which is called Sacra It is divided about the Os Sacrum into Iliack Branches of which the interior produceth the Arteries Muscula and Hypogastrica which keep the same pace with the Veins the exterior brings forth the Epigastrick and the Pudenda that which is remaining descends to the Legs and makes the Crural Arteries Of these Veins and Arteries see more in the last Chapter of the Book Place here the Table of the fifth Chapter which hath the Number 5. at the corner of the brass Plate AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE FIFT CHAPTER The present Table laies open the Reins with their Glandulae the Emulgent Vessels Bladder andVreters Also the rise and progress of the Spermatick Vessels FIG I. AA The Glandulae of the Reins or the Capsula of Melancholly B The right Kidney uncovered of the Membrane C The left Kidney D The descending trunk of the Vena Cava E The descending trunk of the great artery FF The right Ureter GG The left Ureter HH The right Vessels preparing the Seed II The left Vessels preparing the Seed K Part of the Bladder besides which the Vessels carrying the Seed are turned in the Abdomen L Part of the right Gut cut off FIG II. AA The common Membrane of the Reins which is bespred with fat BB The Glandulae of the Kidneys C The right Kidney D The left Kidney E The proper skin of the Kidneys partly separated F The trunk of the Vena Cava descending
OO The muscles Quadrati somewhat laid open FIG III. AA The beginnings of the muscles Sacrolumbi and the longest united BBBB The Sacrolumbi something moved out of their place and distinguished in their tendons CCCC The longest muscles of the back somewhat removed and distinguished into their tendons DD The Musculi Spinati not separated E The Muscle Complexus in its scituation F The same separated from the Head that so the rest may come to view GG The Muscles extending the neck in their scituation H The fore part of the Mastoides loosed I The greater right muscle of the Head drawn a little out of his place that so the lesser right muscle may appear K The superior oblique muscle of the Head L The inferior oblique Muscle FIG IV. AA c. The Musculus Spinatus pulled out of his place that so the tendons may be beheld in their order they are described at the biggest BB The muscles of the Loyns called Sacer in his place CC A porrion of the muscles Quadrati in their place DD The muscles Spinati in their place EE The transverse muscles of the neck deciphored greater and longer than they should be that so the tendons may be the better seen FF The Mastoides separated from the Sternum and turned back GG The inferior oblique muscles of the Head HH The superior oblique muscles of the head II The greater right muscles of the head something drawn aside KK The lesser right muscles of the head in their place CHAP. 13. Of the external Parts of the Head their Bones and Muscles HAving finished the lower and middle Ventricle we come to the upper which is the seat of those noble functions of the Soul this is bounded with the circumference of the Head It hath the Face before the forepart of the Head in the middle and the hinder part behind the external parts are to be viewed which serve both for covering and defence and these are either common to other parts or proper to the Head also the brain it self and amongst the Organs of sences the Eyes and Ears We will begin with those that are common and external of which the skin upon the upper part of the Head is remarkable for its thickness that so it may defend the Head the better and give the better rooting to the Hair which Nature hath placed thick for the ornament and safeguard of that part to defend it from the cold blasts of wind and the parching heat of the Sun underneath the skin is fat but very little lest the thickness of it should hinder the transpiration of vapors next to the fat is a fleshy Panicle in which we will shew the thin expansions of the Muscles in their proper places It hath Bones for its safeguard both various and strong these are covered with a Membrane which is called Pericranium which is thin yet double and exquisite in sence by reason of the Nerves distributed unto it by the hinder part of the Head and the Temples It is firmly joyned by Sutures by the Junctures of the Bones even to the Dura mater with Nervous Fibrae from whence there is an easie consent between both Membranes The Bones of the Head are referred either to the Skull or the Cheeks to the Skull pertain the Bones of the Fore-head the fore and hinder part of the Head the Temples Sphenois and Cribriforme The Bone of the Forehead is of a great bigness 't is usually but one sometimes two even in such as are grown up it hath a double plate filled with substance like pumice it hath a large passage to the Nostrils sometimes 't is single sometimes it hath one or two bridges which a Marrowy Body compassed about with a green Membrane guardeth they say to prepare the air that passeth to the brain its thickness if you compare it with the fore and hinder part of the Head is mean in figure it is almost circular its passages are small defending the angles of the Eyes on each side it hath two holes about the Eye-brows which give passage to the Nerves of the third Conjugation although often times Nature doth not give perfect holes but little trenches only for the safeguard and distribution of the said Nerves To these a third hole is added for the crest of the Os Ethmois which opens it self in the said hole the Bone of the Forehead is joyned before to the Bone called Caneiforme to the Ethmois to the ten Bones of the Cheek above by the coronal Suture to the Bones of the fore part of the Head The Bones of the fore part of the Head are in number two and are thinner than the rest and in form unequally square they have a kind of smoothness to the touch and small holes for the Vessels neer the Suture called Sagittalis within it is garnished with small trenches for the veins which arise up by the Dura mater it is divided by its proper Suture which is called Sagittalis in its circumference it is joyned to the bones of the Forehead hinder part of the Head and Temples The Bones of the Temples are also two less than the rest in bigness and not every where distinguished by a double Lamen they are harder than the rest and therefore called Petrosa or Rocky they are so thin about the middle that if you hold them against the light you may see through them their form above is circular beneath various they stick out in diverse processes and that externally towards the face they have a crooked process which being joyned with the process of the first Bone of the upper Cheek make the Os Jugale then they have a Mastois or Dug-like process because it represents the Udder of a Heifer in age they have the Stylois which ends like a Bodkin but this is more truly called an Apendix than a Process Inwardly the Bones of the Temples make the broad Process called Petrosum in which the internal Cavities of the Ears are formed certain smal Bones of them which we shal shew in the sixteen Chapter It hath three Cavities whereof one contains the passage of Hearing the second receives the Joynt of the inferior Cheek the third is common to the hinder part of the Head It hath five holes of which the first is conspicuous in the rocky process and gives passage to the Nerve of the fift pair the second is larger and unequal scituated under the Bodkin-like Appendix and sends the greater branch of the Artery Carotis by the fift hole of the Os Cuneiforme to the Brain the third is famous in bigness and common to the hinder part of the Head and gives ingress to the Jugular Vein and the lesser branch of the Artery Carotis and egress to the Nerve of the sixt pair the fourth is observable between the Dug-like Process and the Bodkin-like Appendix and sends out the hard branch of the fift pair by a long channel the fift which in some bodies is wanting is placed behind the Dug-like Process and gives
external injuries but also the fitter to retain the sound by reason of its dryness Its Cavities and turnings are very many four are especially related by the Authors of Dissections which have relation to the use of Hearing namely the passage of Hearing Timpanum Labyrinthus and Cochlea The passage of Hearing beginning from the Concha of the external Ear is cloathed with a thin skin and a Membrane with some fat and with the Pericranium even to the borders of the Timpanum It hath a wreathed passage turning something upwards that so things which outwardly fall into it may not come to the Timpanum and corruption gathered within it may the readier be carried out In the passage of hearing is a viscous humor gathered yellowish in colour and bitterish in tast which is a present remedy for wounds and ulcers the Ancients called it Cerumen and the place it self in which it is found the Hive of the Ears and we in England call it Ear-wax It hath its use for such things as creep into the Ears are intangled in it as it were in Bird-lime and so offended with its bitterness that they cannot pass to the Timpanum In the end of the passage of Hearing is a Membrane which the Ancient Greeks called by the common Name Meninge or the Lymen of the Ear but Modern Anatomists by reason of that eminent Cavity which is neer it call it the Membrane of the Timpanum it is the internal covering of the Ear and very thin yet by reason of its singular clamminess it is a Nervous Ligament firm enough that it not only sustains the external force of the air without any prejudice but by its driness preserves the Species of the sound and sends it into the internal Cavities of the Ear it seems to be but an expansion of the Periostion which being separated that is separated also it is exquisite in sence both by reason of the Nerves that are distributed in it and that pass under it sometimes it is double and many times the excrements being thick and sticking to it like a crust brings no small prejudice to the Hearing It looks down right from an oblique Scituation whereby it is safer from outward violence and apter to receive the image of voyce it sticks firmly to the little bone which is called Mullens and to the Cavity of the Orbita next to it if you except but that part which toucheth the superior region of the passage of Hearing for there the connexion is looser so that the Membrane may be a little opened For in the superier and internal Cavity of the passage of Hearing the provident Creator hath placed a Muscle intertexed with the Membrane growing to the skin and this is seen not only in men grown up but also continually in Infants which here by its thin substance of fleshy fibrae growing narrower from a broad beginning with a subtil Tendon touching the Membrane of the Timpanum is carried even to the Malleolus that the Membrane being stretched a little outwards and upwards towards the superior part the sound may be the righter taken and the better conveied to the innermost part of the Ear. This Membrane being taken away a large Cavity appears which Hippocrates rightly calls Antrosa by reason of the various Cavities into which it is diffused Fallopius calls it Timpanum because the Membrane is placed round about the edges of it like a Drum-head He that would view this accuratly must first take away the three small bones placed in it they are distitute of Membranes and yet about their extremities they are bound with a slender Ligament for their firmer nexure the first of these from the likeness of its form they call Malleolus it hath a round head from which by degrees it is attenuated about the middle it is adorned with two processes one of which is short to which the internal Muscle joyns it self the other is longer but thinner which lies upon the roundness of the Timpanum the remainder of the little bone whether you compare it to a little foot or to a tail its extremity being a little turned inwards lightly turns the Membrane sticking to it about the middle its head is joyned to the Anvil placed to it by such a nexure as is not very straight by reason of the loosness of the Ligament It is more strongly joyned to the Membrane under it for the safeguard and motion of which the Moleolus is framed But seeing that to the exquisite transmission of sound it is not sufficient to unfold the Membrane of the Timpanum a little outwards but also to consider the rest of the Dimensions The wise Creator hath produced a Muscle which is very little but in exactness of all parts equal with the greatest and hath secured it in a singular passage of the Os Petrosum It takes its beginning like a Ligament at what part the stony process is joyned to the Wedg-like Bone and growing thicker by degrees it passeth commonly with a double sometimes with a single Tendon to the shorter process of the Malleolus and its Neck and therefore the bone being moved inwards toward the forepart it draws the Membrane of the Timpanum which is annexed to it inwards also The other of the little Bones of Hearing obtains the name of Anvil and is of a thicker body this hath a light Cavity in which the head of the Malleolus is received as also two Processes of which the shorter leans to the hinder Cavity of the Timpanum the other is longer and is firmly though loosly bound by a Ligament to the head of the Stirrop Also the third small Bone of the Timpanum is called Stapes or a Stirrop from its figure it hath a round head which as we told you was knit to the Anvill it stretcheth out from its head two Cavities and a little log bowed like a bow with a very thin and porous Basis least any thing should stop the passage of the sound this answers in likeness to the circumference of of the oval hole to which it is bound with a loose bond so that it may be driven within its Cavity but cannot be pulled out without violence and these two small bones are formed for the Malleolus sake that they may conveniently underprop it and be observant to its motions To the Stirrop is added a fourth little bone round and small annexed to the Ligament of the Stirrop which Francis Sylvius is said first to have found out Now the Cavity it self which is called Timpanum comes to view and presents a various face to them that behold it for it hath many Cavities and turnings in which the violent conflux of air is diverted and the reflexion of the voyce hindred by its singular inequality also it hath diverse pores and passages which transmit the images of sounds above where the shorter Process of the Anvil is a large Den is opened which by its smal Caverns opens a way into the inexplicable hollowness of the Dug-like Process Beneath and toward the fore
part there is a passage from the Timpanum to the Pallat which is narrower toward the end by reason of the access of Cartilages by which the sound being as it were stirred up in the mouth with the air passeth to the Ear so also the humidities against Nature are cast out by the pallat and that is the reason such as are dull of hearing hear better their mouths being open and breathing restrained but when they yawn they are altogether deaf and although the outward Ear be altogether stopped yet they percive their own speech well enough neither can any other reason be given why the mouth and nostrils being stopped that Membrana of the Timpanum is turned outward with a sound and if the violence be the greater it is hurt by it and by this passage some will avoid the smoke of Tobacco which they take out at their Ears Also Alcmaeon held that Goats also breathed by their Ears the air and what is mixed with it so readily running from the Pallat to the Timpanum The middle of the antrous Cavity which sticks up like a little smooth hill hath a hole on each side of which that which is greatest and shut with the thin and cleer Basis of the Stirrop they call the Oval window that which is less they call the Round window the one deduceth the sound to the labirinth the other to the beginning of the Cochlea at the end of this more small pores are seen The oval Window looks into another Cavity far less than the former which by reason of its bony passages returning into the same Cavity Fallopius calls the Labyrinth its compass is round and besides that oval hole which is over it it hath four holes of its own which end in periods and a fift which opens it self in the end of the broader circle of the Cochlea These the following Table sufficiently manifesteth but the Labyrinth whol with its circles and the Cochlea the Table of the eight Chapter in the second seventh and eight Figure represents The Cochlea is a famous Cavity of the Ear with two circles and a third portion bowed like a spoon it is placed in the common rocky process it is spermatical dry and light of a substance fit to preserve the sound In these abstruse Cavities air is contained even from the very birth to this hidden Organ of Hearing are small Veins and Arteries distributed from the internal and foremost branches of the Jugular Vein and Carotis Artery but especially Nerves for whereas a double portion of the fift pair is carried into the posterior passage of the Os Petrosum or first hole of the Bone of the Temples one is harder which enters the hole called by the Ancients Caecum and passeth the Skul by a wreathed passage the other is softer and divided from the former by a process in the bony passage this passeth by its greater part to the Centre of the Cochlea by its lesser to the circles of the Labyrinth in both places it perfects the office of hearing to these a singular branch from the fourth Conjugation adds its self and passeth to the Timpanum from the internal part of the Ear from whence passing out it divides its self and partly joyns it self to the harder portion of the fift pair partly it is distributed to the Caverns of the Dug-like Process From this the Membranes have sence and the internal Muscle its motion but in this part of the Organ of Hearing if it be demanded which is chiefest and most necessary to hearing we must make some distinction for if we regard that part which retains the sound and sends it to the internal parts the Cochlea will gain the preheminence but if we search after what is required to the perceiving of the sound received the expansion of the soft Nerve placed in the circulation of the Cochlea will have the dignity After the Sences of Seeing and Hearing there is no reason we should treat of the Organs of Smelling Tasting and Feeling for the Nostrils are the Instruments of Smelling the Bones and Muscles of which we treated of in the thirteeth Chapter especially of the Nerves of Smelling in the fourteenth Chapter The Tongue is the Organ of Tasting of whose substance Muscles and Vessels we writ copiously in the eleventh Chapter The Feeling is common to all the parts that have Nerves or their Branches or Membranes and hath no particular Organ of its own Place here the Table of the sixteenth Chapter which hath the Number 20. at the corner of the brass Plate AN EXPLANATION of the TABLE of the sixteenth CHAPTER This Table represents the external Ear with his Muscles and Cartilages as also the internal or chief Organ of Hearing its Cavities Bones Passages and Nerves as they are found out by Dissection of such Bodies as are grown up FIG I. Shews the external Ear whol with its muscles and Cavities AA The Helix of the Ear. BB The Anthelix C The Tragus or beard of the Ear. D The Antitragus E The external lobe of the Ear. FF The external Concha of the Ear. GG The cavity between the Helices called Innominata H The muscle moving the Ear right upwards III The three-fold muscle with his tendon moving the Ear oblickly upwards divided into so many parts FIG II. Shews the external Ear conspicuous behind AA The skin with the Membrane stretched upwards and downwards BB The Cartilage which makes the Ear. C The hole for the passage of hearing D A portion of the Ligament of the external Ear. E Part of the Lobus of the Ear. FIG III. Shews the fore part of the internal Ear. A Part of the bone of the Temples containing the rocky process B The passage of hearing C The beginning of the passage or hive D The duglike process E The bodkinlike process broken off FIG IV. The bone of the fore-going Figure is shewed in which the passage of hearing is cut off that so the membrane of the Timpanum may be seen AA The beginning of the passage of hearing BB The membrane of the Timpanum C The little foot of the Malleus transparent by the membrane D The duglike process E The bodkinlike appendix FIG V. Shews the Muscles of the internal Ear. A The muscle moving the membrane and Maleolus outwards B The membrane of the Timpanum CC The muscle moving the Malleolus and membrane inwards E The head of the Malleolus FIG VI. A Part of the passage of Hearing passing to the Timpanum BC The cavity of the Timpanum in which B The oval hole C The round hole FIG VII Shews the rocky process with the smal bones of the Timpanum in their scituation A The Malleolus B The Anvil C The superior part of the stirrop conspicuous DD The bowing of the Cochlea FIG 7. Shews the three small bones out of their scituation A The Malleolus with its two processes its short and long B The Anvil applied to the Malleolus C The Stirrop D The small bone joyned to the Ligament of the