the most ingenious and is very learnedly maintained by Dr. Willis Dr. Charleton c. whom the Reader may be pleas'd to consult for further satisfaction A secondary use is to form the voice for such Creatures as breath not as Fish c. are mute CHAP. XIV Of the Neck and the parts contained in it viz. the Larynx Pharynx Tonsillae c. HAving now dispatched all the parts of the middle Venter or Thorax we should next proceed to the highest viz. the Head but betwixt these two is the Neck like an Isthmus between them which therefore we must take in our way and describe the parts contained in it It is called Collum either à Colendo because it used to be adorned with Chains c. or because it riseth out of the trunk of the body instar Collis like an Hill Collum is a general name for the whole Neck yet the hinder part of it is particularly called Cervix The parts of it are either containing or contained The containing are the same which are found in the rest of the Body saving that the Membrana carnosa seemeth to be more fleshy The parts contained are these 1. The Larynx which is the upper part of the Wind-pipe and the instrument of forming the voice It is almost round and circular in figure only jetting out a little before and something flattish behind to give way to the Gullet in swallowing It s bigness differs according to age sex and temperament whence proceeds the great diversity of voices Such in whom it is narrow as in younger people have shrill and small voices such as have it wide and are come to maturity have fuller and more hoarse The voice is altered also in respect of the length or shortness of the Larynx and as the Air is more strongly or weakly expelled It has Arteries from the Carotides Veins from the external Jugulars and Nerves from the recurring branches of par vagum Besides the Membranes which are common to it with the rest of the Trachea described before Chap. 12. it is made up of five Cartilages and thirteen Muscles The first Cartilage is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 scutiformis or Buckler-like for within it is hollow but without embossed or convex that part which sticketh out is called pomum Adami from an idle fable that part of the fatal Apple by God's judgment stuck in his Throat and that this Cartilage being thereby distended was made to jet out and the protuberance propagated to posterity It is greater in Men than in Women The second Cartilage is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 annularis because it is like a Turkish ring and compasseth the whole Larynx in the hinder part it is broad and thick The third and fourth because of the Membrane that invests them seem but one but it being removed they appear to be two However they have but one name which is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 guttalis because when their two processes are joined together they are instar gutturnii like to that part of the neck of a Jug or Ewer at which we pour out the water For by their juncture they frame a rimula or little chink for the modulating of the voice called Glottis The fifth is called Epiglottis because it is placed above the Glottis or Chink and covereth it It is of the form of a Tongue and is appointed to hinder the falling down of any thing which may prove offensive unto the Wind-pipe when we eat or drink It is pressed down by the weight of the things which are swallowed and turneth them down to the Gula. The Muscles by which these Cartilages are moved in forming the voice are thirteen in number but as for their names and description the Reader may please to consult Book 5. Chap. 11. The second part contained in the Neck is the upper part of the Gullet which is called Pharynx from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it conveyeth the Meat and Drink towards the Stomach It is continued to the Fauces â—or indeed is the greatest part thereof reaching up behind to the Vvula on the sides to the Tonsillae and before to the Epiglottis It is membranous but not purely so for it is thick and in some sort carnous It has seven Muscles to assist it in swallowing three pair to open it and an odd one which is called its Sphincter to straiten it of which Book 5. Chap. 12. The next parts are the Tonsillae commonly called Almonds which are two Glands seated at the root of the Tongue on each side of the Vvula and at the top of the Larynx covered with the common Membrane that invests all the Mouth They are of a yellowish colour and Dr. Wharton compares their substance to concreated Honey only they are of a more firm consistency but they look sandy like it They have small vessels from the Jugular Veins and Arteries and Nerves from the fifth and sixth pair They have each a large oval common Duct or Sinus that opens into the Mouth so wide in an Oxe that one may put the top of ones little finger into it Into this many lesser open and by it discharge into the Mouth c. the liquor that is separated in the Gland The use of these Glands is to separate a certain mucous or pituitous matter from the Bloud for the moistening and lubricating of the Larynx Tongue Fauces and Gullet Dr. Wharton ascribes a more noble use to them viz. to make a Ferment to further the concoction of the Stomach yea thinks that they are the chief Instrument of taste There are several other Glands that are near to these as 1. the Thyreoideae that are seated towards the lower part of the Larynx at the sides of the Cartilages Thyreoides and Cricoides c. 2. The Jugular placed by the Jugular vessels of which Dr. Wharton has told fourteen on each side 3. Parotides situated at the root of the Ear which whoso would see accurately described may consult the said Dr. Wharton in his Adenographia cap. 18 19 20. for they are too minute and inconsiderable parts to fill up any large room in this Epitome Neither shall we mention the Veins and Arteries that pass through the Neck to the Head having described them before in Chap. 9. and 11. As to other parts that make up the Neck viz. the seven Vertebrae and eight Muscles those will come to be treated of in their proper Books And therefore we shall pass immediately to the highest Venter the Head The end of the Second Book The Third Book OF THE HEAD CHAP. I. Of the Head in general and its common containing parts NOW followeth the third and highest Venter of the Body called Caput the Head This is the most noble Cavity of the three containing the Brain wherein the rational Soul more especially operates and whereby all the animal motions of the whole Body are moderated and determined as well as performed by means of the spirits elaborated in it and sent into all the parts by the Nerves It is placed in the highest region most fit for the organs of the Senses but
iliaci they run down out of the Peritonaeum to the Thighs where they begin to be called Crurales where we shall leave them till we come to speak of the Arteries of the Limbs Book 4. Chap. 5. Having now traced all the Arteries springing out of the Aorta whether out of its ascending or descending Trunk in the Thorax and Abdomen taking occasion to doe so because the great Artery out of which they all arise has its origine in the Heart to which we have considered it as an appendage we shall pass on to the description of the remaining parts in the Breast not yet spoken to Pag 281. Tab. IX Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. The Explanation of the Table Figure I. Representeth the Vessels that go into and out of the Heart a The Basis of the Heart b The Mucro or Cone of the Heart c The trunk of the Cava ascending from the Liver d The trunk of the Cava above the Heart descending from the Claviculae e The uniting of these two Trunks as they enter into the right auricle of the Heart f The Arteria pulmonaris rising out of the right Ventricle and passing towards the Lungs g The Canalis arteriosus from the Arteria pulmonaris to the Aorta pervious in a Foetus in the Womb. h The Vena pulmonaria coming from the Lungs and entring into the left ventricle of the Heart i The Aorta ascending out of the left ventricle of the Heart k The ascending trunk of the Aorta j The descending trunk of the Aorta Figure II. Representeth the oblique Fibres of the Heart lying under the streight which are outermost but here removed which ascending from the left side towards the right obliquely terminate in the basis of the Heart from Doctor Lower a The basis of the Heart b The Cone c The Fibres that encompass the left Ventricle d The Fibres encompassing the right Ventricle e A Sinus in the interstice of the Ventricles made for receiving the vessels of the Heart Figure III. Representeth a second rank of oblique Fibres lying under the former and running clean contrary from the right side of the Heart to the left also from Dr. Lower a The basis of the Heart b The Cone c The right side of the Heart d The left e The Fibres of the right Ventricle f The Fibres of the left Figure IV V VI VII Represent the Valves of the Vessels that go into and out of the Ventricles of the Heart Figure IV. A The orifice of the Vena coronaria B A print of the Anastomosis between the Vena cava and Pulmonaria by means of the Foramen ovale CC The Valvulae tricuspides with the Fibrillae by which they are tied Figure V. A The right Ventricle of the Heart opened BBB The Valvulae sigmoides of the Arteria pulmonaris Figure VI. AA The Vena pulmonaria laid open B A print of the Foramen ovale opening into it CC The two Valvulae mitrales D The left Ventricle laid open Figure VII A The Aorta cut open near the Heart BBB The Valvulae semilunares in the orifice of the Aorta CHAP. XII Of the aspera Arteria and Lungs AS in the first Book being to treat of the Stomach we first described the Gullet which serves as a Tunnel to it so the same reason induces to begin with the Windpipe called Trachea or aspera Arteria thereby to usher in the description of the Lungs to which it performs the same office as the Gullet to the Stomach this receiving in Air as that does Meat and Drink The Aspera arteria then is a long Pipe consisting of Cartilages and Membranes which beginning at the Throat or lower part of the Jaws and lying upon the Gullet descends into the Lungs through which it spreads in many branchings It is commonly divided into two parts the upper which is called Larynx and the lower that is named Bronchus Of the former we shall speak in Chap. 14. where we shall treat of the parts contained in the Neck of the other here By the Bronchus we mean all the Trachea besides the Larynx as well before as after it arrive at the Lungs It is joined immediately to the Larynx to whose lowest Cartilage all those of the Bronchus are assimilated These Cartilages are like so many Ribs Hopes or Rings seated one below another at equal distances and kept in their places by the inner membrane of the Trachea which fills up their interstices and ties them one to another like a Ligament Yet these Rings have not their circle intire but on the back-side of the Bronchus next the Gullet that they might give way to the Meat in swallowing they pass into a Membrane which is the same with the inner Membrane that ties them together So that they are in figure like the letter C. Besides the inner there is also an outer Membrane that helps to connect these Cartilages the more firmly one to another and the whole Trachea to the neighbouring parts that it may more safely and firmly descend into the Thorax This is much thinner than the other for the inner according to Dr. Willis has two rows of muscular Fibres the outer streight the inner oblique the first by their contraction shorten the Trachea the latter straiten it so that he thinks they assist expiration especially when it is violent as in coughing hawking or the like It is also of most exquisite sense as every one knows being the least thing offends it and causes a Cough which is a sort of Convulsive motion And this it ows to the recurring Nerves of the sixth pair Dr. Willis's eighth creeping along it more than the outer It is usually besmear'd with a fattish and mucous humour to hinder its drying and to make the voice smoother for when this humour is fretted off in Catarrhs or it becomes unequal from any cause the voice becomes hoarse and when it is dryed by too much heat as in Fevers it becomes squeaking The aspera Arteria has Veins from the external Jugulars Arteries from the Carotides and from the Arteria bronchialis first found out by Frederick Ruysch which springs from the backside of the descending trunk of the Aorta a little above the lower Intercostals Nerves it receives from the recurring branches of the par vagum as abovesaid When it is descended as low as the fourth vertebra of the Thorax it is divided into two Trunks whereof one goes into the right lobe of the Lungs the other into the left and each is presently again divided into two and those into others till at last they end in very small branches which are dispersed among the roots of the pulmonary Artery and Vein and end into and are continued with the little Bladders that make up the greatest part of the Parenchyma of the Lungs For Though the Lungs called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to breath
towards the Sternum and bestoweth twigs on the Musculus subclavius and those Muscles which arise from the top of the Sternum and another that goes to that Muscle which fills up the hollowness of the Shoulder-blade The hinder branch creeping under the Muscles which cleave to the Vertebrae is bestowed upon the Muscles of the Neck Head and Shoulder-blade The second issueth out of the space between the first and second vertebrae of the Breast and its fore branch is united with the first of the Thorax and together with it is joined to the sixth and seventh of the Neck which all together make one Plexus that sendeth forth all the Nerves to the Arms that they have as shall be further explained Book 4. Chap. 3. But besides that branch by which it unites with these it sends a twig also to the Intercostal nerve or ninth pair descending down the Thorax as also does every one of the remaining ten pair and from that twig before it join with the Intercostal there proceed small slips to the Muscles that lie upon the Breast The hinder branch hath the same distribution with the hinder of the foregoing pair The rest of the ten pair come out of the lateral holes of the Vertebrae and are all immediately divided into two branches whereof the formore being larger always sendeth one twig to the Intercostal nerve and the remainder of it is bestowed on the Intercostal Muscles internal and external and on those that lie on the Thorax as also on the obliquely descending Muscles of the Abdomen c. The hinder bend backward to the Spine and are spent upon the Muscles and Skin of the Back CHAP. XVI Of the Nerves of the Vertebrae of the Loins ALthough there be but four lateral holes in the vertebrae of the Loins yet there are five pair of Nerves The fore branches being greater go to the Muscles of the Belly The hinder to those which rest upon the Vertebrae The formore are joined together the first with the second the second with the third the third with the fourth and the fourth with the fifth as the two last of the Neck and two first of the Breast were The first cometh out of the lateral hole between the last vertebra of the Breast and the first of the Loins The fore branch is bestowed upon the fleshy part of the Midriff especially it s two processes and on the Muscle Psoas This Nerve being compressed by a Stone in the Kidney there is caused a numbness in the Thigh of the same side It sendeth also a twig along with the Arteria praeparans to the Stone according to Spigelius From whence it is partly that too immoderate Venery causeth a weakness in the Loins The hinder is bestowed upon the Musculus longissimus of the Back Sacrolumbus c. The second cometh out between the first and second vertebrae of the Loins under the Muscle Psoas which is the first of those that bend the Thigh The formore branch is bestowed upon the second Muscle of the benders of the Thigh that fills up the cavity of Os Ileum and on the Musculus fascialis and the Skin of the Thigh The hinder is bestowed upon the Musculi glutaei and the membranous Muscle which stretcheth out the Leg. That twig which from this pair joineth with the Intercostal goeth to the Testis of its own side according to Vesalius c. The third marcheth out between the second and third Vertebrae under the Psoas also The formore sendeth one twig to the Knee and Skin thereof and another which doth accompany the Saphoena The hinder turneth back and is bestowed upon the Muscles which rest upon the Loins The fourth being the largest of the Muscles of the Loins marching under the Psoas and Os pubis doth accompany the Vein and Artery which pass to the Leg. The fifth cometh out between the fourth and fifth Vertebrae It s fore branch passeth through the hole that is between the bones of the Coxendix Pubes and Ileum and is bestowed upon the Obturatores musculi of the Thigh the Muscles of the Penis and on the neck of the Bladder and of the Womb. The hinder is bestowed upon the Muscles and Skin which are above the Vertebrae CHAP. XVII Of the Nerves which come from the marrow of Oâ— sacrum FROM the marrow of Os sacrum six pair of Sinews spring The first issueth out between the last vertebra of the Loins and the first of Os sacrum in the same manner as those that spring out of the vertebrae of the Loins and like them is divided into two branches The fore branch is a great part of it mixed with those other of the Loins that go towards the Legs yet it sends one twig to the Muscles of the Belly and the second which bendeth the Thigh The hinder is bestowed upon the Skin of the Buttocks and the greatest Glutaeus The other five pair spring after a different manner from the foregoing For before they come out of the Os sacrum they are every of them double on each side and so from each on either side there arise two Nerves one of which is carried into the fore or inner and the other into the hinder or outer side The three uppermost formore Nerves go towards the Leg as the greatest part of the first pair did The two lower to the Muscles of the Anus and Bladder in Men to the Penis in Women to the neck of the Womb and in both to the external Privity All the five hinder Nerves are distributed to the Muscles of Os Ilium and Sacrum towards the back part which are Longissimus Sacrolumbus Sacer and the Glutaei And thus we have done with all the thirty pair of Nerves that arise out of the Spinal marrow having shewn which way they pass and to what parts they are distributed which should be diligently noted and well remembred that we may the better know to what place to apply remedies when from any outward cause as from a fall bruise or the like any part has lost either sense or motion or both For the Medicine is to be applied always to the beginning or rise of that Nerve that passes to that part and not to the place in which the symptom appears And the same thing is to be observed in Palsies when the use of some particular Limb is taken away from an inward cause CHAP. XVIII Of the Face and its parts IN the former Chapters we have discoursed of that part of the Head that is decked with Hair of the Brain c. contained within it of the Medulla oblongata arising out of it and prolonged into the Medulla spinalis with the Nerves that spring out of the same both within the Skull and in the Spine of the Back all which we have considered as appendages to the Brain seeing both the marrow out of which they arise springs out of it and also all the Nerves have
hollow to give way to the passing of the Air to the Labyrinthus In the upper part of it is a very small and round knob upon which the longest foot of the Anvil resteth It s shape is much adapted to the Fenestra ovalis which opens into the Labyrinth about which it is tied round somewhat loosely so that it may be driven to within its Sinus but cannot without violence be pulled outwards The fourth Bone was found out by Franc. Sylvius and from its round shape is called Orbiculare It is tied by a slender Ligament to the side of the Stapes where the Stapes is joined to the Incus From the lower side of this first inner cavity wherein these Bones are contained there is a round Meatus to the Palate of the Mouth near the root of the Vvula and another that runs to the cavity of the Nostril by which pituitous matter collected in it is discharged And by the help of that which opens into the Mouth it is that deafish people are assisted in hearing for we commonly observe such to open their Mouth when they listen attentively In the middle also of this cavity there are two holes the greater and higher of which is shut by the basis of the Stapes when no sounds penetrate the Ear and is of an oval figure whence it is called Fenestra ovalis and opens inwards or backwards pretty wide into the Labyrinth The other is less and lower and is of a round shape whence it is called Rotunda And this is always open having no covering and is divided into two pipes divided by the Os squamosum one of which tends to the Cochlea the other to the Labyrinth This Labyrinth is the second inner cavity being far less than the former and was first so called by Fallopius from the hollowed bony semicircles cloathed with a thin membrane returning circularly into the same cavity The Fenestra ovalis opens into it out of the first cavity and besides this hole it has five others one of which opens into the end of the larger Gyrus or winding of the Cochlea The other four are so small that they hardly admit an hair through which the most slender Fibres of the auditory Nerve proceed to the inner membrane that encompasses this cavity The third and last inner Cavity is called Cochlea because in its spiral winding it resembles a Snail 's Shell It is less than the Labyrinth and has two sometimes three or four such windings which are cloathed inwardly with a most thin Membrane into which as into the Labyrinth the slender Fibres of the auditory Nerve enter through three or four very small holes These three inner Cavities are all formed within the inner Processus petrosus of the Temple-bone And in them is contained a most pure and subtile Air which some think to be included in them in the very first formation of the parts and therefore call it Aer Insitus and Congenitus Some suppose it to be Animal spirit effused into them by the auditory Nerve This inner part of the Ear has Veins Arteries and Nerves from the same origines as the outer only the harder process of the auditory Nerve goes to the outer and the softer to this inner which coming by the hinder Meatus of the Os petrosum is inserted into and dispersed through the circles of the Cochlea and Labyrinth All the parts of the Auricula and Auris concur to the perfecting the hearing which is a Sense whereby sound is perceived from the various trembling motion of the external Air beating upon the Tympanum and thereby moving the internal Air with the Fibres of the auditory Nerve and communicated to the common Sensory Now sound that is the object of it is nothing else but a quality arising from the Air or Water beat upon and broken by the sudden and vehement concussion of solid bodies And the diversity or greatness of such sound is distinguished by the four Bones that stand on the inside the Tympanum For as from the greater or less gentle or harsh impulse of the external sonorous Air fluctuating like Waves caused by a Stone thrown into the Water the membrane of the Tympanum is accordingly driven or shak't against the Malleus the Malleus against the Incus and the Incus against the Stapes so as the same Stapes and Os orbiculare open the Fenestra ovalis more or less is there a freer or straiter passage granted to the internal Air into the Labyrinth and Cochlea in whose tortuous and unequal windings it is variously infringed and modulated from whence the species of sound that is made thereby according to the diversity of the external impellent is sometimes more acute sometimes more full sometimes more harsh sometimes more gentle sometimes bigger sometimes less the idea of which species is carried to the common Sensory and so represented to the mind by the Auditory nerve that expands it self through the Membrane that invests the said Labyrinth and Cochlea CHAP. XXIV Of the Nose THE organs of Seeing and Hearing being described in the foregoing Chapters we come now to the instrument of the third Sense viz. Smelling which is the Nose The parts of the Nose are either external or internal The external parts are these the Skin Muscles Veins Arteries Nerves Bones and Cartilages First the Skin cleaveth so fast to the Muscles and Cartilages that it cannot be severed without renting Secondly as for the Muscles they are set down in the description of the Muscles Book 5. Thirdly the Veins come from the external Jugulars as the Arteries from the Carotides Fourthly the Nerves come from the third pair on each side one Fifthly the Bones of the Nose are set down in Book 6. Chap. 6. Sixthly the Cartilages are in number five the two upper are broader and adhere to the lower side of the Bones of the Nose where they are broader and rough and being joined to one another pass from thence to the tip of the Nose making up one half of the Alae the two under make up the other half the fifth divideth the Nostrils These Cartilages are moved by the Muscles The inner parts of the Nose are these First the Membrane which covereth the inside of the Nose which proceedeth from the Dura mater and passeth through the holes of the Os cribriforme This Membrane on its backside hath abundance of little Papillae or Glands in which the Serum or Rheum is separated that runs out by the Nose Secondly the Musculous membrane which draweth together the Nostrils Thirdly the hairs which disperse the air and hinder the creeping in of Insects Fourthly the red fleshy spongious substance with which the holes of the Os spongiosum are filled up from which the Polypus springeth The length of a comely Nose is the third part of the length of the Face The upper part of the Nose which is bony is called Drosum nasi or the ridge The lower lateral parts
they are comprehended in these two verses Cartilago caro membrana arteria nervus Vena ligamentum cutis os lentissima fibra To these a tendon which is the principal part of the muscle may be added for the substance of it is simple without any composition Of the former simple parts some are simple indeed and these are in number seven the skin a membrane the flesh a fibre a ligament a cartilage a bone The rest are onely simple to the eye or sense and not to reason for a nerve for example is composed of many filaments covered with a double membrane made of the dura and pia mater Of the simple parts some are called spermatical as a bone a cartilage a ligament a membrane a fibre a nerve an artery a vein these being made of the seed if they be cut in two or broke are not regenerated nor can truly be again united but are onely joyn'd by a callus Others are sanguineous being suppos'd to be made of bloud and these are regenerated such is all the muscular flesh As for the skin it seems to be partly spermatical and partly sanguineous for though in grown men a wound in it is healed onely with a cicatrix yet in boys it has been observed to be closed with a true and proper skin But of its nature see more in the next chapter A dissimilar part is that whose portions are neither of the same substance nor the same denomination as a muscle in the which are flesh nervous fibres and a tendon It is otherwise called a compound part and an organical part In an organical part four particles are commonly found as in the Eye there is first the chief particle by which the action namely vision is performed which is the crystallin humour Secondly that particle without which the action cannot be performed as the optick nerve Thirdly that which furthereth the action as the membranes and muscles Fourthly that by which the action is preserved as the eye-lids Of organical parts there are four degrees The first is made onely of the similars as a muscle The second receiveth the first kind of organical parts and other similars as a finger The third admitteth those of the second degree as the hand The fourth is made of the third and other parts as the arm Parts from their end are distinguished into principal and less principal or ministring The principal are the Liver Stomach Heart Brain The ministring are either necessary or not The necessary are those without which the Animal cannot live So the Lungs minister to the Heart the Guts to the Stomach The not necessary are simple flesh c. in respect of other parts for in consumptive persons 't is almost wholly spent and Insects according to Aristotle have none There are also other divisions of the parts of the Body as into parts containing parts contained and the spirits express'd by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or impetum facientes by Hippocrates Fernelius divides the Body also into publick and private Regions The private are such as the brain reins womb c. The publick are three The first hath the Vena portae and all the parts whither its branches reach The second begins at the roots of the Cava and ends in the small veins before they become capillary The third hath the muscles bones and the bulk of the Body terminating with the skin But this division is only of use in Physick CHAP. II. Of the circumscription regions and parts of the Abdomen OF all the parts of the Body we are to begin Dissection with the Cavities First because they offer themselves to the view in the fore region of the Body Secondly because they being moist and apt to receive the impression of the external heat soonest putrefie and send out noisom smells The Cavities are appointed to receive the principal parts and those which minister unto them Wherefore there are three Cavities according to the number of the principal parts The Head is for the Brain the Breast is for the Heart and the Belly for the Liver And because this last Cavity is most subject to putrefaction you are to begin at it Now three things concerning it offer themselves First the circumscription or bounds of it Secondly the regions of it Thirdly the special parts of it As concerning the circumscription of it it is severed within from the Breast by the Midriff It is bounded above by the cartilago ensiformis or the Heart-pit and beneath by the Share-bones The regions of it are three the uppermost middlemost and lowermost The uppermost which is bounded between the mucronita cartilago and three inches above the Navel about the ending of the short Ribs hath three parts The two lateral which are called hypochondria or subcartilaginea because they lie under the cartilages of the short Ribs In the right hypochondrium lieth the greatest part of the Liver and part of the Stomach but in the left the Spleen and a greater part of the Stomach The third part is that which before lieth between the two lateral parts and is properly called epigastrium because the Stomach lieth under it In this part remarkable is the Pit of the Breast which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or scrobiculus cordis by the modern Writers The middlemost region extendeth it self from three inches above the Navel to three inches under it The fore part is where the Navel is from whence it is called regio umbilicalis The two lateral parts are called by Aristotle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either from their laxity or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 salacitas because they are the seat of lust by Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because being placed between the hanch-bones and Ribs they are lank and seem to contain nothing They are called by Dr. Glisson epiçolicae because on each side this region investeth the lateral parts of the Gut Colon. The hindermost parts parallel to these are called lumbi the Loins in the right whereof is the right Kidney and in the left the left The lowest region is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hypogastrium This region hath three parts the two lateral and the middlemost The lateral are bounded by the â—ssa Ilia so called because a great part of the Ilium intestinum lieth under them on each side Besides this in the right part are placed the beginning of the Colon and the caecum intestinum which latter is joyned as an appendage betwixt the Ilium and Colon. In the left part are contained the ending of the Colon and the intestinum rectum The fore-part of the Hypogastrium by Aristot lib. 1. Hist animal 3. is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Gaza calleth Abdomen and Sumen Under it lieth the pubes which word signifieth both the hairs and the place where the hairs grow which appear to bud in Girls the twelfth year but in Boys the fourteenth year when way is made for the monthly courses and
fall into themselves They are almost innumerable and are placed wonderfully in the aforesaid cells of the whole Spleen where vulgarly its Parenchyma is said to be and they hang upon fibres arising from their case and consequently on the utmost ends of the Veins and Arteries yea the ends of the Arteries twist about them like the Tendrils of Vines or clinging Ivy. Each bunch consists of seven or eight Thus he It has abundance of nervous Fibres It is commonly but one in Men though some have found two yea Fallopius three In Dogs there are sometimes two or three unequal in bigness out of each of which there passes a vessel into the Ramus splenicus It is covered with a Membrane borrowed from the Peritonaeum which is thicker than that of the Liver First because the Spleen hath a looser substance Secondly because it hath more Arteries which require a strong Membrane to sustain their beatings Diemerbroeck says it has two Membranes one from the Peritonaeum which is outer and common the other inner and proper arising from the outer Membrane of the vessels entring the Spleen interwoven with a wonderfull texture of Fibres and that betwixt these two the Vasa lymphatica of which afterwards In Infants new born it is of a red colour in those of a ripe age it is somewhat blackish and in old Men it is of a leaden or livid colour Being boiled it looks like the dregs of Claret In Man it is bigger thicker and heavier than in Beasts for it is six inches in length three in breadth and one in thickness Sometimes it is much larger but the bigger the worse Spigelius has observed that it is larger in those that live in fenny places than in those that live in dry and in those that have large Veins than in them that have small In figure it is somewhat long like an Oxe's Tongue Towards the Stomach on its inner side it is somewhat hollow on its outer gibbous having sometimes some impression upon it from the Ribs It is smooth and equal on either side save where in its hollow side it has a streight line or seam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 at which place the splenick Vessels enter into it It is seated in the left Hypochondrium opposite to the Liver so Hippocrat 6. Epidem calleth it the left Liver and Aristot 3. de histor animal 7. the bastard Liver betwixt the Stomach and that end of the Ribs next the Back in some higher in others lower but naturally it descends not below the lowest Rib. Yet sometimes its Ligaments are so relaxed that it reaches down lower yea sometimes quite break so that it slips down into the Hypogastrium so Riolanus tells the story of a Woman that was troubled with a Tumour there which was taken by her Physicians for a Mole but dying of it and being opened it was found to be occasioned by the Spleen fallen out of its place and lying upon the Womb. And as it very much endangers life when it falls out of its place so can it not with safety be quite cut out of the Body whatever some have boasted of But none but obscure Men of no credit have bragg'd of such feats and how can one imagine that a part so difficult to come at and that has such large vessels inserted into it not to mention its use could with safety be taken out of the Body Wounds in it are commonly mortal inflammation or but obstructions in it do grievously afflict the Patient and sometimes kill him sure then the total ablation of it must be very fatal This experiment hath indeed been tried upon Dogs and some have liv'd after but then they have grown pensive and lazy and not liv'd long neither It is tied to five parts its upper part to the Midriff and its lower to the left Kidney by small Membranes by its hollow part which giveth way to the Stomach being distended to the upper membrane of the Omentum and to the Stomach by vas breve In its gibbous or arched part it is tied to the Back for thither it inclines It hath Vessels of all kinds as 1. Veins from the Ramus splenicus of the Vena portae which are dispersed throughout its Parenchyma and come out of its hollow side in three or more branches which unite presently into the abovesaid Ramus The said branches at their coming out of the Spleen have each one a Valve which look from the Spleen outwards permitting the humours to flow from the Spleen to the Ramus splenicus but hindering them from returning back And though one cannot discover any anastomoses of the Veins with the Arteries in the substance of the Spleen the Bloud passing out of one into the other in like manner as in the Liver namely through and by help of the Glands yet there is one notable one of the Splenick artery with this Ramus splenicus before it enter the Spleen Whose use must be partly to further the motion of the humours contained in the Ramus towards the Liver partly that the superfluous plenty of Bloud which perhaps cannot pass quick enough through the narrow passages of the Spleen may return back again by help of this anastomosis through the Ramus to the Liver There is also another Vein called vas breve which arising out of the bottom of the Stomach is inserted into the Ramus just as it comes out of the Spleen or a little after The errour of the Ancients as to the use of this Vessel was detected before chap. 12. and its true use declared It hath two Arteries entring one at its upper the other at its lower part These commonly spring from the left Coeliack branch which is called the Splenick artery but sometimes saith Diemerbroeck from a certain branch arising out of the very trunk of the Aorta and proceeding by a bending Duct along the side of the Pancreas to the Spleen where they are branched into a thousand Twigs By these Arteries the Bloud flows to it where if it have not a free passage into the roots of the Veins and into the Ramus splenicus it causeth a great pulsation so high that as Tulpius relateth lib. 2. observat 28. it has been heard by those that have stood 30 foot off Nerves it hath from one of the mesenterical branches of the Intercostal pair which are not all spent on its investing Membrane as has been thought but some enter into its substance which yet has a very dull sense but that proceeds not from defect of Nerves for it has a pretty many Twigs but from that stupor or numbness which that acid juice that is bred in the Spleen must be conceived to induce upon them Though Dr. Wharton in his Adenographia cap. 4. going about to prove the Spleen to be no Gland uses this as one argument that there were never observed any Lympheducts to be distributed through this part yet Olaus Rudbeck
the Bone as here it doth to the Skull under the said Muscles These two Membranes outwardly investing the Cranium have Arteries from a branch of the external Carotides and Veins from the external Jugulars The Meninges follow called by the Arabians Matres as if all the Membranes of the Body were propagated from them These are immediately within the Skull as the other were without but adhere not close thereto as those do They are two in number the Crassa meninx or Dura mater and the Tenuis meninx or Pia mater The Dura mater is the outer that is is next to the Skull through whose Sutures sending Fibres to the Pericranium it is suspended thereby for in other places it is loose from the Cranium saving in its basis to which it is so firmly knit that it can hardly be pulled from it or where it is suspended by Vessels entring into it from the perforations of the Skull It is thicker and harder than the inner whence it has the epithet of dura hard It consists of a double Membrane the outer of which is more rough towards the Cranium and the inner is more smooth and slippery and as it were bedewed with water It is knit to the Pia mater by many vessels that pass from it thereto It has many foramina or holes for the transit of the Vessels and besides one very large one at the descent of the spinal marrow and another toward the Glandula pituitaria And where it adheres to the Os cribriforme it is perforated like a Sieve It has Arteries from the larger branch of the Carotides entring into it through the holes of the wedge-like Bone and that of the Forehead These in some places run out of it into the Pia mater by means whereof they are in some measure knit together Veins it has from the internal Jugulars At the Crown of the Head it is doubled from whence its duplicature descending inwards divides the Brain into the right and left side This duplicature because it is broader backwards and grows narrower forwards and so resembles in some manner a Reaper's Sickle is called Falx Now this Falx reaches as far forwards as to the top of the Nose where it grows to the Partition-bone that distinguishes the Processus mammillares and is called Galli crista or Cock's comb But it s hinder and broader part towards the Occiput being severed descends towards both the right and left side and distinguishes the Cerebellum from the Cerebrum In the said duplicature are formed four Sinus or Cavities three pretty large and one little one The first which is the highest and longest runs along the upper part of the Falx from the top of the Nose lengthways of the Head towards the Occiput where it is divided into two lateral Sinus descending by the sides of the Lambdoidal future to the basis of the Occiput And at the said division the fourth short Sinus proceeds inwards to the Glandula pinealis Into these Cavities the Mouths both of Arteries and Veins are said to open by the former whereof Bloud is extravasated into them and absorbed again out of them by the latter Whence if one open the Skull of a live-Creature one may observe a beating in the long uppermost Sinus from the Bloud discharged into it by the Arteries And some are of opinion that the Veins also convey some Bloud into them which being superfluous to the nourishment of the Brain and Meninges is poured in hither by the Veins from the respective parts and is imbibed again by other Veins opening into them namely the inner branches of the Jugulars to be returned to the Heart The place where all these Sinus meet together at the Occiput is called torcular Herophili The second and inner Membrane investing the Brain is called Tenuis meninx or Pia mater This is of most exquisite sense and endowed with very many Arteries and Veins It immediately cloaths the Brain and hinders it from running about and also involves all its windings and circuits and tying their summities together makes all the superficies of the Brain plain as it were which upper connexion being loosed the windings of the Brain because they are invested with this Membrane may easily be separated and laid open From this same Meninx proceeds also a most thin Membrane investing the inner Ventricles of the Brain This Membrane is interwoven with many admirable Plexus or Nets of most small Vessels springing from the Carotides and cervical Arteries and Jugular Veins joined every where by mutual inosculations that by so great a number of Vessels there might on every hand be affused Bloud enough for the nourishment of the Brain and making of Animal spirits Dr. Willis writes that he has observed very small Glands intermixt among these Plexus of Vessels which he saith may be easily perceived in a moist or hydropick Brain but not so well in others Both the spinal marrow extended to the bottom of Os sacrum and all the Nerves that arise out of it and out of the Brain have a double Coat from these two Meninges with which being cloathed they run to their designed parts CHAP. IV. Of the Brain in general THE Pia mater being taken away the Brain offereth it self called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It is the general organ of sense in which the Soul the governour of the Body perceives and judgeth of the sensations of all sentient parts and out of which as out of a fountain it communicateth the beams of its benignity namely the Animal spirits bred in the Brain by the ducts or rivulets of the Nerves to all the sentient parts of the Body and thereby endows them with the faculty of performing Animal actions It s substance is thick viscous soft and white It is not a Glandule for it is the Work-house and Seat of the Animal spirits but Glandules are appointed to receive excrementitious humours and it is more curiously framed than any Glandule Neither is it of a marrowy substance for marrow swimmeth in water but this sinketh Besides marrow nourisheth the Bones but the Brain nourisheth no part And lastly Marrow being cast into the fire flameth but so will not the Brain It seemeth therefore to be a Viscus or Bowel endowed with a peculiar sort of a Parenchyma part of which Malpighius by the help of his Microscopes has observed to be of this substance viz. That all the white part of the Brain called the Corpus callosum is evidently divided into flattishly round little Fibres which in the Brains of Fish are so apparent that if you hold them betwixt you and the light they represent the small teeth of an Ivory comb These Fibres he saith are inserted by their ends into the Cortex or the ash-coloured outer part of the Brain through which abundance of sanguiferous vessels are dispersed and out of which therefore the aforesaid Fibres seem to draw their nourishment
the Brain and assoon as it is descended out of it into the Spine Spinalis or Dorsalis medulla The substance of it is fibrous being composed of many slender long Filaments which whether they are hollow or no cannot be discovered through their fineness It hath two parts viz. that which is contained within the Brain and that which is included within the vertebrae of the Back-bone or Spine That which is within the Skull is about four inches in length That which is without and beginneth at the great hole of the Occiput reacheth to the Coccyx growing smaller and smaller in the Os sacrum towards its end If one cut through its substance there will innumerable little specks or sprinklings of Bloud appear but the Vessels are so small that they cannot be discern'd But there are plainly discoverable very many twigs of Arteries and Veins running through the Membranes that invest it from which Arteries the Bloud is infus'd into the pores of the Medulla as it is imbib'd again from thence by the Veins It seems not to be a separate part from the Brain but rather a production of it and the Cerebellum together out of both which it seems to rise by six roots the two uppermost and foremost are the most considerable and are called Corpora striata being the ends of its two Crura by which it is joined to the Brain the four lower and backer are the protuberances of the Nates and Testes by which it adheres more to the Cerebellum It hath three Membranes The first is that which immediately toucheth it This springeth from the Pia mater and passeth between both the parts of it alone without the outer The twigs of Arteries and Veins run mostly through this The second covereth the first and springeth from the Dura mater There is no distance between them as there is in the Brain but one toucheth another being knit together by Fibres The third proceeding from the Ligament which joineth together the Vertebrae covereth both these It is divided all along from the very first meeting of its Crura within the Skull to the end of Os sacrum by a membranous partition parting it into two but this division is not apparent in the Spine because of the Dura mater that covers it but it may be discovered if that be taken off and the Medulla severed in the middle The partition is made of the Pia mater and by means of It it is that the use or motion of one side only is sometimes taken away in the Palsie From this Medulla within and without the Brain proceed all the Nerves of the whole Body CHAP. VIII Of the Processus mammillares TReating above of the two lateral Sinus of the Brain we said they descended forwards to the two Processus mammillares which we shall now describe They are called Mammillares or Papillares because in their end they are round like the Nipple of a Woman's Breast But they are hollow within and pretty full of moisture Anatomists are not agreed from whence their rise is some affirming it to be from the Brain others from the Crura of the Medulla oblongata amongst whom Dr. Willis is a leading Man From which soever it is they proceed as far forwards as the sieve-like Bone seated at the top of the Nostrils Dr. Willis takes them to be truly the smelling Nerves and calls them the first pair He says they are very marrowy and soft till they come to the Os cribriforme but then they borrow Coats of the Dura mater with which being divided into many Fibres and Filaments and passing through the holes of the said Bone they go out of the Skull whence being carried into the Caverns of the Nostrils they are distributed all through the Membrane that invests them Yet besides this use of smelling he thinks they may destil some of their moisture into the Nostrils through the holes of the Os cribriforme by the duct of the Fibres and Filaments Diemerbroâ—â—k thinks they have only this latter use only that the Rheum or Lympha destils from them as well upon the Fauces and their Glands as into the Nostrils Dr. Lower grants only the former use and says that It is incredible that the humour that is contained in the cavity of these processes should issue out by the Nerves into the Nostrils for if it did the sense of Smelling must needs be much prejudic'd thereby And besides if this water could destil by and out of the Nerves much more might the spirits that are thinner and more subtil fly away And as to the humour contained in the cavity of the processes he supposes it to be of very great use namely that when Effluvia or most subtil particles exhaling from an external object are delivered to the olfactory Nerves that their species may reach the Brain the better it was necessary that those Nerves or Processes should be made hollow from their very rise and be filled with a limpid humour Not that I believe says he that the species themselves are conveyed through their cavities into the ventricles of the Brain or that the Animal spirits are lodged in those Ventricles as the Ancients thought but that they are therefore hollow and moisten'd within with water that their marrowy bodies may serve the better both for retaining and conveying smells into the Brain For as things smelled are better perceived from moist bodies and in a moist 〈◊〉 in a dry season from the parched ground as Huntsmen know too well so it is likely that in the same manner as they are best perceiv'd outwardly they are also best conveyed â—nwardly c. And indeed if we will allow them to be olfactory Nerves it is very incongruous that they should serve for an Emunctory to the Brain to discharge its superfluous Serum And therefore we think it fit to acquiesce in this learned Physicians opinion and to believe that the Lympha gathered in the ventricles of the Brain is emptied by those ways we before observed out of the same Author and not at all by the nervous Filaments that pass from these processes through the Os cribriforme into the Nostrils CHAP. IX Of the Action of the Brain and the supposed Succus nutritius of the Nerves IT is generally agreed that the proper Action of the Brain in a large sense is the elaborating of Animal spirits and that they are sent from it by the Nerves into the several parts of the Body for performing both natural and animal actions But what these Animal spirits are and in what particular part of the Brain they are generated is not agreed upon by learned Men. Some are of opinion that the Animal spirits differ in no other regard from the Vital but only as they are conveyed by proper Vessels and minister to other purposes and are of a cooler temperament but that there is no specifical difference betwixt them Others on the other side think they differ
from the branches of the Jugulars As for their Nerves they either assist the sense of seeing and are called the optick Nerves which we have reckoned for the second pair and described before Chap. 10. or serve for the moving of them being inserted into their Muscles and to this purpose serve the third and fourth pair and some twigs of the fifth As to their Lympheducts we have spoken of them above Chap. 19. when we discoursed of the Glands placed at each canthus or corner of the Eye-lids CHAP. XXII Of the Auricula AS the Eyes are placed in the upper part of the Body like two Watchmen to descry approaching danger so are the Ears there seated also that they might give information of what the Eyes cannot discover either in the night for want of light or through some thick and opaque Body which the sight cannot penetrate And as the Eyes contemplate the wonderfull works of God whereby the mind may conceive of his Infinity so the Ears are the Inlets or Receivers of verbal instruction in all wisedom and science For they are the organs of hearing and are in number two that the one failing yet we might hear with the other They are placed in the Head because sounds ascend The parts of the Ear are either outward or inward The outward is called Auricula which is only an adjuvant instrument of hearing being spread like a Van to gather and receive the sounds It s upper part is called Ala or Pinna the Wing and its lower and soft Lobe usually Infima auricula It has several protuberances or eminences and cavities It s outer protuberance that makes its circumference from its winding is called Helix and that which is opposite to it Anthelix but that next the Temple because in some it is hairy is called Hircus or Tragus and that which is opposite to it to which the soft lobe of the Ear is annexed Antitragus which likewise in some is hairy Its Cavities are three The inmost because of the yellow Ear-wax as we call it that is gathered in it is named Alvearium as also Meatus auditorius the next to this outwards which is bigger from its tortuosity or winding is called Concha The third is that betwixt the Helix and Anthelix which has had no name imposed on it The constituent parts of the Auricula are either common or proper The common are Cuticula Cutis Membrana nervea and fat in the Lobe The proper are the Muscles Veins Arteries Nerves and the Cartilage As concerning the Muscles they are set down in their proper treatise The Veins come from the external Jugulars the Arteries from the Carotides the Nerves from the second pair of the Neck being joined with the harder process of the seventh pair As for the Cartilage it is a substance that is fittest for this place â—or if a Bone had been here it had been troublesome and might by many accidents have been broken off if Flesh it had been subject to conâ—usion It serves to keep this outer part of the Ear expanded and open and is tied to Os petrosum by a strong Ligament which riseth from the Pericranium The uses of the outward Ear are these First it serveth for beauty Secondly to help the receiving of the sounds For first it gathereth them being dispersed in the Air. Secondly it doth moderate their Impetus so that they come gently to the Tympanum Such as have it cut off upon any occasion are very much prejudic'd in their hearing which becomes confused with a certain murmur or swooing like the fall of waters Both behind and below the Ears there are several Glands outwardly under the Skin that are called Parotides But there are two more notable than the rest near one another of which one is lesser and is conglobate but the other bigger consisting as it were of many lesser and is conglomerate These serve to sustain the vessels that ascend this way and are usually reckoned as Emunctories of the Brain In the conglomerate Gland the Saliva is separated CHAP. XXIII Of the inward part of the Ear. THE inward part of the Ear is that which we properly call Auris and begins at the Meatus auditorius or that inmost cavity in which the Ear-wax is collected This cavity ascends something with a winding duct partly that if any thing fall into it it may more easily be got out again and partly that the vehement Impetus of the sound may be a little inâ—ringed The Wax that is gathered in it is an excrement of the Brain and by it Insects are hindred from creeping in entangling them as Bird-lime Before its inner end is spread the Tympanum or Drum which is a nervous round and pellucid Membrane of most exquisite sense Some will have it to spring from the Pericranium others from the Pia mater a third sort from the Dura mater a fourth from the softer process of the Auditory nerve expanded And lastly some think that it has a proper substance springing from no other Membrane but made in the first conformation of the parts It is very dry that it might give the better sound It is strong that it should the better endure external harms It hath a cord behind it for strength and stretching of it even as the military Drum hath which some take to be a Nerve others a Ligament It hath two Muscles to move it which shall be described in the fifth Book When it is taken away in the first cavity on the inside of it which also by some is called Tympanum there appear four small Bones These have no marrow in them nor are covered with any Membrane or Periosteum yet at their extremities where they are joined they are bound with a small Ligament that proceeds from the Cord or Ligament of the Tympanum above-mentioned And â—â—ey have this also peculiar to themselves that they are as big in Infants as in grown persons The first is called Malleolus the little Hammer It hath a round Head which is inarticulated into the cavity of the Anvil by a loose Ligament This Head is continued into a small Neck which reaching beyond the â—iddle of the Tympanum adhereth to it About the middle it hath two processes The one of which bâ—ing shorter has the Tendon of the internal Muscle inserted into it and the other being longer the Tendon of the external the Tympanum coming between The seconds is called Incus the Anvil having one Head and two Feet being somewhat like one of the grinding or double Teeth that has two roots The Head is somewhat thick having in the top of it a little smooth cavity which receiveth the knob or head of the Hammer The smallest and longest Foot is tied to the top of the Stirrop by a loose but â—irm Ligament but the thickest broadest and shortest resteth upon the Os squamosum The third is Stapes or the Stirrop In figure it is triangular in the middle
VII Of the Jaws NOW follow the Bones of the Face which are the Jaw-bones with their Teeth to which we shall subjoin the Bone of the Tongue The Jaws are two the upper and lower The substance of the upper Jaw especially on its inside is not solid but spongious and unequal because it is framed of sundry Bones They are six pair six in each side The first is Zygomaticum this maketh up the best part of the Os jugale and the outer corner of the Eye The second is Os lachrymale It is a round little and thin Bone in the inner corner of the Eye whereon the Caruncula lachrymalis resteth In the lower part of it there is a hole which passeth to the cavity of the Nose by this a branch of the fifth pair of Nerves passeth to the inner Membrane of the Nose The third is thin as the former but quadrangular It is placed between the two former in the inner side of the orbit of the Eye and is continuous to the Os spongiosum of the Nostrils The fourth is Os malae the Cheek-bone the greatest and thickest This maketh up the greatest part of the Cheek and Palate and containeth all the upper Teeth in its caverns It is joined above on that side next the Nose to the Bone of the Forehead but below with the wedge-like Bone before with the Os lachrymale behind with the third and last of all with its fellow Under the Eye it has a hole for the passage of a branch of the fifth pair of Nerves that is bestowed on the Face and another near the bottom of the Nose by which an Artery and a Vein pass from the Palate to the Nostrils The fifth is long hard and reasonable thick it with its fellow maketh up the bony part of the Nose It is joined with the Cartilages of the Nose below to which purpose it is very rough and unequal on that side but to the internal process of the Os frontis above The sixth doth make up the Roof of the Mouth with its fellow Six Bones then make up the orbit of the Eye The first is Frontale which maketh the upper vaulted part The second is placed in the outside where the lesser corner is and is a portion of the wedge-like Bone The third is the first Bone of the upper Jaw and maketh up the outside concurring with the former portion of the wedge-like Bone The fourth and fifth are the second and third of the said Jaw and make up the inside The sixth maketh up the lower part These are joined one to another partly by common and partly by proper Sutures The lower Jaw in those of ripe age is but one Bone but in Children till they are a year or two old it consists of two which are joined together at the Chin by Synchondrosis and afterwards grow into one This is moveable but the upper immoveable It resembleth in shape the Greek letter v. At both the ends of it there are two processes whereof the one from a broad basis grows sharp and is called Corona this receiveth the Tendon of the temporal Muscle which is also the first of the lower Jaw The other may be called Articularis because it serveth for Articulation This has a Neck and a longish Head called Condylus that is covered with a Cartilage for its easier motion By this Head it is inarticulated into the Sinus of Os petrosum that is also lined with a Cartilage and is knit strongly thereto by a membranous Ligament This Bone has a cavity within especially in the fore part toward the Chin which contains a marrowy juice for its nourishment It has four Foramina of which two are at the roots of the Processes by which a branch of the fifth pair of Nerves together with a Vein and Artery pass to the Teeth and two other in its fore-part by the sides of the Chin by which two twigs of the said fifth branch pass out again to the lower Lip and its Muscles and Skin Both the Jaws have Alveoli or Sockets for the Teeth in number equal with the number of the Teeth But when in old age the Teeth fall out the Sockets close together so that in time there remains no print of them but the Bone becomes sharp CHAP. VIII Of the Teeth THE Teeth are called in Latin Dentes quasi Edentes from their office and are fixed in the Jaw-bones as a Nail into a Post by Gomphosis Their root is tied to the Mandible by a Nerve by Syneurosis and the upper part as far as 't is compassed by the fleshy substance of the Gum by Syssarcosis Their substance is the hardest of all other Bones That part of them that stands out naked above the Gums is smooth and covered with no Periosteum but that part within the Sockets of the Jaws is rough and invested with a thin Membrane or Periosteum that is of exquisite sense The Grinders have a manifest cavity within but the Incisores and Dog-teeth but an obscure one whereinto by the very small holes of their roots they each receive a Capillary artery from the Carotides a Vein from the Jugulars and a twig of a Nerve from the fifth pair as abovesaid which last being expanded through the thin Membrane that invests the said cavity gives it a most acute sense but the bony substance of it self is wholly insensible The Vein Artery and Nerve are united together and clad with a common Membrane when they enter the Jaw within which they have a proper channel to run along in under the roots of the Teeth sending twigs to each as they pass under them The rudiments or principles of the Teeth are bred with the other parts in the Womb but lie hid for some months within the Jaws and Gums in which they encrease and are perfected by degrees some breaking through the Gums sooner others later as every one may observe in Children But though after such a term of man's life no new Teeth spring yet they grow continually as long as a Man lives else would they be soon worn to the stumps by their daily use and we see that when a Tooth is lost out of either Jaw that which is opposite to it in the other Jaw will grow longer than the rest having none to grind against When Children come to be seven or eight years old they change several of their Teeth but very rarely if ever all The Incisores or Fore-teeth the Canini or Eye-teeth and the foremost Double-teeth most change but the rest of the Double-teeth very few Now concerning this changing of the Teeth we must note that the old ones do not come out by the roots but their upper part only drops off their root remaining still in the Socket of the Jaw which being like seed for the new ones by degrees grows up above the Gums to supply the place of that which was faln off Commonly about the twentieth year or upwards there spring out two
chiefly for the Eyes for they ought to be placed there as in a Watch-tower and besides having but soft Nerves which could not endure a long passage it was requisite that the Brain should be near them Of figure it is spherical yet somewhat flattish and longish It is bigger in Man than in other Creatures considering the proportion of their Bodies as his Brain also is The parts are of three sorts for they are either 1. distinctive or 2. expressive of the regions or 3. constitutive of the whole The parts distinctive are two the hairy scalp called Calva and that without hair called Facies The parts which express the regions of the first are four 1. Sinciput or the fore-part reaching from the Forehead to the coronal future 2. Occiput the Noddle or hinder part beginning at the future Lambdoides and reaching to the first vertebra of the Neck 3. Vertex the Crown which is situated on the top of the Head between the bounds of the Sinciput and Occiput And 4. the lateral parts descending from this on each side between the Ears and Eyes are called Tempora or the Temples The parts constitutive are either containing or contained the containing are either common or proper The common are those we treated of in Chap. 3. of the first Book viz. the Cuticula Cutis Pinguedo and Membrana carnosa The Cuticula is thinner and softer but the Skin thicker than in any other part of the Body yet porous to give way to the nourishment of the Hair The Membrana carnosa in some cleaveth so to the Skin that they can move it at their pleasure We shall not need to say more here of these common containing parts but refer the Reader to the above-cited place and now proceed to the proper having first discoursed a little of the Hair CHAP. II. Of the Hair THE Hairs of the Head are called in Latine Capilli quasi Capitis pili and differ not from the Hairs in any other part of the Body save in length Now an Hair may be defined to be a body cold and dry small thread-like hard and flexible budding from the Skin The Hairs are seldom round but generally four square as the stalks of some Plants sometimes triangular but always porous the pores running lengthways All these things may be observed in a good Microscope They are sometimes curled and sometimes hang lank Hairs are commonly divided into Congeniti such as we bring into the World with us as those of the Head Eyelids and Eyebrows and Postgeniti such as begin to grow at certain seasons in our life-time as the Beard the Hairs growing about the Pudenda on the Breast in the Arm-pits and the like They are no parts of the Body and therefore have no Animal life yet they have a Vegetative life and that peculiar to themselves and not owing to the life of the Body seeing they continue to grow after a Man is dead as has been observed in embalmed Bodies The matter out of which they are bred and nourished is commonly reputed to be a moist fuliginous crass earthy and somewhat viscid excrement of the third concoction Spigelius thinks they are nourished by Bloud which opinion he grounds on an analogy he supposes there is between Hair and the Feathers of Fowl and these latter he says are apparently nourished by Bloud for if one pull one from off a young Fowl its end is bloudy Diemerbroeck dissents not much herefrom but thinks the Bloud to be prepared and concocted in a specifical manner into a crass earthy and viscid juice Whatever the matter be it is attracted by the white roots of the Hairs and is carried even to their very ends by the pores just as Plants receive nourishment out of the Earth by their Roots and communicate it to their outmost parts The colour of them is answerable to the Climate or to the natural constitution of the party or to the diversity of those humours that are mixed with the juice whereby they are nourished In those of cold flegmatick constitutions they use to be of a light colour in cholerick reddish c. They are most commonly streight in those which are born in cold Countries but curled in those who inhabit hot Climates And as the reason of the difference of the colour of the Hair in several persons is from different temperaments c. so the reason why Men in old age grow grey whenas their Hair before was of another colour seemeth to be the predominance of flegm in that juice that nourisheth them whence also the Hairs of the Head and Face soonest turn white because the Brain does more abound with pituitous humours than any other part of the Body But it is not so easy to give a reason of some Men's turning grey in one nights time when they have been under great fears of which there are many instances credibly reported The Hairs have three uses for they serve 1. for defence 2. for beauty and 3. shew the temperature of the whole Body and Skin CHAP. III. Of the proper containing parts THE proper containing parts are five to wit the Muscles the Pericranium the Periosteum the Cranium and the Meninges Look for the Muscles in the fifth Book and for the Cranium in the sixth Of the other here And First The Pericranium is a Membrane thinnish dense and white of exquisite sense immediately seated under the Membrana carnosa It covereth the whole Skull except where the temporal Muscles lie upon the Cranium for it is stretched over them and seeing it is very sensible and tender it causeth horrible pain and inflammation when the temporal Muscle is wounded It is tied to the Dura mater by some nervous Fibres which pass within the Skull by its Sutures to stay firmly the Dura mater and also the Brain which it invests from inordinate moving And although in Infants new born these be strongly united insomuch that the Pericranium is said by some to spring from the Dura mater yet in process of time they part and become joined only by some fibrous ties by which inflammations may be communicated from the Pericranium to the Brain Next under the Pericranium is spread the Periosteum which immediately cleaveth to the Skull and gives it that sense which it hath It self is a very thin and nervous Membrane and of very acute sense All the Bones of the whole Body except the Teeth are invested with such alike Membrane and owe their sense to it Some deny it to be found here affirming that the Pericranium supplieth its place But that cannot be so for the Pericranium as was noted above goeth above the temporal Muscles whereas the Periosteum always cleaveth close and immediately to