the contrary in vertue or vice for vertue and vice do not consist in any single act but in the habit formed of many wherefore Cyrillus Alexandrinus against Iulian the Apostate saith If nature had filled our souls with vertue vice could not have been introduced into them so that we see she only made us susceptible thereof as we are also of vice because that which is disposed to receive one thing is also capable to receive the contrary of it Vertue is a hidden treasure which we must take pains to find out by the help of Precepts which by degrees are contracted into an habit and that 's properly what we call Art and Science This was the opinion of the first Law-givers who to that end instituted several Disciplines for Youth and gave them rules sutable to the government which they would use them to for although nature hath not given us vertue she hath not denied us means to attain to 't she hath even given us some seeds and dispositions to it having put in us affections whereby upon occasion it doth receive some increase for saith the Pythagorician Hyppodamus Through desire and fear one grow a notable proficient in virtues Another great help to Education of Children would be the suppression of all vicious and corrupt places or any that engage Youth to debanchedness as may be publick Gaming places many Taverns of which the number is exceeding which are all enticements to young men to fall into depravation and an idle course of life I would not except Plays when prophane lascivious blasphemous or other vicious parts are acted upon the Stage for else representing of Vertue in her lively colours may be a motive to love and follow it So when Vice appears in his own shape it will make it odious to us therefore much is depending upon the subject they act to shew how ridiculous in all his waâ—s is a covetous man will instruct us of the vileness and sordidness of that vice and this was the first use of Comedies introduced amongst the Romans in the days of grave and wise men who had the government of the Republick continued in Augustus's days which multiplied to an excess and degenerated under the Reign of Vicious Emperors for instead that first they were only instructive they turned only to delight spectators and to flatter great men in their Vices whereby the true end thereof was perverted Intrigues of State were also represented therein I can see NeroÌ„ either dissembling his natural inclination or over-awed by his Mother or else persuaded by the wise and good advices of Seneca and Burrhus live and reign vertuously for the space of five years then flie out and break loose against those Counsellors because they dissuaded him from violence and evil actions To see the advice of those faithful and vertuous men slighted and the suggestions of a base and infamous Narcissus or other flatterers be received and on the other side Agrippina accusing Seneca and Burrhus to be the authors of what evil counsels her Son took against her Authority Reason and Justice doth not this shew the condition of few honest men amongst the wicked they give the good counsels which are not followed and yet suffer the blame of evil ones which they ever spoke against This if any is the good which can be learned from Plays but on the other side the life of Actors and Actrices their gestures actions carriage and whatsoever else is in them joyned to the bad inclinations of the generality of spectators will quite hinder any good effect and destroy what good dispositions might happen to be in them besides that History will instruct us of all these passages which yet being acted will make a deeper impression upon the faculties and passions of the soul both to instruct and to delight it In one word a good use may be made of Plays though generally none but a bad one be made of them But setting Plays aside I shall assert the necessity of suppressing vicious things and places which allure Youth to evil and debauchedness Magistrates being much concerned in it vertuous Subjects will submit to Law and obey Authority when vicious men will cause troubles and disturbances This I press the more by reason of the depravation which is in Youth in every man and in the whole man and that not only original and inherent to their nature but also contracted by a loose breeding worse examples debauched company and other accidents Young men generally are not sound within but there is a hidden and inward enemy apt to betray the whole man upon occasion and to let in any outward foe in them matter is very combustible and ready to take fire with the least sparkle from without Now I return to the Tutors part which is ever to keep Children doing one thing or other There are three sorts of life one speculative and the other active one for learning the other for practise let them be kept to which they please or rather both but avoid the otiosam or idle life standing water doth gather mud and corruption Children specially they who are quick and lively when they have no good to do they will rather do evil than be idle It is a considerable saying of an ancient Doctor that the whole life of man passeth Vel nihil agendo aut male agendo vel aliud agendo either in doing nothing or doing evil or else doing that which concerns us not playing the part of busie-bodies therefore there must be variety of things to put them upon indeed some there are which Youth must learn to do by the by others they ought to apply themselves seriously to for they must not so much mind their Book as to neglect conversation when they begin to be capable of it neither must they be so taken with speculation as to omit action altogether and wholly to deprive themselves of every innocent and lawful pleasure and recreation which God Nature Reason Health Decency and such like do permit or require Seek ye first saith Scripture the Kingdom of God and the righteousness thereof This first implies a priority of which there is one of order for an order is required in every thing Such a priority of order there is in the persons of the most Holy and Blessed Trinity another priority there is of nature but not of time such is the Sun before his light for the cause must be in nature before the effect yet at the same time the Sun was he gave light but another priority there is in time and not in nature so in time a Father is before his Son for he was born many years before him yet he is not so in nature because he cannot be a Father till he hath a Child these two being relative which as Schoolmen say Se mutuo ponunt tollunt put one and you put both take away one and you take away both In short the Tutor is to keep his Gentleman in exercise to
co-essential in nature co-eternal in time and co-equal or together equal in power these persons are distinguished not divided amongst them is an order without confusion the nature is spiritual and consequently immaterial and uncorruptible simple without any composition whether metaphysical of substance and accident physical of matter and form or moral of act and power It is infinite eternal unchangeable and independent Now this God is known to us in his Nature Attributes whether incommunicable such as we named just now or communicable as are his Justice Goodness Mercy and Wisdom whereof he is pleased to impart some drops to his creatures and in his works which his word doth inform us of either explicitly or by clear and necessary consequence Now therefore that there is a God in whom we live move and have our being wâ—o is a rewarder of all men according to their deeds who having made the world formed man after his image and that man through his disobedience infidelity and pride fell from that estate of innocency and integrity wherein he was created which not only brought guilt upon him and all mankind but also punishment and misery consisting in death of afflictions natural spiritual and eternal insomuch that thereby we are all fallen into temporal and become guilty of everlasting pains and damnation out of which we cannot be delivered by any strength wisdom or capacity of ours thâ—refore God out of his wonderful and infinite mercy promised a Saviour from time to time renewed the promises sealed and confirmed them by several types figures who would come in the fulness of times to satisfie his Justice appease his Wrath make a full expiation for our sins and reconcile us to God This Saviour was to represent our person put himself in our place and suffer the pains and torments we had deserved Because humane nature had offended he was to be a man otherwise it had not consisted with the justice of God to punish that nature which had not sinned and as farther it was necessary he should be a man to die so he was to be a God to conquer and overcome death In three words the substance of it is that there is one God and that through the fall of Adam we had been all damned if God had not given us a Saviour The knowledge of these things is necessary to salvation and except we believe it we cannot be saved now all this is clearly and intelligiby expressed in Scripture so that any ordinary capacity may easily be brought to understand it and this we call necessary to be known as to the substance Under the Old Testament to know and believe this was sufficient to salvation for their Faith was extended upon a Messias to come and not upon one already come so that till the time of the Declaration who this Saviour was the object of their Faith was an Individuum Vagum and they were in the dark who that particular person should be Wherefore Iohn the Baptist confesses his ignorance in this point when he saith As for me I knew him not but he that sent me to baptize with water said c. Hence it is that he sent two of his Disciples to ask him Art thou he that should come or do we look for another He knew him by the Spirit 's descending and remaining upon him This was the characteristical note But now there is a second thing necessary to salvation to be known by all who lived since the coming in the flesh of our Saviour and under the Gospel and this is necessary as to the declaration namely that the Saviour promised prophesied of and typified is that particular person Jesus Christ both God and man Son of the Virgin Mary born in Bethlehem in the days of Herod and when by the command of Caesar Augustus the world was to be taxed In a word the same that was Conceived by the Holy Ghost born of the Virgin Mary suffered under Pontius Pilate was crucified dead and buried and who did and suffered all things mentioned in the Gospel and in few words contained in the Apostolical Creed This same we ought to believe to be our only Saviour and Redeemer whom we ought to rely upon and put our trust in apply him to us by Faith and except we know and believe this there is no hope of salvation for us as Scripture doth fully and clearly declare so that this Principle may be infused into the meanest capacity Si Christum discis nihil est si caetera nescis Si Christum nescis nihil est si caetera discis But in the third place there are some things contained in Scriptures concerning which the Spirit of God hath not been pleased clearly to reveal his mind to us As revealed things belong to men so secret things belong to God which we must not pry into nor presume beyond what is written Prophecies are certainly dark till they become a History for to understand them before they are fulfilled one must be endued with a Prophetical Spirit Besides Prophecies there are other Points attended with many difficulties which Doctors themselves labour and study very hard to understand Such are the ways and manners of things That things are is a matter of fact and after God hath said in his word they are so it admits of no difficulty out of this Principle That God is the God of Truth but the manner of things is that which breeds scruples the word being either silent or dark about it As for instance that there is one God in Nature and three Persons Scripture doth clearly set it forth in several places and if this truth be obscure in one Text some other place of Scripture will clear it it being proper to Scripture to explain it self by it self yet how this Unity and Trinity can consist together though learned men be able to apprehend yet mean persons and low capacities are not capable of it so is the mystery of Incarnation how the second Person who hath Divine Nature can assume Humane Nature and yet the Father and Holy Ghost who have both Divine Nature should not be Incarnated and again how both Natures can be united in one Person and the idiomes and proprieties of every Nature should not be united but every Nature should retain her own attributes without mixture or confusion yet this we know to be true but cannot dive into the manner how this is done There are also other things as the day when the great judgment shall be and where it is to be and what places Heaven and Hell shall be in which arise from vanity and unnecessary Curiosity Other questions there are which men ought not to dispute too much about because they are somewhat problematical and good and learned men do differ in their opinion concerning them as may be this Whether there will be degrees of Glory and whether this world shall be changed as to the substance or only in the accidents all which
reason some give why Tyberius the Emperor was so given to Wine because his Nurse was a drunkard and used to feed him with Bread sopt in Wine This vice did not only attend him in his retirement in Caprea but also followed him to his grave Others do affirm that the famous Grecian Achilles was so valiant and so courageous because Chyron fed him with the Marrow Hearts and Livers of Lions and other stout Creatures Many other things of this nature might be produced to the same purpose It is the practice of some Nurses and Servants about Children to fright them with stories and representations which make so deep an impression upon them that they can never break it as long as they live This sometimes frights them out of their wits or makes them so timerous that they hardly dare walk a step in the dark sleep without company in their chamber or without a burning candle all night and other effects it produces which make them ridiculous to others I know those who are very rational yet cannot shake it off though they strive to do it they know it to be a very great imperfection yet cannot remedy it Thus a coward knows he is so and would be glad to be courageous but cannot help it This sometimes is an effect of having been frighted rather than a natural defect Let them also avoid giving them blows whereof the marks or effects remain upon them till they are carried to their grave and very often a lameness crookedness and such deformity yea death are caused by a blow a fall or the like I would have Children to be taught something betimes and almost as soon as they are able to crawl and to speak any ways intelligibly A vessel ever retains a scent of the liquor that was first put into it Train up a Child in the way he should go and when he is old he will not depart from it 'T is true impressions in Youth are easily taken away as a young plant is soon rooted out but when acts are turned into habits and these contracted through a long succession 't is very difficult especially if they are bad and in this sense the Rule is good Principiis obsta Care is to be taken at first that Youth be not inticed or drawn to evil practices and customs for the inward principle being naturally corrupt namely the mind darkened and so unabled to discern true from false the will and affections deprav'd and prone to evil if these natural dispositions be strengthened with evil practise and become habitual all that will not only be setled and confirmed but also it will become inveterate and past remedy without God's special grace And this is to be minded the more because the disturbance which passions work in Youth and the being possess'd with evil habits makes such a confusion between the images of true and real good and of that which only appears such that reason which is born after them and amidst this storm is framed within us is not in a capacity at that time distinctly to put a difference by which means the soul is mistaken in her choice But the first and chief thing I would have them to be taught is piety and the fear of God which as David and Solomon say Is the beginning of wisdom and knowledg wherefore the same Prophet saith Thou art my God from my mothers womb thou didst make me hope when I was upon my mothers breast And the wisest man that ever was bids us Remember our Creator in the days of our youth St Paul commends his Disciple Timothy because from his youth up by the care of his Mother and Grandmother he was instructed in the Faith and fear of God and that from a child he had known the holy Scriptures which are able to make us wise unto salvation Let prophane and wicked men talk what they will the best and safest is God's way This Principle and others of our Religion I wish were early and continually infused into them by learning some easie Catechism reading in the Bible as soon as they are able and using them to go to Church behave themselves reverently and as much as they are able to give attention to what is preached and when they are come home they must be asked what they remember of the Sermon censuring them for their neglect and praising and encouraging them for their diligence Above all things they ought to be put upon the duty of prayer I would have them persuaded of the dependence they have upon God for food raiment and other necessaries for this and the life to come when they fall upon their knees they ought to be made sensible of the glory power purity and mercy of â—od and as much as they are capable of their own unworthiness sinfulness and misery craving pardon for their sins in and through the Merits and Sufferings of our Saviour alone and this will begin to work humility in them they must be thankful for mercies received and crave those they stand in need of especially the constant protection of God Moreover Parents must ever be giving them good precepts and never bad examples The Spartans to cause their Children to abhor drunkenness made their servants drunk and then exposed them to the sight of their Children who seeing what a vile vice this is did thereby loath and hate it So upon other accounts the use of such demonstrations will make a deep impression upon the minds and memories of youth Hereupon I must express my dissenting from the opinion of many who think it not fit to entertain youth with serious things and others which are or seem to be above their capacity and not suitable to their years but certainly experience doth confute this error tell them nothing but of toyes and trifles and their mind will run about such things their mind is never at rest but is constantly taken up with something now 't is with it as with the ground sow Oats in it and it will bring forth Oats but sow Wheat and it will produce what it hath received therefore my reason is that though Children have not ripeness of judgment to use it yet memory is the faculty wherein that age doth excel to which they commit the things they hear and though for the present the benefit of it doth not appear yet it is as the seed in the ground which doth not immediately come to maturity but it falls in first then corrupts afterwards it buds and springs up and at last gives us fruit so in time youth will remember good things taught them and reduce them to a practice Morality is the second thing they ought to learn and this flows from the former for where there is a right Principle of Piety it will appear in life and conversation and though infancy be hardly capable of the strict and severe rules of Morality yet at least they must have a view of the Principles of it
not to speak of the Hebrew Greek and Latin Tongues which I mentioned before and are called dead Tongues the Spanish is called Senatoria for Grave Senators the French Oratoria for Orators and Courtiers the Italian Amatoria for Gallants and Lovers the High Dutch Martialis Generosa for Generous Soldiers the Polonish Martialis ferox for Wild and Barbarous Ones the Suedish Nugatoria for Trifles and Trivial Things the Danish Ploratoria Weeping and the Low Dutch Mercatoria for Merchants And now I am upon this Subject it will not be amiss for me here to insert a character of some Nations out of which a Traveller may receive some Lights and Directions how to behave himself when he comes amongst them which hath a relations only to the generality of the people and doth no way reflect upon the Superiour Powers over those Nations whose Governments Councils and Ministers I confess to be much above all such kinds of observations In Affection The French loveth everywhere The Spaniard very well The Italian knows how to love The German knows not how to love In Behaviour French courteous Spaniard lordly Italian amorous German clownish In Body French hath it manly Spaniard so so Italian indifferent The German tall In Buildings French build conveniently Spaniard meanly Italian stately German strongly In Cloaths French inconstant and changing Spaniard modest Italian poor German mean In Colour French like a chesnut Spaniard black Italian brown German white or readish In Conversation The French jovial Spaniard troublesome Italian complying German unpleasant In Councils French hasty Spaniard wary Italian subtle German slow In Courage The French as an Eagle Spaniard like an Elephant Italian as a Fox German as a Bear In Dancing The French danceth Spaniard walketh Italian Vaults German walloweth himself In Diet. French delicate Spaniard sparing Italian sober German loves to drink In Favours French forgets good and evil Spaniard rewardeth all Italian ready to do good but revengeful German doth neither good nor evil In Gaming The French ventures all Spaniard makes a good shew with a bad Game Italian takes exceptions German is often cheated In Laws French hath good Laws but observe them not Spaniard hath excellent Laws and observeth them rigidly Italian hath good Laws but is remiss in the observation German hath Laws which are so so In Learning The French knows a little of every thing The Spaniard hath a deep Learning Italian like a Doctor German like a Pedant In Looks and Meen French looks like one inconsiderate and is often so Spaniard like a wise Man and often is so indeed Italian looks giddy-like but is wise German hath seldom good look or Meen In Love The French giddy and inconsiderate Spanish boaster Italian noble German gross and rustical In making Love French diverts his Mistress Spaniard adoreth her Italian serveth her German bestows Gifts upon her In contempt of Love French hasty offends his Mistress Spanish proud slights her Italian discreet complains of her German rude asketh for what he gave her In Magnificence In France consists in the Court. In Spain in her Arms. Italy in Churches Germany in her Princes In Plays French pleasant and merry Spanish serious Italian Buffoon and Jester German unpleasant In Pride The French commends every thing Spaniard praiseth none but himself Italian despises that which deserves it German is no boaster In Promises French light Spaniard deceitful Italian advantageous German true and faithful In Religion French zealous Spaniard superstitious Italian ceremonious German indifferent In Secret The French tells every thing Spaniard is very secret Italian saith not a word German forgets what he was told In Speech The French sings Spaniard speaks Italian acts the Comedy German howls Again French speaks well but writes ill Spaniard speaks and writes little but well Italian speaks and writes well German speaks little but writes much In Temper French jester and injurious Spaniard grave and respectful Italian pleasant and jealous German lofty and fantastical In Wit French hath it all the body over Spaniard in the head Italian in the arm German in the fingers end Concerning Husbands In France Companions In Spain Tirants In Italy Goalers In Germany Masters Concerning Women In France Ladies or Drudges In Spain Slaves In Italy prisoners In Germany Housewifes Of Servants In France Masters In Spain Subjects In Italy respectful In Germany Companions Of Horses In France good for every thing or for nothing In Spain noble In Italy handsome and good In Germany dull and heavy In Diseases The French subject to the P The Spaniard to the Kings Evil. Italian to the Plague German to the Gout Some Compare The French to a Flea Spaniard to a Louse Italian to a Punaise a Bug. German to a Louse As there is no Rule without exception so in every Country some are of a temper different from what is here represented but as sometimes denomination is made from the greater other times from the better part so here are expressed the vulgar imperfections and the particular good qualities of the better sort and i◠one and the same Countrey men of all these different tempers may be found out To this I must add some particular advice and instructions for a Traveller how to order himself when he is beyond Seas for he can never be too much warned of what he must do when he is abroad and what I am to say I believe will do him good at least I am sure can do him no harm O Traveller whosoever you are pray take notice of the following Advices So order and regulate your time as to have certain set hours for every thing you are to do Imprimis venerare Deum Forget not morning and evening to ask God that which is necessary for your Soul and Body nor to give him thanks for favours received from him Heathens themselves can say à Iove principium à Iove sinis erit Follow wise Solomon's Council To remember thy Creator in the days of thy youth and you know King David saith The fear of the Lord is the beginning of Wisdom Apply your self to the reading of Holy Scriptures which is able to make you wise unto Salvation it will afford you Lessons whereupon to settle your Faith and convince the Adversaries thereof besides this it will furnish you with precepts and examples of Morality History Politicks and other things necessary to knowing Men In a word it will teach you to live in this present World soberly justly and religiously that is to perform your duty in relation to your self your neighbor and towards God Observe an order and method in the reading of it every morning you may read a Chapter in the old Testament and another in the New and do the like every night so in time you may read it all In a special way I commend the Prophecy of Isaiah the Psalms of David and above all the Proverbs of Solomon and his Book called Ecclesiastes wherein is contained much of Divine and humane Wisdom the