Selected quad for the lemma: saint_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
saint_n	lie_v	north_n	south_n	1,718	5	10.2022	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A60281	The hydrostaticks, or, The weight, force, and pressure of fluid bodies, made evident by physical, and sensible experiments together vvith some miscellany observations, the last whereof is a short history of coal, and of all the common, and proper accidents thereof, a subject never treated of before / by G.S.	Sinclair, George, d. 1696.	1672 (1672)	Wing S3854; ESTC R38925	208,492	331

rise being N W and S E are sometimes farder advanced towards the S E sometimes farder back towards the N W by the difference of a mile and this generally occasioned by the encounter of a Dyke or Gae whereof hereafter The same question that occurred in the Coals dipping towards a Hill or rising above ground comes to be inquired into here viz. If a Coal encountering an ascent or Brae above ground in its Streek rises also with the ground and keeps its ascent I answer I have found it so in all the Coals I have ever seen of that nature GOD in his providence having so ordered it that thereby it may be the more useful in regard more thereof may be wrought by one Level or Aquaeduct by which the Water is conveyed away as afterwards will be observed in speaking to Levels For confirmation whereof I shall bring instances both of Coals that declines towards the Hill and of others that declines with the same dipp the Hill hath it self In the Coals of B●nhard Grange Kinglassy and Kinneil which keep all one general course the ascent above ground is from the Sea which lyes North towards the South or thereabout the Coal dipps or declines towards the N W and so consequently rises to the S E. The Streek of these Coals is from the N E to S W which slops alongs the Hill and comes up to the top thereof to the Westward of the House of B●nhard Now in sinking in that ground if an equal proportion be kept in all the Sinks from the Cropp and a just allowance given for the different Rising above ground the Sinks will be near of an equal deepness along all the Streek So that a Sink upon the same Coal near to the Sea which is the N E point of the Streek at equal distance from the Cropp will be as deep as a Sink upon the top of the Hill being the S W point of the Streek at the same distance from the Cropp allowing alwayes the different rise above ground and excepting some particular troubles falling in upon the Metals of one Sink and not of another and so making them dipp more which will occasion a difference of the deepness The same is also found in the Coals of Dysart and Weems As also in that great body of Coal before mentioned between Preston-grange and Stobhill the declination whereof is to the N E which is also the course of the descent above ground Another instance is from the Coals within the Lordship of Tranent the dipp whereof is of another course being contrary to the descent of the Hill viz. the Coal dipping to the S E and consequently the Streek running S W and N E where the same is to be observed that was seen in the other anent the equality of the deepness of Sinks along the Streek with the same allowances and exceptions before mentioned Some have been of opinion that Streeks of Coals ly generally South and North or to some of the points near to these two Cardinal ones between South and S W and North and N E as South and by West and North and by East c. To which general I cannot agree in regard of what I have before made evidently appear viz. that some Coals have their croppings towards all the points of the Compass and the Streeks being regulated by the Cropps they must necessarily be judged to have their courses proportioned to theirs so that if a Coal dipp to the true North and rise to the South the Streek must be East and West However I acknowledge two things for confirming that opinion First that of all the Coals I ever have seen where these contrary dipps and risings could not be traced and made visible the Sreek hath inclined to those points of South and North. But I must also confess that they are but few I have seen in respect of what I have not seen and so if any others experience who have seen more contradict mine I shall willingly yeeld and not be tenacious Next in these Coals which I instanced that have their Cropp to all the Points and consequently their Streeks and in others of the same nature which I have seen and not instanced I found that part of the Streek which lyes towards these Cardinal points to be the greatest being double or triple to the other Sreeks in length So that when the Streek that lyes either along the one Cropp or the other towards the S W and N E will be seven miles in length that lying S E and N W will be but four and sometimes less And this is all the account I can give of that part of Coal called the Streek The second thing I promised to speak of was of some things which are but accidental to Coals and yet so ordinary that hardly are any found without them in lesser or greater degree such are Gae's and Dykes which alters their natural course and they being the occasion of so much Trouble in the working of Coal and following its course the Coal-hewers call them ordinarily by●that name Trouble This Trouble or Gae then is a Body of Metal-falling in upon the course of the Coal or Free-stone obstructing or altering their kindly and natural course keeping no regular course it self and being of nature alwayes different from the Metal whose course it interrupts And these Gae's differ also among themselves in their nature and in their course they keep or more properly in the way wherein they encounter other Metalls and in their effects In their nature for some of them con●ists of an impregnable Whin-Rock or Flinty-Stone thorow which it is almost impossible to work and if there be a necessity to cut them thorow it is done at a vast expence and takes a long time and must be cut open to the surface of the earth it being impossible to Mine it under ground Some of them are again of Stone like a Free-stone but seems rather an abortive of nature they having no rule in their course by which a man can follow them nor can their stone be useful In their encountering of Coals or Free-stone sometimes they encounter them in the Dip and sometimes in the Streek and sometimes between the two These that are met with in following the Dipp of the Coal ly along the Streek thereof For example if the Coal Dipp S E the Gae lies N E and S W. These that are encountered in the Streek lyes to the Dipp and Rise so the Coal Streeking N E and S W the Gae is found to ly S E and N W. Others of them lyes between Streek and Dipp that is to some point between the two as the Streek being S W and N E and the Dipp and Rise S E and N W there may be a Gae found lying W S W and E N E. Now when I speak of a Gae's lying to such Points of the Compass this doth not contradict what was said before that they had no regular course

24 Proposition of his first Book and is demonstrat by Proclus in the Scholium to the 4 th Proposition of the same Book By this is made to appear the profitableness of a Flat-Coal beyond a Hinging-Coal which was touched before in regard that having the Sinks of equal deepness in both there is much more of the Flater-Coal to be wrought before it Cropp out then of the Hinging as there is a difference between the Lines D F in the first and second Figure or between the Lines I F in the same If it be enquired if in rising grounds where there is a considerable ascent above ground the Coal keeps a proportion in its Rising and Dipping with the ascent and descent of the ground above I answer there is no certain and constant proportion kept whatever sometimes may happen For I have observed some Coals upon grounds of a considerable ascent and their Dipp run quite contrary to the descent of the Hill and others have had a quite contrary course to that and have declined or dipped with the declination of the ground above But in the Streek whereof I shall speak a little hereafter there is more proportion ordinarily to be remarked There remains only one Question about the Dipps and Risings of Coals which I shall a little consider having encountered different judgements anent it in conversing with persons who had experience in Coal viz. whether Coal and other Metals after they have declined such a length from their Cropp suppose from West to East take another course and rise to the same point to which formerly they dipped Figure 7. As if the Coal dipped from A which is the Cropp to B which should be the Center of that Body and after that rise to C Or if it should continue its declination thorow B to D which is Antipodes to us I shall not offer to determine in a matter wherein there can be so little certainty attained but shall give my opinion which is founded upon the experience I have had and Observations I have had occasion to make on that Head And first I find in all these Coals wherein no contrary Cropp or Rising could be visible there are invincible obstructions as either they have been near the Sea and have dipped that way and so if they took any contrary course the cropping behoved to be in the deeps and so no access to trace them Or next they have dipped towards the foot of a Mountain and so the ground above rising the same way which they declined their course could not be pursued till a contrary rising should be discerned Or thirdly they have encountered some Gae or Dyke which hath cut them off before they came to their full dipp and thus their course was obstructed Now those that have been acquainted with no other Coals but such I think it not strange if it be hard to perswade them of those things they have not seen But besides all those kinds I have seen others whose contrary rising and dipping have either been visible to the eye or demonstrable by reason For example I have entered under ground as it were at the point C at the very Grass-cropp and have gone following the dipp of that Coal to the point B at which the course hath altered and carried me out at the Grass at A which are two contrary points of the Compass And that alteration of course was not occasioned by any Gae or trouble which sometimes have that effect the ground being very clean and good Metals keeping their course most regularly There are other instances for confirming my experience in fields which are so large that 't is impossible to work the Coal so far to the Dipp it falling deep and so wants Level for conveying water from it or wants Air for following it to such a deepness as to overtake its Center where it takes a contrary course and yet the contrary Cropp hath been wrought in several places which is evident to be a part of the same body with the other both by the nature of the Coal it self by the Metals lying above it and the Coals below it all which keeping the same Course except when they encounter troubles which are incident to some parcels of ground more than to others The greatest field I know wherein this is conspicuous is in Mid-lothian where is to be found the cropping of a Coal of a considerable thickness which is termed their great-seam or Main-coal and the other Coals lying below it which may be traced in the order following At Preston-Grange these Coals are found dipping to the N W and rising to the S E which have been wrought up to Wallifoo●d from that along by the foot of Fa●side Hill the dipp lying in the Lands of Inneresk which marches therewith on the North. From thence it runs through the ground of Carberry every one of these grounds from Preston-Grange Giving Levell to another From thence through a part of the Lands of Smeaton and next through a piece of ground belonging to the Family of Buccleugh called Coudon and through West-houses which belongs to the Earl of Lothian and at Cockpen and Stobhill from thence runs through to Carington-Mill all which is a course which in Streek lyes near to S W and N W and will be in length about eight miles From thence the course of the Coal turns and is found in the Barony of Carington White-hill Ramsay Gilmerton and from thence taking its Dipp quite contrary to what it had before the other Dipping N and N W or N E according to the turn of the Streek it Dipps there S S E c. and from Gilmerton it is found at Burntstone a piece of ground belonging to the Earl of Lauderdale and from thence at the Magdalen Pans where the turn of the cropp being within the Sea is not seen till it be found at Preston-Grange where we began to remark its course The parcel of ground under which this great body of Coal lyes is of a considerable extent it being eight miles in length and five or six in breadth in regard whereof many other Coals are found lying above the great Coal the cropps whereof doth not come near the Cropp of it by a considerable distance Though this instance alone may sufficiently convince yet I shall not be unwilling to give another The parcel of ground in which this Coal is found is not of so great an extent as the other and therefore its course may be the more easily traced For the greatest part it belongs to the Earl of Winton and lyes within the Lordship of Tranent whose contrary Cropps are most conspicuous This great Coal which is 10 or 12 foot thick beginning at the head of the Toun of Tranent where it hath been wrought runs S W towards the march of the Lands of Elphingston belonging to the Lord Register and continues in that same course till it come near to the house and for the most part dipping to the S E.

And near the house the Cropp is turned downward towards the march between Elphingston and Ormiston where the dipp is contrary to the former And from Elphingston-mains it takes its course almost round through the Lands of Panston and returns to the Toun of Tranent where it began which body of Coal will be in length two miles and in some places as much in breadth Now I leave it to the judgement of any person if there be not more reason to perswade that this should be the natural course of these Minerals where such pregnable instances to evince it are found then to conclude the contrary from these Coals the course whereof cannot be followed because of the invincible impediments I mentioned before However I leave every one to be determined by his own opinion and shall be satisfied to injoy my own till these of more experience convince me of the contrary There are some other things farder to be remarked about the Dipp and Rise of Coals which possibly every one hath not seen they being so very rare and therefore are not fit here to be passed without being considered One is of a Coal which having that contrary Dipp and Rise whereof I have been speaking in one of the cropps hath not come out to the Grass and terminat but after it hath risen a considerable way in its contrary course in stead of Cropping out hath taken a Dipp towards the same point to which it dipped first and so having dipped to the Center of its course it hath risen again and cropped to the contrary point as is to be seen in this eight Figure Figure 8. Where A B is the surface of the Earth The point B is the Cropp of a Coal dipping from N W to the S E. From C it takes its rise and course to a contrary Cropp towards the point F where the dead Cropp ought to be found But in stead of going that length it takes another course from the point E dipping S E towards D from which it takes its rise and continues it to the point A where it terminats and where the dead Cropp is found I grant that it meets with a trouble or Gae at the point E which seems to be the cause why its natural course is changed But it s very extraordinary to see such an effect But of this afterwards in its own place There is yet another thing to be remarked in the dipps and risings of Coals which is this In the most part of Coals that have their course from dipp to cropp without the intervention of a dyke or gae the declination is straight down from the horizontal line drawn from the point of the cropp to the fardest point of the dipp That is the Coal declining from that point in a right line makes with the horizontal line a right lined angle angulus rectilineus though in some the angle is more acute and in others less as is to be seen in the first and second figures where A B being the horizontal Line and B the cropp B C is the body of the Coal declining which meeting with A B in the point B constitutes a right lined angle and where A B C in the second figure is a greater angle then A B C in the first Yet I have seen a Coal the body whereof from the dipp or fardest point of declination had its rise towards the cropp very insensibly it being Flatt and then began to be more sensible till at last coming near to the surface of the Earth it takes in a sudden such a rise that from declining one foot of 12 or 14 it declines now one foot of three as may be made evident from this following Figure Figure 9. Where A B is the Line drawn from the extream points of the Cropp right horizontal The body of the Coal rising insensibly is D C. But assoon as it comes to C it riseth with a great ascent till it Cropp out at A. Here you see that in stead of one side of a Triangle which the course of other Coals in their rising or in their declination makes this Coal in rising makes two sides namely D C and C A the Figure D B C A being quadrilateral The Coal of this course was really wrought and is yet visible in its waste where there is found no Gae or Dyke to make this alteration These are the chief things that I have thought worthy of Observation in the Dipps and Risings of Coals and therefore I come now to touch a little the other part of their course which is commonly termed the Streek of a Coal To make intelligible to those who are not experimentally acquainted with Coal this term or what the Streek is we must lay this foundation that the Coal is a Physical Body and so hath its three principal dimensions which do constitute it so viz Longitude Latitude and ●rofundity ' Its Latitude is that part contained between its extream lines which is measurable by its surface to which its dipping and rising though alwayes incident yet is but accidental It s Profundity is to be measured by the distance between the two surfaces immediately next to it above and below which are termed in Coallery its Roof and Pavement because of the resemblance they have to the Roof and Pavement of a house The Longitude is nothing else but what is termed by the Coal-hewers the Streek For if you imagine a Line drawn along the extream points of the Rise or Cropp of the Coal that is properly the Streek of the Coal There are but few things to be remarked as to this part of Coal only first to find how it lyes to what points of the Compass it moves For knowing whereof there is this general Rule that having found your Dipp and Rise to what ever Points that Course is directed the Streek is to the quite contrary For supposing a Coal Dipp S E the two points that respect the Dipp and Rise must be S E and N W being the points opposite one to another Then it must needs follow that the Streek must run S W and N E which two courses divides the Compass at right Angles And therefore where a Coal is found to have contrary Dipps and Risings they declining sometimes to all the Points of the Compass whereof there hath been given two notable instances before it must needs follow that there be also contrary Streeks and so the Streek of a Body of Coal is sometimes found to describe a round figure though not perfectly circular and somtimes a multangular figure For it cannot be supposed that the Streek makes alwayes a right Line between the two points from which it is reckoned For example between the Laird of Preston-grange his house at Preston-pans and the Stob-hill there are the Streeks of several Coals lying one above another which will be of length about seven or eight miles lying near upon S W and N E yet the Cropps of the said Coals their dipp and

a Coal hath been cut off by a Gae happly there is another Coal under it 12 fathom after the Gae hath been pierced and the lost Coal not coming near to it in the other side that hath been found there by which it was certainly concluded that the uppermost Coal behoved to be there also though a little back conform to its course But if the Metals or Coals under the lost Coal hath not been known then you are to take notice of the Dipp and Rise of these Metals you find on the other side of the Gae which you have pierced and making that your rule range back over the Metals conform to the direction to be given afterwards and you shall find the Cropp of the Coal you want and after which you were inquiring Where the Coal is not quite cut off by the Gae but hath its course only altered you are to consider in searching for it before you pierce your Gae that which the Coal-hewers term the Vise or some of them the Weyse of the Gae which in effect is nothing else but a dark vestige of the Dipp or Rise that the body which now constitutes the Gae should have had naturally if it had been perfected which when it tends downward then must the Gae be put over that way and in the other side shall the Coal be found and Down as they term it that is the Dipp which it had naturally augmented And if the Vise be Up the same way must be taken for piercing the Gae and the Coal will be found Up that is its Rise augmented But these things cannot be made so intelligible as by seeing there being many things in the alteration of the course of Metals very curious and worthy of Observation as when a Coal is cast down out of its natural course by a Gae and so made sometimes under-Level it riseth as much to another hand and the Cropps go so much farder out which still makes the Level useful the use whereof would have been judged lost by the down-casting Sometimes a Coal made to have four contrary courses as is evident from the eighth Figure where there being a Gae at E makes it take such another course in stead of coming out to the grass Sometimes before the Metals overtake the Gae they are made to ly like a Bowe one instance whereof is visible above ground in some Metals lying between Bruntiland and Kinghorn at a place called the Miln-stone where there is a small Coal with Free-stone above it all Dipping to the S E and Rising to the N W. Upon the Rise they meet with a gae which is a great Whin-rock In their course to the grass before they touch the said Rock they take a contrary course and dipps into it and are there quite cut off The manner whereof is to be seen in this tenth Figure following Figure 10. Where A B is the Rock E F the Coal C D the Free-stone Now whereas they should have risen towards A they turn at D and dipps into the Rock which any may observe in passing that way Many other such motions are observable which I pass and leaves them to the observation of the curious The third thing I promised to speak of was of Damps and as they are termed by the Coal-hewers Ill Air. These do deserve a more accurat inquiry into their kinds their causes and effects then I am capable to make there being many things in them very considerable and worthy of a narrow search therefore following the course I have hitherto observed I shall shew my own Observations thereof and leave the more curious search to the spirits fitted for that purpose This Damp then makes an obstruction of respiration in Men or other living Creatures in Subterraneous spaces as Caves Coal-rooms Levels Sinks and such like which obstruction proceeds principally from two causes both which goes under the name of Ill Air among the vulgar The first is the corruption or putrefaction of the Air whereof there are two sorts one is in places where hath been fire kindled which burns the Coal under ground the smoke whereof being full of Sulphur and other Bituminous matter and not having free passage to come above ground filleth all the waste Rooms under ground and infects the Air so that the smell of it even at a distance is intolerable and amongst it no living Creature is able to breath Of this there are examples in Dysert in Fife and Fauside in East●Lothian This was kindled on design by a Fellow who for his pains was hanged in the place and hath burnt these 50 years and more the fire whereof is sometimes seen near the grass with abundance of smoke as it runs from one place to another The second where the Air is corrupted without the mixture of smoke or any other gross corrupting body which is the most considerable of all Damps and hath the strangest effects in killing Animals in an instant and so hath been alwayes most prejudicial in the works where it is found many persons having thereby lost their lives without access to cry but once Gods mercy to some instances whereof I have been witness I shall not offer to determine about the cause of this Damp but shall give an account of somethings I have observed about it which when duely pondered may haply lay a foundation at least of a probable conjecture whence it may proceed This kind of Damp then and Ill Air is never found in Coal or other Metals where there is Water to be found I mean whence the Water hath not been drawn away by a Level or Aquae-duct as in Coals where there is a necessity to lave the Water from place to place or to pump it along the ascent or rise of the Coal to the bottom of the Sink from which it is drawn out above ground this Ill ●ir is not ●ound Nor is found frequently if at all in these Coals where the Water is drawn from the Coal by a Level or Aquae-duct under ground till it come of its own accord to the bottom of a Sink which is in place of a Cistern out of which it is forced also above ground and differs only from the other that the Water runs here of its own accord by a descent to the Sink which is termed a drawing Sink in the other it must be forced by the Rise of the Coal because happly a Sink upon the Dipp would be of such a deepness that no force could draw it up in a perpendicular But this kind of Damp is found ordinarily in these Coals from which the Water is drawn by a Level the beginning or mouth whereof is above ground and carried along by a right Line under ground till it overtake the Coal which it is to dry so that the Water which comes from the Coal runs without being forced and is sometimes so considerable that it makes Mills go without any other addition as is to be seen in the Earl of Wintons Lands of Seton

without sudden death yet they continue there and are not found to diminish even where they have no access to escape by coming above ground Or if it should be imagined they removed to some other place of the ground where the Damp is not how is it they are not as quickly choaked with it as Dogs are and other Animals which at the first encounter are killed If it be inquired how comes it to pass that in these Fields of Coals which are dryed fully as was said and to which these Damps are incident because of corrupted Air that remains within the Body of the Coal or other Metals how comes it to pass I say that they are but sometimes incident and are not alwayes found For clearing this it is certain that even in the grounds where these Damps are most frequent for the reasons above-mentioned yet they are only powerful when the Wind blows from such a certain Point as some Chimneys that do only smoke when the Wind is in such an Airth This is so generally and well known that the Work-men observe it and when they find the Wind in such a Point whence they fear the Damp they will not enter under ground till trial be made of the Air which they do in Sinks by first letting down a lighted Candle or some burning Coals which if they do not burn then there is no access to enter Secondly the wind in which this Ill Air is most noxious and hurtful blows from that Point where the Field of Coal lyes that 's not yet wrought which seems somewhat strange and yet when duely considered it will appear abundantly consonant to reason An example of this is to be found in the Coal of Tranent and Elphingston the Streek whereof goes to the rise of the Hill above ground from N E to S W as hath been formerly observed So that the beginning of their Level is at the N E point of the Streek from which the Coal hath been wrought up along the Streek towards the S W the Wastes lying all towards the N E. Yet when the Wind blows from N E or N or almost from any other Point of the Compass they are not troubled with this Damp. But if it blow from S W and blow hard they are in hazard to encounter it And though the Damp is not alwayes found when that Wind blows whereof there may be some particular cause yet it is never observed in another Wind whether it blow less or mo●e the reason whereof may probably be that the Wind blowing from other Points as from N or N E hath more access to enter the Wastes under ground and move the Air that is in them towards the face of the unwrought Coal whence is supposed to proceed the corrupted Air that lurks in the Rifts and Cutters thereof from which the Water is drawn away and occasions the Damp Now this Air being moved by the force of the Wind keeps the corrupt Air from coming out it being stronger then the other Whereas upon the contrary while the Wind blows from S W it entering the empty Rooms drives the Air under ground from the face of the unwrought Coal down towards the old wastes which have their course from the beginning of the Level By which means the Air that is corrupted within the bowels to speak so of the Coal comes out to the Wastes without resistance it being certain that Fluid Bodies as Water and Air inclines to move towards that place where they meet with the least resistance Hence is it that the more direct the Wind be in blowing against the ●ace of the unwrought Coal as is the Wind from N E the Ill Air is the more repelled and driven back but the more oblique it be as are the Winds from these Points that are nearest to S W the Air is not so good and free which difference is known by the burning of Candles they burning with greater difficulty in these Winds than in others which blow from these Points nearest to N and N E. Some are of opinion this Ill Air in those places we have been speaking of comes from the great Wastes that ly above the un-wrought Coal and by strong S W Winds is driven thorow the Cutters thereof Or the Wind blowing from that Point and coming thorow these Cutters brings the corrupted Air alongs with it even as after a showr of Rain a spait of Water comes and carries alongs with it both the foul Water and the clean it meets with Though this may be probable which seems to be your own opinion yet the other seems to be more probable The other sort of Damp is that which they call want of Air and though the term be not altogether proper there being no space without some Air yet there is a want of Air which is sufficient for respiration of Animals or for the burning of fire This is ordinarily ●ound in the vunning of Mines under ground for co●veying of Water from Coal or other Metals or in the waste Roo●s of Coals where the Sinks are very deep and to evite the charge thereof there is some necessity to work as far under ground for winning of Coal as is possible without new Sinks The cause seems to be that the Air under ground in such cases wants communication with the Air above ground because it is found that by giving more communication the evil is cured Whence comes the necessity of Air-holes in Levels which are so many Sinks set down for no other use but for giving Air to the Workers Some are of opinion that this defect might be supplied by the blowing of Bellows from above ground through a Stroop of Leather or of some other thing which must run along to the end of the Level for keeping the Air there●in motion But I have not yet heard that it hath been made practicable The effects of this Damp are not so dangerous as these of the other 'T is true it will kill Animals and extinguish burning Coals and Candles but not so suddenly as the former and so people are not so readily surprized by it The other seems to kill by some poisonous quality in this Animals dies for want of sufficient Air for respiration Therefore in advancing in a Coal Room or Level where this is you shall see the flame of the Candle grow less and less by degrees till at last it be totally extinguished and the person entering shall find the difficulty of breathing grow greater as he advanceth forward till at last he cannot breath at all Hence it is that few or none are killed by this kind of Damp and all its prejudice is that it renders the work more chargeable when there is a necessity to remove it For that which they call Wild-fire it being a thing not incident but to very few Coals is less known than any of the rest of the accidents that follows Coals The account I have heard of it is that in some Coals which naturally are