the rest and Bahama which lie al north from Câ—ba and saint Doâ—inicâ— The common opinion is that these Islandes were all one land and ioyned to the great Island and by the force of the sea seperated one from the other as it is thought of Iâ—aly and Ciciâ—ia They lie vnder seuenteene and eighteene degrees the people of those Islands are whiter and better proportioned then those of Cuba and Spaignuola specially the women that are verie faire for the which cause many of the firme land went thither to dwel as from Florida Cachora and Iucatan because there they founde more pleasure among the people then in other Islands and great difference in their speech whereupon hath risen the common opinion that in those Islands the Amazons did dwell beeing women that burnt their right breasts the better to shoote in bowes when they went to fight against their enemies and that there was a fountaine that made olde women yong The men go naked onely when they go to wars and when they keepe any feastes or vse to dance then they put on a certaine cotten garment and other garments of diuers coloured feathers finely wrought with a great plume of feathers on their heades Touching the women they haue verie strange customes for the married women or such as haue had the company of a man they couer their priuie members from the Nauel downe to the knees with certaine mantils of cotten made in manner of nets wherein they sticke certaine leaues otherwise they go naked vntil such time as they first perceiue their flowers and then they inuite al their friendes and make a great feast or banket as if they were married with great signes of ioy and then they beginne to hang that kinde of mantle before them wearing the same as long as they are vnmarried They are in great subiection to their maisters in such maner as that if they should command them to throw themselues headlong from off a hil or to do any other thing whatsoeuer they wil not refuse to do it what danger soeuer consisteth therin not once asking wherefore they should doo it but only because the master commandeth it Here also you must note wherein their kings gouernment consisteth which reacheth no further then only concerning sowing or planting the ground hunting fishing for that whatsoeuer is sowed or planted hunted or fished in any respect is onelie in the kings power and done by his commandement which diuideth those kindes of labours among the people directing euerie man what he should do The fruit that is reaped and gathered is brought all into a place appointed and from thence it is yearely deliuered vnto euerie man according as his houshold and necessarie vse requireth so that their Lords are nothing else but kings of Bees stuards distributers of the common goods of the countrey thinke then I beseech you what a golden time those people had where neither this is mine or this is thine was euer heard among them The only wel spring of strife contentioÌ„ Those in the east parts vsing nothing els but playing at the ball fishing and hunting where neither law nor processe was vsed nor decided where onely the kings will was a lawe and in all things were content to obey it They found certaine red stones in shels of fishes much esteemed and accounted of among theÌ„ which they weare at their cares and others more esteemed of which they took out of snakes Hersenen or snailes whereof the flesh is very good to eate of a fire red colour cleare and so like rubies that they could hardly be discerned from them whereof the Snakes in their speech are called Cohoâ—o and the stones Cohibici They gather likewise in the sande vppon the sea side certaine cleare shining stones yellow blacke and other colours whereof they make necklaces and such like Iewels to weare about their necks armes and legs in many places of those Islands they haue no flesh nor eate it not their meate is fish breda of wheate rootes and some fruites The people of these Islands being carried to saint Dominico or Cuba died there with eating flesh it beeing giuen them by the Spaniards In some of those Islands there are so many pigeons other birues which build their nestes in the Trees that many out of the firme land and also from the other Islands come thither and load whole scutes ful and take them with them the trees wherein they breed are like Youngarnet trees the barke hauing a certaine taste like Cinamon and somwhat better and hot like ginger smelling like cloues yet are they not accounted for spices among other fruites they haue a certaine kind by them called Iaâ—â—ma both sauorie and holsome about a span and a halfe long like a fig when it is greene the leafe likewise not much differing from the fig leafe and of the bignesse of a willow tree not close like other trees nor hollow like reedes but fast like Elders the leaues beeing excellent good to heale wounds as the Spaniards haue wel tryed To speake more hereof is needelesse those Islandes of Lucaya are more desolate and not inhabited for because they haue no gold The Spaniards carried many thousandes of them into other places and in seeking for Golde spoyled and destroyed them Hereafter followeth other Islands lying about that coast and first Cuba being one of the principal Islands vnder the Antillas CVba another verie great Islande accounted among the Antillas was by Columbus first foundout and discouered in An. 1492. which he called Fernandinam and Iâ—hannam as also Alpha and Omega as Peter Martin saith and by others the Island is called saint Iacob after the name of the cheefest towne therein which by reason of the great hauen as also the situation therof hath a verie great traffike as hauing on the East side the Islande of Saint Domingo on the West Iucatan on the North the great Cape of Florida and on the South the Island Iamaica all set downe in this Carde It is in forme like vnto a willow leafe because it is longer theÌ„ broad being in length from east to west three hundred miles and from north to south seuenty miles in breadth in some places but fifteene and in some nineteene miles The middle of the Island lieth in longitude 19. degrees and in latitude or height twentie degrees It was long time accounted for firme land because of the greatnesse which is no maruaile for the inhabitants themselues knew no other but that it had no ende and also long after the Spaniards comming thither because the people are poore and naked contented with a little and with their own not seeking any further neither caring what their neighbours did and therefore knew not if there were any other lande vnder the heauens then that wherein they dwelt The ground is high rough and sharpe of hils the sea in many places being white and the riuers small and good water rich of golde and good copper the aire temperate
yet somewhat colde therein is found much Mather seruing to die wooll cloath and leather it is also ful of thicke woods fishponds and faire Riuers of fresh water also of ponds that naturally are salt water In the woods are many hogges and oxen the riuers do oftentimes cast foorth gold in this Island are sixe townes inhabited by Spaniards whereof the first principal is Saint Iacobs the residence and sea of the Bishop but Hauana is the cheefe towne of marchandize and where all their Shippes are made Twoo principal and notable things are by Gonsalo Onetano written of this Island the first that therein is a valley situate betweene two hils in length about two or three Spanish miles wherein nature of it selfe bringeth foorth certaine round balles such as by art cannot possibly bee made rounder and in so great aboundance that they may ballist or loade whole Shippes therewith and are vsed in the shippes in steede of Iron or Leaden bulltes The other is a certaine hil not farre from the sea from whence there floweth pitch in great aboundance and runneth unto the sea where it driueth vppon the shore from place to place as the winde and weather serueth This pitch is vsed by the inhabitants and Spaniards to pitch their shippes The people of the Island are like those of Hispaniola onely differing in speech both men and women go naked and kéepe their bridalles in verie strange manner for that he which is married lieth not the first night with his wife be if it be a Lord he biddeth all the Lordes and one of them doth it for him and if it be a Marchant then Marchants take the paines to helpe him but if it be a countreyman either one of the Lordes or the priest doth ease him of a labour They leaue their wiues for verie smal occasions but the women may not forsake their husbands for any cause whatsoeuer The men are very vnchaste and wicked liuers there are great wormes and snakes in the Island and not venimous but easie to be taken the flesh whereof they eate and are neuer hurt therwith which snakes do liue by eating certaine beastes called Guabiniquinazes whereof many times there are seauen or eight found within their mawes they are in greatnesse like Hares in form like fores onely that their feete are like Conies feete the head like a Wesell a Fores taile long haire like a Badger of colour somwhat red the flesh sauorie and holsome This Islande was verie populous but nowe hath verie few onely certain Spaniards the rest beeing almost cleane rooted out and dead for want of meate Iamaica RIght against Cuba lyeth another Island which stil holdeth the name it alwaies had and is called Iamaica and of the Spaniards saint Iacob it lieth betwéene seuentéene and eightéene degrées on this side the Equinoctiall line on the East side it hath Saint Dominico about fiue and twentie miles distant on the West side the Cape or corner of Iucatana on the north Cubam also fiue and twentie miles distant and somewhat more and on the South another smal Island called Lacerana of fiue and twentie miles distant as the rest This Islande was discouered by Christopherus Columbus in his seconde nauigation into those countreyes and was taken by his son Don Diego gouerning the Island Saint Dominico by one Iohan de Squibel a captaine The breadth of the Islande surpasseth the length for it is from East to West about fiftie miles and from north to south twentie miles it is most inhabited by Spaniards the inhabitants also being burnt and destroyed by them like those of Lucaya The middle of the Island hath the longitude of 191. degrees and latitude or height eighteene degrees and is distant from the line seuenteene degrees on the north side It hath a hill that raiseth it on al sides inward to the middle of the land and so proportionably and euen that it can hardly bee descerned it is verie fruitfull both on the sea side and within the land and in times past verie populous such as were very wittie and subtile more then other of the Islanders thereabouts both in wars and other labours There is likewise gold and verie fine cotten wooll and at this present it is ful of beasts brought thither by the Spaniards and there haue increased The swines flesh is better in that Island then in any other place The cheefe towne in this Island is called Hispalis of Siuilia because of the abby which therein is erected the first abbot being Peter Marti◠borne in Milan an excellent learned man and hee that wrote most concerning this Hystorie Hispaniola or Haiti THe seconde great Islande accounted among the Antillas was by the first inhabitants called Quisqueia or Quisquesia and after that Haiti and then Cipanga Haiti is as much to say as roughnesse or sharpnesse and Quisqueia great land Christopherus Columbus called it Hispaniola and now it is called Saint Dominico after the cheefe Towne in the same Island it was discouered in Anno 1493. on the east side thereof lyeth the Island of Saint Iohn and many others on the West Cuba and Iamaica on the north the Island of the Canibals and on the south the firme land which is the Cape of Vela by Venezuela or little Venice The cōpasse of this Island is 350. miles Benzo saith 400. French miles which is in a manner al one and it is broader then long for in length it is from East to west 150. miles and from north to south 40. miles the middle of the Island lyeth in the longitude of 300. degrees in latitude 19 in it there are verie many and great hauens as Hatibanico Iuua Ozoma Neyua Nizao Nigua Hayna and Iaques which do al runne into the sea There are others that are smaller as Macorix Ciba◠Cotui wherof Macorix is verie ful of fish the other two abounding in gold In this Island are two very strange lakes the one because of the goodnes and profitablenes therof the other by reason of the strangenesse the one comming out of the hilles from whence the Riuer Puizao hath her issue it profiteth no man onely it giueth a feare and a little sinder sulkes The other of Xaragua is salt although many sweete riuers runne into it and hath many fishes among the which are verie great Tortuxes and Tiburones or Hayen it is hard by the sea and is eleuen miles in compasse the riuer sides and shores were much inhabted except the Saline a verie faire hauen and the Riuer Iaques where there is a great salt hil There groweth in this Island great store of very fine blew colour and much brasill wood cotten wooll but they know not how to make any thing of it amber rich mines of gold and is also fished out of lakes and riuers and likewise siluer and other mettals great abundance of sugar it is verie fruitful ground Reddish Lettice and Coleworts beeing sowed therein are within sixteene dayes after ripe and to bee eaten Melons
Cucumbers and Gourdes within sixe and thirtie dayes are also ripe and verie sauory aboue al others whatsoeuer The forme of the Island is like a chesnut tree leafe in the middle of the Island there passeth a stony or rough hil in forme of a mans backe which is called Cibam or Cipangi where in times past much gold was founde out of this hil runneth foure great riuers diuiding the Island into foure partes wherof the one is in the East and is called Iunna the second in the west called Attibunicus the third in the north called Iachem and the fourth in the South called Naxban whereabouts there is much brasile wood and woods of diuers spices but not like our spices which they barter for other wares specially for stooles and dishes of blacke ebanny Vppon the hil of Cibano lyeth the Castle of Saint Thomas There are likewise many townes within this Islande the principall called Saint Dominico made by Bartholomeo Columbo and by him so named because they arriued in that Island vpon saint Dominicks day it lyeth on a plaine ground vpon the sea side and hath aboue fiue hundred houses built after the spanish maner on the West side therof runneth the riuer Ozama or Ozonca into the sea where there is a good hauen in the which manie shippes may anker about this Riuer lyeth verie great and thicke woodes the greatest traffike next their golde is sugar and hides for that al sorts of foure footed beasts being brought thither out of Spaine haue so much increased therein that there are some spaniards in the Isle that haue sixe thousand or eight thousand beastes Isabella and another towne lying on the other side of the same Islande in a valley concerning the situation the people their Religion and customes you may sufficiently reade in the spanish Histories thereof set forth yet will I note some that are verie strange in this Island are certain wormes verie common among them and by the inhabitants called Cuuero in greatnesse as bigge as a ioynt of a mans finger with foure wings two verie little the other two somewhat greater and harder and are as couers to the smaller these wormes shine by night as the sloe wormes here with vs which light doth not onely appeare like a starre casting forth streames and shining out of their eies but also in the whole body so that when they flie and spreade their wings they giue much more light out of their bodyes then when they sitte still in which wormes men may well beholde the great workes and blessings of God by his strange gifts bestowed vpon his creatures for by the light of this little worme the darkest chamber that is in the night time may be made cleare and bright whereby a man may reade write or do any thing not néeding any other light and likewise if a man beare that worme in his hand he shall haue as great a light as if he bore a torch or lanterne and many light others therewith and the more wormes there are the greater will be the light Not farre from Hyspaniola lyeth another small Islande called Mona betweene Hispaniola and Boriquena or Saint Iohns vnder seuenteene degrées on the North side of the line This Islande is small and flatte and euen lande in bignesse about three miles and inhabited by a fewe Indians and Christians it hath verie good water and is ful of fish specially of verie good creuishes Boriquen FRom this Island you come vnto Boriquen now named S. Iohn a rich hauen on the East side it hath the Island of Sancta Croce on the West other small Islandes Northwarde the Islande of Saint Dominico which is fiue and twentie miles distant and on the South the Cape of Paria distant aboue three hundreth thirtie and sixe miles The length of this Islande is more then the breadth for from East to West it is fiftie miles from north to South eighteene miles and is diuided into twoo partes that is the North and the South quarter the middle of the Island lyeth vnder 303. degrees longitude and 18. degrees latitude in forme almost square populous and wel housed hauing many good hauens and woods The inhabitants haue continual warres against the Canibals or such as eate mens flesh This Island was rich of gold on the north side and towardes the south fruitfull of bread fruit grasse and fish it is said these people vsed not to eate any flesh which is to be vnderstood of wilde flesh but they eate many birdes as Pigeons and such like in other things they are like those of Hispaniola onely that they are better souldiers and vse bowes and arrowes in this Islande there is a certaine gumme by them called Taâ—unuo vnholsome and fatty like tallow wherewith and with oyle they dresse their shippes and because it is bitter it preserueth the ships from wormes There is likewise much por wood which is vsed to heale the pore and other diseases This Island was discouered by Chrostopherus Coâ—umbuâ— in his second voyage into India There is a verie strange and notable Historie written of the inhabitants hereof which is that at the first arriual of the Spaniards in that Island they thought the Spaniards to be immortal and neuer died whereof to be assured vppon a time one of their Cariquen or Lords called Vraioa de Yaguara caused one of the Spaniards to be taken and to prooue if he were immortal caused him to be put into a Riuer vnder the water and there holden to see if hee would come foorth aliue but being dead and brought before the king he was thereby assured of their mortalitie whereupon he rose against them and slew 150. of them that were busie in seeking of gold Saint Crus Hay Hay FRom Borequien you come to the Island S. Câ—us in time past by the inhabitants called Hay Hay being inhabited by Canibals or eaters of men as also the next vnto it called Guadalupea by them called Quiâ—ra or Quera which Caribes or Canibales had in short time deuoured at the least 5000. men which they stole and tooke out of the Islandes rounde about them from thence you come to diuers other Islandes which lie like an Archipelago hauing the same name but many of them are likewise called after the forme or fashion that they beare as Anguilla which is an eele as being long and smal Redonda Maria because it is like a spheare verie round Monâ—ratuâ— that is a closed hil because the Island hath high hils round about it ful of people and victuals some of saints as S. Mi 〈…〉 S. Bartholmew S. Barbara Beata â—iâ—gâ— Antigua till you come to the olde Virgin Maryes which lie together in a rowe verie pleasant to beholde some greene others red blew yellow and violet most wonderful to such as saile by them wherof many colours are made Guadalupea BY Antigua lieth Guadalâ—peâ— the cheefe and greatest Islande of Canibals foure degrees distant from the Equinoctiall line it is round aboue 130. miles and diuided by
of her burthen These beastes are verie profitable and necessary no lesse then Cammels in Egypt Affrica and are fedde with a little Maiz and other meate specially those that they vse to ride vpon to labor and to carry burthens They goe likewise as Cammels doo foure or fiue dayes together without drinking and but little meate some of them called Pachos haue verie fine wool with long fleeces wiâ—h verie good holsome and sauorie flesh like our gammons of Bacon The hauen of Chile or S. Iacomo lieth vnder 32. degrees and 2 â— parts sayling further along the coast in the same course you come to the riuer of Calma distant from Chile eighteene miles it is here also to be considered that all the coast from Tumbez to this place is verie good to sayle by and a calme sea without tempestes or foule weather whereby the shippes may lye at anker where they think good Nine miles from Calma you see the poynt of the riuer called Manque or Mâ—ule in our card Maole and ten miles and a half further there is another riuer called Iâ—ata in our Carde Rio Tatuâ—a and so sailing south and southwest eighteene miles there is another called Biobio lying almost vnder eight and thirtie degrees in the same course kéeping along the shore full eleuen miles distant there is a great Island about foure miles distant from the firme land caled Lucengo and somwhat further beyond this Island is a great broad créeke called Valdiuia in our carde La Baldibia wherein there runneth a great riuer caled Ayntlendo in our Carde Rio Aymlendos this Créeke lieth vnder 39. degrées and â…” Following the same course further by the shore to south southwest you come to the Cape S. Maria lying vnder 42. degrées and 1 â— towards the south and from as the Pilots report the coast reacheth southâ—â—st to the straits of Magellana and betweene them lie many hauens and places needlesse to rehearse as being noted in the carde inwarde in the land there is the Countrey of Patagonen wherein there are Giantes of nine and of tenne foot high that paint their faces with diuerse colours made of hearbs pressing out the sap And heerewith making an end for the rest I referre the Reader to the Carde The end of the second booke THE THIRDE BOOKE The Nauigation of the Portingales into the East Indies containing their trauels by Sea into East India and from the East Indies into Portingall also from the Portingall Indies to Malacca China Iapon the Ilands of Iaua and Sunda both to and fro and from China to the Spanish Indies and from thence backe againe to China as also of al the coast of Brasilia and the Hauens thereof With a description of the Firme land and the Ilands of the Spanish Indies lying before it called Antillas together with the Nauigation of Cabo de Lopo Gonsalues to Angola in the coast of Ethiopia with all the courses Hauens Ilands Depthes Shallowes Sands Drougths Riffes and Cliffes with their situations also the times of the yeares when the winds blow with the true tokens and knowledge of the tides and the weather water and streames in all the Orientall coasts and Hauens as they are obserued and set downe by the Kings Pilots in their continuall and dayly Viages Translated out of Dutch by W. P. IEHOVA I Wolfe excu W Rogers sculp LONDON Printed by John VVolfe 1598. The third Booke The Nauigation of the Portingales into the East Indies containing their trauels by Sea into East India and from the East Indies into Portingall also from the Portingall Indies to Malacca China Iapon the Ilands of Iaua and Sunda both to and fro and from China to the Spanish Indies and from thence backe againe to China as also of all the coast of Brasilia and the Hauens thereof With a description of the Firme land and the Ilands of the Spanish Indies lying before it called Antillas together with the Nauigation of Cabo de Lope Gonsalues to Angola in the coast of Ethiopia With all the courses Hauens Ilands depthes shallowes Sands drougthes Riffes and Cliffes with their situations Also the times of the yeares when the winds blow with the true tokens and knowledge of the tydes and the weather water and stormes in all the Orientall coastes and Hauens as they are obserued and set downe by the Kings Pilotes in their continuall and dayly Viages THE I. CHAPTER Of the courses and Viages of the Portingales into the East Indies FIrst you must vnderstand that all Christendome lyeth on the North side of the Equinoctiall line and Lisbone vnder thirtie nine degrées and a halfe and lyeth with the Iland of Madera Northeast southwest the Viage being 172 Spanish miles and Madera lyeth vnder 32 degrées and is distant from the Iland la Palma which the shippes sayling to India may easily perceiue 63. miles The Iland la Palma lyeth vnder 28. degrées ¼ from thence you must sayle Southward as long as time will permit for commonly when you come vnder fiue or sixe degrées you find south eastwardes and then you must saile southwest as much as you can vntill you passe the cape of S. Agustine which lieth vnder 8 degrees ½ on the south side that is vpon the coast of Brasilia from the Ilande la Palma to this Cape of Saint Augustine are 900. miles the course lying north-Northeast and southwest when you are past the point you must sayle Southwest because the winde is there commonly south and southeast and from the Ilands of Tristan da Cunlia lying vnder 34. degrées on the south side of the Equinoctial you must hold southwest and when you thinke you haue passed these Ilands you must sayle till you come vnder 36. degrées and kéepe Eastward vntill you haue passed the Cape de Bona Speranza and then you must holde north-Northeast towardes the land and hauing knowne the land according to the place you then haue knowne you shall set your course to Mosambique or outward about the Iland of Saint Laurence from the Cape of Saint Austine to the Cape de Bona Speranza are 1060. miles which Cape de Bona Speranza lyeth full vnder 34 degrées and a halfe on the south side of the Equinoctiall and is East southeast and West Northwest with the Cape Das Agulhas which is 32. miles and Cape das Agulhas is full vnder 35. degrées lying with the Cape do Infante East and West and somewhat East and by North and West and by South the course is 26. miles Cabo do Infante is vnder 34. degrées and 2 â— and lyeth with the Cape Talhado East Northeast and West Southwest 19. miles Cabo Talhado is vnder 34 degrées lyeth with Bahija Fermosa East and West 1â— miles Bahija Fermosa is vnder the same hight of Cabo Talhado and lyeth with the Ilands Chanos East northeast and West Southwest 37. miles and with the first point called Punta Primiera Northeast and Southwest and somewhat Northeast and by East and southwest by West the course is 50.
not suddainely vppon you for it by vnaduisednes it should fall forwards vpon you it were not possible for you to find any meanes to keepe your selfe from being ouerwhelmed in the sea without the speciall fauour of God for that they come with most great furie and outragiously but if you chance in the beginning of Februarie to bee by the furthest point of S. Laurence 70. or 80. miles inward to the Sea then take your course to the Cape Das Agulhas for then you shall find the windes alwaies Southeast so you passe not further into the Sea then 36. degrees which Nauigation you shall make departing out of India in the ninth of December you haue ground by the Cape Das Agulhas at twentie and twentie fiue miles from the land at a hundred and a hundred and thirtie Fadome déepe vnder thirtie sixe degrees and a halfe The 9. Chapter The Nauigation or course from Monte Deâ—â—n to Portingal which is the chiefe hill in India and lyeth in the countrie of Malabar sixe miles Northwarde from Cananor and from Goa sixtie one miles Southward DEparting from the hill or Monte Delijn towards Portingall by the way without the Iland of Saint Laurence so set you north-Northeast southwest with the hill Monte Delijn taking your course East and East and by South and then you shall come by an Iland lying vnder 10. degrées and a halfe fiftie miles from Monte Delijn and then you must take your course Southwest and Southwest and by West and then you shal come 25. miles beyond this Iland vnder the hight of 9. degrées and frac34 taking care not to goe more southward towardes the Iland of Maldiua from whence halfe a mile it is déep and faire and as soone as you are past this Iland whether it be early or late in the yeare then runne southwest and southwest and by South vntill you haue past the line and if there you finde the wind West then runne South and South and by West if you can if not southward which is a good way and in this course you hold fréely without feare if in this course from 13. degrées vpwards you find diuers Birdes called Garagiaus flying in companies together feare not therefore to follow your course being late in the yeare then alwaies keepe on the South side thereby to auoide the drougthes called Oâ— Baixos de Lopo Soares and Garagiaus lying vnder 16. degrées holding this course you may boldly sayle both by day and night for you shall find no let as I my selfe haue well tryed The 16. degrées not being past you must also passe betweene the drougthes aforesaid and the Iland of Brandaon and comming to the hight there loose a nights sayle to bee the surer and make your account that when you find many Birdes called Garagiaus with other speckled Birdes among them flying in companies together then you are 40. miles beyond the Ilande from whence you shall saile southwest and southwest and by South for certaine meale tides and it being early in the yeare when you set sayle from India then auoide all those Ilands and drougthes and take your course to Sea wards towards the Cape Das Agulhas and if it chance that about the seuenth of Februarie you find your selfe 100. miles little more or lesse from the furthest point of the Iland of S. Laurence that is vnder his hight as I haue béene then runne West southwest vntill you bee vnder the hight of the Cape de Bona Speranza take héede to the streame that might deceiue you because there in Februarie they runne verie swift by reason of the East windes which as then blow verie swiftly so runne your course to the Cape de Bona Speranza till you be vnder 36. degrées and a halfe and when you are by the Cape Das Agulhas then looke when it is noone by the Astrolabe and if as then it is likewise noone by the sunne Diall or not wanting aboue the thicknesse of a thréede then it is a good signe as well outward as comming backe to Portingall for ther the néedles of the Compasse are right and a like and being vpon the one side or the other they will lie either Northeast ward or Northwest ward as you are past the Meridionall line and so much it differeth from equalitie with the Sunne Diall also when you come to the Cape Das Agulhas or further forward then looke vpon the water and if it be gréene then turne backe againe vnder 36. degrées and a halfe and cast foorth your Lead and you shall find 30. fadome deepe and being vnder 36. degrées 2 â— degrées you shall find 90. fadome and then you shall not sée many blacke Rauens with white billes nor Alcatrases but on both sides of the Cape Das Agulhas you shall sée many both on the coast and 20. miles to Sea ward but not further and you shall find the water so that you be not vpon the depthes aforesaid light and gréenish as also some of the Sas-been driuing in the water and as soone as you haue found grounds without séeing the land of Cape de Bona Speranza then runne still along by this ground till you loose it and then bee assured that you are past the Cape Das Agulhaas then holde your course West Northwest and so you shall find 12. miles from the Cape and when you begin to leaue it then you shall begin to sée thicke Reedes swimming vppon the water for the space of ten or fiftéene miles from thence In the course aforesaid and when you sée them it is a good tooken and you may be assured to haue past the Cape de Bona Speranza when you are by the Cape Das Agulhas then marke the Sunne Diall and the water of the ground and they will shew you when you are there for by this Cape the néedles of the Compasses are fix and euen and within or without that Cape they lie either Northeastward or Northwest ward as I said before the Nauigation from the Cape de Bona Speranza to Portingal is without danger to the Equinoctiall for that you alwaies find a Southeast wind and from the line to Portingall it is dayly sayled whereby it is commonly knowne to euerie simple Pilot yet such as are desirous to know it may sée it in this Booke where it is set downe as also in mine owne Viage from India to Portingall where it is particularly declared till you come to the towne of Lisbone The 10. Chapter Of the right tokens and knowledge of the Cape Das Correntes and the Ilands as Ilhas Premeiras and of all the Hauens and coasts of Mosambique THe bankes of Soffala begin at the Cape de S. Bastian and reach to the Ilands Primeras all along the coast and the coast lyeth North and South to Soffala and hath somwhat of North and West South and East herein are some ryuers but onely fit for small shippes the ryuer called Mataca or Monemone lyeth vnder 21. degrées and a
find the ground full of bankes for from Coulaon to Batecola that is by Onor not farre from Goa the ground is bankie and you may Anker at 8. fadome without feare from Batecola to Goa the ground in some places deeper whereby you may gouerne your selfe Touching your Ankerage from Cochijn to Cananor you néede not feare onely to take héede of the Iland called Ilha Cagado lying Southward from Cananor seuen miles and thrée miles Northward from the fortresse of Mangalor there lyeth a row of Ilands Cliffes and Rockes along the coast vntill you come to the fortresse of Barcelor from thence to Batecola you haue certaine Cliffes but they are close to the land and the two Ilands of Batecola you may passe betwéene the first of them and the Firme land without feare for it is 15. or 16. Fadome déepe a little further lyeth the Iland of Honor close to the Firme land then followeth the Ilandes of Angediua which reach as the coast doth and if it bee late in the yeare you shal not put farre into the Créeke of Ancola for as then there is no Terreinhos or land winds to driue you out againe therfore it is then better to runne something far from the coast for you haue many times the Viracoins or Sea winds somwhat farre off and being néere the shore they would not much helpe you This must be from the twentie of March forward If you chance to be by Angediua and had néede of a Road or harber you must enter into Angediua on the North side as far from that land as from the Firme land and rather somewhat néerer the Iland then the Firme land where you haue a good Road or harber for there many times diuers shippes doe winter being constrained therevnto within it is sixe fadome déepe a little further from Angediua lie foure or fiue Ilands from the ryuer Sanguisijn close by the Firme land and from thence about halfe a mile further forward lyeth the Iland of Goa Velha that is old Goa and then there are no other Ilands heerein to bee noted You must vnderstand that oftentimes it happeneth that along the coast you shall find the wind Northwest and North Northwest without chāging which bloweth very strong with the which wind I aduise you not to set sayle although it blow out of the North but if it be cleare day then you may hoyse Anker and put to Sea wards and if the wind commeth not about to Northeast being foure miles from the land and before noone about nine or ten of the clocke you shall Anker till it be noone till the Viracoins or Sea winds come therewith to sayle againe towards the land for in this sort you shall get aduantage to loofeward although it bee with paine and labour as likewise the time will shewe you what you shall doe I must further aduertise you that when you are by the coast of Seylon it being about the fifteene of Februarie or past then you néede not sayle further then to the Ilands Verberijn and from thence to the Cape de Comorijn for as then you néede neither to feare water nor streames to driue you outward yet you must not bee negligent therin for some yeares the stormes come later sometimes sooner as the winds blow whereof you must be carefull and being the fiftéene of Februarie or past you must remember not to runne inwards but kéepe out for as then the streames runne inwards which might deceiue you and the later it is in Februarie the stronger they draw inward comming to Cochijn betwéene the 15. and 20. of March you may wel get from thence to Goa although the Viage is some thing doubtfull but being past the twentie of March I would not counsell you to do it for that of late many years together there hath béene vpon the coast of India in Aprill and May diuers blustering stormes of crosse winds blowing towards the coast with darke and cloudie skies which would bring you in great danger therefore against that time it is best to chuse a good Hauen neuerthelesse God can send faire weather winds when it pleaseth him To put into the Hauen of the fortresse of Barcelor in the coast of Malabar aforesaide you must vnderstande that when you see a round Houell vppon the end of the hil of Batecola towards y e Northeast and Northeast and by East then you are right against the fortresse of Barcelor may put in at 7. fadome so you haue the fortresse East and halfe a stricke to East and by North from you and you shall sée all the Cliffes lying along the coast to the Ilands as Ilhas de Saint Maria which are altogether stonie Cliffes but they stand close to the land The 19. Chapter A description of all the Hauens places coastes and Sands vpon the East and South side of the Ilands Seylon with their heights courses stretchings situations with the course from thence to the fortresse of Columbo holden by the Portingales FIrst I will beginne with Trinquanamale which lyeth vnder nine degrées vppon the East side of the Iland Seylon eight myles from thence Southwarde lyeth a smal ryuer and before you come at it putting from Trinquanamale ther are some Ilands that with Birds fileings looke white and in the mouth of the riuer aforesaid lie two smal Ilands full of trées from Trinquanamale to this ryuer the course is North and South and North and by East and South and by West and running along the coast towards this ryuer then you shall leaue the Ilands aforesaid on the land side sayling without thē for that betwéene them and the land are many stones and Cliffes this ryuer and Trinquanamale lie distant from each other eight or nine miles at the furthest From the saide ryuer with the Ilands in the entrie thereof to the ryuer of Mataqualou are 12. myles and lieth vnder the hight of seuen degrées and 1 ◠The course from the one to the other is Northwest and Southeast being past this ryuer comming betwéene the Ilands the mouth therof you may go as néere the shore as you will for it is without danger within a great shotte of the land it is 20. fadome déepe From Mataqualou about fiue or sixe miles the course is North and South till you come to the point or hooke and from this point fiue or sixe miles further you runne along the coast North and South and North and by East and South and by West further forward towards the first Sand about fiue or sixe miles Northward there standeth a woode of Palme trées and comming right ouer against it the coast runneth North Northeast and South southwest and somewhat North and by East and South and by West from those fiue miles to the first sand the course is North East and southwest and Northeast and by East and Southwest and by West and before you come within foure or fiue miles of these Sandes you shall sée some Houels and hillockes of red
vnder 16 â…” The vttermost South point of the Island Aynon vnder 18. ½ The Northeast end of the same Iland vnder 19. ½ The Ilands of Sanchoan vnder 21. â…“ The towne Iland of Macau vnder 22. â…“ The towne of Canton vnder 24. ½ Ilha Branco or white Iland vnder 22. ½ Ilha Fermosa or faire Iland vnder 21. ¼ Ilha de Lamon vnder 23. ¼ The hauen of Chabaquea vnder 23. ½ The hauen of Chincheo vnder 24. ½ Enseada dos Camaroins or Créeke of Granaet otherwise called Cayto vnder 25. ½ The Iland Lequeo Pequeno vnder 25. A Ilha dos Cauallos or Iland of horses vnder 25. â…“ Ponto or Cabo de Sumbor vnder 28. ¼ The Ilands as Sere Irmaas or seauen fifte as lying in the way to Iapan vnder 29. â…“ The Ilandes of Sionglean lying on the coast vnder 29. â…” The Ilandes called Liampo lying on the coast vnder 31. The middle of the Iland Meaxuma vnder 30. â— 2. The Iland of Tanaxuma vnder 31 â…” The riuer of Nanquiyn vnder 34. The Ilands of Iapan in all hauing in Longitude 130. miles and the furthest eastward lieth vnder 32. From the Ilandes of Phillippinas otherwise the Lusons or Manillas on the North side of the Equinoctial line THe entrie of the channell betweene the Iland Luson and the Iland Tandaia vnder 12. The Iland Capuly and the Iland Ticao vnder 12. ¼ The Iland Masbate vnder 12. ¼ The Iland of Banton vnder 12. â…” The Iland Rebuian on the north side vnder 12. ½ The Iland de Vireies vnder 12. ¾ The Iland Marinduque vnder 12. ¼ Cabo de Dumarijn in the Iland Mindoro and the Ilandes of Luban vnder 13. The mouth or entry of the bay of Manilla the chiefe towne of the Iland of Lucon vnder 14. ¼ The towne of Manilla vnder 14 ½ The cape of Samballes in the Iland Lucon vnder 14. â…” The Cape Bullinao in the same Iland vnder 16. â…” The Cape de Boiador which is the furthest point on the north-side of the Island Luson vnder 19. The furthest Iland east and north from the Iland Lequeos vnder 29. The Iland a Illas de las Velas otherwise de los Ladrones vnder 13. The countrie of new Spaine lying ouer against the Islands of Iapon THe Iland of Saint Agustine lying on the coast vnder degrées 30. ¼ The Iland de Sedros or of Ceaders vnder 28. ¼ Cabo de saint Lucas the beginning of the land of California vnder 22. Cabo de las Corrientes or point of streams vnder 19. â…” The hauen of Acapulco vnder 17. From the straightes of Magellanes along the coast of Brasilia to the Equinoctiall line on the south side The degrees of the south side of the Equinoctiall THe straight or passage of Magellanes vnder 15. â…› degrées Basyâ— de las Islas or the bay of the Ilandes vnder 49. Rio de la Plata or riuer of Siluer vnder 34. â…” Arreciffe or the Cliffe vnder 34. Bahia Aparcellada or the bankie bay vnder 33. Cabo da Ponta vnder 32. Rio dos Negros or the riuer of the Mores vnder 31. Angra Onde Seuio o Battel that is the hauen where the boate was séene vnder 30 Ilha da Bahya or Iland of the bay vnder 29. Ilha de Santa Caterina vnder 28. ½ Bahia do Repairo or bay of defence vnder 28. Rio do Estremo or riuer beyond measure vnder 27. Rio dos Dragos or riuer of Dragons vnder 26. Ilha de Cananea or Ilands of Réedes vnder 25. ½ Ilha Doropica vnder 25. Bay of Saint Vincent vnder 24. The riuer of Canane vnder 24 The Rio or riuer dâ— Ianero vnder 23. â…“ Cabo Frio or cold point vnder 23. Bahia do Saluador or bay of our Sauiour vnder 22. The sands called os Baixos dos Pargos vnder 21. A Bahia do Espirito Santo or the Bay of the holy Ghost vnder 120. The Iland of saint Barbara vnder the same height of 20. The riuer of S. Luciâ— vnder 19. The riuer of Saint George vnder 18. Porto Sâ—guro or the safe hauen vnder 17. Rio das Santos Cosmos the riuer of Saint Cosmos and Daâ—ian vnder 16. The Iland of S. Helena also vnder 16. Rio da Praia vnder 15. Rio dos Ilhas the riuer of small IlaÌ„ds vnder 14. ½ Porto Real or kingly hauen vnder 14. Bahya de Todos os Santos vnder 13. Rio Real or kingly riuer vnder 12. The riuer of Saint â—â—ancis vnder 11. The riuer of Saint Michael vnder 10. Santo Alexo vnder 9. Cabo or point of S. Augustine vnder 8. ¾ The towne of Olinda vnder 8. 3 â— Pernanbuco and the Iland of the Ascention vnder 8. Saint Domingo vnder 7. Artapica vnder 6. Santo Roque Santa Maria d' Arribada vnder 5. The bay of Saint Lucas vnder 4. The bay of das Tartarugas vnder 3. Rio de Arreciffe vnder 2. From the Antillas or sore Islands of the Spanish Indies some places lying in the Firme Land al vpon the north side of the Equinoctiall line Isla la deceada or desired Iland vnder 15. 1 â— The Iland Marigalante vnder 15 The Iland la Dominica vnder 15. ½ The Iland la Antigua or old Iland vnder 16. ¼ Cabo de Cantina vpon the Firme land vnder 9. ½ The Iland la Serrana vnder 14. ½ The Serranilla or little Serrana vnder 16. Cayman Grande or the great Crocodile vnder 19. Cabo de S. Anton in the Iland of Cuba vnder 22. The riuer of S. Peter S. Paul vnder 21. Los Cambos d'Almeria vnder 20. Villa Rica la vicia or olde rich towne vnder 19. â…” The hauens and places lying vppon the coast called India with the distance situation of the same beginning from the North side along the coast southwestward as the countrie stretcheth And first you must vnderstand that the coast called India hath his beginning from the creeke called a Enseada de Iaquetta at a place called Espero c. FRom Espero to Mangalor are 8. miles From Mangalor to Patana are 8 From Patana to the point called Punta de Diu are 12. FroÌ„ Diu to the Iland a Ilha do Bette are 9. From the Ilha do Bette to Goa a towne lying in the creeke of Cambaia are 20. From Ilha do Bette to the towne of Daman are 26. From Daman to Surratte a towne lying in the creeke of Cambaia are â— From Daman to Danu on the outward part of the coast are 7. From Danu to as Ilhas das Vacas are 7. From as Ilhas das Vacas to the towne of Baccain are 3. FroÌ„ Baccain to the towne of Chaul are 12 From Chaul to Danda are 5. From Danda to the creeke called a Enserda de Pero Soares are 3. From Enseada de Pero Soares to Siffardao are 3. From Siffardao to Dabul are 10. From Dabul to Sanguiserra are 6. FroÌ„ Sanguiserra to the riuer Beâ—cele are From the riuer of Bettele to Seyta Por are 3. From Seyta Por to Carapam are 11. From Carapam to the chiefe towne of Goa are 14. From Goa to Angediua are
which came both together to the Cape de Bona Speranza the S. Anthonie and the S. Christopher being Admiral that had arriued there â—0 daies before and the Conception which came thether but the day before vs so that ther wanted none of the Fléet but the S. Thomas and by the signes and tokens that we and the other ships had séene at Sea we presumed it to be lost as after we vnderstoode for it was neuer seene after for the other shippes had seene Mastes Deales Fattes Chestes many dead men that had bound themselues vpon boards with a thousand other such like signs Our Admiral likewise had béene in great danger of casting away for although it was a new ship this the first Viage it had made yet it was so eaten with Wormes that it had at the least 20 handfuls déepe of water within it and at the Cape was forced to throw halfe the goods ouer bord into the Sea and were constrained continually to Pumpe with two Pumpes both night and day and neuer holde still and being before the Iland of S. Helena had ther also sunke to the ground if the other ships had noâ— holpen her The rest of the shippes coulde likewise tell what dangers and miseries they had indured About thrée Monthes before our arriuall at S. Helena there had béene a ship which the yere before set out of Ormus with the goods men that remained in the S. Saluador that had béene saued by the Portingal armie vpon the coast of Abex and brought vnto Ormus as in an other place I haue declared That ship had wintered in Mosambique and had passed verie soone by the Cape so sayled without any companie vnto Portingall hauing left some of her sicke men in the Iland as the maner is which the next ships that came thether must take into them These gaue vs intelligence that about foure monthes before our arriuall there had béene an English ship at the Iland of Saint Helena which had sayled through the Straights of Magelâ—anaes and through the south seas from thence to the Ilands of Phillippinas and had passed through the Straights of Sunda that lyeth beyond Malacca betwéene the Ilands of Sumatra and Iaua in the which way she had taken a shippe of China such as they call Iunckos laden with Siluer and Golde and all kind of Silkes and that shee sent a letter with a small present to the Bishop of Malacca telling him that shee sent him that of friendship meaning to come her selfe and visite him Out of that ship of China they tooke a Portingall Pilot so passed the Cape de Bona Speranza and came to the Iland of Saint Helena where they tooke in fresh water and other necessaries and beate downe the Alter and the Crosse that stoode in the Church and left behind them a Ketle and a Sword which the Portingales at our arriual found there yet could they not conceiue or thinke what that might meane Some thought it was left there for a signe to some other ships of his companie but euerie man may thinke what he will thereof In the ship of Malacca came for Factor of the Pepper one Gerrit van Afhuysen borne in Antwarpe and dwelling in Lisbone who had sayled in the same ship from Lisbone about two yeares before for that they staied in Malacca at the least fourtéene Monthes by reason of the warres and troubles that were in that countrie vntill Malacca was relieued as I saide before whereby they had passed great miserie and béene at great charges And because it is a very vnwholesome countrie together with y e constraint of lying there so long of 200. men that at the first sayled from Lisbone in the ship there were but 18. or 20. left aliue and all the rest dyed so that they were enforced to take in other vnskilfull men in Malacca to bring the shippe home This Gerrard van Afhuysen being of mine acquaintance and my good friend before my departure out of Portingall for India maruelled and ioyed much to find me there little thinking that we should méete in so strange a place and there we discoursed of our trauels past And of him among diuers other things I learned many true instructions as well of Malacca as of the countries and Ilands lying about it both for their manner of dealing in trade of Marchandise as in other memorable things By the pictures following you may sée the true description of the Iland of Saint Helena and of the thrée sides therof as we passed by it and as we sayled about it to the road as also of the Iland of Ascention The description of which two Ilands you may here perceiue and learne as I my selfe could marke the same The 94. Chapter A briefe description of the Iland Saint Helena SANCTA HELENA THe Iland of Saint Helena is so named because the Portingales discouered it vppon Saint Helens day which is the twentie one of May. It is in compasse sixe miles little more or lesse and lyeth vnder sixtéene degrées and a quarter on the South side of the Equinoctall 550. Spanish miles from the Cape de Bona Speranza and from the coast called Angola or Ethiopia 350. miles from Brasilia 510. miles These are the two néerest lands adioyning to it It is a verie high and hillie countrie so that it commonly reacheth vnto the cloudes the countrie of it selfe is verie ashie and drie also all the trees that are therein whereof there are great store grow of themselues in the woodes are little worth but only to burne for it hath no special substance but sheweth as if it were halfe consumed so that it should seeme that some mines of Brimstone hath in times past béene in that Iland as commonly all the Ilands are all much subiect to the same for that in some places thereof they find Sulphur and Brimstone When the Portingales first discouered it there was not any beasts nor fruite at all within the Iland but onely great store of fresh water which is excellent good and falleth downe from the mountaines and so runneth in great abundance into the Valley where the Church standeth and from thence by small chanels into the Sea where the Portingales fill their vessels full of fresh water and wash their clothes so that it is a great benefit for them and a pleasant sight to behold how cleare in how many streames the water runneth downe into the valley which may bee thought a myracle considering the drinesse of the country together with the stonie Rockes and hilles therein The Portingales haue by little and little brought many beastes into it and in the valleyes planted al sorts of fruites which haue growne there in so great abundance that it is almost incredible For it is so full of Goates Buckes wild Hogges Hennes Partridges and Doues by thousands so that any man that will may hunt and take them ther is alwaies plentie and sufficient although there came as many shippes more
and do ouerflow more then they are in the furder and very drie countries for in Egypt not accounting Alexandria with the places bordering on the same where it neuer raineth it is holden for a verie strange wonderful thing how the riuer Niâ— should grâ—w so high ful of thicke muddie water and alwaies at one time of the yeare not fayling therein thereby refreshing the earth and giuing foode both to man and beast whereby the ancient inhabitants of those countries did vse to offer sacrifices vnto that Riuer calling it as Ptolomeus in his fourth booke rehearseth a good Spirit and yet at this day many Christians esteeme it for a miracle for that without the increase thereof they would die for hunger their liues â—as Iohn Chrisostome sayth consisteth of the increasing of the waters so then the Northwest winds that in our summer time which is their winter blow in our countries are the meanes in those countries to gather cloudes and moystures vpon the high hilles from whence their raine proceedeth which raine is the cause that their countrey is not so colde as ours ingendering in those hot countries a certaine kinde of warme water Those raines then are likewise the cause of the growing ouerflowing of the riuer Niâ—us and other riuers in those countries wherof the inhabitants haue deuised and written to many fables But in their summer which is our winter there bloweth contrary windes as south and southeast which without al doubt are cold as blowing from the contrarie part of the Pole Antarctike and coole those countries as our winds do here in these countries like as with theÌ„ they cause a faire cleare aire so with vs they cause great store of raines by a certain natural disposition of the heauens the climates ruled and gouerned by the high wisedom of God that hath diuided the heauens ordained the course of the sun and other planets in such maner that al parts of the earth by their light brightnes are filled with warmth and coldnes therein do continue with great proportion and equalitie so that for certain if the freshnesse and coldnes of those winds did not refresh the countreyes of Ethiopia Congo and other places bordering on the same it were impossible for the inhabitants to indure the heate The same windes likewise doo refresh and comfort the inhabitants of Grecia the Islands of Candia and Cipies the countries of Asia Mynor and those of Suria and Egypt which liue by the refreshing of those generall Northwest west winds which rightly by the Grecians are called Zoephero that is bringing life those also are the cause that in Ethiopia Congo and other countries bordering thereon it neuer Snoweth no not vpon the highest hilles vnlesse it bee further off towardes the Cape de Bona Speranza or in some certaine places by the Portingales called Snow hilles as in Congo they finde neither Ice nor snow which with them would bee more esteemed then gold therewith to coole their drink so that the Riuers do not increase by the melting of snow but only by means of the coÌ„tinual raine of fiue moneths as I said before But returning to our former matter you may trauel to Congo by two waies one by the main sea to S. Helena and so further ouer or along by the coast of Affrica to the Island of Saint Thomas and so to the Cape of Lopes Gonzales lying vnder one degree vppon the South side of the Equinoctiall line about 21. Duch miles from Saint Thomas Island and from thence they saile with the wind that commeth off the land along the coast euerie euening casting anker in some creeke or hauen vntill they arriue at the place where they desire to be The kingdome of Congo beginneth at the Cape de S. Catharina which lyeth on the South side of the Equinoctial line vnder two degrees and a halfe and passing along the coast you saile by certain hils and strands not woorth the noting till you come to two creekes in forme somewhat like a paire of spectacles where there is a good hauen called Baro D Aluaro Gonzales that is the creeke or hauen of Aluaro Gonzaleâ— not farre from it runneth a little riuer into the sea by reason of the rednesse thereof by the Portingales called Rio de â—as Boreras Râ—slas because the water runneth ouer a certaine redde sande that coloureth the water at that place beginneth a high hill called by the Portingales la Sierra Complida that is a long hill passing further there is another riuer called â—a â—e â—as Almadias which is as much to say as the creeke or hauen for shippes because in that place many bankes are made in the mouth of this riuer there lyeth three Islands wherof the greatest is the middle being inhabited wherein there is a hauen for little ships the other two are not inhabited Parting from thence you come to the great riuer of Congo called Zaâ—e taking his beginning or spring partly froÌ„ the same lake froÌ„ whence the riuer Nylus doth flow This riuer casteth forth so great aboundance of water that it is incredible for that before it runneth into the sea it is at the least 5. miles broad on y e vpper part it is fresh water for 8 10. 16 Duch miles vnto the red sea whereby the pilots sailing ouer it know what place they are in Vpwards into this riuer you may saile with great barks she length of fine miles but not higher by reason of the discending and fall thereof from a steep high ground as the riuers of Nilus Donow and Rhein do in some places which are called Cataraâ—tas that is shedings or fallings of waters making so great a noyse that it may bee heard a great way from it In this riuer at the entry into the sea are many Islands al inhabited and very populous that haue diuers gouernours al subiectes to the king of Congo In tunes past those Islands made warres one against the other in certaine scutes cut out of the bodie of a great tree in their language called Licondo whereof some are so great that sixe men cannot fadome them with height and length correspondent so that one of the greatest being cutte in proportion of a scute woulde holde two hundred men Those scutes they rowe with ores wherwith they make great speede euery man hauing an ore and a bowe and when they fight they lay downe the ore and vse their bowe and to steere and winde those scutes they vse no other ruther than one of those ores In this riuer there are many strange beastes specially Crocadiles that are very great in their language called Carman the sea horse and another that seemeth to haue handes and a taile like vnto a Flaske which they call Ambize Angulo that is a sea hogge because it is as fatte as a hogge it hath a good and sauoury flesh not like fish although it bée a fish which feedeth not of that which is in the riuer but eateth
two streames like Englâ—nâ— and 〈…〉 so that it seemeth almost to be two Islands it hath many goodly hauens the naâ—◠〈◊〉 giuen it of our Lady of Guadalupe it is â—ul of villages each of twentie or thirtie houses all wood and rounde made of certaine great okes which they thrust into the earth and those serue for the doores of their houses then they place smaller which hold the rest from falling Their branches on the toppe being bound together like tents which they couer with Palme tree leaues to keep them from the raine within they fasten ropes made of cotten wool or of Bâ—esen wherupon they lay cotten mattresses and hanging beddes therein to sleepe This Island hath seuen faire riuers the inhabitants were called Caâ—ucâ—erum it hath verie great Parrots much differing from others being red both before and behind with long feathers the wings speckled with red some yellow some blew al mixed together whereof there are as great abundance as of Spree 〈…〉 er in our countryes there groweth in this Island a certaine gumme called A 〈…〉 m not much vnlike Amber the smoke or aire of this gumme being let vp into the head driueth out the colde the tree bringeth foorth a fruit like dates but of a spanne and a halfe long which beeing opened hath a certaine white and sweete meale This fruit they keepe for winter as we do chesnuts the trees are like figge trees they haue likewise in this Island al kind of orchard fruit and some are of opinion that al kindes of sweete fruites were first brought out of this Islande into the other Islandes round about it for they are hunters of men which hauing taken they eate them and for the same cause they trauaile abroade many hundreth miles both farre and neare and in their trauell whatsoeuer they finde they bring it home and plant it They are not friendly but fierce and cruell They indure no strangers among them both the men and the women are verie subtile and expert in shooting with their bowes and their arrowes being poysoned when the men are gone abroad the women keepe their places and countreyes most stoutly defending them from al inuasion to conclude al parts of that Islande both hils and dales are verie fruitfull and in the hollow trees and clifts of hilles and rocks they find home Desiada or Desiderataâ— ABout eighteene miles from Guadalupa towards the East lieth Desiada another Island being twentie miles great Desiada or Desiderata that is desire so called by reason of the fairenesse of the Island ten miles from Guadalupa towards the south lyeth Galanta being in compasse aboue thirtie miles it is an euen and faire country wherof the Island hath taken the name for Galanta in Spanish betokeneth faire Therein are diuers sweete smelling trees both in barks rootes leaues There are likewise many great Horsleaches Nine miles from Guadalupa towards the East there lieth six smal Ilands called Todos los Sanctos or al Saints and Barbara spokeÌ„ of before Those Islandes are verie full of cliffes stonie and vnfruitful which the Pilots are to looke vnto to auoyde the danger that may ensue A little further lyeth Dominica taking the name from the day because it was discouered vpon a sunday and also an Islande of Caniballes so ful and thicke of Trees that there is scant an elle of free land Thereabouts also is another Island called Madannina or the womens Islande where it is thought that women onely inhabited in maner of Amazons whither the Canibales often times resorted to lie with them and if they had daughters they kept them but boyes they sent vnto their fathers it lyeth fortie miles from Mons Serratu After that lyeth yet thrée Islands besides other little Islands and diuers cliffes called S. Vincent Granada and S. Lucia Comming further towards the coast of Florida where we left right against it there lyeth certaine smal cliffes called Martires and the little Ilands called Tortugas because they are like a Torteauxes From this poynt of Florida to Ancon Baxo are 100. miles and lyeth fiftie miles distant East and West from Rio Secco which is the breadth of Florida from Ancon Baxo 100. miles to Rio di Nieues from thence to the riuer Flores 20. miles and somewhat more from the riuer of Flores to the bay called Bahya del Spirito Sancto which is likewise called La Culata being in the entrance thereof thirtie miles broade from this Bahya which lyeth vnder 29. degrées are 70. miles to the riuer called Rio del Pescadores from Rio del Pescadores which lyeth vnder 28. degrees and halfe there is 100. miles to the Riuer called Rio de las Palmas from whence Tropicus Cancri beginnneth from Rio de las Palmas to the Riuer Panuco are 30. miles and from thence to Villa Rica or Vera Crus are seuentie miles in which space lyeth Almeria from Vera Crus that lyeth vnder 19. degrees to the riuer of Aluarado by the Island called Papa Doapan are thirtie miles from the riuer Aluarado to the riuer Coâ—zâ—coalco are fiftie miles from thence to the riuer Gritalâ—a are fortie miles The said two riuers lying about eighteene degrées from the riuer Gritalua to Cabo Redondo are eightie miles as the coast stretcheth along wherein are contained Champoton and Lazaro from Cabo Redondo to Cabo di Catoche or Iucatan are 90. miles and lyeth about 21. degrées so that there are in al nine hundred miles in the length of the coast of Florida to Iucatan which is another Cape or hooke which stretcheth from off the land northward and the further it reacheth into the sea the more it crooketh or windeth about and is sixtie miles from Cuba The Island whereof we haue alreadie spoken which doth almost inclose the sea that runneth betwéene Florida and Iucatan which sea by some men is called Golfo de Mexico of others Golfo de Florida and of some others Cortes the sea that runneth into this gulfe entreth betwéene Iucatan and Cuba with a mightie streame and runneth out againe betweene Florida and Cuba and hath no other course A breefe description of Noua Hispania or new Spaine THe second part of America is called Noua Spaigna or new Spaine it beginneth towards the North about the Riuer of Panuco vppon the borders of Florida on the South side it reacheth to the prouince Darienâ— where it is diuided from Peru on the East it hath the maine Sea and on the west the South sea called Mare Australe this whole Prouince was in times past by the Inhabitants called Cichemecan Cathuacan or Coâ—acan which peple came out of the land of Culhua which lieth aboue Xalisco made their habitation about the Moores of Tenuchtitlan where at this present lyeth the towne of Mexico which people hauing neither countrey nor dwelling place chose that for the best and most profitable therein building diuers houses and habitations and in that manner placed both their new and old villages vnder the commaundement of Culhuacan giuing the same name
the poynt is a land which is not ouer lowe where you sée certayne Downes as aforesaide ¶ Here followeth the Nauigation from the Line to the Towne of the Kings called Lyma FRom hence forwarde wee haue declared the coast of Panama in the South sea til you come to the hauen of Quixinus which lieth in the Countrey of Peru now I will goe forward with the course that lieth betweene Quixinus and the towne of Kings so then departing from the poynt de Passos the coast stretcheth south and south and by weast to the hauen called Porto veio or the Old Hauen and before you come thither there lieth the strand called Charaqui wher the ships may put in without any daunger and it is so safe a strand that they may there lay their ships on shoare and mend them if they neede be they neuer so great for it is a good hauen of entraunce onely that in the midle of the entry there lieth certain stones or rugged Islands but the shippes may enter at which side they wil and passe by them without any danger for there is nothing to be shunned but onely that which you sée before your eyes the Olde Hauen lieth vnder one degrée on the south side of the Equinoctiall line and is one of the fiue Townes which the christians or Spaniardes haue built in the flat land of Peru so that Porto Veio signifieth the towne and countrey lying thereabouts which is much ouerrunne wasted because it is a poore vnwholesome country yet it hath certain mines of Sinaragdes which they held long time hidden and by no meanes would discouer them as to this day they yet do They had likewise in times past many golde and siluer vessels which are by the Spaniardes all taken and carried away but now by the kings letters patents being made frée they pay to theyr superiour lords but onely the tenth parte of all their fruits whereby many Spaniards withdrawe themselues from thence séeing their profite to decay The Countrey about Porto Veio was rich of golde where the people made their houses in the trées like birdes nests and because the coast is moorish there is no being for horses whereby it was not so soone subdued by the Spaniardes as also because that out of theyr nests they threw stones iauelines pottes with hot water and whatsoeuer came next to hand whereby they killed many Spaniards wherewith they were forced to couer themselues with boordes and so cut downe the trees before they could ouercome them as also because the Countrey is so rough sharpe and wilde that they could hardely finde prouision for their army there is yet much country thereabouts vnhabited By the Old Hauen two miles within the land is the towne of saint Iacob or Iago which for houses and inhabitants is not inferiour to Porto Veâ—o and thereabouts is the passage of Gainacaua by the Spaniards so called for this occasion that Gaâ—â—acaua the father of Attabalida vpon a certain time sent one of his Captainâ—â— â—â—th a great army to subdue that countrey who minding to passe his people ouer the riuer commanded them to make a bridge of péeces of wood that so they might passe Which being made when his people with their armor and weapons were vppon it the ennemy cutte the ropes wherewith the péeces of wood were fastned together whereby many of them that were vpon it by force of the streame were drowned in the riuer and the rest spoyled by the enemy Which Gainacapa vnderstanding assembled a great number of souldiers and with them departed from Quito and being in the plaine field in open battell he ouercame those people after the which victorie minding to make a passage ouer the riuer that men might passe ouer on foote to the same end he causâ— great numbers of stones and earth to be brought thither and threw them into the riuer being twentie foote broad but whatsoeuer he threw in al wold not preuaile by reason of the great deapth and swiftnesse of the riuer that carried it away by force of the streame which hee perceiuing left off his worke and so departed and therfore the Spaniards haue giuen this place the name of the passage of Gainacaua about the which passage lieth the towne of saint Iacob builded by them About a Spanish mile and a half distant from this town of saint Iacob towardes the south lyeth a round hil by them called Christs Hil. From Porto veâ—o further forward the same course almost foure miles distant in the south lieth the poynt of saint Laurence and two miles and a quarter from thence southwest lieth an Island of the same name which is full a mile in compasse wherein the Indians or Peruuians of the firme land in times past vsed to make their sacrifices and offerings killing many lambes shéepe and some children offering their blood vnto their idolles or diuelles whose figures were made and carued in stone to whome they doe vsually pray When Franciscus Pizarius with his thirteene companions trauelled to discouer Peru they entred likewise into this Island where they found certaine iewells of siluer and golde many cloakes and shertes of very faire and fine wooll so that from that time forwards and for the same cause this Island was called Siluer The poynt of saint Laurence lieth vnder one degrée on the south side of the line And as I sayde before Peru beginneth at the line and stretcheth southwarde vnto Chile The people that dwell vnder the line and thereabouts haue the customes and manners of the Iewes Whereby many men are of opinion that they are issued from the Iews or of the race of Cham they speake hoarsely and in the mouth like the Moores and are much giuen to vncleannesse especially that which is wholy against nature whereby they do not well agree with their wiues but rather despise them The women weare neither hayre nor apparell but onely a certaine aprone before their priuities They plant sowe reape and thrash the corne and wheate meale whereof they make breade which wheate in Peru is called Zara the men weare short shertes without sleeues downe to their nauelles their members being vncouered and some goe naked paint their bodies with a black colour their haire being shauen and cut almost like Friars but they leaue no haire neyther before nor behinde their heades but onely vppon the sides it is likewise a common custome with them to weare many Iewels of golde both in their eares and noses specially emerauldes such as are found in those Countries And although the inhabitants will not discouer the mines yet hath it beene perceiued by certaine rough stones on their arms and legs they weare many beades of gold siluer and small tourqueses also of white and red Teekens and Huyzkens but will not haue their wiues to weare anye such touching the situation of the Countrey it is very hote and vnwholesome and there they haue certayne sore biles that issue out vpon their faces and other partes of theyr
to say truth there are none Those Islandes being past it is good to take your course Southwest till you come to foure degrees and from thence south southwest to three degrées on the south side of the Equinoctiall from Cochin all the way aforesaid to this place The compasse lieth northwest a strike and a halfe beeing vnder three degrees on the south side of the line then you begin to haue the thunder out of the west and northwest with a stiffe winde and from thence you shall hold south and south by west to ten or twelue degrees in which you shal haue the wind southeast vnder these twelue degrees the compasse holdeth northwestward a strike and â— parts but shall not therfore be made any abatement in your reckoning for it is often found that the water or streame doth there run to the west which would then be two faults for that as I vnderstand it in this course you must account all that is said the ship hath gone because you shall likewise find streames that draw to the southeast being at 12 degrees as I said before til you be vnder 15. degrees theÌ„ you haue the winde sometime south southeast then you must not lie westward for it is not good but rather runne east and east southeast alwaies keeping good watch to the eightéenth degrée vnder the which lieth the droughtes called 〈◊〉 Baxios dos Garagiaus and hauing a south-East wind then it is good to hold your course southwest vntill you discouer the Island of Diego Rodâ—ges and if it lieth right before you then you shall sée some of the birdes called Alcatrases and some hearbes called Saâ— driuing in the water and there the compasse goeth no higher but beginneth from thence againe to diminish or lessen when you are past this Island or the point thereof then runne southwest and southwest and by west to 26. degrees vnder the which height lieth the first point of the Island of S. Laurence as soone as you are vnder this height then you shall hold your course west southwest to 29. degrees and from thence west and west and by south and to know when you are north and by south with the Island of Saint Laurence that is with the middle of the vttermost land on the south side then marke the compasse well and if you bee by the countrey aforesaid then your compasse will bee a strike and 1 â— one from the other northwestward from thence you shall hold your course as winde and weather serueth for being from about the 15. of Aprill till the last of May it is necessary to haue the Firme land on boarde for that there at those times you haue the winde North and northwest and being in the monthes of Februarie and March then the winde is east and south where you must rule your course as the wind serueth and being right with the land north south then the compasse shall leaue a strike rather more than lesse to the Northwest which is a certaine signe to bee right against it but if it be more then assure your selfe you are not by the land then beeing 30. or 40. miles from thence and though you be but 30 miles from the land you shall see gréene water but you finde no ground The compasse that I speake of shall be sixe and euen at the Cape das Agulhas with those that make them leane northeastward in Portingall a halfe strike rather lesse then more and when you come to the Cape das Agulhas and hetherwards as long as you haue not muddie ground you are not at the Cape das Agulhas wherefore spare not often to cast your lead for it will be for your owne good Passing the Cape das Agulhas to the cape de Bona Speranza it is not good to saile northwest as long as you haue ground for that therewith you should not passe the Cape de Bona Speranza but being past it then runne northwest til you come to 16. degrees vnder the which height the Island of Saint Helena doth lie or to 16. degrees and 1 â— and when you come to that height then run west and somewhat southerlie or the first meale tide west and by south because of the compasse of the sea in some streames for I thinke you shall finde no more heights although you should sayle west and by south and sayling on that course you shall continue it 50. miles further but no more and when you perceiue the Island and cannot reach it by day then strike all your small sayles holding about 5. miles from thence in such manner that in the night time you hold west and west and by north there the compasse beareth full northeast halfe a strike and as you make your reckinng well in your course from the cape de Bona Speranza to this Island with the aduantage of the compasse as it ought to be you shall find that it lieth aboue seauentie miles more westward then it standeth in the Sea Card departing from this Iland to saile to Portingall and to sée the Iland called Ascention you shall run northwest and northwest and by west for 70. miles then you shal goe somewhat Easternly as some doe then it wil be needful to saile 100. miles northwest and by west and from thence northwest vntill you come by the generall wind but come no nearer vnto the land for then you should not make a good voiage and although the south winde doth continue longer in this course which bringeth you to twelue fourtéene degrées on the north side yet leaue it not for that neyther put close vnder the coast of Guinea when you haue the general wind although you might more westernly neyther leaue off therefore to follow your course for it will be large enough althougl sometimes it scanteth because you are close by the land It is good to kéepe 150. or 200. miles from the coast for although that by the sea cardes you finde your selfe to bee two hundred miles from the land notwithstanding you are a good way nearer the reason whereof is that you sayle from the point of the Island of S. Helena which lieth in the sea carde and not from the Island that lieth 70. miles westward as aforesaid and although the pointes doe assuredly lie towards the Island Flores it therfore maketh no reason that it is not so as I say for that in the course through the sea where you finde the hearbe Sargosso the winde being there alwaies northeast the sea or streame runneth to the Antilhas or fore Iland of the Spanish Ilandes whereby the ships doe so little multiplie in the course of Sargosso if these waters and streames doe chance to meete the ships when they are in the course of Sargosso it happeneth often times that the ships beare too loofeward but very seldome and it happeneth oftentimes that by Guinea the streame runneth northward and being somewhat neere the land then the water draweth you presently to the land also the
a great number of whale fishes and other fish by the Spaniards Atun whereof many are found in the coast of Gibraltar in Spaigne as also Albacoras and Bonitos which are all Fishes which commonly kéepe in Channels straights and running waters there to disperse their séed when they bréed which maketh me more assuredly beléeue that thereabouts is a Channell or Straight to passe through Being by the same course vpon y e coast of new Spaigne vnder seuen and thirty degrées and ½ wee passed by a very high and faire land with many Trées wholy without Snow and foure miles from the land you find thereabouts many drifts of roots leaues of Trées Réedes and other leaues like Figge leaues the like whereof wee found in great abundance in the countrey of Iapon which they eat and some of those that wée found I caused to be sodden with flesh and being sodden they eat like Colewortes there likewise wee found great store of Sea wolues which wee call Sea dogges whereby it is to bée presumed and certainly to bee beléeued that there are manye Riuers Bayes and Hauens along by those coasts to the Hauen of Acapulco From thence wee ranne South-east Southeast and by South and South-east and by East as we found the wind to the point called El Cabo de Saint Lucas which is the beginning of the land of Califfornia on the Northwest side lying vnder two and twenty degrées being fiue hundred myles distant from the Cape De mendosino In this way of the aforesaied fiue hundred myles along by the coast are manye Islands and although they bee but small yet without doubt there are in them some good Hauens as also in the Firme Land where you haue these Hauens following nowe lately found out as that of the Island of Saint Augustine lying vnder thirtye degrées and ¾ and the Island called Ilha de Sedros scarce vnder eight and twentie degrées and ¼ and the Island lying beneath the Saint Martyn vnder thrée and twentie degrées and ½ all this coast and Country as I thinke is inhabited and sheweth to bee a verye good Countrey for there by night wee sawe fire and by day smoake which is a most sure token that they are inhabited From the Point or hooke of Saint Lucas to the South-east side of Calliffornia wee helde our course East Southeast for the space of eightye myles to the point called El cabo de las corrientes that is the point of the streames lying vnder ninteene degrées â…” and running this course Northward about a mile from vs we sawe thrée Islands called las tres Marias that is the thrée Maries running the same course About foure miles from the other Islandes there are other Islands reaching about 2. or thrée miles All this way from the mouth or Créeke of California aforesaid for the space of the said 80. miles there are great streames that runne Westward From the point or Cape de las Corrientes wée ranne Southeast and sometimes Southeast and by East for the space of an hundred and thirtie miles to the hauen of Acapulco In this way of an hundred and thirty miles being 20. miles on the way we had the Hauen of the Naâ—iuidade that is the birth of the Virgine Mary and other eight miles further the Hauen of Saint Iago or Saint Iames and sixe miles further the sea Strand called la Playa de Culyma that is the Strand of Culyma All this coast from California to the Hauen of Acapulco is inhabited by people that haue peace and traffique with the Spaniards and are of condition and qualities like the people of the other places of new Spaine The Conclusion of the Author of this last Voyage ALl this Description and Nauigation haue I my selfe séene prooued and well noted in my Voiage made and ended in the yéere of our Lord 1584. from great China out of the Hauen and riuer of Canton as I will more at large set it downe vnto your honour with the Paralell and Meridian thereof as God shall permit me time and leysour whome I beséech to send you long and happy daies and the same haue I truly translated out of Spanish into low Dutch verbatim out of the Originall coppie that was sent vnto the Viceroy of the Portingall Indies The 55. Chapter The Description of a Voyage made by a Pilot called Nuno da Silua for the Viceroy of new Spaine the 20. of May in the yeere of our Lorde 1579. to the towne of Mexico from whence it was sent to the Viceroy of the Portingall Indies wherein is set downe the course and actions passed in the Voyage of Sir Francis Drake that tooke the aforesaid Nuno da Silua by the Islands of Cabo Verde and carried him along with him thorough the Straightes of Magellanes to the Hauen of Guatulco in newe Spaine where he let him goe againe NVno da Silua borne in Porto a Citizen and inhabitant of Guaia saith that hée departed out of his house in the beginning of Nouember in the yéere of our Lorde 1577. taking his course to Cabo Verde or the gréene point where hée ankered with his shippe close by the Hauen of the Island of Saint Iames one of the Islands of Cabo Verde aforesaid béeing the nintéenth of Ianuarie in the yéere of our Lorde 1578. and lying there there came sixe shippes which seemed to be English men whereof the Admirall boorded his shippe and by force with his men hée tooke him out of his shippe bringing him in the boat aboord the Admirals shippe leauing some of his best men aboord his shippe and although the fortresse of the Island shot foure or fiue times at them yet they hurt not the English men who hauing done seâ— saile from thence to the Island of Braua that is the wild Island taking with them the shippe of the saide Nuno da Silua béeing there they filled certaine vessels with fresh water from thence holding their course inwarde to Sea hauing first with a boat set the men of Nuno da Siluas shippe on lande onley kéeping Nuno da Silua in his shippe as also his shippe with the wines that were therein and Nuno da Silua saith the cause why they kept him on boorde was because they knewe him to be a Pilot for the coast of Brasilia that hée might bring them to such places in those countries as had fresh water Béeing put off from the Island of Braua they helde their course to the lande of Brasilia which they descried vpon the first of Aprill vnder the height of 30. degrées and without landing or taking in fresh water they held on their course to the riuer Rio de la Plata that is the riuer of Siluer lying vnder fiue and thirtie degrées little more or lesse where they went on lande and prouided themselues of fresh water From thence they helde on their course till they came vnder nine and thirtie degrées where they ankered and béeing there they left two of their sixe shippes
Ryse such like are kept for those which are sicke yet they get but little thereof for that the officers kéepe it for themselues and spend it at their pleasures not letting much goe out of their fingers as for the dressing of their meate wood pots and pans euery man must make his owne prouision besides all this there is a Clarke and steward for the Kings souldiers that haue their parts by themselues as the saylers haue This is the order and manner of theyr voyage when they sayle vnto the Indies but when they returne againe they haue no more but each man a portion of Bisket and water vntill they come to the Cape de Bona Esperance and from thence home they must make their own prouisions The souldiers that are passengers haue nothing els but frée passage that is roome for a chest vnder hatches and a place for their bed in the or loope and may not come away without the Viceroyes passeport and yet they must haue béene fiue yeres souldiers in the Indies before they can haue licence but the slaues must pay fraught for their bodies custome to the King as in our voyage home againe we will at large declare The 15. of Aprill we espied the Iland of Madera and Porto Sancto where the ships vse to seperate themselues each ship kéeping on his course that they may get before each other into India for their most commodities and to dispatch the sooner whereby in the night and by tides they leaue each others company each following his owne way The 24. of Aprill we fell vpon the coaste of Guinea which beginneth at nine degrées and stretcheth vntill wee come vnder the Equinoctiall where wee haue much thunder lightning and many showers of raine with stormes of wind which passe swiftly ouer yet fall with such force that at euery shower we are forced to strike sayle let the maine yeard fall to the middle of the mast many times cleane down sometimes ten or twelue times eueryday there wee finde a most extreame heate so that all the water in the ship stinketh whereby men are forced to stop their noses when they drinke but when wee are past the Equinoctiall it is good againe the nearer wee are vnto the land the more it stormeth raineth thundreth and calmeth so that most commonly the shippes are at the least two monthes before they can passe the line Then they finde a winde which they name the generall winde and it is a South east winde but it is a side wind and we must alway lie side waies in the wind almost vntill wee come to the cape de Bona Speranza and because that vpon the coast of Brasillia about 18. degrées on the south side lieth great slakes or shallowes which the Portingales call Abraâ—hos that reach 70. miles into the sea on the right side to passe them the ships hold vp most vnto the coast of Guinea and so passe the said Flattes otherwise if they fall too low and keepe inwardes they are constrained to turne againe vnto Portingale and many times in danger to be lost as it hapned to our Admirall Saint Phillip which in the yeare 1582. fell by night vpon the Flats and was in great danger to be lost yet recouered againe sayled backe to Portingale and now this yeare to shunne the Flats shee kept so neare the coast of Guinea that by meanes of the great calmes and raynes shee was forced to driue vp and downe two months together before shee could passe the line came two months after the other ships into India Therefore men must take heed and kéepe themselues from comming too neare the coast to shun the calmes and stormes and also not to hold too farre of thereby to passe the Flats shallowes wherein consisteth the whole Indian Voyage The 15. of May being about fiftie miles beyond the Equinoctiall line Northwardes we espied a French ship which put vs all in great feare by reason that most of our men were sicke as it commonly hapneth in those countries through the excéeding heate further they are for the most part such as neuer haue beene at Sea before that time so that they are not able to do much yet we discharged certaine great shot at him wherewith he left vs after he had played with vs for a smal time and presently lost the sight of him wherewith our men were in better comfort The same day about euening wee discried a great shipâ— which wee iudged to bee of our Fleet as after wee perceiued for it made towards vs to speake with vs and it was the Saint Francisco wherewith wee were glad The â—6 of May wee passed the Equinoctiall line which runneth through the middle of the Iland of Saint Thomas by the coast of Guinea and then wee began to sée the south star and to loose the north star and founde the sunne at twelue of the clocke at noone to be in the north and after that wee had a south east wind called a general wind which in those partes bloweth all the yeare through The 29. of May being Whitsonday the ships of an ancient custome doe vse to chuse an Emperour among themselues and to change all the officers in the ship and to hold a great feast which continueth thrée or foure dayes together which wee obseruing chose an Emperour and being at our banket by meanes of certaine words that passed out of some of their mouthes there fell great strife and contention among vs which procéeded so farre that the tables were throwne downe and lay on the ground and at the least a hundred rapiers drawne without respecting the Captaine or any other for he lay vnder foote and they trod vpon him and had killed each other and thereby had cast the ship away if the Archbishop had not come out of his chaÌ„ber among them willing them to cease wherwith they stayed their hands who presently commaunded euery man on paine of death that all their Rapiers Poynyardes and other weapons should bee brought into his chamber which was done whereby all thinges were pacified the first and principall beginners being punished layd in irons by which meanes they were quiet The 12. of Iune we passed beyond the afore said Flats and shallowes of Brasillia whereof all our men were excéeding glad for thereby we were assured that we should not for that time put backe to Portingale againe as many doe and then the generall wind serued vs vntill wee came to the riuer of Rio de Plata where wee got before the wind to the cape de Bona Speranza The 20. of the same month the S. Fransiscus that so long had kept vs coÌ„pany was againe out of sight and the eleauenth of Iuly after our Master iudged vs to bee about 5â— miles from the cape de Bona Speranza wherefore he was desired by the Archbishop to kéepe in with the land that wee might sée the Cape It was then mistie weather so that as we
and Salsette are by the Kings of Portingale let out to farme and the rents therof are imployed to the payment of the Archbishop Cloysters Priests Viceroy other the Kings Officers yearely stipends which is graunted them by speciall Priueledges and Patents from the King The Iland is verie hillie and in some places so desert and rough that on some sides men can hardly trauell ouer land but with great labour to the towne of Goa the Iland euen to the Sea side is full of Villages and inhabited by the Canarijus which are the naturall borne people of the land and doe altogether liue by working vpon the land and by their Palme trees The villages and dwellings of these Canarijus are most rounde about the Iland and on the water sides or by small Lakes whereof there are some fewe within the Iland and the cause why they dwell thus is for that the Palme trées will not grow in any other place but vpon low ground by the waters specially in sandie ground so that there are no Palme trées to be found on the high land within the countrie vnlesse it bee vpon sandie groundes on the Sea coast or ryuers sides On the East side of the towne of Goa vpwardes into the ryuer about thrée miles from the towne of Bardes lyeth a place wher the Portingals ships doe Anker the ryuer hath some créekes and a ship of 200. Tunnes or there abouts may easily discharge before the Towne but the Portingales great ships must discharge them selues at Bardes which being done they may i◠they will fréely goe and lie before the town The towne is well builte with faire houses and stréetes after the Portingall manner but because of the heate they are somewhat lower They commonly haue their Gardens and Orchards at the backe side of their houses full of all kinde of Indian fruites as also the whole Iland through they haue many pleasant Gardens and farmes with houses to play in and trées of Indian fruites whether they goe to sport themselues and wherein the Indian women take great delight The towne hath in it all sortes of Cloysters and Churches as Lisbone hath onely it wanteth Nunnes for the men cannot get the women to trauell so farre where they should be shut vp and forsake Venus with whome so that they may enioy and fulfill their lustes they had rather loose their liues whereof they make small account The Iland is both winter and Summer all alike gréene and hath alwaies some kinde of fruite in season which is a great pleasure the towne lyeth vppon some hils and dales like Lisbone it hath in times past béene verie small and walled with a drie Ditch round about it wherein there is no water but when it rayneth the walles are yet standing but no Gates remaining and the towne is now built round about with houses so that it is at the least twice as big without the walles as it is within and lyeth open without walles or closures sauing onely that the Iland hath a wal on the East side which beginneth ouer against the land of Salsette and so runneth along vntill you come at Bardes and is onely to defend them from the firme land where the Portingales haue no commaundement The whole Iland hath no other defence but onely vpon the corner of the land of Bardes at the mouth of the ryuer where there standeth an olde ruinous Castle wherein lyeth two or thrée Iron péeces and one man that in the night time kéepeth the watch the Iland on the Sea side is verie high full of stonie Cliffes but the land of Bardes hath on the Sea side a verie faire white Sand about halfe a mile long and somewhat more the defence of the Ilande consisteth herein that on the East side there are thrée or foure passages or Gates that stand vpon the water side on the vttermost part of the Iland right against the firme land Salsette and Bardes euerie gate or passage hath a Captaine and a clarke which kéepe watch that no man may passe into the other side but by their licence And the Indians Decanijus and other Moores and heathens that are resident in Goa and therein haue their habitation when they goe into the firme land to fetch their necessarie prouisions comming to those places which are called Passos they must euerye man haue a marke which is Printed on their naked armes and so they passe ouer to the other side and at their returne againe they must shew the same marke whereby they may fréely enter for the which they pay two Basarukes which is as much as a Hollanders Doit and this is the profit that the Captain and Clarke of the said Passos doe make In the night they haue a Boy that kéepeth watch and hath a small Bell which hangeth ouer the gate which Boylyeth downe and tieth the string of the Bell at his foote and so ringeth it often times to shew that hee watcheth which is all the watch they hold thoroughout the whole Iland There are fiue of these Passos one vpon the South side of the Iland where men passe to the firme lande and to the land of Salsette and is called Benesterijn commonly named Passo de Saint Iago because the Parish of Saint Iacobs standeth ther The Tebe de Passo is on the East side of the Iland where men doe onely passe into The firme land called O Passo Secco which is the drie passage for in that place the ryuer is at the narrowest and shallowest The third Passo on the South side of the Iland ioyneth almost to the Towne called O Passo de Daugijn or of Madre de Deus and so farre goeth the wall beginning at Passo de Benesterijn or S. Iago and from thence the whole Iland is without any wall or closure from this Passo right ouer against it they passe ouer to an Iland which is hard by the firme land where is also a Passo called O Passo de Norwa the fift or last Passo lyeth in the middle way of the Riuer downwards towards Bardes which is the strongest of them all and best looked vnto but no otherwise made then all the rest is called O Passo de Pangijn frō thence they passe to Bardes and also all the boates and ships that passe in and out of the riuer must stay there be searched and this is all their watch and strentgh in the Iland Touching the Portingales iustice and ordinances as well in worldly as spirituall causes they are al one as they are in Portingale They dwell in the towne among all sorts of nations as Indians Heathens Moores Iewes Armenians Gusarates Benianes Bramenes and of all Indian nations and people which doe all dwell and traficke therein euerie man holding his owne religion without constrayning any man to doe against his conscience onely touching their ceremonies of burning the dead and the liuing of marrying other superstitious deuelish inuentions they are forbidden by the Archbishop to vse them openly or in the
to all that countrey This land is great and hath many people and countries vnder it but the principall and chiefe prouince which the Spanyardes holde therein is Mexicana also â—enustiran or Culhuacan as I saide before the other prouinces are Guatimala Xaliscus Hondura Cha'cos Taicâ— Chamoâ—la Claortomaca Huâ—cacholla and the kingdomes of Michuacan Tescuco Utazcalia Tenuacan Maxcalcinco and Mixâ—eâ—apan Mexico or Culhuacan was brought vnder the subiection of the kings of Spaine by Fernando Cortes Merches deila Valo in the yeere of our Lorde one thousand fiue hundred and eighteene which countrey is very rich of golde and siluer for that many riuers haue golde in the sand The Sea shore in those Countries yeeldeth manye pearles mustles or oysters wherein they finde the pearles whereof there is a great fishing and much traffike for them There are likewise in this countrey many lakes or meeres that are stil and haue no issue which by the heate of the Sunne tourne into salt There is likewise no lesse aboundance of Cassia Fistulâ— then in Egypt growing on trees with leaues like walnuts and yellow blossoms from whence the pipes or cases of Cassia do issue forth which are vsed to purge in hote feuers to coole and cleanse the gall and heart blood as also very good against the stone in the bladder and kidneys and other diseases There is likewise in that countrie a kinde of fruit that groweth in great abundance called Cacao altogether like an almond which is taken out of the huske and couered with a thinne skinne whereof the kernel is diuided into three or foure partes of a darke yellow with blacke veines being harsh in the mouth and of an euill taste but with them is much esteemed whereof being beaten with some of their countrey pepper they make a certaine drinke which they esteeme of great price giuing it vnto great Lordes and such as are their especiall friends as we esteeme of muscadel or maluesie The sea bordering vpon this countrey as also the riuers running through it are ful of fish wherein also they finde diuers Crocodiles as in Egypt the flesh whereof is so much esteemed before al other meates that they account it for a princely dish whereof some are aboue 20. foote long The country is full of hilles and stony rockes and great difference in their speeche so that they hardly vnderstand each other without Interpreters The places wherein the Spaniardes first placed their men were Compostella where the Bishop and the Kings counsell are resident and Colima which they call the Purification in new Galicia is the chiefe Guadalahara and the head or principall part of the kingdome Mecheocan also a Bishops sea Cacatula the towne of Angels a chiefe towne and bishopricke Mâ—xâ— a kingly citie and Queene of al cities in the new world lyeth vpon the border or side of a lake the market place of the Towne lying ful vpon the lake whereby they can not come at it but they must passe ouer bridges This lake is lâ—â—t and is in length sixe lucas or twelue miles and is in breadth tenne miles without fish onely a smal kind that may rather be called wormes than fishes from the which lake in summer time there ariseth such a stiâ—ke and infecteth the ayre in such manner that it is vnwholesome to dwel there notwithstanding it is inhabited by as many marchants as any towne in Europe the cittie is great at the least three miles in compasse wherein are so many temples that it is incredible the particularitte whereof before it be long shal be translated out of Spanish into our mother tongue by the author therof whereunto I referre you Not farre from this cittie lieth an other fresh lake very ful of fish whereon as also vpon the shore lie many townes When this towne was first taken by the Spaniards there raigned a king called Mâ—ntezâ—mâ— being the ninth in degree and as then the towne was but 140. yeares old which is to bee wondered at howe it is possible that so great a citie in so few yeers should be so famous The marchandises that are most carried out of this countrey are golde siluer pearle balsam cochenilia the white roote Macheocan which is good to purge Salla Pariglia and an other roote which maketh men sweate brimstone beasts skinnes and fish And thus much for new Spaine in generall and of Mexico in particular Not minding at this present time to make any longer discourse because that our Carde sheweth little thereof and now returning to our owne Carde you must vnderstand that the lower ende of Cuba hath an out Hooke called P. de Santa Anthonio which is very fitte for to take in fresh water and to calke and mend the shippes Sailing from this hooke sixtie fiue miles to the firme land you come to the hooke of Iucatan which runneth into the sea like a halfe Island Iectetan is in Indian speech I vnderstand you not for that vpon a time when certaine Spaniards put out of the hauen of Saint Anthony to discouer newe countries and arriued in that Island they made signes vnto the people to knowe the name of the country whereuppon the Indians answered them and saide O Tectetan Tectetan that is We vnderstand ye not and so the Spaniards corrupting the name Tectetan call that land Iucatan yet the furthest point therof in their spéech was called â—ecampi This point of Iucatan lyeth vnder 21. degrees vnder the which name a great countrey is comprehended by some called Peinsula that is a place almost compassed about with water for that the further this point reacheth into the sea the broader it is being in the narrowest part 80. or 90. Spanish miles broad for so farre it is from Xicalanco Therefore the sea Cardes that place this land nearer or smaller do erre much for that it is in length from East to West twoo hundred miles being discouered by Francisco Hernandez of Cordua in the yeare of our Lord 1517. but not al of it for that sailing from out of Cuba from Saint Iacobs to discouer new countries or as some say to fetch labourers to trauell in his mines he came about the Island Guanaxos herein called Caguan xâ— to the cape di Honduras where good honest ciuill and simple people dwelt being fishermen hauing no weapons nor vsed to the warres and proceeding further sayled to an vnknowne point of land where hee found certaine salt pannes whereunto he gaue the name of Donne that is women for that there were certaine stone towers with staires chappels couered with wood and straw wherein were placed diuerse Idols that shewed like women whereat the Spaniardes maruelled to finde stone houses which till then they had not seene and that the inhabitants were rich and well apparelled with shirtes and mantles of cotten white and coloured with plumes of feathers and iewels of precious stones sette in golde and siluer their women likewise appareled from the middle downewardes as also on the head and breast which
miles Punta Primiera is vnder 32. degrees and lyeth from the last land called Terra do Natal 50. miles which is vnder 30. degrées and a halfe and lyeth with the land called Terra dos Fumos Northeast and Southwest and somewhat of Northeast and by North and Southwest by South and the course is 75. miles the land of Terra dos Fumos is vnder 27. degrees and a halfe and lyeth with the Cape das Correntes Northeast and Southwest and somewhat Northeast and by East and Southwest and by West the course is 95. miles Cabo das Correntes is vnder 24. degrees and a halfe and lyeth with Insulas Primieras Northeast and Southwest and somwhat Northeast and by North Southwest and by West the course is 132 miles the Insulas Primieras are scarce vnder 17. degrees and a halfe and lye with Mosambique Northeast and Southwest the course is 52. miles Mosambique is vnder 15. degrees and putting forth from Mosambique towards India you must sayle Northeast vntill you come before the Iland of Comora the course is 80. miles till you come vnder 11. degrées and then you must yet take your course Northeast vnto the Iland As Ilhas do Almirante which are vnder thrée degrées and a halfe on the south side being past those Ilands you must take your course Northeast and Northeast and by East wherewith you shal come to the Ilands As Ilhas Queimadas which are vnder 16. degrées vppon the coast of Goa or India here you must remember that at this time the streames in that countrie doe alwaies runne Northwest that is towards the Straights of Mecca or to the red Sea therefore presently when you are vnder 16. degrées to kéepe your right course you shall stil hold your course aforesaid which is Northeast and by East or somewhat more as you finde occasion your Compasse will alwaies shew you what you may doe and thus must you sayle for y e space of 200 miles towards the coast of India being sure you goe no lower then 15 degrées to auoide the drougths called Os Baixos de Pandua which lie vnder 13. degrees Northward also when you thinke to bee vppon the coast of India you must still hold aboue 16. degrées for that the streame and water vpon that coast runneth Southward commonly the wind is there out of the North Northwest and to know when you are vppon the coast of India you shal find these tokens that is 300. miles from the coast you shall see Crabbes and 50. miles from the coast you find Snakes in the water as big as Eales or Lampernes which is alwayes most certain and within 20. miles from the land you haue ground at 80. fadome and 14. or 15. miles from the shore 70. fadome you néed not feare to fall on the coast for it is faire and without danger and hath good Ankeridge and all the Ilands and Cliffes vpon the coast lie close to the Firme land whereby there is no danger and all the coast called India lie North and South and somewhat North and by West and south and by East and you must vnderstand that al the coast of India Persia Arabia the Straights of Mecca or the red sea the coast of Choramandel Seylon Bengalen Pegu Sian Malacca Camboia Cauchinchina China Iapon c. lie on the north side of the Equinoctiall line The 2. Chapter The course or viage to East India made and set downe by the Kings Pilot called Diego Astonso a Portingall SAyling from Lisbone to the Iland of Madera you must set your corse Southwest and make towards the Iland Porto Santo from thence you must passe betwéene the Iland Deserta and Madera shunning the Ilands or Cliffes called Os Saluagiens lying two miles southwestward froÌ„ the Madera for thereabouts are great drougthes which by night are very dangerous you may passe by theÌ„ on the East side so keepe your course to the Iles of Canares and hauing passed those Ilands of Canares you must set your course Southward till you come vnder 14. degrées kéeping 50. miles downwards from Cabo Verde and from thence you must set your course southwest and Southwest and by West till you come vnder 6. degrées and from thence southwest and southwest and by South so y t you hold your course 70. miles from the drougth of the ryuer called Rio Grande 80. miles from Saint Anna alwaies doing your best to get vnder the Equinoctiall line letting your course stil be somwhat about the south and if the wind be South then rather chuse the East then the West side although you be vnder the line and as long as you haue no Southeast wind hold Eastward not once approching the land called I' erra do Mallagetta neerer theÌ„ 50. or 60. miles distant and when you haue the Longitude and Latitude whereby you may know you haue passed the Cape Das Palmas then when you Lauere make short turnings I meane vnder the line or on this side therof least the streame should driue you within the Cape aforesaid but rather stricke all your Sayles then driue in there for otherwise you cannot saue your selfe neither yet get into India I haue before shewed you what you shall do being an hundred fortie myles vnder the lyne then crosse right ouer so to passe before Brasilia for that following the way and course aforesayd you can not fayle but you must néedes passe by Brasilia on the aforesaid coast of Malagetta the streame with a new Moone runneth Southwest therefore as then you shall not set your course towards Brasilia being vnder the lyne but when you set your course South West hold you as long therein as the wynd continueth good and then vse all speed and diligence as I sayd before to passe the lyne ouer the syde of Brasilia thereby to get vnder eyght degrees vnder the which lyeth the poynt called Cabo de S. Augustin and then if vnder those eight degrees you desire to leaue the sight of the land then turne not vpon the other syde but rather cast anker vntill the wynd commeth good to keepe on your course and you must vnderstand that the streame on this syde of Brasilia Cape de S Augustin and that couÌ„trey runneth to the Antillas which are the Ilands of new Spayne wherefore I thinke it not your best way to Lauere for if you do without all doubt you will be forced to turne againe vnto Poâ—tingaleâ— from thence y t shall take an other way vnto the Iland of Martin Vaas hauing past the lyne the righter you keepe this way it is the better From the Iland of Martin Vaas or from the hight vnder which they lie to the Ilandes of Tristan de Cunha hauing a fore wind you shal hold your right course without any racking or abatement of your reckening for those Ilands lie with the others all vnder one longitude and latitude with the difference that the Compasse hath in those Countries that is by the Ilandes of Tristan de
the Compasse that in Portingall lyeth halfe a strike Northeast maketh the same Meridian 100. and so many myles within the countrey of Brasilia which also likewise doth so agrée with the sea In this course aforesaide you see many birdes called Rabos Forcados that is hanging tailes and by all the Islandes of Martin Vaas you shal sée white Garagiaus or sea Mewes Now when you come vnder the height aforesaide hauing a large winde and that you might saile East Southeast let the Compasse wind a strike or a strike and a halfe which will wind so much comming vnder 30. degrées and although the Compasse windeth a strike and a halfe yet you shall not therefore reckon any abatement in your course more then halfe a strike for this way is a strike shorter then it is placed in the sea Carde and vse all the meanes that you runne not higher then two and thirtie or 33. degrées towards the Island of Tristan da Cunha for you shal haue a better and surer course from very foule weather and lesse stormes for commonly for the most part you haue the winde there at North Northeast which to auoid take this counsel giueÌ„ by me because I haue well tried it to be true and comming by the aforesaide Islandes of Tristan de Cunha you shall sée some of the weed called Sargosso driuing vppon the water with diuers Trombas which are thicke peeces of reedes which when you see then you are beside the Islandes you shall there likewise see great sea Rauens and some small Rauens with white billes which flie close by the Islands and when you are right south and north with the Islandes then the winding of the compasse Northeastward beginneth to diminish and lieth but a strike and â— part for that 70. or 80. miles from this Iland you are in the middle or halfe way of the Meridian betweene Brasilia and the Cape das Agulhas also herewith you must vnderstaÌ„d that vnder the height of 35. degrees little more or lesse you must account 330. miles for each strike of the compasse from the Northeast and when you see the tokens aforesaid you must runne to 35. degrees and â— which is a good height holding your course east and east and by north till you be within 100. miles of the cape de Bona Speranza then the compasse will winde no more but â— part of a strike likewise the water wil there draw you northwest or north now if by negligence you chance to faile or by the windes are driuen vnder 35 degrees then when you are 30 or fortie miles from the cape de Bona Speranza you shall see many thicke peeces of reedes and sea wolues which being vnder 36. degrees you shall not see bee it full or scarse and comming within 40. miles of the Cape de Bona Speranza be it vnder 36. or 35. degrées you shall see a gathering or running together of the water that is in the day time for by night if you cannot see it because that when you are once in it then you cannot perceiue it there you find many birdes sitting vpon it by the Portingalles called Cauoitoijns and from thence to the Cape there are some sea Rauens with white billes which is a great signe for it may be you may find ground and neuer sée the birdes called Alcatrases and when you come North and South with the Cape de bona Speranza from fiue and thirtie to thirtie degrées then you shall find muddie grounde to the Cape das Agulhas and when you are past that muddie ground you shall finde a kinde of yellowish ground and somewhat more inwarde by the Cape das Vacquas which is towards the Agua de de San Bras you haue shelly and stone ground The Compasse as I said that is fire at the Cape das Agulhas must in Lisbone be marked or striked and must there lie a halfe strike Northeastward which they must very well know howe to marke although some of our Pilots thinke it not necessary to knowe how much the Compasse turneth or lyeth Northeast or Northwest saying that our predecessors vnderstoode not the Compasse and so marked the coast whereunto I answere that in some nauigations it may be excused but in most part of the voiage or nauigation it is very necessarie specially from the north-Northeast and Northwest as you must saile from the Cape de bona Speranza to Mosambique as wel in the course as to saile in the middle betwéen the Ilande of Saint Laurence Soffala it must haue a strike from the Northwest to saile in the middle of the channell and this is necessarie to be known by al pylots that saile to India because oftentimes they find themselues sometimes vpon the Islandes some-that by meanes of the streames and wa-times vppon the bankes of Soffala and ters as you take your course from Capo das Agulhas to Mosambique it is good to saile an hundred miles Eastward thereby to shun the coast because of the water and streames that runne southwestwarde and comming north and south with the Bay called Balâ—a Del Goa then the Needle of the Compasse will be 1 â— part of a strike and no lesse Northwestwarde from whence notwithstanding you must not goe néerer then 60. miles vnto the coast continuing your course as I sayde before to kéepe your selfe off from it from this place the Rauens with white billes will follow you vntill the Cape das Correntes be Northwest from you and so when the said Cape lyeth right vppon that strike then the Rauens will leaue you for that they are not found but from the Cape das Correntes to the Cape de bona Speranza being North and south with the point aforesaid then the Compasse will bee 1\â— of a strike rather more then lesse Northwestwarde and in the middle of the channell a whole strike Comming by the droughts of Os Baixos de Iudia being Westward from them or not séeing theÌ„ then you shall sée many of the birdes called Alcatrases that being 10. or 15. miles from them but being 20. miles off on the same side you shall likewise sée some but the compasse will not winde a full strike but if you were on the side of the Iland of S. Laurence within 10.12 or 15. miles then peraduenture you may not sée them and when in the height of those droughtes which lie full vnder 28. degrées you sée the birdes called Alcatrases then passe not by the side of the Iland of S. Laurence for that on that side towards the Iland you shall not see them but hard by and on Soffala side you shal perceiue them 20. miles from the land this is to bee vnderstood at the time of the Monsons which is at the time that the Portingall shippes that depart from thence in the month of March do passe by for they that come in the Monson or winter time may possiblie not find them for that it happened vnto me that comming in the Monson of winter in companie
of the Earle Don Luis de Tayde I passed 20. miles and more from the droughts towardes the coast of Soffala and saw not one birde but the day before I had séene ten or twelue of the birdes called Alcatrases and as soone as you perceiue the signes aforesaid then run no further North or North and by East vntill you bee vnder 19. degrées and ¼ vnder the which heights y e Islands As Ylhas Prinneras doe lie and somewhat more to the West for that holding your course Northeast the streame runneth so fast that you should presently fall vppon the bankes of Soffala and if you chance to sée the Ylhas Prinneras trust not vnder that course for although you passe by them East Northeast yet it is false because the first and last of them lie East and West one against the other till you come to a drie sand called A Coroa de Sanguase that is the Crowne of Sangase then you runne by the Islandes of Angoxas East Northeast and West southwest from this Crowne of Sangase to Mosambique you runne along the coast Northeast and Southwest From thence to Mosambique are some rodes or ankering places from 18. to fiue and twentie fadome déepe but my opinion is if it be possible that it were better not to anker because that vppon that coast there are many cliffes and stormes which are oftentimes not séene if the water breake not vpon them The signes that are found within 14 miles from Mosambique is a great thicke land and a mile and a halfe from the coast lyeth a banke where you passe ouer with fifteene fadome water the land aforesaid is called Maginquale and vpon it along by the shore there are some trees like Pine-apple trees from thence to Mosambique are twelue miles and to Mocango 5. miles hauing all that way the aforesaid trees and sometimes the water breaketh about a mile from the shore Now to put into Mosambique you must take your course in the middle way betweene the Iland S. George and the droughtes of Canaciera where you shal find 7.8 and sometimes 9. fadome when it is high water and being as farre as the Iland so that in your sight the Iland of Saint George and that of Saint Iames are all one then you are right against the Islandes and from thence putting in you shall set your course right vpon the strand of S. Anthonio in the Iland of Mosambique vntil you be in a good depth which shal be a channel stretching North and South and comming with the same course to twelue fadome deepe then winde Northwarde alwaies keeping of the point called Noâ—â—a Senhora do Baluarte which is a Church that standeth vppon the highest part of the Iland vppon the water without the fortresse of Mosambique and also from the sandes called Cabaciera which lyeth on the other side right ouer against Mosambique This Bay of Mosambique lyeth scarce vnder 15. degrees in this hauen of Mosambique the Compasse windeth not a strike Northwestward and from thence to the a Ilha do Comoro you must run northeast which Iland lyeth vnder 11. degrees 1 â— that is in the end of Southwest the course from this Island or to the line is Northeast and northeast and by east from hence to the line certaine nightes you shall see shyning or white water till you come to three or foure degrées and shall haue the wind Southeast and from thence forwarde you shall beginne to haue it Southwest and south so you begin to come from India in the winter time from the Equinoctiall line or to the height of Coa that is vnder 15. degrées and 1 â— you must runne East Northeast and in this way the Compasse will lie a strike and a halfe Northwestwarde and as much as it lyeth Northwestwarde must be sayled north-Eastward vnto the afore said height of Goa the signes you alwaies find in this way are alwaies about ten degrées in the night time you haue white and shining water and from those ten degrees to the coast of India sometimes you see many birdes that come from the shore that is from the coast of Arabia as Quartelles and other such like smal birds and 180. or two hundred myles from the coast of India then the Compasse beginneth to lessen in the Northwest for that in the hauen of Goa it lyeth but one strike to the Northwest and 1 â— part and rather lesse then more The 6. Chapter To sayle from Goa to Cochin FRom Goa to Batecola you must saile two or three miles from the land from twentie to fiue and twentie sadom deep for it is deeper there then neerer to Cochin for about halfe a mile from the Islande of Batecola you finde sixe and twentie fadome deepe from thence it is good to runne Southeast and Southeast and by South to the fortresse of Barcelor and to know if you be by Barcelor or in the height thereof you must vnderstand that there are high hils which beginne at Batecola and continue to Barcelor and right aboue Barcelor there is a round houell like darke miste or clowde which standeth in the end of y e high hilles on the South side of Batecola to this hauen it is foure or fiue miles and halfe a mile from the shore it is all stonie By Barcelor you may anker at ten fadome deepe about a mile and a halfe from the shore and desiring to sayle vnto Cochin you must holde your course South southwest and somewhat more into the sea as the winde will permit you for there are other Islandes and cliffes being where you may passe by as I saide before at fourteen fadome water it is a good course to keep at sixteene fadome from those Ilands three or foure miles forwarde there are nothing but Ilandes and cliffes which hauing past you come to see the Fort of Mangalor as you passe by the shore at fifteene fadome deepe from thence you sayle to the Fortresse of Cananor from Cananor to the Islandes as Ilhas Cagidar which is â— miles let your course here be south southeast at 18. fadom deep from the Islands of Cagadas to Chale are 7. miles y e course is south southeast 18 fadome deepe from Chale to Panane are 9. miles in the same course and from Panane to Cochiin are 10. miles the course beeing south southeast and at twelue ten fadome deepe which is a good way The 17. Chapter The course or Nauigation from Cochin to Portingall written by the said Rodriâ— de Ligos THe towne of Cochiin lieth vnder nine degrees and â— â— rather lesse than more and departing out of Cochiin towards Portingall you must hold your course West and as much Frorth till you come â— miles from Cochiin and being there you shall so set your course that as you passe through the Islandes of Maldina and Maâ—ale you may come to the height of 8. or eight degrees and not to fall vppon anie Islands although the sea card in this course hath certaine Islandes yet
winde comming most out of the northwest and north which letteth you from sayling northwest and being to Seaward you shal rather haue a northeast wind and although you haue many meanes to kéepe you from going close vnder the coast of Guinea I set this downe here because I haue noted it my selfe for that all the ships in what course soeuer they be which presently winde themselues to kéepe aloofe from the coast of Guinea being in the course of Sargosso they haue no full winde but onelie northeast windes and sometimes calmes which sailing to lee ward you find not where you haue the winde east and east southeast All the shippes that come from the Antilhas or Spanish Ilandes the scarsest windes that they finde are out of the East whereby you may vnderstand that when you hold farre off from Guinea it is no cause of hauing a longer Voyage but you shall the sooner finde a better and fuller winde and so when you come vnder twentie degrees and that the compasse keepeth steedie to twentie fiue degrees then you are not to lee ward there you beginne to sée the hearbe Sargosso whereby that hearbe is called Sargosso and make no reckning of being too loofeward or too léeward for there is no certaintie thereof so when you saile north and northeast and that the néedle of the compasse lieth not north westward thē be wel assured that the Iland Flores is right before you continuing so till you come to the Iland of Fayael which is one of the Flemmish Ilands called as Ilhas dos Alcores The compasse that within S. Helena was full halfe a strike Northeastward will be full if you marke it well and when you come vnder thirtie sire or thirtie nine degrees and ⅓ then you shall see the Iland Flores with some Torteaur in the water and being fortie miles from the Iland Flores towardes the coast then you shall sée the birdes Garagiaus and Duckers and the compasse will in a manner be euen and if there be any difference it will bee somewhat northeastward for from the Iland Flores to the Iland Fayael the compasse is full as six as I said before The 8. Chapter The course and Nauigation from India to the Cape de Bona Speranza set downe by another Portingall Pilot. WHEN you depart from Cochiin to sayle for Portingall you must doe your best to get vnder tenne degrees and a halfe till you be 50. miles West south west from it whereby you will bee scarse vnder 10. degrées vnder the which hight lyeth the Ilands Mamales for the streame will alwaies drawe you to the middle of the Channel betwéene these Ilands and the Ilands of Maldiua vnder 9. degrées a halfe you must passe full forward without séeing any of those Ilands and go shoare vnder 9. degrées a quarter although in the Cards they place many false Ilands And if you chaunce to set sayle from Cochin the 20. of Ianuarie little more or lesse then run so that you may passe the Ilands on the southwest and southwest and by south vntill you bee vnder the Equinoctial line because you go late to sayle and it may be that the wind and weather wil not serue you so well to holde to Sea ward from the Iland of Brandaon then you may hold your course betwéene the Ilands called Dos Irmaos lying vnder 4. degrées on the south and from thence you must take your course to the Ilands of Pedro Mascharenhas and so following your way if it chaunce being vnder 4. degrées southward you haue much thunder lightning and rayne because commonly it is found there in the moneth of Februarie as I my selfe haue tryed vntill 14. degrées then doe your best to get vnder 14. or 15. degrées for commonly vnder 15 or 16. degrées you shall find southeast winds and then put no further into the Sea but passe betweene the Iland Brandaon and the Iland of Lopo Soares which is a good course and as soone as you are past the Iland then take your course by the Iland of Ioan de Lisboa betwéene the which Iland and the Iland of Pedro Mascherenhas you haue a good way so that you come to passe 14. or 15 miles from the Iland of Saint Laurence from thence set your course West southwest till you come vnder 29. degrées and then run West and West and by South to 34. degrées or as farre as you will by this course running in this sort comming within 50. or 6◠miles of the land called Terra do Natal you shall see many Birdes and the more it stormeth is foule weather the more Birds you shall see and if you see many then be assured you are farre from the land and when you loose the sight of them then looke well to your selfe for the closer you are by the land you loose the sight of them altogether vnlesse it bee the blacke Rauens with white billes the neerer you are to the land the more you shall see of them although they are likewise seene at the least 20. miles from the shore but feare not when you begin to come to the Iland of S. Laurence but hold the course abouesaid and when you beginne to discouer the mouth of the Chanel betweene Saint Laurence and Mosambique then you presently find the runing of the streame towards the Cape de Bona Speranza and feare not in that country to hold your course southwest for commonly after you haue the wind south and as much as you haue runne west Northwest so much you haue furthered your way but take heede you keepe still from the coast and so you will make a better Viage for the streame will driue you to the Cape although the wind helpeth you not and this is to bee vnderstoode that when you come late from Cochin you shall alwaies thereabout finde great West windes also you must know that in March and Aprill all the way from the furthest point of Saint Laurence to the Cape commonly there bloweth North and Northeast winds and if for a day or two it bloweth out of the Southeast or South it is a great wonder therefore make no account of it for at those times they blowe verie seldome in all the way aforesaide to the Cape and the néerer you come to the Cape you find the more northerly windes but when the North wind commeth mist and fléet then be sure of West windes for it is the nature of them in those countries and you must vnderstand that if you arriue in those countries in a Schrickel yeare for they are much more dangerous then other years because the coniunction of the heauenly Planets and bodies as then are different as also the inferiour bodies that are subiect to the superiour whereby they are gouerned then you shall finde from 30. degrées vpwards that as soone as you haue a northerly winde with a small or miseling rayne that there followeth great and foule weather then looke well to your selfe and take great héede least it fall
open At the end of the said hill on the South side there is a point of stonie Cliffes called A punto do Tubaron that is the point of the Hedge And on the South side of the Baye there are two or thrée high hilles being there you shall put right ouer to the Bay and so run Westward If you should be in the same course vnder twentie degrées then you shall sée many hilles among the which standeth a high sharpe point called Serra de Guarapari that is the hill of Guarapari it hath likewise another on the North side called A Serra de Pero Can that is the Hill of Peterwood these hils stand on the South side of Spirito Santo From these Hilles southwarde you shall see a hill standing alone called Guape when you sée it then you shall likewise sée thrée small Islandes lying togither on the south side whereof lyeth another small round flat Island and the land lying right against this roūd flat Island hath a great Baye where if néed be you may put in and anker if you desire to goe into it then you shall runne East and west with the hill and so runne in and then the round Island will bée on the North side This Island is called Ilha de Repouso that is the Island of rest it lyeth very close by the land and betwéene it and the land you may well anker From these thrée Islands aforesaid to the bay of Spirito Santo are 12. miles and holding your course Northward to Spirito Santo you shall sée another Island lying alone which you passe running to Seaward by it and being by it you shall presently sée the mouth or Hauen of Spirito Santo this bay or hauen lyeth vnder 20. degrées The 61. Chapter To saile from the Bay or Hauen of Spirito Santo to the Bay of S. Vincent SAyling from Spirito Santo to y e Bay S. Vincent you must runne along the coast about 7. or 8. miles from it to the point called Cabo Frio that is the cold point vntill you come to it in the way you haue a great bay called A Bayho de Saluador the Baye of our Sauiour which is distant from Cabo Frio 12. miles Before you come to Cabo Frio there are two Islands from the which you run to seaward yet if néed be or if you desire it you may passe betwéene them and the land Cabo Frio hath an Island right ouer against it which hath a point where you may anker if néede be on the West side where it is faire and cléere This Cabo Frio lieth vnder 23. degrées from thence to the riuer called Rio de Ianero that is the riuer of Ianuarie are 18. miles this riuer of Ianero hath thrée or foure Islandes in the mouth thereof If you will enter into this riuer you may well goe in taking your way betwéene two of the Islandes that lie in the mouth thereof on the South side of this riuer there is a Hill that sheweth like a man with a Friars Coule or Cape vpon his head When you are vnder the height of this riuer you shall to Landward see certaine high Hilles which shewe like Organs which is a good marke to knowe that you are by the riuer and when you begin to goe néere the lande you shall see a round high and bare Island on the South side the mouth of this riuer lieth vnder 23. degrées and ½ From this riuer to the Rode or open Hauen by the Portingales called Angra are fiftéene miles and there are two riuers in the way but being in that country put not to the land vnlesse you be compelled thereunto From the mouth of this riuer West Southwest and Southwest by West you shall sée a great Island called A Ilha de Sant Sebastian which on the Southwest side hath another small high Island called A Ilha dos Alcatrases that is the Islande of Seamewes before you come at it you must holde your course Westward to shunne certaine Sands that lie by it whereby you shall come to the mouth of the bay of Saint Vincent where you shall see an Island called Ilha da Muda that is the Island of the Dumbe woman and to put into the Bay of S. Vincent you shall leaue the Islandes on the East side The Bay of Saint Vincent lyeth vnder 24. degrées and if you be to leeward from it then you shall sée many Islands whereof some stretcheth outward which are the best markes for this Hauen and being there you are Northwest and Southeast with the mouth of the Bay The 62. Chapter How to saile from Cabo Frio or the cold point to the riuer of Rio de Plata or the riuer of siluer with all the course thereof FRom Cabo Frio to the riuer of Ianero or Ianuarie are eightéene miles and you saile East and West and lyeth vnder 23. degrées and hath these markes First inward to the land it hath certaine high Hilles called Organs but at this time most of them are falne down and on the West Southwest side towards the Sea side it hath the forme of the Mass of a shippe and in the mouth of the riuer lieth foure Islands whereof one is high and round which is a good marke as also the Sugar loafe being a houell that is called so lying in the Hauen although you can not sée it when you are at sea you may saile along this coast without daunger and you need feare nothing but that you sée before your eyes From thence to Saint Vincent the coast reacheth East Northeast and West Southwest and is in length two and fortie miles and all that way there is neither shallowes nor Sandes but there you finde good Hauens for all winds Twelue miles from the riuer lieth an Island called Ilha grande or the great Island which hath verie good Hauens as well on the Southwest as the East sides with very good fresh water and great fishing it is a high lande with many trees and inwarde to the lande it is verie high and sharpe pointed if you desire to put in there you néed not feare to do it for there is no danger From this great Island to the Island of S. Sebastian are eighteene miles and to the Island A Ilha dos Porcos that is the Island of Hogges are fourtéene miles the Isles of Hogges hath a very good Hauen but it is too farre inward Frō thence to the Island of Saint Sebastian are foure miles which is a great high Island full of trees it hath a verie good entrie as well on the one side as on the other it lyeth Northeast and Southwest From thence to the lande about halfe a mile distant lyeth the Rode Southwestwarde there lyeth another long Island called A Ilha dos Alcatrases or the Island of Sea-mewes Close by this Island there lyeth three Cliffes on the South side whereof lyeth an Island which is a verie good marke for the land is sometimes couered with miste and thicke weather whereby you can
good aire without séeing the houses that stand vpon the same The most part of the land of the Riuer of good aire is a thicke land like a downe about thrée miles along by the sea side as soone as you sée this lande then you must make right towards the houses yet somwhat more towards the south side where there is a place where the shippes anker but if you desire to runne on the North side then you shall take your course from the Island las Flores or from Santa Horodio about a mile and a halfe from the land at three and ½ or foure fadome to the Islands of Saint Gabriel which are thrée smal Islands but they haue no good Rode and if you chance to anker there goe not a shore but verie warily because the inhabitants haue warres with the Spaniards and Portingales all along the riuer but the best course is on the South side from the fresh water inwards The 63. Chapter How to saile from the Island La Gomera one of the Islands of Canaria to the Antillas or sore Islandes of the Spanish Indies and from thence to the coast of the Firme land to Cartagena and Nombre de Dios as also the course from thence to the Hauana and the channell thereof and so to the Flemiâ—h Islands and from thence to Spaiâ—ne with the scituation of the places SAyling from the Island La Gomera to the Island called La Desseada that is the Desired Island being one of the Islandes of the Spanish Indies then you must holde your course South for the space of a mealetide so to get out of the calme from thence you must runne West Southwest till you be vnder 20. or 22. degrées and beeing there you must runne West and West and by South till you come vnder fifteene degrées and 1 â— which is the height of the Island La Desseada If when you are there you haue a West winde then run Southwest as farre as you thinke good thereby to get againe vnder fifteene degrées and ½ running on the wether side West Northwest to bring all to one point whereby you shall find helpe from North and South East and West because you are close by the lande holding your course West and west and by north because the compasse windeth a strike into the Northwest with the which course you shall see the Island la Desseada This Island lieth East and West and sheweth like a Gallie with her tilt vp on the east side it is a low land in forme like a bore-sprit of a shippe or galley from the West side it is high land shewing like the sterne of a gally and on the South side it sheweth like halfe an Island the hinder part thereof being like a horse shoe The Island called Maâ—galante is a low and flat land and reacheth East West being full of trées on the East side beeing highest and on the South side hauing certaine white downes on the West side about halfe a mile from the Island it hath a blacke shining cliffe This Island lyeth full vnder fifteene degrees The Island la Dominica is a great Island and reacheth Northwest and southeast when you sée it first beeing on the outside therof it sheweth like 2. Islands by reason of a great opening it hath in the middle but when you are close by it then you perceiue it to be all one Island it is full of hils on the Southeast side a lowe land hauing a small or thin point of land with a houell vpon it on the North-west side it is thicke high Land hauing a Hill that seemeth to bee seperated and to stand alone by it selfe although it is not alone Vpon this hil there is a rock which sheweth like a clock house without the aforesaid thicke high Land there is a Rocke or cliffe which runneth off froÌ„ y e thick point This Island lyeth vnder 15. degrées ½ The Islands called Los Santos are four Islands which are not very high lying in Triangle Betweene these Islands and the Island La Dominica there runneth a good channell to passe through Sayling from the Island La Dominica to the Point of Coquibocoa lying from the Firme Lande you shall holde your course West and West and by South vntill you bee by the point and if you sée it not then runne southwestward towards it or Southward vntill you sée it This Point of Coquibocoa is a low Land running into Seaward and within the lande it hath a rowe of Hilles which are called the Oile Hils which stretch along by Veuansuela where they end which vpon the coast of the Firme land From this Point you runne along the coast to the Point called Cabo de Vela and betwéene these two Points there are two hauens wherof one is called Bahya Honda that is the deepe Bay This lieth on the East side and on both sides where the Sea beateth it hath downes The other Hauen lying on the West side within it hath a high Land or Hill which reacheth North and South In both these Hauens you may enter with Ships of two hundred tunnes All this coast to Cabo de la Vela is cleare and safe The point Cabo de la Vela is a high land like a suger loafe and about half a mile from it there is a cliffe which sheweth like a ship vnder saile and therefore this Point is called Cabo de la Vela that is the point of the saile This Cliffe lieth Northeast and Southwest with y e Point aforesaid it is said you may well passe betwéene it and the lande and if you depart from the saied Point to saile to the Cliffe and Point called Cabo de la aguia that is the Point of the Néedle then you shall runne West South-west by the which course you shall see it They are foure Cliffes together which shewe in forme like a Horse shooe and the Lande that is right against it is a high Land Beeing inward to the Lande some what higher which is called Las Sierras Neuadas that is the Snowe Hils when these hils are Southward from you then you are right against the foure cliffes And comming to the beginning of the foure Cliffes hauing past the Riuer De Palomina lying by the last Cliffe then you shall see the Cabo de La aguia This Cape is a still Lande descending downeward to the Sea side but not very high on the toppe hauing a Dale which sheweth like a saddle It hath likewise on the out side close by it thrée blacke shining Cliffes which the water dooth almost flowe ouer they lye with the Cape aforesaid North and South The saied Cape is bare sheweth blackish and shining All this coast reacheth almost East and West From Cabo de Sancta Marta forward you must runne along by the coast alwaies looking to your course because of the Billowes and streames that come from the Lande which oftentimes fal vpon you When you discouer the land of Charthagena you shall sée two Cliffes
which lye by the Hauen of Charthagena you must runne along by the first Cliffe betwéene it and the Lande alwaies with your Lead in hand and you must not goe néerer then ten fadome to the Land there you shall find white sandy ground and being at fiftéene or sixtéene fadome muddye ground then kéepe aloofe to the Southeast and South and so runne in for you shall sée the hole open before you Sayling from Carthagena to Nombre de Dios that is the name of God with the winds called Brisas which are windes blowing from the East and North parts generally called Brisas then you must hold your course West and somewhat West and by South till you be vnder 9. degrées and ½ vnder the which heigth lyeth the point called Cantina which are seuen Islands whereof fiue stretch east and west the other two Northeast and Southwest Being somewhat past these Islandes you shall sée a low point of Land reaching into the Sea called A Punta de Lambras which lyeth on the West side and Westward from it it hath a Hill which is somewhat higher then the Point which you may well discerne when you make to Sea-warde from it and that the Point lyeth South-west-warde from you the said Hill hauing on the Southeast side certaine lowe Lande and somewhat more Westward the Lande beginneth to bee higher which endeth at the Riuer of Francisco At the mouth of this Riuer to Sea-ward from it lyeth a stony cliffe and from this Riuer to Nombre de Dios it is all ouer a flat and red shining Lande to the houell called Niquea which is about a myle from Nombre de Dios you shall likewise sée the edifices or buildings of Capira and if a man should ask you when those buildings lye Northeast from you where you are then you may answere him that you are vpon the coast of the lande north-North-east and Southwest beneath Nombre de Dios. Sayling from Nombre de Dios to Carthagena you shall holde your course East Northeast to the point from thence you must runne East whereby you shall discouer the Islands of Saint Barnard which are low and yet Hill Islandes with very faire ground along by them and if you should be in a Frigate then you may passe betweene them and the land Fiue or sixe miles further you shall see the Islands called Braua which are foure small Islands whereof the furthest outward is the greatest they are all lowe and bare Lande hauing by them faire and cleare ground and with a Frigate you may passe inward but with a shippe you must not goe neerer then sixe fadome From thence east Southeastward you shall sée the Gally of Carthagena with the markes aforesaied in the East and East Northeast bough you shall see the Land Cariscos which is a high and hill land From thence you must runne along by the coast vntill you begin to sée the Hauen then you must put in alwaies shunning the sands of Carys running along by the east point being there if night falleth vpon you then you may anker betweene Carys and Baru in the surest place you can finde to defend you from the windes called Brisas by the high Lande of Carys and if you put out of the Hauen of Nombre de Dios you shall lauere till you sée the buildings that are beyond it and sayling into the Hauen you shall doe as wind serueth Sayling from Carthagena to the Island of Hauana you shall hold your course North-west till you come to thirtéene degrées and 1 â— and when you are vnder thirteene degrées then you shall let your selfe driue South South-east and South as the manner is vntill you bee past the heigth or bee out thereof or in the depth and when you are vpon the ground of the Serrana then you shall sleepe towardes it as much as you can and if it bee possible you shall hold Northward for so you shall the sooner be there From the point of Cabo de Camaron to Cabo de Roncador with the Sea strand that stretcheth from the one to the other as also from Serrana and Serranilla being Islands and Cliffes so called on the west side of all these sands is great sande with Fish sâ—ales vpon the ground and the least depth you find there is fiftéene fadome waâ—r being all faire and in this depth you shall runne till you bee ouer it and being ouer you shall presently begin to multiply or rise till you bee at fiftie fadome deep and somewhat more Serrana lieth vnder foureteen degrees and ½ and Serranilla vnder sixteene degrees If you sée Serranilla on the West side on that side it is a lowe sandye Island stretching Northwest and Southeast Sayling from Serranilla or Cabo de Roncador to y e point of S. Anton lying in the Island Cuba yuâ— shall holde your course Northwest and Northwest and by north wherewith you shall discouer the Cape aforesaied or the Cape de coryentes that is the Point of the streames which is a clouen Point towards the sea side being lowe Land on it hauing some Palme Trees From thence to Cabo de S. Aâ—n the Land beginneth to bée lower the coast stretcheth Northwest and south-east The cape de S. Anton is a low sandy Point vpon it hauing two or three houels and lieth vnder 22. degrees If in this course you chaunce to see the Island called Cayman Grande that is the great Cayman You must vnderstand that it lieth vnder nineteene degrees and is low land ful of Trees stretching east and west on the south-side hauing some white sandy strands Sailing from the Point of S. Anton with the windes called Vendaval which are West and South windes generally called Vendauaâ—es as the East and North windes are called Bâ—sas to the Hauana then you must runne Northeast to shunne the droughtes that runne out from this Point which reach to the beginning of the hils called Los Organos that is the Organs and when you are past the sands you shall hold your course along by the coast for there you neede feare nothing more then that you see before you The Organs are certaine high Trées which make manye openings and rents whereof those on the South-side are called the point of Guanico these Organs or hils reach to the Riuer called Rio de Porâ— that is the riuer of hogs from thence begin the Hils called the Cabinas which are high and doubled on the highest of theÌ„ hauing a playne or flat Lande there you haue a Hauen called El Puerto de Cabanas Eastward from this point to the field of Mariam it is low flat land ful of Trees where there is another Hauen From thence to Hauana it is all lowe land without any risings except one Houell lying right ouer against the Hauana which is a clouen hill vpon it hauing a sharpe point called Atalaya that is a guard and beeing North and South with the Hauen within the Lande you shal see two Hils which shew like two