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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
saint_n	call_v	day_n	week_n	1,294	5	10.0218	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16282	The manners, lauues, and customes of all nations collected out of the best vvriters by Ioannes Boemus ... ; with many other things of the same argument, gathered out of the historie of Nicholas Damascen ; the like also out of the history of America, or Brasill, written by Iohn Lerius ; the faith, religion and manners of the Aethiopians, and the deploration of the people of Lappia, compiled by Damianus a ̀Goes ; with a short discourse of the Aethiopians, taken out of Ioseph Scaliger his seuenth booke de emendatione temporum ; written in Latin, and now newly translated into English, by Ed. Aston.; Omnium gentium mores, leges, et ritus. English. 1611	Boemus, Joannes, ca. 1485-1535.; Góis, Damião de, 1502-1574.; Nicolaus, of Damascus.; Léry, Jean de, 1534-1611. Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Brésil.; Scaliger, Joseph Juste, 1540-1609. De emendatione temporum.; Aston, Edward, b. 1573 or 4.	1611 (1611)	STC 3198.5; ESTC S102777	343,933	572

receiued his griefe must be so hearty effectual as he must thereby assuredly hope to bee reconciled againe vnto God then must he humbly acknowledge and make verball recitall vnto some reuerent priest his confessor as vnto the vicar and minister of God of al thse sins offences as were causers of the losse of that innocency stirred vp the wrath of God against him then let him firmly beleeue that such power and authority is giuen by Christ vnto his priests ministers on earth that they can cleerely absolue him from al such sins as he confesseth is heartily sory for Lastly for a satisfaction amends for al his sins let him with alacrity cheerefulnes vndergo do whatsoeuer his confessor shall enioyne him beleeuing most stedfastly that he is absolued from al his sins as soone as the priest hath pronounced the words of absolution 7 The seuenth and last Sacrament is the Sacrament of extreame vnction which is ministred with oyle which for that purpose is yeerely consecrated and hallowed in euery Diocesse by the bishop himselfe vpon the thursday before Easterday as the holy Chrisine is cōsecrated by the priest This Sacrament according to the councel of the holy Apostle Saint Iames the institutiō of Pope Felix the 4. is ministred only to such as are at the point of death of ful age and not then neither vnlesse they desire it and by the prescript form repeating of the words of the Sacramēt often inuocation of the Saints those parts of the body being annointed which are the seats of the fiue sences seeing hearing tasting smelling and touching and are the chiefest instrumēts in offending as the mouth eyes eares nose hands and feet the holy fathers haue bin euer of this opinion and firme beleefe that he which is so anointed receiueth it worthily is not only thereby remitted purged frō al his light and venial sins but is either sodenly restored to his former health or else yeeldeth vp his spirit in more tranquility and peace of conscience The festiual daies which were cōmanded to be obserued in The festiuall dayes which were commanded to be obserued in the Church throughout the yeare begin with the Aduent of our Lord Iesus Christ In which by the institution of Saint Peter in the month of December the continuall exercise of fasting and prayer was commanded for full three weekes and a halfe together before the feast of the Natiuity of our Lord with vs called Christmas which with all ioy and solemnity is celebrated all the last eight dayes of December The yeare is deuided into 52. weekes the weekes into twelue months and euery month for the most part into thirty dayes vpon the first day of Ianuary the Church celebrateth the circumcision of our Lord according to the law of Moses Vpon the third day after is represented vnto vs how our Sauiour Christ by the adoration of the three Kings and his beeing Baptised of Iohn in the riuer Iordane laid the foundation of the new law vpon the second of February is shewed how his imaculate mother shewing her selfe obedient to the ceremonies of the Iewes presented her sonne Iesus in the Temple and was purified in memory whereof there is on that day a solemne procession vsed by the Church and all the tapers and wax lights bee then hallowed Vpon the 25. day of March is represented vnto vs the Annuntiation of the birth of Christ to the Virgin Mary by the Angel and how he was conceiued in her wombe by the inspiration of the holy ghost at which time is commended vnto vs also the remembrance of the forty daies which our Sauiour when he liued here on earth amongst vs vouchsafed to fast willing vs likewise to fast that time after his example then to celebrate his passion and death which willingly he offered himselfe to suffer to enfranchise and redeeme vs from the thraldome and slauery of the diuell Vpon the last day of which feast which often falleth out in Aprill is solemnised the greatest of all feasts how Christ hauing conquered death descended into hell where after hee had ouercome the Diuell he returned aliue againe to his Disciples and in a glorified body appeared vnto them In May is solemnized his Ascension into Heauen by his owne vertue in the sight of al his Disciples at which time by the ordinance of Saint Mamertine Bishoppe of Vienna it was instituted that throughout the whole Christian world Pilgrimages and processions should bee vsed vpon that day from one Church to an other In Iune and sometimes in May is the feast of the comming of the Holy Ghost who being before promised was on that day infused vpon all the Disciples of our Sauiour Christ appearing vnto them in the forme of fiery tongs by vertue whereof they spake and vnderstood the languages of all nations The eight day after is the feast of the blessed Trinity and then out of the first decretal of Pope Vrban the sixt the feast of Corpus Christi was instituted and with great solemnity generally celebrated the fifth day after Trinity Sunday as a perpetual memoriall of the most wholesome Sacrament of the body and bloud of Christ by him bequeathed vnto vs in his last supper vnder the formes of bread and wine and continually of vs to be seene and eaten after his departure vpon the fifteenth day of Iuly wee are put in minde by a new festiuity of the departure of the blessed Apostles according to their seueral alotment the twelfth yeare after the assention of our Lord into heauen to preach the Gospell vnto all nations of the world The death of the Mother of Christ is celebrated the fifteenth day of August and her natiuity the eight of September How being presented in the Temple she continued in the dayly seruice of God from three yeares of age till shee was maryageable is shewed the one and twentih day of nouember vpon the eight day of December the Church reuerenceth her immaculate conception of her long barren parents And the second of Iuly how passing ouer the Mountaines shee visited her Cosin Elizabeth There are likewise holy-daies dedicated to the memory of the twelue Apostles of whom some were martirs some confessors and some Virgins as namely the twenty foure of February to Saint Mathias the twenty fiue of Aprill to Saint Marke the Euangelist on which day Saint Gregory ordained the litanies called the greater litanies to be said To Saint Philip and Iacob the elder the first of May to Saint Peter and Paul the twenty nine of Iune the twenty foure day of which moneth is dedicated to the natiuity of Saint Iohn Baptist the twenty fiue of Iuly to Saint Iames the younger to Saint Bartholemew the twenty foure of August to S. Mathew the twenty one of September the twenty eight of October to S. Simon and Iude the last of Nouember to Saint Andrew the twenty one of December to Saint Thomas and the twenty seauen

more daintily to haue more humanity in their speech more ciuilitie in their conuersation more state in their buildings and in all points to be more mild more wise and better qualified and laying aside all grosse barbarisme and beastly cruelty abstayning from mutuall slaughter from deuouring of humane flesh from rapine and robberie from open and incestuous coupling of children with their parents before indifferently vsed and from many more such enormities applyed their reason and strength to recouer the earth which beeing then either ouergrown with thicke woods ouerrunne with wild beasts or ouerflowed with standing waters lay rude barren desert vnfrequented and inconuenient for mans dwelling and with their industrie and labour playning and purging it from heapes of stones rootes of trees and superfluous waters made it fertill and very delightsome to behold And allowing the plaines and champion grounds for tilling and the lesser hilles for vineyards did so manure dresse the earth with instruments made for the purpose as it brought foorth both corne and wine in aboundance which before yeelded nothing but acornes and wild apples and those also sparingly produced The valleys they beautified and adorned with most delectable gardens and well watered medowes leauing onely the toppes of mountaines for woods and assigning so much soyle for the increase of fruite as they scarce left sufficient for fuell and fodder Then they began to people all places more plentifully to erect new buildings of ferme houses to make hamlets of boroughes great citties to build temples in valleys towers on mountaine tops to encompasse their fountains with hewed marble stones inuironing them with plants on all sides for shadow deriued their running waters thence into their cities through pipes conduits to search deepe in the ground for water where naturally it was wanting to hold in and restraine the streames and violent riuers with dams and bankes of earth which before would often flow at large to the great destruction of the Inhabitants and that they might bee passable and no hidderance or impediment to mens businesse to build ouer them strong and stately bridges vppon bending Arches or Pyles fastened and firmely rampered in the ground to cast downe Rockes in the sea which whilome were woont to bee daungerous for saylers to make hauens inroades and harboroughes both in Ilands and on the Continent To digge Dockes and Rodes wherein shippes might rest in securitie free from danger of wind or weather And so diligently to decke and garnish all things both by land and sea that the earth as now it is compared to his former filthinesse and deformitie may be thought to be an other earth different from that it was before and not much vnlike that most delectable garden out of which our vnfortunate first founders Adam and Eue were eiected for transgressing the diuine commandement Moreouer many most noble Disciplines and liberall Arts were by men found out which that they might remaine to all posteritie were by diuers Characters and new-inuented notes of letters committed to bookes and tables and did so farre exempt and aduance them beyond all humane condition as they might haue beene thought rather to leade the most blessed liues of deified men then men indeed Had not Satan the Prince of the world and enemie of mankind by sowing his most pestilent Cockles amongst the good corne confounded their most intire and happie estate For he seeing the multitude of people increase and the pleasure of the world held in better estimation stirred vp with enuie first found them guiltie to themselues for committing damnable sins and afterwards made them with curiositie to affect the knowledge of future and heauenly things from the obscure answers of Oracles And to the end he might abolish all knowledge of one true and onely God and trouble all mankind with some notable euill he taught them the prophane worship of false gods and goddesses causing them to commit idolatrie and do reuerence vnto them making the Delphian Temples in one place the Euboian in another in another the Nasamonian and the Dodoman okes by his diuellish inspiration to vtter foorth Oracles By which means he procured that diuine honors were attributed to Saturn in Italy to Iupiter in Creet to Iuno in Samos to Bacchus in Thebes and India to the Sun and Moone vnder the names of Isis Osyris in Aegypt to Vesta in Troy in Affricke to Pallas and Triton to Mercury vnder the name of Teutas in Fraunce and Germany to Mynerua in Himettū Athens to Apollo in Boeotia Rhodes Chius Patura in Lycia the lesser Phrigia and Thimbra To Diana in Delos and Scythia To Venus in Cyprus Paphos Gnydos and Cythera to Mars in Thrace to Vulcan in Lipara and Lemnos to Priapus in Lampsacus neere Hellispont and to others in many other places whose names for their rare inuentions and great benefits bestowed vpon their people were then most fresh in memory Moreouer also after Christ Iesus the true Sonne of the liuing God appearing in flesh and pointing out to the erring multitude the perfect path-way of saluation by his word and example exhorting to newnesse of life to the glory of his heauenly father and sending his Disciples forth into all the world by their wholsome doctrine and preaching had confounded their damnable idolatry and spread abroad a new religion and new institutions of life yea and preuailed so much as being receiued of all nations in the world there could nothing more be desired for the obtayning of true felicity when Satan returning into his former malice and going about to circumuent and get againe his habitation in mens curious hearts which before by the comming of Christ hee was forced to forsake reduced some into their former errors and so corrupted and blinded others with new hereticall opinions as it had beene better for them neuer to haue tasted the truth then so sodainely and maliciously to forsake the knowne way of saluation For now at this day all the people of Asia the lesse Armenia Arabia Persis Siria Assiria and Media and in Affrick the Aegiptians Numidians Libians and Muritanians In Europe all those of Greece Misia and Thrace vtterly abiecting Christ obserue and with all honor and deuotion adore that most accursed and Epileptical Makomet and his damnable doctrine The Scythians which at this day bee called Tartars a very large and populous nation d ee some of them worship the Idols of their Emperor Cham some the stars and some others the true and onely GOD at the preaching of Saint Paul the people of India and Aethiopia which bee vnder the gouernment of Prestor Iohn hold the faith of Christ but in a manner that is far different from ours But the sincere and right beliefe of our Sauiour Christ wherewith by his speciall grace the whole world was once illumined is retained onely in Germany Italy France Spaine England Scotland Ireland Dacia Liuonia Prussia Polonia Hungaria and of the inhabitants of the Isles

elect another Patriarch by the most voyces but it is not lawfull to elect any other than one of Alexandria and one of incorrupt manners and vntainted conuersation who being created they signe their suffrages and giue them into the Legates hands that came for that purpose he foorthwith goeth to Cayre whither when he is come he offereth that creation vnto the Patriarch of Alexandria whose seate is alwaies there to be read And when he perceiueth which of the people of Alexandria they haue elected he foorth-with sendeth the man ordained to such honors with the Legate into Aethiopia who by an old ordonance ought alwaies to be an Eremit of the Order of S. Anthony with whom the Ambassadour goeth straight into Aethiopia where he is receiued of all men with great ioy and honor in which busines somtimes is spent a yere or two in al which time precious Iohn doth dispose of the reuenues of the Patriarke according to his pleasure Now the chiefest office of the Patriarch is to giue orders which none but he can either giue or take away but he can bestow vpon none either Bishopricke or other Church-benefice this onely belongeth to precious Iohn who dispenceth of all things according to his will And the Patriarch beeing dead he whose power and yerely reuenues is the largest is made heire of the whole substance of all his goods Moreouer the office of the Patriarch is to proceed to excommunication against the stubborne the obseruation whereof is so strict as the punishment of perpetuall steruing to death is inflicted vpon the offenders Indulgences he giueth nor granteth none neither bee any interdicted the Sacraments of the church for any offence whatsoeuer be it neuer so hainous but onely for homicide the name of the Patriarchship in our speech is called Abunna but he which now executeth the office is called Marcus which was the proper name giuen him in Baptisme he is a man of an hundred yeares of age or aboue And you must note that we begin our yeare in the Kalends of September which day alwaies falleth vpon the vigill of Saint Iohn Baptist the other festiuall dayes as the Feast of the Natiuity of our Lord Easter and the rest bee celebrated with vs at the same times they be in the Roman Church And this I may not obscurely passe ouer as though it were not so that Saint Philip the Apostle did preach the Gospell and faith of our Sauiour Iesus Christ our Lord in our countrie Now if you desire to know of the name of our Emperour he is fully perswaded that hee was euer called precious Iohn and not Presbiter Iohn as is falsly bruted abrode for in one speech it is written with characters that signifie Ioannes Belull that is as much to say as precious or high Iohn and in the chaldaean tongue it is Ioannes Encoe which beeing interpreted doth signifie precious or high Iohn Neither is hee to be named Emperour of the Abyssini as Matheus hath vntruly declared but Emperour of the Aethiopians and Mathew beeing an Armenian could not throughly vnderstand our matters especially those which appertained vnto faith and Christian Religion and therefore he related many things in the presence of the most prudent and most potent king Emanuel of happy memory which with vs are nothing soe and this hee did not with a desire to speake vntruths for hee was a good man but for that hee was not throughly instructed in matters concerning our religion The succession of his Kingdomes and Empire doth not alwaies descend vpon the eldest sonne but vnto him vpon whome the father pleaseth to bestow it And hee which now gouerneth the Empire was his fathers third sonne which hee merited and obtayned by an awfull and holy reuerence to his father for when his father lay a dying he commanded all his sonnes to sit downe vpon his throne which all the rest of his children did sauing he and he refused saying God for bid that so much should be attributed vnto me that I should sit in my Lords chaire whose deuotion when his father saw hee indued him with all his Kingdomes Empire he is called Dauid the power of whose Empire as well ouer Christians as Ethnickes is large and ample wherin be many Kings and petty Kings Earles Barons and Peeres and much Nobility all which be most obedient to his command In all whose dominions there is no mony vsed but such as is brought from other places for they giue and receiue siluer and gold by weight wee haue many citties and great townes but not such as we see here in Portugall the reason whereof for the most part is that precious Ioan liueth alwaies in campes and tents which custome is vsed for this purpose that the nobility may continually excercise themselues in military affaires And this I may not omit to tell you that wee bee compasled about on all sides with the enimies of our faith with whom we haue many and euer prosperous conflicts which victories we attribute to gods diuine assistance written lawes we haue none in vse amongst vs neither be the complaints of those which sue others expressed in libells or writings but by words which is done least by the couetuousnesse of Iudges and counsellors controuersies should be protracted And this more I thinke sit to shew you that this Mathew was not sent by Dauid our Emperor vnto the most inuincible and potent King Emanuell of happy memory but by Queene Helena the Emperors wife surnamed the hand of Mary who at that time by reason of Dauids nonage tooke vpon her the gouernment of the Kingdomes being a woman without doubt most prudent and holy And the same Helen as shee was excceeding well learned writ two bookes in the Chaldean tongue one of the which is called Enzera Chebaa that is to say praise God vpon the Organes and instruments of Musicke in which booke shee disputeth very learnedly of the Trinitie and of the virginity of Mary the mother of Christ The other booke is called Chedale Chaay that is to say the sonne beame contayning very acute disputations of the law of God All these things concerning our faith religion and state of our country I Zaga Zabo by interpretation the grace of the father both Bishop and Preest and Bugana Raz that is Captaine Knight and Veceroy of the Prouince haue declared which I could not deny at your request my most deere Sonne in Christ Damianus nor yet any other man desiring to be instructed there in neither is it lawfull to deny it for two causes the first whereof is for that I am commanded by my most mighty Lord Precious Iohn Emperor of the Aethiopians to satisfie euery one that demandeth of me concerning our faith religion and prouinces that I should conceale nothing but faithfully declare vnto them the truth of al things both by words and writing the other reason is for that I deeme it very fitting and labour well spent that our names customes and ordinances and

in sacrifices Of Assyria and how the Assyrians liue CAP. 3. ASsyria a countrey in Asia is so called of Assur the son of Sem as Saint Augustine is of opinion It is now called Syria and hath vpon the East India and part of Media vpon the West the riuer Tygris Susiana vppon the South and the hill Caucasus on the North. They haue seldome any raine in Assyria but what graine soeuer the countrey affordeth is obtained by the waterings and ouerflowings of the riuers which they do not naturally of their owne accords as in Aegypt but by the labour and industrie of the inhabitants and yet by this ouerflowing the ground there is so exceeding fruitfull as it yeeldeth two hundred and in the most fertill soyle three hundred-fold increase the eares of their wheate and barley beeing foure fingers in breadth and their pulse and millet in height like trees These things though they bee certainely knowne vnto them to be true yet Herodotus would haue them sparingly reported and with good deliberation as beeing scarce credible especially if the relation bee made to those which neuer saw them They haue great store of Dates of which they make hony and wine they vse boates in their riuers made in fashion of a round shield not seuered with fore-decke and sterne as other boates be but made beyond the Assyrians in Armenia of willow or sallow tree couered ouer with raw lether The Assyrians weare two linnen garments one hanging downe to the foote and the other short ouer which they weare a white stole Their shooes be such as the Thebans were wont to weare they suffer their haires to grow long and trimme them with head-tyres when they go into publike places they annoynt themselues with oyntments euery one weareth a signet-ring on his finger and a scepter in his hand in which is set an apple a rose or lilly or some such like thing for they hold it base and vndecent to carry it without such a signe or cognisance in it Of all their lawes which were in force in that countrey this seemeth most worthie to be remembred That the maides assoon as they were mariageable were once euery yeare brought into a publike place and there offered to be sold to such men as had any disposition to marry and first the fairest and most beautiful virgins were set to sale and after them those which through defect of their beauties or their bodies were not onely not vendible and marketable but which no man would marrie gratis were married away with that money the faire ones were sold for Herodotus saith that this custome was heretofore obserued in Venice in the confines of Illiria as hee heard it credibly reported by others And Antonius Sabellicus in like manner affirmeth that whether this custome bee yet obserued in that countrey he is not very certaine But sure I am saith he that in Venice which at this day for riches is the most flourishing state of the world amongst other good orders of their cittie it was ordained that bastard virgins that were gotten out of wedlocke and fondlings that were exposed and laid abroad to the aduentures of the world should be brought vp in some close place at the common charge of the cittie and there instructed in some hard discipline vntill they were mariageable and that then those which were most beautifull and well brought vp should be married without dowrie either vnto such as had escaped some great perill or some dangerous disease or broken their vowes and that some Freemen also regarding their modestie and beautie would marie them without dower and euer those which were most beautifull were married with lesse portion then the foule ones although they were as well brought vp as the other An other law of the Babylonians being very profitable and worthy to be remembred was this seeing they excluded all Phisitions from amongst them it was ordained that he which began to bee sicke should aske councel of those concerning his disease that had suffred the like infirmity themselues and that had tried some medicine for the recouery of their healthes some others write that their custome was to bring the sicke persons into a publicke place where the law commanded them and that those which once had been sicke themselues and were recouered should goe and visit the diseased persons and teach them by what meanes they were cured The Assyrians bewaile the dead as the Aegiptians doe and when one hath laine with his wife all night neither of them toucheth any thing before they haue washed themselues The custome heretofore amongst the Babylonians was that the women wold once in their life times lie with strangers besides their husbands the maner wherof was thus They would come a great company of them togither very reuerently and solemnly vnto the temple of Venus each one hauing her head bound and wreathed about with garlands and then the stranger with whom shee desired to lie laied vnder his knee as he kneeled in the Tēple such a sum of money as he thought fitting which being consecrated to Venus he leaueth behind him rysing vp taketh the woman into a place a little distant from the Church and there lieth with her There were some families among the Assyrians which liued only vpon fish dried at the sun and bruised in a morter which being moulded and laid togither sprinckled with water they made into lumps like loaues and drying them at the fire vsed to eate them in steed of bread They had three head officers amongst them one of such as had beene souldiours and were put to their pension an other of the nobility and elders and the King which was head ouer them all They had their south-saiers likewise which were called Chaldei which were like vnto the Priests of Aegipt and sacrificed to their gods These Chaldei spent their whole liues in the studie of Philosophy they were great starre-mungers and sometimes by their diuinations sometimes by their holy rimes they would defend men from misfortunes They could truly and faithfully interprete Augurations Dreames and Prodigies not learning their instructions in such things of maisters and tutors as the Greekes did but receiuing thē from their parents as their inheritance The children were taught and excercised in learning at home that by the continuall care of their parents they might better profit themselues They Chaldei were not variable and doubtful in their opinions of naturall causes as the Greekes were where euery man was of a seueral minde and euery writer yeelded reasons repugning one an other but they all by one general and vniforme assent supposed the world to be eternal and that it neither had beginning nor shal haue end and that the order and ornament of al things is established by a diuine prouidence That the Celestiall bodies be not moued of their owne accord or by some accidentary motion but by a certaine law and immutable decreee of some god-head They marke by

customes of those people heretofore and how they liue at this day CAP. 17. BAVARIA a Prouince of Germany is so named of a people called Auarij by putting therevnto the letter B who being a remnant of the Huns expelled thence the Norici and possessed their country It is also called Boioaria of a people of Cisalpine France called Boij who were once said to inhabite those parts before which time it was called Noricum Vpon the East thereof lyeth Hungaria and Sueuia vpon the West Italy ioyneth vnto it vpon the South and Franconia and Boemia vpon the North. The famous riuer Danubius comming from Sueuia runneth through Bauaria and vnder the name of Bauaria at this day is comprehended Austria Stiria and Cari●thi● the people whereof bee all a like both in life and language whereas heretofore it contayned noe more than that onely which was called Noricum That good and holy King Lucius King of Britaine was the first that instructed them in the Christian religion and after him Saint Rupertus and lastly they were confirmed in the faith by Boniface Bishoppe of Moguntinum Bauaria is deuided into foure Bishoppes seas that is to say Saltzburga Patauia Phrisinberge and Ratisbon it hath in it more famous Citties than are in any one prouince of Germany besides the Metropolitan wherof is Saltzburge heretofore as is surmised called Iuuania Schiren was once the Dukes seate but now it is translated to Monachium This land before it was reduced into a Prouince was gouerned by Kings of their owne nation vntill the raigne of Arnolphus the Emperor And as all the Kings of Parthia were named Arsaces and the Aegiptian Kings Ptolomies so was euery king of Bauaria called Cacannus but after it was subued by Arnolphus and annexed to the Empire the gouernment was committed to Dukes which manner of gouernment remayneth still and all the Dukes for many successions together haue beene elected out of that most worthy and renowned family of the Agilolphingij The manners and customes of that people may bee vnderstood by the lawes which were giuen them when they first receiued the right faith of Christ wich were these following first that if a freeman borne would bestow any thing towards the maintenance of the Church whether it were lands mony or goods hee should make a deed thereof in writing and seale and subscribe it with his owne hand and seale and put to the names of sixe witnesses to confirme it and then deliuer it as his deede in the presence of the Bishoppe by which act both hee him-selfe and all his posterity were vtterly bard for euer after to inioy or repossesse the same againe but by permission of the Church And whatsoeuer was so giuen to the maintenance of Gods holy Church was committed to the Bishoppes custody and by him defended and protected If any one wronged the Church or any thing there-vnto belonging hee incurred the iudgement of God the displeasure of holy Church and was constrayned ether by the King or Prince for the time being to render restitution and forfeted three ounces of gold besides but if he denied the fact he was brought before the Altar and there in presence of Preest and people swore and deposed what wronge hee had done and of what value He that perswaded another mans seruant to runne away from his Maister were he man-seruant or maid seruant was inforced to fetch him againe and to put an other into his place as a pledge till he came and was fined at fifteene shillings besides If a seruant did priuily burne any Church goods hee had his hand cut off and his eyes puld out that he might neuer after see to commit the like villanie and the maister of such seruant made good the value of that which was burnt But if a Freeman commited such a fault he restored againe the full value of the losse and forfeted for his folly three pound and if hee denyed the fact hee was to purge him-selfe by the othes of twenty foure men who standing by the Altar before the defendor of the Church layed their hands vpon the holy Euangelist and swore whether they thought him faulty or noe If an offendor tooke sanctuary for refuge he was secure nor was it lawfull for a Maister to fetch his seruant thence otherwise to hurt him for if hee did the Iudge would compell him to pay forty shillings to the Church as a recompence for infringing his priuiledges Hee that iniured any one that was in any inferiour order in the Church made satisfaction with twise the value of the iniury done which was paide ouer vnto his parents or neerest friends But if the wrong were to one of an higher order he paide three times the value Hee that killed a Priest forseited and paid forthwith to the Church where he was Minister three hundred peeces of gold and he that killed a Deacon two hundred and if he were not able to pay such a summe of money hee was deliuered both himselfe his wife and children into bondage and seruitude and detained in slauery vntill he could make shift to pay the money No one might offer violence to a Bishop although hee did him wrong but might make his complaint and commence his suite before the King Duke or commons whether it were for homicide fornication or consenting to the enemy and if it was prooued that he would haue brought in enemies to inuade the country or sought the spoyle of those he ought to preserue he was either deposed or banished Hee that contrary to the lawes of the Church married a recluse or Nun out of her Cloyster was compelled to restore her thither againe and to leaue her where hee found her and the Bishop by the Dukes assistants would thrust her into the Nunry againe whether shee would or no and the man if there were no hope of his amendment was banished the country It was not lawfull for either Priest or Deacon to keepe in his house any strange woman lest by often companie and familiaritie with her he might happe to be polluted and so offer an vnworthie sacrifice vnto God and the people be plagued for his offences If any difference or controversie arose betwixt Priests Deacons or other Clergie men the Cannon law committed the deciding thereof to the Bishops farmers husbandmen and seruants payd tribute and tyth to the Church euery one according to his abilitie as euery tenth bushel of graine euery tenth perch of land euery tenth faggot the tenth part of their honey and for euery foure pullets fifteene egs They were bound also to bring stone timber and lyme for the reparations of the Churches but yet with this speciall care that no man shold be taxed more then he was wel able to indure If any one were false vnto his Duke and by treason procured enemies into the Prouince or betrayed any Cittie and was thereof conuicted by three witnesses all his goods were confiscate to the Duke and the Duke had power to vse

that giue sucke will cast their throates behinde their backes like a wallet to the end they should not hinder their children in their sucking the cause of this strume or great throates they attribute to the water and ayre whereof they drinke and bee nourished The Stirians resemble the Germaines both in speach habit and behauiour excepting those that dwell about the riuer Dravus that speake the Slauonian tongue There is much Salt made which they carry into other countries and exchange it for other commodities There bee also mines of Iron and Siluer though but little gotten which happeneth through the negligence and carelesnesse of the Princes and gouernors This country was once called Valeria it is very mountanous and craggie excepting the East part thereof next vnto Pannonia and there it is very plaine and euen Of Italy and of the manners of the Italians of Romulus also and his ciuill institutions CAP. 18. ITALY a Region of Europe was first called Hesperia of Hesperus the brother of Atlas who beeing expelled by his brother left his name both vnto Spaine and Italy But Macrobius is of opinion that it was called Hesperia of the starre Hesperus which is their euening starre It was also called Oenotria either for the goodnesse of the wine which is made in Italy for Ocnum in Greeke signifieth wine or else of Oenotrius King of the Sabines And lastly it was named Italy of Italus King of Scicily who taught them the Arte of husbandry and gaue them lawes to liue vnder for he comming into that part wherein Turnus afterwards raigned called it after his name as is prooued by Virgil in these verses thus translated by maister Phaer There is a place the Greekes by name Hesperia do call An ancient l●nd and fierce in warre and fruitfull soyle withall Out from Oenotria they came that first did till the same Now Italy men say 't is cald so of the Captaines name But Timaeus and Varro hold opinion that it was called Italia of the great store of goodly Buls which bee there bred aboue other places for Bulls in the ancient Greeke tongue were called Itali That part of Italy which is next vnto the mouth of Tyber is called Latium euen as that part is called Ausonia according to Aristotle which is next vnto the Tyrrhen fea Italy is in forme like a crosse and situated betwixt the Adriattick and the Tuscan sea and extending from the Alpes and the hill Appenine reacheth vnto the citty Rhegium and the Brutian shores Towards the end it deuideth it selfe into two parts whereof the one looketh into the Ionian sea and the other into the Scicilian in the vtmost part whereof standeth the citty Rhegium The length of Italy from Augusta Praetoria passing by Rome and Capua to the citty Rhegium according to Solynus is a thousand and twenty miles and the bredth where it is broadest foure hundred and ten miles and a hundred thirty and six where it is narrowest hauing as it were a belly ietting further out then the rest in Agro Rh●●ith which now is confined with the riuer Rubicon sliding by the side of the Adriaticke sea Italy is deuided into many Regions for from the riuer Varus to the riuer Macra is Liguria where Genoua is the chiefest citty from Macra then to Tyber is Hetruria the Metropolitan citty whereof is Pisa from Tyber vnto Lyris is that part of Italy called Latium wherein standeth Rome and the citty Antium which wee call Netnut is situated within the prouince vpon the shore side from Lyris vnto the riuer Sarnus is Campania where Naples is chiefe citty from Sarnus to Silarus is the country called Picentum the two greatest townes whereof bee Surrentum and Salernum betwixt Silarus and Laius is Lucania of which prouince the most notorious townes bee Pestum and Buxentum with vs called Beluedere from the riuer Laius to the promontory of Leucopetra is the country called Brutium wherein standeth the citty of Rhegium Iulium from the promontary of Leucopetra to the promontory of Iapigium otherwise called Salentinum is the borders or frontires of great Greece wherein are situated the two famous citties Croton and Tarentum from Iapigium to Brundusium is Calabria wherein is Hydruntum from the citty Brundusium to the hill Garganus now called Saint Angelus hill is Apulia wherein stand the citties Barium or Barry Salapia from the hill Garganus to the mouth of the riuer Sarnis is the country of the Frentani in which Prouince Isconium is chiefe citty frō the riuer Sarus to the riuer Apernus is the coast of the Marrucini and therein is the citty Orton from Apernus to the riuer Aesius whilom the vtmost bounds of Italy dwell the Piceni whose citty is Ancona from Aesius or Asius as others write it to Rubicon the latter confines of Italy bee the Senones whose chiefest townes are Phanum fortunae Pisaurum and Ariminum from Rubicon to the mouth of the riuer Padus liue the people called Boij amongst whome is the citty Rauenna betwixt Padus and Tilta vemptum is the Venetians country wherein standeth the famous and renowned citty of Venice from Tilia vemptum to Natison are the people called Carni or Foroilienses and in that prouince is Aquileia from Natison to Arsia are the Iapyges and Istri and therein is the citty of Tergestum and the riuer Formio which is now the vtmost limits of all Italy The hill Appenyne deuydeth all Italy as it were into two clymates or regions leauing the one part towards the west and South and the other towards the North and East This hill taketh his beginning from the Alpes and from thence runneth into Liguria and after that it parteth Cisalpine France and Picenum from Hetruria and Sabinia and so passeth to the Citty Ancona from whence it auerteth his course and extendeth into Apulia and the hill Garganus seperating the countries of the Marucini the Peligni and the Frentini from Latium and Campania and so finisheth his race from the hill Garganus when it commeth to the promontory of Leucopetra hauing vpon the one hand Apulia Calabria the confines of great Greece and Picenum and the Lucani and Brutij vpon the other Italy of all other countries is most wholsome and healthsome both for sweenesle of the ayre and temperature of the heauens it aboundeth with all sorts of mettall Ceres adorneth her feelds and Phoebus dallyeth vpon her hills the forrests parkes and chases bee safe and secure for passengers and replenished with goodly trees of sundry kinds which yeeld great variety of fruites and commodities to the inhabitants of wynes and oyles there is plenty and exceeding great store of all sorts of grayne their sheepe cary very fine fleeces and their oxen and bulls of all other places bee most beautifull their riuers lakes and pooles be cleere and full of fish and delightsome of hauens and port townes there bee great abundance the land her selfe in sundry places making as it were Roades and breaches into

of all men you haue already begun to cure the calamities where with the Church is dayly oppressed and with your care and industrie so to effect it that all the whole world may obey and beleeue in one onely Christ and imbracing the true beleefe may be obedient vnto you as vnto Peters successor and to your admonitions in all things which pertaine to the saluation of their soules which when you haue brought to passe wee will say that by your meanes the Prophesie of one sheapheard and one flock is fulfilled the true commendations whereof when you haue obtained which of the Popes may bee deemed so famous as your self either in honor happinesse or merit or to whom with so much right may wee yeeld the triple Crownc as to your selfe For the obtaining whereof although the times be otherwise very vnfortunate yet haue you many occasions ministred vnto you I call the times vnfortunate by reason of those calamities which in Europe are by your selfe to be cured for of none be we more strongly resisted then of the enimie that liueth at our elbow but let vs now omitte to speake of those troublesome cares which wee bee well assured are euer in your minde and come to other matters more calme and temperate which carry great hope that as it were an other new world imbracing the faith of Christ may acknowledge your holinesse Maiestie and Empire Wherefore if you shall so handle these businesses that the Church both in Aethiopia and Europe hauing you her gouernour and protector may escape and auoide all perill and shipwrack and arriue into the hauen of saluation wee shall then sing in your praise that Propheticall Canticle contained in the Booke of Wisdome viz. I will passe through all lower parts of the earth I will behold all those that sleepe and illuminate all those that trust in the Lord behold I haue not laboured for my selfe onely but for all those that seeke the truth Now at length is the time wherein wee trust that this Prophesie will bee fulfilled by you behold here the Aethiopians a large and spacious nation and most desirous of Christ whose Emperor a man of great sanctitie desiring the amity and friendship of the Christian Princes of Europe hath sent his Embassadors vnto you and to the mighty and inuincible Kings of Portugall by whom as by his letters doth appeare hee doth not onely couet Christian friendship and charity betwixt him-selfe and the Princes of Europe but also perceiuing the bitter discords and dissentions that continually raigne amongst them doth most deuoutly and feruently admonish and exhort them to Christian peace and concorde a matter whereof all of vs may bee ashamed for now the Queene of Saba riseth vp and calleth vs into iudgment reprehending our faults Christs Prophesies bee now fulfilled And those which hee elected are by little and little fallen out of his fellowship and his commandements and promises are come vnto those which were teputed Ethnicks and strangers vnto Christ for the Emperour of Aethiopia with all the kingdomes vnder his dominion as by this our declaration shall appeare couet nor desire nothing more then to liue vnder your discipline neither is hee ignorant by the doctrine of the Apostles which hee hath deuided into eight bookes that the gouernment and principallity of all the Bishops of the world belongeth and is due to the Bishop of Rome whom plainly and godlyly hee is willing to obey desiring of him to be well and holily instructed in the institutions and ordinances of the Church of Christ for which purpose he coueteth with great desire to haue learned mē sent vnto him and not contented there-with to the end that the memory of his desires may remaine to all posterity hee intreateth that the truth of this matter may bee recorded and registred in the Popes Annals that so his Epistles and most godly requests may bee inlightned by the Ecclesiasticall history and that those which shall bee borne hereafter may know at what time and vnder what Pope these things were done And I nothing doubt but that your holinesse hath already sent or forthwith will send vnto him learned men and skilfull in the Scriptures and well instructed in other artes by whose learning and industry and also by the preaching and labour of many others already sent thither by the renowned Kings of Portugall Emanuell and Iohn his sonne you will so handle the businesse that all the Christians liuing in Aethiopia and India may by little and little yeeld obedience to the lawes of the Romaine Bishops whom they feare not already to confesse to bee the Vicars of Christ and so they being once by your indeuour ioyned vnto vs by the true religion and gathered together into one fold vnder one shepheard Christ we may perceiue that the mercy of our Lord is confirmed ouer vs that his kingdome indureth for all ages and that his power extendeth vnto all generations and then all flesh shall praise his holy name for euer and euer But least my exhortation may seeme more tedious then is needfull especially vnto him of whose life and doctrine we are and ought all of vs to be imitators I will proceed to my declaration which I will set out more at large that thereby I may more plainly shew vpon what grounds and principles this sacred league and amitie betwixt Prestor Ioan and the Kings of Portugall was established hoping that in declaring those things which bee true and lawfull I may inflame the mindes of the Readers and accite them to those designements whereby the faith of Christ may bee more aboundantly planted preached and reuerenced in all corners of the earth In the yeare from the birth of our Sauiour and redeemer Iesus Christ one thousand foure hundred thirty and three Iohn the first King of Portugal surnamed of famous memory he which freed Portugall from the often incursions and assaults of the Castilians wherewith it was almost made vast desolate departing out of this mortall life of all his other sonnes which hee left behind him his sonne Henry excelled in learning and especially in the study of Mathematickes who for the great desire hee had to know the motion of the heauens liued a single life and for that hee might more deepely and accurately meditate and consider the course of the starres he liued in a holy promontory called Saint Vincents head which place he chose out for that the heauens bee there for the most part calme and temperate least the clowds interposing themselues betwixt the heauens and his instruments his consideration and iudgment of the course of the heauens might be thereby hindred This Henry to the end he might receiue some fruite of his studies determined to seeke out with his owne ships and at his owne charge that which by often watchings he had found out to be so to wit that the Atlantick Ocean floweth into the Indian and the Indian againe into the Atlanticke and therevpon sending ships thither diuerse times they