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saint_n ancient_a church_n rome_n 1,643 5 6.6367 4 true
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A18354 Credo ecclesiam sanctam Catholicam I beleeue the holy Catholike Church : the authoritie, vniuersalitie, and visibilitie of the church handled and discussed / by Edward Chaloner ... Chaloner, Edward, 1590 or 91-1625. 1625 (1625) STC 4934.3; ESTC S282 90,005 150

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credo_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la sanctam_fw-la catholicam_fw-la i_o believe_v the_o holy_a catholic_a church_n the_o authority_n universality_n and_o visibilitie_n of_o the_o church_n handle_v and_o discuss_v by_o edward_n chaloner_n dr._n in_o divinity_n and_o principal_a of_o alban_n hall_n in_o oxford_n london_n print_v by_o william_n stansby_n and_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v in_o paul_n churchyard_n at_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o greyhound_n 1625._o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a william_n earl_n of_o pembroke_n lord_n herbert_z of_o cardiff_n lord_n par_n and_o rosse_n of_o kendal_n lord_n marmion_n and_o saint_n q●intin_n etc._n etc._n lord_n chamberlain_n of_o his_o majesty_n household_n lord_n warden_n of_o the_o stannery_n knight_n of_o the_o most_o noble_a order_n of_o the_o garter_n chancellor_n of_o the_o university_n of_o oxford_n and_o one_o of_o his_o majesty_n most_o honourable_a privy_a council_n my_o lord_n the_o first_o assault_n which_o be_v ever_o make_v upon_o mankind_n 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credo_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la i_o believe_v that_o there_o be_v a_o church_n do_v understand_v also_o credo_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la i_o yield_v faith_n and_o belief_n to_o the_o church_n we_o for_o our_o part_n do_v reverence_v the_o name_n and_o testimony_n of_o the_o church_n we_o acknowledge_v it_o to_o be_v of_o all_o humane_a the_o great_a we_o confess_v moreover_o that_o the_o catholic_a church_n in_o the_o whole_a never_o have_v err_v nor_o ever_o shall_v err_v in_o fundamental_a point_n the_o providence_n of_o god_n sustain_v it_o in_o regard_v whereof_o it_o have_v the_o promise_n of_o our_o saviour_n 15._o that_o the_o gate_n of_o hell_n shall_v not_o prevail_v against_o it_o that_o the_o spirit_n shall_v lead_v it_o into_o all_o truth_n and_o it_o be_v call_v by_o the_o apostle_n the_o pillar_n of_o truth_n as_o who_o will_v say_v that_o it_o retain_v a_o save_a profession_n of_o heavenly_a truth_n and_o uphold_v the_o same_o against_o all_o the_o stratagem_n of_o satan_n and_o his_o complice_n but_o that_o it_o be_v not_o either_o in_o itself_o or_o in_o this_o place_n to_o be_v take_v for_o the_o formal_a cause_n of_o our_o belief_n that_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o our_o faith_n upon_o who_o credit_n and_o authority_n we_o be_v whole_o to_o depend_v i_o shall_v by_o these_o follow_a reason_n draw_v out_o of_o the_o creed_n itself_o easy_o make_v apparent_a first_o by_o the_o grammatical_a construction_n of_o this_o credo_fw-la i_o believe_v which_o when_o it_o import_v to_o yield_v credit_n or_o assent_v to_o a_o thing_n be_v not_o join_v with_o a_o accusative_a case_n as_o here_o in_o the_o creed_n but_o with_o a_o dative_n whereas_o we_o say_v not_o credo_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la but_o credo_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la to_o show_v that_o the_o creed_n in_o this_o place_n imply_v veritatem_fw-la in_o essendo_fw-la a_o belief_n of_o the_o church_n be_v and_o not_o veritatem_fw-la in_o significando_fw-la
to_o the_o people_n much_o less_o propound_v as_o common_a article_n of_o faith_n other_o thing_n than_o the_o article_n of_o the_o apostle_n creed_n the_o ten_o commandment_n and_o some_o few_o of_o the_o sacrament_n because_o say_v he_o these_o be_v simple_o necessary_a and_o profitable_a for_o all_o man_n the_o rest_n beside_o such_o as_o that_o a_o man_n may_v be_v save_v without_o they_o second_o for_o practice_n they_o grant_v that_o one_o may_v attain_v salvation_n without_o the_o performance_n of_o such_o duty_n as_o we_o refuse_v to_o undergo_v for_o if_o one_o believe_v no_o more_o than_o what_o be_v write_v in_o the_o scripture_n he_o believe_v as_o ib._n bellarmine_n confess_v as_o much_o as_o be_v necessary_a and_o profitable_a unto_o all_o man_n if_o one_o worship_n god_n without_o a_o image_n they_o deny_v not_o but_o that_o this_o worship_n be_v acceptable_a if_o one_o pray_v immediate_o unto_o christ_n &_o repeat_v the_o lord_n prayer_n they_o will_v not_o say_v that_o his_o devotion_n be_v fruitless_a if_o one_o perform_v the_o best_a work_n he_o can_v which_o we_o also_o require_v and_o stand_v not_o upon_o the_o point_n of_o merit_n but_o only_o upon_o the_o mercy_n of_o god_n as_o we_o do_v reponere_fw-la they_o judge_v it_o to_o be_v not_o only_o profitable_a but_o also_o commend_v it_o as_o most_o secure_a now_o what_o will_v a_o man_n require_v more_o of_o a_o christian_a then_o to_o believe_v well_o pray_v well_o live_v well_o and_o die_v well_o the_o four_o consideration_n be_v that_o those_o point_n of_o they_o whereof_o we_o hold_v the_o negative_a be_v not_o receive_v as_o article_n of_o faith_n nor_o the_o contrary_n judge_v heretical_a by_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n for_o many_o hundred_o year_n after_o christ_n for_o that_o church_n can_v not_o judge_v we_o to_o be_v enemy_n of_o her_o faith_n or_o oppugner_n of_o that_o foundation_n whereon_o she_o be_v build_v which_o first_o by_o our_o adversary_n own_o confession_n hold_v secundo_fw-la all_o those_o thing_n which_o the_o apostle_n use_v to_o preach_v open_o and_o which_o be_v necessary_a and_o profitable_a for_o all_o man_n to_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o scripture_n 2._o which_o until_o the_o time_n of_o testament_n saint_n hierome_n and_o austen_n have_v not_o receive_v the_o apocrypha_fw-la book_n to_o be_v canonical_a nor_o in_o many_o age_n as_o well_o after_o as_o before_o want_v learned_a writer_n to_o oppose_v their_o authority_n 3._o which_o 19_o see_v not_o that_o latin_a vulgar_a edition_n of_o the_o bible_n which_o she_o now_o equalize_v with_o the_o original_n before_o the_o time_n of_o saint_n hierome_n nor_o 43._o establish_v it_o in_o such_o manner_n that_o man_n may_v not_o call_v the_o word_n of_o it_o into_o question_n and_o doubt_n until_o the_o council_n of_o trent_n 4._o which_o ult._n make_v not_o those_o heretic_n which_o deny_v the_o pope_n to_o have_v infallible_a judgement_n locum_fw-la or_o to_o be_v above_o a_o general_n council_n 5._o wherein_o 18._o purgatory_n for_o a_o time_n be_v not_o know_v and_o not_o for_o a_o long_a time_n after_o resolve_v which_o way_n it_o concern_v salvation_n 8._o either_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o person_n thereby_o to_o be_v purge_v to_o wit_n the_o damn_a just_a or_o only_o the_o middle_a sort_n 2._o or_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o end_n and_o effect_n which_o it_o have_v whether_o to_o satisfy_v god_n justice_n and_o to_o punish_v sin_n past_o or_o by_o correct_v the_o soul_n of_o the_o dead_a in_o such_o wise_a as_o temporal_a pain_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v to_o diminish_v and_o take_v away_o the_o affection_n of_o sin_n yet_o remain_v 6._o wherein_o primo_fw-la popish_a indulgence_n for_o many_o age_n be_v not_o know_v nor_o ibid._n any_o one_o instance_n give_v of_o the_o pope_n dispence_v they_o for_o a_o thousand_o year_n after_o christ_n 7._o which_o tria_fw-la worship_v not_o image_n nor_o ever_o approve_v the_o image_n of_o god_n to_o be_v lawful_o make_v 8._o wherein_o ult._n there_o be_v no_o law_n which_o enjoin_v the_o worship_v of_o saint_n and_o 10._o whereas_o it_o be_v forbid_v in_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n public_o to_o worship_v a_o uncanonized_a saint_n sunt_fw-la the_o first_o pope_n which_o they_o ever_o read_v to_o have_v canonize_v a_o saint_n be_v leo._n the_o three_o who_o live_v eight_o hundred_o year_n after_o our_o saviour_n 9_o wherein_o the_o 4._o church_n admmit_v no_o prayer_n into_o her_o public_a liturgy_n for_o the_o release_n of_o soul_n from_o the_o pain_n of_o purgatory_n but_o only_o for_o their_o acquital_n &_o absolution_n at_o god_n tribunal_n as_o the_o form_n of_o prayer_n for_o the_o dead_a express_v in_o the_o popish_a lyturgie_n unto_o this_o day_n do_v sufficient_o testify_v 10._o wherein_o etc._n the_o marriage_n of_o priest_n be_v hold_v not_o to_o be_v forbid_v jure_fw-la divino_fw-la by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n but_o be_v allow_v and_o permit_v to_o be_v practise_v 11._o 2._o wherein_o the_o number_n of_o seven_o sacrament_n be_v not_o by_o any_o writer_n once_o mention_v but_o where_o they_o be_v purposely_o handle_v by_o the_o father_n there_o be_v mention_v but_o two_o baptism_n and_o the_o lord_n supper_n 12._o 23._o wherein_o transubstantiation_n be_v neither_o name_v nor_o make_v a_o article_n of_o faith_n until_o the_o council_n of_o lateran_n 13._o 1._o which_o a_o thousand_o year_n after_o christ_n and_o more_o define_v the_o sacrifice_n in_o the_o eucharist_n to_o be_v only_o a_o memorial_n and_o representation_n of_o our_o saviour_n sacrifice_n upon_o the_o cross_n 14._o which_o administer_v the_o cup_n to_o the_o laity_n 15._o which_o 28._o celebrate_v divine_a service_n in_o the_o vulgar_a tongue_n which_o the_o people_n understand_v 16._o and_o last_o wherein_o sup_v the_o priest_n receive_v not_o the_o eucharist_n alone_o but_o together_o with_o the_o people_n the_o five_o consideration_n be_v that_o if_o we_o be_v for_o the_o first_o age_n after_o our_o saviour_n in_o possession_n as_o well_o of_o our_o 14._o negative_n as_o of_o our_o affirmative_n it_o concern_v our_o adversary_n to_o show_v when_o they_o dispossess_v we_o and_o what_o prescription_n they_o have_v against_o we_o for_o by_o their_o own_o law_n 6._o they_o which_o at_o the_o first_o be_v no_o heretic_n in_o their_o belief_n be_v presume_v to_o be_v none_o until_o they_o can_v be_v convince_v to_o be_v such_o semel_fw-la bone_fw-la semper_fw-la praesumitur_fw-la esse_fw-la bone_fw-la now_o because_o it_o be_v a_o necessary_a condition_n require_v by_o the_o jesuit_n to_o a_o article_n of_o faith_n that_o it_o be_v lawful_o propound_v by_o the_o church_n and_o it_o be_v not_o full_o resolve_v among_o our_o adversary_n themselves_o when_o the_o church_n open_v her_o mouth_n to_o define_v and_o propound_v but_o in_o a_o general_a council_n we_o require_v of_o they_o desierit_fw-la in_o answer_n to_o greg._n de_fw-fr valentia_n own_o challenge_n to_o show_v when_o those_o doctrine_n of_o they_o which_o we_o deny_v be_v in_o such_o manner_n ratify_v and_o confirm_v and_o when_o to_o hold_v the_o contrary_a become_v damnable_a and_o heretical_a and_o this_o we_o challenge_v they_o that_o they_o do_v according_a to_o the_o law_n prescribe_v by_o themselves_o whereof_o the_o first_o be_v that_o the_o counsel_n allege_v by_o they_o be_v general_a for_o particular_a by_o their_o own_o consent_n may_v err_v the_o second_o that_o those_o general_n be_v receive_v for_o lawful_a and_o not_o either_o reject_v as_o be_v the_o constantinopolitan_a against_o photius_n and_o the_o second_o nicen_n which_o establish_a image_n this_o by_o that_o of_o frankford_n the_o other_o by_o the_o lateran_n under_o pope_n john_n anno_fw-la dom._n 879._o or_o be_v doubtful_a for_o as_o 2._o bellarmine_n say_v of_o the_o pope_n that_o dubius_fw-la papa_n habetur_fw-la pro_fw-la non_fw-la papa_n a_o doubtful_a pope_n be_v hold_v for_o no_o pope_n so_o we_o may_v by_o the_o same_o reason_n say_v of_o counsel_n that_o doubtful_a one_o be_v hold_v for_o none_o the_o three_o which_o be_v fide_fw-la bellarmine_n own_o rule_n that_o neither_o such_o disputation_n as_o be_v premit_v nor_o such_o reason_n as_o be_v add_v nor_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v bring_v for_o explication_n and_o illustration_n sake_n but_o only_o the_o naked_a decree_n themselves_o be_v count_v de_fw-la fide_fw-la of_o faith_n and_o not_o all_o those_o neither_o but_o such_o only_a as_o be_v propound_v tanquam_fw-la de_fw-la fide_fw-la as_o it_o be_v of_o faith_n as_o when_o they_o say_v that_o they_o explain_v the_o catholic_a faith_n or_o that_o they_o be_v to_o be_v count_v for_o heretic_n which_o think_v the_o contrary_a or_o that_o they_o pronounce_v a_o anathema_n and_o exclude_v such_o from_o the_o church_n as_o think_v the_o contrary_n for_o when_o they_o use_v none_o of_o these_o phrase_n it_o be_v not_o certain_a say_v he_o
hope_n which_o reflect_v upon_o the_o future_a bliss_n and_o the_o joy_n of_o the_o world_n to_o come_v for_o excitement_n whereunto_o two_o custom_n be_v entertain_v the_o one_o point_v at_o that_o happiness_n which_o the_o saint_n enjoy_v immediate_o after_o their_o departure_n hence_o the_o other_o at_o the_o fullness_n of_o glory_n which_o they_o shall_v participate_v at_o the_o end_n and_o cosummation_n of_o the_o world_n that_o which_o point_v at_o the_o joy_n and_o bliss_n which_o the_o saint_n enjoy_v immediate_o after_o their_o departure_n hence_o consist_v partly_o in_o thankesgiving_n unto_o god_n for_o the_o glory_n bestow_v upon_o they_o partly_o in_o other_o remembrance_n to_o excite_v and_o stir_v up_o man_n from_o consideration_n of_o their_o reward_n to_o be_v imitator_n of_o their_o virtue_n for_o deep_a impression_n whereof_o there_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v yearly_a solemnity_n at_o their_o sepulcher_n commemoration_n of_o their_o name_n and_o oration_n make_v in_o their_o praise_n now_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n of_o they_o which_o fall_v in_o persecution_n to_o implore_v the_o prayer_n of_o martyr_n in_o prison_n for_o they_o saint_n cyprian_a 18._o upon_o supposition_n that_o saint_n depart_v hence_o do_v pray_v for_o the_o particular_a behoof_n of_o those_o who_o they_o know_v they_o leave_v behind_o they_o do_v desire_v some_o martyr_n and_o other_o not_o after_o but_o before_o their_o death_n that_o if_o they_o prevent_v he_o and_o go_v before_o he_o into_o their_o master_n presence_n that_o then_o they_o will_v not_o forget_v to_o remember_v he_o unto_o god_n this_o solicit_n of_o martyr_n before_o their_o death_n bring_v in_o the_o next_o age_n a_o custom_n to_o call_v upon_o they_o after_o their_o death_n and_o this_o call_n upon_o they_o after_o it_o howsoever_o it_o may_v be_v account_v rather_o among_o the_o strain_n of_o rhetoric_n be_v do_v in_o their_o aniversarie_n declamation_n than_o the_o aphorism_n of_o faith_n yet_o by_o gregory_n the_o great_z time_n it_o weave_v prayer_n into_o the_o lyturgie_n that_o god_n will_v hear_v their_o intercession_n but_o afterward_o when_o the_o glass_n of_o the_o trinity_n be_v perfect_v wherein_o the_o schoolman_n conceive_v the_o saint_n to_o see_v whatsoever_o be_v do_v upon_o earth_n than_o these_o prayer_n to_o god_n to_o hear_v the_o intercession_n of_o the_o saint_n be_v change_v into_o prayer_n to_o the_o saint_n to_o hear_v our_o intercession_n themselves_o which_o be_v the_o practice_n of_o the_o present_a church_n of_o rome_n and_o come_v in_o say_v 8._o bellar._n consuetudine_fw-la non_fw-la lege_fw-la by_o a_o custom_n not_o a_o law_n the_o other_o custom_n that_o aim_v at_o the_o fullness_n of_o glory_n which_o the_o saint_n shall_v enjoy_v at_o the_o end_n and_o consummation_n of_o the_o world_n be_v perform_v by_o prayer_n for_o their_o glorious_a resurrection_n and_o their_o public_a acquittal_n in_o the_o last_o day_n the_o one_o be_v a_o exemplification_n of_o the_o petition_n thy_o kingdom_n come_v the_o other_o of_o that_o which_o follow_v after_o it_o thy_o will_v be_v do_v for_o the_o great_a solemnity_n whereof_o oblation_n at_o funeral_n and_o sometime_o yearly_o by_o the_o friend_n of_o the_o decease_a be_v make_v not_o as_o some_o popish_a writer_n do_v conceive_v of_o the_o eucharist_n but_o as_o albaspinus_n note_v of_o common_a bread_n or_o other_o thing_n 10._o of_o which_o the_o congregation_n eat_v and_o communicate_v acknowledge_v the_o decease_a by_o that_o action_n as_o a_o sign_n of_o communion_n to_o be_v co-member_n with_o they_o of_o the_o same_o mystical_a body_n the_o church_n and_o interest_v in_o the_o common_a prayer_n touch_v the_o last_o day_n the_o which_o produce_v sundry_a opinion_n among_o 345._o the_o ancient_n for_o justin_n martyr_n tertullian_n clemens_n romanus_n lactantius_n and_o other_o be_v from_o hence_o of_o opinion_n that_o no_o particular_a judgement_n pass_v upon_o the_o saint_n until_o the_o last_o day_n but_o the_o church_n follow_v be_v loath_a as_o it_o seem_v to_o put_v off_o this_o particular_a judgement_n whole_o until_o then_o and_o yet_o not_o willing_a to_o determine_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v give_v immediate_o upon_o the_o passage_n hence_o but_o allow_v a_o indefinite_a free_v time_n for_o the_o same_o do_v apply_v the_o church_n prayer_n and_o well-wish_n beside_o their_o former_a reference_n to_o the_o final_a judgement_n to_o this_o interim_n also_o allot_v for_o the_o particular_a in_o the_o which_o they_o think_v they_o may_v accompany_v they_o to_o god_n tribunal_n and_o pray_v for_o their_o deliverance_n from_o hell_n and_o the_o jaw_n of_o the_o lyon_n at_o last_o the_o doctrine_n of_o purgatory_n which_o as_o i_o shall_v now_o declare_v for_o a_o long_a time_n pass_v as_o a_o uncertain_a or_o particular_a opinion_n among_o private_a man_n get_v sway_n the_o self_n same_o prayer_n be_v interpret_v neither_o of_o a_o general_a nor_o of_o the_o particular_a judgement_n but_o of_o the_o jail_n delivery_n of_o soul_n out_o of_o purgatory_n and_o so_o establish_v in_o the_o florentine_a council_n celebrate_v an._n 1438._o another_o opinion_n which_o the_o oblation_n and_o prayer_n for_o the_o public_a acquittal_n of_o the_o dead_a wrought_v among_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_n be_v that_o see_v few_o die_v which_o by_o the_o bounty_n of_o their_o friend_n enjoy_v not_o that_o honour_n more_o or_o less_o all_o man_n good_a and_o bad_a be_v either_o at_o the_o general_a judgement_n or_o before_o to_o be_v purge_v by_o fire_n the_o pain_n whereof_o if_o need_n be_v shall_v by_o these_o prayer_n of_o the_o live_a be_v either_o diminish_v or_o take_v away_o and_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o purgatory_n get_v entrance_n into_o the_o church_n which_o be_v at_o the_o first_o like_o the_o unknown_a land_n at_o the_o south_n of_o america_n call_v terra_fw-la del_fw-it fogo_fw-it be_v by_o origen_n upon_o misconstruction_n of_o the_o prayer_n aforesaid_a and_o a_o overween_a opinion_n of_o advance_v the_o mercy_n of_o god_n translate_v out_o of_o their_o academy_n of_o plato_n into_o the_o school_n of_o christian_n long_o it_o be_v ere_o this_o misshape_a monster_n can_v be_v bring_v into_o any_o probable_a form_n for_o origen_n who_o first_o embrace_v it_o teach_v that_o the_o devil_n themselves_o shall_v be_v save_v by_o it_o other_o 27._o to_o correct_v that_o extremity_n say_v not_o the_o devil_n but_o yet_o all_o man_n a_o three_o not_o all_o man_n but_o all_o christian_n and_o such_o as_o be_v baptize_v a_o four_o not_o all_o christian_n nor_o all_o such_o as_o be_v baptize_v yet_o all_o such_o as_o have_v be_v once_o in_o their_o life_n true_a believer_n a_o five_o not_o all_o such_o as_o have_v be_v once_o in_o their_o life_n true_a believer_n but_o yet_o all_o such_o as_o persevere_v in_o the_o orthodox_n faith_n until_o their_o death_n a_o six_o not_o all_o that_o persevere_v in_o the_o orthodox_n faith_n until_o their_o death_n but_o yet_o all_o such_o as_o persevere_v do_v give_v alm_n for_o these_o say_v they_o how_o great_a sinner_n soever_o they_o be_v otherwise_o shall_v have_v judgement_n with_o mercy_n a_o seven_o not_o all_o that_o show_v mercy_n but_o yet_o all_o that_o have_v christ_n for_o their_o foundation_n that_o be_v all_o the_o that_o die_v in_o the_o state_n of_o grace_n which_o opinion_n be_v respondet_fw-la attribute_v unto_o saint_n ambrose_n hierome_n rupertus_n and_o other_o saint_n austen_n who_o complain_v that_o his_o age_n be_v full_a of_o presumption_n be_v not_o able_a to_o resist_v the_o stream_n of_o these_o overflow_a error_n think_v yet_o to_o use_v the_o same_o policy_n touch_v purgatory_n which_o he_o do_v in_o other_o point_n as_o prayer_n for_o the_o dead_a invocation_n of_o saint_n and_o the_o like_a that_o be_v either_o to_o moderate_v it_o or_o make_v it_o doubtful_a think_v by_o degree_n to_o make_v it_o incredible_a sometime_o therefore_o he_o seem_v to_o allow_v it_o but_o yet_o by_o the_o papist_n own_o confession_n under_o this_o proviso_n that_o if_o any_o such_o place_n shall_v be_v yet_o it_o be_v uncertain_a what_o end_n or_o effect_v it_o have_v whether_o to_o satisfy_v god_n justice_n for_o the_o sin_n past_a or_o whether_o to_o diminish_v as_o temporal_a pain_n use_v to_o do_v the_o evil_a affection_n of_o sin_n still_o remain_v again_o sometime_o 1._o he_o deny_v the_o thing_n itself_o sometime_o he_o doubt_v of_o it_o nor_o be_v it_o yet_o agree_v among_o the_o papist_n either_o for_o the_o fire_n or_o the_o place_n or_o the_o time_n of_o it_o only_o thus_o far_o they_o seem_v at_o length_n to_o concur_v that_o soul_n do_v therein_o satisfy_v both_o for_o venial_a sin_n and_o for_o the_o guilt_n of_o punishment_n due_a unto_o mortal_a sin_n when_o the_o guilt_n of_o the_o sin_n itself_o be_v remit_v and_o forgive_v which_o how_o contrary_a both_o