because as our Saviour Christ rides forth thereupon at the beginning so at the end of the Prophesie XIX 11. he appeares again riding on the white horse which he appears mounted on at the beginning So that he which went forth to conquer at the first returns to take vengeance at the last as he is there described In the next place I will not much intreat any man to grant me that the souls under the Altar VI. 9. are the Martyrs which suffered for the Gospel under the Romane Emperours in the ten Persecutions For that S. John addressing this Prophesie to the Churches of Asia I. 11. and that with a promise of happinesse to them that should reade and keep it I. 2. should not speak of things done during those times when those Churches stood and wherein they were concerned is a thing that no common sense can imagine God then being importuned by the bloud of the Martyrs sheweth that he determines to take vengeance of the same Which he further declares by the vision of seven Angels ready to blow seven Trumpets Apoc. VIII 2. For with these seven appears another that puts much incense to the Prayers of the Saints upon the Golden Altar before the Throne What prayers of the Saints but those which the souls of the Martyrs had made for vengeance before For immediately thereupon the said Angel takes the Censer upon which he had put Incense to the Prayers of the Saints v. 3. and fills it with fire from the Altar and throws it upon the earth and there comes forth noise thunder lightning and earthquake Apoc. VIII 5. the figures of this Vengeance Besides it appears that after the VI seals he proceeds to declare the vengeance promised the Martyrs because immediately after the sixth Seale there appears four Angels ready to destroy the earth Apoc. VII 1. But because God would shew his Prophet that he meant as well to preserve a number of his own as to take vengeance upon the Persecutors therefore he suffers them not to proceed till his own be marked These Prayers are therefore called also the Prayers of all the Saints Apoc. VIII 3. to shew us that though they are expressed at the opening of the fifth Seale to be onely the Prayers of the Martyrs Apoc. VI. 9. yet we are to understand that those which are sealed and saved from the vengeance inflicted on the Persecutors doe joyn in the same For the Martyrs that had long white Robes given them Apoc. VI. 10. doe appear again praising God in those white Robes Apoc. VII 9 14. But we must needs imagine that the meaning of the Vision is that those which were sealed and saved joyned also in the same praises of God For Apoc. XIV 1 3. where the same CXLIV thousand that were sealed afore appear again and immediately the same voice of Gods praises is heard like the noise of Harpers but as loud as thunder or as many waters it is said that no man could learn the Song but the CXLIV thousand redeemed from the earth So then both the Martyrs and those that are sealed joyn in the praises of God therefore in the prayers also for the fulfilling whereof those praises are tendred which are therefore called the Prayers of all the Saints because as well those that were sealed and saved as those that suffered Martyrdome are to be conceived to joyn in them as well as in the Praises of God And therefore the Plagues which they procure began from the going forth of the Gospel because from thence began the sufferings of the Martyrs which appeared at the beginning of the fifth Seale as also the Praises tendred to God by those that were sealed and escaped Though they were not to be accomplished but with the number of their brethren that were to be slain as well as themselves Now the summe of the Prophesie being propounded in the Figure of a Book with seven Seals which none but the Lamb could open Apoc. V. the effect of the seventh is divided into seven Trumpets wherewith seven Angels publish the vengeance which God had promised to take upon the Persecutors of his Martyrs at the opening of the fifth Seal Apoc. V. 9 10 11. VIII 2. So that the Martyrs being those that suffered by the Romane Empire the vengeance is that which was taken upon the Romane Empire This as the most judicious of our late Expositors confesseth and proveth so had he considered the consequence of it he would have found himself constrained not to part the tenth Chapter and that which followeth from the rest that went afore but to expound all to one and the same effect the oversight whereof is in truth the cause of his whole mistake For whereas the Angel pronounceth three woes to come upon the sounding of the three last Trumpets Apoc. VIII 13. two whereof are repeated after the fifth and sixth IX 12. XI 14. is it not manifest that the effect of the seventh Trumpet is divided into and comprised in seven Vials of the last plagues Apoc. XV. 1 7. as the effect of the seventh Seal was in seven Trumpets otherwise how comes it to passe that where the third woe is proclaimed upon the sounding of the seventh Trumpet Apoc. XI 14. there follows nothing but rejoycing Onely because the joy of the Saints for the advancement of Christianity is joyned with the woe that comes upon the Persecutors And the joy is mentioned here the woe deferr'd till the seven Vials which contain the effect of the seventh Trumpet come Therefore they are called the last plagues Apoc. XV. 1. to wit of those which the Martyrs bloud Apoc. VI. 9 required For the Plagues as they began so they must needs be accomplished after the Persecutions And all this gap between the sixth Trumpet and the seven Vials is made on purpose to reveal more largely the cause of those last Plagues to wit the Persecution which God punishes For what signifies the victory of Michael and his Angels over the Devil and his and the taking of the child up to Gods Throne Apoc. XII 5 7. but Gods decree that Christianity should prevaile Wherefore the flight of the woman into the Wildernesse following in time the fall of Satan into the world which caused it Apoc. XII 6 9. must needs begin as soon as Persecution for Christianity began And the same CXLIV thousand which were sealed afore the Trumpets Apoc VII 3 appear again with the Lamb after sixe of them Apoc. XIV 1. as having escaped the Persecution represented in the thirteenth Chapter as well as the Plagues attending on it and therefore were sealed that they might escape it Therefore the same persons being preserved the same Persecutors must be understood The same it is which S. Paul had Prophecied of 2 Thess II. though it seems there was more revealed to S. John by succession of time For whereas by many passages of S. Pauls Epistles it appears that he had conceived that the end of the world was
been proved to Preach the Gospel to the Colossians I. 7. and therefore an Evangelist to them but no appearance of any Commission to Govern that Church His charge to the Colossians not hindring his imploiment to S. Paul from the Philippians On the contrary the Commissions given Timothy and Titus by the Epistles directed to them are so far from being temporary that he were no sober man that would give them to him whose charge was intended to cease to morrow Hence we have a competent reason why the name of Bishops should be common to Bishops and Presbyters in the New Testament though the thing which is the Power never was Because the Chief Bishops of that time bore another quality of Apostles Evangelists or Apostles of the Apostles by which while they were called it is reasonable to think that other Bishops and Presbyters between whom there was not that distance as between the greatest of them and Apostles or Evangelists should be called by the common name of Bishops An instance you have in the Synagogue For the Bodies of Jews residing in the severall Cities of their dispersions being governed by Colleges or Consistories of Presbyters both the Heads and the Members of those Colleges are called by a common name in the plurall number 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Acts XVIII 8 17 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XIII 15. which in the Gospels seem to be the same with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 absolutely Luc. XIV 1. which notwithstanding we finde expresly in Epiphanius that the Chief of them was called also Archisynagogus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 his inferiours Presbyters the Deacons 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Epiphanius his Greek as in the Jews writings 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 So that we are to think that in those times also whereof the Scriptures of the New Testament speak there was one set over the rest though all goe by one name because we know that in the great Consistory whether at Jerusalem or in their dispersions so it was always By this correspondence having shewed afore that the Power of the Consistories is that which the Church succeeds the Synagogue in it is manifest that all the seeming difficulty of this little objection is removed To the argument drawn from the Angels of the seven Churches of Asia I adde onely a reply to the answer that is now brought that Angels stand there for Presbyteries or Colleges of Presbyters For now it appears too grosse to take Angels for Churches in that place because the Scripture saith expresly Apoc. I. 20. that the Churches are there signified by Candlesticks and it appears now an inconvenience to take the Candlestick for the Candle But no lesse inconvenience will be seen in this answer if we consider that it must be proved to signifie so either by some reason of Grammar or of Rhetorick That an Angel is put for a Presbyter or Bishop is a metaphor very reasonable because of the correspondence between them But an Angel cannot stand for Presbyters by reason of Grammar unlesse either the word be a Collective signifying a multitude in the singular number or else the Construction shew that the singular stands for the plurall nor by reason of Rhetorick unlesse some body can shew us how an Angel is like a College None of which reasons is to be seen either in the Text or in the nature of the Subject To the premises I adde now this argument drawn from that observation which I have advanced in the Book of the Apostolicall form of Divine Service p. 71. out of the Apostolicall Constitutions Ignatius Dionysius Arcopagita and the Jews Constitutions that in the Primitive Church the Presbyters were wont to sit by themselves in a half Circle at the East end of the Church with their faces turned to the faces of the People the Deacons standing behinde them as waiting on them but the Bishop on a Throne by himself in the midst of the Presbyters seats For if this form were in use under the Apostles then was the difference of Bishops and Presbyters brought in by Ordinance of the Apostles And that it was in use under the Apostles may appear by the Representation of the Church Triumphant Apoc. IV. V. for he that knows the premises and findes there XXIV Elders equall in number to the XII Heads of the Tribes of Israel and the XII Apostles surrounded with ministring spirits standing about them as the Deacons in the Church stood about the Presbyters the Congregation standing with their faces turned to the Presbyters as the People in the Church at Divine Service how can he doubt that the Throne of God in the midst of the Thrones of the XXIV Presbyters is correspondent to the Bishops Chair in the Church Militant under the Apostles knowing that so soon after the Apostles just so it was seated They that expound this Vision to resemble the Camp of Israel in the Desert Numb II. where about the Ark were IV Standards answerable to the IV Creatures about the Throne then the Tribe of Levi invironing the Sanctuary and the Camp of Israel that do make the IV Creatures as farre distant from the Throne as the Standards of the IV leading Tribes were from the Tabernacle and the Presbyters Seats to compasse the Throne behinde before and on both sides Whereas in the Visions of Esay VI. 1 and Ezekiel I. 1 which all agree that this is borrowed from the IV Creatures stand close to the Throne as attending peculiarly upon Gods immediate commands Besides the IV Creatures are said to stand 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 IV. 6. that is two at the two fore corners and two at the two hind corners of the Throne For otherwise it cannot be understood how they can be said to stand both round about the Throne and in the middle of the Throne which the Test says expresly that is in the distance between the Throne and the Presbyters Seats which words can have no sense if we conceive the IV Creatures to stand where the IV Sandards of the Camp stood Besides the Lamb is said to stand 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 VII 6. which is more expresly said V. 6. to be in the middest of the Throne Creatures and Elders Which words expresly describe that Compasse of a half Circle which the Throne invironed with the IV Creatures and the XXIV Presbyters Seats makes in which Compasse the Lamb is properly described to stand before the Throne Again the multitude that stands before the Throne and the Lamb VII 19. are manifestly the same that are called the souls under the Altar VI. 10. though commonly they are conceived to lie under the Altar and from thence to cry for vengeance For the Altar there mentioned is not the Altar of burnt Sacrifices but the Altar of Incense before the Vail Which Incense in this Case is the Prayers of the Saints which the Elders offer V. 8. the Angel puts Incese to VIII 3. whereupon follows the vengeance which the souls under the Altar
desired who having white Robes granted them in stead of that present justice which their Prayers sollicited are afterwards described standing with their faces toward the Throne the Lamb and the Elders as the People in the Church at Divine Service towards the Bishop and Presbyters Which particulars too long here to be deduced are easie to be observed by comparing Apoc. V. 8. VI. 9 10 11. VII 12 14. VIII 3 4 5. Adde hereunto the saying of Ignatius that the Bishop in his Church bears the figure of the Father of All to wit in the whole Church Triumphant and unto that the Ordinary expression of the Jews when they use the term of God and his House of Judgement 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is his Court or Consistory to represent the Majesty of God sitting in Counsell or in Judgement upon the World with the Angels about him in the Old Testament but the Saints in the New attended by the Angels Mar. XIX 28. Luc. XXII 30. 1 Cor. VI. 2. Apoc. XX. 4. which expression of theirs is manifestly borrowed from the Scriptures of the old Testament every where representing the Majesty of God in this posture Ps LXXXIX 8. Dan. VII 9. Psal CXLIX 1. Deut. XXXII 2. and you have not onely a Commentary upon this whole passage but also a Confirfirmation of all that hath been or shall be said that the Bishop and Presbyters are the same in the Church as the Sanedrin and the Head of them in the Synagogue All this is yet more fortified by the testimony of Tertullian De Praescript cap. XXXVI that the very Chairs in which the Apostles sate in their Churches were extant in his time as saith he were also the very Originals of their Epistles in the Churches to whom they were sent and as the Chair of S. James at Jerusalem was extant in Eusebius his time Eccles Hist VII 19. Adde further The uppermost Seats in Synagogues which the Scribes and Pharisees desired Luc. XI 43. adde the Apostle 1 Cor. XIV 25 30. distinguishing between the Seats of private persons and Prophets which the supposed S. Ambrose expounds by the Custome of sitting in the Synagogue as I have shewed in the same place adde The Chair of Moses on which the Scribes and Pharisees sate in succession to him who taught the people in that posture with the Priests sitting about him as Philo expoundeth the Text Num. XV. 33. Mat. XXIII 2. and I suppose we have not only evidenced to common sense the Superiority of the Bishop above the Presbyters by his Place in the Church but also the distinction of the Clergy from the People by the same Which Point that I may deduce with that care which the consequence of it requires it will be worth the inquiry first by what title of Right the Celebration and Consecration of the Eucharist belongs only to Presbyters which as it seems to be agreed upon on all sides so let the Reason also once be agreed upon why it belongs only to them and thereby it will appear that it is convertible with the Power of the Keys that is that the Power of the Keys also belongs only to Presbyters whereas the Offices of Preaching and baptizing are communicable to their inferiours and that it belongs also to all Presbyters and so by consequence that there is no such thing as Lay Elders The Presbyterians stiling their Pastors Ministers of the Word and Sacraments in opposition to their Lay Elders seem to ground this Right upon the Commission of our Lord to his Apostles Goe preach and make Disoiples all nations Baptizing them as if this were the Office wherein Presbyters succeed the Apostles though of the Eucharist there is here never a word But if they consider what it is to Preach the Gospel to Unbeleevers or rather what it was before the Gospel was received any where it will easily appear that unlesse they be mad men that go about it it is necessary that they be indowed with abilities to make it appear even to the enemies of the Gospel that they are sent by God to Preach it Therefore no man succeeds the Apostles in the Office of Preaching the Gospel to the Nations And therefore if they will take notice they shall easily observe that the Title of Minister of the Gospel Minister of the Word of the New Testament Minister of the Church and others equivalent are never given to any but the Apostles in the Scriptures unlesse it be to their Scholars and Substitutes the Evangelists because they were to the Apostles as the Apostles to Christ and Christ to God that is they were Ministers of the Apostles assumed by them to the work which Christ had trusted them in Person with of Preaching the Gospel and planting Christianity And therefore when need was were able to make their Commission appear by the works they did though in an inferiour degree because they proceeded upon that stock of reputation which the Apostles had won the Gospel by their Preaching and Miracles Such titles you shall finde attributed to the Apostles and their Followers and Substitutes 1 Cor. III. 5. 2 Cor. III. VI. 4. XI 23. Col. I. 23 25. Eph. III. 7. VI. 21. 1 Thess III. 2. Col. IV. 7. I. 7. Acts I. 17. VI. 4. XX. 24. XXI 19. but no where to Presbyters For the name of Presbyters as also of Bishops is Relative to the People of those Churches whereof they are Bishops and Presbyters signifying them to be the best qualified of all the Body of those Churches chosen and constitute to conduct the rest in Christianity And therefore the Apostles also are Presbyters as S. Peter and S. John style themselves 1 Pet. V. 1. 2 John 1. 3 John 1. because the greater includes the lesse and because they had power in all Churches as Presbyters in one But Presbyters are never called Apostles because the greater is not included in the lesse and because Presbyters never had Commission to preach the Word or the Gospel in the sense whereof I speak here that is to publish the Gospel to Unbeleevers And whereas there is the same difference between 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 on the one part and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 on the other as there is between Publishing the Gospel to Vnbeleevers and instructing Christian Assemblies in it we never finde the former attributed to any Presbyter in the Scriptures but we finde both attributed to the Apostles because their Commission was to Publish the Gospel to all Nations and to make them Disciples by Baptizing them and being such to Teach them further to observe all that our Lord commandeth Mat. XXVIII 19 20. Mar. XVI 15. Thus the Apostles Acts V. 42. ceased not to Teach and Preach Jesus Christ in Houses and in the Temple To Teach the Church in those Houses where the Christians assembled to serve God as Christians and to Preach to the Jews in the Temple whither they resorted for that Service Acts II. 42 46.