Selected quad for the lemma: rest_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
rest_n	leader_n	rank_n	right_n	3,385	5	9.1383	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A31706	The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.; De bello civili. English	Caesar, Julius.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Observations upon Caesars commentaries of the civil warres.; Hirtius, Aulus. De bello Gallico. Liber 8. English.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Manner of our modern training or tactick practise.; Caesar, Julius. De bello Gallico. English.	1655 (1655)	Wing C199; ESTC R17666	660,153	403

of his successfull designs having been founded thereupon there being great advantage in the attempting them for that he which ass●ileth hath more courage then he which is assailed and alwayes believeth the assailant to be the stronger not knowing what part he will assail and ever jealous that he hath some secret intelligence Briefly all that a well-exercised and well-disciplined army is able to do in such a case is to defend it self but where are new-levied souldiers fall out great disorders which was the reason he took so much care to fortify his camp very strongly to the end he might defend it and all his baggage with a few men and might without danger execute many brave designes being alwayes assured of his retreat Let us farther take view of the siege of Uxellodunum which Caesar judging to be impregnable by ●orce and knowing it to be well provided of corn undertaketh by a great dangerous labour to keep them from water which was from a fountain without the town from whence they were only supplied which the besieged perceiving having set fire on Caesar's works by a sally they hindred him from quenching it Caesar not being able to repulse them by reason of the advantage of the place resolveth to make an assault upon the town which apprehension caused them to retreat THE MANNER OF OUR MODERN TRAINING Or TACTICK PRACTISE By CLEMENT EDMONDS Remembrancer of the City of LONDON FOrasmuch as my purpose was to make this task of Observations as a parallel to our modern Discipline I did not think it fit to mingle the Tactick Practise of these times with the use of foregoing ages but rather to shut up these Discourses therewith as the second line of this warlike parallel which is thus drawn in the best fashion of modern Art In the knowledge of marshalling an Army there is nothing more especially to be regarded then that from a confused company of men having chosen the fittest for the wars we should so place and digest a convenient number of them that in marches in incamping in battels we may be able with a few well ordered to incounter a farre greater army in confusion and to overthrow them From hence Aeneas did define the Art of war to be the knowledge of warlike motions Before this unexpert army shall be able to be moved in such fashion it shall not be amisse to acquaint it with the most usuall terms wherewith they shall be often commanded into diverse postures as occasion shall be offered For as in the art of Fencing no man shall be able to turn and wind his body for his best advantage to offend his enemy or defend himself unlesse first his master shall instruct him in the severall parts and postures thereof so every souldier or the whole troup as one body or one souldier shall never be readily instructed to transform or turn it self by divers motions into different forms unlesse they first understand what is meant by Fronts and Flanks by Files and Ranks what by Leaders and Followers by Middlemen and Bringers up By this means each souldier understanding what the terme doth signifie shall readily both apprehend and execute such commandments as the Captain or Officer shall direct him A File is a certain number of men following singly one Leader unto the depth of 8 or 10 as they shall be commanded The ancients have called this File Seriem ordinationem or decuriam It consisteth of Leaders and Followers placed according to their worth and valour and especially there ought to be regarded the Leader or Decurio the fifth sixth or Middlemen and the tenth and last called the Bringer up or Tergiductor First therefore every souldier being aptly fitted unto his severall armes according to his worth age and stature they are to be disposed into severall files wherein every one is especially to acknowledge his leader or foremost man to be the authour of all his motions therefore duely attending what directions shall be commanded each follower shall according to the motions of his leader or foremost man order his own and is to be excused if he attend the motions of his leader before he move himself When many files are thus disposed together all the leaders making one and the same front and their followers observing likewise one and the same proportion of distance before and after and on each side these Files thus joyned make one Battallion the front whereof is called a Rank and so likewise the second and third in depth according to the number of men in each file The first second and third and so forward in each file are called Sidemen in respect of the same numbers in the next file Neither must every souldier onely regard the motions of his Leader but he must also diligently respect his sidemen and such as shall be placed on his right and left hand called his ranks so that both in files and ranks he may alwaies be found in the same distance wherein he is commanded It should be impertinent to the purpose to prescribe a certain number of souldiers unto these Battallions onely thus much for the proportion that it ought never to exceed so much but that it may easily upon any occasion be changed into such a form or fashion to fight as may be thought fittest for the present The length of this Battallion is diversly tearmed amongst the Latines as Frons Fac●●s Adstructio Jugum c. but in our modern practise most familiarly the Front or Rank The breadth of the Battallion which is from the leader to the bringer-up with the distance between all the followers is said to be the length or depth of one file or flank In the disposing of souldiers into files and ranks besides their observing a right line in their places and standing we must likewise especially respect the different worth and quality of the souldiers that every one according to his worth may be suted unto his proper place and accordingly receive advancement as the death of his Leaders and true value of his desert by his Commander shall give occasion First therefore there must be especiall choice made of the leaders of each file or first front or ranks of the Battallion of the most expert ablest and best-armed men because that as from them the rest are to receive directions of their after-motions so in them the greatest hope of the day doth consist Next unto the first it must be provided that the bringers up or last rank called Tergiductores be little inferiour well experienced wise and valiant that they may both know when to reprehend their former Ranks and urge them forward if they see them declining or yielding upon false occasions as also to be able upon any sudden alarm given in the rere to turn faces about and make themselves a Front for the best resistance Neither must it be neglected concerning the second and ninth ranks that they also

may be furnished with the next most sufficient men both because of their nearnesse unto danger as also that if their leaders or bringers up shall either be slain or disabled by wounds they may presently succeed in their places and make them good There is also a good decorum to be observed in the middlemen or fifth and sixth ranks both for the men themselves and their armes that in our marches when the middlemen or sixth ranks shall be called up to front with their leaders they may in some sort and proportion answer their places as also when we double our front by calling up middlemen to fight in a greater breadth they may not be unsutable but especially in marches that they may be able to make the best resistance when they shall become the flanks of the Battallions As these respects ought to be observed in ranks so the files also are not without their different degrees of dignity As the leader of the right-hand file is accounted to have the first place of honour in the Battallion for he doth not onely lead the rest in his own file but he is the author and beginner of the motions of the whole Battallion The leader of the left-hand file hath the next place because that he with the leader of the right-hand file do alwaies in their marching and imbattelling rectifie or rank the whole front of the battallion and so consequently all the next of their files as they stand in order even untill the middle who are accounted the last in dignity The Battallion being thus disposed into files and ranks and each file and rank according to his worth and experience rightly advanced it followeth that there should be a just distance proportioned between either that at all times upon all occasions they might be found ready and in comeliest fashion either to offend their enemy or defend themselves These distances which every follower must observe in respect of his leader and every leader and follower in respect of the sidemen may be reduced unto three severall Orders as followeth The first is called open Order the distance whereof is twelve foot between every follower and his leader or between every rank and six foot between them and the sidemen or between every file This order is commonly used upon marches when the enemy is known to be farre off as also in private exercising of souldiers for their severall managing of their armes It differeth somewhat from the Ordinatus Miles amongst the Romans who alwayes observed but four cubits in files and ranks The second distance is called Order when we contract the battallion both in length and breadth and gather the souldiers within a nearer scantling both in files and ranks that is by observing six feet in their files between the follower and leader and three feet between the ranks or sidemen This distance is used when we march toward an enemy near at hand or in marches by reason of the opportunity of the place suspiciously dangerous This is also near unto Densatus ordo but onely that that was but two cubits in both files and ranks The third and last order is when either we attend the enemy his present assault or that we intend to charge him upon our securest and best distance when every follower standeth three feet or his rapier length behind his leader and a foot and a half from the sidemen or files or when every souldier occupieth but one foot and a half for his own station joyning pouldron to pouldron or target to target This differeth from Constipatus ordo because that alloweth but one cubit for files and ranks and this close order alloweth one cubit in the file but two in the ranks This distance doth agree also best with the length of our piles of 15 or 16 feet long For it is thought fit oftentimes that the battallion consisting of ten ranks there should not charge more at one time then the 5 formost so that the pikes of the fifth rank might be three foot over the formost shoulder and the other five ranks should in this close order or nearer if it be possible follow the other charging with their pikes advanced untill some occasion should require their charge In the mean time they should perform their dutie in keeping the five formost ranks from retiring and besides adde strength unto the charge or shock The manner of exercising of composed Battallions with their different motions THe files and ranks being thus understood disposed and ordered and all parts and members of the battallion being joyned in their just proportion and distance able and fit to be altered upon any sodain occasion as if it were but one entire body into severall and divers postures and to make resistance unto what forces soever shall oppugne the same it might be thought needlesse to have made the disposition of the members so exact unlesse by continuall practise and exercise they might be made nimble and ready not onely to defend themselves and their whole body on all sides but also to be able to offend whensoever they shall espie the least occasion of advantage The terms of direction or command which are commonly used in this modern discipline of martiall exercise as they are not many onely answering to the different postures which are required in the Battallion so they are and must be short and perspicuously plain that by this means being sodainly uttered easily apprehended and understood they may as speedily be put in execution by those which shall be commanded First therefore that the Battallion may be commanded into some one fashion or posture from whence it shall be fit to convert it self into all other the Captain or Officer shall bid them stand in front When every particular souldier composing himself after his foremost leader standeth comely in file and rank fronting unto some certain place or to the Captain as shall be thought best for the present In this and all other directions whatsoever it shall be especially observed that every follower attending what is commanded mark his next leader and accordingly move himself as he shall see him move first The Battallion therefore thus fronting if the enemy should suddenly either assault the right or left flank it shall be commanded to turn faces to the right or left hand when every souldier observing his leader shall turn his face and make his flank his front according to the direction There is also a doubled motion or declination to the right or left hand when every souldier observing his leader shall turn their bodies twice to the right or left hand and by that means become turned with their faces where their backs were as if they expected an enemy in the rere or being to perform some other motion that may be offered beginning this alteration from the right or left hand as shall be commanded As every particular souldier in the troup is

thus commanded at sometimes to turn his face to the right or left hand or about the Battallion standing in order that is according to the distance before named so the whole Battallion being reduced into their close order is commanded to turn as one body to the right or left hand It is performed thus Imagine the Battallion stand first in order it shall be commanded that they close their files to the right hand when the right file standing still the rest turning their faces to the right hand march into their close order and return as they were next that they close their ranks from behind when every follower marcheth forward to his leader unto his rapiers point as is said before This done the leader of the right file standing immoveable all the rest as the body of a ship or a great gate turn about that leader as about the hinge or center every one keeping the same distance and order wherein they were first placed as if they were but one entire body When the same Battallion is to be restored into the same station wherein it was first it is commanded Faces about to the left hand and march into your order from whence you were closed Then let your leaders or first ranks stand still and the rest turning faces about march ranks in order as before then turn as you were and you are restored When the whole Battallion being in their close order should turn about and make the Rere the Front it is done by a double turning or declination and commanded to wheel about which is answerable to the former faces about or mutation There is also another wheeling in this sort when the front changeth the aspect thrice for as wheeling about maketh the Front the Rere so this wheeleth from the right hand to the left or contrariwise which fashion is so seldome used that we scarce afford it a name In all such motions and alterations it is most fit that all men perform their directions with their pikes advanced being in that sort most easie to be commanded as also lesse troublesome to their followers and leaders Countermarching Files and Ranks THere is also another means to prevent the enemy his assaulting us in the rere or flank lest he should find our worst men least able to make resistance and this is performed by countermarching both files and ranks three divers wayes apiece The first was used by the Macedonians after this fashion First the leader turneth his face about towards the right or left hand and so the next follower marching behind his leader turneth also and so the third and fourth untill the bringer up have carried himself out into a new place in the rere further from the enemy as he was before next unto him But this neither was nor is accounted safe or secure because it doth somewhat resemble a flying or running away from the enemy which might give him no small incouragement and therefore it is not much in practise Only at some times the bringers up marching throughout beyond the leaders untill they possesse the same space before them which they did behind them all turning their faces about make their leaders to affront the enemy who were before farthest from them The Lacedamonians used the contrary as it were pursuing the enemy the bringer up first being turned face about and so the next marching before him and so the third untill the leader himself became also turned and in the foremost front unto the enemy Which with us is somewhat otherwise but yet both affronting and as it were pursuing the enemy because our leaders first begin this motion and so countermarching through on the right or left hand become in the front in a new space of ground who were before in the rere The third and last was invented by the Persians whom when the place or near approch of the enemy would not suffer to change their ground they were wont to countermarch the front to the right or left hand and being come unto the depth of the bringers up to stand still untill the other half file had likewise marched forth and fallen upon their leaders in every file In all these it is especially commanded to march still in the same distance and by whole ranks to prevent confusion which especially the enemy at hand must needs be most dangerous and therefore carefully to be avoided In like sort the ranks may countermarch when either the right wing would be strengthened by the left or the left by the right alwayes marching by whole files towards the right or left hand according as they shall have the direction either changing the ground or upon the same ground as in the former countermarches There is used also another kind of strengthening both the front and flank when occasion shall be offered viz by doubling either files or ranks And this either by doubling the number of souldiers in the same files or ranks keeping still the same breadth and depth of ground or else by doubling the ground keeping the same number of souldiers The files are doubled when the second file shall insert it self into the first the leader thereof putting himself a follower unto the leader of the first and the next follower follower to the next in the first file and so forwards And likewise the fourth file inserting it self into the third and the sixth into the fifth And this is to be performed when the Battallion standeth in his order To double the place or depth is when the same number of men shall put themselves out of their order into their open order either by advancing forward or by falling backwards as they shall be commanded The ranks are doubled two manner of wayes either by inserting the second into the first to the right or left hand as before in the files or else the enemy being at hand by joyning whole troups together to the right or left wing according as occasion shall be offered and this is held to be the safest when the enemy is near to avoid confusion It is performed either in the same ground or by doubling the ground when either we desire to exceed the front of our enemy his battallion or to prevent lest we our selves be included The terms to both are Double your files or ranks to the right or left hand and when you would have them return again into their proper places it is commanded As you were The ordinary directions which are especially given in these martial exercises are first that no man in the time of exercising or marshalling shall be lowder then his Officer but every one attending to his place when he is commanded shall diligently hearken to such directions as shall be given The Captain in the front shall speak and the Sergeants in each flank shall give the word unto the Lieutenant or Ensigne

and not by dispute Touching the second point we are to consider the danger which may happen to a State by common and ordinary discourse of the Principles of that Government or of such circumstances as are incident to the same without respect of time or place or any other due regard which the wisedome of a well-ordered policy doth hold requisite thereunto for whatsoever is delivered by speech without such helpfull attendance is both unseasonable and unprofitable and the Common-weal is alwaies a sufferer when it falleth into such rash considerations for our most serious cogitations assisted with the best circumstances can but speak to purpose And as the execution falleth short of the purport intended by discourse so is our speech and discourse lame and wanting to our inward conceit And therefore as religious actions stand in need of hoc age so may politick consultations use the help of the same remembrancer CHAP. X. The manner and life of the Germans THe Germans do much differ from the Galles in their course of life for they have neither Priests nor sacrifices They worship no gods but such as are subject to sense and from whom they dayly receive profits and help as the Sun the Fire and the Moon for the rest they have not so much as heard of Their life is onely spent in hunting or in use and practise of war They inure themselves to labour and hardness even from their childhood and such as continue longest beardless are most commended amongst them for this some think to be very available to their stature others to their strength and sinews They hold it a most dishonest part for one to touch a woman before he be twenty years of age neither can any such matter be hid or dissembled forasmuch as they bathe themselves together in rivers and use skins and other small coverings on the reins of their backs the rest of their body being all naked They use no tillage the greatest part of their food is milk or cheese or flesh neither hath any man any certain quantity of land to his own use but their Magistrates and Princes do every year allot a certain portion of land to kindreds and tribes that inhabite together as much and in such places as they think fit and the next year appoint them in a new place Hereof they give many reasons lest they should be led away by continuall custome from the practise of war to the use of husbandry or lest they should endeavour to get themselves great possessions and so the weaker should be thrust out and dispossest of their livings by the mighty or lest they should build too delicately for the avoiding of cold or heat or lest they should wax covetous and thirst after money which is the beginning of all factions and dissensions and lastly that they might keep the Commons in good contentment considering the parity between their revenues and the possessions of the great ones It is the greatest honour to their States to have their confines lie waste and desolate far and near about them for that they take to be an argument of valour when their borderers are driven to forsake their countrey and dare not abide near them and withall they think themselves by that means much safer from any sodain incursion When a State maketh war either by way of attempt or defence they chuse Magistrates to command that war having power of life and death but in time of peace they have no common Magistrate but the chiefest men in the countrey and the villages do interpret the Law and determine of Controversies Theft committed out of the confines of their State is not infamous or dishonest but commended as an exercise of the youth and a keeping them from sloth When any one of their Princes and chief men shall in an assembly or councel publish himself for a leader upon some exploit and desire to know who will follow him upon the same they that have a good opinion of the man and the matter and do promise him their help and assistance are commended by the multitude the rest that refuse to accompany him are held in the number of traitors and never have any credit afterwards They hold it not lawfull to hurt a stranger that shall come unto them upon any occasion but do protect him from injuries to such every mans house is open and his table common The time was when the Galles excelled the Germans in prowess and valour and made war upon them of their own accord and by reason of the multitude of their people and want of ground for habitation they sent many colonies over the Rhene into Germany And so those fertile places of Germ which are near unto the wood Hercynia which Eratosthenes and other Grecians took notice of by the name of Orcinia were possessed by the Volcae Tectosages who dwelt there at this time and keep their ancient opinion of justice and warl●ke praise Now the Germans still continue in the same poverty want and patience as in former time do use the same diet and apparell for their bodies but the neighbourhood and knowledge of other nations hath made the Galles live in a more plentifull manner who by litle and litle have been weakned and overthrown in divers battels so that now they stand not in comparison with the Germans The breadth of the wood Hercynia is nine dayes journey over for they have no other differences of space but by means of days iourneys It beginneth at the confines of the Helvetii Nemetes and Rauraci and runs along the river Danubius to the territories of the Daci thence it declineth to the left side from the said river and by reason of the large extension thereof it bordereth the confines of many other countries Neither is there any German that can say that either he durst adventure or did go to or had heard of the beginning of the same although he had travelled therein threescore dayes journey In this wood are many sorts of wild beasts which are not to be seen in any other place amongst the rest the most unusuall and remarkable are An Oxe like unto a Hart that in the middest of his forehead between his ears carieth a horn longer and straighter then usuall divided at the end into many large branches the female is in all respects like unto the male and beareth a horn of the same magnitude and fashion There is likewise another sort of beasts called Alces not unlike unto a Goat but somewhat bigger and without horns their legs are without joynts that when they take their rest they neither sit nor lie upon the ground and if they chance to fall they cannot rise again When they take their rest in the night they lean against trees The Hunters having found out their footsteps and their haunt do either undermine the roots of such trees or so cut them asunder that a small matter will overthrow them so that when they come according unto their use to rest

a knowl exceedingly fortified and hard to be come unto on all sides which if our men could get they were in hope to hinder the enemy both of a great part of their water and also from free forraging but the place was kept with a strong garrison Notwithstanding Caesar went out of his camp in the silence of the night and before any help could come out of the town he put by the garrison possessed himself of the place left two legions there to defend it and drew a double trench of twelve foot in breadth from the greater camp to the lesse that single men might go safe to and fro from any sudden incursion of the enemy OBSERVATIONS FIrst we may observe his manner of passing over the river Elaver without any impediment from the enemy notwithstanding the care which Vercingetorix had to hinder his passage which was plotted with as great dexterity as could be devised in such a matter and to shaddow his purpose the better that the number of legions marching up the river might appear to be the same he took the fourth part of every cohort which in the whole amounted to two legions For as I have already delivered in my former Observations a legion consisted of ten cohorts and every cohort contained three maniples and every maniple had two companies which they called orders so that every cohort having six companies the fourth part of a cohort was a company and a half and in a legion came to fifteen companies and in eight legions to one hundred and twenty companies which being reduced make threescore maniples which were equall to two legions and proveth that which I have already noted the fit and convenient disposition of their troups to take out at all times competent forces for any service without seeming to lessen any part Secondly I observe the phrase which he useth in this place Quintis castris Gergoviam pervenit he came to Gergovia at five incampings which implyeth their infallible custome of encamping every night within a ditch and a rampier for as we usually say that to such a place is so many dayes journey because an ordinarie traveller maketh so many journeys before he come thither so the Romans reckoned their journeys with their army by their incampings which were as duly kept as their journeys and were the most signall part of their dayes journey CHAP. XVIII Convictolitanis moveth the Hedui to a revolt WH●lst these things were a doing at Gergovia Convictolitanis the Heduan to whom the magistracy was ad●udged by Caesar being wrought upon by the Arverni with mony brake the matter to certain young men amongst whom Litavicus was chief and his brethren being youths of a great house with them he treated at first and wished them to remember that they were not only born free-men but also to empire and government The Hedui were the only State which kept Gallia from a most assured victorie for by their authority and example the rest would be concluded which being fet over there would be no place in Gallia for the Romans to abide in Touching himself he had received a good turn from Caesar but in such sort as he had but his right but he owed more to the common liberty For why should the Hedui rather dispute of their customes and laws before Caesar then the Romans come before the Hedui These young men were quickly perswaded as well by the speech of the Magistrate as by rewards insomuch as they offered themselves to be the authours of that Counsell But now the means was to be thought on forasmuch as they were perswaded that the State would not easily be drawn to undertake that war They determined at last that Litavicus should have the leading of those ten thousand men that were to be sent to Caesar and that his brethren should be sent before to Caesar and concluded likewise in what sort they would have other things carr●ed Litavicus having received the army when he was about thirty miles from Gergovia calling the souldiers suddenly together and weeping Whither do we go saith he fellow souldiers all our horsemen and our Nobility are slain the Princes of our State Eporedorix and Viridomarus being falsly accused of treason are put to death by the Romans without calling them to their answer Understand these things from them that are escaped from the slaughter for I my self my brethren and kinsmen being slain am hindred with grief from telling you what hath happened Presently those were brought forth whom he had taught beforehand what he would have said who verified to the multitude those things which Litavicus had spoken that all the horsemen of the Hedui were slain forasmuch as they were said to have had speech with the Arverni for themselves they were hid amongst the multitude of souldiers and were escaped out of the midst of the slaughter The Hedui cry out all together and do beseech Litavicus to look to himself and to them also As though saith he the matter needeth any advice or counsell and that it were not necessary for us to go directly to Gergovia and to joyn our selves with the Arverni For do we doubt but that the Romans having begun so wickedly will run presently upon us to take away our lives And therefore if there be any courage at all in us let us persecute their death that have perished so undeservedly and let us kill these thieves He shewed them divers Roman citizens that were in the troups for safety of convoy and forthwith he seized upon a great quantity of corn and other provisions and tortured them cruelly to death He sent out messengers throughout all the State of the Hedui continuing the same false suggestion touching the slaughter of the horsemen and the Princes perswading them to revenge their injuries in like manner as he had done THE FIRST OBSERVATION THis treacherous practise of Convictolitanis who a little before as we may remember had received so great a benefit from Caesar proveth true the saying of Cornel. Tacitus That men are readier to revenge an injury then to requite a good turn forasmuch as Gratia oneri ultio in quaestu habetur A good turn is as a burthen and a debt to a man whereas revenge is reckoned a gain The debt of loyalty and good affection wherein Convictolitanis stood engaged to Caesar for confirming that right unto him which civile dissension had made doubtfull together with the respect of the generall cause made him so willing to revolt from the Romans and in lieu of thankfull acknowledgement to requite him with hostility A part so odious and detestable that vertue grieveth to think that a man should be capable of any such wickedness or be stained with the infamy of so horrible a crime Other vices are faults in speciall and are branded with the severall marks of ignominy but ingratitude is equall to the body of evill and doth countervail the whole nature of hatefull affections according to that of the