out in the Persian and Greek language that the King was hard by with an huge Army ready and prepared for fight This news made a great confusion all thinking they should be charged in that disorder Cyrus leaping from his Chariot put on his Curace and mounting on horsback took his Darts in his hand and commanded the rest to Arm and every man to take his place Clearchus stood in the point of the right Wing by the River Euphrates Menon and his Regiment held the point of the left and Cyrus himself the midst with 600 hors-men Armed with great Curaces and Tases and all of them with Casks except he alone who stood waiting the fight with his head unarmed according to the custom of Persia The King had with him 90 Myriads or 900000 and 150 Chariots having on both sides sythes prominent and bearing straight forth from the Axle-trees and some from the former seat of the Chariot with their points turned toward the ground that they might cut in pieces whatsoever they met and struck upon His purpose was to send them with high speed against the Ranks of the Graecians to break and rent them asunder 38. The Kings Army came on an equal and slow pace in great silence quietnesse and order which amased and discouraged Cyrus and the Graecians Artaxerxes and Cyrus joyn battel little expecting any such thing Cyrus now galloping up to the right Wing cried out to Clearchus to lead the Graecians against the middest of the Enemies battel because the King was there saying that if he were overcome there would be no more for them to do Clearchus seeing the middest of the battel and hearing from him that the King by reason of his multitudes which stretched out the body was far without the point of the left Wing of the Graecian Phalang would not for all that draw away the right Wing from the River fearing to be confronted and incompassed on both sides but answered he would have a care that all things should go well The word was betrayed before they joyned so that they were forced to change it to Jupiter the saviour and victory after the giving of which the Graecians singing the Paean and running on with a shout the Barbarians before they came within an Arrows shot turned their horses and fled the other following the Chace with all speed and crying to one another not to haste too much but to follow in good order The Chariots void of Guides were carried some upon the Enemies themselves some upon the Graecians who upon a forecast opened and let them passe through onely some were overthrown by fear who notwithstanding were reported to have had no harm nor yet any other Graecian in this whole fight one onely excepted who was strucken with an Arrow in the left side Cyrus worshipped as King 39. Cyrus beholding this sight much rejoyced and was now worshipped as King by those about him notwithstanding he followed not the Chase but keeping by him his 600 horse observed what the King would do who being in the midst of his Phalang without the point of Cyrus his left Wing and seeing no man to fight against him on the contrary part wound and turned his battel to the left hand to overwing and encompasse in his Enemies Cyrus perceiving it and fearing lest coming on the backs of the Graecians he should cut them in pieces galloped forth and met him in front and charging with his 600. overcame and put to flight the 6000 that were ordered before him and with his own hands as was reported slew Artagerses one of his Generals His 600 pursuing hotly were dispersed except a few that were left with him for the most part such as usually sat at his Table with which being accompanied he espied the King and the Troup about him and after he had said I see the man flew out directly against him struck him on the breast and wounded him through the Curace as Ctesias of Gnidus the Kings Physician related who reported also that he cured the Wound Whilest Cyrus thus fought one with a Dart hit him a sore blow under the eye 40. The King and Cyrus with their followers in defence of either of them thus coping together Cyrus was slain by the King as his flatterers said Xenoph. ut suprà Plutarch in Artaxerxe as others by a Carian though Ctesias writeth his death to have hapned after the King had withdrawn himself to an Hill being first wounded besides the eye and then dispatched by a thrust into his left Leg by a Caunian of a base condition who with other of his Companions had thrust himself it being now dark Cyrus slain in amongst his followers Here he died in the battel of Cunaxa a place distant from Babylon 500 furlongs or 60 odd miles a man in the opinion of such as had acquaintance with him of a most Kingly disposition and most worthy a Crown of all the Persians that succeeded Cyrus the Great Clearchus before the fight advised him to keep himself behind the Army and not to venture into danger to whom he replied as one who wished him to carry himself unworthy a Kingdom whilest he fought for one In the opinion of Plutarch not so much his rashnesse though inexcusable as the lazinesse not to say cowardise of Clearchus is to be condemned who having marched so many miles for no other purpose than to place him in the Throne not so much endeavoured his safety and Conquest as his own ease and secuâ—ity The event of the fight shewed that none of those about the King would have endured the least brunt from the Graecians and that after they had been put to flight and he with them or else killed in the place the victory and Kingdom must have remained to Cyrus But this advantage was lost by Clearchus who so placed his men that Artaxerxes could not have desired a more convenient order on his part they being at greatest distance from him and his Army insomuch that he neither perceived himself overcome by them A.M. 3607. V.C. 353. Xenoph. Plutarch ut priùs in Pericle and Cyrus was sooner slain than they could reap any fruit of their victory This battel was fought about the beginning of the fourth year of the 95 Olympiad Epaenetus or Xenaenaetus being Archon at Athens in the third ending or fourth beginning of Artaxerxes 41. Artaxerxes commanded the head and right hand of Cyrus to be cut off and following the Chace chanced upon his Camp which they plundred and took thence his Phocaean Concubine called the wise and beautifull whose name in her own Countrey was Mitto but by Cyrus called Aspasia whom the King most loved and kept amongst his 360 Concubines Now were he and the Graecians near four miles asunder these last giving Chace to such Enemies as stood before them as if they had been Conquerours of the whole Army the other rifling the Camp of the Graecians as if his Army had gained
bestowed on them what his father had been unjustly scraping together for eighteen years Then falling like a savage beast into cruel courses he cut off all Geta's friends and acquaintance all the Senators of any considerable rank or wealth the Lieutenants and Governours of Provinces with the Vestal Nuns and set the Soldiers to kill the people beholding the Circensian Games After this going into Germany to please his Army he lived an hard and labouring life and thence passing into Thrace Olymp. 247. an 4. V.C. 965. A. D. 212. Bassiani 2. he there imitated Alexander the Great whom he ever much affected to talk of and pretended to emulate He went thence to Ilium were he counterfeited Achilles and so to Alexandria where he made the Inhabitants dearly repent of their rashnesse and folly 11. Being naturally given to much tatling they had formerly railed against him for his cruelty towards his brother and despised him for that being a man of so contemptible stature he compared himself to their Alexander Resolving then to be revenged on them he first entertained them very plausibly but afterwards drawing forth all the youth by a wile he compassed them in with his Army and killed them all After this desirous to become famous by some great exploit he sent to the Parthian for his Daughter and pretended that he himself would come and mary her whereby that King being perswaded to meet him with a great number of people he fell upon them and made a great slaughter for that they thought it needlesse to come armed to a wedding and Artabanus himself with difficulty escaped Getting here much booty and as he thought much glory he returned into Mesopotamia where he received punishment from above for his manifold cruelty There was one Opilius Macrinus an African born and one of his Captains whom he unworthily used This Macrinus receiving a letter from Maternianus directed to the Emperour who had commanded him to call together the Magicians and consult them about his end and whether any lay in wait for the Empire wherein Antoninus was advised to cut him off as aiming at the Soveraignty when he had ventured to open it perceiving that either he or his Master must dye and therefore procured one Martialis to kill him This man being inraged against the Emperour for that he had condemned his brother without sufficient hearing slew him as he was making water on the sixth of the Ides of April after he had reigned six years and two moneths in the first year of the 249 Olympiad A. V. C. 970. A. D. 217 Brutius Praesens and Extricatus being Consuls Amongst many others Caracallus put to death Papinianus the great Lawyer as it s said because he would not defend his paricide 12. In the first year of Severus that we may continue our method concerning Ecclesiastical matters died Victor Bishop of Rome Bishops on the fifth of the Calends of August and Zephirinus succeeded the fifteenth Bishop of that Sea according to Damasus In the last of Antoninus Bassianus Zepherinus died on the seventh before the Calends of September The Sea was vacant five dayes Then succeeded Callistus who therefore was elected the day before the Calends of September on the first feria After Dios Bishop of Jerusalem whom the Bishops of the neighbouring Churches had ordained after the departure of Narcissus Germanion succeeded Euseb Eccles Hist l. 6. c. 10. and after him Gordius in whose time Narcissus shewed himself again as if he had been risen from the dead and was intreated by the brethren to enjoy his Bishoprick being much marvelled at for his departure for his Philosophical course of life and especially for the vengance and plagues of God poured upon his accusers And because for his great age he was not able to supply the place Alexander Bishop of Cappadocia was joyned with him and governed alone after his death In the Church of Antioch Asclepiades was Bishop after Serapion about the first year of Caracalla and was succeeded by Philetus about the last of that Prince's reign 13. Upon Zepherinus Bishop of Rome falleth very foul Tertullian a Presbyter or Priest of Carthage in Africk for that he was more severe against such as through fear had sacrifized to Idols than against Whoremongers and Adulterers wherein not without cause truly saith Cappellus but yet without measure he blameth Zepherinus and the whole Roman Clergy the manners of whom were even now very corrupt if we may believe Tertullian But really not so much out of hatred to their vices as out of prejudice to the truth he calleth the Roman Clergy Psychicus Tertullian as well in his book de pudicitia as in that de monogamia which he thus beginneth Haeretici nuptias auferunt Psychici ingerunt He pretendeth therein onely to condemn second mariages but indeed most of his arguments respect both first and second although he himself had maried a wife and retained her in his Presbytery But mariage which he had learnt of the Orthodox to approve he learnt of Montanus to despise to whom he would have more revealed than to the Apostles because they as yet or for certain the Church could not bear the yoak of fastings and caelibate which Montanus brought in and he as a Montanist would inculcate This humour at length so possessed him that neither content with the title of Christian nor that of Presbyter he put on the Philosophick Pallium as a token of a more austere life wherein he would be eminent not onely amongst Christians but also Montanists The Africans either being amazed or laughing at this novelty he wrote an elegant but most obscure Book de pallio which before being miserably lacerated hath been of late dayes restored by the most learned Salmasius He wrote his Book de praescriptionibus about the eighth year of Commodus as Cappellus gathereth because in the end thereof making a Catalogue of Hereticks he mentioneth Theodotus who was censured by Victor Bishop of Rome for holding Christ to have been a meet man but not Artemon the Heretick who appeared shortly after 14. His book de corona militis acquainteth us with the occasion of the persecution of the Christians in the reign of Severus The Emperour ere he marched into the East in that Expedition wherein he overthrew the Parthians made his elder son his partner in the Tribunitial power and by his liberality pleased the People formerly inraged by the many punishments he inflicted By occasion of this liberality as it seemeth a Christian Soldier holding a certain garland or crown in his hand as if it were wickednesse for him to set it on his head as the rest did was asked why he did so and answered that he was a Christian This was the occasion of the Emperours rage About the fifteenth of Severus he wrote against the Mancionites whom he so impugneth as yet underhand he inculcareth his Montâ—nism For saith he Amongst us spiritual reason derived from the Comforter perswadeth in the Faith
or say some went her self to the City desiring they would call together some friends for that a matter of great importance had befallen her With Lucretius came Publius Valerius and with Collatinus Junius Brutus who finding her in her chamber in a sad and afflicted condition Lucretia killeth her self she told them the whole matter refused to admit any comfort and intreating them to revenge her cause upon the Author of her sorrow stabbed her self to the heart before them with a knife she had kept close about her for that purpose Junius Brutus 46. Lucius Junitus Sirnamed Brutus was the son of Marcus Junius who being descended from one of the Companions of Aeneas and for his Virtue very eminent amongst the Romans married Tarquinia the daughter of Tarquinius Priscus of which he begat this Lucius This Lucius was nobly educated instructed in all disciplines of the City and of a pregnant wit But after that Tarquin had privily murdered his Father not for any offence but to possesse his great estate as he did several others and with him his eldest brother who seemed to bear such a mind as would revenge the injury he being young and destitute of any assistance from his kindred counterfeited himself a fool which he acted all along and thence had the Sirname of Brutus this being the sole remedy against the cruelty of the Tyrant who thinking his folly not feigned but real despised the man and having spoiled him of his Patrimony kept him as an Idiot in his house and suffered him to converse with his children not out of respect as a kinsman but to make them sport by his ridiculous words and actions as true Idiots are wont to do On a time a great Pestilence having seized on the City he sent him to Delphos with his two sons Sextus and Titus to consult the Oracle They were glad they had him to make them merry laughed at him for offering to Apollo a wooden staff wherein yet he had secretly put some gold having made it hollow for that purpose Having privately enquired which of them should be Prince of Rome it was answered he who first of all should kisse his Mother which the young men misunderstanding agreed betwixt themselves that at their return they would do it and so reign joyntly together but Brutus as soon as they arrived in Italy knowing the meaning of the Oracle fell and kissed the Earth which is mother of all When under the Vizard of a Fool he waited for an opportunity to revenge himself and family upon Tarquin this disaster of Lucretia at length presented it self 47. Being sent for beforehand or coming in with Collatinus his kinsman after the death of Lucretia as Dionysius writeth while her husband and friends were lamenting over the dead body he told them it was not time now to weep but to study how to revenge the injury He acquainted them with the cause of his assuming the name and behaviour of an Idiot and manifesting himself to be a most cunning man desired they might unanimously joyn for the expulsion of Tarquinius and his friends from the City He urgeth the banishment of Tarquin speaking many things efficacious to perswade them to it Finding every one very ready he said there was no need of words and promises but real deeds if they meant to perform any thing and that he first would begin Then went he to the dead body and taking the bloody knife in his hand sware by Mars and the rest of their gods to cast out Tarquinius Superbus with his wicked wife and progeny to prosecute them or their friends with fire and sword or any other way and never after that to suffer the Tarquins or any other to reign in Rome He made them all successively take the same Oath then for the way how to bring the matter about said the gates of the City should be safely kept that the King might not hear the least word till he who was Prince of the Sacrificers should as he might by his place assemble the people to which the dead body being exhibited and Lucretius with Collatinus deploring their condition they might procure the banishent of Tarquin by a publick decree that should be presently dispatched to the Army for it's concurrence 48. But before Tarquinius should be removed they thought it wisdom to consider what Magistracy was fit to succeed his lest they should pull down the present dwelling before another house was prepared Some were for Monarchy as indeed the best of Governments others for Aristocracy or the rule of the Senate and others would have the whole power put into the hands of the People each party bringing examples of good Government in the several kinds Brutus said the time was straight and these matters required mature deliberation which neither at length could produce such a form as would be void of all inconveniences he said he hoped that after the expulsion of the Tyrants they should have leisure to consider how they might best reform the Commonwealth if any better way could be found out than what Romulus Pompilius and the other Kings had chalked out to them wherein proceeding till Tarquin forsook the path the City had been happy and famous both for it's acts abroad and constitutions at home This he could not for shame denie yet however he thought those incommodities as he called them Prescribeth a new model of Government had procured the Kingly power to degenerate into tyranny and therefore were at present to be abolished and to be taken heed of for the time to come As first Dionysius because some men made a great matter of very names he thought that of a Kingdom was to be left and the other of Commonwealth to be assumed so that for the title of King and Monarch some more modest and popular was to be invented Then the regal power he iudged not safely to be intrusted with a single person but that two were to be chosen who should govern with equal command and authority and so be a counter-poise each to other Of all royal ensignes or ornaments such as procured the envy and grudge of the People were to be laid aside viz. Scepters golden Crowns and Purple Robes of Cloath of gold except upon Festival dayes and in triumphal pompes which rare use of them would not be at all spoken against but as for the Ivory Chair in which they sate in Judgment with the white Robe edged with purple called Praetexta and the twelve Lictors or Sargeants bearing Rods and Axes they were to be continued He added that the main thing to keep these his Magistrates in order was to prevent their perpetual power which would keep them from giving account of their actions wherefore he thought fit their Magistracy after the manner of Athens should be but Annual that so each one might learn as well to be subject as to govern and this would preserve the mind from being drunk with too much liberty Lastly that
Olymp 94 aâ— 2. Justin lib. 5. In the 17th year of his reign he sent his son Cyrus born since he came to the Government down to the Sea-side as Satrapa or Lieutenant with a kind of power over the other his Lieutenants there and Captain General of all the forces which were wont to muster at the plains of Castolus giving him in charge to assist the Lacedaemonians in the War against the Athenians and by his help did they recover to the hopes of their former fortune When he had continued in his charge a year or two he grew so high that he killed his two Cousin Germans Autobaesaces and Mitraeus because they came not to him with their hands folded under their Clothes which Ceremony was onely observed in the presence of a King Cyrus for his misdemeanors sent for Their Parents of this complaining highly to his father and alleging how unjust it was to connive at such practices he sent for him to come to him alleging he was not well lying then incamped in the Countrey of the Medes against the Cadusians bordering thereupon who had revolted 25. Leaving the command of the Cities with all his Treasure Xenoph. ibid. and the assignment of his Tributes to Lysander the Spartan he went up taking along with him Tissaphernes as his friend with 300 Greeks under the leading of Xenias the Parrhasian His father lived not long after he came to him whom in his sicknesse Parasytis his wife having ruled him all his life loving Cyrus above her eldest son urged him to leave him his Successor A.M. 3600. Ol. 93. an 4. V.C. 349. as Darius the son of Hystaspes did Xerxes for that he was born to him being a King and the other but a private person But he thinking it not just refused to do it but left him those Cities over which he had made him Governour and his Kingdom to Arsaces Ochus dieth or Artaxerxes his eldest son and so died after he had reigned 19 years in the fourth of the 93th Olympiad the 27th of the Peloponnesian War now ending A. M. 3600. 403 years before the birth of Christ Arsaces then by the pleasure of his father Artaxerxes Mâ—â—moâ— succeedeth Clesias or his interest in the great ones obtained the Kingdom and changed his name into Artaxerxes being for the excellency of his memory sirnamed Mnemon When he had made sure his possession his wife Statira thinking it then time to revenge the death of her brother and the rest of her kindred caused Udiastes who slew Teritachmes to have his tongue drawn backwards through his neck and cut off and got his son Mitridates who had delivered the Citie Zaris into the hands of Teritachmes his son to succeed in his Government Not long after his fathers death Artaxerxes went to Pasargada Plutarch in Artaxerx there to be initiated by the Persian Priests in the royal mysteries There was a Temple dedicated to some warlike Goddesse thought to be Diana whose Temple he that was to be initiated entring must put off his own Clothes and put upon him a Garment worn by Cyrus the Great before he came to the Empire there was he to eat such a quantity of Figs to drink Milk mingled with Vinegar and perhaps used some other unknown Ceremonies Whilest the King was about these things came Tissaphernes unto him Cyrus attempting his brothers death and with him a Certain Priest who having been appointed tne instructer of his brother Cyrus had taught him the Magical Arts. He accusing him of treasonable practices had more credit given to him because Cyrus had resolved to set upon the King in the Temple and kill him as he should put off his Clothes some say he was apprehended upon this accusation others that he came indeed into the Temple and being hid by the Priest was discovered and taken Idem Xenoph Expedit Cyri lib. 1. 26. The King was minded to put him to death and out of reverence to his Family caused him to be bound in golden chains but their mother took him in her arms wrapped him in her hair laid her neck to his and with great lamentations and intreaties prevailed for his pardon Idem Xenoph Expedit Cyri lib. 1. and sent him back again into his former Province of Lydia and the Sea-coasts When he came there not at all contented with this command Is pardoned but nor so much as remembring that he was saved by his mother's intercession as that he was taken and bound by his brothers burned more than ever with a desire of reigning And to this purpose as secretly as he could gathered forces of the Greeks and under one pretence or other laid out for forein aid both far and near hoping to surprise his brother The Ionian Cities given up now into the hands of Tissaphernes revolted to him all except Miletus the Inhabitants of which he finding to practise the same killed some and drove away the rest who flying to Cyrus he besieged the City both by Sea and Land endeavouring to restore them Then wrote he submissively to his brother desiring he might have the Government of those Cities rather than Tissaphernes and herein he was furthered by his Mother Practizeth new matters who lying as it were his Lieger at Court made the best of all things Hence was Artaxerxes deluded suspecting nothing but accounting these forces to be kept together against Tissaphernes betwixt whom and Cyrus he little regarded though there were a War and the rather because Cyrus sent him the Tributes due from the Cities which Tissaphernes had formerly kept in his hands 27. Clearchus at this time being banished from Lacedaemon came to Cyrus who after conference with him admired the man Idem ibid. and gave him 10000 Daricks wherewith he levied an Army and passing out of Cherronesus wared upon the Thracians that inhabited above the Hellespont thereby greatly promoting the affairs of the Greek Cities insomuch that they willingly furnished him with money to maintain his Forces which were onely raised for Cyrus though thus employed for a cover to the design and till he could be in a readinesse There was also one Aristippus a Thessalian a guest of Cyrus who being overpowered by his Country-men of the contrary faction came to him and requested him to spare him 2000 Mercenaries and three moneths pay alleging that thereby he should be able to overcome his adversaries He granted his request and doubled both the number of men and sum of money desiring him withall not to agree with his adversaries till they two had had conference together and so this Army in Thessalie though not discovered was kept on foot and maintained for him Further he sent to Proxenus the Boeotian his friend to bring unto him as many men as he might under pretence of warring against the Pisidians who spoiled his Country and Sophaenetus the Stymphalian with Socrates the Achaean who likewise were both his Guests to come to him with
it would prosecute with War to his utmost power both at Sea and Land The Ambassadors went home and made report of what was proposed to the several Commonwealths who grudged it much that the Cities of Asia for whose liberty Agesilaus had taken so much pains should be so unworthily again betrayed But being necessitated to submit they accepted of the conditions and the peace was sworn to at length by all Greece in the second year of the 96th Olympiad A. M. 3618. and the 18th year of Artaxerxes A. M. 3618. 75. Artaxerxes being thus freed from this tedious controversie with the Graecians set himself to a preparation for the Wars of Cyprus Diodorus l. 16. ad Olymp. 98. ann 3. from which as yet he had been diverted Evagoras by this time through the assistance of Chabrias whom the Athenians had sent to his aid with 800 Peltasts and ten Gallies had brought under the whole Island having got together also a most numerous Army whilest the King was kept in play by the Graecians For he entred into society with Acoris King of Egypt Artaxerxes turneth his forces from the Graecians against Cyprus who furnished him with great store of money and Hecatomnus the Viceroy of Caria under-hand supplied him with some for the hiring of forein Souldiers and the King of Arabia with others who bore no good will to Artaxerxes sent a great power of men He had in a readinesse 90 Gallies whereof twenty lay at Tyre in Phoenicia which with other Cities he had got into his hands and the rest anchored readily furnished before Cyprus The King gathered together both his Land and Sea forces the former consisting of 300000 men and the later of 300 Gallies Over his Land Army he appointed General Orontes his son-in-law and Teribazus Admiral of his Navy who taking up their forces out of Phocaea and Cuma marched down into Cilicia whence passing over into Cyprus with great industry they began the War 76. Evagoras having 6000 men of his own many more Auxiliaries and having hired a great force of strangers over and above money being very plentifull with him first with his Pinnaces well Armed set upon the Enemies ships as they brought in provisions whereof some he took others he sunk or chaced away Hereby it came to passe that no Commodities being imported into the Island a great dearth ensued in the Persian Camp and hereby a mutiny of the Souldiers especially of the mercenaries who fell upon their Officers and killed some of them This put Glos the Admiral upon a resolution to sayl with the whole Fleet into Cilicia whence he brought sufficient supply which Evagoras seeing and considering his Navy to be far inferiour to the Persian he got ready other sixty ships and procuring fifty more from Acoris who readily furnished him with all things necessary for the War he made up his Fleet 200 sayl Getteth a victory at Sea against Evagoras Then exercised he his men often to prepare them for a fight and that to the terror of the Enemy who beheld it and at length as the Persian Fleet sayled by Citium he fell upon it taking some Vessels and sinking others but the Admiral and other Commanders standing close to their tackling a sharp conflict ensued in which though Evagoras at the first prevailed yet Glos with all his power and with great earnestnesse and valour grapling with him he was at length after great losse put to flight 77. The Persians after this victory mustered all their forces both by Sea and Land at Citium and presently both wayes laid siege to Salamine Now Evagoras though he had had the better of it formerly in some sallies out upon the besiegers cooled in his courage after this defeat Though the siege was very straight and pressing yet resolving to continue the War he left his son Pythagoras for the defence of the Citie with full Authority and departed by night with ten Gallies into Egypt where he laboured hard with Acoris the King to perswade him to carry on the War with him and that with all his power He granted him some money Diodorus ad ann 4. Olymp. 98. but for that he was discouraged by the late defeat nothing according to his expectation so that returning and finding the Citie very much straightned and himself destitute of succour he was forced to send about an accommodation Teribazus offered his consent upon these terms that quitting all the Cities except Salamine he should for that pay a yearly Tribute to the King and be at his command as a servant to his Lord which though hard he consented to except the last thinking it a great disgrace to be at his back as a servant and more reasonable to be subject to him as one King to another His Captains disagree and peace is made 78. Teribazus not admitting of this exception Orontes his colleague and emulator accused him by secret Letters to the King as well for other matters as that having an opportunity sufficient to take Salamine he did not use it but spent his time in treaties with the Enemy he farther laid to his charge privatly entring into friendship with Lacedaemon sending to consult the Oracle about warring against the King and especially alluring the Officers by honours gifts and promises Artaxerxes believing these things wrote back to Orontes to arrest Teribazus and send him presently unto him who accordingly sent earnestly desired to be brought to his tryal but being for the present committed to prison and the King employed in the Cadusian War his judgement was still delayed In the mean time Orontes being now General with full power and authority in Cyprus finding that Evagoras with great courage still held out and that his own Souldiers taking ill the imprisonment of Teribazus refused to obey him sent to Evagoras to treat of peace offering him the same conditions he was formerly willing to admit of from Teribazus He being thus delivered beyond hope concluded a peace on these terms to pay yearly Tribute for the Kingdom of Salamine and as King to be obedient to the King of Persia Isocrates in Evagora And thus the Cyprian War ended ten years after the first preparation for it and after it had been managed 2 years Artaxerxes after all this time and the expence of 50 Talents leaving Evagoras in effect in the same condition he was before 79. Gaus the Persian Admiral after this War Diodorus ut suprà having married the daughter of Teribazus fearing lest because of his affinity he should be suspected also by the King and suffer upon that account resolved for a prevention to fortifie himself against him by entring into league with his Enemies This he did presently with Acoris of Egypt Gaus out of fear conspireth with the Lacedaemonians against the King and wrote to the Lacedaemonians to excite them to break the peace making large offers of what he could do for Greece They had of late as before cast in
therewith acquainted one Aristogiton a man of a middle rank amongst the Citizens Stirs at Athens and who most passionately loved him He fearing he should be deprived of this his dear one consulted with himself how he might destroy both Hipparchus and the Tyranny Hipparchus still going on to sollicite Harmodius but in vain at length resolved to be revenged on him and executed it on his sister which being on a certain solemnity to carry up the basket that was to be dedicated to Minerva he put her by as unworthy of the office though some of late have thought that he ravished her 10. Harmodius taking this in very evil part and Aristogiton much worse prepared all things necessary for their conspiracy but expected the great feast called Panathenaea on which day onely the Citizens might be in Armour without suspition for discharging the solemnity They provided not many men before hand for the more close carrying of the businesse and because they hoped all the rest would without any hesitation be ready to come in to them When the day came they and their party being ready with their Poniards espied a man talking with Hippias Whereupon they thought they were discovered and therefore resolved to do that wherein especially they were concerned Hipparchus slain by Harmodius and Aristogiton if they could and so rushing in violently upon Hipparchus they slew him in the place Aristogiton defended himself for some time from the Guard but the multitude flocking in he was taken after he had received many wounds and his friend Harmodius slain outright Hippias having notice of what had passed came cunningly upon the Citizens that were Armed for the solemnity and by his Guard picking out such as had Daggers about them or whom he suspected thereby prevented at this time all further trouble The behaviour of the Pisistratidae in the Goverment of Athens 11. Hitherto he and his brethren had not been distrustfull of their own safety and therefore had used no great Guards about them not rendring their power very burthensom to the people but acting according to the rules of vertue and prudence They exacted onely the 20th part of the publick revenue exceedingly beautified the Citie waged War and left the Citizens to their former Laws onely some one of them was alwayes Magistrate and other men held of them yearly Offices Pisistratus the son of Hippias and Nephew to the founder of this Kingdom as it appeareth from Thucydides having sometimes had the power in his hands But Hippias after this fearing himself exercised his power very severely against the Athenians putting many of them to death and to establish himself by forein alliance he gave his daughter in marriage to Hippocâ—us the son of Aeantides the Tyrant of Lampsacus knowing them to be in great grace with Darius King of Persia To find out the complices of these two young men he tortured amongst others a woman named Leaena the Paramour of Aristogiton but she was so constant as to endure all and biting off her tongue spit it in the face of the Tormentors lest therewith she should discover any one in memory of which the Athenians afterwards Consecrated in the Castle a Lionesse without a tongue as also Erected Statues to the memory of Harmodius and Aristogiton as the liberators of their Countrey These Statues were taken away by Xerxes into Asia and long after sent back by Alexander or Antiochus or Seleucus as is severally delivered by Historians They also Decreed that their names should never be given to any slaves 12. Though these two did not actually procure the freedom of Athens but perished in the attempt yet it was attributed to them because that in the 4th year after some imitating their example expelled Hippias effectually prored it At this time the Alcmaeonidae or those of the family of Alcmaeon Herodotus lib. 5. Capp 62. c. who was great Grand-son to Nestor and being cast out of Messenia by the Heraclidae came and lived at Athens being driven into exile by the Pisistratidae or Pisistratus his sons having sometimes endeavoured in vain the recovery of their Countreys liberty still lay in wait for a more convenient opportunity to accomplish it Being full of money they hired the Amphyctiones to let them build a new Temple at Delphos which was very magnificent and corrupted the Pythia or the woman that received and delivered the Oracles standing in a Tripos or three footed stool as often as any of Sparta came thither still to propose to them to set Athens at liberty This being constantly done the Lacedaemonians accounted it a piece of their religion to do it and sent Anchimolius a man of prime Rank amongst them with an Army to expell the Pisistratidae though their friends and such as had deserved no otherwise than well of them They being aware of this had contracted friendship and alliance with the Thessalians and now procured from them a supply of 1000 horse which by a common decree they sent under the Command of Cixeas their King which falling in upon the Camp of the Spartans slew amongst many others Anchimolius the General and beat the other to their ships in which they returned home 13. Afterwards the Lacedaemonians sent another Army by Land under the Conduct of Cleomenes the son of Anaxandridas Herodotus ut priùs cap. 64. c. who invading the Athenian Territories was encountred by the Thessalian horse which he put to flight and having killed above fourty of them the rest shifted away and betook themselves as they could into Thessaly Cleomenes then coming up to the Citie besieged the Tyrants being shut up within the Pelasgick-wall but being unprovided for a siege and they furnished sufficiently with provisions after a few dayes he was about to depart homeward had not one thing falln out As the Children of the Pisistratidae were privatly to be conveyed out of the Countrey The Pisistratidae banished they were intercepted which overturned the affairs of their Parents and forced them to Covenant with the Athenians for their Ransom within five dayes to depart out of Attica which accordingly was done Hippias going straight to Sigaens thence to Lampsacus from which place he went to Darius and in the 20th year after returned with his Army Thucydides ut suprà and died as some say in the battel at Marathon Sigeus was a Town situate upon the Hellespont which Pisistratus took by force out of the hands of the Mitylenaeans and made Hegesistratus his base son by a woman of Argos Tyrant there Hippias was offered from Amyntas the King of Macedonia either Anthemus or Iolcos a Citie in Macedonia but he refused both and betook himself to Darius whose Army he afterwards conducted into Attica 14. The state of Athens great before Herodotus cap. 66. grew greater after this grand mutation in which two men contended for the chief Authority Clisthenes one of the Alcmaeonidae the Nephew by his Mother of Clysthenes the
notwithstanding they should have to do with such Horse as exceeded theirs in the number and the best esteemed of in all Greece resolved to do their utmost in their behalf In the engagement they had the better of it and thereby preserved all that the Mantineans had without their walls His case how it stood in reference to his return or stay Epaminondas after this thinking with himself that he must be gone within a few dayes the term of his commission being almost expired was full of various thoughts If he should leave those for the aid of whom he was sent to be besieged by the Enemy he saw he should lose the honour he formerly had obtained especially seeing he had been repulsed at Sparta by so few a number and now also had miscarried at Mantinea and he considered that by this Expedition of which himself was author he had given occasion to the Lacedaemonians Arcadians Achaeans Eleans and Athenians to enter into a straight League of offence and defence From these reasons he concluded he could not in honour depart without a battel in which if he overcame he should make amends for all and if hee should die such a death could not but bee glorious which should bee undergone in an endeavour to make his Country Mistresse of all Peloponnesus 58. Ere long the Armies of the Lacedaemonians and Mantineans appeared consisting with their allies of 20000 Foot and about 2000 Horse To the Boeotians were assistants the Tegeatans and such other Arcadians as were most powerful and wealthy the Argives Euboeans the Thessalian Horse which the Thebans brought the Messentans Sicyonians and other Peloponnesians the number of all which amounted to 30000 Foot and little fewer than 3000 Horse This is much admired by Xenophon that Epaminondas should so discipline his Soldiers that neither night nor day they should shun any labour refuse to undergo any danger to be contented with any kind of provision and very ready to obey all orders When he had ranged his men in order of battel he led them not straight on against the Enemy but fetched a compasse towards the Mountains of Tegea and made as though he would there pitch his Tents This made the Enemy secure which he well understanding formed his battalia like a wedge thereby to break them sooner and led with speed against them who now were all to seek and in a confusion some hasting to bridle their Horses others to buckle on their harnesse and all in a condition rather to suffer than act any thing And lest the Athenians should relieve their Companions from the left wing he placed a Party of Horse and Foot in the hills to keep them in awe by being continually ready to fall upon their reer 59. His expectation was not crossed for on what part he fell he carried all before him The battel at Mantinea wherein Epaminondas was mortally wounded the Enemy not daring to stand but rushing more violently amongst them the Lacedaemonians taking notice of him flocked to him and laid at him amain with darts some of which declining and fencing himself from others those that stuck in his body he took thence and rerorted Whilst he heroickly thus contended for the Victory he received a mortal wound from one Anticiates a Spartan who gave him so mortal a stroak with a dart that the wood of it brake leaving the iron and a piece of the tronchion in his breast By the vehemency of the wound he sank down A. M. 3642. Ol. 104. an 2. V.C. 390. Ante Aeram Christi 362. Artax Mnem 41. and then ensued a most bitter contest about him but the Thebans inflamed with wrathful indignation at this sad mischance with great slaughter compelled their Enemies to give back but knew not how to improve the Victory For neither Foot nor Horse pursued them flying but continued still in the same place and at length went off carelessly insomuch that many of the Foot fell into the hands of the Athenians Which so falling out another thing hapned than men generally had expected For almost all Greece being here gathered together one State against another in two factions every one supposed that when they should once come to fight they that overcame would obtain the Dominion over the rest who should be forced to submit to their yoak But God so poysed affaires saith Xenophon that both sides as if they had overcome erected a Trophy not being hindred by each other Both sides also as Conquerours gave up the slain and as Conquered received their dead by composition And whereas both sides said they had the better of it neither obtained thereby either Countrey City or Dominion other than they before enjoyed but a greater disturbance thereupon followed in Greece So much for these matters saith our Author Xenophon with it endeth his History As also Anaximenes and Philistus as for what is behind perhaps some other will take care to commit them to writing and so he endeth his History with this battel though he lived almost three years after it as we have from Laertius Anaximenes also of Lampsacus who began his History with the beginning of the gods and mankind and therein in twelve Books almost comprehended all the affaires of the Greeks and Barbarians finisheth it with the Battel at Mantinea and the death of Epaminondas So did Philistus his History which he wrote of Dionysius the younger in two Books 60. Epaminondas being caried alive into his Tent Vide Diodorum ut supra Justin lib. 6. the Physicians affirmed that as soon as the dart should be drawn out of his body he would die He then called for Diaphantus to declare him General of the Army but it being answered he was slain he bade them send for Iolaidas but it being answered that he was dead also he advised the Thebans to make peace Valerius Max. lib 3. cap 2. ext exemp 5. whilst with advantage they might for that they had none lest that was able to discharge the Office of a General Understanding of his approaching end he inquired of his Armour-bearer if his Shield was safe which to have lost was a great dishonour It being answered it was Aelian var hist l. 12. cap. 3. he asked which side had the Victory answer being made the Boeotians then said he It 's time for me to die and comforting his friends who mourned he should die childlesse with this answer that he left behind him two daughters Pausan in Aridicis the battel of Leuctra and Mantinea which should propagate his fame to all posterity he thereupon caused the dart to be drawn out and so expired Ciceros Epist lib. 5. cap. 12. This was the end of the worthiest Soldier that ever Greece brought forth and hardly to be parallel'd in any other Country all the Virtues which in others were but singular having concenâ—red and united themselves in him In strength both of body and mind Epaminondas his character in Eloquence
them and the Megalopolitans This was done whilest Phalaecus in Boeotia took Cheroieda and presently lost it again to the Thebans who then with a numerous Army entred and wasted Phocis and then having taken some inconsiderable places with much booty they returned into Boeotia 21. The next year the Thebans being spent with the Phocian War Idem ad ann 2. sent to Ochus the Persian King to desire a supply of money from him who without any difficulty or delay bestowed on them 300 Talents No memorable thing passed betwixt the Phocians and them this year which was spent in skirmishes and mutual depredations Two years after (a) Idem ad ann 4. Philip cast out again Pitholaus the Tyrant who had seized upon Pherae and setting upon the Cities of Thrace which belonged to Chalcis took by storm the Castle Zeira which he demolished forced other Towns to submit to his yoak (b) Anagraphe Olympiadum though upon desire of the Chalcidians Charidemus had been sent from the Athenians to help them then lying in the Hellespont The (c) Diodorus ad Olymp. 108. ann 1. Justin lib. 8. year following wherein was solemnized the 108th Olympiad whereof Polycles the Cyrenaean was Victor having great designs in his mind he hasted to get into his hands the Cities of the Hellespont and without any stroaks got Micylerne and Torone by treachery to be delivered up to him Now he quarrelled with the Olynthians because his affairs were improved by successe whom before he courted as fearing their power which had been ever too much for his predecessors 'T is said he pretended a quarrel because they received his two half brothers whom after he had taken in the Town he murdred all things being lawfull to him now that might any way serve his turn all his affections and passions being swallowed up in his ambition which made him not stick to break faith himself and by his Gold to tempt others to do it He thought it to no purpose to practise the winning of Olynthus till he had first inclosed all their power within the Walls Philip getteth Olynthus and therefore he first overthrew them in two battels and then besieged the Citie which attempting with many assaults and great losse of men at length it was betrayed into his hands by Euthycrates and Lasthenes the chief Magistrates whom he had corrupted with money He sackt it and sold the Inhabitants with the rest of the plunder whereby he much enriched himself and was enabled to buy in Cities which he dayly did having been advised by the Oracle at the beginning of his undertaking to make his assaults with silver spears insomuch that he boasted that his Kingdom was more increased by Gold than Arms. 22. The Athenians being sensible of his incroachments Diodorus ibid. jealous of his growing power and warily providing for the liberty of Greece supplied as they might such as he fell upon with war and now sent up down to the Cities to desire them to value their liberty punish capitally such as were treacherous amongst them The Athenians began to look to themselves promising them their alliance and utmost assistance in this work And now at length by the special advice of Demosthenes the greatest Wit and Orator of Greece they openly declared themselves his Enemies and undertook the quarrel But so far were the spirits of the Greeks degenerated that this endeavour of theirs could not counterwork the efficacy of his Gold so that having a mind to take a Town that was strongly fortified and one of the place telling him it could not be done he asked him if he thought it not possible for his Gold to get over the walls He had in all the Cities up and down his instruments and secret workers who sought for a little gain to undermine the fortune of their own Country After the taking of Oâ—ynthus he celebrated the Olympick Games and feasted all Comers and entertaining them with great magnificence by this cunning ingaged many to betray their Faith 23. The following year the Boeotians and Phocians mutually preyed upon each other and several Skirmishes hapned betwixt them Idem ad an 2. which produced no great losse on either side But Phalaecus the Phocian General being accused to have stolen the sacred money was put out of his place and three Generals substituted in his room Democrates Callias and Sophanes who were to make inquisition about the money which was stolen and call the Trustees who had the management thereof to account The chief of the Trustees was Philo who being not able to give an account was racked and confessed many of his fellow thieves They had taken out of the Temple 4000 talents of gold after the rate of silver and above 6000 talents of Silver of such presents as Croesus and others had sent and there wanted not some who affirmed as much to have been rifled out of this Temple as Alexander afterwards found in the treasures of the Persians Phalaecus was about to search in the pavement for treasure hinted at by Homer but when the Soldiers came to dig near to the Tripos such Earthquakes hapned as deterred them from proceeding any further The Phocians assisted with these riches caried on the War and by this time had got into their hand three strong places in Boeotia The Boeotians crave aid of Philip. Orchomenus Cheronea and Corsias The Boeotians being much pressed herewith having lost very many men and wanting money sent Ambassadors to the King of Macedonia for aid Philip was very glad to find them in so weak a condition desiring to abate that Spirit which they had got at the battel at Leuctra yet he sent them a considerable number of men because he would not seem to be wanting to so religious a cause as vindicating the right of the Oracle At this time the Phocians building a Castle near Abae were fallen upon by the Boeotians and shifting for themselves into the neighbouring Towns 500 of them stepped by into a Chapel of Apollo near Abae A remarkable accident Fire being left in their tents seized upon some straw there whence a great flame arising caught hold at length of the Chapel and therein burnt alive those that had fled thither for an example as Diodorus accounteth it to all sacrilegious persons 24. Philip being now imployed in the War of Thrace which was to the great damage of the Athenians to lull them asleep promised he would enter into a straight league and alliance with them and pretending fair things so corrupted some of the chief Orators (a) Orat. contra Clesiphont Aescines accuseth Demosthenes and (b) Orat. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Demosthenes layeth the load upon Aeschines that a peace was made up which continued seven years (c) Idem ibid. Justin lib. 8. Demosthenes advised them to send away their Ambassadors to Philip with all speed to ratifie the League lest he delaying the matter according to his custom should
the Kings house and watch the servants there that they should carry away no Letters he himself with his Clients and Friends went to the house of the Aquillii where he got into his hands what was written to Tarquinius The Aquillii being abroad met him at the Gate where they endeavoured to recover by force the Letters from him but he through the help of those about him drew them into the Forum as his brother also having seized on other Letters at the King's house forced some of his servants thither The tumult being appeased by the Consuls Vindicius related the Story and the Letters were read The parties said nothing for themselves all were astonished and silent at length some to flatter Brutus mentioned banishment Collatinus shedding tears gave the prisoners hope and this was increased because Valerius held his peace 8. But furious and implacable Brutus calling both his Sons by their names Titus and Tiberius asked them why they said nothing to what was laid to their charge and when they answered not at the third time he turned to the Lictors or Executioners Brutus putteth to death his sons and said Now is it your part to perform the rest They presently took the youths and stripping them tied their hands behind them then did they beat with rods and after that beheaded them he whilst others could not behold so abhominable a spectactle feeding his angry eyes with the object till all was done Then left he the rest to the discretion of his Colleague and departed after which a stupidity horrour and amazement as the things required for a time possessed all Collatinus his backwardnesse and delay incouraged the Aquilii to desire time to answer and that Vindicius their Slave might be given up to them and not continue in the hands of their accusers The Consul was about to do both when Valerius who kept the Slave all this while in the midst of his followers would neither deliver him nor suffer the People to depart without censuring the accused though Collatinus was ready to dismisse the Assembly He laid hands upon the Aquilii and sent for Brutus crying out that Collatinus did unworthily to impose upon his Colleague a necessity of killing his sons and think of granting the lives of the other unto women The Consul being vexed commanded the Lictors to take away Vindicius so that they laying hands on him wounded those that kept him and Valerius his friends fighting in his behalf the People cried out for Brutus When he came he said that by his full authority he had animadverted upon his own Sons and left the other delinquents to the People giving leave to every man to speak There was no need of this The rest beheaded saith Plutarch though Dionysius relateth a great contest betwixt the two Consuls but the rabble called to the vote condemned them by all their Suffrages according to which sentence they were beheaded Collatinus now who for being a kin to the King had been suspected and whose name was hateful to the People having by his carriage in this businesse offended the generality voluntarily laid down his Office and departed from the City seeing now to what a sad passe he had helped to bring things and too late repenting of his rebellion To him succeeded Valerius the Comitia being held for an election whom Brutus much desired to have had his Colleague at first but that the greatnesse of Collatinus carried it from him Valerius Consul in the room of Tarquinius Collatinus 9. Valerius being with the good-will of all the multitude created Consul thought the first fruits of his Office due to Vindicius whom manumitted he made free of the Commonwealth this privilege being given to him first of all Liberti or Freed-men according to Plutarch which Appius long after communicated to them all and from him a perfect and full manumission had the name of Vindicta This done the Consuls gave the gooâ—â— of the King to be rifled by the People demolished his house Dionys lib. 5. Livius lib. 2. Val. Maxim l. 1. c. 8. Plutar. in Poplicola Plin. l. 29. c. 1. Festus in voce Insula and laid the Campus Martius which he had to himself open as before wherein lying Corn cut down already they threw it into the River and sending trees that grew there after it these receiving gravel and such rubbish as came down the chanel at last grew into an Island called Insula Sacra though some say this happened in after times when Tarquinia a Vestal Nun gave the adjoyning field to the Publick and for that obtained great honours as these amongst the lest of all women alone to appear as a witnesse in any cause and liberty to marry which she refused But Tarquinus seeing that reason failed betook himself to force and brought a great Army of Tuscans against Rome The Consuls opposed him with another and when they came to joyn Aruns the son of Tarquin and Brutus the Consul with greater wrath and fury than discretion singled out each other and so carelesly demeaned themselves as both of them lost their lives A great and bloody battel was fought betwixt the Armies Brutus slain which night onely broke up and that with such equal fortune as neither party could boast it self till at length either by a voice out of a grove A. M. 3497. Ol. 68. an 1. V.C. 246. Darii 15. as the story goeth that the Etruscans had lost one man more or some other way the Romans were so revived and the other discouraged that the later forsook their tents for fear and being fallen upon by the Enemy were nigh 5000 taken prisoners having lost 11300 in the fight Valerius triumphed at his return to the City leaving an example to posterity which was duly followed and then buried his Colleague with great honour making himself a funeral Oration in his commendation which custom Dionysius will have more ancient at Rome than in Greece although Anaximenes wrote that Solon was the Author of it Valerius suspected 10. But when the People considered how Brutus the father of their liberty as they accounted him would not govern alone without a Colleague and yet Valerius made no haste to take a partner they began to complain that he had not taken to himself so much the place of Brutus which yet not at all belonged to him but that of Tarquinius and were much offended with him They confirmed themselves in their hard opinion from his having all the Rods and Axes caried before him and with them in greater state than Tarquinius used marched from his house which was much larger than the Palace that he demolished His house was very fair situate in such a place as afforded him prospect round about and had a difficult ascent so that the convenience of the site considered with his Kingly port and attendance seemed to threaten their infant Commonwealth now an Orphan by Brutus his death His friends remonstrating to him these particulars he
most beautifull of their Captives as a sacrifize to their gods it hapned that the fire thence vvas driven to their Tents vvhich being covered vvith Reed and Straw easily catched it and as easily vvere consumed vvhence it came to passe that all things vvere in great confusion But the vvorst of it vvas that the Africans vvhich had fought vvith Agathocles coming now over to them the Scouts seeing them gave an Allarm A strange accident which maketh great disorder in both the Camps as if all the Greeks taking their advantage of the fire vvere coming against them so that flying in great confusion they killed and trode dovvn one another mistaking one another for Enemies and having thus dispatched 5000 of their Company all run away to Carthage vvhere they vvere received vvith great trembling by their friends lest that vvith them the Enemy should enter The Africans vvhich vvere coming over being affrighted at the burning of the Camp retreated vvhich being seen also by the Greeks they gave notice to Agathocles that the Carthaginians vvere coming against him so that he drew out his men in great fear and terrour who meeting the Africans and they taking one another for Enemies they killed and slew all they could during the night season till such time as 4000 being slain the rest retreated to the Camp Agathocles after this seeing himself too weak now to graple with the Carthaginians Agathocles despairing of his affairs in Africk intendeth to fly away with his youngest son and thereby his affairs to be desperate in Africk resolved to return into Sicily and considering that the Enemy having the command at Sea would not suffer the Army to passe away quietly he resolved with his younger son Heraclides and a few more to passe over secretly and leave Archagathus behind him whom he was jealous of because of the report raised of him that he had to do with his Step-mother 18. But Archagathus having notice of his intention which he took in marvailous evil part communicated it to several of the Officers who raising a mutiny presently in the Army Agathocles was seized on and made sure in Fetters The eldest hearing of it raiseth a mutiny wherein Agathocles is bound in Fetters but being loosed escapeth away and both his sons are killed by his Army which maketh its own terms A little after it hapned that an Allarm was made in the Camp as if the Enemy approched which made all Arm themselves and run out and amongst the rest the Keepers of Agathocles whom then the multitude seeing in such a condition cried out presently that he should be loosed which being done he forthwith took Boat with a few attendants leaving both his sons behind him The Army understanding this killed them both and then agreed with the Carthaginians for 300 Talents to restore the Towns yet in their hands and that such as would should receive pay in their service And such as did so had the terms performed but those that out of hope of succour from Agathocles held out the places being all forced to yield their Captains were Crucified and the common Soldiers being bound in Fetters were forced with their hard labour to repair that Countrey which formerly they had helped to depopulate 19. Thus the Carthaginians obtained peace after four years Divine vengeance hurrying Agathocles to punishment after that perfidious murder of Ophellas his two sons being slain on the same day and by the hands of his Soldiers After his arrival in Sicily he went presently to Aegesta a Town confederate with him whence wanting money he exacted much Treasure but they grumbling and complaining thereof all the poorer sort he brought forth and slew at the River Seamander and then tortured the rest with all sorts of torments to make them confesse what they had Some he broke upon the wheel others he shot of from Engines as stones Some had their ancles cut off His horrid cruelty towards the Estians and endured other cruel torments He invented a kind of punishment also something resembling Phalaris his Bull being a bed of iron wherein one being put was burnt or fried to death by fire put underneath Rich women had their ancles broken with iron tongs others their breasts cut off Some out of terror burnt themselves in their houses and others hanged themselves so that the whole flower of the People being absolutely destroyed he sold the children to the Brutii in Italy and utterly to destroy the name of the City called it Dicaeopolis and Peopled it with fugitives Hearing then that his sons were slain in Africk to be revenged on the Soldiers he sent commands to Antander his brother to kill all their friends and kinsfolks at Syracuse wâ—ich he readily performing no sex nor age was spared but so horrid a massace committed that as well old and decrepit men as young infants were included in the slaughter Such as were thus murdered lying on the Sea shoar none durst bury them though never so nearly related so that the Sea washing them away was coloured with the blood carying along with it a note of this cruelty to other parts at a good distance Diodorus ut supra ad ann 3. Agathocles continued his progresse up and down the Island strengthning Towns and raising money but Pasiphilus his Captain despising him now for the lownesse of his fortune fled over to Dinocrates and withdrew the Army also from him This cast him into such despair that contrary to his former boldnesse he sent to Dinocrates offering to quit the Tyranny and restore the Government to the People so he might have but two Castles to maintain himself on Out of despair he offereth to lay down his power but Dinocrates intending to obtain the Tyranny himself rejecteth it and earnestly pressed him to admit of the conditions But he gaping after the chief power himself and unwilling to be reduced again to the estate of a private Citizen being now though but accounted Captain of the Exciles as a King indeed in regard of the great extent of his power and command put him off with one pretence or other still till Agathocles smelling out his device sent some to accuse him to the Army and sending to Carthage made Peace with them on these terms to restore all the places to them they formerly had in Sicilie and for this in way of requital to receive 500 Talents of Gold and a great quantity of Corn. 20. Furnishing then himself with a small Army Idem ad ann 4. he went against Dinocrates and his Exiles who seeing the little number he brought with him being but about 5000 Foot and 800 Horse in comparison of themselves amounting to 25000 Foot and 3000 Horse gave him battel The dispute at first was very sharp but shortly some 2000 of the Exciles revolting to the Tyrant so encouraged his men and discouraged those they had forsaken who thought them to be more than indeed they were that they were easily put to flight though so
People should make disturbance within sent to him about an agreement He refused to admit of any addresse made to him as a private man so that they were forced to treat with him as Consul and desired he would swear to abstain from blood This he flatly refused to do but promised that wittingly and willingly he would not be the cause of any mans death so he was received and the Law abrogated for banishing Marius and his associates Getteth into Rome and there cruelly rageth with Cinna his Collegue Upon their entrance began plundering and slaughters in all places Octavius though having the oath both of Cinna and Marius refusing to flye from his charge was killed and his head set upon the Rostra to which was afterwards added that of Antonius Grand-father to the Triumvir an excellent Orator who for a good space defended himself by his eloquence from the Soldiers and several others None were spared either for dignity worth or age The dead bodies being mangled and abused otherwise were left to be torn in pieces by dogs and fowls none daring to bury them All Sylla's friends were killed his house defaced and his goods put to sale he being judged and declared an Enemy Merula though he never sought the Consulship but had it put upon him and Catulu having their dayes set them to answer destroyed themselves 6. Cinna and Marius having thus satisfied their bloody minds made themselves Consuls for the following year But Marius died ere the moneths end having born this Office now seven times a man more profitable to his Country in the time of War than of Peace Dieth To him succeeded Valerius Flaccus whom Cinna sent into Asia to supply the room of Sylla there But he by this time had done the work and was coming home to revenge the former injuries having subdued Mithridates in lesse than three years killed 160000 of his men recovered Grecce Macedonia Ionia Asia and other Countries which he had got into his hands taken his Navy from him and forced him to be content with his own inheritance These things are to be declared in order 7. After Mithridates had taken Aquilius with the rest A. M. 3917. and seized upon Asia and other Countries whilst Sylla was at Rome setling things there against Marius and his faction as is before shewed he sent his letters abroad into all the Cities of Asia willing them at one day prefixed to kill all Italians and Romans Mithridates causeth 80000 Italians and Romans or more in one day to be killed with their wives and children and cast them out unburied then to seize on their estates taking one part to themselves Valer. Max. l. 9. c. 2. Ext. exemp 3. Plutarch in Sylla and reserving the other for his use This was accordingly done and 80000 according to some according to others 150000 perished in one day Then went he into the Island Cous where getting great treasure into his hands there laid up by one of the Cleopatraes he departed to Rhodes and all manner of waies attempted to take the City though without successe such was the constancy and fidelity of the Rhodians towards the Romans amongst other confederates which universally revolted Then sent he Archelaus his General into Greece leaving Pelopidas in Lycia to carry on the War there he himself providing Forces and punishing such as he found inclinable towards the Romans 8. Archelaus first recovered Delos which from the Athenians had revolted to the Romans then joyned he to himself the Achaians Lacaedemoniads and Boeotians After this he was fought by Brittius who had put to flight Metrophanes sent also into Greece from the King but having fresh supplies Brittius withdrew himself to the Piraeus or Haven of Athens Vide Appian in Mithridaticis Plutarch in Sylla which shortly after Archelaus took in with his Fleet. Now Sylla arrived in Greece with five Legions and some Companies of Horse Sylla arriving in Greece and having furnished himself with money and provisions in Aetolia and Thessaly marched into Attica against Archelaus almost whole Boeotia with Thebes the chief City revolting to him in his passage He besieged Archelaus in the Piraeus a very strong place as fenced with a wall almost 40 cubits high consisting of square stones and built by Pericles during the first motions of the Peloponnesian War Having also besieged Athens it self he spent the whole Summer in the siege and at length took it the Inhabitants being unable to make any more resistance through famine which so far prevailed as they made meat of sodden lether Taketh Athens and the Piraeus and overthrows Archelaus the Kings General once and fed upon the bodies of dead men The Piraeus was also shortly after taken and the walls thereof demolished with the Arcenal and all the rarities therein were destroyed Then Sylla followed Archelaus through Boeotia and fought with him near Cheronea in a place so straight that no way being open for flight he slew so many that of 120000 not many more than 10000 remained this being an Army sent over by the King out of his new Provinces 9. Mithridates put divers Princes of his newly conquered Provinces to death for fear they should kill or betray him by which cruelty he lost all Gallograecia Ephesus also and other towns revolted from him whereof such as he recovered he used cruelly Appian ut supra Orosius lib. 6. cap. 2. Florus l. 3. c. 5. and afterwards fearing a general defection to purchase favour he set the Greek Cities at liberty Some that conspired his death were discovered and upon suspition were 1600 men made away Then sent he another supply to Archelaus of 80000 men which with the other 10000 remaining of the former Army were routed by Sylla near Orchomenes and about 15000 being slain the rest betaking themselves to their Camp were also killed or taken And again a vast slaughter having been made Archelaus having lost his son Diogenes hid himself in a fen and thence fled to Chalcis once more After this Sylla chastized the Boeotians for their ficklenesse for they would stand to neither party long and took up his Winter quarters in Thessaly providing himself of shipping because he heard nothing of Lucullus whom he had sent into Aegypt to procure a Navy Now at this time was Flaccus who had succeeded Marius sent into Asia by Cinna to succeed Sylla Him Fimbria his Quaestor killed in a quarrel about lodging being hated by his Soldiers and he headed his Army with which he several times fought and that prosperously against Mithridates his son and drove the King himself into Pergamus and thence to Pitane where he took ship and fled to Mitylene and might have been taken if Lucullus would Then did Fimbria haraze Cappadocia and burnt Ilium the daughter of Troy for that the Inhabitants had given up themselves to Sylla and not to him so that though a Roman and so akin to them he is said to have used them
Citie to be plundred by the Soldiers and vexed all Egypt with proscriptions and slaughters Galerius was overthrown by the Persian King and fled to Diocletian who received him with great disdain and made him run in his Purple Robe for some miles before his Chariot Galerius much moved by this disgrace recruited his Army throughout Illyricum and Maesia and returning against Narses routed his Army took his Camp his Wives Sisters and Children many of his Nobles and great Treasure wherewith returning into Mesopotamia unto Diocletian he was then received most honourably for he had taken Ctesiphon subdued Assyria and recovered those five Provinces beyond Tigris which revolted from Trajan 11. After this were the Carpi Bastarnae and Sarmatians overthrown and divers other Nations quieted Diocletian now suffered himself to be called Lord and worshipped as a God He in the East and his Collegue in the West raised against the Christians the most heavy persecution that ever yet had hapned both for length and cruelty The tenth persecution The Soldiers were first begun with whereof all such as would not sacrifize to Devils were cashiered but the persecutors proceeded to such cruelty and rage that some were Crucified Orosius ut suprà Euseb Eccles Hist lib. 8. c. 3. c. others burnt alive others roasted with slow fiers and others pulled in pieces by having their limbs made fast to boughs of Trees which being brought together for that purpose were afterwards suffered to return to their natural position Some were starved to death many slain with the sword and many devoured of wild beasts Some were flead alive others beaten to death by hot burning iron rods and some returned to prison after their torments there to languish away Women were hung naked by one foot and some had their breasts feared no Sex no Age no condition was spared A terrible Earthquake followed in Syria which destroyed many thousands about Tyre and Sidon But in the second year of this persecution Diocletian perswaded his Collegue though unwilling that they both might resign the Empire to the two Caesars so that he being seized with a fowl disease after he had almost reigned twenty years put off the Purple at Nicomedia and Maximianus Herculius the same day at Milain The former withdrew to Salenae into his own Countrey and the later into Lucania Maximianus Galerius and Constantius Chlorus 12. The two Caesars Maximianus Galerius Orosius and Constantius Chlorus became Augusti after the resignation of their fathers in Law and first of all others parted the Empire between them To Constantius fell Gall Britain Eutropius l. 10. Spain Italy and Africk to the other Illyricum with Greece and Asia Galerius created Caesars his sister's two sons Galerius Maximinus and Severus The East he appointed to Maximinus and intended Italy for Severus if he could but take it from Constantius For this purpose he kept at Rome as an Hostage Constantine the son of Constantius by Helena a British woman as some say which he put away when he married the daughter of Maximianus But Constantine made an escape to his father Constantine Olymp. 271. ann 1. V. C. 1058. A. D. 306. who died at York in Britain not long after on the 25 of July in the third year of his reign he and his Collegue both the sixth time being Consuls in the 1058 year of the City the 306 of the ordinary Aera of Christ the first year of the 271 Olympiad ending His son Constantine in Britain was now saluted Emperour 13. The Praetorian Soldiers at Rome named Emperour Maxentius the son of Maximianus Herculius Idem who together with Diocletian had resigned the Government Against Maxentius Galerius sent Severus Aureiius Victor who besieging Rome was betrayed by his Soldiers and flying away was killed at Ravenna Now Maximianus Herculius out of desire to recover the Empire joyned with Constantine to whom he married Fausta his daughter by Eutropia Zozimus lib. 2. Orosius Euseb Eccles Hist lib. 8. Capp 14 15 16 17. then to obtain his design did he plot against both son and son-in-law but being frustrated by both hanged himself at Massilia now Marseils a Citie in France Maxentius his son and Galerius Maximinus otherwise disagreeing joyned in renewing the persecution against the Christians by Eusebius called the second which we understand of his age But Galerius Maximianus Augustus made Licinius his Collegue in the Empire in the fifth year after the death of Constantius in which year also Sapores the seventh King of Persia began his reign Galerius Augustus heightning the persecution of Christians by several cruel edicts rotted within and was eaten with vvorms vvhich crawled out of his belly so that the Physicians not able to endure the stench of his body vvere put to death Perceiving the hand of God upon him in his own and Constantines name he recalled his Edicts and at last miserably died This vvas the second persecution vvhich if it be joyned vvith the former both make up about 8 years But this rest scarcely continued 6 moneths for Maximianus being dead at Salonae Maximinus being nothing amended by so sad an example renevved the persecution His fury God chastized by putting him to flight before the Armenians vvhom he had provoked as also by pestilence and famine wherein by Gods Grace the humanity of Christians was as admirable as formerly their constancy had been Now the Roman Empire was under four Princes viz. Constantine and Maxentius sons of Emperours and Maximinus and Licinius new raised men 14. The chief men at Rome being wearied with the Tyranny of Maxentius sent for Constantine against him Canstantine in his journey by the benefit of a famous vision tasted of Christianity being formerly inclined towards it Eutrop. ubi supra Orosius The truth of the story he confirmed to Eusebius by an oath as that Historian telleth us in the History of his life and relateth it after this manner A little past noon he beheld the sign of a Crosse lively figured in the air with an Inscription in it Constantine converted containing these words In hoc vince In this overcome He said that both he and his whole Army did wonder at so strange a prodigy It 's further said that Christ appearing to him in a dream commanded him to make the figure of the Crosse which he had seen and to wear it in his Colours in the field Proceeding against Maxentiu◠he overthrew his forces four times although four times larger than his own at the later time Maxentius flying amain towards Rome was drowned in the River Maximinus published an Edict against Christians but was forced to sing a palinode twice although his flattery was as unprofitable as his threats for he died of an horrible disease at Tarsus Then did Constantine and Licinius enjoy the Empire together The former after his Victory over Maxentius was confirmed in the Christian Faith and owned Christ for the Author of his successe Licinius complied with
years withall how of late for 70 days together they had been sorely distressed by Rain Thunder and Lightning that he might oblige them he gave them the plunder of the enemies Country being very rich and in their absence gratifi'd their wives and children Then after their return to the Camp with a praemeditated Oration he laboured to perswade them to undertake the War with him against the Gandaridae but in vain 20. For Caenus the son of Polycrates answered him in such a manner as he might easily perceive how contrary the affections of the Soldiers were to the Expedition After which as Arrianus writeth he kept himself close in his Pavillion for three days and would admit none of his friends to his presence Then sending for his Officers he told them That seeing the minds of his men were averse from proceeding any further he intended to return home yet ere this he had sacrifized for passing over the River but finding that the Intrals of the Beast were not lucky he setled himself in a purpose to retreat He caused twelve large Altars of fifty cubits heighth like to some warlike Towers to be erected near the River whereon he sacrifized according to the custom of his Country and he celebrated Games in the grounds adjoyning After this he caused to be made a Ditch 15 foot broad and 10 foot deep whereon of the earth he raised a considerable Wall making the compasse of his Camp seem three fold larger than indeed it was He commanded the Foot that each one in his Tent should get two Bedsteads of five cubits apiece and the Horsemen to make theirs with the Mangers of their Horses as big again as they were wont to be He caused Arms Bridles and other things to be framed after the same proportion to amuse posterity with a false appearance of a Gigantick proportion of his own person and his followers He retreateth 21. He returned the same way he came setling the Government of the Provinces in his passage till he arrived at the River Hydaspes Ever since his departure hence the weather had been rainy which spoiled much of his new City Bucephalaea but he caused it to be repaired and here died Caenus his trusty and faithful friend but one who had grieved him by his Answer to his late Oration Down this River Hydaspes he resolved according to his former purpose to sail into the Southern Ocean and therefore providing for such places as he should leave he reconciled Porus and Taxiles by affinity contracted betwixt them and made the former King not of that Country onely lying betwixt Acesines and Hydaspes which formerly he had given to him but also of such free Nations as lying betwixt Acesines and Hyphasis he had lately subdued Having increased his Army by a new supply sent him out of the West he divided it into three parts whereof two he committed to Craterus and Hephaestion commanding them to march on either side the River He saileth down the River Hydaspes down which he sailed with the third in a Fleet of 1000 Vessels Loosing from shoar about the beginning of November he first landed upon the coasts of the Sibari who being reported to be descended of those Greeks that with Hercules attempted the storming of the Rock Aornos claimed kindred of him and submitted themselves Making excursions into the neighbour Countries he destroyed many thousands of the Inhabitants that would not yield and then returning aboard hasted against the Oxydracae and Malli who as he heard had carried their wives into their strong Towns and intended resistance 22. Comming down thither where Hydaspes and Acesines meet the Chanel being narrow and the Stream exceeding great two of his tallest Ships miscarried and he himself missed narrowly of being Shipwrack'd Curtius Diodorus ut priùs Arrianus lib. 6. Plutarch ut supra Orosius Here his Soldiers also began to murmur that they should begin a new War but he quieted them easily by a Speech The Indians having gathered together 80000 Foot and 10000 Horse shewed themselves near the River having chosen their General out of the Oxydracae who made many fires and used other vain attempts to affright the Macedonians yet as soon as these began to Arm either out of fear or by reason of dissention amongst themselves away they fled to the craggy Mountains He fighteth against the Malli and Oxydracae Alexander then marched with all speed through a large drie and barren Country against the Malli to defeat them ere they should joyn with the other and coming unexpectedly upon them many he slew both in the Country and those strong places which he stormed After this he marched to the River Hydraotes where he killed many of them and thence to a City of the Brachmans whither he heard that some of them had fled This he took with the Castle into which they retired as also the chiefest City of the Malli whence they fled beyond the River Hydraotes on the bank whereof they drew up into a Battalia He followed and with his Horse skirmished a little not thinking it fit to engage with them in Battel being 50000 in number till the Foot came up Then they betook themselves to the next fortifi'd Town where by his hardinesse he ran into extream danger 23. Demophoon his Priest acquainted him how that by his art great danger was portented to his person and therefore he advised him either to omit or at least to defer the siege But he rebuked the man because hereby he weakned the valor of his Soldiers and dividing them into two parts set upon the Town whereat the Defendants left it and fled into the Castle The King with those about him broke open a Gate and entred first Then he commanded Ladders to be set to the Castle wall which being but slowly performed he took one from a Macedonian and rearing it mounted himself after him went up Peucestes who bore usually his Shield before him which being taken out of the Temple of Pallas at Ilium he would always have so carried and after him Leonatus by the same Ladder and one Abreas by another The Argyraspides also or those who used the sivered Shields sollicitous for the Kings safety mounting hastily broke the Ladders and thereby hindred others as well as themselves The King upon the Wall was laid at with Darts on every side and when his left arm was wearied with holding his Target his friends would have had him leap down again unto them who were ready to receive him in their arms But by an unparallel'd attempt he leaped down on the other side into the Fort where if he had not by good chance light upon his feet he might presently have been slain or taken But casting himself to fall upon them and seeing a Tree hard by he applied himself to it so as he had it on his right hand and the wall on his left 24. None of his enemies were so hardy as to come near him onely they plied
it with Darts afar off whereof the greatest part being kept off by the boughes and leaves of the Tree the rest he received on his Target But the Indians drawing nearer Casteth himself into extream danger threw showers of Darts upon him and with stones broke his Helmet Being spent and not longer able to stand he fell upon his knees whereupon despising him they came to him and yet he so received them with his sword as two fell down dead before him and after this he killed their General who boldly set upon him then none would venture to approach nearer but plied it with Darts afar off By this time those three that mounted the wall after him were got down and fought stoutly for him of whom Abreas was shot in the face and fell the King also in the breast with an Arrow which piercing through his Armor near his Pap some affirmed that blood and breath issued together out of the wound and he swooned being covered by Peucestes with his shield Now the Macedonians brake into the Castle and put all to the sword sparing neither Sex nor Age. They carried their King out on a Target not knowing whether he was alive or dead but shortly after he came to himself and his wound was dressed some say by Critobulus the Physician others by Perdiccas out of which much blood issuing he swooned again and that very thing staunched the bleeding While he stayed a little in this place a report flew to the Army then lying with the Fleet at the meeting of the two Rivers Hydraotes and Acesines that he was dead and it gained such belief that the Letters he sent were taken but as counterfeit Therefore he hasted to the Camp where he presented himself to the view of them all there 25. Having escaped this great danger amongst the Malli for amongst them it was and not amongst the Oxydracae as some have mistaken and returned to his Fleet he sailed down the River and on the fourth day came to a place forsaken of its Inhabitants but convenient for to make some stay in Here he rested many days for the better curing of his wounds and employed his men this while in building of ships Hither the Malli and Oxydracae sent to ask pardon and submit themselves After which he sailed further and came to the confluence of Hydraotes and Acesines the former whereof loseth it self in the later Proceeding further he came through Acesines into Indus subduing a certain People in his way who lived in a Free State Saileth into Indus and here he made Philip Governor of the Malli and Oxydracae with all the Country down to this place wherein he also gave order for a City to be built Following on his voiage he arrived at the Country of the Sanbestae or Sabracae who living also in a popular way of Government were very populous and strong and hearing of his coming had got together 60000 Foot and near 8000 Horse but upon a sight of his Fleet they let fall their courage and sent fifty of their principal men to ask peace From this place on the fourth day he came to the seat of the Sogdae who also yielded themselves and here by the River Indus he caused to be built another Alexandria Upon which he buildeth an Alexandria and subdueth Musicanus which he furnished with convenient Havens and Arsenals Thence he sailed down with such expedition into the Country of Musicanus that he was upon him ere he heard of his coming therefore the Indian met him with such gifts as his Country afforded and gave up himself with all he had into his hands acknowledging his fault that he had no sooner done it 26. Having here commanded Teryestes whom he had set over the Paropamisadae to be put to death for abusing that People by a covetous and tyrannical Government he caused a Fort to be raised in the chief City of Musicanus wherein he left a Garrison because the place seemed very convenient for keeping the neighbouring Nations in obedience Leaving Musicanus in his former power though not authority he sailed down to the Praesti another Indian Nation over which ruled Oxycanus Here he stormed two Cities in one whereof their King being retired into the Castle sent to him to beg pardon but too late for ere the Messengers could come at Alexander two Towers fell down which made way for the Macedonians who entring and Oxycanus killed Oxycanus amongst the rest which being reported to the other Cities they all yielded themselves After this he came into the borders of the Brachmans whose King Sabus or Sambus caused the Gates of his principal City to be opened but afterwards revolted at the instigation of his Subjects some of whom paid dearly for it in a certain City wherein they were taken Sambus himself with thirty Elephants escaping Some of them were upon pain of death to answer to certain hard Questions which having done they were dismissed with rewards as Plutarch informeth us But ere this Musicanus had revolted against whom Pithon was sent who overpowering him took him prisoner He was Crucified in his own Countrey by Alexander's Command with all such Brachmans as had drawn him to revolt 27. Returning to the River Indus in the fourth day he came to a Citie of the Brachmans called Hamatelia the inhabitants whereof hearing that he was invincible poisoned the heads of their Arrows trusting to their own valour and the natural strength of the place He sent a party which by approaching their Walls and then retreating drew them forth by which stratagem of 3000 he took 1000. and killed 600. Many of his own men died and those who survived were brought into extream danger amongst whom was Ptolomy the son of Lagus He being almost ready to die the story goeth that Alexander in a Dream had an Herb shewed to him which drunk and outwardly applied helped against the poyson the truth being Strabo lib. 15. that the virtue of this plant was by some declared to him and this story feigned out of flattery For all this the besieged yielding had indemnity granted to them and then came Maeris King of the Island Pattalena which he gave up into the Conquerours power Alexander restored and sent him back commanding him to provide all necessaries for his Army but sailing down thither he found that he had left the Citie and retired to the Mountains with all his subjects both of Town and Countrey Alexander sent some hors-men to perswade them to return which accordingly diverse did Then did he order Hephaestion to build a Fort in the Citie and sent a party to dig Wells in that Coast of the Countrey which wanted water The Enemy fell upon these men out of the Wildernesse and killed many of them which forced the King to send others for a supply He sayleth to the Island Pattalena Now had he sayled almost 10 moneths when he came to Pattalena 28. At this Island the River Indus parteth into two