habitation so will it eueÌ„ as it were rauish your senses to consider how many méete defences and propugnacles are placed round about their cauitie Whiche albeit they haue to them selues proper vses appointed yet serue they besides so fit for to gard the eyes as if they had bene for no other purpofe ordained For aboue them is Os frontis and the eye browe beneath the first bone of the vpper iawe the bones of the chéeke likewise the nostrels and Os iugale besides the gristels of the liddes and the eyeliddes themselues which serue to direct the sight The fashion of the eyes in man is rounde which if you marke well you shall finde that nothyng elles in the body hath a direct rounde proportion But in other creatures the eyes are not directly round no rather oblique or depressed Neither is that marueilous whilest the figure of man differeth from all other creatures in no small poynt Neither more openly then worthely hath Realdus Collumbus reproued such as hitherto haue made description of the eyes by srequentation of brutish Anathomies which clearely he noteth in Galen and after him Vesalius whose 〈◊〉 in matters Anathomicall no man neglecteth yet with no small negligeÌ„ce is he spotted in this point since so carelesly to write in a matter so great excellent and oft wished he blushed not But now to come to the matter in what place the eye is sited and for what cause that is to say for sight no man doubteth but how the sight is made that is not with facilitie explicable the strise therof as yet is vnder iudgement as touchyng emission and immission Some thinckyng to haue obtained truth on their side are confuted with the fancyes of their owne foolishe fablyng So that one so much hindreth an other as when reason should giue iudgement conceyt standeth in the light but of this argument we will make no disputation It is sufficieÌ„t in this treatise to shew that the eyes are made for the cause of seyng Which thyng is so marueilous necessary to man as they that either by nature chaunce or sicknes lose there sight accompt them selues vnhappy The facultie of séeyng commeth from the brayne brought vnto them from the visible spirites by the opticke sinewes which sinewes are thicke and soft as shal be declared when we come to the description of sinewes enwrapped with the hard and soft Membran and spryng out from within the brayne to the seate or soundation thereof and penetratyng Os sphenoides through the rounde holes therof do end in the inner cauitie of the eyes whereas they constitute the Membran called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The eyes therefore consist of many partes that is to say of fiue Muscles notwithstandyng that Galen and Vesalius are of much contrary opinion as in the History of Muscles is playnly set out sire Membrans and three humours with Nerues Arteries Ueynes Glandules and much fatnes round about Of the Muscles seruyng to the eyes whiche we haue sayd to be fiue foure of them are so disposed as that they séeme to be distributed to the foure corners of the eyes aboue and beneath to the right side and to the left Their rising is from Os sphenoïdes and Duramater and are long consistyng of straight Fibres and in their endes explicatyng their owne substaunce do constitute a tendinous Membran which endeth at the pannicle Cornea behynd Iris euery which Muscle doyng his office by him selfe and labouryng without the helpe of the rest â—…raweth the eye either vpward or downeward to the right hand or to the left but if at one tyme in mouyng they go together then they hold or stay the eye but agayne at what tyme they vse not their motion all at once but one of theÌ„ successiuely after an other the eye is turned rouÌ„d or in compasse wise Which diuersitie of mouynges at vnlike tyme is also to be sene in the foure Muscles addicted to the mouyng of the wrest Wherfore diuerse motions to be shewed by diuerse mouers and that in them selues diuersly let no man thincke it an absurditie to beleue But now to come to the fift Muscle wherof Realdus Collumbus protesteth him selfe to be the first inuentor it ampleâ—…eth or embraseth the halfe and more of the eyes in transuerse maner sited neuerthelesse is not to be despised or with slight regarde beholden since the motion therof is not onely exquisite but accordyng to the prouidence of God ordained whereby the countenaunce of man is different from beastes as the Poet hath versified Pronáque cùm spectant animalia caetera terram Os homini sublime dedit caelúmque videre Iussit erectos ad sydera tollere vultus When euery beast with prone aspect to looke on earthy mould He had ordained yet man he made the heauens for to behould And that he should his countenance vnto the skyes erect So by the benefite of this fift Muscle we behold the heauens and directly cast our countenauÌ„ce vpward By it so is made perfect the deuise of so great a worke begon which serueth and helpeth at euery turne For not onely the eye may be lifted vp by this Muscle but be likewise stayed as also turned round or agayne contained in his seate vnmoueable still or stedfact without turnyng this way or that way Wherefore I am in this opinion further persuaded that Nature with great foresight and prouident skill gaue vnto the eyes this fift Muscle participatyng with the propertie of euery action placed it so closely nearely wrappyng or claspyng the hinder side of the eye as the like she hath done to other partes whose offices are notable that if the Muscles of the corners that is the other foure or any of them should by outward inconuenience and hurt be dispoyled of their vertues this which by Nature is sited so secretly that as it is a hand vnto the eye so the eye is a shield vnto it for that the one can not be rightly hurt and the other escape might minister assistauÌ„ce least the eye thence forth should be depriued of mouyng altogether The other Anathomistes I meane such as haue written before the tyme of Realdus Collumbus how they haue varyed from him in the description of the Muscles of the eyes I haue most diligently and directly in the History of Muscles declared We ought yet in discussing the frame of the bodies light further to consider for amongest these Muscles are distributed the secoÌ„d payre of sinewes from the brayne amongest which the eye and opticke sinew a great portion of â—…at is placed least that by want of such moystnyng as it yeldeth the eye in perpetuall mouyng might dry and consume Hereto also are ioyned 〈◊〉 â—…landules of which the one aboue and the other beneath pouryng forth teares in a perplexed mynde are made also to water and moysten the eyes the
eye there towardes the thyrd lying beneath bringeth it downewardes the fourth aboue toward the eye browes and the fift and sixt circumuerte and turne the eye about ech way Besides those vj Muscles there is yet an other great one hid on ech side by the others and compassed about with the aforesayd fat This sheweth the same likenesse that the other vj. do figure together for from the hard Membran mouyng the visible Nerue it hath his begynnyng but somewhat more forward thē the first sixe His begynnyng is fleshie as the rest of the bodye therof that round compasseth the visible Nerue and beyng stretched forth from the begynnyng to the foure partes like a Peare or pine apple increaseth and enlargeth by litle and litle untill it touch the posterior part of the eye whereto it is emplanted as a circle Neither doth it assay this insertion neare this visible Nerue but almost where the eye begynneth to encrease the largest This Muscle lifteth the eye vpward and downward and therewithall turneth it Netherto as briefly as I might thou hast to consider of the Muscles of the eyes abstract sensibly from Galen Uesalius and the rest of Anathomistes 〈◊〉 all described the eyes of beastes not of men Because I wil be purged of all superstition of partiall iudgement thou shalt thy selfe frendly Reader discusse the case and since both the wayes are layd before thy face sée if thou caust separate the eye of man from beastes the worthiest of both beyng most diligently practised by Collumbus Who in stéede of xiiij Muscles which they attribute to the eyes accompteth x. sufficient to them both that is for seuen fiue in euery eye neither are those iiij placed as appeareth most fit for the opening of the eye liddes to be numbred at all amongest the Muscles of the eyes But there are iiij long Muscles which appeare towardes the roote of the visible Nerue hauyng straight Fibres and end in sinewy tenuities and are knit in round compasse to the Membran corner there constitutyng an other Membran which is not so farre extended as to touch Iris. They are placed like foure corners wherof ij aboue the rest beneath And these Muscles either vpward or downward from the right side or from the left do turne the eye that is to say when any of them by them selues or a sunder do labor els ij at once But if altogether worke with a subsequent mouyng then turnes the eye in circular sort Neither estéeme this as a new saying since the like is proued in the iiij Muscles seruyng to the wrest of the hand Moreouer they are mad to stay the eyes that is when 〈◊〉 at one tyme do worke together And the fift Muscle whiche onely he and first of all inuented is thus described It is sited vnder the other iiij betwene which and this the fat is entercedent It is placed ouerthwartly and complecteth the halfe of the eye it springeth from the Membran corner and also endeth in the same So that which is the end or which is the begynning it is not easie to finde He therfore iudgeth it a Muscle maruelous both begynnyng at the eye and also endyng in the same so that it is hard to say what is the propper mouing of this Muscle of the eye Yet sayth he if the begynnynges of Muscles should procéede from Nerucs I durst then truely affirme the begynnyng of this Muscle to be in the middest for there goeth in a notable braunch sufficient thicke if it be compared vnto the Muscle brought from the second coniugation of the brayne which Nerue I graunt me to haue oftē suspected to be the tēdon of this Muscle this Nerue if that you draw the eye turneth vpward and round about although the Muscle be vnder it And peraduenture this is the vse of that marueilous Muscle that by the helpe therof we behold the heauens and worke of his Diuine maiestie whereto we be borne to the fulfillyng wherof this sayd Nerue is no litle or meane helpe This same Muscle thus described hath on the side for it forceth not now whether you call it the side end or beginnyng a litle broad tendō wherewith it cleaueth to Cornea Truly I could now wishe that some great searcher of natures secretes were geuen vnto me of whom I might learne the vtilitie of this excellent muscle In the meane tyme it is sufficient that I haue inuented and described it I speake now of man for Vesalius and Galen haue described the eyes of beastes and not of men As whosoeuer conferveth their descriptions with the thyng it selfe shall easely know Betwene this and the other iiij is fatnesse lyke as betwene it and the visible Nerue but that the muscle which Galen Vesalius and others haue described accomptyng it now in the first and then in the seuenth place is no where in the eye of man to be found and may be deuided into iij. muscles or moe yet not withstanding they haue elegātly described it and so as in Oxen Horses Weathers and such like fourefooted beastes is easie to be sene and found Thus far Collumbus of the muscles of the eyes which I now commit to iudgement hauyng dosté my part therein with sufficient prolixitie NOw it séemeth time to go forwardes with the Muscles of other partes ther fore those of the nother iawe let vs sée how they may be deciffered For the eares haue no propper mouyng but in beastes neither therfore any muscles bearyng dutie vnto them Albeit Collumbus reporteth in a certaine man to haue foūd a muscle springyng from the chéekes and endyng at the lappe or wyng of the eare to giue voluntary mouing toward the Anteriour partes an other also some tyme in the posteriour part procéedyng from the Mammillar Processe But surely these in men are so rare as that they deserue no notable description The nether iawe not onely in man but also in all creatures moueth and not the vpper iawe exceptyng the Crorodile who as Plinie sayth deuoureth with the vpper iawe without any mouyng propper to the nether and the Popiniaye whom Collumbus first espyed to moue both at once In figure the nether iawe and vpper in man differeth from beastes the one for the shortnes the other for the length therof because so it behoued that beastes in not hauyng handes should to helpe them for the receipt of meate in their mouthes haue longer iawes nature not beyng carefull for their proportion which contrariwise in man be most roūd and short both for the bewty of the face aunswerable to the rest of the body as also that he hath handes to reach and put forth at his pleasure albeit that the Ape somewhat nearely counterfaiteth the same with handes and all after a sorte And there be iij. voluntary mouynges chauncyng to the nether iawe that is it openeth shutteth turneth round The Muscles therof are iiij on both sides
knit vnto the corners or cauities exculped in the sides of the brest bone To speake of the figure of the ribbes or what kynde of fashion they haue no man is ignoraunt onely this is to be noted that the semicircled order of the ribbes and compassed creation of the breast were most expedieÌ„t aswell for the force and strength therof as also for the matter conteinyng of many thynges and so consequently for the better safetie of thynges conteined The first superiours and last inferiours beyng farre shorter then the middlemost to the roundyng and compassing of the brest do not a litle lend as it were their helpyng handes Wherfore the obseruation therof is worthy since the vppermost are more crooked and bendyng then the neithermost which are nothyng so bounched outward nor strayt the middlemost agayne beyng more long and large are also broader then the rest except it be the first of all which as it is shortest so it is also most broad whereby we gather that by the sâ—…rayt coÌ„myng in and bendyng of the vppermost the hyest part also of the brest is made the narrowest and straytest of roome but agayne further goyng downwardes where the ribbes are largest and more at libertie extended there also the brest must néedes haue greater scope and compasse as it behoued Now agayne because the ribbes in their inner region or side are succinged and clothed with a most sensible Membran called Pleura and to the end that the asperitie and roughnes of the ribbes might not be at any time to the sensibilitie of the same offensauÌ„t it was therfore carefully prouided for they beyng inwardly wrought so smooth easie for the same as may be deuised There is a certaine hollow or long cauitie in the lower region of eche ribbe whiche lyeng after the loÌ„gitude therof like a gutter yeldeth way for the course of Veyne Arterie and Nerue therein runnyng together And this maner interne cauitie is indifferently in all the ribbes onely stretchyng longer and déeper in the middlemost but the first extremest ribbes admittyng smaller vessels for the smalnes of the ribbes haue likewise lesser cauities or gutters to their substaunce engraued Wherfore for this cause we are most excellently warned in the disease called of the Gréekes Empiema that in makyng incision for the drawyng away of Pius we be sure to apply our instrument to the vpper region of the ribbe but not to the neither part therof in any case for feare of the great incommoditie that might ensue by deuiding those vessels which as appeareth in the lower side of the ribbe are easie to be touched But outwardly the ribbes I meane in the posteriour part of them are sufficieÌ„tly rough and vnequall for the better fastenyng to of the Ligamentes wherby they are alligated to the Vertebres in that order as we haue said before But not far froÌ„ those Tubercles or productions which we haue nominated to articulate with the transuerse Procelles of the Spondill the ribbes are endewed with an other prominent portion whereto groweth the longest Muscle of the backe and not far thence in a rough part of the ribbes for so is the whole space of iij. fingers bredth from the Vertebres is aptly inserted the vj. Muscle of mouyng the brest and thus are the ribbes committed to the Vertebres The brestbone which the Grecias call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but in Latin Pectus is farre otherwise in foure footed beastes and much alienate from the naturall construction of the same in mankynd for that in Dogges Apes other such lyke it consisteth chiesly of vij bones which perhaps drew Galen to that errour as appeareth in his xiij chapiter of bones but the brest bone in man is construct and wrought of foure partes that is to say of iiij or iij. bones but not so many as are true ribbes on a side which I say in beastes not in men are found Vesalius found but thrée in aged persons Whereof the first is very large and also thicke but not so thicke as might surmount the largenes broader in vpper part then where it meteth with the second The secoÌ„d coÌ„trariwise is narrower in the begynnyng then at the lower ende and excéedeth also more in largenes then in thicknes but the thyrd is a small bone and is committed to the inferiour part of the second bone after the like order as the second is ioyned with the first and is knit there to the second bone whereas the Cartilages of the vij 〈◊〉 be Articulate to the lower seate of the same This bone as it is large so is it also slender and in the lower seate therof degenerateth into a Cartilage which hath to name by propper appellation from the Latins mucronata Cartilago The substaunce of the bones of the brest retaynoth no certaine solliditie but are euery where soft Spongie and hollow and are bounde together eche one by the helpe of a Cartilage the whiche manner of knittyng and Coarticulation Galen calleth Synarthrosum whose mouing is obscure and as playnly we haue discused hertofore but Vesalius and Collumbus do write in steade therof Symphisis which we declared to be destitute of all manner motion as the brest bones which notwithstanding they be commitid together with Cartilages haue not any mouing but thereby rather bow and yéeld to the elation and depression of the ribbes The vpper part of the first is much larger then any part of the rest and also thicker hauyng in the middlemost part therof aboue a hollow manifestly exculped giuyng place to the descension of the roughe 〈◊〉 On eche side of the which corner the substaunce of the same bone is once agayne excaued outwardly and that most excellently to admitte the Articulation and knittyng of the canell bone on eche side Both the inner and outer region of the brest bone is indifferent smooth and euen but the toppe of necessitie hath a certaine roughnes whence springeth and exurgeth a valiaunt long Muscle stretchyng from the toppe of this Pectorall bone vp to the Mammillar Processe on eche side where it is worthely implanted At the lower end therof as we sayd euen now groweth the Triangular Cartilage named Mucronata because it is downewardes sharpe poynted and edged like a sword wherfore some also call it Ensiformis and Gladialis other for that it haÌ„geth like a shield say Clypealis some agayne Malum granatuÌ„ but the Greekes Xiphoides Wherby some heretofore haue supposed the mouth of the Ventricles to be chiesty defended as onely a muniment for that end to haue bene created wheÌ„ as it is euident the mouth of y Ventricle to be thence not a litle distaunt nearer by farre situated vnto the backe Wherfore this accordyng to the opinion of the latter sort the brest bone was created
so also in greatnes and litlenes For the greatest of all are the first and vij of which ij it is hard to iudge the greatest the second is lesse theÌ„ these but bigger then all the remnauÌ„t then chalengeth the viij and after him the fift the sixt next so then the thyrd the fourth of all others as we sayd before is least Now as touchyng their vnion order of composition which ought aswell to be knowen and considered as all that we haue hetherto spoken of them The first bone therfore besides that it is articulate with Radius in the superiour part therof where it proturberateth round cleaueth to the second entryng the cauitie therof and admitteth into it the round head of the seuenth as also in the inferiour part is coherent with the v. and vj. The second not onely vpward entreth the hollow of Radius together with the the first but in the inferiour part where it is hollow is connected with the vij and in the posteriour part with the thyrd So likewise the thyrd is ioyned with the secoÌ„d and in the lower side toucheth the viij and in the hinder part inwardly towardes Vlna meteth the fourth The which fourth we finde committed to none other The fift next in the vpper part with the first in the hinder part with the vj. is adherent to the prominent Processe of the second bone of Postbrachiale if by the way we constitute as Collumbus would v. bones thereto wherof more hereafter the inferiour portioÌ„ therof the first bone of Postbrachiale which Galen maketh the first ioynt of the thombe receiueth The vj. is knit to the first fift seuenth on that side where it respecteth them but with the inferiour head or swelling it is fastened to the angular bosome of the Postbrachiall bones from thence respecting the thyrd also of Postbrachiale whose first and longer produced portion it susteyneth The seuenth endeth at the first second sixt and viâ—… but not equally or in like order committed to one as to an other since it hath some sides hollow others boled or gibbous Notwithstandyng in the inferiour part it is rooted to a portion of the thyrd and fourth bones of Postbrachiale Lastly the viij which is highest on the other sides is coupled with the second thyrd and vij and in the inferiour part it is a seate vnto the fourth and fift bones of Postbrachiale to which also it is coarticulated and knit Thus to speake briefly of these bones of the wrest although there commeth no peculiar Muscle vnto them as the author of action wherby we iudge it obscure yet are they not vnmoueable or wantyng motion in déede but yeld to the styrring of the hand both vpward downward and to the sides Moreouer in the interiour part of the wrest we finde a broad and déepe cauitie or bosome through the which are concurrent not a small number of tendons of Muscles to be inserted to the ioyntes of the fingers And in this vawte or hollow they séeme as it were included or locked vp for ouerflowyng their seates with a strong Ligament produced from the Processe of the viij bone and inserted ouerthwartly to y side of the fift For which purpose that their beyug might be more safe and their scope more frée nature caused the same Processe of the viij bone to hang and houer inwardly lyke a séeled vawlte so that the space or distaunce betwene the head or extremitie of the same Processe and the fift Ossicle which with the side somewhat also leaneth towardes it is nothyng so much as we discerne in the compasse of the hollow vnder But the exteriour part of the wrest is the way for the tendons on the outside runnyng to the fingers yet notwithstandyng it hath no notable cauitie but rather is boled or rounded outward for asmuch as those tendâ—…ns are much lesse theÌ„ they of inner side and therfore also occupy lesse space So accordyngly therfore it was decent that the extreme region of the wrest of the hand should carie a circular kynde of fourme and the interne playne Yet albeit the inner side by the aforesayd valley or vawlte séemeth to make a most apt way and safe conduction for the tendons produced in that region so must we consider that they of the extrinsecall region of the wrest are not rashly left or inordinatly giuen ouer to libertie for so in vayne had growen forth the foure Ligamentes on that side which clothe and so surely bynd them in Galen in his xviij chapiter of bones affirmeth these Ossicles of the wrest of the hand to be hard and solid but not any thyng medullous as Collumbus not rashly since his tyme hath assured vs though amongest all the rest he sayth the most hard and almost altogether solid bone is that which in the fourth place we haue here before numbred But if any industrious Artiste shall at any tyme fortune to finde the contrary I for my tyme am forst to confesse me neuer to haue inueÌ„ted or proued the like Soliditie in the fourth and litle Ossicle neither any more consideryng the quantitie therof then in the rest albeit it may séeme very likely to some by the litlenes therof That it should also haue a certain Celle or corner auÌ„swerable to the Processe Styloides produced froÌ„ the inferiour head of Vlna let no man beleue although Galen him selfe haue written it For neither hath the same Ossicle any such cauitie neither doth the same Processe in the wrest of a maÌ„ reach or extend so farre as vnto it wherfore in Apes Collumbus verisieth this his Assertion in meÌ„ the truth standeth otherwise Vesalius noteth the composition of these bones to be so excellently compact and wrought together with Ligamentes as vnlesse they be diligeÌ„tly cut and fret away together with the Membrans we might suppose them to be all one bone and altogether vncertain to iudge how many as Cornelius Celsus in his viij booke and first chapiter confesseth himselfe inscient by accomptyng their number vncertaine Their mutuall coniunctioÌ„ sayth Fernelius is Synarthrosis their ioyning with Radius sayth Collumbus confessyng likewise the other by Diarthrosis and with the bones of Postbrachiale partly by Synarthrosis and partly by Diarthrosis THis Postbrachiale as partly we haue touched before called of the GreciaÌ„s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is that part of the hand which inward we call the palme but outward the backe of the hand Whereto accordyngly Fuchsius saith some of Galens interpretours haue called it Palma others Manus Pectus and so forth Uesalius sayth and before him Galen that this part of the hand namely Postbrachiale is construed onely of iiij bones in the whiche number is left out the first of the Thombe which Collumbus would most propperly in my opinion haue added that not without good stay of reason since it as nearely succéedeth the bones of the wrest
Os sacrum do minister to all the composition of bones that most necessary seate and ground for these beyng therto perpetually abidyng are neuer required of any motion when as all other meÌ„bers about them of very right do styrre and moue which most euideÌ„tly we may discerne in seyng all the motions both of the superiour and inferiour partes excellently percurrent and yet at length to ceasse or end at these bones as it were there certaine centre and pricke for Ilij ossa are so firmely to the same Sacrum coÌ„mitted as that they séeme wholly growne thereto wherfore Collumbus recordeth of a Sceleton he hath whose Ilium on the left side is so connated growne to Sacrum as that it may not by any meanes be disseuered These same bones likewise in the fore part do méete and ioyne together Their bearyng outward is estéemed to represent the figure of a bason which nature so ordayned for the safer conteinyng and holdyng of the matrice bleddar and intralles to the safetie of the which these bones are chiesly prest The figure of these bones is diuers for on the hynder part they be broad and insigned with ij cauities whiche rather séeme crooked or bowed then hollowly excaued or engrauen since it is euident that the same partes on the contrary side are asmuch conuexed and Gibbous whereas also much asperitie and roughnes is chiefly outwardes and seruyng to the insertion of Muscles The vpper region of this part of Ilium beyng drawen after a Semicircular lyne is clothed with an Appendance all a long the same coÌ„passe And because it is somwhat prominent outward therefore it is called the spine or ridge from whence especially flow Ligamentes and the exorture of these Muscles that constitute the buttockes as also those that downwardes to the thigh and legge and vpwardes to the brest and backe are caried As touchyng their fastnyng vnto Os sacrum nature hath decréed a mutuall congresse whereby their composition is made more strong and pertinatious wherefore the transuerse Processes of Os sacrum as they are excised and engrauen somwhere with large and déepe other where with lyght and shallow concauities so likewise are these Bones in the settyng to both endewed with conuenient cauities as also other méete portions bounched forth and proturberated So that in méetyng together the hollow places of these receiue the roughe knottes or eminences of Os sacrum and in lyke maner their protubered or swelled portions are admitted into his agreable cauities And this congresse is mutuall to the which vnion a Cartilage also is intercedent which after the maner of glew holdeth and ioyneth them together Whereby there Articulation may be thought like Ginglymon but since no kynde of motion is atchieued thereby we accompt it more like vnto Symphisis and thus farre the description of the superiour part Now that portion thence declinyng towardes the Anteriour partes occupieng the middle space of the bone and endewed with the name of Coxendicis os is most thicke that the more commodiously therein and without to much weakenyng or decaying the bone might be made the large and déepe hollow or cuppe into which is immitted the long and round head of the thigh Wherfore it is called a cuppe or bowle which although in déede it be of it selfe very large yet because it could not be so deepe as wholly might conteine the head of the thighe a Cartilage is thereunto added as is betwixt the scapple bone and the shoulder whereby the hollownes therof is fulfilled at large And this cuppe or coÌ„cauitie not onely occupyeth part of Coxendicis os but of Os ilium also and Pubis And besides that Cartilage which in maner of a crust circundeth and compasseth aswell the head of the thigh as the cuppe wherein it is conteined there riseth about the borders and edges of the same hole a certaine thicke circular Cartilage which nobly augmenteth the capacitie thereof and so complecteth the déepe head of the thighe that not without great rigour extreme violence it may be froÌ„ his seat luxated And further to the end that head of the thighe might yet more sirmely and safely rest within the same acetable or cuppe out of the middest of his crustie Appendance groweth a round and most strong Ligament whiche is likewise fastened in the middest of the same cauitie and in this maner is sirmified his Articulation which otherwise was stacke and lose The inferiour parte whiche is intersited betwixt Ilium and Coxendix is endewed with a notable kynde of hollownes brustyng out or cut through in the lower part so that it is a way euident and open on eche side or common to both the bones ordayned as we may easely suppose as a way for the subduction of very many and large surcles and braunches of Sinewes profluent from the spinall marey through the holes in Os sacrum the which after not fare thence do coite and ioyne together in one the greatest of all the Nerues in the body which downwardes is dissemiâ—…ated amongest the Muscles of the thighe and legge as more in the history of Nerues But departyng from this corner or déepe nicke more forwardly there â—…iseth a certaine sharpe Processe whence is produced a Ligament to be inserted vnto Os sacrum prepared to inclose the fundameÌ„t and that greatest Nerue lately cited Agayne besides this Processe neare to the botome or seate of Coxendix there is an other hollowed corner beyng broad but more shallow then that before sayd and is as it were cut here and there in the middest with certayne chinkes to the which are inherent foure tendons recondited and hidde in their Muscle as if they were in a purse imposed whiche at length also do agree together in one to be sent and sowed in the thighe The inferiour portion of the thighe is most thicke which therfore is nominated the seate or fouÌ„dation therof This one amongest all other partes of Coxendicis os is endewed with one Appendance whence spryng the iij. Muscles that serue to bowe the legge And now it resteth to speake of the Anteriour part which is named Os pubis beyng thinner both aboue and beneth then the rest these the nearer towardes their middest are the more also attenuated vntill they become cleane through perforated and that with a most large hole aboue they are ioyned together the right méetyng with the left by the interuenture of much Cartilage the which knittyng is so firme and Solid as hardly with the knife it may be separated Wherfore great occasioÌ„ of laughter is offered by such as haue not bene ashamed openly to publish so much that these same bones should in women bryngyng forth be losed and departed one from an other thereby that more easely the byrth might be extrahed Notwithstandyng it is verified in the tayle bone
last bones of Tarsus that their cauities in the sides where they ioyne are most obscure lest euident of all others coÌ„mitted therfore together by Glene or at least they may séeme so but a litle after wardes ColluÌ„bus most propperly describeth that same end of the first Postbrachiall to haue a double cauitie and consequeÌ„tly the fift bone a double tubercle For els it were a iest to affirme one cauitie to be vnto an other cauitie coÌ„mitted or coÌ„trariwise The vpper part of this bone is very narrow and desceÌ„deth after the inside which is broadest And this part is after a sort Gibbous by reason of that cauitie that is to be discerned in the outer region therof whilest the inside in the vpper part of it falleth to the side of the vj. bone with a small kynde of cauitie yet the inferiour part of this bone is more thicke that more firmely it might set to the ground The vj. bone is iiij squared if we marke the vpper face therof whiche as it is playne so proffering iiij corners But the inferiour part therof is most narrow and as it were edged very propperly compared to a wedge and so the vij bone which is next to it But the Anteriour part of this vj. bone with the boatelike bone the hinder part lightly prominent with the second of the bones compared to the Postbrachiall the inside with the outer of the v. the outer side with the inside of the vij is ioyned whiche partes neither are they frustrate of the Cartilaginous crustes The vij is in the middest betwene the vj. and iiij called Cyboides this séemeth also iiij squared but with a head somwhat loÌ„ger then the vj. The fore part resteth vpon the boatelike bone whose shallow sinuated side admitteth the small tubercle that this sheweth forth but the hinder part of it admitteth the iij. Postbrachiall bone the sides are attingent to the sides of the vj. and iiij bones Netherto of the bones of Tarsus which are in number vij constitutyng the halfe leÌ„gth of the foote accomptyng from the extreme poynt of the héele and so forward all which space may be accompted the Brachiall or wrest bones to the bones susteinyng the toes aunswerable to the Postbrachiall bones of the hand As touchyng their substauÌ„ce although they be hard yet not altogether Solid but yeldyng way for nourishment as behoueth such bones NOw follow the Bones aunswerable to the Backe of the hand heretofore mentioned beyng the second part of the foote called of the Latins Planta or Uestigium as it were the footesteppe hold or chief gard of the pace consisting of siue Bones long and round imitatyng the ioyntes of the fingers the greatnes of whose extreme heades leaueth the middle partes much more light and slender For their begynnynges are grosse and sinuated where they are compounded with the iiij last Bones of Tarsus in manner as before is declared But where they méete with the first ioyntes of the Toes they swell forth in rounded heades like as the Postbrachiall bones of the hand where they are set to the fingers The greatest of these in thicknes is the first although in leÌ„gth it giueth place to the rest that is of all the other it is shortest and of all others therewith the thickest the inferiour part wherof which is vnder the Anteriour head puttâ—…h forth a tubercle wherewith it separatech the ij Sesamine Ossicles there resident whereto is inserted the seueÌ„th Muscle mouyng the foote And the posteriour part also is beneth prominent whiche in mouyng the great Toe comparable to the thombe runneth into the diuision of the two Sesamine Bones whereof we speake more anone Euen so the last bone susteinyng the litle toe where it is coupled with Cyboides hath a notable Processe goyng forth on the outside of the soote whiche augmentyng so the length of the same bone maketh it comparable to the longest which els had bene that bone that susteineth the secoÌ„d toe of the foote that is that next the great toe The which Processe lest it might be thought to serue for no other purpose note that to it is inserted the tendon of the viij Muscle of the foote as more at large in the history of Muscles is declared Briefly all these bones in their fore partes are vnited to the bones of Tarsus as also mutually inherent one with an other but further in their progresse they are a sunder by litle and litle deuided becommyng more slender for the constitutyng of sufficient spaces betwene them for the méete lodgyng of the Muscles seruyng to bowe the first ioyntes of the Toes accordyngly as I also touched in the description of the Postbrachiall bones of the hand Appendances are appertinent both to their Anteriour and posteriour partes Gristelly couered but in their posteriour partes the heades of these Bones are sourmed rouÌ„d which are committed accordyngly to the déepe cauities of the first ioyntes of the toes Hollow are these within and replenished with marcy neither haue they not litle hâ—…les by which both surcles of Veynes Arteries with nourishment make entraunce The thyrd part of the foote the Toes represeÌ„tyng fingers do supply followyng the Postbrachiall bones The nuÌ„ber of them is xiiij in euery toe iij. except the great toe or thombe whiche hath onely two as is also in the hand to be obserued For that which should be the first ioynt of the great toe like as Galen in the Postbrachiall Bones of the hand accompteth that to be the first ioynt of the thombe which Collumbus contrarily affirmeth the first bone of Postbrachiale is reckned amongest the bones of the Planta last spoken of that with greater perspicuitie then in the hand whose motion there is manifest but here as obscure as the rest of that accompt And euen as the nuÌ„ber of the bones of the toes in the foote are agreable to those of the hand so likewise they are litle different in substaunce construction and situation saue that in the foote the Anteriour partes of the first ioyntes haue déeper concauities for the couchyng in of the greater swelled heades of the bones of the Plante which kynde of Articulation is called Enarthrosis but euery of their mutuall ArticulatioÌ„s Ginglymon The space betwene the knots of the ioyntes in the foote are shorter then in the hand and round bounched aboue but beneth hollow and sinâ—…s for the safe admittaunce of the tendons of Muscles seruyng to howe the second and thyrd ioynts of the toes As for AppendaÌ„ces euery of their heades tast of their benefite with the slippery clothyng of Cartilages for Articulation and motion sake erceptyng the extremities of the toes where is neither Appendance nor Cartilaginous crust to be inuented for that to no other Bones they are coarticulated and knit Their substauÌ„ce inwardly is endewed with
it hath one peculiar to it selfe and to the Nerues therewith descendyng prepared After all this at the begynnyng of the ix Vertebre of the brest the stomach by the interuenture of MembraÌ„s produced from the Ligamentes of the Spondils is to the bodies of the Vertebres committed and possesseth from those MembraÌ„s a thyrd coate as it were of his second an inuoluere mingled with no Fibres at all But that neare to the fift Vertebre of the brest the stomach sheweth it selfe rather on the right then on the left side of the Arterie the Arterie it selfe is the cause not as a tyran occupying the middle seat of the backe but whilest it taketh his begynnyng from the left Uentricle of the hart and by the rest of his way is subiected vnder Vena caua towardes the left side of necessitie in greater part to the left side bendyng and therfore somewhat giuyng place to the stomach admitteth the same a fellow or companion of the seate of the Vertebres so that the stomach might be lesse obliquate or crooked and obteyne also firmer seate then in the left side might be found Furthermore the stomach doth not perforate the right side of Septum transuersum neither is stretched straight into the UeÌ„tricle from the right side of the backe but beyng caried aboue the Arterie and obliquate or crooked with an obtuse or blunt corner séeketh the left side lest the stomach in going to the UeÌ„tricle should haue bene compelled to perforate the liuer which occupyeth all the right side of the inferiour region of Septum but fréely findeth out that part in Septum whereas lesse of liuer beyng yeldeth easie passage thereto Such is the thinner portion of the whole liuer stretched to the left side of Septum as that in the posteriour region therof where the stomach goeth through Septum it hath a cauitie like a halfe circle engrawen for the stomach whose Anteriour part it ampleâ—…eth ther to in proportion agréeing But it sufficed not nature to giue vnto the stomach so obliquate those sayd Fibres for the spéedy passage of meates but also to the end his concauitie might alway be with moysture annoynted she hath placed Glandules both in the iawes stomach and Larinx Which perpetually left those organs should be dryed prepareth them humor and spettle The Latins terme them Tonsillae Also in the middle space of the stomach where the same is subiect to Aspera Arteria in that place as it is deuided into two trunkes to the lunges two others are put not onely before the stomach but also cleauyng to the sides and posteriour part therof playnly aunswerable to those wherewith nature hath compassed the begynnyng of the necke of the bleddar in men For euen as these do irrigate and moysten the way of 〈◊〉 and seede so the Glandules fastened to the stomach humeâ—… his amplitude and lest by drines the meate should with difficultie fall into the Uentricle do imbrue washe it with a certaine spettelly humor The stomach immediately as it hath penetrated Septum in the left side of his sinewy part is made coÌ„tinuall with the body of the Uentricle which touchyng a great part in the left side of Septum vseth the whole region or space betwene the liuer and splene But in the right side the UeÌ„tricle no where toucheth SeptuÌ„ but all the right side whole superiour part therof is hiddeÌ„ of the liuer being somuch therfore distauÌ„t from the midrief as the thicknes therof commeth to on that side THe figure therof is round somewhat therewith long from the right stretchyng to the left side assimulated of ColluÌ„bus to a gourd long round fashioned round because all round thynges are more capable and lesse subiect to iniuries but long because so both the place wherein it is conteined and also the two Orifices therof one whereby it receiueth meat the other whereby the same confected is thrust downe vnto the intrels do require In the left side also it is much more ample and round a litle puttyng forth toward the inferiour partes and thence forthwith turnyng to the right side is by litle litle gathered together to a strete in the vpper part descendeth but in the nether asceÌ„deth so that in the right side it becommeth much more slender then in the left Also in the superiour part therof which pertaineth froÌ„ one Orifice to an other it is more strete and narrow as in the inferiour larger and broader In the Anteriour part it is equally euery where Gibbous and no where defourmed In the posteriour region it sheweth after a certaine maner two Gibbous partes one on the left side and the same greater and longer put forth an other on the left side lesse and more depressed And those bounched partes make a certaine cauitie or impression after the longitude of the body to the posteriour seat of the Uentricle impressed For in what place the Uentricle respecteth the Vertebres of the backe and the descendent trunkes of the hollow Ueyne great Arterie to them stretched that it might fit it selfe euery where to the place thereto assigned the posteriour region therof is inwardly as into his owne amplitude somewhat impressed although the Uentricle beyng drawne from the body and blowne vp sheweth not the same TWo Orifices hath the Uentricle one whereby the meate and drinke is receiued which consisteth in the highest seate of the left part of the Uentricle because the stomach there fitly perforatyng Septum might first grow vnto the Uentricle and be made one common body therewith The auncient Gréekes do call this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but we after the Latins name it the vpper mouth of the Uentricle And although it be in the left side notwithstandyng it commeth nearer to the middle seate therof then to the left side Wherfore Galen sayth it is sited vnder Mucronata Cartilago as vnder a certaine propugnacle and defence The other Orifice of the Uentricle transmitteth the meates chaunged into the intrels Whence the Grecians call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins Ianitor but commoÌ„ly the nether Orifice or mouth of the Uentricle This Orifice is in the right side and constituteth the begynnyng of the intrels Hence it hapneth that the first intrell called Duodenum many haue named the begynnyng Moreouer the Orifices of the Uentricle not onely in situation do vary but besides the nethermost is more strete then the vppermost because sometyme are swallowed hard great and vnbroken lumpes for whose ingresse it behoued the way of the UeÌ„tricle to be large and ample But beneath contrariwise since nothyng passeth that is raw hard great are not turned into iuyce it is streter although neither so strete as that it onely traÌ„smitteth the thicke iuyce since not a fewe that without hurt or damage do oft tymes auoyde great swallowed bones But in diuers creatures Galen affirmeth a
in dead and liuing bodies doth testifie it selfe THe hart within this inuolucre closed beyng the fountaine of vitall heate and perfector of vitall spirites after they are laboured in the lunges as before is touched is also the originall roote of all Arteries but not of Nerues neither Ueynes as fondly some haue fabled THe figure of the hart is not much vnlike the pine nutte but somewhat depressed that is to say hauyng a broader foundation but endyng by litle and litle at a poynt somewhat sharper then the pine nutte is much more long then thicke All the exteriour face therof from the foundation or seate to the extreme part of the poynt is very euen and smooth growyng to no part at all Notwithstandyng the braunches of the coronall Ueyne runnyng from the seate to the poynt of the hart with the fellowshyp of their Arteries which swellyng with bloud do cause a litle inequalitie but not much because the greatest portioÌ„ of their bodyes is impressed within the substaunce of the hart so likewise doth the fat wherewith mans hart aboundeth enduce some inequalitie but the foundation of the hart for the goyng forth of the vessels is euery where vnequall For to the right side therof the right auricle together with Vena caua the arteriall veyne is committed But it hath on the left side the left auricle and besides the veniall arterie the begynnyng of the great arterie Of which more at large hereafter THe hart although it was of sapient nature situated in the brest yet not in the middest of the body for the centre is onely occupyed of the nauell nor in the middest of the brest as Aristotle supposed and the common people at this day do thinke For onely the seate of the hart which since it is the originall of the vessels is supposed the most noble part exactly obtaineth the middest of the right and left side of the brest both beholdyng the anteriour posteriour partes For so farre it is distaunt from the brest bone as it is in space from the bodyes of the Vertebres Of the longitude of the brest which is constituted of xij ribbes it respecteth the body of the fift Vertebâ—…e But in the anteriour region of the brest which is ended by the longitude of the brest Bone it obtaineth truly the middest beyng so much remoued from the Cannell bone as distaunt from that part of the brest bone whereto the midreif is inserted And thus in his seate this noble part is safely situated beyng much remoued froÌ„ the iniuries which outwardly might happen From which part the rest of the body of the hart by litle and litle is so reached forth towardes the anteriour partes and into the left side as that the posteriour part of his point bendeth more to the brest and forwardes then the centre or â—…ddest of the fouÌ„dation and the right part of the poynt beyng more to the left side theÌ„ the middest of the same seate excéedeth the middest of the brest bone into the left side and the centre or pricke of the poynt respecteth the Cartilages of the vj. or vij ribbes on the lest side where they are bound vnto the brest bone Furthermore it lyeth so apt for the embracing of the lobes of the lungâ—…s as most readely the vessels might from the one to the other be conuayed THe chief substaunce of the hart doth consist of flesh not altogether so red as the flesh of the Muscles but in hardnes thicknes interwearyng of Fibres much varyeng from it For the flesh of the hart is much harder and thicker to beare out iniuries farre more able for so it was expedient consideryng his motion and finally with diuers kyndes of most stroÌ„g Fibres endewed whereas the flesh of Museles is not so firme but contented with foure Fibres that is for the most part one kynde and those more strewyngly set accordyng to their required actioÌ„ as in the history of Muscles whence the errour of those is detected who soeuer they are that affirme the hart to be of Musculous substaunce THrée sortes therfore of Fibres are coÌ„teined in the flesh of the hart that is to say straight oblique and transuerse The straight we call those which from the foundation are caried to the poynt of the hart Those transuerse which in crosse or compassing wise goe about the hart and those oblique that choose their course more slopewise then the others The flesh of the hart auayleth to the principall functions therof which especially consist in the makyng of vitall spirite or in makyng perfect the same after the labour of the lunges as Collumbus assureth vs. The Fibres serue to an other function for by them the hart whilest the creature liueth is dilated and contrahed and somewhiles resteth betwene contractioÌ„ and dilation Moreouer they serue to the mouyng of the hart which is naturall and nothyng subiect to our will as thus the straight for attraction the trásuerse for expulsion and the oblique for retention And these motioÌ„s of the hart are called Diastole and Sistole and Diastole when the hart in his dilatation receiueth in of spirite like as Sistole is when the hart by constriction putteth forth the same THe seate of the hart is compassed round about which the Ueyne called Coronalis that so the hart might be nourished by his bloud to the which Ueyne also is ioyned in felowship the arterie called Coronalis which is yet to describe and which sometyme are ij to the end that by meanes and helpe therof the substauÌ„ce of vitall heat might be quickned Wherefore sayth Collumbus some man may doubt yea by the premisses frame a sufficient argument to proue that the vitall spirites are not begotteÌ„ in the hart but in the lunges Albeit he referreth the case to the more sapient Philosophers to discufse And so it shal be sufficient here truly to describe the partes of the body how they are to what vse created least I meddle ouer farre in such misteries To the seate moreouer of the hart is offred a litle Nerue procéedyng from the left sinew of the vâ—… payre from the brayne whereas it constituteth the left recurrent Nerue For this pearsing through the seate of the hart his inuolucre and reached forth to the left side and posteriour part of the arteriall Ueyne créepeth very obscurely into the foundation of the hart and that onely for the féelyng of annoyaunces THe coate that groweth closse vnto the substauÌ„ce of the hart is altogether aunswerable to that Membran whiche fo firmely groweth to the bellyes of the Muscles I meane that most thinne Membran which from the substaunce of the Muscles may not be plucked Upon which coate in maÌ„ chiefly groweth plenty of hard fat but that most commoÌ„ly about the seate of the hart though sometyme it be effused euen downe to
the poynt of the hart by the sides of the Ueynes and Arteries sprinckled about the body therof Which fat was for the continuall mouyng of the hart very necessary For to that end we finde fatnes also in very many partes of the body and chiefly about the eyes and â—…eÌ„porall Muscles least they should be dryed by labour BEside fatnes the hart hath litle eares or auricles For so the authors of dissections do call those two AppendauÌ„ces growyng to the seate of the hart They are called by the name of eares not for their vse nor any action but for 〈◊〉 sake which they obtaine in situation like vnto the proper eares The right eare is set to the right side of the seate of the hart coueryng all the fore part of the insertion of Vena caua after his longitude and with his poynt departyng from the body of the Ueyne rayseth it selfe vpwardes somewhat higher then the seate of the hart The figure of this auricle is like a poynted stéeple pillour or other buildyng whose brodest part is the bottome and theÌ„ce the nearer to the top the narrower For so it begynneth but at a loÌ„g fashioned fouÌ„dation goeth forth into a sharpe albeit not very sharpe nor long The exteriour face of the auricle varieth accordyng to the fulnes or emptines therof For wheÌ„ in the constriction of the hart it swelleth being filled then it is Gibbous euery where equall as with a waâ—…rie humor annoynted But beyng fallen and emptied appeareth wrinkled and set with foldes Sometymes also though very seldome it chaunceth that the outside of the distended auricle appeareth vnequall but that is through fatnes then that groweth vpoÌ„ it The inside or interiour Superfice of the eare 〈◊〉 a cauitie is wholly aunswerable to the same side of the Uentricles of the hart For like as that where the vessels are inserted educed is smooth but 〈◊〉 where els rough and full of caues euen so that eare where it groweth to the insertion of the hollow Ueyne is smooth but in all the other rowme beside so full of Fibrous foldynges as that it surmounteth the ventricle of the hart in inequalitie The substauÌ„ce of the auricle is litle but that very hard and skinny flesh wherin it much differeth from the hart but in that it conteineth the thrée sortes of Fibres it is therein aunswerable to the flesh of the hart The settyng to of the auricle is much after this sort The left side of his seate groweth to the extreme part of the substaunce of the hart where the anteriour region of the Orifice of the hollow Ueyne consisteth in the right Uentricle of the hart or more truly the auricle goeth forth from that same extreme part But the right side of his seate groweth to the body of the hollow Ueyne after the longitude of his insertion into the hart and in the anteriour part therof beyng made as it were one body with the veyne The rest of the auricle is frée froÌ„ the knittyng to of any part beyng conteined also within the inuolucre of the hart though with no Fibrous knittyng committed thereto The left auricle of the hart is in very many poyntes like vnto the right For it consisteth in the anteriour seate of the rising of the veniall arterie accordyng to the longitude therof And so from his seate also ceasseth at his poynt as is sayd of the other Which poynt beyng sharper then the poynt of the right auricle but is reached more toward the left side Besides the left in more aged persons giueth place to halfe the largenes of the right auricle like as the Orifice of the veniall arterie is much lesse then the Orifice of the hollow Ueyne As touchyng the inside and outside the auricles are euery where one like an other Although the exteriour Supersice of the left is alway more wrinkled and vnequall In substaunce also they are agreable but the left is much harder and in constriction and distention is lesse obedient And if it be compared to the right auricle it appeareth féeble and dryed and on the outside alway aboundyng more with fat then the right In knitting they agrée altogether For as the right groweth to the right side of the hart Vena caua nigh the insertion therof so in like sort the left in the right side of his seate groweth to the substaunce of the hart where the veniall arterie goeth forth but on the left side to the same body of the veniall arterie In vse notwithstandyng they differ although very litle For when as the 〈◊〉 with great force doth receiue his bloud into the right Uentricle from 〈◊〉 and as it were in snatchyng wise doth swallow it the same Vena caua not consistyng of any strong or arterious body should greatly haue bene daungered I meane for breakyng in that strong attraction of the hart saue onely that therfore nature created the right auricle of the hart which beyng obedient to the mouyng of the hart and full with bloud should poure forth the same bloud which it conteineth into the right ventricle wheÌ„ the hart is dilated and that the same should be after a sort rowled into that ventricle to dispence with the force of attraction and to be to the hart as a ready hand or storehouse Aunswerable to which vse is the cuticular construction of the auricle which is light and to the sufferyng of iniuries resistaunt Hollow it is to conteine the matter and construct with Fibres as a thyng subiect to attraction retention and expulsion Likewise the left auricle of the hart growyng to the veniall arterie beareth altogether the like seruice vnto it and to the left ventricle of the hart as we haue sayd the right eare to be in vse to the right Uentricle And so much the lesse is the cauitie of the right eare by how much the Orifice of the veniall arterie is narrower then the orifice of Uena caua In mouyng also ayre is more ready to folow then bloud so that for this occasioÌ„ also the left auricle is made lesse theÌ„ the right THe hart of maÌ„ obtaineth within two notable and large cauities called of the Latins Ventriculi or Sinus sited after the sides of the hart one on the right the other on the left Wherof the right excéedeth the other in largenes and both of them in fourme varie much one from an other For the right descendyng more downwardes to the poynt of the hart then the left hath his cauitie made like the Moone encreasing As in the right side anteriour and posteriour part like the inside of a halfe circle there aunsweryng to the exteriour Superfice which is Gibbous But on the left side of it it is Gibbous like the outside of a halfe circle by meanes of the hedge betwene the Uentricles which as a thyng halfe round bouncheth into the amplitude of the right Uentricle And this fourme the right Uentricle of the hart
discoursed among the spirituall members but likewise to the rootes of the ribbes agayne sendyng an other litle Nerue to the right side of the lunges the rest discendeth beyng fastned to Aesophagus downe to the vpper Orifice of the ventricle THe left recurrent Nerue departyng from the place where it begynneth yeldeth litle braunches vnto the same Muscles that the right did and descendeth likewise in the same sort and in the region of the left Canell bone sendeth brauÌ„ches to the pannicle Pleura to the rootes of the ribbes and to the left side of the lunges Then further discendeth till it almost touch the greater braunche of the Arterie Aorta In which place it sendeth forth a Nerue which vnder this Arterie is restâ—…ed and after turneth it selfe agayne vpwardes towardes his originall and fountaine cleauyng as by the right is sayd to Aspera arteria thence forth entryng in betwene the Bone that is not named and that which representeth a shield in the inner part of Larinx and so entreth into the organ of voyce These are the noble Nerues which sayth Galen are endewed with the vertue of fourmyng the speach and are besides therfore called Vocales nerui Whose offices and vses are to much neglected to litle amongest other thyngs knowen for although few in comparison of the rest suppose in them to be conteined the propper power of vocall vertue yet to their great admiration if they willyngly dissect a liuyng dogge they shall proue it playne and very truth for by diuidyng one of them you shall finde him maimed of his voyce but hurt them both in that order and he shal be domme for euer after To this I must néedes subscribe for often haue I of purpose proued it beyng so playne and a part to all that behold it as that no doubtfull question can grow therof Notwithstandyng that some will scarse beleue their owne eyes Galen was the first that inuented these reuersiue nerues albeit he could not satisfie him selfe in the reason wherefore nature did not conuert the left recurrent nerue to the left Axillaris Arteria when as from the left recurrent sinewe an other litle 〈◊〉 spryngeth which followyng the rootes of the great Arterie is distributed through the coate of the hart but pearseth not the substaunce thereof for the litlenes of it And this is sayth Collumbus the true cause why nature reflected the left reuâ—…ue nerue vnder the great Arterie and not vnder the Arterie of the armehole on that side as the right reuersiue nerue is sayd to haue done on the other side Whereat I sayd Galen stode much amased neither could sufficiently satisfie him selfe in the reason therof as appeareth in his vij booke De vsu partium But by this it séemeth that nature aswell as to create these notable partes had care to place them from all easie annoyances as appeareth by this nerue lately recited which is otherwise reflected then the right recurrent least it beyng so very 〈◊〉 in the mouynges of the hart so continually should happen in the tyme of breathyng to be broken What portion that remaineth of this recurrent nerue descendeth along Aesâ—…gus downe to the vpper Orifice of the Uentricle But assoone as the right 〈◊〉 nerue and the leâ—… are come to the same vpper Orifice of the Uentricle they are straight way deuided into many litle Nerues like nettes and thus do imbrace the vpper Orifice aforesayd Which are the cause in griefes paynes of the mouth of the ventricle that the hart it selfe is thought to ake And this disease is called Cardiacus dolor Then agayne the right from this part departyng stretcheth forth to the Membran that inuolueth the liuer and an other part also to the vessicle of choler an other to the left kidney and to the vpper part of OmeÌ„tum Besides all the brauÌ„ches that it committes to Mesenterium After the same maner the left recurrent nerue is braunched to the splene to the neither part of Omentum to the left reyne and to the bladder And in men thus end the recurrent nerues But in women after all these places they passe further vnto the wombe or matrice NOw to describe the vij payre or coniugation of sinewes whose rising is more toward the hinder part of the head but from the brayne not from Cerebellum as Galen would with many small rootes whereto is dedicated a proper hole sited after an oblique maner in the aforesayd part or Occiput through which assoone as this hath made egresse it sheweth it selfe first towardes the Anteriour partes and into many Nerues delated to the Muscles of the toung Hioides and Larinx is deuided Of which the greater runneth vnder the nether iawe and so vnder the toung to the extreme end thereof to make it partaker of sense and mouyng vniuersally But the fourth payre as we haue sayd before is it that bringes the sense of tastyng to the toung and the toung therfore is sayd amongest other giftes to haue the discreÌ„tion of tastyng These vij payre or coniugation of Nerues are all that are remeÌ„bred either of the auncient or later Anathomistes as touchyng the sinewes coniugated froÌ„ the brayne yet Vesalius séemed to smell an other sayth Collumbus but whether it were for that he would not go aside from auncient authorities or otherwise it is not knowne he coÌ„cluded at length that it was in his iudgement the roote of the fift coniugation But Collumbus doubteth not that vnder the seate or foundation of the brayne towardes the fore partes goeth an viij payre which through a proper hole in the bone Sphenoides passeth to the temporall Muscles to the Muscle lurkyng in the mouth called therfore of Galen Latitans and to the thyrd Muscle also of the nether iawe called Masseteres the originall of this beyng distant froÌ„ the fift payre of sinewes sufficient inough BEsides all which we haue hitherto yet sayd in declaryng the originall and distribution of the vij payre of sinewes procéedyng from the brayne and besides also the viij and last spoken of you shall heare the opinion of Realdus who by his often search and diligence doubteth not to proue a ix payre or coniugation of nerues which no man before his tyme euer write or inuented And this is sayth he a slender payre begynnyng at those two foldes or two together Processes of the brayne called Nates Penes Testes These beyng thinne and small walke towardes the face and passe also to the secoÌ„d payre and are scattered into the thyrd Muscle of the eye liddes fitly also braunchyng out to the fift Muscle of the eye In déede as he doubteth lest some or most will not admit his late inuention of these two last payre of Nerues but holdyng them selues more stedfast to the fame of authorities will rather accompt them as the rootes of others so he professeth not to contende therein neither will we pretermit any tyme in
and an organ before all other organs to the end it might excell in the sharpe sense of touching nature hath chosen and geuen thereto fiue proper and néedefull payre of sinewes that is to say thrée to the extreme fingers and two to the extreme haÌ„d All which fine payre haue their originall from the Spinall marey goyng forth by â—…he common holes of the Vertebres of the necke and the first turnyng ioynt of the brest And these after they be gone forth from their risinges as is sayd are so vnited afterwardes together that one payre from an other it is almost impossible to distinguish Neuerthelesse they are at length separated séemyng to constitute and frame them selues after the fashion of a net These fine payres of sinewes march forth with one consent vnder the chanell bone as also to the inner Processe of the shoulder blade In the which place also they are accompanied with Vena Basilica Axillaris Arteria wherfore no marueile though a wound in this place be fearefull and dauÌ„gerous But to go to euery one of them seperately The first payre of Nerues to the handes is brought forth betwene the fift and the sixt Vertebre when it is come to the cauitie vnder the armehole it sendeth forth a nerue to the first Muscle of the brest and to the second of the scaple bone and a 〈◊〉 in like order to the first and second Muscle of cubite whereby the same is bowed Furthermore if you willyngly follow it further it runneth vnder the first two headed Muscles through the inner part of the shoulder but after the bought of the cubite it accompanieth with the common Ueyne and both together as it were with one tract are deduced to the extreme part of the haÌ„d But in that space not ceassing to poure forth sundry litle braunches to diuers partes of the skinne there aboutes The going out of the secoÌ„d payre is according to the same iourney place that we haue described to the first so then it sendeth thrée Nerues to the Muscles that serue the shoulder wherof one issueth out at that hole of y shoulder blade that â—…keth vnder the armehole beyng first diuersly distributed theÌ„ after is caried straight forth after the fore part of the shoulder to the bought of the arme passing theÌ„â—…e betwixt the bone Cubitus Radius but note that at what tyme it entreth into the bought it disperseth it selfe in brauÌ„ches which are bestowed on the 4. 5. 6. Muscle by whose meanes all the fiue fingers are bowed But so soone as it is passed gone behynd the middest of the bone Radius it putteth forth a nerue sufficient apparant and déepe which cleauyng as it goeth to the Ligament that is set betwene the Bones Cubitus and Radius is at length implanted to the quadrated or foure squared Muscle in the history of Muscles manifest which beyng sited neare vnto the wrest moueth the hand directly downewardes in prone maner The greater trunke or stocke of this same nerue descending further and lower créepeth vnder the LigameÌ„t that lyeth on the inside of the wrest in which place it bringeth forth sundry braunches duely dedicated to the Muscles of the thombe and others to a portion of these Muscles which we haue called loÌ„g Muscles and shewed to spring from the Tendons of the fift Muscle Other braunches likewise it sendeth to those Muscles which rising from the postbrachiall part of the hand do bowe the first ioyntes of the fingers Which done in the palme of the hand it is cut into v. partes but some tyme into seuen though not so often Of which fiue partes two marcheth forewardes through the sides of the thombe to the extremitie thereof in the meane tyme here and there distributyng their surcles to the skinne two other poste themselues to the extreme partes of the forefinger in the meane tyme neither laying wast the skinne compasse about them The fift runneth through the inside of the middle finger And these are the fiue partes but in such as it is deuided into vij partes note the vj. iourneyth through the extreme region of the middle finger and the vij through the inside of the litle finger And thus much of the second payre of sinewes seruyng to the hand The thyrd payre so addicted after the selfe same maner runneth downe after the side of the shoulder and inferiour partes of the cubite as also aboue the ioynt betwene Olechranon and the inner Tubercle of the shoulder where it bringeth forth diuers braunches which through the first Muscle of which is made a large Tendon may easely be found scattered as also to the second and thyrd Muscle of the wrest Then it marcheth after the length of the cubite on the inside about the middest wherof or litle more it is deuided into two partes the one greater and the other lesser the one agayne taketh his race more déepe the other more outward That which runneth inward passeth vnder the inner LigameÌ„t of the wrest there ramifieng to that first Muscle with a broad Tendon which Collumbus first obserued from thence to the vj. Muscle whiche leadeth the litle finger from the rest not ceassing to yeld y like kindnes to those Muscles that exteÌ„d or stretch forth the fingers which in the proper place we haue sayd to spryng from the tendons of the first Muscle that boweth the thyrd ioynt of the fingers neither denying to assist the Muscles that bowe the formost ioyntes and which cleaue to the postbrachiall bones this done it seuereth it selfe into thrée and sometyme into v. which stay their courses at the extremities of the fingers beyng through the sides of the ryng finger and litle finger delated although sometyme it is founde to stay about the middest of the middle finger Beyond all this it imparteth slender braunchings liberally to the skinne all about namely to the palme of the haÌ„d which maketh it become so sharpely sensible and exquisite in touchyng But now to come to the lesser bowe or braunch before deuided This strayeng through the exteriour partes of the hand is reflected aboue the wrest there into thrée proper rames specially deuided But in some preparyng fiue casteth them through the vpper of the backe of the hand So through the sides of the litle finger ryng fingers and through the halfe of the aforesayd middle finger and to their extremities committed in like order as is declared by the other on the inside Onely in this differyng that the inner are much greater then the outer Nerues most nobly done of Nature who was not ignoraunt that the outer might with more facilitie be hurt then the inner The fourth coniugation of Nerues prepared for the handes is greater then all the Nerues thereto distributed and taketh in hand the like rising and iourney as doth the rest but when it is come very neare to the middest of the shoulder it is
of all others The Muscles extenoing the foote The teÌ„don wherby Hector was drawâ—… about the wâ—…lies of Troye The perforated tendons of the foote The tendons that â—…ow that fouâ—…e toâ—…s of the foote The 〈◊〉 Muscle in the fore part of the foote The tendon in the foote that appeareth so neare vnder the sainne The tendon â—…owâ—…g the â—…treine foote The tendons extendâ—…g the foure toes 〈◊〉 Cap. Ibid. The Muscle which is accompted the 〈◊〉 How the foote may be set to the grounde Col. Lib. 5. 31. The 〈◊〉 â—…etning to the toes are 18. How that Muscles seruing to the toes are 22. The first 〈◊〉 to the toes 〈◊〉 dessect Muse. The foure perfotnted teÌ„dons and their vses The brand tendoÌ„ of that foote of must exquisite sense The tendon seading the litle toe from the rest The perforating Muscle Vesalius and Col. differ in the 〈◊〉 of these inâ—… Muscles Col. Iab 5. Cap 〈◊〉 The vse of that iiij Muscles 〈◊〉 the iiij 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Col. to 〈◊〉 other knowne 〈◊〉 Muscles setting to the â—…guler toes of the tóote The vse of the 18. Muscle of the toes Col. Lib. 5. Cap. 〈◊〉 The Muscles seruing to y cubitte Two Muscles extend the cubitte and 〈◊〉 â—…ow 〈◊〉 The first Muscle bowing y cubitte The hand Why last of all he speaketh of the hand â—…b 5. Cap. 33. Of the Muscles of the hand What Muscles will abide longest in dissection The Muscles of the hand are 〈◊〉 into inner â—…nd outer Muscles The inner Muscles of the hand are viij The first 〈◊〉 Muscle of the hand The balle or palme of y hand The vse of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Muscle of the hand This Muscle maketh not the ball of the hand without heare Col. ibid. Thâ—…ues for the most part sayth Collumbus want this first 〈◊〉 our muscle of the hand The perforated tendons of the hand The 4. perforating tendons of the hand Gal. Lib. vs part Li. de anat admim 〈◊〉 Lib. de motu Musc. The Muscles 〈◊〉 directly directly downward The 〈◊〉 exteriour Muscle of the hand Col. Lib. 5. cap. 〈◊〉 Why such payne hapâ—…eth by any solution of continuitye betwen the flesh and nayle The Muscle that leadeth the â—…tle finger from the rest The Prâ—…cesse of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Styloides The ij 〈◊〉 tendon The Muscles exâ—…ding the 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 or the hand vpward and dâ—…wnward The turning â—…f the hand in 〈◊〉 compasie 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the hand vpward Radius outward â—…he Muscles to the extreme 〈◊〉 oâ—… the had are 〈◊〉 The disâ—… 〈◊〉 of these Muscles among the singers The 〈◊〉 Muscle of the extreme hand The 〈◊〉 of Venus Col. Lib. 5. Cap. 35. Vlt. The Muscles extending the iiij fingers of the hand A thing very notable and little knowne The Muscles coÌ„stituting the hill of Mars Three other Muscles in the extreme hand A Câ—…eat giuen by Collumbus The seâ—…th Muscle of the thombe The Muscle that layeth that thombe aloft on the fore finger Eight other Muscles gâ—…en to the fingers the thombe excepted The Muscles bowyng the fingers both straight and obliquely Gal. 〈◊〉 1. 〈◊〉 san Cap. 1. The necessitie of nourâ—…ment â—…che growyng thing hath a certayn powâ—…r to require his necessarye Lib. 6. Epid. par 5. aph 1. Nature néedeth no instâ—… â—…ow the body is maintayned â—…ow the ayerye 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 substaunce holdeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. â—…ib â—…p The necessitie of instrumentes 〈◊〉 to nourishment Thâ—…e hindes of instrumentes seruing to 〈◊〉 Lib. 6. de anat ad de nâ—…t 〈◊〉 Lib. cap. 10. The vse of the first instrumentes The vse of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The vse of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The first 〈◊〉 The extreme 〈◊〉 called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 soone lost soone â—…red Col. Lib. 13. Cap. 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is â—…sible The first vtilitie Bones insensible The tenuitie of Cuticula The thicker Cuticula the dullâ—… sense Pores How Cuticula 〈◊〉 seperated from the trew 〈◊〉 The trew skinne called Derma and Cutis What partes are not couered by the skinne Gal. Lib. 1. de temp Cap. 8. The skinne holâ—…eth a meane betwene hard and soft The substance of the skinne The sinewe Flesh. Loc. citato The skinne 〈◊〉 agaynst Aristotle The necessitie of sense in y skinne The vtilitie of sense in y skinne vesal. â—…ib 2. Cap. 5. How the skinne cleaueth to the subtect partes Distribution of Nerues to the skinne Thicknes of the skinne Face Softnes of the skinne Palme of the hand Where that suinne to thickeâ—… Of motion in the 〈◊〉 Shâ—…e with beare on it Col. Lib. 13. cap. 1. Pores in the sainne Why some sweat lightly or contâ—…ary wayes Veâ—…l lib. 2. Cap. 5. Fat and how it is engendred Collumbus The vse of fatte Lib. de 〈◊〉 That fatte is in men aswell as women contrary to â—…alen In what bodyes 〈◊〉 aboâ—…deth or desecteth Al the outer partes saue the yard and tesâ—…cles haue their fat The diâ—…ersitie of fatte according to the place Fat is 〈◊〉 contrary to 〈◊〉 Loc. citato An other vtilitie of fatte The skinne called Membrana 〈◊〉 Why it is called the 〈◊〉 Membran Collumbus The fleâ—…hy Membran vnder the armehole Where Aâ—…ies runne betwene the 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of the sensibilitie of the fleshy Membran The descriptâ—… of the white 〈◊〉 nauell The situation of the nauell The vtilitie of the nauell The rising and 〈◊〉 section of the white siâ—…e Fuch Iâ—…b 4. Cap. 4. The vse of the vmbelicall 〈◊〉 to the infant in the wombe Col. lib. 11. Cap. 1â—… 〈◊〉 What is fleâ—… How flesh is eâ—…gendred Gal. 10. de temper What part is without flesh Wherto the office of flesh is compared Of the kindes of fleshes 〈◊〉 maketh digression to speake of Glandules Col. 〈◊〉 9. Glahbule or 〈◊〉 what it is The office of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Glandules of the 〈◊〉 Of the 〈◊〉 Whence teaâ—…s proceede Of the 〈◊〉 Of the tongue Of 〈◊〉 and Aspâ—… 〈◊〉 Why the thâ—…te bouncheth not forth somuch in women as in men Of y canell bone Of AEsophagus Of Abdomen Of the ventricle called Panchreas Of the neck of the bleddar The 〈◊〉 in substannce 〈◊〉 little from Glandules Of 〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Glandules of the cares and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Emunctory places of the brayne Where groweth the 〈◊〉 called 〈◊〉 Of the 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 Of the flanke The 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 The vse of the glandules about the 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 Where are glanâ—…s more 〈◊〉 The vse of the glandâ—… 〈◊〉 the pappâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the soft 〈◊〉 are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 substaunce The substaunce of the head of the yard and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not 〈◊〉 Lib. 2. de Temper Simple flesh is no where in the body Diuers partes haue diuers substaunces and temperatures Epit. Two sortes of fleshes The proâ—… flesh The impropper flesh 〈◊〉 Gal. vs paâ—…t Iib. 4. 〈◊〉 The descriptioÌ„ of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ib 11. Cap. 11. The 〈◊〉 of