had numbred in the City twenty two thousand Artificers seruants and people of inferior rank and that the last subsidy imposed in time of warre was one Gold Gulden in the hundreth of euery mans mouable and vnmouable goods and one gold Gulden by the Pole for all such as had neither inheritance nor Art to liue vpon Augsburg is one of the Imperiall Citties vulgarly Ein Reichs statt and in the yeare 1364. the Senate consisted of two Patritian Consuls and of ten Merchants and seauen Artisans with power of Tribunes all yearly chosen The Emperor Charles the 4 gaue the City new priuillges confirmed the old because the Citizens swore obedience to his Sonne And the Emperor Sigismund confirmed and increased the same When the Emperour Charles the fifth held a Parliament in this Citty as many Parliaments haue beene held there the old honour was restored to the Patritians the Plebean Tribunes were taken away two Aduocates being set in their roomes Two Gentlemen Consuls at this day gouerne the City with six Iudges for criminall causes whereof three are Gentlemen two Citizens one Plebean These are chosen by the great Senate consisting of those three Orders but in causes of Religion the City is subiect to the iurisdictiō of the Bishop of Tilling This City hath many noble and rich Merchants whereof many haue priuiledges of Barrons and some of Earles and among them the chiefe Family is of the Fuggari famously knowne being at this time both boyes and men some thirty in number and the chiefe of them was Marke of the Fug gari who had married the Daughter to the Earle of Schwartzenburg and was much delighted in the gathering of antiquities with much curtesie vsing to shew the same to such passengers as tooke pleasure therein Three Cozens of this Family had great and large but dispersedly scattered possessions besides that they were rich in treasure for supply whereof the Emperour Charles the fifth and his sonne Phillip King of Spaine often made vse of them ingaging to them the impositions custome of Hauens for ready money and giuing them great priuiledges of trafficke In which kind the said King of Spaine so obliged them to him as the heart being alwaies where the treasure is hee made them no lesse obsequious to him then subiects so difficult a thing is it for couetous Merchants to preserue their liberty Great iealousies were betweene this City and the Duke of Bauaria whose territory extends to the very walles of the City And I remember at my last passage through Augsburg this Duke attempted to stop the course of water from the City whereupon the Citizens sent out Souldiers to beate backe the Dukes workemen but the controuersie was soone after appeased and came not to blowes They perpetually euen in time of peace keepe some fiue hundred Souldiers in the City who dwell in a streete by themselues and the City being seated vpon the mouth of the Alpes leading into Italy and the Citizens being diligent in trafficke it cannot be that it should not abound in riches Augsburg in the foresaid Parliament held there after Charles the fifth had ouercome the Protestant Princes was said to haue bought their peace of the Emperour with 3000 gold guldens I know not for what cause they are seuere towards strangers but I obserued that they haue a Law forbidding strangers to dwell in the City allowing them onely a short time of abode and during the same curiously obseruing what businesse they haue Strasburg is also a free City of the Empire and as the rest gouerned by a Senate yeerely chosen for howsoeuer it is one of the Cities leagued with the Cantons of Sweitzerland yet it is still numbered among the free Imperiall Cities And it is stately built and rich in treasure for so it must needes be since the ordinary tributes and taxes are so great as I haue heard the Citizens professe that they yeerely pay one doller in a thousand for the value of their mouable and also vnmoueable goods wherein the full value of Land not the yeerely rent is reckoned and that if any fraud be detected in the last Testament or otherwise the heire or the party offending if hee liue is deepely fined for the same While I passed through the City they had begun a warre with the Duke of Loraine about the choice of their Bishop which warre they had vnprouidently denounced before they had leuied Souldiers or made prouisions to make it so as their territories were exposed to many oppressions before they could gather troopes to defend them and offend the enemy And it was vulgarly reported that they could deliberate of nothing in counsell so secretly as it was not presently made knowne to the enemy The Imperiall City Franckfort is famous for the two yeerely Marts one at Midlent the other at the middest of September at which times all neighbour Princes keepe Horsemen to guard the Merchants passing that way to which Horsemen I remember that each passenger gaue 6 creitzers either of duty or in curtesie for his person Also this City is famous for another priuiledge contained in the Lawes of the golden Bulla namely that all Emperours must be chosen there and in case two Emperours be chosen the same Law defines that if one of them shall besiege the City and there expect his enemy halfe a moneth and if in that time he come not to breake the siege then it shall be free for the City to receiue the first as hauing the victory For of old custome the new chosen Emperours keepe their coronation Feast in this City with great magnificence which was lastly kept as they said by Maximilian the second at which time among other solemnities they roasted an Oxe in the middest of the field for the people and when the Marshal of the Court had cut a peece as for the Emperor the rest of the Oxe was in a moment rent in peeces by the common people I must make at least some mention of the Cities lying vpon the Sea of Germany towards the North whereof most are not onely called free because they are Imperiall Cities but by the same name though in diuers signification are called Hans steten that is Free Cities in respect of the priuiledges of trafficke granted to them of old in the neighbour Countries Among these Lubecke is the chiefe of the neighbor Cities ioined in league for common defence whither the Senators of all the other Cities come once in the yeere to consult of publike affaires The territory of the City reacheth not aboue a German mile but after some few miles distance there is a certaine Towne which belongs to Lubecke and Hamburg by common right being ingaged to them for money by the Duke of Lower Saxony of whom they after bought the rest of his Inheritance This Towne for sixe yeeres space was wont to be kept by those of Lubecke appointing the Gouernour and receiuing the rents which time ended those of
then translated into English and that in diuers Copies no man being able by the first Copie to put so large a worke in good fashion And if you will please also to take knowledge from me that to saue expences I wrote the greatest part with my owne hand and almost all the rest with the slowe pen of my seruant then I hope the losse of time shall not be imputed vnto me Againe for the worke in generall I professe not to write it to any curious wits who can indure nothing but extractions and quintessences nor yet to great States-men of whose reading I confesse it is vnworthy but only vnto the vnexperienced who shall desire to view forraign kingdomes And these may the rather by this direction make better vse of what they see heare and reade then my selfe did If actiue men neuer reade it I shall wish them no lesse good successe in their affaires If contemplatiue men shall reade it at leasure making choice of the subiects fitting their humours by the Table of the Contents and casting away the booke when they are weary of reading perhaps they may finde some delight only in case of distaste I pray them remember to and for whom it was written To conclude if you be as well affected to me as I am to you how soeuer I deserue no thanks no doubt I shall be free from blame And so I wish you all happinesse remaining Yours in due respect Fynes Moryson A Table of the Contents of the seuerall Chapters contained in this Booke THE FIRST PART The first Booke Chap. 1. OF my iourny from London in England to Stode Hamburg Lubecke Luneburg my returne to Hamburg and iourny to Magdeburg Leipzig Wittenberg and the neighbouring Cities in Germany Chap. 2. Of my iourny from Leipzig to Prage in Bohemia to Nurnberg Augspurg Vlme Lindoy Costnetz in Germany Schaphusen Zurech Baden and Bazell in Sweitzerland Chap. 3. Of my iourny from Bazell to Strasburg to Heidelberg to Franckfort to Cassiles to Brunswicke to Luneburg to Hamburg to Stode to Breme to Oldenburge and to Embden the last Citie vpon the confines of the Empire of Germany Chap 4. Of my iourny from Embden in Germany to Leiden in Holland and through the vnited Prouiuces of the Low Countries Chap. 5. Of my iourny out of the vnited Prouinces by the sea coast to Stode and Lubeck in Germany of my sailing to Denmarke and thence to Dantzk in Prussen and my iourny thorow Paland to Poduoa in Italy The second Booke Chap. 1. Of my iourny from Paduoa to Venice to Ferrara to Bologna to Rauenna and by the shoare of the Adriatique Sea to Ancona then crossing the breadth of Italy to Rome seated not far from the Tirrhene Sea Chap. 2. Of my iourny to Naples and my returne to Rome and of the description of both Cities of my iourny cursory to Sienna Fiorenza Pistoia Lucca and Pisa and the description of the three last Cities Chap. 3. Of my iourny to Ligorno my returne to Florence or Fiorenza and to Sienna and the description of these Cities Of my iourny by land to Lirigi in which againe I passed by Lucca and Pisa and by sea to Genoa with the description of that Citie and my iourny by land to Pauia to Milano to Cremona and to Mantoua with the description of the Cities and of my returne to Paduoa Chap. 4. Of the Sepulcher of Petrarch at Arqua of my iourny to Vicenza Verona Brescia and Bergamo in Italy then passing the Alpes to Chur Zurech Solothurn Geneua and in my returne thence to Berna in Sweitzerland thence to Strasburg in Germany and to Chalon to Paris to Roan and to Diepe in France and finally of my passage by sea and land to London in England The third Booke Chap. 1. Of my iourny to Stode through the vnited Prouinces of Netherland and vpon the sea-coast of Germany then to Brunswicke and the right way to Nurnberg Augsburg and Insprucke in Germany and from thence to Venice in Italy and so by the Mediteranean Seas and the I lands thereof to Ierusalem In which iourney I slightly passe ouer the places described in my former passage those waies Chap. 2. The description of the Citie of Ierusalem and the Territory thereof Chap. 3. Of my iourny from Ierusalem by land to Ioppa by sea to Tripoly in Syria by land to Haleppo and Scanderona and of our passage by sea to the I land Candia Chap. 4. Of my iourny from Candia partly by land and partly by sea by the sea shoares and by the I lands of the AEgean sea Pontus and Propontis to the Citie of Constontinople and of my iourny thence by sea to Venice and by land to Augsburg Nurnberg and Stode in Germany and of my passage ouer sea into England Chap. 5. Of my iourny through many seuer all Shires of England Scotland and Ireland Chap. 6. Of the manner to exchange monies into forraigne parts and the diuers monies of diuers parts together with the diuers measures of miles in sundry Nations most necessary for the vnderstanding of the former Iournall THE SECOND PART The first Booke Chap. 1. Of the Induction or Preface to my Irish Iournall and a compendious narratich how Charles Blount Lord Mountioy my Lord and Master of happy memory was chosen Lord Deputy of Ireland and of this worthy Lords quality as also of the Counsels in generall by which he broke the Rebels hearts and gaue peace to that troubled State together with his particular actions in the end of the yeere 1599. Chap. 2. Of the Lord Deputies particular proceedings in the prosecution of the Rebels in the yeere 1600. The second Booke Chap. 1. Of the Lord Deputies particular proceedings in the prosecution of the Rebels and of the Spaniards innading Ireland in the yeere 1601. Chap. 2. Of the besicging of the Spaniards at Kinsale with the deliuery of the Towne to the Lord Deputy and their returne into Spaine in the same yeere 1601. The third Booke Chap. 1. Of the prosecution of the warre by the Lord Mountioy Lord Deputy against the Rebels in the yeere 1602. Chap. 2. Of Tyrones taking to mercy whereby the warre was fully ended and of a new mutiny of the Cities of Mounster for establishing the publike exercise of the Roman Religion with the appeasing thereof together with the Lord Deputies recalling into England and the rewards there giuen him for his seruice in the beginning of the yeere 1603 with mention of his vntimely death within few yeeres after and the state of Ireland some ten yeeres after THE THIRD PART The first Booke Chap. 1. THat the visiting of forraigne Countries is good and profitable but to whom and hew farre Chap. 2. Of Precepts for Trauellers which may instruct the vnexperienced Chap. 3. Of the Opinions of old Writers and some Prouerbs which I obserued in forraigne parts by reading or discourse to be vsed either of Trauellers themselues or of diuers Nations and Prouinces The second Booke Chap.
six Quatrines a Soldo and two Deniers of Genoa a Quatrine 114 Soldi of Milan make a siluer Crowne 20 Soldi a Lire and a Lire and a halfe makes one Lire of Genoa For Turkey The siluer Crowne or Piastro worth fiue shillings English is giuen heere for 70 there for 80 or more Aspers A Meidine of Tripoli is an Asper and an halfe a Meidine of Caiero three Aspers and an Asper some three farthings English For France Twelue Deniers make a Soulz fourteene Soulz and a halfe a Testoone fifteene Soulz a Quart d'escue twenty Soulz a Franke sixtie Soulz a French Crowne or six shillings English AN ITINERARY VVRITTEN By FYNES MORYSON Gent. First in the Latine Tongue AND THEN TRANSLATED By him into ENGLISH AN ITINERARY WRITTEN BY FYNES MORYSON Gent. CONTAINING His ten yeeres trauels thorovv TWELUE DOMINIONS The First Part. The First BOOKE CHAP. I. Of my iourny from London in England to Stode Hamburg Lubeck Luneburg my returne to Hamburg and iourney to Magdeburg Leipzig Witteberg and the neighbouring Cities in Germany BEing a Student of Peter-house in Cambridge and entred the eighteenth yeere of my age I tooke the degree of Bachelar of Arts and shortly after was chosen Fellow of the said Colledge by Queene Elizabeths Mandat Three yeers expired from my first degree taken in the Vniuerfitie I commenced Master of Arts and within a yeere after by the fauour of the Master and Fellowes I was chosen to a vacant place of Priuiledge to studie the Ciuill Lawes Then as well for the ornament of this profession as out of my innated desire to gaine experience by trauelling into forraigne parts to which course my Parents had giuen consent some few yeers past vpon my first declaring of my inclination to the said profession vpon the priuiledge of our Statutes permitting two of the Society to trauell I obtained licence to that purpose of the said Master and Fellowes in the yeere 1589 being then full 23 yeeres old And presently leauing the Vniuersiy I went to London there to follow some studies fit to inable me in this course and there better taught and these studies the visiting of my friends in the Country my going to Oxford to take the same degree I had in Cambridge and some oppositions vpon new deliberation made by my father and friends against my iourney detained me longer in those parts then I purposed At last in the beginning of the yeere 1591 and vpon the first day of May I tooke ship at Liegh distant from London twenty eight miles by land and thirtie six by water where Thames in a large bed is carried into the Sea Thence we set saile into the maine and the eight day of our sailing the Merchants Fleet of sixteene ships being dispersed by a fogge and tempest two Dunkerke Pirats followed our ship till by Gods mercy the fog being cleared after some few houres and two of our ships vpon our discharging of a great Peece drawing towards vs the Pirates despairing left to pursue vs. That they were Pirates was apparant since as wee for triall turned our sayles they likewise fitted themselues to our course so as wee though flying yet prepared our selues to fight till God thus deliuered vs. The ninth day towards night wee fell vpon an Iland called the Holy-land vulgarly Heiligland and not daring to enter the Riuer Elue before the next morning wee strucke all sayles and suffered our ship to bee tossed too and fro by the waues all that night which Marriners call lying at Hull This Iland hath onely one Port capeable of some sixe ships in the forme of the Moone decreasing and lying open to the East On the North side is a great Rocke and the rest of the shore is all of high Cliffes It is subiect to the Duke of Holste and by that title to the King of Denmarke but the inhabitants are so poore as they yeeld no other tribute then stones for the Dukes building It is in circuit some three miles and hath about one hundred Families The tenth day we entred the Riuer Elue and landed at Stode This is an ancient Citie and one of the Empires free Cities and one of those Sea-Townes which from the priuiledge of traffick with their Neighbours are called Free Cities vulgarly Hansteten but of late was become so poore as they had sold the priuiledge of coyning money and some like Rights to Hamburg till the English Merchants remouing their seate of trafficke from Hamburg to Stode it began lately to grow rich not without the enuy and impouerishment of the Hamburgers In the Dutch Inns I paid for each meale foure Lubeck shillings and an halfe and in the English Innes eight pence English In the great winding and troubled Streame of Elue which ebs and flowes as high as Luneburg certaine Booyes are laid to shew the channels and sholes of the Riuer and the maintaining of each of them cost 40 pounds yeerely and of all a thousand pounds at the least at the common charge of Stode and Hamburg but after frosts begin they are taken vp and reserued to the next Spring Of old when Stode flourished this charge belonged onely to it taking some contributions of the other Cities for the same This free Citie had then chosen the Bishop of Breme for their Protector and had but small scattered reuenewes to the value of ninety pounds sterling by the yeere but the soile is so fertile as they milke their Cowes thrice each day Of late the Hamburgers had in vaine attempted by Nauall forces to forbid the arriuall of the English at Stode whom as they had grieued hauing their seate with them as well with exactions as with forbidding them free exercise of Religion so now sometimes by laire treatie sometimes by force they laboured to draw backe vnto them Those of Stode haue by priuiledge the preemption and choice of Rhenish Wines passing by them This Citie might be made strong if the workes they haue begun were perfected The fields of the North and East sides may bee drowned and because the high Hilles towards the West and South though somewhat distant seemed to threaten danger they had on those sides raised an high and broad wall of earth fastned on the out-side with Willowes in which place an Armory for all munitions was built but the gates of the Citie for ridiculous ostentation of strength were furnished with Artillery of stone painted ouer The territory without the City belongs on the West side to the Bishop of Breame and on the East side to the Earle of Scbeneburg and the Duke of Holst From Stode to Hamburg are fiue miles In a Waggon hired for fiue Lubecke shillings each person wee passed two miles then crossing the Elue not without danger in respect of the shallow places and present storme wee hired another Waggon for foure Lubeck shillings each person and through thicke woods passed the other three miles to Hamburg The passage by water to Hamburg had beene much easier especially for
forraine yet no man must wonder that wee spent more in wine then meat all my consorts being Dutch-men The fifth day wee went in the Phaltzgraues Countrey foure miles to Amberg through fruitfull Hils of corne and some few Woods and this City belongs to the Phaltzgraue being seated in the vpper Palatinate After dinner we went in the Marquesse of Anspach his Country who is also called the Burggaue of Nurnberg two miles to Hous-coate a Village where each man paid six Batzen for his supper The sixt day we went three miles passing by Erspruck a Citie subject to the Nurnbergers and many villages belonging to diuets Lords and a fort in the mid way called Schwang belonging to seuenty two Lords and being then by course in the Phaltzgraues keeping for all these Lords keepe the same by course for three yeeres The first and greater part of the way was through fruitfull Hils of corne the rest through sandy pastures and a Wood of a miles length Wee dined at a poore Village each man for six Batzen After dinner we went two miles to Nurnberg through sandy corne fields and passed by many houses and gardens of the Citizens whether they vse to come out of the City sometimes to recreate themselues The Wood which we passed in the morning lay on our left hand towards the South as wee entred the Citie on the east side and not farre from the City turneth itselfe and runneth farther towards the South The City of Nurnberg seated in a barren sandy ground yet is very rich by the Citizens industry For as commonly few be rich in a fertile Countrey either because hauing enough for food they are giuen to idlenesse or because abundance makes them prodigall so the Nurnbergers planted in a barren soyle by their subtile inuentions of Manuall workes and cunning Art draw the riches of all Countries to them The Riuer Bengetts runnes by the Citie but is not Nauigable nor beareth any the least boats This Riuer runnes from the East where wee entred the Towne towards the gate Lauff-thore and so compasseth the suburbs towards the South where diuiding into two beds it entreth the City and comming out againe at the West washeth the Citie walles On the East side the Margraues of Brandeburg besieged the City at the command of Charles the fifth therefore on this and the South side besides a dry ditch and two stone walles compassing the whole City diuers Bulwarkes are built vpon the wall On all sides as you come vp to the City the earth riseth and almost at euery gate there is a long suburbe Vpon the walles there be many Towers distant one from the other some 1000 ordinary walking paces and the vvhole circuit of the City is lesse then a German mile Among the said Towers three are stronger then the rest and furnished with Artillery The first is on the East side neere the gate Lauff-thore The second is on the South side vnder the gate Fraw-thore and on the same side is the gate Spittle-thore The third is on the North side vnder the gate New-thore and on the same side is another gate called Burk-thore There is a Castle called Burk which by Nero the Emperour was of his name called Noricum Castrum It is certaine that this Castle stood in the time of Charles the Great and the City being of it selfe not ancient is thought to haue had his name of this Castles old Latine name On the VVest side is the gate Haller-thore so called of him that caused it to be built where is a pleasant walke thicke shadowed with trees where the Citizens vse to walke for pleasure The City is absolute of it selfe being one of the free Cities of the Empire and mee thinks the chief or at least second to Augsburg surely it may perhaps yield to Augsburg in treasure and riches of the City but it must be preferred for the building whichis all of free stone sixe or seuen roofes high I speake of the whole City of Augsburg for one street thereof is most beautifull and some Pallaces there are fit for Princes of which kind Nurnberg hath none The Tower which I said was of old called Noricum Castrum hangs ouer the City which being seated in a plaine hath no mounts neere it and is of a round forme The said Tower is compassed with a drie ditch very deepe vpon the wall whereof they shaw a Spaniards blood there sprinkled who vndertooke to betray the Castle to Charles the fifth as also the print of a Horses feete in memory of a wonderfull leape from the Castle side to the other side of the bridge The Senate House lies vnder the side of this Castle or Tower as it were vnder the shield of Aiax and vnder the same house and vnder the earth be the publike prisons The Armory is built on the South side of the Towne and is opened to no man without consent of the Senate which in all other Cities of Germany is readily shewed to strangers And in that Armory by the Citizens report they haue 400. great peeces of Artillery with great store of all Munitions The City hath also a Granary which is so large as diuers yeeres prouision for corne may be laid vp therein It hath teri Churches whereof onely foure are vsed for prayers and preaching and in one of them lies buried Zebalemus-King of Denmarke who first conuerted the City to Christian Religion Neere the Church of Saint Laurence is the golden fountaine so called of the beauty and magnificence and it distils water out of twenty leaden pipes Neere the Church called Frawenkirk is another faire Fountaine guilded ouer and compassed with an iron grate It is vnlawful to walke in the night without a torch or a candle and lanthorne In the Innes they giue no beere at the table but diuers kinds of wine and a large diet if not delicate for which euery man paieth sixe batzen a meale and besides for his chamber or lodging which he may haue priuate to himselfe three creitzers by the day In the Almes-houses out of gifts by the last testament of those that die they maintaine great numbers of poore people and in one of them twelue old men apart and in another twelue old men and as many old weomen Whilst I liued at Prage and one night had set vp very late drinking at a feast early in the morning the Sunne beames glancing on my face as I lay in bed I dreamed that a shadow passing by told me that my father was dead at which awaking all in a sweat and affected with this dreame I rose and wrote the day and houre and all circumstances thereof in a paper booke which Booke with many other things I put into a barrel and sent it from Prage to Stode thence to be conuaied into England And now being at Nurnberg a Merchant of a noble family well acquainted with me and my friends arriued there who told me that my Father died some two moneths past I list not
with the rich Porphery and Ophyte stones and the Marble Images of Saint Marke and Saint Iohn the Euangelist In the Church of Saint Andrew the fairest of this sextary and a cloyster of Nunnes the pictures of Christ crucified and of his supper with his Apostles and the most faire Altars of the Virgin Saint Anthony and Saint Nicholas In the Church of Saint George the greater giuing name to the Iland in which it is seated ouer against the market place of Saint Marke and the chiefe Church next that of Saint Marke the pall of the great Altar and the brasen Images two brasen Images of the Organs the seats of the wal-nut tree wonderfully ingrauen another Altar built by Vincent Morosini the Altar of Saint Stephen the first Martyr the Altar of the blessed Virgin and her Image the Altar of Saint Lutia with her Image and the wonderfull crucifix of another Altar In the Church of Saint Mary delle gratie the infinite gifts hung vp there vpon vowes In the Church of the Holy Ghost the Pall of the great Altar and the marble stones and pillars and the brasen candlestickes and a skreene of brasse guilded and the pictures of Saint Markes Altar the candlesticke of the great chappel curiously carued the rare Images and arched roofe of the Altar of the Cratch being all the worke of the famous Painter Titiano whose rare image also the Friars haue and in the publike refectory of the Friars the admirable pictures of the resurrection of Sampson and especially of Christ supping with his Apostles In the monastery of Saint Hellen giuing name to the Iland and founded by Alexander Boromeo and being one of the fairest in the City a crosse of inestimable value In the Church of Saint Andrew della Certosa the monument of Austine Barbadici who hartening the confederates to fight was chiefe cause of the victory against the Turkes by sea in the yeere 1571. and while he liued by faire and rough tearmes kept the league vnbroken which presently vpon his death was dissolued In the Church of Saint Nicholas del Liro the sepulcher of Duke Dominicke Contarini rich with porphery and ophyte stones and a well of fresh water lying very neere the sea and hauing so full a spring as it serueth all the shippes and gallies The almes-house of Saint Lazerus is built for lepers The old Lazereto is a pest-house where the Prior and Physitians haue yeerely fee to attend the sicke Not farre from that is the new Lazareto whither they are sent who are suspected to haue the plague but as soone as they begin to be sicke they are sent thence to the old Lazareto and hither all suspected men are sent to try their health which if they keepe for forty daies then they are set free These things are in this sextary most remarkeable The sixth sextary and the third and last beyond the channell is of the forme of the Iland called Il sestiero di dorso duro In the Church of the Saints Geruaso and Protese the grauen Images and pictures in the chappell of the holy sacrament In the cloyster of Saint Agnes the Prioresse bringeth vp six Virgins which being of ripe yeeres are either married or made Nunnes and sixe more of good families sent thither in their place In the Church of Saint Gregory there is a second monument erected to Anthony Bragadini traiterously slaine by the Turkes at the taking of Cyprus The Iland Giudecca belongs to this sextary the chiefe Church whereof is Saint Eufemia it hauing nine other Churches The Church of the Iesuites is called Saint Mary of Humblenes and it hath pictured with great art the pals of the passion of Christ of the Apostles Peter and Paul of Christ circumcised and of Saint Francis and the great Altar is one of the fairest in the City In the Church Carmini a singular paire of Organs the Images of the blessed virgins foure Euangelists and Christ crucified and vpon the altar of Christ crucified two stones shining like christall which are esteemed for iewels In the Church of Saint Mary of Charity the rich chappell of San Saluadore In the most faire Church of the Capuchine Friars seated in the Iland Giudecca the images of brasse and the faire screene of the great Altar In the most faire Church of Saint Mary the greater being a Nunnery the rare pictures of the greater chappell In the Church of the holy crosse Della Giudecca the monument of the Cardinall Francis Morosini sent Ambassador to the Turke and Nuncio to Pope Sixtus the fifth in the French Court and here the rest of his Family vse to be buried The Monastery of the conuerted is for whores repenting Another is built for Orphan Virgins the Church whereof hath rich screenes of marble with brasse images and in the same liue some two hundred and fifty Virgins of almes and by the worke of their hands which comming to ripe yeeres are either married or made Nunnes These things are in this sextary most remarkeable The Venetians haue six fraternities or great schooles such as be also at Rome and the Gentlemen and Citizens all giue their names to one of them as in England at London the Citizens haue companies into which the King Queene and Nobles many times vouchsafe to be admitted And in these schooles as it were in Vniuersities they vse to haue exercises of religion The first of them is called Saint Mary of Charity after the rule whereof the rest are framed and the great Guardian thereof is chosen yeerly and weares a skarlet gowne with large sleeues which they call Ducall sleeues and he hath the title of Magnifito by priuiledge These schooles giue dowries yeerely to 1500. Virgins and distribute among the poore much money meale and clothes for besides many gifts by last testaments daily giuen to those vses each of the schooles hath some fiue or sixe thousand duckets in yeerely reuenew and they are gouerned like common wealthes In the said schoole the Images of the Apostles and the pictures especially one of the blessed Virgin and another of the foure Doctors of the Church are very faire In the schoole of Saint Iohn the Euangelist the passion of Christ is wonderfully figured and Phillip the second King of Spaine and his sonne Ferdinand and Don Iohn of Austria and other Princes haue beene of this fraternity The third is of mercy The fourth of Saint Marke The fifth of Saint Rocco passing the rest in ceremonies pompe and number of brethren The sixth is of Saint Theodore and each of these hath his Church and Pallace and precious monuments and these are subiect to the counsell of ten for there be many lesse schooles each art hauing his schoole and these are subiect to the old Iustice and out of them when need is souldiers are pressed It remaines to adde something of the magnificall building of this City And in the first place the market place of Saint Marke is paued with bricke and it consists of foure market
changing the name O how is she changed from that Virgin which so modestly spake of her selfe Villamont addeth that messengers were sent into Palestina who found this History to be most true yet this Chappell did not long abide in Slauonia but the Angels in the yeere 1294. tooke it vp againe and transported it to this Sea coast of Italy where againe it was made knowne by the shining of the Image and many miracles daily done whereupon the Chappell of the Image was called Madonna di Loreto that is our Lady of Loreto And because theeues lying in the wood did spoile strangers who daily came thither for deuotion the Angels as he saith the third time tooke it vp and set it downe in a priuate possession of two brothers who disagreeing in the diuision of the profit rising by the concourse of people the Angels the fourth time tooke it vp and placed it in this firme seat where now it remaineth After it was often visited by strangers Pope Paul the second built an other stately Church ouer it Pope Leo the tenth hauing first fortified the little City against Pirates Let me adde that Pope Sixtus the fifth borne in this Marca of Ancona established a Bishop in this Towne and so made it a City Villamont relating the treasure of this Church among the rest nameth certaine Mapps of Cities and Mountaines and the Images of the twelue Apostles a great Crucifix Candlesticks and infinite Vessels of siluer Images Chalices Crosses of gold and many precious stones of huge value two Crosses made all of precious stones whereof one was giuen by the Arch-Duke of Austria and a Harte of gold set with precious stones the gift of the Duchesse of Lorayne and a vessell of huge value which the French King Henrie the third gaue with this inscription Vt quae prola tua Mandum Regina beasti Et regnum Regem prole beare velis Henri III. Franc. Pol. Reg. Christianiss M. D. LXXXIIII Additaque Regni insigdia O Queene who with thy Childe the world hast blest Let not this King and Kingdome childlesse rest Of Henry the third of France and Poland most Christian King in the yeere 1584. The Armes of the Kingdome are also set vpon it Thus farre Villamont relates He remembers no gift of greater value then this of Henrie the third yet with leaue be it spoken this King a very slaue to the Romane Church obtained not his petition All these gifts are giuen vpon vowes and my selfe did see in the outward reome of the Chappell into which all are admitted a Galley vnder all salles all of beaten gold giuen by the vow of the Duke of Florence vpon the recouery of his health Villamont adds that this Chapel is compassed with a wal of white Marble curiously engrauen but that this wall could neuer by any art bee fastned to the Chappell and that the Chappell is also compassed with twentie pillars bearing the Images often Prophers and the ten Sybills Hee adds that many miracles are heere done and first giues instance in the person of the Marques of Baden in the yeere 1584. Secondly he sets it downe for a Maxime and proues it by an example that no man euer tooke any thing out of this Church without great mischiefe betalling him and that the robbers thereof are compelled to restore as it were by infernall furies Let me say truly alwaies reseruing due reuerence to the blessed Virgin to whom the Scriptures teach such diuine worship to be most vnpleasing as the Papists yeeld her I say let me with due reuerence tell a truth My selfe and two Dutch-men my consorts abhorring from this superstition by leaue entred the inner Chappell where we did see the Virgins picture adorned with pretious Iewels and the place to increase religious horror being darke yet the Iewels shined by the light of wax candles When we were entred the Priest courteously left vs to giue vs space for our deuotion but when we came forth as the Italians prouerbially speake of the Priests auarice Euery Psalme ends in Glory be c. as if they should say All religion to end in profit it was necessarie for vs to cast almes into an iron chest behind the Altar couered with an iron grate Therefore my consorts of purpose to delight the Priests eares with the sound of money as with musicke did cast into that chest many brasse quatrines but of small value and my selfe being last when my turne was to giue almes did in stead thereof gather some tenne quatirnes of theirs which lay scattered vpon the grate and got that cleare gaine by that Idoll God forbid I should bragge of any contempt to Religion but since it appeares that such worship is vnpleasing to God and because Papists will haue all their miracles beleeued I will freely say by experience that hauing gotten these few quatirnes in such sort as I said yet after that God of his mercy preserued me in my long and dangerous trauell and from that time to this day by his grace I haue enioyed though no abundant yet a competent estate and more plentifull then in my former dayes The fourth miracle related by Villamont for I omit the third is worth al the rest which he saith hangs vp in this Church written in the Italian tongue and also printed namely that a French woman possessed with a diuel came hither and being exorcised by a holy Canon did answer that she had seuen deuils and he casting them out that the first called Sordo at his comming forth blew out a torch and that the second was called Heroth the third Venteloth the fourth Arcto And while hee makes them all without torture or commaund to confesse their own wicted acts and while he omitteth the other three yet he doth not omit that the fourth told the Priest things vnknowne to the world namely that he shewed him the stone vpon which the Angell stood when hee saluted the Virgin and likewise the place where the Virgin at that time stood and that those places were afterward no lesse worshipped then the Chappell it selfe This Villamont relates Of these things reuealed by the diuell giue me leaue to say that if the diuell had been the greatest friend the Church of Rome hath he could not haue told a more profitable thing to it and that the Roman Church is not altogether vngratefull which beleeues the father of lies in so great a matter and doth not so much as put him to his oath but they are wise to be of Ouids opinion Cur ego non votis blandiar ipsemeis Why should I not flatter my owne desires I will ende the rest in one word There is incredible concourse to this place from all parts professing the Roman Religion neither is any man in the most remote parts of Europe oppressed with any calamity but hee vowes some gift to this Image In this Church I did see fiftie banished men vulgarly called Banditi who were banished for murthers and
and there were no Magistrates for foure yeeres At last Iulius Caesar with the title of perpetuall Dictator inuaded the Empire which being after diuided into the Orientall and Occidentall Empire and the Occidentall being destroied by the incursions of barberous Nations the Bishops of Rome by little and little cast their Orientall Lords out of Italy and erected a new Occidentall Empire in France that they might inuade the power of the Roman Emperors and of the heauenly iurisdiction vpon earth vnder pretext of Religion by a new monster of a Roman wit drawne from the supremacy of the Apostle Saint Peter Pliny in his time makes the circuit of Rome twenty miles and Vopiscus in the time of the Emperour Aurelius makes the circuit fifty miles but he ioyned to Rome all the neighbour villages At this day if you adde to Rome the two parts beyond Tyber called Trasteuere and Borgo the circuit at the most is fifteene miles for others say thirteene or fourteene besides that a very great part of this circuit within the walles is not inhabited and the walles not withstanding lie not vpon their old foundations neither are built of that matter but as it pleased those who repaired them Among which Belisarius gouernour of Italy vnder the Emperour Iustinian built Rome demolished by the Gothes and made the circuit of the walles lesse and Pope Adrian the first a Roman the wals being fallen built them as now they stand and many of his successours haue since added new ornaments to decaied Rome But the old wals as appeares by some ruines were built of foure square stone the rest are of diuers building as it pleased the repairers and haue a bricke gallery to walke vpon vnder which men may stand dry when it raines and they being ready to fal with age haue many round Towers which in like sort are ready to fall Rome at this day is troubled with the old ouerflowings of Tyber by reason of the Tybers narrow bed not able to receiue the waters falling suddenly from neere mountaines after great raine or melting of snow For memory whereof these inscriptions are vpon the wals of the Church of Saint Mary sopra Minerua In the yeere 1530. if I be not deceiued for the first words are raced out the Ides of October Clement the seuenth being Pope Huc Tyber ascendit iamque obruta totafuisset Roma nisi celerem virgo tulisset opem Thus farre came Tyber and all Rome had drown'd Had we not from the Virgin swift helpe found And there in another place this verse is written in the yeere MVD. Extulit huc tumidas turbidus Amnis aquas Thus farre this muddy brookes water did swell In each place is a red marke vpon the wals how high the water ascended by which it appeares marking the seat of the Church that all the plaine was ouerflowed betweene it and the Tyber By reason of these flouds and for that the City is built vpon the caues of old Rome which makes the foundations to be laid with great charge and also by reason of the vapours rising from the Baths the aire of Rome is at this day vnwholsome The Romans drinke raine water and the troubled waters of Tyber kept in Cesternes and they bragge that it is proper to the water or Tyber the longer it is kept to grow more pure Surely strangers doe not like that water howsoeuer the Romans making a vertue of necessity doe say that it was onely made good to drinke at Rome and no where els by the blessing of Pope Gregory the Great Now being to describe the antiquities of Rome I will first set downe out of order the seuen Churches famous for the indulgences of Popes which they say were built by the Emperour Constantine the Great Then I will set downe the rest in due order as they are seated And because I finished in hast the view of Rome in foure daies I will distinguish the Antiquities into foure daies iournies The first day being to visit these seuen Churches by reason of their distance and the hast we made I and my consorts hired each of vs a mule each man for two poli and we neuer found our errour till the euening when we demanding the way of a man of meane sort he replied thus with some anger What doe you ride to heauen and we poore wretches goe on foote without shooes to visit these holy Churches By this we found our errour and were glad that we had passed that day without further danger In generall these Churches are bare on the Inside without any pictures except some few about the Altars This day we first rode to the chiefe Church A dt S. Giouanni Laterano seated vpon Mount Celius and built by Constantine the Great in his Pallace and it hath a stately Font in which that Emperour was baptized and in the Church there be foure most faire pillars of brasse The Church is sustained by foure rowes of bricke pillars and there hang certaine banners taken from the French and neere the doore the Popes Sergius the fourth and Siluester the second are buried in low monuments In the Church yard are old sepulchers and little pillars of marble Neere to this Church lie those holy staires whereof I spake in my iourney from Rome to Naples when our Italian consorts went to pray for a happy iourney kneeling without the grates But they that will haue the grates opened to pray there vse to creepe vpon their knees from staire to staire and vpon each staire to say a pater noster and Aue Maria. These staires are twenty six in number diuided into three rowes and they be of marble vulgarly called Scale Sante and were brought from the house of Pilate in Hierusalem It is not safe for him to inquire after relikes who will not worship them yet to satisfie the curious I will set downe the chiefe by beare-say Here they shew a tooth of Saint Peter a Cup in which Saint Iohn dranke poyson at the command of Demitian and had no hurt The cloth with which Christ dried his Disciples feet the heads of Peter and Paul the rodde of Aaron the Arke of the couenant the table at which Christ supped three marble gates of Pilates house the Image of Christ being twelue yeeres old with the like Part of these they say were brought from Hierusalem by the Emperour Titus yet he was no Christian nor like to regard the monuments of Christ. One Chappell of this Church is called Sanctum Sanctorum and is thought to haue beene the Chamber of Constantine neither may any woman enter it To conclude the place is shewed here in which many counsels haue beene held and the Popes long dwelt here before the Pallace in the Vaticane was built The Church of B Saint Peter in the Mount Vaticano ioines to the Popes Pallace they say it was built by Constantine the Great The Popes haue giuen full remission of sinnes to them that pray here vpon certaine daies and like remission
hanging vpon the trees The way to Viterbo was through a fruitfull Plaine of corne and beyond this Mountaine were store of Oliue trees Vines Viterbo was of old called Faliscum and it hath 3 Cities within the wals but we passing suddenly through it I obserued nothing markeable but a faire Fountaine in the Market-place The way from thence was through a fruitfull Plaine of Corne to the said little Citie Montefiaschoni seated vpon a high Hill at the foote whereof begins the Lake of Bolsena and it is subiect to the Pope hauing no singular thing in it but the white and red Muskedine one of the most famous Wines in Italy Here we three Consorts had two beds for ten baochi and we supped vpon reckoning and each man paied two giulij The third day in the morning we rode eight miles by the Lake Bolsena through a Plaine of Corne hauing woody Hilles of Oakes not farre distant with store of Chessenut and Oliue trees In this Lake there is an Iland which the Queene Amalasuenta famous for her wisdome was killed by the commaund of the King of the Ostrogothes And in the Castle of Balsena they shew a piece of bread consecrated for the Lords Supper which being in the hand of a Priest not beleeuing that it was the very body of Christ did shed bloud as they say who haue many such lying Miracles Then we rode sixe miles to the Castle Acquapendente through a plaine of Corne where each man paied one giulio for his dinner vpon reckoning After dinner we rode through wilde Mountaines bearing little Corne twelue miles to the Brooke Paglia running vnder the Castle Redicofani and diuiding the States of the Pope and the Duke of Florence and we rode further in the State of Florence foure miles to a Country Inne as I thinke called Scancicricho where each man paied three poali and a half for his supper at an Ordinarie vulgarly Al pasto hauing almost nothing but red Herrings and Sallets to supper The fourth day in the morning vpon the last day of Aprill after the new stile in the yeere 1594 wee rode thirteene miles to a Countrey Inne through high Hilles of Corne and for the greater part very firtile where each man paied seuen baochi for his breakefast The same day we rode eighteene miles to Sienna through most pleasant Hilles and a firtile Plaine of Corne with store of Vines on each side and many Pallaces of Gentlemen so they call their houses built of Free-stone with a low roofe and small magnificence and most frequent dwellings of husbandmen We came to Sienna the Friday before Easter day and in a publike Inne each man paied three reali for his Supper The next day I went to Fiorenza for money and rode through Woods and fruitful Hils to the Castle Poggio walled townes being called Castles and after through stony Mountaines bearing Corne and Oliues till I came to the Village Tauernelle being seuenteene miles from Sienna where I paied two reali for my dinner vpon reckoning After dinner I rode fifteene miles to Fiorenza through stony little Mountaines bearing great store of Oliues Almonds and Chessenuts and many Poplar trees and towards our iourneyes end store of Cedar trees and wee passed by innumerable Pallaces of Gentlemen and a most faire Monastery called la Certosa and a desert Rocke vpon the top whereof an Heremite dwelt all alone This Territorie yeeldes great store of Pine-trees the boughes whereof are thicke and round at the top but the rest of the tree hath neither boughes nor leaues and it yeelds a very great Nut with very many kernels in one shell which are pleasant in taste and much vsed here in Banquets By the way I did meete a Dutch Lady with her Gentlewomen and men-seruants all in the habit of Franciscan Friers and not onely going on foote but also bare-footed through these stonie waies and because they were all aswell men as women in Friers weeds though I looked on them with some suspicion yet I knew not their sexe or qualitie till vpon inquirie at Florence I vnderstood that the Dutchesse of Fiorenza or Florente hearing that some women were passed by in Friers apparrell and thinking they were Nunnes stolne out of their Cloisters did cause them to bee brought backe vnto her and so vnderstood that vpon pennance imposed on them by their Confessour for the satisfaction of their sinnes they were enioyned to goe in that Friers habit bare-footed to Rome whereupon she dismissed them with honour I forgot to note what I paid for my horse from Sienna to Florence whether we came vpon Easter day and there I lodged in the Dutch Inne and paid three reali each meale But I did not at this time view the Citie deferring it till my returne The next morning I tooke my iourney to Pisa that by often remouing I might shun all question of my religion into which they vse more strictly to inquire at this time of the yeere when they vse to obserue who receiues not the Sacrament for howsoeuer there be lesse danger of the Inquisition in this State yet the Duke vsing not and scarce being able to protect those that rashly giue open offence I thought good thus warily to auoide these snares I went this iourney on foot meaning leisurely to see the next Cities so little distant one from the other as they were pleasant iourneys on foot especially in so pleasant a Countrie The first day in the morning I walked ten miles to the Castle Prato through the pleasant Valley of the Riuer Arno. This pleasant Castle or walled Towne is of a round forme hauing at the very enterance a large Market place wherein stands a faire Cathedrall Church adorned with many stones of marble and here I paied twelue creitzers for my dinner In the afternoone I walked ten Italian short miles to the City Pistoia through a most pleasant plaine called the Valley of Arno tilled after the manner of Lombardy bearing Corne and Wine in the same field all the Furrowes being planted with Elmes vpon which the Vines grow This Citie is seated in a Plaine and compassed with Mountaines which on other sides are somewhat distant but on the North-side hang ouer the same and here as likewise at Prato and Florence the streetes are paued with broad free stone most casie to walke vpon And the Cathedrall Church is stately built and the pauement is of Marble curiously wrought like the Church of Sienna The Citie hath the name in the Latin tongue as also in the Italian of a plague which inuaded the Citie when the Troopes of the Rebell Catilina being ouercome fled thither whose posteritie being seated there hath nourished a greater plague by perpetual factions shewing thereby of what race they came Desiderius King of Lombardy compassed the Citie with a wall After the Florentines about the yeere 1150 subdued this chiefe Citie of Hetruria vnder whose gouernement first the faction of the Neri and the Bianehi brake out and defiled the
foure Court-yards with a large Garden which was then somewhat wild and vnmanured At this time the Ciuill warre being ended the King began to build a Gallerie the beginning of which worke was very magnificent The next day after I had seene the King I returned on foote eight leagues to Sone Heere I found post-Horses returning to Paris and hiring one of them for twentie soulz I rode eight miles through fruitfull fieldes of Corne and pleasant Hilles planted with Vines and so returned to Paris entring by the Gate of Saint Victoire in the Vniuersitie Now my Crownes which I had saued from the foresaid theeues were by little and little spent and I who in my long iourney had neuer wanted money but had rather furnished others that wanted with no small sums was forced to treat with vnknowne Merchants for taking money vpon exchange But howsoeuer I had in other places dealt with noble Merchants yet here I found my selfe to bee fallen into the hands of base and costiue Merchants who perhaps hauing been deceiued by English Gentlemen driuen by want to serue in the warres of France had not the least respect of mee for my misfortune among Theeues nor yet for our common Countrey It happened that at this time there were in Paris two English Knighis brethren namely Sir Charles and Sir Henry Dauers who for an ill accident liued then as banished men And to them I made my misfortune knowne who like Gentlemen of their qualitie had a iust feeling thereof especially for that they were acquainted with Sir Richard Moryson my brother and they would willingly haue lent mee money But I will tell a truth well knowne These brothers vpon good bonds were to haue receiued some thousands of Crownes a few moneths past in the Temple Hall which is one of the Innes of Court of London for those that professe the English Law This being made knowne by one of the debtors the Queene confiscated those Crownes as belonging to banished men Whereupon these Knightes being to attend the French King to Lyons in his warre vpon Sauoy were much driuen to their shiftes to get money for that iourney Yet did they not cast off all care to prouide for me but with great importunitie perswaded a starueling Merchant to furnish me with ten French Crownes When I had receiued them I spent some few daies in refreshing my selfe at Paris They account fortie eight miles from Paris to Roane whether I went by boat and payed a French Crowne for my passage The first day we passed eighteene miles to Poissy a most faire and famous Nunnerie and towards the euening wee passed by the Kings Pallace S. Germain The next day we passed twentie leagues to Andale and by the way passed by a bridge diuiding the County of France from the Dutchy of Normandy and did see the Pallace Galeon and a most faire Monastery Then wee passed foure miles by water to Port S. Antoine and one mile by land Then wee hired another boat in which we passed fiue leagues to Roane and I payed for this passage three soulz This our way was by pleasant Ilands hauing on both sides pleasant Hilles planted with Vines and fruit-trees The Citie of Roane is seated on the North side of the Riuer Seyne partly in a Plaine partly vpon sides of Hilles The building is for the most part of Free-stone brought from the Citie Cane and vpon a Hill towards the North without the walles the Fort S. Cateline was seated when King Henrie the fourth besieged Roane and then the Fort much anoyed the quarter of the English auxiliarie forces but now this Fort was altogether demolished Concerning expences of diet in these parts I spent at Paris in the Innes fifteene soulz each meale and at Roane twelue soulz and at some Innes by the way fifteene soulz but whosoeuer payes for his supper hath nothing to pay for his bed But before the late Ciuill warre they payed no more at Roane then eight soulz for a meale Passengers who stay long in the Citie vse to hire a chamber which at Paris is giuen for two French Crownes by the moneth if it be well furnished and otherwise for lesse They that at Paris hier a chamber in this sort vse to buy their meate in Cookes shops and hauing agreed for it the Cookes bring it to their chamber warme and with pleasant sauce And surely all things for diet were cheaper at Paris then they vse to be at London and since they vse to buy small peeces of meate a solitarie passenger shall in that respect spend the lesse Other passengers agree with some Citizen for diet and chamber which may bee had at Paris in conuenient sort for one hundred and fiftie French Crownes by the yeere and at Roane for one hundred and twentie but before the last Ciuill warre it might haue been had for one hundred or eightie and sometimes for sixtie French Crownes At Roane I now payed for my supper twelue soulz and the next day eleuen soulz for my dinner The night following wee rode fourteene leagues to Diepe in a most pleasant way diuided into inclosed Pastures yeelding great store of Apletrees not onely in the hedges but also in the open fieldes About midnight we tooke some rest and meate in a poore and solitaire Inne of a Village but with such feare as wee were ready to flie vpon the least noise From Roane to Dieppe I hired a horse for thirtie soulz and in this last Inne I payed twelue soulz for my meate and fiue soulz for my horse-meate Dieppe is a pleasant Citie and the greater part thereof especially la Rue grande that is the great street is seated in a plaine vpon the Hauen but it is compassed with Mountaines and is diuided into two parts by an Arme of the Sea The greatest part of the building is of Timber and Clay like our building of England I had spent at Paris most part of the ten Crownes I there receiued and when I came from Roane I perceiued that I should presently fall into want of money Being in these straites I went to the younger Paynter one of the English Posts passing betweene London and Paris and now returning in my company to London and to him in few words I made my case knowne who willingly yeelded to beare my charges to London hauing me still in his company for a pledge At Dieppe I payed fifteene soulz for each meale and ten soulz for my licence to passe ouer Sea and fiue soulz of gift to one of the Officers and tenne soulz for my part of a boat hired to draw our ship out of the Hauen of Dieppe After we had failed fourteene houres vpon Tuesday the thirteenth of May after the old stile in the yeere 1595 early in the morning we landed in England at Douer and I payed a French Crowne for my passage in the ship and sixe English pence for my passage in a boate from the ship to that Port of blessed England But we were fearce
the Prophet where of old was built a stately Church which as then stood little ruined and neere it is a pleasant fountaine where the passengers vse to drinke and to water their Asses They say that the said Prophet was borne there and that the place was of old called Anatoth I said that excellent corne growes betweene the great stones of these Mountaines or Rockes neither are they destitute of Vines and many fruites In the said valley of Hieromy certaine Arabians which seemed to be mowers of corno flew vpon vs like fierce dogges yet our Muccaro sent them away content with the gift of a bisket and in like sort in another narrow passage of the mountaines he paied some meidines for cafar which he neuer demanded of vs being content with the money we had paied him at Ramma Vpon a high Rocke we did see the ruines of the Castle Modon where the Machabees were buried Then wediscended into the Valley of Terebintho so called of a Tree bearing a black fruit like an Oliue yeelding a kind of oyle where we passed ouer a Torrent by a bridge of stone and this is the place famous for the victory of Dauid against Goliah We had now some two miles to Ierusalem yet in the very Hauen we wanted little of perishing For it happened that a Spachi or Horse-man vnder the great Turkes pay riding swiftly and crossing our way suddenly turned towards vs and with his speare in his rest for these horse-men carry speares bucklers like Amadis of Gaule he rushed vpon vs with all his might and by the grace of God his speare lighting in the pannell of the Asse neuer hurt the French-man his Rider but he did much astonish both him and vs till our Muccaro enquiring the cause of this violence he said why doe not these dogges light on foot to honour mee as I passe which when we heard and knew that we must here learne the vertue of the beasts on which we rode we presently tumbled from our Asses for we had no other stirrops then knotted ropes and bended our bodies to him Neither did we therein basely but very wisely for woe be to that Christian who resists any Turke especially a Souldier and who beares not any iniury at their hands We had but one mile to Ierusalem when we did sec large ruines on this West side of the City of an old City or Village Somewhat after noone the fourth of Iune we entered Ierusalem vpon the West side at the Gate of Ioppa written Iaffa Giaffa and Zaffa by diuers Nations At this gate we staied till two Friars came out of the Latine Monastery and likewise the exactors of Tribute came to vs and to them we paied each man two zechines for tribute due to the great Turke or at least extorted from vs which done the two Friars being Italians did lead vs to the Monastery of the Latines CHAP. II. The description of the City of Ierusalem and the territory thereof I Am vnskilfull in Geography and much more in the making of Mappes but according to the faithfull view of my eyes I will first draw the situation of Ierusalem and after explaine it as well as I can And first I thinke good to professe that by my iourny to this City I had no thought to expiate any least sinne of mine much lesse did I hope to merit any grace from God but when I had once begun to visite forraigne parts I was so stirred vp by emulation and curiosity as I did neuer behold any without a kind of sweete enuy who in this kind had dared more then my selfe Thus affected I thought no place more worthy to be viewed in the whole world then this City where howsoeuer I gaue all diuine worship to God and thought none to be giuen to the places yet I confesse that through the grace of God the very places strucke me with a religious horrour and filled my mind prepared to deuotion with holy motions In like fort I professe that I will faithfully relate the situation of the City and the description of the monuments made to me by the Friars making conscience not to adde or detract but as neere as I can to vse their owne words Yet doe I not my selfe beleeue all the particulars I write vpon their report neither doe I perswade any man to beleeue them But for many monuments the scripture giues credit to them and it is not probable in so great difference and emulation whereof I shall after speake of Sects of Christians there abiding and being most apt to note errours one in another that any apparant fictions could be admitted as on the contrary it is most certaine that some superstitious inuentions wherewith all the sectes are more or lesse infected haue in time obtained to be reputed true and religiously to be beleeued Howsoeuer he that conferres the situation of the City and of the monuments with the holy Scriptures and with the old ruines of Rome and other Cities shall easily discerne what things are necessarily true or false and what are more or lesse probable And it will notoriously appeare that the Citie is now seated in the same place in which it flourished when our Sauiour liued there in the slesh Neither let any man obiect to me the prophecies of the fatall and irreparable ruine thereof which all Diuines vnderstand of the Temple to be vtterly demolished and for my part I would rather admit if necessitie require any figuratiue speech then I would bee so wicked or so blockish as not to beleeue the holy Scriptures or that which I did see with these eyes Vpon the West side the Citie could neuer haue been more enlarged then now it is since Mount Caluerie without all doubt was of old without the walles which now is inclosed within them so as rather it appeares the Citie hath been so much inlarged on that side In like sort on the East side the Citie is so compassed with the Valley of Iehosephat and the famous Mount Oliuet as it appeares the City could not that way haue been larger then now it is On the North side I did neuer reade nor heare any that described this Citie to haue been larger then now it is yet in respect of huge ruines still remaining there vpon a large Plaine of the highest part of the Citie if any should confidently affirme that they belonged to the old Citie for my part I could not gainesay it From the Plaine of this highest part of the Citie it declines by little and little if you except some little Hilles within the walles from the North to the East where the Temple of Salomon is seated vpon the lowest part of Mount Moriah and likewise it declines from the North to the South Gates whereof the one is called Sterquilinea of the filth there carried out the other Praesentationis because the Virgin Mary entered there when she presented Christ to the Priest in the Temple which gates as the whole
pressed them to confesse their sinnes and so to receiue the Lords Supper which when they refused to doe it was apparant to the Friars that they were of the reformed Religion whom they terme heretikes Whereupon the Friars beganne to neglect them I will not say to hate them and while the two which were wounded staied for recouery of their health and so detained the other two with them it happened that the third fell sicke So as none had their health now but Master Verseline who louingly and like a seruant more then a friend prouided all necessaries for his companion Master Bacon till at last himselfe also fell sicke and was the first of them that died Then within eight daies space all the rest died either for that they were neglected by the Friers which I thinke sufficient in that Countrey to cast away any in their case or by their too much care namely by poison as some suspect for the Friars haue one of their order who is skilfull in physicke and hath a chamber furnished with cooling waters sirops and other medicines most fit for that Countrey When they were dead the Friars gaue into the Turkes hands the bodies of the two Flemmings and Master Verseline who had little store of crownes which belonged to the great Turke as heire to all strangers and the Turkes permitted them to be buried vpon Mount Syon without the wals in the Church yard proper to the Christians of Europe But Master Bacon ouerliuing the rest and now seeing his life to depend vpon the Friars care of him shewed a Nouice Friar long bracelets of peeces of gold twined about his arme and promising to giue them all to him and greater rewards if he would goe with him into England so as he would take care of him in his sickenesse he had perswaded the young Friar to goe with him into England and to promise him faithfull seruice there yet when this Nouice at his confession made this knowne and after verified as much to the Guardian and chiefe Friars I know not whether the hope of this booty made him die sooner but I am sure he liued very few daies after And giue me leaue to tell the truth these Friars either to gaine his money which was due to the Great Turke or for feare that inquisition should be made by the Turkes after the cause of his death appearing by manifest signes vpon his body as others suspected and reported I say these Friers buried this Gentleman in a yard of their Monastery secretly which if the Great Turke or any of his Magistrates had knowne no doubt they would gladly haue taken this occasion to extort much money from the Frires since by the like forged accusations they vse sometimes to oppresse them the very Turkes hauing at other times themselues buried dead bodies within the circuit of the Monastery and after caused them to be digged vp as if they had beene casually found and then crying that their Ottoman was deceiued put the Friars to pay large ransomes for redeeming of their liues And let no man wonder that these hungry Gouernours of Cities and Prouinces in Turkey should vse like frauds to intrap Christians as they doe very frequently since they buy their Offices and many times are recalled before they be warme in their seats if any man at Constantinople offer larger summes for their imployment So as this one Prouince of Palestine and one City of Ierusalem though hauing small or no trafficke hath had in one yeeres space foure Zaniacci the old being recalled to Constantinople assoone as his successour had outbribed him there And this is one of the greatest mischiefes in this Empire since starueling flies sucke much more then those that are fully gorged The foresaid Zaniacco is chiefe Gouernour for military and ciuill affaires of all Pallestine and lies at Ierusalem in the house of Pontius Pilate His Substitute or Liefetenant is called Catake who cast one of our consorts for a time into prison because he complained of the Turkish exactions and his owne pouerty The third Magistrate is called Cady who gouernes Ecclesiastiall matters and dwelt in Salomons house as they call it at Ierusalem neere the yard of the old Temple of the Iewes in which now a Turkish Mosche was built and of this man we had our leaue to enter the City and to see the sepulcher and being called before him we were commanded to put off our shooes he sitting crosse leg'd like a Tailor on the ground vpon a Turkey Carpet The fourth Magistrate was called Agha who kept the Castle of Ierusalem and when we walked one euening on that part of the roofe of our Monastery whence we had the fairest prospect into the City he sent a messenger to command vs to retire from beholding the Castle or otherwise he would discharge a peece of Ordinance at vs. CHAP. III. Of our iourney from Ierusalem by land to Haleppo by Sea to Tripoli in Syria by land to Haleppo and Scanderona and of our passage by Sea to the Iland Candia VPon Friday the fourteenth of Iune in the yeere 1596 we went out of Ierusalem and by the same way and in the same manner as wee came rode backe to Ramma deliuering to our guide as many zechines as before to pay for the Turkish exactions and to our Muccari for their Asses which we had hired Neither did any memorable thing happen to vs by the way saue that when we came neere to Ramma and by chance rode ouer the place of buriall for the Turks where some women were then mourning for their dead friends they thinking it a reproch that we should ride ouer their graues did with inraged countenances fling stones at vs till wee appeased them by dismounting from our Asses The fifteenth of Iune we came backe to Ioppa where our guide gaue three meidines to a Ianizare that hee would beate with a cudgell certaine Arabians who had offered vs wrong by the way which hee did readily and roundly Then without delay we went aboard our little Greeke Barke which according to our bargaine at Cyprus staied here for our returne For the Master thereof was further tied to transport vs from hence to Tripoli in Syria neither had he yet receiued full paiment for transporting vs hither the money being left in Cyprus with an Italian Merchant who was to pay it him at his returne if hee brought a testimony vnder our hands that he had performed his bargaine to vs. This condition we made prouidently and by aduice of experienced men for otherwise the Master of our Barke vpon any profitable occasion would haue left this port before our returne from Ierusalem and wee should hardly haue found another Barke here in a place not much frequented with ships Besides that the restraint of the money not to be payed but vpon a testimony brought vnder our hands was a good caution that he should not vse vs ill nor any way betray vs. The sixteenth of Iune vpon
Sunday by twilight of the morning we set sayle from Ioppa and coasting the shoare of Asia had the land so neere vs euery day as wee might easily distinguish the situation of the Cities and Territories And first we passed by the Citie called Caesaria Philippi seated in a Plaine and twentie fiue miles distant from Ioppa which of old was a famous Citie but now for the most part ruined and become an infamous nest of Turkes Moores and Arabians Here Christ raised to life the daughter of Iairus and healed the woman which for twelue yeetes had a flux of bloud And here Saint Peter did baptize the Centurion Cornelius and Saint Paul in the presence of Foelix disputed with Tertullus Here Titus the sonne of Vespasian landing when hee came to destroy Ierusalem cast great multitudes of Iewes to wilde beasts to be deuoured In the right way to Tripoli Antipatris was not farre distant which Herod did rebuild and thither the souldiers did leade Saiint Paul by the command of the Tribune Lysias but we could not see this Village Next we did see the Pilgrims Castle now called Tortora Then we sailed by the Promontory hanging farre ouer the Sea of the Mountaine Carmelus made famous by the aboade of the Prophet Elias Then we passed within sight of the old Citie Ptolemais after called Achon and Acri seated in a faire playne within a Creeke of the sea of the same name and compassing the Citie And such afaire plaine lyes all along the Coast from Ioppa to Tripoli This Citie was famous by the armies of Europe passing to conquer these parts and at this day it hath a large circuit compassed with walls and a commodious Hauen and is thirtie fiue miles distant from Caesaria From hence salling twentie miles we passed by the Citie Tyrus then called Sur the ruines whereof witnesse the old magnificence The seate thereof seemed most pleasant being built vpon a low Rocke in the forme of a Peninsule which Rocke was part of a high Promontory hanging ouer the sea And it may appeare how strongly it was fortified of old by Quintus Curtius relating the difficulties with which Alexander the Great took and subdued the same When we had sailed some ten miles further we did see the ruines of Sarepta where the Prophet Eleas lodged with a widdow in the time of a great famine After we had sayled some twenty miles further we did see and passed by the City Sydon now called Saetta seated on the North side of a Promontory and lying towards the West and South to the very sea side These most pleasant Territories are inhabited by wicked people but God sent vs a faire wind by which we escaped from them into whose Ports if we had beene driuen they would haue taken all lust and vniust occasions to extort money from vs if they did vs no worse harme Mention is often made in the Holy Seriptures of Sydon Tire and these Territories as well in the old as new Testament the particulars whereof I omit Here first we did gladly see the hils and high tops of Mount Lybanus being a very pleasant and fruitful mountaine the wines whereof are carried as farre is Haleppo The Castle Barutti is some two miles distant from the Promontory of Saetta and it is seated vpon the North-side of a hil hanging ouer the sea Here they say that Saint George deliuered the Kings daughter by killing a Dragon And to this place as also to Tyre and Sydon there is great concourse of Merchants who haue their chiefe trafficke at Damaseus and especially at Haleppo From hence we passed ten miles to Biblis then after ten miles saile we passed by 〈◊〉 and againe after ten miles saile by a Promontory which the Italians call Capo Peso Lastly we passed ten miles sailing by a most pleasant plaine and so vpon Thursday the seuenteenth of Iune landed at Tripoli of Syria so called for difference from Tripoli in Africke The Hauen is compassed with a wall and lies vpon the west-side of the City whereif were many little Barkes and some Shippes of Marsiles in France The Hauen is fortified with seuen Towers whereof the fourth is called the Tower of Loue because it was built by an Italian Merchant who was found in bed with a Turkish woman which offence is capitall as well to the Turke as Christian if he had not thus redeemed his life Vpon the Hauen are built many store-houses for Merchants goods and shops wherein they are fet to sayle The City of Tripoli is some halfe mile distant from the Hauen to which the way is sandy hauing many gardens on both sides In this way they shew a pillar fastned vpon a hill of sand by which they say the sand is inchanted lest it should grow to ouerwhelme the City Likewise they shew other pillars vnder which they say great multitudes of Scorpions were in like sort inchanted which of old wasted all that Territory and they thinke that if these pillars were taken away the City would be destroied by the sand and Scorpions The length of the City somewhat passeth the bredth and lieth from the South to the North seated vpon the side of an hill so cut by nature as it conueyes a brooke into the streetes Vpon the West side of the City towards the South corner is a Castle vpon a high hill which the French men built of old to keepe the Citizens in subiection and therein the Great Turke to the same end keepes a garrison of Souldiers vnder his Agha or Gouernour of the City Vpon the East side are two bridges ouer the foresaid brooke whence many pleasant fountains spring which running from the South to the North passe through the streetes of the City and then water the gardens Beyond this brooke are fruitfull hils and beyond the hils Mount Lybanus lies so high as it hinders all further prospect which mountaine is very pleasant abounding with fruitfull trees and with grapes yeelding a rich wine Vpon the North side without the gates are many most pleasant gardens in which they keepe great store of silke-wormes for the Turks sell their raw silke to the Italians and buy of them the stuffes wouen thereof The building of Tripoli and of these parts is like to that of Cyprus and Ierusalem The streete that leades to the way of Haleppo is broad the rest narrow and the aire and waters are vnhealthfull Mount Lybanus as I formerly said is incredibly fruitfull and the plaine of Tripoli reaching ten miles is more fruitfull then can easily be expressed bearing great store of pleasant fruites whereof one among the rest is called Amazza-Franchi that is kill Frankes or French because the men of Europe died in great numbers by eating immoderately thereof The plaine of Tripoli did of old yeeld two hundred thousand crownes yeerely to the Count thereof as Historians write And how soeuer the old trafficke of Tripoli is for the most part remoued to
Damascus and Haleppo yet the City of Tripoli still yeelds foure hundred thousand crownes yeerely to the Great Turke It may seeme incredible but it is most certaine that here and throughout Syria they haue sheepe of such bignes as the very tailes of them hanging in many wreathes to the ground doe weigh twenty fiue pounds and many times thirty three pounds A Christian who vseth to entertaine the French did very well intreat vs here and when I did see a bed made for me and my brother with cleane sheetes I could scarcely containe my selfe from going to bed before supper because I had neuer lien in naked bed since I came from Venice to this day hauing alwaies slept by sea and land in my doublet with linnen breeches and stockings vpon a mattresse and betweene couerlets or quilts with my breeches vnder my head But after supper all this ioy vanished by an euent least expected For in this part of Asia great store of cotten growes as it were vpon stalkes like Cabbage as I formerly said in my iourney from Ioppa to Ierusalem and these sheetes being made thereof did so increase the perpetuall heat of this Countrey now most vnsupportable in the summer time as I was forced to leape out of my bed and sleepe as I had formerly done My Host told me a strange thing namely that in Alexandria of AEgypt seated vpon one of the mouthes of the Riuer Nilus there was a Doue-cote that also at Cairo or Babylon farre within the Land of AEgypt there was another Doue-cote and because it much concernes the Merchants to haue speedy newes of any commodity arriuing he assured mee that they vsed to tie letters about the neckes of the Doues at Alexandria and so to let them loose which Doues hauing formerly bred in the Doue-cote at Cayro did flie thither most swiftly and the Keeper of them there taking the Letters they brought vsed to deliuer them to the Merchants This I beleeued not till I came to Haeleppo and telling it for a fable to the English Merchants there they seriously affirmed the same to be true Moreouer the Host of Tripoli told me newes from Constantinople namely that the Greekes had burnt great part of the City which he thought to be false and onely inuented to oppresse them in other parts and that the Ianizaries had raised a great tumult against the Subasha of the City who vsed great seuerity towards them by restraining them from drinking wine and from keeping harlots and that some one hundred of these seditious Ianizaries were drowned in the Heuen and the rest were daily sought out to be punished Moreouer that Halil Basha the Admirall of Turkey was parted from Constantinople with sixty Gallies hauing taken many Greeke and Armenian Christians by force to row in his Gallies besides that for want of Marriners he had left there twenty Gallies which were prepared to keepe that narrow sea Finally that the Great Turke was presently to goe with his Army into Hungary but was not yet departed from the City Now the French-men our consorts went aboard a ship of Marsiles to returne into France But my selfe and my brother being to goe by Land to Haleppo agreed to giue our Muccaro nine piastri for two Asses to ride vpon and their meate and for three tributes called cafarri which he was to pay for vs by the way comming to some twenty meidines They call him Muccaro who lets out Mules Asses or Horses and they call him Malem who conducts the Merchants goods Moreouer we were forced to giue a suger-loafe to the value of a Zechine to the Gouernour of the City and a Piastro to the Scribe or Clerke of the City for the priuiledge to goe without a Ianizare to conduct vs so they pretended omitting no occasions to extort from Christians But we couenanted not to pay the nine piastri to our Muccaro till our iourney was ended onely giuing one piastro into his hands for earnest and pretending that we would pay the rest at Haleppo where we were to receiue money left they thinking that we had store of crowns with vs should practise any treason or oppression against vs. This Piastro we gaue him in hand to buy meat for his beasts and the other eight we paid after at Haleppo and besides gaue him of free gift a zechine for his faithfull seruice to vs by the way We were to take our iourney with the Carauan going from Tripoli to Haleppo The Turkes call a Carauan the company of Merchants passengers and driuers of loaded Camels keeping together for safety against Theeues and vsing to lodge in the open field For in Turkey they make iourneies in great troopes neither did I euer see any ride alone but onely a horseman of the Armie and that very rarely Vpon Saturday the two and twentie of Iune we went out of Tripoli at the North Gate and passed ouer a Bridge of the foresaid Brooke and from eight of the clocke till Noone we passed along the Sea-shoare and ouer high Mountaines then ouer an vntilled Plaine seeing not one Village nor so much as the least house by the way Then at last comming to a little shade of Fig-trees we rested there the heate of the day and fed vpon such victuals as we had while our Muccaro and the rest gaue meate to their beasts At three of the clock in the after-noone we went forward in the like way and late in the euening we came to a Village neere which we lodged in the open field in a pleasant plot of grasse neere the banke of a Riuer planted with some trees Vpon Sunday wee rose early and for two howers space passed a Promontory of the Sea then turning towards the Land wee passed through wilde and vntilled Hilles and plaine fields and at Noone we rested vnder the shaddow of some Brambles refreshing our selues with meate and sleepe and giuing meate to our Asses At three in the afternoone wee went forward and passed by the Castle Huss in which some say Iob dwelt and which they say was possessed by the French while they had the Kingdome of Ierusalem Also we passed by a Monastery of Saint George then possessed by Christian Friers and seated in a pleasant Valley yeelding trees of Figs and Oliues And towards euening we incamped as I may terme it in the open field at the foot of a high Mountaine They say Iob did of old possesse this Territorie and that not farre hence in the way leading to Damascus there is a Citie now called Hemps and of old called Huss which the Christian Inhabitants to this day call the Citie of Iob and the Valley not far distant the Valley of Huss and the Turkes haue built a Mosche or Church in this Citie which they thinke to be built vpon the very ruines of the house wherein Iob dwelt and that his body was carried from hence to Constantinople Others obiect that according to the Scriptures Iob could not dwell here because they write
and the State of Venice would assist the Raguzeant against them and no way indure that the Turkish Ottoman should make himselfe Lord of that Hauen Vpon the three and twenty of Aprill towards euening we sayled by the little Iland Augusta being yet of a good large circuit and populous and subiect to the Raguzeans but the Coast is dangerous for ships arriuall by reason of the Rockes called the Augustines and by the little Iland Corsolavi Some Ilands in this Sea are subiect to the Raguzeans and some neere to the Northerne continent haue the Great Turke for their Lord but the rest are subiect to the Venetians and are very many in number but little and good part of them little or not at all inhabited The Italians our consorts told vs of an Iland not farre distant called Pelaguza and lying neere the continent of Italy vpon the Coast whereof the famous Turkish Pyrate of Algier a Hauen in Africa was lately wont to houer and lie hidden and made rich booties of the Venetian and Italian Merchants Vpon Sunday the foure and twenty of Aprill we had in sight and little distant the little Ilands Catza and Lissa and in the afternoone on our left hand towards Italy the Iland Pomo and in the euening towards Dalmatia two Ilands and vpon the continent the City Zaga being some two hundred miles distant from Venice And the night following we sailed ouer an arme of the Sea some thirty miles broade lying betweene Dalmatia and Istria called Il Cornaro which we passed without any appearance of danger though otherwise it be generally reputed so dangerous as the Venetians offended with any Marriner vse this imprecation Maledetto sia il Cornaro che t' ha lasciato passare that is Cursed be the Cornaro for letting thee passe Vpon Monday the fiue and twenty of Aprill as we sailed by the Coast of Istria one of the Marriners aged and as we thought honest and of some authority among the rest priuately admonished me that I should safely locke vp our goods in our chests left the inferior Marriners should steale our shirts or any other thing they found negligently left which they vsed to doe especially at the end of any voyage Vpon Tuesday the sixe and twenty of April we cast anchor beyond Pola in the continent of Istria a City now ruined and vpon the seuen and twenty day we entred the Hauen of Rouinge in Istria subiect to the Venetians where the ships vse to take a Pilot for their owne safety or els are tied so to doe by some old priuiledge of that City Here the Prouisors for health gaue vs liberty of free conuersation as they had formerly done at Zante seeing no man in our ship to be sicke or sickely And I did not a little wonder when I obserued each second or third person of this City to halt and be lame of one foot which made me remember the Citizens of Islebe in Germany and in the Prouince of Saxony where almost all the men haue wry neckes whereof I knew the cause namely because they vsed daily to dig in mines with their neckes leaning on one side but of this common lamenes of the Inhabitants in Rouinge I could not learne any probable cause except it were the foule disease of lust raigning in those parts which I rather thought likely because the lamenesse was common to weomen as men Now the sayling in our great ship was like to be more trouble some dangerous and slow whereupon fiue of vs ioyning together did vpon the thirtieth of Aprill after the old stile hier a boate of sixe Oares for seuen Venetian Duckets to Venice where we arriued the next day towards euening and staied in our boat vpon the wharfe of the Market place of Saint Marke till the Prouisors of health sitting in their Office neere that place came vnto vs and after some conference vnderstanding that we and our ship were free of all infection or sicknesse gaue vs free liberty of conuersation Wee staied three dayes at Venice to refresh our selues and paied each man three lyres for each meale in a Dutch Inne Then hauing receiued money of a Merchant I went to the Village Mestre and there bought of Dutchmen newly arriued in Italy two horses for my selfe and my man the one for thirtie the other for twentie ducates These horses I sold at Stode in Germany after my iourney ended at or about the same rate He that hath the Dutch tongue and either knowes the waies of Germany himselfe or hath consorts skilfull therein being to trauell from Stode or those parts into Italy shall finde more profit in buying a horse in those parts of Germany for so hee shall saue great summes vsually paid for coches and at the iournies end or rather by the way towards the ende of his iourney may in Italy sell his horses with good profit In the Village Mestre each of vs paid each meale fiftie soldi that is two lires and a halfe From hence we took the right way to Augsburg in Germany to Nurnberg Brunswick and to Stode an old Citie lying on the Northern Sea of Germany The particulars of which iourney I here omit hauing in my iourney to Ierusalem passed the very same way from Stode to Venice So as it shall suffice to adde some few things in generall Within the confines of Italy each man of vs paid for each meale fortie and sometimes fiftie Venetian soldi and for hay and stable for his horse commonly at noone foure soldi at night twelue soldi and for ten measures of oates giuen each day to each horse fiftie soldi After we entred Germany each man paid each meale commonly twentie creitzers at Inspruch twentie foure and somtimes twentie six creitzers for hay six creitzers a day or there-abouts and for ten measures of oates seruing one horse for a day wee paid fiftie creitzers In the middle Prouinces of Germany each of vs paid for each meale commonly sixteene creitzers that is foure batzen and in the parts vpon the Northerne sea some foure Lubeck shillings And from the Citie Armstat seated betweene Augsburg and Nurnberg to the said Northern sea side we had a new measure of oates called Hembd one of which measures was sold for some tenne Lubeck shillings and serued three horses for our baite at noone and another was almost sufficient for them at night From Stode seated vpon the German Sea we passed in a boat to the outmost Hauen where wee went abroad an English ship vpon the fourth of Iuly after the old stile being Tuesday The sixt of Iuly early in the morning we set sayle and the eight of Iuly we came vpon the most wished land of England and cast anchor neere Orford a Castle in Suffolke Vpon Saturday the ninth of Iuly after the old stile we landed at Grauesend and without delay with the night-tide passed in a boat to London where we ariued on Sunday at foure of the clock in the morning the tenth of
higher and higher towards the West and consists especially of one broad and very faire street which is the greatest part and sole ornament thereof the rest of the side streetes and allies being of poore building and inhabited with very poore people and this length from the East to the West is about a mile whereas the bredth of the City from the North to the South is narrow and cannot be halfe a mile At the furthest end towards the West is a very strong Castle which the Scots hold vnexpugnable Camden saith this Castle was of old called by the Britaines Castle meyned agnea by the Scots The Castle of the Maids or Virgines of certaine Virgines kept there for the Kings of the Picts and by Ptolomy the winged Castle And from this Castle towards the West is a most steepe Rocke pointed on the highest top out of which this Castle is cut But on the North South sides without the wals lie plaine and fruitfull fields of Corne. In the midst of the foresaid faire streete the Cathedrall Church is built which is large and lightsome but little stately for the building and nothing at all for the beauty and ornament In this Church the Kings seate is built some few staires high of wood and leaning vpon the pillar next to the Pulpit And opposite to the same is another seat very like it in which the incontinent vse to stand and doe pennance and some few weekes past a Gentleman being a stranger and taking it for a place wherein Men of better quality vsed to sit boldly entred the same in Sermon time till he was driuen away with the profuse laughter of the common sort to the disturbance of the whole Congregation The houses are built of vnpolished stone and in the faire streete good part of them is of free stone which in that broade streete would make a faire shew but that the outsides of them are faced with wooden galleries built vpon the second story of the houses yet these galleries giue the owners a faire and pleasant prospect into the said faire and broad street when they sit or stand in the same The wals of the City are built of little and vnpolished stones and seeme ancient but are very narrow and in some places exceeding low in other ruiued From Edenborow there is a ditch of water yet not running from the Inland but rising ofsprings which is carried to Lethe and so to the Sea Lethe is seated vpon a creek of the Sea called the Frith some mile from Edenborow and hath a most commodious and large Hauen When Monsieur Dessy a Frenchman did fortifie Lethe for the strength of Edenborow it began of a base Village to grow to a Towne And when the French King Francis the second had married Mary Queene of the Scots againe the French who now had in hope deuoured the possession of that Kingdome and in the yeere 1560. began to aime at the conquest of England more strongly fortified this Towne of Lethe but Elizabeth Queene of England called to the succour of the Lords of Scotland against these Frenchmen called in by the Queene soone effected that the French returned into their Countrey and these fortifications were demolished Erom Leth I crossed ouer the Frith which ebs and flowes as high as Striuelin to the Village King-korn being eight miles distant and seated in the Region or Country called Fife which is a Peninsule that is almost an Iland lying betweene two creekes of the Sea called Frith and Taye and the Land yeelds corne and pasture and seacoales as the Seas no lesse plentifully yeeld among other fish store of oysters shel fishes and this Countrey is populous and full of Noblemens and Gentlemens dwellings commonly compassed with little groues though trees are so rare in those parts as I remember not to haue seene one wood From the said Village King-korn I rode ten very long miles to Falkeland then the Kings House for hunting but of old belonging to the Earles of Fife where I did gladly see I ames the sixth King of the Scots at that time lying there to follow the pastimes of hunting and hawking for which this ground is much commended but the Pallace was of old building and almost ready to fall hauing nothing in it remarkeable I thought to haue ridden from hence to Saint Andrewes a City seated in Fife and well known as an Vniuersity and the seate of the Archbishop But this iourney being hindred I wil onely say that the Bishop of Saint Andrewes at the intercession of the King of Scotland Iames the third was by the Pope first made Primate of all Scotland the same Bishop and all other Bishops of that Kingdome hauing formerly to that day beene consecrated and confirmed by the Archbishop of Yorke in England Likewise I purposed to take my iourney as farre as Striuelin where the King of the Scots hath a strong Castle built vpon the front of a steepe Rocke which King Iames the sixth since adorned with many buildings and the same hath for long time beene committed to the keeping of the Lords of Eriskin who likewise vse to haue the keeping of the Prince of Scotland being vnder yeeres And from thence I purposed to returne to Edenborow but some occasions of vnexpected businesse recalled me speedily into England so as I returned presently to Edenborow and thence to Barwicke the same way I came I adde for passengers instruction that they who desire to visit the other Counties of England and Ireland may passe from Edenborow to Carlile chiefe City of Comberland in England and so betweene the East parts of Lancashire and the West parts of Yorke and then through Darbyshire Nottinghamshire Warwickeshire Staffordshire and Chesshire may take their iourney to the City Westchester whence they shall haue commodity to passe the Sea to Dablin in Ireland and while they expect this passage they may make a cursory iourney into Flintshire and Caernaruenshire in Northwales to see the antiquities thereof or otherwise may goe directly to Holy Head and thence make a shorter cut to Dublyn in Ireland From Dublyn they may passe to see the Cities of the Prouince Mounster whence they may commodiously passe to the South parts of Wales and there especially see the antiquities of Merlyn and so taking their iourney to the West parts of England may search the antiquities of these seuerall Counties and easily find commoditie to passeinto the West parts of France And all this circuit beginning at London may with ordinary fauourable winds according to the season of the yeere be easily made from the beginning of March to the end of September Alwaies I professe onely to prescribe this course to such as are curious to search all the famous monuments and antiquities of England mentioned in Camdens compleat description thereof CHAP. VI. Of the manner to exchange Moneys into forraine parts and the diuers moneys of diuers parts together with the diuers measures of miles in sundry Nations most necessary
is exchanged for three Franckes or for foure Quarts d'escn or for little more then foure testoones For foureteen soulz and a halfe make a testoon fifteene soulz make a Quart d'esca and twenty soulz make a francke and sixty soulz make a French crowne and twelue deniers make a soulz Yet a gold French crowne In specie that is in kind is changed for sixty fiue soulz As in like sort in England a French crowne is worth no more then six shillings and the English Angell is worth no more then 11. shillings in common estimation yet he that brings a weighty a French crowne In specie to the Gold-smyths they will giue him sixe shilling six pence for it and he that brings to them an old Angell of gold they will gine him 11. shillings and six pence or more for it And in the last ciuill warre the value of the French crowne was raised to 120 soulz till the King reduced the same to the old value after the warre composed The same King Henry the fourth since that time raised the value of gold crownes to the end he might draw backe his gold which was carried into forraine parts My selfe passing through Lorayne before the French ciuil warre was fully appeased did at Monwicke vpon the confines of Lorayne and German exchange a French crowne for foure franckes and nine grosh and shortly after comming to Shallons exchanged a French crowne for no more then sixty soulz so as I guesse that either the Franckes of Lor aine differ from the Franckes of France or that the tumult of the warre and the making of peace shortly after made this difference Of the diuers measures of miles through diuers parts of the world FVrther being to write of the diuers measures of miles through the diuers parts of the World it seemed good to me to adde the measure of miles vulgarly receiued namely that fiue Italian miles or three French or two and a halfe English make one Dutch mile and that one Dutch mile and a halfe makes a mile of Sweitzerland It remaines now that according to my owne experience I should speake something of the diuers kindes of miles And in generall this my opinion hath respect to the difficult or easie passages of the way since euen in England the miles seeme and indeed are more short neere London where the waies are faire and plaine and frequently inhabited as they seeme and indeed are more long and tedious through the desart places of the North ouer mountaines and through vninhabited and difficult passages The Romans of old held a thousand paces for a mile and such are the miles of Italie A common English mile makes one a halfe Italian but towards the North in some particular places of England the miles are longer among which the Kentish mile being a Southerne County is prouerbially held to be extraordinarily long The Irish miles among the English and the Irish-English are answerable to the English howsoeuer for the solitary and disinhabited wayes and many foards often ouerflowed they are more troublesome to passe In like sort the miles of Scotland answere to the Northerne miles of England saue that the frequent climing of mountaines and the vnbeaten waies make them seeme longer and indeed require more time for the passage Villamont a French gentleman in the book of his trauels witnesseth that one French mile containes two Italian miles The common Germain mile being for the most part in plaines makes more then three English or fiue Italian miles but in some places the solitude of Woods and the ascent of Mountaines make the miles of Germany seeme much longer and Sueuia extraordinarily hath long miles though it be a plaine Countrey The miles of Sweitzerland being ouer continuall Mountaines are so long as passengers distinguish their iourney more by the spaces of howers then by the distances or numbers of miles And I remember that finding no horse to be hired I went on foote from Scaphusen to Zureth which iourney I was going ten howers being accounted but foure miles And in Rhaetia among the Grisons vpon the confines of Italy one mile is held for sixe Italian miles And vpon the foote of the Alpes towards the North one mile is accounted for seuen miles and a halfe of Italy where hauing a good horse I could ride with an ordinarie pace no more then one Dutch mile in foure howers space By which appeares that the measure of miles is very vncertaine among the Sweitzers who for the most part reckon their iourneys by howers riding or going with an ordinary pace and not by miles The miles of Bohemia and Morauia are no lesse tedious and I remember that my selfe passing there on horseback did commonly ride no more then foure miles in a dayes iourney And howsoeuer the length of the Sweitzers and Bohemian miles may in part be attributed to the climbing of Mountaines and bad waies yet no such reason can be giuen for the miles of Morauia which Country is either a plaine or little pleasant Hilles and the waies faire and the Countrey well inhabited The Low-Countrey miles are of a middle length betweene the German and French miles But in the very Country of Holland they differ much one from another since foure miles of great Holland make sixe miles of little Holland And I remember that about the Citie Horne I esteemed each mile longer then three English Also next to the Holland miles those of Freesland are longer then the rest A mile of Denmark is somewhat longer then three English miles and answereth to the common mile of Germany The miles of Poland generally are like the miles of Denmarke but they differ in length one from the other For I remember that in Prussia each dayes iourny I passed by coach some seuen miles and in middle Poland nine or ten miles but in vpper Poland towards Germany I commonly rode on horse-back no more then fiue miles or there-abouts each day in my passage from Crakaw to Morauia In Russia among the Moscouites confining vpon Poland a mile is called a ferse and answeres to fiue Italian miles or one common mile of Germany In Turkey those that guide Christians hauing the Italian tongue doe in my opinion number the miles to them much after the Italian manner THE REBELLION OF HVGH EARLE OF TYRONE AND THE APPEASING THEREOF WRITEN IN FORME OF A IOVRNALL PART II. BOOKE I. CHAP. I. Of the Induction or Preface to my Irish Iournall and a compendious narration how CHARLES BLOVNT Lord Mountioy my Lord and Master of happy memorie was chosen Lord Deputy of Ireland and of this worthy Lords qualitie as also of the Councels in generali by which he broke the Kebels hearts and gane peace to that trenbled State Together with his particular actions in the end of the yeere 1599. AT my returne from Scotland about the month of September in the yeere 1598 I retyred my selfe
said ciuill warre betweene Yorke and Lancaster for England most of the Noble Families were wasted and some destroied whereupon the English Irish which hitherto had valiantly maintained their Conquest now began to repaire into England partly to beare out the factions partly to inherit the Lands of their Kinsmen of whom they were discended And the meere Irish boldly rushed into the possessions which the other had left void in Ireland And from that time vnder the gouernement of English Liefetenants and Deputies seditions and murthers grew more frequent the authority of the English Kings became lesse esteemed of the Irish then in formertimes and the English Pale had sometimes larger sometimes straighter limits according to the diuers successes of the Irish affaires at diuers times After the appeasing of the said bloody warre I finde some 1000 men sent ouer by Henry the seuenth to suppresse Perkin Warbeck an English Rebell and 500 men sent by Henry the eight to suppresse the Geraldines of English race rebelling against him Otherwise the said Annals mention no great or generall rebellion in Ireland especially such by which either much blood of the English was spilt or much of our treasure exhausted till the happy raigne of Queene Elizabeth For in this onely age Religion rather then Liberty first began to be made the cloake of ambition and the Roman Locusts to maintaine the Popes vsurped power breathed euery where fier and sword and not onely made strong combinations against those of the reformed religion in all Kingdomes but were not ashamed to proclaime and promise Heauen for a reward to such cut throates as should lay violent hands on the sacred persons of such Princes as opposed their tyranny Amongst which this famous Queene being of greatest power and most happy in successe against them they not only lest nothing vnattempted against her sacred person and her Crowne of England but whither incouraged by the blind zeale of the ignorant Irish to Popery or animated by an old Prophesie He that will England winne Must with Ireland first beginne Did also raise two strong and dangerous rebellions in Ireland the one of the Earle of Desmond the other of the Earle of Tyrone not to speake of the troubles made by Shane Oneale the easie setling whereof shall be onely mentioned in the treating of Tyrones Ancestors How beit the wonted generall peace seemes to haue continued till after the 19. yeere of the Queenes raigne being 1577 at which time the Lords of Conuaght and Ororke for their particular made a composition for their lands with Sir Nicholas Malby Gouernour of that Prouince wherein they were content to yeeld vnto the Queen so large a rent and such seruices both of labourers to worke vpon occasion of fortifying and of horse and foote to serue vpon occasion of war as it seems the Popish combinations had not yet wrought in them any alienation of mind from their wonted awe and reuerence of the Crowne of England Touching the rebellion of Gerald Earle of Desmond Iohn Gerald the sonne of Thomas whose Progenitors of English race had long behaued themselues valiantly in subduing the Irish had Kildare giuen him by King Edward the second with title of an Earle And this Family of the Fitz Geralds or Geraldens as they are now called long flourished not onely keeping Ireland in obedience to the King but infesting the sea coasts of the Welsh not yet vnited to the Crowne of England and neuer raised armes against England till Thomas Fitz Gerald the sonne of Gerald Fitz Gerald Earle of Kildare and Lord Deputy of Ireland vnder King Henry the eight whom the King had called into England and there brought in question for his ill Gouernement hearing by light and falle rumour that his father was executed rashly tooke Armes against the King inuiting the Emperor Charles the fifth to inuade Ireland which he in the meane time wasted with fire and sword This Thomas and fiue of his Vncles were shortly after hanged the father being before dead of griefe But Queene Marie restored this Family to honour and lands though they neuer after recouered their former dignity Of these Geralds most of the greatest Lords in Mounster are descended though for diuers causes many of them haue taken other Sirnames and particularly the Earles of Desmond Maurice Fitz-thomas a Geraldine was first created Earle of Desmond by Edward the third Of whose posteritie many excelled in wealth vertue and honourable reputation farre extending their power But Iames inuaded his Nephewes inheritance by force and imposed heauy exactions on all depending vpon him whose sonne Thomas following his fathers steps was by the Lord Deputie beheaded in the yeere 1467 his sonnes were restored and the Earledome remained in his posterity till Gerald Earle of Desmond in the yeere 1578 rebelled against Queene Elizabeth To whose aide certaine bands of Italians and Spaniards sent by Pope Gregory the twelfth and Philip King of Spaine landed at Smerwic who besieged by the Lord Arthur Grey then Lord Deputy in a Fort they had built and called the Fort del ore shortly after yeelded themselues in the yeere 1583 and were put to the sword as the necessitie of that State and their manner of inuading the land was then said to require And the Earle of Desmond flying into the Woods was there in a cottage killed and his head cut off being as they say betrayed by his owne followers wherein the Vlster men challenge an honour of faithfulnesse to their Lords aboue those of Mounster for in the following warres none of them could be induced by feare or reward to lay hands on their reuerenced Oneale Thus with an Army of sixe thousand men whereof some fourethousand were newly sent ouer at diuers times this Rebellion of Desmond in Mounster was soone appeased The Earledome of Desmond was by authoritie of Parliament adiudged to the Crowne and made a County with Sheriffes appointed yeerely to be chosen by the Lord Deputie Vpon the attainter of the said Earle of Desmond and his confederats all the lands falling to the Crowne were in Acres of English measure about 574628 Acres Hereof great part was restored to the offenders as to Patrick Condon his Countrey to the White Knight his Countrey to some of the Geraldines and to other their confederats no small portions The rest was diuided into Seigniories granted by letters patents to certaine English Knights and Esquires which vpon this gift and the conditions whereunto they were tied had the common name of Vndertakers In Kerry and Desmond by patent to Sir William Harbert to Charol Harbert to Sir Valentine Browne to Sir Edward Denny besides an vncertaine portion to George Stone and Iohn Chapman and their heites were granted 30560 Acres with yeerely rents fiue hundred foure and twentie pound sixe shillings eight pence sterling In Limerick by Patent to Sir Henrie Billinsley to William Carter to Edmund Mannering to William Trenchard to Sr. George Bourcher to Sr. George Thornton to Richard
shortly after escaped out of prison being all prisoners of great moment whose inlargement gaue apparant ouerture to ensuing rebellion Neither did the Irish spare to affirme that their escape was wrought by corruption because one Segar Constable of the Castle of Dublin by Patent hauing large offers made him to permit the escape of Oreighly and acquainting the Lord Deputy therewith was shortly after displaced and one Maplesdon seruant to the Lord Deputy was put in his place in whose time those prisoners escaped To returne to the orderly course of my relation The Earle on the last of August and the same yeere 1590 did before the Lord Deputy and Counsell of Ireland confirme the aboue mentioned Articles sent thither out of England faithfully promising by word and vnder his hand to performe then But still he delaied and put off the performance by letters vnto both States intreating that equall security might be taken of Sir Tyrlogh Lynnogh and in generall of all the bordering Lords which he knew at that time most difficult to effect and by many subtile shifts whereof he had plenty About this time Mac Mahown Chiefetaine of Monaghan died who in his life time had surrendered this his Countrey held by Tanistry the Irish law into her Maiesties hands and receiued a regrant thereof vnder the broad seale of England to him and his heires males and for default of such to his brother Hugh Roe mac Mahowne with other remainders And this man dying without heires males his said brother came vpto the State that he might be setled in his inheritance hoping to be countenanced and cherished as her Maiesties Patentee but he found as the Irish say that he could not be admitted till he had promised to giue about sixe hundred Cowes for such and no other are the Irish bribes After he was imprisoned the Irish say for failing in part of this payment and within few daies againe inlarged with promise that the Lord Deputy himselfe would go to settle him in his Countrey of Monaghan whither his Lordship tooke his iourney shortly after with him in his company At their first arriuall the gentleman was clapt in bolts and within two dayes after indited arraigned and executed at his owne house all done as the Irish said by such Officers as the Lord Deputy carried with him to that purpose The Irish said he was found guilty by a Iury of Souldiers but no gentlemen or freeholders and that of them foure English souldiers were suffered to goe and come at pleasure but the other being Irish kerne were kept straight and starued till they found him guilty The treason for which he was condemned was because some two yeeres before he pretending a rent due vnto him out of the Ferney vpon that pretende louied forces and so marching into the Ferney in warlike manner made a distresse for the same which by the English law may perhaps be treason but in that Countrey neuer before subiect to law it was thought no rare thing nor great offence The greatest part of the Countrey was diuided betweene foure gentlemen of that name vnder a yeerely rent to the Queene and as they said not without payment of a good fine vnder hand The Marshall Sir Henry Bagnoll had part of the Countrey Captaine Henslowe was made Seneshall of the Countrey and had the gentlemans chiefe house with a portion of land and to diuers others smaller portions of land were assigned and the Irish spared not to say that these men were all the contriuers of his death and that euery one paid something for his share Hereupon the Irish of that name besides the former allegations exclaimed that their kinsman was trecherously executed to intitle the Queene to his land and to extinguish the name of Mac Mahowne and that his substance was diuided betweene the Lord Deputy and the Marshall yea that a pardon was offered to one of the Iury for his son being in danger of the Law vpon condition hee would consent to find this his kinsman guilty Great part of these exclamations was contained in a complaint exhibited against the Lord Deputy after his returne into England to the Lords of her Maiesties Councell about the end of the yeere 1595 in the name of Mac Guire and Euer Mac Cooly one of the Mac Mahownes chiefe ouer the Irish in the Ferny To which Sir William Fit Williams then sicke at his house sene his answere in writing There first he auowes to the Lords that the fact of Mac Mahowne was first adiudged treason in England and that his calling in question for it was directed from thence and for the manner of proceeding herein not prescribed that it was 〈◊〉 and contrary to their calumnious allegations who complained against him He further answered that the most part of the Countrey was not bestowed on the Marshall Sir Henrie Bagnall but that seuen of the chiefe in that Countrey had the greatest part of it that three hundred Freeholders were raised to her Maiestie with eight hundred pound yeerely rent and that all the Country seemed then glad of his execution and ioyfully receiued the English Lawes The rest of the complaint he denied and for the bribe of Cowes in particular did 〈◊〉 that Euer Mac Gooly one of the 〈◊〉 offered him seuen thousand Cowes to make him chiefe of the name when he might haue learned that his mind was not so poore to preferre Cowes or any bribes before the Queenes seruice To returne to our purpose certaine it is that vpon Mac Mahownes execution heart-burnings and lothings of the English gouernement began to grow in the Northerne Lords against the State and they shunned as much as they could to admit any Shiriffes or any English to line among them pretending to feare like practises to ouerthrow them The sixteenth of Iuly 1591 the Earle of Tirone wrote vnto the Lords of England excusing himselfe that Sir Tyrlogh Lynnogh was wounded by his men while he sought to prey his Countrey In the same moneth he suffered his Countrey of Tyrone to be made Shire ground being by certaine Commissioners bounded on euery side and diuided into Baronies and the Towne of Dungannon made the Shier Towne where the Goale should be In the moneth of October he wrote againe to the Lords iustifying himselfe against the complaint of the Marshall Sir Heury Bagnoll auowing that he had not stolne his sister or taken her away by force but that after her brothers many delayes she willingly going away with him hee married her And that he had no other wife being lawfully diuorced from her whom the Marshall termed his wife He complained against the Marshall that he reaped the benefit of all that in Vlster which by his endeauouris had been brought to her Maiesties obedience That he had obtained vnder the great Seale a superioritie ouer Vlster which he exercised ouer him About this time the Northerno Lords are thought to haue conspired to defend the Romish Religion for now first
Pursell Baron of Loughwey 200 foot 6 horse The Omulrians three hundred foote sixe horse The Omaighirs sixtie foote three horse The Okennydayes fiue hundred foot thirty horse The Burkes in the Lord Burkes Countrie two hundred foote foure horse In the County of Corke Iames Fitz-thomas the supposed Earle of Desmond two hundred and fifty foote thirtie horse The Lord of Dewallough two hundred foote eight horse Barry Oge and the Lord Barryes brother in the Muskerye one hundred and twentie foote three horse Dauy Burke in the Carbrye fiue hundred foote In the County of Limrick Pierce Lacy with diuers septs had three hundred foote and fifteene horse In the County of Kerrie the Lord Fitz Morrice Thomas Oge Iohn Delahyde with others fiue hundred foote thirtie horse In the County of Desmond called Oswylliuan Beare and Oswilliuan Mores Countrie Dermod Mac Owen vsurping the name of Mac Arty Moore had fiue hundred foote six horse In the County of Waterford the Rebels had two hundred foote and ten horse In all the Rebels of this Prouince of Mounster were strong fiue thousand thirtie foote and two hundred fortie two horse This number the Earle of Ormond iudged to bee the least and thought the horse one hundred more in number Obserue that all the Cities and Port-townes and almost all the Castles in this Prouince of Mounster and many great Lords and Gentlemen held for the Queene Fourthly and lastly for the Prouince of Connaught In the County of Roscommen the Castles of Roscommen Athlone Tulske Boyle and Ballinestawe were kept at her Maiesties charge and the Rebels of diuers septs had fiue hundred foote fixtie horse In the County of Sligo O Connor Sligo and diuers septs of rebels had three hundred foot and thirtie horse and onely the Castle of Calony held for the Queene Orworke in Leytrim called Ororkes Countrie had sixe hundred foote sixtie horse and not any Castle was kept for the Queene In the County of Maio some three Castles lately held for the Queene but were thought to be rendred vp to Mac William who with his followers had sixe hundred foot sixtie horse In the County of Galloway the towne of Galloway of Atheurie and the Castle of Milech held for the Queene but many septs of the Country were in rebellion who had some foure hundred ninetie foote In the County of Clare the Earle of Thomonds brother who first was vpon suspition committed to prison by the said Earle and after released with the Obryans and Mac Marres and other septs had sixe hundred foote fiftie horse and not one Castle was there kept for the Queene In all the rebels of this Prouince of Connaught were strong three thousand and seuentie foote two hundred and twentie horse And the Rebels in all the foure Prouinces were strong eighteene thousand two hundred fortie sixe foote and two thousand three hundred forty sixe horse The Earle of Essex in the moneth of Aprill dispatched two letters to the Lords in England by the first whereof he aduertised them of this strength of the rebels and by the second that Tyrone had in counsell resolued first to hearten his confederates and strengthen them in their dependency on his protection then to make two heads against the Queenes forces the one in Vlster of some sixe thousand horse and foote vnder his owne commaund and the other in Connaght of some foure thousand horse and foote vnder Odonnells commaund and further aduertised their Lordships that many in Mounster had taken a solemne oath at a publike Crosse in that Prouince to be stedfast in their rebellion And that no traytor sought pardon but vsed such insolent behauiour as might well shew they had no such thought That the mindes of the very subiects were so alienated from the English as well for Religion as Gouernement as some who could bring one hundred horse and three hundred foote into the field vpon priuate reuenge would protest not to be able to serue the State with sixe horse or foote That euery actiue borderer had a solliciter with the Rebels and almost euery one of the greatest in the State had some Rebell or other to his Client Concluding that small or no assistance could be promised from the Irish so as howsoeuer the Queenes Army was great yet he durst boldly say that the playster would doe no more then couer the wound After few dayes of rest good part of the English forces being drawne together this noble Lord Lieutenant gaue entrance to his first actions from which the progresse commonly receiueth a kind of ominous luster or staine And therein hee attempted not the head of the Rebellion according to his own aduise in England and the Queens expresse commaund but was induced by some of the Counsell in that State aiming at their owne priuate interest more then the publike good to leade his forces against some few Rebels in Mounster where he tooke the Castle of Cahir belonging to Edward Butler Baron of Cahir and making a great prey of the rebels cattle in those parts he cast the terror of his forces on the weakest enemies whom he scattered and constrained to flie into Woods and Mountaines to hide themselues The fifteenth of Iune while the Lord Lieutenant was yet in this Mounster iourney he receiued aduertisement from a Captaine whom he had imployed by sea into the North to spie out Tyrones actions that two ships lately come from Spaine had put confidence in Tyrone who went from Dungannon to Loughfoyle about that businesse but they brought onely munition not any treasure That Tyrone had giuen forces to Brian Mac Art sonne to Art Mac Baron that hee might take pledges and watch ouer Neale Mac Brian whom he suspected and had charged Mac Genis to doe the like ouer Mac Cartan also suspected by him so as there was no possibilitie to parley with them according to the instructions giuen by his Lordship That Tyrone kept his great pledges Shane Oneales sonnes in an Iland within a strong fastnesse but as yet had neither gathered at home nor receiued from forraine parts any treasure That both Tyrone and Odonnel had their Agents in the out Iles of Scotland to sollicite the Redshankes to assist them for pay That the King of Spaine had promised them aide of men which they would not haue landed in Vlster but in some Port of Mounster or at Galloway in Connaght That Scots daily carried Munition to them which trafficke might be hindred by two Gallies with Oares but no ship vsing sayles could stop their passage That the grosse of the Northerne Rebels in Vlster and part of Connaght drawne together would be nine thousand foote and one thousand foure hundred horse That they were confident to draw the warre into such a length as should be vnsupportable to the State of England To which end Odonnel had hired a Masse of Redshankes who were to be cessed in Connaght and Mounster because Tyrone hauing deadly fewde with some of the chiefe Leaders durst not trust them
those warres he thought fittest to follow at his first entry but withal gaue her Maiesty ful assurance that he would presently leade the Army into Vlster against Tyrone himselfe Yet these letters were scarce deliuered when by others he signified a necessity of a iourney into Ophalia and Leax neere Dublin against the Oconnors and Omores whom he brake with ease himself leading some 1500 into Ophalia sending Sir Christopher Blunt the Marshal into Leax with 1000 men vnder the command of Sir Charles Pearcy and Sir Richard Moryson Then at his returne taking a view of the Army he found it so weakened as by letters signed by himselfe and the Counsell there hee desired a supplie of 1000 foot out of England to inable him presently to vndertake the Vlster iourney Thus resolued to march Northward he commaunded Sir Conyors Clifford Gouernour of Connaght to draw his forces vp to Belike that hee might force Tyrone to send some of his forces that way while he assailed him on the other side Sir Conyers Clifford accordingly marched this way with one thousand foure hundred foote by Pole and the Earle of Southamptons Troop of one hundred horse vnder the leading of Captaine Iohn lephson with some other Irish horse comming to the Curlew mountaines he left the munition and carriages vnder the guard of the horse til he passing forward with the Foote had tried the passage He had not gone farre before Ororke and other rebels with him vpon the aduantage of Woods Bogges and a stony causey assailed our men who at the first valiantly repelled them till the rebels finding the munition our men had about them beginning to faile renewed the charge with greater fury then before at which time our men discouraged with the want of powder almost all they had about them being spent and their store being behind with the carriage as also wearied with a long march they had made before the skirmish began to saint and take themselues to flight whom the rebels pursued killed some one hundred and twenty in the place among which the Gouernour Sir Conyers Clifford and a worthy Captaine Sir Alexander Ratcliffe were lost besides as many more hurt whereof the greatest part recouered And no doubt the rest had all perished if the Horse had not valiantly succored them For the Lord of Dunkellyn who that day had most valiantly behaued himselfe sent word to Captaine Iohn Iephson of their distresse who presently charged vpon the causey and to the very skirts of the Wood with such resolution as the rebels either thinking Horse could not haue serued there or expecting aduantages vpon them in that boggy place stood gaping on them and gaue way without any resistance for a good space in which our men had leasure to retire ouer a Ford into the Plaine where the carriages were and thence to the Abby of the Boyle being very neere the place Afterwards the rebels began to charge our Horse but their powder being almost spent Captaine Iephson safely retyred with the losse of some few horses In a Consultation some were earnest to haue marched forward the next day but the Lord of Dunkellin Sir Arthur Sauage Captain Iohn Iephson and many of the best iudgement considering the Gouernor was lost our troopes vtterly dismaied and Odonnel come downe with all his forces into those parts thought fit our men should retire to their Garrisons So Captaine Iephson all that night kept the Ford while our Foote in the silent night retired and in the morning when they were in safetie hee with the Horse vnder his command went softly after them to the Castle of Athlone It is strange the rebels then present being but some two hundred and most of our men being old soldiers how this defeate could be giuen but small accidents in militarie affaires are often causes of strange and great euents for I haue heard this mischance fully attributed to an vnorderly turning of the whole body of the Van which though it were toward the enemy yet being mistaken by some common souldiers for a flight it caused a generall rowte In the meane time the foresaid supply of one thousand foote was sent out of England to the Lord Licutenant according to his and the Counse is request But few daies after his Lordship signified by his letters into England that he could doe no more this season of the yeere then to draw thirteene hundred Foote and three hundred horse to the borders of Vlster Whether he came about the Ides of September and Tyrone two dayes together shewed himselfe and his troopes vpon distant hilles to the English Then Tyrone sent Hagan to the Lord Lieutenant to intreat a Parly betweene his Lordship and him which his Lordship refused answering that if Tyrone would speak with him he should find him next day in Armes in the head of the Army The next day after a light skirmish one of Tyrones horsemen cried with a loud voice that Tyrone would not fight but would speake with the Lord Licutenant and that vnarmed and both withdrawne aside from the forces The next day when his Lordship marched forwards Hagan met him againe and declared to him that Tyrone besought the Queenes mercy and that he would vouchsafe to speake one word with him which granted he would in all humblenesse attend his Lordship at the Foard Balla-clinch neere the chiefe Towne of the County of Louth His Lordship sent some before to view the Foard who found Tyrone there and hee assured them that howsoeuer the waters were something risen yet they might easily heare one another from each side His Lordship being come thither Tyrone leauing a troope of horse vpon a hill not far off came downe alone and putting his horse vp to the belly in the water with al humblenesse saluted his Lordship standing on the other banke and there they passed many speeches Then Tyrone called his brother Cormack Mac Gennys Mac Guire Euer Mac Couley Henrie Ouington and O Quin to the Foard the Lord Lieutenant hauing first called the Earle of South-hampton Sir George Bourcher Sir Warham Sant Leger Sir Henrie Dauers Sir Edward Wingfeld and Sir William Constable to come downe Tyrone very Courtly saluted each one and after short conference it was concluded that the next day Commissioners should meete to treate of Peace and they made a mutuall Truce from that day for sixe weekes and so from sixe weekes to sixe weekes till the Callends of May with caution that it should bee free to either side vpon foureteene dayes warning first giuen to renew the warre And if any of the Earle of Tyrones confederates should not assent hereunto hee left them to bee prosecuted by the Lord Licutenant By this time the Queene had receiued his Lordships last letters aboue mentioned signifying that he could onely for this winter draw to the confines of Vlster with one thousand three hundred foot and three hundred horse At which time to iustifie his resolution he sent the iudgement of the
chiefe Commanders of the Army subscribed with their hands dated the one twentie of August that for that time more could not be enterprised for these reasons that the Army was vnwilling to bee drawne towards Vlster so as many ran away from their Colours that many were sicke that no Plantation could be made this yeere at Loughfoyle nor any course taken to diuert Tyrones forces that the Connaght Army was defeated that his Lordships Army had not aboue foure thousand able men at the most that these were vnable to stand against the rebels being six thousand shot and lying within strong intrenchments that much lesse any strong Garrisons could bee left in the North and a safe retreit made And lastly that those Garrisons if they could bee left there would more endanger the English being continually to supply them with vittles in winter time then annoy the rebels Her Maiestie being highly offended that so royall an Army maintained with her excessiue charge had in sixe moneths effected nothing and now gaue no hope of any important seruice to be done against the rebels wrote a sharpe letter to the Lord Lieurenant and the Counsell of Ireland as followeth Elizabeth Regina By the Queene RIght trusty and right well beloued Cosen and Councellor and trusty and welbe-loued We greet you well Hauing sufficiently declared vnto you before this time how little the manner of your proceedings hath answered either our direction or the worlds expectation And finding now by your letters by Cuffe a course more strange if stranger may be we are doubtful what to prescribe you at any time or what to build vpon by your owne writings to vs in any thing For we haue clearely discerned of late that you haue euer to this hower possessed vs with expectations that you would proceede as we directed you But your actions shew alwaies the contrary though carried in such sort as you were sure we had no time to countermaund them Before your departure no mans counsell was held sound which perswaded not presently the maine prosecution in Vlster all was nothing without that and nothing was too much for that This drew on the sudden transportation of so many thousands to be carried ouer with you as when you arriued we were charged with more then the liste or which wee resolued to the number of three hundred horse Also the thousand which were onely to be in pay during the seruice in Vlster haue been put in charge euer since the first iourney The pretence of which voyage as appeareth by your letters was to doe some present seruice in the Interim whilest the season grew more commodious for the maine prosecution for the which purpose you did importune with great earnestnesse that all manner of prouisions might be hastned to Dublin against your returne Of this resolution to deferre your going into Vlster you may well thinke that wee would haue made stay if you had giuē vs more time or it we could haue imagined by the contents of your owne writings that you would haue spent nine weekes abroad At your returne when a third part of Iuly was past and that you had vnderstood our mislike of your former course and making your excuse of vndertaking it onely in respect of your conformitie to the Councels opinions with great protestations of haste into the North we receiued another letter of new reasons to suspend that iourney yet a while and to draw the Army into Ophalia The fruit whereof was no other at your comming home but more relations of further miseries of your Army and greater difficulties to performe the Vlster warre Then followed from you and the Councell a new demaund of two thousand men to which if we would assent you would speedily vndertake what wee had so often commanded When that was granted and your going onward promised by diuers letters wee receiued by this bearer now fresh aduertisement that all you can doe is to goe to the frontier and that you haue prouided only for twentie daies victuals In which kinde of proceeding wee must deale plainely with you that Councell that it were more proper forthem to leaue troubling themselues with instructing vs by what rules our power their obedience are limitted to bethink them if the courses haue bin only deriued from their Counsels how to answere this part of theirs to traine vs into a new expence for one end and imploy it vpon another to which we could neuer haue assented if we could haue suspected it should haue beene vndertaken before we heard it was in action And therefore we doe wonder how it can be answered seeing yourattempt is not in the capitall Traytors Countrey that you haue increased our list but it is true as we haue often saied that we are drawne on to expence by little and little and by protestations of great resolutions in generalities till they come to particular execution Of all which courses whosoeuer shall examine any of the arguments vsed for excuse shall find that your owne proceedings beget the difficulties and that no iust causes doe breed the alteration It lacke of numbers if sickenesse of the army be the causes why was not the action vndertaken when the Army was in better state if winters approch why were the summer moneths of Iuly and August lost if the spring was too soone and the summer that followed otherwise spent if the haruest that succeeded was so neglected as nothing hath beene done then surely must we conclude that none of the soure quarters of the yeere will be in season for you and that Counsell to agree of Tyrones prosecution for which all our charge was intended Further we require you to consider whether we haue not great cause to thinke that the purpose is not to end the warre when your selfe haue so often told vs that all the petty vndertakings in Lemster Mounster and Connaght are but losse of time consumption of treasure and waste of our people vntill Tyrone himselfe be first beaten on whom the rest depend Doe you not see that he maketh the warre with vs in all parts by his Ministers seconding all places where any attempts be offered who doth not see that if this course be continued the warres are like to spend vs and our Kingdome beyond all moderation as well as the report of the successe in all parts hath blemished our Honour andincouraged others to no smal proportion We know you cannot so much fayle in iudgement as not to vnderstand that all the World seeth how time is dallied though you thinke the allowance of that Counsell whose subscriptions are your Ecchoes should serue and satisfie vs. How would you haue derided any man else that should haue followed your steps How often haue you told vs that others which preceded you had no intent to end the warre How often haue you resolued vs that vntill Loughfeyle and Ballishannon were planted there could be no hope of doing seruice vpon the capitall Rebels We must therefore
Irish Lords and Gentlemen he number of the rebels were now there increased beyond estimation For the Prouince of Connaght the rebels were increased three hundred by the reuolt of O Conner Sligo besides the vncertainty of Tybot ne Long who had one hundred Irish men in her Maiesties pay So as at this time I may boldly say the rebellion was at the greatest strength The meere Irish puffed vp with good successe and blouded with happy incounters did boldly keepe the field and proudly disdaine the English forces Great part of the English-Irish were in open action of rebellion and most part of the rest tempofised with the State openly professing obedience that they might liue vnder the protection thereof but secretly relieuing the rebels and practising with them for their present and future safeties Among the English the worthy Generals of this age partly by this fatall warre partly by the factions at home were so wasted as the best iudgements could hardly finde out any man fit to command this Army 〈◊〉 hiefe The English common souldiers by loosenesse of body the natural sicknosse of the Country by the pouerty of the warre in which nothing was to bee gained but blowes and by the late defeates wherein great numbers of them had perished were altogether out of heart The Colonels and Commanders though many in number and great in courage and experience yet by these considerations of the Armies weakenesse were somewhat deiected in mind Yea the very Counsellors of State were so diffident as some of them in late conferences with Tyrone had descended I know not vpon what warrant to an abiect Intreaty for a short cessation Not to speake of the Generall distraction of the hearts of all men in England and much more of the souldiers by the factions of this age between the worthy Earle of Essex now imprisoned and his enemies able to ruine a great Kingdome much more to diuert the successe of any great action And the generall voyce was of Tyrone among the English after the defeat of Blackwater as of 〈◊〉 among the Romans after the defeat of Cannas Thou knowest how to overcome but thou knowest not how to vse victorie To conclude not onely the remote parts but the very heart of the Kingdom now languished vnder the contagion of this rebellion Leax and Ophalia being possessed by the O Mores and the O Conners and the Glynnes or Mountainous Country on the South-West side of Dublin being in the hands of the 〈◊〉 and O 〈◊〉 and more remotely of the Cauanaghs who nightly made excursions to the very Gates of the City giuing alarum of warre to the long gound Senate and as it were to the chaire of Estate In this miserable estate was Ireland when the Lord Mountiey like a good Planet with a fortunate aspect began to shinethereon whose happy actions I will now set down particularly yet as briefly as I can The tenth of Ianuary towards the end of the yeere 1599 the Lords of England signified by their letters to the Lord Archbishop of Dublin and Sir George Carey Treasurer at warres which were then Lords Iustices of that Kingdome that from that day forward the entertainement due to them as Lords Iustices should cease and bee conferred on Charles Blount Lord Mountioy whom her Maiestie had made Lord Deputie And now Tyrone who hitherto had contained himselfe in the North onely making short excursions from thence into the Pale being proud of victories and desirous to shew his greatnesse abroad resolued with his forces to measure the length of Ireland and to the end hee might by his presence strengthen and increase the rebellion in Mounster which in absence by practises he had raised vnder the religious pretence of visiting a piece of Christs Crosse kept for a holy relike in the Monastery of the holy Crosse in the County of Tipperary he entred this iourny about the twentieth of Ianuarie On the three and twenty the rebels of the Brenny met him in the Cauan from whence he marched forward taking the rebels of Lemster in his company and leading with him some two thousand fiue hundred foot and two hundred horse leauing the rest of his forces the Gentlemen of the North to guard those parts The intent of his iourney was to set as great combustion as he could in Mounster and so taking pledges of the rebels to leaue them vnder the command of one chiefe head This Moneth of Ianuary her Maiestie signed that warrant which is vulgarly called the great Warrant for Ireland whereby authority is giuen to the Lord Treasurer and Chamberlaine of the Exchequer in England that according to an Establishment after signed by her Maiesty the first of February and to begin that day wherein the Army is reduced to twelue thousand foote and one thousand two hundred horse they should pay to the Treasurer at warres for Ireland such summes as should bee signed by sixe of the priuy Counsell of England the Lord Treasurer the Principall Secretary and the vnder-Treasurer alwaies being three of them Secondly aboue the foure thousand pound for extraordinaries therein mentioned to pay him such sums as should by the same be signed Thirdly to pay in like sort according to an Establishment or list of Officers and others not contained in the former Establishment it not exceeding yeerely fifteene thousand pound which List was then to bee signed by the Lords of her Maiesties Counsell Fourthly to pay in like sort diuers Officers payable out of the reuenues in case the reuenues extended not to pay them Fifthly to pay in like sort all summes for reinforcing the Army for leauyes of men for conducting transporting and victualling them at Sea according to the rates of the first Establishment The Establishment signed by her Maiestie the first of February 1599. The Lord Deputies entertainement to be paid according to the List after following which List was to be signed by the Lords Officers of the Army Lieutenant of the Army per diem threell Serieant Maior per diem twentys Comptroler Generall of the victuals per diem tens Foure Commissaries of victuals whereof three at sixes per diem and the fourth at eights per diem Twelue Colonels each at tens per diem A Prouost Marshall for Loughfoyle another for Ballishannon each at foure shillings per diem Summa per annum foure thousand foure hundred fiftie three pound The pay of three hundred horse diuided into sixe Bands each Band consisting of fiftie viz the Captaine foure shillings per diem Lieutenant two shillings sixe pence per diem Cornet two shillings per diem and fiftie Horsemen at eighteene pence per diem a piece The pay of two hundred Horse diuided into foure Bands each Band consisting of fiftie viz. Captaine foures per diem Lieutenant twos six d. per diem Cornet twos per diem and fiftie Horsemen at fifteene d. a piece per diem The pay of seuen hundred Horse diuided into fourteene Bands each Band consisting of fiftie viz.
and first notably cleering the Earle from all suspition of disloyalty which he protested he did from his conscience and afterwards often iterated the same and preserued it vnto him entire he spake singularly for the iustifying of her Maiesties speciall care and wisdome for the warres in Ireland in prouiding whatsoeuer could be demanded by the Earle for that seruice before his going out with supplying him afterwards with whatsoeuer hee could aske so it were possible to bee giuen him in prescribing that course which had it beene followed was the onely way to haue reduced that Realme and which being forsaken was the onely ruine and losse of that royall army And as for all those excuses which the Earle alleaged for himselfe hee cleerely cut them off shewing that his excuse of following the Counsell of Irelands aduice was nothing his commission being so large that he was not bound to follow them and if he had beene yet were they a Counsell at his command he might force them to say what he list his own letters which he alleaged might be prouisionary written of purpose then to excuse him now To be short he greatly iustified her Maiesties wisdome in managing that whole action as much as lay in her and laid the whole fault of the bad successe in Ireland vpon the Earles ominous iourney so he called it into Mounster And thus in the behalfe of her Maiesty he fully satisfied the Auditors Master Secretary gaue the Earle his right alwaies and shewed more curtesie then any yet saied he the Earle in all his iourney did nothing else but make as it were circles of errours which were all bound vp in the vnhappy knot of his disobedient returne Also he gaue the Earle free liberty to interrupt him at any time in his speech But the Earle being contented with the opinion of loyalty so cleerely reserued vnto him was most willing to beare the whole burthen of all the rest of the accusation and therefore neuer vsed any further reply onely by reason of a question or two that were moued by my Lord of Canterbury and my Lord Admirall some little speech there was to and fro My Lord of Canterburies question was concerning the conditions of yeelding vnto Tyrone in tolleration of religion the Earle heartily thanked him for mouing that doubt then protested that it was a thing mentioned in deed but neuer yeelded vnto by him nor yet stood vpon by the Traitor to whom the Earle had said plainely Hang thee vp thou carest for religion as much as my horse Master Secretary also cleered the Earle in that respect that he neuer yeelded to Tyrone in that foule condition though by reason of Tyrones vaunting afterwards it might haue some shew of probability By reason of my Lord Admirals question the Earle spake somewhat of his returne that he did it vpon a false ground of hope that her Maiesty might pardon him as shee did the Earle of Leicester in the like case who returned out of the Low-Countries contrary to her Maiesties expresse Letter This I thought with my selfe quoth the Earle if Leicester were pardoned whose end was onely to saue himselfe why might not Essex be pardoned whose end was to saue a Kingdome But Master Secretary replied that vpon his knowledge there neuer passed any letter from her Maiesty to forbid the Earle of Leicesters returne Iudge Walmesley his speech was more blunt then bitter Prisoners at our barres saith he are more gracelesse they will not confesse their faults Againe he compared my Lord his comming home and leauing the army there to a shepheard that left his flocke to the keeping of his dogge In conclusion the Earle protested that all he sought for was the opinion of a true and a loyall subiect which might appeare by the speech wherewith he hedged in all his answeres namely that he intended onely to shew those false guides which misled him whether they were his owne errours or the errours of his Counsellors whom he followed that he yeelded himselfe wholly to her Maiesties mercy and fauour and was ready to offer vp his poore carkasse vnto her he would not say to doe for alasse he had no faculties but to suffer whatsoeuer her Maiesty should inflict vpon him and so requested them all to make a iust honourable and fauourable report of his disordered speeches which had fallen from him in such sort as his aking head and body weakened with sickenesse would giue him leaue This done they proceeded to the censure My Lord Keeper beganne with a good powerfull and eloquent speech That by Iustice and Clemency the Throne is established as for mercy her Maiesty had reserued it to her selfe but for the satisfying of her Iustice shee had appointed them to enquire into the cause That they were to enquire onely of those faults of contempts and disobedience laid vnto the Earle and to censure him accordingly and for her mercy they had nothing to doe with it onely God was to worke it in her Princely breast In examining the Earles faults he laid these for his grounds that the two grounds and foundations of the Princes Scepter and Estate are the reputation of a diligent and carefull prouidence for the preseruation of her estate and Countries and the obedience of her Subiects and he that should take either of these from her should take from her the Crowne and Scepter For the first he notably shewed at large how her Matesty had deserued it in the whole course of the Irish warres for obedience he shewed the nature of it consisting in precisely following the streight line of the Princes commandement and vpon that straine he amplified to the vttermost all the Earles contempts and disobediences that her Maiesties great mercy might appeare the more cleerely Among the rest for he went through them all in order he answered thus to the pretence of Leicesters president for excuse of the Earles returne In good things the example is better then the imitation of another he that doth wel of his owne head doth best and he that doth well by imitation doth commendably in a lesse degree but in bad things the proportion is otherwise the example being naught the imitation is worse Therefore if my Lord of Leicester did euill in comming ouer contrary to the Queenes commandement my Lord of Essex did worse in imitating my Lord of Leicester and is so much the more to be punished for it In the end he came to the censure which was this If quoth he this cause had beene heard in the Starre-chamber my sentence must haue beene so great a sine as euer was set vpon any mans head in that Court and perpetuall imprisonment in that place which belongeth to a man of his quality that is the Tower but now that we are in another place and in a course of fauour my censure is that he is not to execute the office of a Counsellor nor to hold himselfe for a Counsellor of Estate nor to execute the office of Earle
our men did beate them off and brought with them great store of Corne and wood and killed diuers of them In the meane time their sconts on the other side being somewhat busie with ours Neal Oquin was taken prisoner being the chiefe fauourite vnto Tyrone The next day we beganne to worke in the building of the Fort and to impeach our worke the rogues beganne to skirmish with vs on both sides which was excellently maintained by some few of our men that we sent out We saw many of them killed and after vnderstood they lost a great number whereof many were horsemen of the best sort that had lighted to incourage their men to fight They were then so well beaten as they would neuer after offer to meddle with vs till our returne by Carlingford The ninth of Nouember the Fort being finished his Lordship called it Mount Norreys in honour of his Master so he tearmed him vnder whom hee had serued his apprentiship in the warres and he left therein foure hundred foot vnder the command of Captaine Edward Blaney with six weekes prouision of victuals The weather grew so extreame as it blew downe all our Tents and tore them in pieces and killed many of our horses so that the tenth day his Lordship putting all the Army in armes with all the Drummes and Trumpets and a great volly of shot proclaimed Tyrones head with promise of 2000. pound to him that brought him aliue and 1000. pound to him that brought him dead which was done in the face of his own army and so his Lordship marched to the Newry He had purposed to plant a garrison at Armagh 8. miles beyond Mount Norryes but the rebels Cowes had eaten vp all the grasse thereabouts which should haue fed our horses and the time of the yeere with the weather was now vnseasonable for that purpose And whereas his Lordship was resolued to returne into the Pale by Carlingford to discerne whether that way or the way of the Moyry were more safe that the army might not runne so continuall hazards this resolution was now confirmed by necessity there being victuals at Carlingford and none at the Newry or Dundalke The twelfth of Nouember his Lordship came with the army to the narrow water whence he sent Sir Iosias Bodley with three hundred choyce foot to possesse a peece of ground and keepe the enemy from hindering our passage ouer the water the streame whereof he found so exceeding swift that it was like to be dangerous to venture our horses ouer The first that tried was Doctor Latware his Lordships Chaplaine who only with his horse led by the boat side and with some thirty foot went ouer but his Lordship perceiued so great difficulty by his passage that he passed the foot ouer as fast as might be sent Sir Henry Folliot to possesse the pace of the Faddome and made all the Horse and our Garrons to goe about that way In the meane time wee might see the rebels forces draw ouer the mountaines towards the pace of Carlingford and come close by our men that were first landed yet they neuer offered any skermish That night we encamped directly ouer the narrow water betweene the pace of the faddome and the pace of Carlingford hauing at midnight gotten ouer for our men some vittels that came by water from Carlingford his Lordship caused the same to be deliuered before day for the Army had fasted two daies and after they had eaten but a little bisket and cheese or butter neuer men went on in a greater iollity The thirteenth of Nouember we were to rise very early for otherwise we could not passe our carriages by the sea side as we had determined and by breake of day the Scoutmaster brought word that Tyrone with all his army was lodged in the pace which is an exceeding thicke wood at the foote of a great mountaine reaching downe to the sea side betweene which and the sea there is in most places as much space as seuen may march in ranke but in some places lesse and in some none at full water but onely there is a narrow deepe high way through the wood Captaine Thomas Roper with the broken Companies sent out of the Pale went on as a forlone hope and that day by course it fell out that Captaine Beniamin Berry with the Lord Deputies Regiment vnder his command had the vanguard Sir Christopher S t Laurence had the reare of the vanguard Sir Richard Moryson had the vanguard of the Rere and Sir Samuell Bagnoll the reare of the reare so that we had but two bodies a vanguard and a rere thus subdiuided Captaine Treuor with as many as Captaine Roper had in the point led a forlorne rere Out of all the regiments his Lordship appointed three strong wings to goe on the right hand for on the left hand was the Sea commanded all by Captaines the first by Captaine Billings the second by Captaine Esmond and the last by Captaine Constable The ground the rebels chiesely chose to make good was a little Plaine like a semicircle whereof the Sea made the Diameter and a thicke Wood the Circumference At the next corner to vs there ran into the Sea a Riuer out of the wood being a Foard of good aduantage to the enemie All along the circumference they had made diuers trenches euen close vp to both the corners and at the furthest corner they had made a Barricado reaching a good way into the Wood and downe to the Sea At the first they shewed themselues horse and foote vpon this Plaine but when his Lordship commanded ours to giue on which they performed presently and roundly their horse drew off into the Woods and their foote into their trenches and neuer shot till the Vanguard was drawne ouer the Riuer when from all partes they powred vpon vs great vollyes of shot but presently Captaine Roper gaue on the farthest trench on the right hand of the corner Captaine Billings on the next with the wing hee led and Captaine Berry with the rest of the Vanguard gaue vpon the farthest corner where the Barricado reached from the Wood into the Sea In some of them they made good resistance and many of them lost their liues with the Pike and the Sword But the last trench where they made greatest shew of opposition they did soonest quit though it were strongest for them and to greatest purpose to arrest vs the reason his Lordship conceiued to be that in that place they were furthest from their retreat and feared the forlorne Hope and Wing led by Captaine Billings might cut betweene them When we had gained the trenches the Vanguard made a stand in the Rere of which to countenance them if there had been occasion his Lordship stood with a troope of horse of voluntarie Gentlemen and next to his Lordship betweene the Van and next bodies of foote Sir Henrie Dauers and his Lordships troopes of of horse At this time they entertained skermish with
score of them besides many drowned The sixteenth of Iuly the Lord President bestowed the Army in garrisons The 23 of Iuly his Lordship 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 againe to releeue the men he had formerly sent into Kerry and marching thither took 〈◊〉 the chiefe house of the Lord Fitz Morrice and many other Castles for griefe whereof the said Lord died yet leauing a sonne then as dangerous as himselfe The Lord President returned to Cork about the eighteenth of August leauing Sir Charles Wilmot Gouernour of Kerry a valiant Gentleman a chiefe Commander vnder him and in the first ranke of those instruments he vsed in all seruices who in short time brought most of the freeholders of Kerry to due subiection and droue the titulary Desmond out of those parts All the garrisons in time of haruest gathered as much come as they could and destroied the rest which made the rebels not able to subsist the yeere following Sir George Thornton hearing that the titulary Earle of Desmond passed neere Kilmalloch sent the garrison out and Captain Greame charging them with his troope of horse killed 120. of them in which conflict the English got 300. garons laden with baggage 150 pikes and peeces with other weapons and 40. horse but the English had 16. horses killed in the fight The titulary Earle of Desmond could neuer after draw 100. men together was forced to flie into Tipperary with his brother Iohn Pierce Lacy an Archrebel the Knight of the Glin whence his brother Iohn hasted into Vlster for reliefe from Tirone And in the end of this Summer vpon the departure of the Bonnaghs of Connaght and Vlster the good successe of the English many of the Prouincials submitted themselues yet sent to Rome for dispensation of their so doing About the middest of October Iames Fitzgerald who had long been imprisoned in the Tower of London being the next true heire to the last Earle of Desmond and released by the Queene with title of Earle by letters Pattents sent to the Lord President and promise of a good proportion of land to support his dignity at the end of the warre according to his deserts in her Maiesties seruice and in the meane time to liue vpon pay in the Army landed at Yoghal and the eighteenth day came to the Lord President at Mallogh and was industrious in the Queenes seruice Desmod O Connor being in Connaght and hearing of the young Earle of Desmondi arriuall vpon promise of great seruices had the Lord Presidents protection to come vnto him but was set vpon by Tybot we long his men defeated he taken and hanged whereupon Tibet hauing then a Company in her Maiesties pay was cashered Florence mac Carty hauing all this while practised vnderhand many things against the State and putting still off his appearance by delatory excuses at last in October by the desperatenesse of his estate was forced to submit and obtained pardon vpon pledges of his loyaltie The 〈◊〉 Earle of Desmond stealing backe into Mounster liued as a Wood-kerne neuer hauing more then two or three in his Company In Nouember Sir Charles Wilmot took the last and only Castle the Lord Mac Morice had in Kerry his eldest son therin betraied by a Priest for safetie of his life and great prouisions laid vp in that Castle In these two last moneths Sir Richard Percy lying in Garrison at Kinsale twice passed into the Country and tooke preyes of fiue hundred Cowes killing many rebels In December the Lord President had notice where the titulary Earle lurked and sentmen to surprise him but he escaped in such haste as hee left his shooes behind him And now there was not a Castle in Mounster held for the rebels nor any company of ten rebels together though there wanted not loose 〈◊〉 bonds dispersed in all corners so as his Lordship had leisure to looke into the Corporate Townes being aiders abetters and procurers vnder hand of this rebellion all the Queenes treasure being spent in them by the souldiers and they vnderhand supplying the rebels with all necessaries though at excessiue rates The rebels fled outof Mounster into Tiperarie and Ormond had hitherto liued there among the Bullera being subiects without any disturbance the rather for the Earle of Ormonds mounting for the death of his most worthy and vertuous Lady but in Ianuary his Lordship sent some forces against them who killed many and forced the rest to flie where of some were drowned passing the waters then very high and some chiefe rebels were taken and hanged at kilkenny About the end of Ianuary the Lord President sent 〈◊〉 foote of the Mounster List to be disposed by the Lord Deputie as he had direction to doe His Lordship to settle the Country the better refused to renew any protection so as all were forced to sue their pardons and in two moneth a space before the end of Februarie vpon his Lordships recommendation morethen fourethousand Mounster men had their pardons granted by the Lord Deputie and passed vnder the great Seale The second Booke CHAP. I. Of the Lord Deputies particular proceedings in the prosecution of the Rebels and of the Speniards inuading Ireland in the yeere 1601. WHile the Lord Deputy lay at Drogheda namely from the the one and twentie of March till the sixteene of Aprill vpon which day he returned to Dublin his Lordship assembled the Counsellers of State to attend him there And vpon the eight and twentie of March 1601 the Lord Deputie and Counsell wrote from Drogheda vulgarly called Tredagh their ioynt letters to the Lords in England whereby they aduertised that the Lord Deputie hauing spent the greatest part of Winter in the Irish Countries of Lemster had by burning their Corne consuming their cattel and killing many of them so scattered their maine strength as certaine of the chiefe had since submitted to the Queenes mercy and the rest were seuered into small companies and vnlike to draw to any dangerous head yea Tirrel in opinion the greatest among them taken for Tyrones Lieutenant in Lemster being forced out of his greatest fastnesse now with a few base Kerne following him was driuen to wanderin Woods and Boggs seeking to escape into the North as shortly after he did notwithstanding that certaine English Companies were left to hunt him in his walkes and to stop his passage That his Lordship desirous to be at hand to watch all opportunities of seruice vpon the Northerne borders had pierced into the Fearny and that Sir Richard Moryson Gouernour of Dundalk with his Garrison had formerly wasted and now passed through the Fewes and met his Lordship there so as both these Countries being spoiled Euer Mac Cooly chiefe of the Fearny and Turlogh Mac Henry Captaine of the Fewes had both been humble suters for her Maiesties mercie and were commanded to appeare shortly and make their humble submissions which course likewise the septs of the Brenny were 〈◊〉 to take for many of them chastised by the Army and vtterly
discouraged had alreadie diuers times offered most humble submissions That his Lordship hereupon had called the Counsellors to Tredagh there to consider of the circumstances and conditions to be obserued in taking these 〈◊〉 as also to deliberate how the Army might be imployed most to vex Tyrone til the Summer came on at which time his Lordship purposed to dwell vpon him and put him to triall of his vttermost fortune That it was resolued in Counsell to accept the submissions of the Chiefe of Fearny and the Captaine of the Fewes aboue named as likewise of the septs of the Brennye these three Countries being an hedge betweene the English Pale and the North and yeelding many commodities to passe into Tirone with her Maiesties forces That it was resolued to send Mac Guyer into Fermanagh with 200 men to helpe him for a time against the rebel Mac Guyer whom he and his sonne had already much impouerished for hee was thought a fit instrument in case he preuailed aswell to intangle Tyrone and infest Ororke as to helpe the Plantation at Ballishannon intended to be put in execution about Iune following when forage could be had for horses They further solicited by these letters for supplies of victuals munition and mony and that the victuals and munition should be addressed some part to Dublin and Tredagh but the greatest part to Galloway being intended for the forces to be planted at Ballishannon and those to inuade Tyrone that way and the rest to Carlingford intended for the forces to inuade Tyrone by the way of the Newry which inuasion was purposed about the middest of Iune when forrage might be had for the horse and this they prayed because the vnshipping and reshipping of the victuals at Dublin caused great expence of mony and waste of the victuals Tirlogh Mac Henry Captaine of the Fewes and Euer Mac Cooly of the Family of the mac Mahownes chiefe of the Fearny did about this time declare themselues to be subiects and humbly made their submissions on their knees signing certaine articles of subiection vnder their hands and putting in pledges for performance thereof And the said Euer in particular confessed in the Articles vnder his hand that hee was not Lord but Farmer of the Fearnye binding himselfe to pay her Maiestie his old rent The one and thirty of March 1601 her Maiestie signed the following Establishment Officers Generall The Lord Deputy for his diet one hundred li. per mensem a Band of Horse three li. foure s. per diem fifty foot each at eight d. per diem for allowance in lieu of cesse ten li. per annum besides his Companies of horse and foote in the Army In all per diem twelue li. six s. sixe d. ob qu. per annum foure thousand foure hundred fortie foure li. seuenteene s. one d. ob qu. The Lieutenant of the Army three li. per diem one thousand fourescore fifteene pound per annum The Treasurer at warres thirtie fiue s. per diem sixe hundred thirty eight li. fifteene shillings per annum The Marshall besides his thirty horse at twelue d. per diem without checque in the Army fiue s. nine d. per diem one hundred foure li. eighteene s. nine d. per annum The Serieant Maior of the Army twenty s. per diem three hundred sixtie fiue li. per annum The Master of the Ordinance twenty sixe s. eleuen d. per diem foure hundred ninetie one li. foure s. seuen d per annum Ministers of the Ordinance twenty fiue s. two d. per diem foure hundred fiftie nine li. fiue s. ten d. per annum Muster-master Generall eleuen s. sixe d. per diem two hundred nine li seuenteene s. sixe d. per annum Comptroler of the victuals ten s. per diem one hundred eighty two li. ten s. per annum Fiue Commissaries of victuals one at eight s. and foure each at sixe s. per diem thirtie two s. per diem fiue hundred eightie foure li per annum Fourteene Colonels each at tenne s. per diem seuen li. per diem two thousand fiue hundred fifty fiue li. per annum Scout-master besides sixe horse each at twelue d. per diem part of the Army sixe s. eight d. per diem one hundred twenty one li. thirteene s. foure d. per annum Prouost Marshall of the Army for himselfe and foure horsemen foure s. three d. per diem seuenty seuen li. eleuen s. three d. per annum Officers Prouinciall President of Mounster at one hundred thirty three li sixe s. eight d. per annum his diet and the Counsels at ten li. the weeke his retinue of thirtie horse and twentie foote at thirty s. seuen d. ob per diem three li. sixe s. fixe d. per diem one thousand two hundred thirteene li. thirteene s. foure d. qu. per annum Prouost Marshall in Mounster fourteene s. per diem two hundred fiftie fiue li. ten s per annum The Commander of the forces in Counaght at ten s per diem with an increase of one hundred li. per annum fifteene s. fiue d. ob qu. per diem two hundred eightie two li. ten s. per annum Prouosh Marshall in Connaght besides twelue horsemen of the Army fiue s. seuen d. ob per diem one hundred two li. foureteene s. one d. ob per annum Commander of the forces at Loughfoyle besides his pay of ten s. per diem as Colonel hath three s. foure d. per diem sixty li sixteene s. eight d. per annum Prouost Marshall there foure s per diem seuenty three li. per annum Prouost Marshall of Ballishannon foure s. per diem seuenty three li. per annum Lieutenant of the Queenes County sixe s. eight d. per diem one hundred twentie one li. thirteene s. foure d. per annum Prouost Marshall in Lemster for himselfe and sixe horsemen fiue s. seuen d. ob per diem one hundred two li. fourteene s. one d. ob per annum Warders in Lemster per annum one thousand three hundred ten li. nineteene s. two peace Warders in Vlster per annum eight hundred twentie one li. fiue s. Warders in Mounster per annum fiue hundred forty two li. eighteene s. nine d. Warders in Connaght per annum two hundred li. Twelue hundred horsemen distributed into foure and twenty Bands the Captaine foure s. the Lieutenant two s. sixe pence the Cornet two s. per diem and three hundred horsemen each at eighteened per diem on condition they be English both horse and men or else to haue but twelue d. per diem And 200 horsemen at fifteene d. per diem and seuen hundred horsemen at twelue d. per diem Per annum twenty nine thousand two hundred seuentie three li. Fourteene thousand footmen distributed into one hundred forty Bands the Captaine foure s. Lieutenant two s. Ensigne eighteene d. the day two Serieants a Drum and a Surgion each at twelue d. a piece per diem each souldier at
eight d. per diem Per annum one hundred ninety nine thousand seuen hundred fifteene li. sixteene s. eight d. Pensioners in the Muster-booke per annum one thousand eight hundred nine li. fifteene s. ten d. Pensioners by letters Patents per annum eight hundred seuenty foure li. fiue s. nine pence ob Thirteene Almesmen per annum eightie eight li. nineteene s. foure d. ob Officers of the Musters which are payable out of the checkes namely one Muster-Master at sixe s. eight d. a Comptroller at ten s. and twenty Commissaries each at three s. foure d. per diem Per annum one thousand fiue hundred twenty li. sixteene s. eight d. Extraordinarie allowance for Messengers Espials Post-barkes rewards of seruices c. per annum sixe thousand li. Totall of this Establishment per annum two hundred fifty fiue thousand seuen hundred seuenty three li. fourteene d. qu. denny Memorandum that the dead paies allowed to the Captaines in each Company of horse or foote are herein contained but the charge of munition of leuying horse and foote for reinforcing the Army with many like charges are not herein contained The sixth of Aprill 1601 his Lordship receiued aduertisement from Captaine Io sias Badley at the Nowry that he and Captaine Edward Blony Gouernour of the Forte of Mount-Norreys purposing to surprise Loghrorcan could not carrie a boat which they had prouided to that purpose but he carrying certaine fireworkes prouided in case the boat should faile went to the Fort and ioyning with Captaine Blany marched towards that Iland where they arriued by eight of the clocke in the morning and leaning their forces behind a Wood they both went together to discouer the Iland which done Captaine Bodley made readie thirtie arrowes with wildfier and so they both fell downe with one hundred shot close to the water where the shot playing incessantly vpon the Iland while the other deliuered their arrowes suddenly the houses fired and burnt so vehemently as the rebels lodging there forsooke the Iland and swumme to the further shoare That after they 〈◊〉 burnt to the ground they fired a great house vpon their side of the shoare and killed there sixe Kerne gaining their Armes besides Churles and Calliachs and after the burning of other houses also they brought away some Cowes and Sheepe with other pillage and they vnderstood by a prisoner that there were about thirty persons in the Iland whereof onely eight swumme away of which foure were shot in the water so as the rest either were killed or lay hurt in the Iland Likewise they vnderstood by the said prisoner that great store of butter corne meale and powder was burnt and spoiled in the Iland which all the rebels of that Countrey made their magasine Further that some forty kerne skirmished with them at places of aduantage in their retreat for two miles march but howsoeuer the common opinion was that the Rebels sustained great losse by this seruice yet of the English onely two were slaine and seuen hurt The seuenth of Aprill Sir Henry Dockwra Gouernour of Loughfoyle wrote to his Lordship that he had taken the submission of Hugh Boy Boy of whose seruice to her Maiesty he was confident to make manifold good vses as well for the present setling Sir Iohn Odogherties Countrey after his late death as for reuealing the Rebels secret counsels wel knowne to him Among which he confidently anowed that the King of Spaine had promised to inuade Ireland this yeere with six thousand men to land at some Towne in Munster swearing that three of the chief Cities had promised to receiue them Adding that Florence Mac Carty had written to Odonnel that he had submitted to the Queene onely vpon necessity and that vpon the Spaniards comming hee would ioyne with them This Gouernour further aduertised that Phelim Oge chiefe of a contrary faction in Odogherties country desired to make his humble submission to the Queenes mercy vpon these conditions to leaue of the name of Odogherty and obey any man to whom her Maiesty should giue that Countrey To pay all debts his men did owe to any subiects To discharge his souldiers To returne to the owners twelue hundred Beeues hee had cut for Odonnell To make satisfaction for a Barke comming to the Liffer which his people had taken and spoiled And to yeeld vp to him the Gonernor all the cattle should be found in his Countrey belonging to Odonnell Adding that Sir Iohn Bolles in a iourney made vpon Ocane had killed fifty of his people had burned many houses and much corne And that the garrison of the Liffer had spoiled Tirconnel had slaine many had brought away two hundred Cowes and great booties The tenth of April Sir Oghy Ohanlon a northerne Lord submitted himselfe on his knees to her Maiesties mercy at Tredagh and signed certaine Articles for the performance whereof hee tooke his oath And because these Articles except there fell out some speciall reason to leaue out some of them and to adde others were the same to which all submitties at this time were tied I will once for all adde the briefe of them After his acknowledgement that Queene Elizabeth by the Grace of God Queene of England France and Ireland c. Is the true absolute and Soueraigne Lady of this realme of Ireland and of euery part of all the people therof with humble confession of his former disloyaltie and of his penitency and like profession that he had felt the waight of her Maiesties power This done further to the example of all other offenders he testified that hee made this his humble submission and protestation of his penitency his future loyalty and indeuour to redeeme his faults by his good seruices Then he acknowledged vnder his hand that now before the Lord Deputy and Counsell he taketh a corporall and religious oath for all and seuerall Articles following Namely That he will euer continue a loyall subiect That for performance thereof and of all the following Articles he will put in sufficient pledges That hee doth renounce all manner of obedience to any forraine power or Potentate depending only on the Queene his Soueraigne That hee renounceth all Rebels and will not aide them but serue against them when he is commanded That hee will to the vtter most of his power withstand and confound any disloyal subiect or forraine enemy attempting against the sacred person or estate of her Maiesty or the quietnes of her faithfull subiects more especially against the Arch-traytor Tyrone and the King of Spaine supporting him That hee will come to the State whensoeuer hee is commanded neither will vpon wrongs seeke to right himselfe but will seeke redresse by course of Law That he will reueale all conspiracies of treason which hee shall heare That he will sue out her Maiesties pardon within certaine dayes for him and his followers and answer for their good behauiour That hee will booke these followers within certaine dayes That he will suffer all
many souldiers were extraordinarily hired to worke therein as Pyoners The nineteenth day his Lordship wrote to the Lords in England that had not the Irish submitties for the new coyne now currant ouer all furnished the Army with beeues it had been in great distresse since the victuals of the new contract were not arriued and that of the old store consisted principally of saltfish whereof the souldier could not feede especially in Summer besides that by long keeping it was of ill condition so as infection was feared in the Army praying that in the next contracts the soldier might be fed therewith onely one day in the weeke That he had in his directions to Sir Henry Dockwra giuen him choice either with the countenance of his Lordships Army on this side Tyrone to goe forward with planting Ballishannon or concurring with the Gouernour of Knockfergus to enter into Tyrone where his Lordship vpon notice would meete them and in respect he since vnderstood that he wanted tooles for the Plantation he thought the second proiect would rather be followed by him That Tyrone lay with all his forces to hinder his Lordship from passing to Dungannon which he most feared and had no fastnesse but onely this to stop it so as hee doubted not to breake in to meete Sir Henrie Dockwra if he could once be assured of his resolution Further he besought their Lordships to giue warrant for allowance to the Captaines for broken Armes vpon bringing the old because vpon the breaking of pieces the souldiers were turned to serue with Pikes and our shot diminished daily and the Pikes were increased more then our vse required the Captaine excusing himselfe that vpon breaking of pieces he was not able to prouide other Armes then Pikes for his men Likewise he aduertised to their Lordships that since the last dispatch Sir Henrie Dockwra had taken in Newtowne being some sixteene miles from Dungannon Tyrones chiefe seate on the North side as he the Lord Deputy had planted at Blackwater being some fifteene miles from Dungannon on the South side and that Sir Henrie Docwra had spoiled and burned the Countrie there about and had taken some one thousand cowes from the parts neere the Lough of Earne That Sir Iohn Barkley Gouernour of the forces at the Anneley had met with Tyrrels men as they passed towards Ophaly for which purpose that Garrison was specially laied there and had taken from them three hundred cowes and killed some of them and had stopped them from troubling that Countrie And that he the Lord Deputy with the Army had destroied the rebels Corne about Armagh whereof he found great abundance and would destroy the rest this course causing famine being the onely sure way to reduce or root out the Rebels Finally praying their Lordships as formerly to send one thousand shot for supplies the strengthening of the English being the next way to diminish her Maiesties charge since the Irish were kept in pay rather to preuent their fighting against vs then for confidence in their fighting for vs. The same nineteenth day of Iuly the Lord Deputy wrote to Sir Robert Cecill her Maiesties Secretary that he found vpon good consideration that the Gouernement of Connaght was not in his disposall and therefore being loth to exceede his Commission he would onely assure him that as it was requisite a man of experience and fit for the present seruice should haue that Gouernement so he conceiued none to be fitter then Sir Oliuer Lambert who had already deserued well in this seruice and would in his opinion be able to doe her Maiestie as good seruice as any in that place whom if it might stand with her Maiesties pleasure to giue him warrant he was desirous to imploy in those parts fearing it would be a great hinderance to his intended worke if any should be put into that Gouernement who might proue vnfit or vnable to make that warre In which respect he hauing no other end but the aduancement of her Maiesties seruice was bold to make it his humble suite that Sir Oliuer Lambert might bee placed in that Gouernement While the Army lay at Blackwater to build the new Fort his Lordship on the twentieth of Iuly drew out two Regiments into the woods aswell to view the paces and prouoke the rebels as to fetch some houses thence for the building of our Fort and to cut a field of Corne lying on the skirt of the Woods which was all performed the rebels on the further side of the Blackwater onely making a slight skirmish with our men vpon their retreit on this side the Riuer The two and twentieth day wee cut all the Corne by the Bogge and Wood side neere our Fort except that which our men had power to reape The three and twentieth day Captaine Thomas Williams with his Company being left to gouerne the new Fort who before the Blackwater defeat did valiantly defend the old Fort there being after demolished by the rebels his Lp. with the army dislodged and at our rising a Proclamation was made that how soeuer Tyrone vaunted that his Pardon was offered him and he might haue it at pleasure her Maiestie was not onely resolued neuer to receiue him to mercy but was pleased againe to renew her gratious offer that whosoeuer brought him aliue should haue 2000 li. and whosoeuer brought his head should haue 1000 li. for reward Thence we marched two little miles to an hill South West-ward in Henrie Oges Countrie where we incamped and cut downe the Corne on cucric side The seuen and twentieth day his Lordship leauing Sir Henrie Follyots Regiment to guard the Camp drew out three Regiments expecting that the Rebels would fight who shewed themselues on an hill neere vs with all their horse and foote and sounding of Trumpets yet our men not onely cutting downe the corne close by them but entring the Woods to cut Corne there and burning many houses in the skirts of the woods they were so patient as after one volley of shot they retired into the thickest Woods The same day the Army dislodging marched a mile or two more Southward where we cut down great abundance of Corne with our swords according to our fashion and here Shane Mac Donnel Groome Tyrones Marshall whose Corne this was vpon humble submission was receiued to her Maiesties mercie and came to his Lordship in person the same night at our setting downe in our last Campe whether we returned The eight and twentieth his Lordship leauing Sir Christopher Saint Laurence his Regiment to guard the Camp drew out three Regiments both in the morning euening to countenance two conuoies of victuals This day his Lordship sent a dispatch to Sir Henrie Dockwra about their concurring in the present seruices and the like to Sir Arthur Chichester to the same purpose His Lordship staied the longer in these parts to see the Forts wel victualed and to cut downe the Corne whereof he found great store The nine and twentieth day his Lordship
Pale or especially to Loughfoyle where we cannot without great difficulty affront them hauing no magazins of victuals or munition at Athlone or Galloway and where it is vnpossible for vs to prouide our selues or if we could most difficult to carrie them by land when we are so farre in the Countrie and haue no meanes for carriage Therefore we most humbly desire your Lordships to send good store of victuals and munition to Galloway and to Lymbrick which howsoeuer our expectation fall out will be most necessarie for the prosecution of Connaght and that prosecution as necessarie this Winter since O Donnel hath forsaken his owne Countrie and betaken himselfe to liue in that Prouince But because we doe foresee it to be no ill Counsel for the Spaniards to land at Sligo and think that Tyrone will presently vrge them to cut off our Garrison at Loughfoyle whether from thence they haue a faire way and secure from our opposition and may imagine that it will be no great difficulty for them with such royall prouisions as they wil bring to force those slender fortifications We beseech your Lordships to send a large prouision of victuals and munition to Carlingford and Knockfergus for we cannot by any other way then that relieue Loughfoyle if it be distressed Neither can her Maiestie hazard any losse in these great prouisions though we neuer vse them for all kinde of victuals may be issued in this Kingdome with great gaine and especially Corne which we chiefely desire and for munition it may be kept with prouidence as a store for all occasions Thus howsoeuer it fall out we shall be inabled to make such a prosecution this Winter in Connaght and the North as in all reason will ende these warres it the Spaniards come not and will leaue this Prouince of Vlster in farre greater subiection then euer any of her Maiesties Progenitors had it And since wee apprehend that Spaine may make in this Countrie a dangerous warre for England we conceiue that if not now yet with his first abilitie he will imbrace it which makes vs to haue the greater desire if it bee possible to preuent his footing here for euer and that by Gods help we hope to do before this next Sūmer if we may be inabled this winter to ruine Tyrone and O Donnel We haue great neede of one hundred Northerne horses for our horses here grow weak and ill and if your Lordships please to afford vs that number we will so handle the matter as it shall bee no increase of the Lyst If the Spaniards come we must haue at the least three hundred and if they be Northerne horses and Northerne Riders we assure our selues they will be much fitter for this seruice then such as are vsually sent hither who come with purpose to get licence to returne and yet are a greater charge to her Maiesty But for the one thousand foote wee desired by our former letters we find their comming to be of that necessitie as wee must bee most humble and earnest sutors to your Lordships to send them presently for our Companies are so exceeding weake and now decay so fast by the extremitie of the weather as a much greater number will not supplie vs but that the checkes will bee as great as now they are and they little be seene amongst vs which giues vs cause to wish now and humbly to moue your Lordships to be pleased to send one thousand foote more soone after The reports here are so vncertaine as vntill we meete the rest of the Counsell at Trym we know not how the Pale stands affected vpon this assured confidence of the Spaniards comming onely this we perceiue many of them are wauering yet the Lords hereabouts namely Mac Gennis Tirlogh Mac Henrie Euer Mac Cooley and O Hanlon keepe with vs notwithstanding that Tyrone hath sent them word that hereafter it will bee too late for them to make their peace with him if they doe it not now vpon this occasion and they assute vs as much as men can doe that they will not fall againe from their obedience though thereby their state bee no better then horseboyes But of this wee can giue your Lordships no assurance neither in them haue wee any extraordinarie confidence It may further please your Lordships to be aduertised that the Lord of Dunsany hauing the command of a Fort in the Brenny called Liscanon where wee had placed certaine Irish Companies as fittest to spoile and wast the Countrie thereabouts did lately draw most of them into Mac Mahowns Countrie for the taking of a prey which they lighted on as is said to the number of some sixteene hundred Cowes but in their returne being hardly laied vnto as some of them say with very great numbers yet as we haue heard by some that were present not aboue senenscore they did not only lose their prey but according to the manner of the Irish who haue no other kind of retreat fell to a flat running away to the Fort so as poore Captaine Esmond who had the command of the Reare and very valiantly with a few made good the place was sore hurt and afterwards taken prisoner and forty or fiftie of our side slaine We cannot learne that any English were among them so as we account our losse to be no more then the taking of the Captaine neither doe the Rebels bragge thereof both because they scaped not free loosing very neere as many men as wee did and for that they knew they dealt but with their Countrimen who as they doe hold it no shame to runne when they like not to fight though wee meane to call some of ours to account thereof And so we most humbly take leaue The eight and twentieth of August his Lordship receiued two letters from the Lord President of Mounster the first imported that hearing that his Lordship had sent into Connaght for part of the Companies of the Mounster Lyst to come into the North he prayed to bee excused that hee had giuen contrary directions vpon feare of the Spaniards landing the knowledge of Tirrels purpose to come with the banished Mounster men and aides of Northerne men out of Connaght presently to disturbe the Prouince of Mounster and signified that now to manifest his precise obedience to his Lordships commands hee had sent them directions to march towards his Lordship vpon sight of his letter yet praying his Lordship to send some part of them into Munster without which helpe he could neither keepe the field against Tirrel and the Prouinciall fugitiues at their first entrie nor vpon the Spaniards arriuall giue any impediment to their disposing of such Townes as were recommended to his speciall care and assuring his Lordship that the Spaniards had been seene at Sea and that in his iudgement and by vulgar report it was likely they would make discent in some part of Mounster Lastly aduertising that he had sent Iames the Suggon pretended Earle of Desmond and Florence Mac
two thousand men were imbarked for that Prouince and two thousand more should be readie within twentie daies at the Sea-side to come where his Lordship should direct them Touching the exception aboue mentioned which his Lordship had taken that part of the Officers for the Companies sent into Mounster were left to the Lord Presidents disposall and all the rest were bestowed in England their Lordships professed that as in all circumstances of honour and contentment they desired to respect his Lordship so they praied him to consider that it stood with the reputation of a Counsel of State to conferre some such imploiments and keepe men of quality at Court to be vpon all occasions vsed in her Maiesties seruice wherein notwithstanding they had preferred few or none who had not his Lordships letters of recommendations to that Board and now referred them all to bee continued or cassed at his pleasure Lastly whereas their Lordships were informed that some were apprehended in Ireland for coining of the new mixed monies they signified her Maiesties pleasure that those men should be executed the rather to preuent the great inconuenience might arise in maintaining the exchange for such counterfet monies and otherwise The fourth of September his Lordship wrote from Trym to Sir Robert Cecyll the following letter SIR at my comming into these parts I found them not so distempered as I was borne in hand I should so as I make no doubt at all but if the Spaniards doe not come I shall be able to giue her Maiesty a good accompt of my charge here and I am not out of hope but rather of opinion since they haue staied so long that they will not come this Winter though I desire not to leade you into that conceit nor omit not my selfe to prouide for the worst may happen and therefore haue sent Master Marshall towards Leax with almost a thousand foot and some horse both to be neere the Lord President of Mounster for what may fall out that way and to prosecute Tyrrell in the meane while who with some two hundred Rogues is gotten thither and with the remaine of the Moores Connors and their followers whom I could not cut off the last yeere are altogether drawne to be aboue foure hundred For Connaght I haue appointed Sir Oliuer Lambert with as many Companies as I can spare him vntill I may vnderstand her Maiesties further pleasure because I know him to be very actiue and find a necessity to imploy some forces that way so long as the brute of the Spaniards comming doth continue especially now that Odonnell doth make his residence in that Prouince about Sligo and might otherwise doe what hee lift without impeachment For my selfe I thinke it fittest to stay hereabouts a while for from hence I may aptly draw towards Mounster or Connaght as need requires or fall backe towards the North so soone as we can gather any certainty of the Spaniards not comming And if we may be supplied with the 1000 shot so earnestly desired by our former letters and without which our foundation will be in a manner ouerthrowne to strengthen the English Companies here I assure you growne exceeding weak otherwise I would not put her Maiesty to that charge I make no doubt but we shall be able to doe her Maiesty that seruice there this Winter those shot being landed at Carlingford or the Newry with the victuals munition and other meanes desired that the Spaniards shall not from thenceforth be able to get footing to doe vs any great annoyance especially if it would please you to procure for an addition to the rest two hundred shot to be sent for the supplying of Sir Arthur Chichester at Carickfergus for from that place we haue discouered such an entrance into the heart of Tyrone as in all likelihood will soon ruine that Arch-Traytor if Sir Arthur may be enabled with meanes as from me he shall not want what I can yeeld him I haue here inclosed sent a note that you may see how the garrisons are planted North-wards and who it is that commands in each of them in the absence only of Sir Francis Stafford for he hath the chiefe command ouer them as the best meane to make them ioine vpon all occasions of the seruice The ninth of September his Lordship receiued aduertisement from the Lord President that the two thousand men embarked in England for Mounster were arriued part in Corkharbour part at Waterford of which companies some were left by the Lords of her Maiesties Counsell in their directions to his disposall but he left them to his Lordships pleasure knowing the duety he ought to his Generall And whereas the Lords of the Counsell in the same letters gaue directions that the foot Companies of the Lord President and Earle of Thomond being each 150 should be increased each to two hundred the Lord President auowed that it was obtained by the said Earle ioyning him for countenance of the sute altogether without his priuity which he praied his Lordship to beleeue for since his Lordship had promised that fauour to him vpon the first occasion he protested that he neuer had any thought to make so needlesse a request in England Therewith hee sent his Lordship the list of the said Companies newly arriued being one thousand foure hundred vnder foureteen Captaines named in England one hundred for the increase of the Lord Presidents and Earle of Thomonds foot Companies and fiue hundred which hee the Lord President by vertue of the Lords letters the Lord Deputy pleasing to giue his admission assigned to fiue Captaines being in all two thousand foot His Lordship hauing disposed the forces as is aboue mentioned and written from Trym to the Lord President desiring him to meet him vpon the borders of Lemster meaning Kilkenny as the fittest place for that meeting tooke his iourney thitherward and arriuing at Kilkenny the thirteenth of September the same night receiued aduertisement from the Lord President that the Spaniards were met at Sea bearing for Ireland and therein as he was informed for Mounster so that he craued pardon that hee came not to meete his Lordship whose pleasure hee conceiued to bee that in this case hee should not be absent from those parts where the enemies discent was expected and he further prayed his Lordship so to fashion his affaires in Lemster and the North as the forces he meant to bring might be in readinesse withall protesting that he staied only for a second direction which if he receiued he would come without delay to his Lordship The next day his Lordship wrote the following letter to Sir Robert Cecyll her Maiesties Secretarie SIr hauing left the Northerne borders as well guarded as in prouidence I could the command wherof I left to Sir Ioh. Barkeley and hauing sent Sir Oliuer Lambert into Counaght to settle those parts Sir Rich. Wingfeild the Marshal into Leax to prosecute Tirrel with his adherence I wrote to the President of Mounster to meete me
with more griefe then himselfe who reaped no commoditie by it onely being a painefull and faithfull distributer thereof according to the necessitie of her own seruice but if he did not from his soule desire and with all his wits and endeuour seeke to abridge it and to end both her warre and charge then he desired no mercy of God nor fauour from her And if he were not bound thereto by his publike duty yet he protested that his priuate estate would vrge him thereunto which he found vnable any longer to continue the expence at which he was forced to liue growing greater by the mixed coyne as hee euer thought it would fall very heauy vpon him by which reason he might value his entertainement to be lesse by the halfe then it was in the time of the old standard For whatsoeuer we bought with this new coyne it was raised to the double price Whereas it seemed Master Secretarie had been informed that all they which of late submitted themselues to her Maiesties mercy and protection were now againe reuolted to the Rebels he answered that it was true that some of them had made their peace with Tyrone and in truth except wee could haue giuen order for their defence against him he did neuer expect other from them and especially since the arriuall of this forraine force hee did thinke none in Ireland so sure but euen here in Mounster they would do the like if our Armie did not hang ouer them yea he was sure that the Lord President was of the same opinion But hee was not moued to preserue any thing which the world to his disaduantage might call his by neglecting that which he knew fittest to be preserued for her Maiesty and her seruice Touching these submitties while they were in rebellion he did spoile waste and kill many of them when they were receiued to mercy he made many of them kill others in rebellion and leese their liues for the Queenes seruice and now they were againe reuoulted hee doubted not but either to ruine them againe or to force them to submission vpon what conditions he listed if God pleased to send vs an happy end of this war with the forraigne enemy For the atchieuement whereof he hoped hee should heare by the grace of the eternall God that they would aduenture as far and in as good a fashion as might be expected from this Army vpon the arriuall of the supplies of men and munition Till when hee protested that wee were at a stand because that hee was most sure that without good numbers of men and store of al sorts of munition this Towne so manned as it was could not be forced He added that hitherto God bethanked we had in all our endeuours prospered against this proud enemy and that there neuer was Armie better disposed then this nor Commāders that continually shewed more sound iudgement braue resolution then ours had done In particular that Sir Oliuer S. Iohns had had great honour giuen him by the whole Army for that which he did in their sight for he found no man come off from the skirmish mentioned in the Iournall which spake not of what hee had extraordinarily performed with his owne hand and that in a farre grearer measure then was therein related That at the same time the Lord Audley was hurt fighting very gallantly and if it should please her Maiesty to take notice thereof it would be a great comfort to them and incouragement to the rest That he hoped God would enable vs shortly to send him relations of better seruice In the meane time and euer he praied the eternall God to preserue her Maiesty and her Kingdomes and send them her poore seruants peace and quietnes He added what he could wish it had pleased her Maiesty to haue left the horse to his disposall or at the least to haue bestowed them on some Englishmen for as 100 are conferred though he hold the Commander a worthy Gentleman and faithfull to her Maiesties seruice yet he was Irish and in short time would make those horse Irish so as he accompted to haue receiued onely one hundred to serue his purpose For he did very much build on those horse not onely to be his chiefe strength at this time but to haue stood hereafter when her Maiesty did lessen the army to bee imploied for the absolute finishing of this warre And to this purpost now in all likelihood he should not be able to make vse of them which he confessed did not a little trouble him He added that although there were but foure thousand Spaniards already landed and they had no horse yet there was no doubt but they would auayle themselues of great assistance in this Countrey and that with a number much about this of naturall Spaniards their King had made the long continued great warre in the Low-Countries Besides he besought him to remember that about two hundred Spaniards held a Fort lately built at Croyden in Britany till Sir Iohn Norreis lost very neere one thousand fiue hundred men before it That God bethanked we had plucked one hundred fitfy Spaniards by the eares out of Rincorran and wee hoped by the grace of God to doe the like by them in Kinsale yet except God should please extraordinarily to worke for vs this was not likely to be done without great losse of men and expence of all prouisions to that purpose For now they beganne to worke very hard about fortifying of the Towne finding as themselues said that they had other men to deale with then they expected c. The eight of Nouember certaine ships to the number of thirteene were discried to passe by Kinsale to the Westward but it was not knowne whether they were English or Spaniards The tenth day we had newes that the Earle of Thomond was landed with one thousand foots left to the Lord Deputies disposall and with an hundred horse appointed in England to be commanded by the said Earle and these were the thirteene ships discouered to passe Westward By this time the Spaniards had gotten knowledge of the Lord Presidents departure from the Campe with good part of our forces and thereupon supposing vs to be much weakened as in deed we were and Inferiour in bodies of men to them in the Towne they drew out this day about noone most part of their forces and soone after sent some sixty shot and Pykes to the foot of the hill close by our Campe leauing their trenches very well lined for their seconds some of ours were presently drawne out to entertaine skirmish with those that came vp and another strong party was sent but towards Ryncorran who from the bushy hill plaied in flanckes vpon their trenches and did beate them from the same so as they that were first sent out close to out Campes being beaten backe by our shot and thinking to find the seconds they left behind them were disappointed by their quitting of the Trenches and by that meanes driuen to
Lord Deputy receiued from her Maiestie direction that forasmuch as the County of Clare was of ancient time within the Gouernement or precinct of the Prouince of Mounster vntill of late it was annexed to the Prouince of Connaght which her Maiestie vnderstood was vpon some vntrue surmise made by Commissioners for Connaght to the grieuance and dislike of her subiects of that Countie That the Lord Deputie and the Counsell there should speedily consider of this information and if they found it not euidently an hinderance to her seruice then they speedily should giue order that by reuocation of the former Commissioners and letters Patents for gouernement of these seuerall Prouinces and by granting new Commissioners of like authoritie and effect and by all other wayes requisite in Law the said Countie of Clare should bee reunited and annexed vnto the Prouince of Mounster and be reduced vnder the order and gouernement of the Lord President and Councell of Mounster which her Maiestie was perswaded would bee for the aduancement of her seruice and the good liking of her louing subiects in those parts The same two and twentieth day foure Pieces were planted by the Cannon and demy Cannon which altogether played into the Towne one of which shot killed foure men in the Market place and strucke off a Captaines leg called Don Iohn de Saint Iohn who after died of that hurt we likewise planted three Culuerings in the Iland beyond the water in which the foresaid Castle Nypark stands and from whence we heard that Don Iohn feared annoiance The three and twentieth these did beate vpon the old Towne with good effect And the same day our other sixe Pieces on the North-East side plaied vpon the Towne and so continued till night in which time in all mens iudgements and by report of the prisoners we tooke they did great hurt to the Towne This day while the Lord Deputie the Marshall and Serieant Maior were viewing the ground where the approches were intended a priuate souldier of Sir Iohn Barkleys in their sight and in the face of the Spanish guards attempting to steale a Spanish sentenel as hee had stolne diuers before this sentenel being seconded by foure that he saw not he fought with them all fiue whereof one was the Serieant Maior whom he had almost taken and when he found he could doe no good vpon them all he came off without other hurt then the cutting of his hand a little with the breaking of a thrust which one of them made at him and he hurt the Serieant Maior The night following we began certaine neere approches on the North-East side of the Towne on a hill which by the naturall situation thereof was free from sudden sallies by reason of a Valley betweene it and the Towne so as it might bee speedily seconded from the Campe. There with much expedition was raised a Fort and Artillery planted to play into the Towne which with three or foure Companies was easily gardable for in this businesse there seemed nothing more to bee respected then how to approch and infest the enemy in such sort as neither our old nor our new men might be ouerspent or ouer-harried with watches and works the time of the yeere and extremitie of the weather considered nor the enemy might take any aduantage to surprise our works by their sallying without ingaging themselues in fight with our whole Army For making those approches the Lord Deputy drew out one thousand foote continuing the worke all night and although the ground were extreme hard by reason of the Frost and the night very light yet that night they brought the worke to very good perfection The enemy played all the night vpon them with great vollyes but hurt onely three men either in the trenches or in diuers sallyes they made in the one whereof a squadron of our new men did beat them back to the Gates This day the Lord President aduertised that Odonnell by aduantage of a Frost so great as seldome had been seene in Ireland had passed a Mountaine and so had stolne by him into Mounster whereupon he purposed to returne with the forces hee had to strengthen the Campe. And in the euening Sir Richard Leuison by the Lord Deputies direction drew the Admirall and Vice-Admirall in betweene the Iland and Kinsale whence the foure and twentieth day they shot into the Towne The fiue and twentieth day all the Artillery still played vpon the Towne but the shot from the ships doing little hurt saue onely vpon the base Towne the Lord Deputie gaue direction to spend few shot more except it were on the high Towne This night direction was giuen to make a platforme for the Artillery vpon the trenches which was made the three and twentieth at night Somewhat after midnight the Spaniards made a sudden salley with purpose to force the trench but were soone beaten backe by Sir Francis Barkeley who commanded the watch that night in that place The sixe and twentieth the Lord President with the two Regiments of foote and with his horse he had led out against Odonnell together with a Connaght Regiment vnder the Earle of Clanrickard and a Regiment of the Pale vnder Sir Christopher Saint Laurence which vpon the way were commanded to ioyne with the Lord President came to the Campe and these foure Regiments were that night quartered by themselues vpon the Westside of Kinsale to inuest the Towne more closely and to keepe Odonnell and the Spaniards from ioyning together which quarter or lesser Campe was commanded by the Earle of Thomond for the Lord President remained euer neere the Lord Deputy in the great Campe and so did the Earle of Clanrickard This day the three Culuerings were brought from the Iland beyond the water on the East-side and were planted on a hill in a point of land neere the water on this side of the Hauen lying to the East of our Fort newly built there to which hill the Towne lay neere and very open In the meane time the Spaniards from the Towne played vpon our ships with a Demy-Cannon and shot our Admirall twise and our Vice-admirall once while they rode as aforesaid close by the Towne but our ships within few shot exchanged did dismount their Demi-Cannon so as they could make no more shot with it and at the same shot hurt their chiefe Gunner The seuen and twentieth day betimes in the morning our three pieces planted the day before on the point of the hill neere the water side played vpon the Towne and did great hurt to the enemy by reason they were planted so neere the Towne but the eight and twentieth day falling out extreame windie and rainy wee were enforced to cease our battery and spent the rest of the day in drawing downe to that place some other pieces formerly planted vpon the first platforme The foresaid eight and twenty in the morning we sent a Trumpet to summon Kinsale who was not suffered to enter the Towne but receiued his
can and with some resolution that your Excellencies fighting as they doe alwaies I hope in God the victorie shall be ours without doubt because the cause is his And I more desire the victory for the interest of your Excellencies then my owne And so there is nothing to be done but to bring your squadrons come well appointed and close withall and being mingled with the enemies their Forts wil doe as much harme to them as to vs. I commend my selfe to Don Ricardo The Lord keepe your Excellencies From Kinsale the eight and twentieth the new stile being the eighteenth after the old stile of December 1601 Though you be not well fitted I beseech your Excellencies to dislodge and come toward the enemy for expedition imports It is needfull that we all be on horsebacke 〈◊〉 and the greater haste the better Signed by Don I can del Aguyla The nineteenth day was so extreme rainy as we could doe little or nothing The twentieth in the morning being very faire our Ordinance plaied and brake downe good part of the wall of the Towne And to the end we might sharpen Tyrone whose lying so neere did more annoy vs by keeping reliefe from vs then hee was like to hurt vs by any attempt or if Tyrones force came not vp sooner that wee might proceede more roundly this day another great breach was made beneath the Platforme and though many shot were made to hinder vs yet by the next morning the worke was brought to good perfection The night was stormy with great lightning and terrible thunder to the wonder of all considering the season of the yeere and this night came certaine intelligence that Tyrone drawne on by Don Ieans importunity determined presently to set vp his rest for the reliefe of the Towne and that the next night he would lodge within a mile and halfe of our Campe. The one and twentieth ourscouts confirmed the same and towards night Tyrone shewed himselfe with all his horse and foote vpon a hill within a mile of vs in the way to Corkes Whereupon two Regiments of our foote and most of our horse being drawne out of the Campe made towards them but when they saw our men resolutely come forward they fell back to a Fastnesse of wood and water where they encamped This night being light with continuall flashings of lightning the Spaniards sallied againe and gaue vpon a trench newly made beneath our Canon but were the sooner repelled because wee kept very strong Guards ond euery man was ready to be in Armes by reason of Tyrones being so neere vnto vs. The two and twentieth Tyrones horse and foote often shewed themselues from an Hill beyond which they incamped in a Wood yet our Artillery still plaied vpon the Towne breaking downe the Wall and some Turrets from whence the Spaniards shot annoyed our men Many intelligences confirmed that Tyrone on the one side and the Spaniards on the other had a purpose to force our Campe. This night the Spaniards sallied and gaue vpon a trench close to the West-side of the Towne which the Serieant that kept it did quit but Sir Christopher Saint Laurence appointed to second him came vp with some foote and did heat the Spaniards into the Towne before they could doe any great hurt saue onely a little defacing it Our Artillery still plaied vpon the Towne that they might see wee went on with our businesse as if wee cared not for Tyrones comming but it was withall carried on in such a fashion as wee had no meaning to make a breach because wee thought it not fit to offer to enter and so put all to hazard vntill wee might better discouer what Tyrone meant to doe whose strength was assured to bee very great and wee found by letters of Don Ieans which wee had intercepted that hee had aduised Tyrone to set vpon our Camps telling him that it could not bee chosen but our men were much decayed by the Winters siege and so that wee should hardly bee able to maintaine so much ground as wee had taken when our strength was greater if wee were well put to on the one side by them and on the other side by him which hee would not faile for his part to doe resolutely And it was most true that our men dailie died by dozens so as the sicke and runnawaies considered wee were growne as weake as at our first setting downe before our supplies of foure thousand foote The strength of our Regiments the three and twentieth of December The Lord Deputies Regiment had able men 715. The Lord Presidents Regiment able men 556. The Earle of Clanrickards Regiment able men 529. The Earle of Thomonds Regiment 572. The Lord Audley his Aegiment 370. Sir Richard Percies Regiment 544. Sir Richard Morysons Regiment 541. Sir Oliuer Saint Iohns his Regiment 515. Sir Charles Wilmotts Regiment 454. Sir Henry Follyots Regiment 595. Sir Christopher Saint Laurences Regiment of Irish 747. Sir Henrie Powers Squadron volant or flying Regiment drawne out of the former Regiments after the making of the Lyst in Nouember last 449. The Totall of Foote able men besides runawaies and hurt and sicke lying aswell in the Campe as at Corke 6595. This euening one of the chiefe Commanders in Tyrones Army hauing some obligations to the Lord President sent a messenger to him for a bottle of Vsquebagh and by a letter wished him that the English Army should that night bee well vpon their guard for Tyrone meant to giue vpon one Campe and the Spaniards vpon the other meaning to spare no mans life but the Lord Deputies and his Don Iean de l' Aguila after confessed to the Lord President that notwithstanding our sentinels he and Tyrone the night following had three messengers the one from the other All the night was cleare with lightning as in the former nights were great lightnings with thunder to the astonishment of many in respect of the season of the yeere And I haue heard by many horsemen of good credit and namely by Captaine pikeman Cornet to the Lord Deputies troope a Gentleman of good estimation in the Army that this night our horsemen set to watch to their seeming did see Lampes burne at the points of their staues or speares in the middest of these lightning flashes Tyrones guides missed the way so as hee came not vpto our Campe by night as the Spaniards ready in Armes howerly expected but earely about the breake of the next day The foure and twentieth of December some halfe hower before day the Lord Deputie in his house sitting at Counsell with the Lord President and Master Marshall as thinking the intended enterprise of the enemie by some accident to bee broken suddenly one of the Lord Presidents horsemen called him at the dore and told him that Tyrones Army was come vp very neere to our Campe. And Sir Richard Greame hauing the Scout that night when hee discouered that Tyrone with his forces was on foote marching towards the
great strength Since our comming to Corke I the Deputie to ease her Maiesties great and vnsupportable charger haue discharged two thousand foote in List wherein without all respects of fauour I cast those who had the weakest Companies And assoone as wee may bee better secured that the Spaniards purpose to forbeare any further attempt for this Realme which in a few moneths will appeare as many as possibly can be spared shall bee in like sort cashered To suppresse the present Rebellon in Mounster I the Deputy haue designed foure thousand foot and three hundred twenty fiue horse which being layed in such conuenient places as wee intend to lay them our hope is that in short time this Rebellion will bee extinguished But vntill wee bee better assured from the attempts of Spaine for this Kingdome the remainder of the Armie is dispersed into the remote places of the Prouince Eastward of Corke and I the Deputy doe purpose to remaine here vntill I may be more secured that there will be no cause to draw the Army backe into these parts Paul Iuie the Inginer with the best expedition that may be shall bee sent to the parts of Baltymore and Beer-hauen to chuse-out fit grounds to fortifie The like must be done at Kinsale and for the better holding of the Cities of this Prouince in due obedience of whose assurance in case the Spaniards had preuailed wee had cause to doubt wee thinke it vnder your Lordships reformation very expedient that in euery of them Cittadels were raised which guarded with a few men and hauing some Pieces of Artillerie will euerhave power to command them There places being thus strengthened there is no Port forgotten that may be fit for the Spaniards acommodating in any enterprise from hence vpon England for all which lie in Desmond Kerry or Connaght haue too large a Sea to passe for England which is subiect to infinite inconueniences And as for the coast within Saint Georges Channell the dangers of it are so infinite as there is no feare of those Ports Notwithstanding it hath pleased God to giue vs this happie successe in freeing this Realme of the Spanish Army vnder Don Iean yet fearing that some seconds vnder another Commander may be employed hither we humbly beseech your Lordships that you will bee pleased to send the victuals for which wee wrote by Sir Oliuer Saint Iohns If the Spanish supplies come we shall haue cause to expend them in this Prouince If they come not then our cares shall bee such as they shall be preserued and dispensed to the best vse for her Maiesties seruice The like sute we make for the munitions for which wee then wrote But for the supplies required of vs in the dispatch wee made by Sir Henrie Dauers your Lordships may please to make stay of them till a further occasion to use them Onely of one thousand thereof we haue great neede for the reinforcing of the Companies which are weake and therefore we desire that fiue hundred of them may land here at Corke and the other fiue hundred at Waterford and that the rest may be in readinesse if we haue any new occasion to send for them till which time we are vnwilling to charge her Maiesty or trouble your Lordships or to draw any new forces into these parts which hath made vs giue direction that Sir Arthur Chichester with the one thousand men which your Lordships haue commanded him to leade hither shal stay about the Newry and make the warre there aswell defending the Pale as annoying Tyrone for Sir Arthur being there shall be neere enough to vs if there should fall out any occasion to draw those men hither Sir Richard Moryson is made the bearer of these our letters whō we haue chosen to satisfie your Lordships in such things wherein happily you may doubt In particular wee haue acquainted him with the dates of all our letters which wee haue sent your Lordships since the landing of the Spaniards so as hee can informe your Lordships of his owne knowledge that we all or I the Deputy haue written thus often namely the three and twentieth of September the first third and foure and twentieth of October the seuenth and the thirteenth of Nouember the seuenth twelfth and seuen and twentieth of December and this present dispatch by himself If any of these haue miscaried or found so slow passage as your Lordships expectations were not satisfied in such time as for the seruice had been fit we beseech you be pleased to consider that the like may happen to such of yours as are sent hither And this may appeare by your Lordships letters which we last receiued For the eleuenth of Ianuarie as is noted in the beginning of this letter we receiued your Lordships of the foure and twentieth of December and with it another of the seuen and twentieth of that moneth touching the apparrell a third of the two and twentieth of December yea a fourth of the two and twentieth of Nouember Wee haue licensed Captaine Iosias Bodley to passe into England vpon some priuate businesse importing him and haue addressed him to your Lordships to receiue your pleasure If you resolue vpon any fortifications in this Kingdome the Gentleman is very will experienced and practised in that Art and one whom in all our workes wee haue principally emploied which he hath with great hazard labour and sufficiency discharged We find all men here to imbrace with much gladnesse her Maiesties resolution to leaue the apparrelling of the souldier being much better contented to haue full pay without detaining of any summes for their clothes and we hope it will be a meane to make the Captains keepe their companies strong And as your Lordships haue directed vpon notice of the decease of the Earle of Desmond the company allowed for him is discharged saue what hath pleased you to continue to his sister to the Archbishop of Casbell and 10. Power Order is also taken that the Oates sent ouer hither shall be issued at as high rates as we can but it hath neuer beene hitherto seene that the price exceeded ten shillings the quarter and we thinke they cannot be issued at a higher rate for the souldier cannot liue paying any more but will rather suffer his horse to starue which would be greater inconueniency to the seruice then if the oates had not come at all though that way also they must haue starued if the siege had continued The Spaniards shipped from hence to Plymoth where either such as had runneaway from the Spaniards or such as were in Ryncorren and Castle Nyparke and yeelded vpon promise of their liues onely and so much I the Deputy signified by my letters to the Gentlemen of the parts where they should land of purpose to be made knowne to your Lordships and that they might accordingly be suffred to passe into France or some other Countrey which was as much as they desired And so c. From Corke this foureteenth of January
in the title of her fauour and my desert and doe remember how doubtfull the fortune of the warre is I cannot but feare that one disaster shall be put into the ballence against all my labours and endeauours and therewithall conclude and confesse that I couet no mortall fortune more then to bee fairely rid of the part which I play on so dangerous a stags before these serpents may find any aduantage to hisse at me Whereas otherwise if I had beene secure of her Maiesties fauour against these Vipers tongues I should with confidence and alacrity goe towards the greatest dangers that can rise against me but as God hath hitherto stopped their mouths so I hope for her Maiesties good if not for mine he will continue his fauour who prosper me in all things as I doe sincerely intend her seruice c. The eighteenth day the Lord Deputy receiued letters from the Lords in England signifying that besides the two thousand last sent the greatest part vnder Captaines the rest left to his Lordships disposall now vpon a second leauy two thousand more were appointed to bee embarked the sixe and twentieth of the last moneth all which were left to his Lordships disposall excepting one Company giuen to Captaine Thomas Dutton vpon his Lordships letters of speciall recommendation The same day his Lordship receiued from the Queene this following letter Elizabeth Regina RIght trusty and wellbeloued we greet you well The report which your letters by Dauers haue brought vs of the successe it hath pleased God to giue you against our Rebels and the Spaniards combined with them was receiued by vs with such contentment as so great happy an accident could affoord Wherefore although we as euer we haue done in all other happinesse which hath befallen vs ascribe the highest praise and thankes to his diuine Maiesty yet forasmuch as wee doe accompt that they who are the seruants of our State in like actions are made participant in a second degree of his fauour bestowed vpon vs by their vertue and industry wee cannot but hold them worthy of thankes from vs as they haue receiued honour from him Among whom you being there the chiefe not onely as chiefly put in trust by vs but as we plainely perceiue in vigilancy in labour and in valour in this late action wee could not forbeare to let you see how sensible we are of this your merit It is true that before this good successe vpon the Rebels wee were in daily attention to haue heard of some quicker attempt vpon the Towne then any was made both in respect that your owne Letters tended to such sence and especially because protraction of time brought with it apparant dangers as well of accesse of new supplies from our forraine enemies as of defection of a people so vnconstant of disposition and so rebellious to gouernement as those of that nation euer haue beene But wee that time hauing vnderstood by those iournals which were committed to S t Iohns and Dauers some reasons which haue moued you to the course you haue taken rather then to haue vsed speed in attempting seeing all assaults are accompanied with losse and euery losse in such a time multiplied in rumour and wholly conuerted by practice to the preiudice of the cause in question which is maintained now as things doe stand by the reputation of your army wee doe now conceiue that all your workes haue had their foundation vpon such reasons as you thought most aduantagious for our seruice It remaineth therefore now and so we desire it may be made knowne to our Army that haue serued vnder you in such manner as you shall thinke best to expresse it that as we doe know they haue indured many incommodities in this siege which wee would haue beene glad they could haue auoided hauing made so good proofe of their valour and loyalty as they haue done at this time so as we rather seeke to preserue them as the best treasure of a Prince then to suffer them to wast if otherwise our Kingdome could haue beene kept from danger of forraigne conquest and intestine rebellion so we expect it at the hands of the better sort of our seruitors there that it shall well be infused into the minds of the rest that whatsoeuer either our owne directions or expending of treasure could doe for preuention of those difficulties which follow all armies and are inseperable where the warre is made in a climate so il tempered for a winters siege hath beene royally and prouidently afforded them A matter of much more charge and vncertainty because all our care and direction haue attended the winds and weathers curtesie To conclude with answere to your demands for further supplies of men Although wee hope that the time is so neere of the finall conclusion of your happy successe against the remnant of the strangers in that poore Towne being pressed with so many wants and with the dispaire which our late victory will adde herevnto as that hardly any supplies sent from vs can come before it haue taken effect yet because you may perceiue how much wee attribute to your iudgement in any thing which for our affaires is there desired we haue as by our Counsell hath beene signified vnto you giuen order for foure thousand men to be sent thither out of hand with the full proportion of munition which you desire In which kind of prouisions we find so great consumptions as we must require you to take some better order with them that haue the distribution thereof For if it bee obserued what quantities haue beene daily sent ouer and yet what daily wants are pretended the expence will bee found insupportable and so much the rather because all men know that whatsoeuer the Irish Companies receiue except now in this action is continually conuerted for money to the vse of the Rebels Giuen vnder our Signet at our Pallace at White-Hall the 44 yeere of our Raigne the twelfth of Ianuary 1601. In the beginning of this Letter aboue the Queenes hand signed these following words were ouerwritten by the Queenes owne hand viz. Though for feare of worse end you did desire as we confesse we once thought to direct to end this worke before either Enemy or Rebell could increase the perill of our honour yet wee hope that no such aduenture shall bee more made but that their confusion bee ere now lighted on their owne heads And let Clanrickard and Thomond know that we doe most thankefully accept their endeauours For your selfe we can but acknowledge your diligence and dangerous aduenture and cherish and iudge of you as your carefull Soueraigne The twentieth of February twenty Spanish Captaines with 1374 common Souldiers being before imbarked at Kinsale in six English ships sailed for Spaine The seuen and twenty day the Lord Deputy and Counsell here wrote to the Lords in England this following letter MAy it please your Loedships since our last dispatch the fifteenth hereof 1400 of the Spaniards that
entertainement cannot allow so much for his horse but by that meanes both the Horse will be starued and the Oates will perish before they be spent In time of plenty the ordinary rate of Oates in Ireland was but at twelue pence the barrell yet they are now well content to pay six shillings a barrell which is at the highest rate the Souldier can giue Of these particulars wee humbly pray redresse from your Lordships And so c. From Corke c. The first of March the Lord Deputy by letters from the Lords in England was required to send ouer a Lieftenant being one of the late cast Companies but still remaining in Ireland to the end he might answer before their Lordships certaine complaints made against him For whereas many Officers in the late leuies of men had receiued in the Country able and sufficient men as wel to serue vnder themselues as to be conducted ouer to be disposed by the Lord Deputy whereof they had for diuers sums of money dismissed many at the Sea side pretending that they were lame or sicke and that they had taken better men in their place neither of these pretences being true Their Lordships purposed to inflict some exemplary punishment for this great offence and therefore required this Lieftenant to be sent ouer who was accused among and aboue the rest The eight of March Sir Oliuer S. Iohns who was sent into England from Kinsale with newes of the good successe in the taking of Rincoran and Nyparke Castles and the happy repulse of the Spaniards sallying vpon our Cannon returned backe to Corke and brought from the Queene this following letter Elizabeth Regina RIght trusty and welbeloued we greet you well By the genlemans relation whom last you sent vnto vs and by your Letters we receiued with much contentment the newes of the rendition of Kinsale and other places held by the Spaniards in that Kingdome wherein although by comparing the same with those reports which were brought vs by diuers that they were not onely in misery for victuall but in penury of men as not being fiue hundred strong we conceiued that you might haue giuen them stricter lawes in their composition and so doe now perceiue how easie a matter it is for those that are neerer hand to the matters of warre then we are to be mistaken yet vpon those considerations which we haue obserued in your iournall last sent ouer containing many important circumstances which did leade you to that course amongst which no one hath so much moued vs as that assault would haue shed the blood of our subiects which is dearer to vs then any reuenge or glory we doe account it both in the successe one of the most acceptable accidents that hath befallen vs and in your carriage thereof discerne it to haue beene guided with as many parts of an able and prouident Minister as any we haue vsed in seruice of like nature And therefore hold it both iust and necessary for vs to yeeld you this testimony of our gracious acceptation of your endeauours which haue beene accompanied with so much paine and perill It remaineth now seeing the state of all things there and your owne desires doe require it that wee speake something of those things which are fit to be thought of for the time to come whereof seeing this euent hath both already begun and is very like to worke great alteration to our aduantage That which we could wish you to aime at is in sum next to the safety of the Kingdome to giue all possible ease to our State by diminishing that great consumption of treasure which of late yeeres wee haue sustained And yet how to direct precisely by what meanes and parcels in euery particular the same is to be done is very hard for vs at this present especially vntill we shall receiue from you and our Counsell there further light by the information of the state of all things now after these successes together with your owne opinion thereupon onely as it is apparant to vs already by your letter that in your own iudgement hauing due sence of the infinite inconueniencies which daily are multiplied vppon this Kingdome by that occasion you did immediatly after the rendition both cast some part of our Army there and stay the supplies comming from hence so in that course we doubt not but you doe and will continue as farre forth as things may beare it in taking care that our Army be not weakened by holding more small garrisons then are necessary And this we may with very good reason say out of obseruation of that which hath passed of latter yeeres and agreeable to your owne opinion That one charge there is very great to vs and yet without any manner of ground of safety if there were cause of aduenture and that is the entertainement of great numbers of Irish wherein we will note vnto you these two considerations First that when things there were at most hazard for vs your owne spirit was doubtfull of the seruice which might be reaped by them Secondly that heretofore when they haue beene vsed it hath not beene seene that either they were entertained at the same rate of pay with our owne Nation or so mixed in common with them in regiments but euer kept more apart both in companies seuerall and vsed in places and in seruices proper for them which course although this extraordinary danger of our Kingdome hath giuen occasion to dispence with yet doubt we not but in your owne conceit you will thinke it meet with all conuenient speed to reforme and giue beginning to it by such degrees of dimunition and in such measure as you shall find to be most for the good of our seruice For the matter which hath beene moued to you from the Arch-trairor we commend your handling of the offer in that you haue kept the dignity of the place you hold and therein ours and yet we doe not mislike that you did not so desperately reiect him as to conclude him thereby from opening the further scope of his desires And though till the next ouerture we haue little more to write vnto you yet we may say thus much in generality that the monstrousnesse of his fact stained with so many and deepe spots of offences of seuerall natures and degrees though none more odious then his ingratitude and the quicke sence we haue alwaies of the biemishing of our honour doth not permit vs to hold any other way with him then the plaine way of perdition And therefore doe aduise you to all courses that may winne vs glory vpon him and if our Armes must be accompanied with any part of mercy rather to imploy the same in receiuing the secondary members and Vriaghts from him by whom that life which is left him standeth then to make so much account of so vile an head as to thinke him worthy to be recouered but rather that abandoned of God and men he may be left to feele
intended to lie in such places as without great conuoyes he might put vp victuals for this purpose meaning to imploy the time in assuring or wasting all the Countries betwixt Blackwater and the Pale And with this purpose he marched back towards Monaghan and in the way taking some Ilands and strong places though in those and all the former seruices we had not lost fiue men of the Armie yet we had the disaster by a casuall shot out of one of the Ilands to leese Sir Iohn Barkley a worthy Gentleman and Serieant Maior of the Army and in another slight skirmish to leese Capt. Willis Vpon the death of Sir Iohn Barkley his L P made Sir Henry Dauers Serieant Maior in his place and comming into Monaghan his L P on the 19 of Iuly aduertised the Lords in England of the former seruices as also that hee had directed Sir Henry Dockwra and Sir Arthur Chichester that in case any new Spanish forces should land in Ireland they should draw vnto him with their principall forces yet leaue the Garrisons defensible as bridles to the submitted late rebels and a diuersion to the rest remaining in rebellion That howsoeuer the numbers of those Garrisons seemed to threaten the continuance of her Maiesties charge yet it was the most sure way to lessen the Army and end the warre in short time which onely forraigne inuasion could hinder in which case it would be no longer the warre of Ireland but the warre of England in Ireland and would require as royall supplies as if a part of England were inuaded by so mighty a Prince That the Garrisons vpon Tirone were left so strong in numbers as that euery of them a part might without apparant hazard not onely withstand all the Force wherewith Tyrone was able in any one place to make head against them but bee stirring with some parties to seeke out him and his Creaghts in their Fastnesses and to keepe them from feeding or stirring vpon the Plaine which must necessarily vndoe the rebels and this effect of the Summers seruice would appeare in the next winter For if in the meane time it were not his Lordships hap according to his earnest endeuour to get Tyrones head which was a worke of difficultie not to be hoped in so short a time yet he was confident to cut off so many of his members as he should not bee able to continue in any one place but should bee forced to flie from bush to bush like a Wood-kerne as now hee did so long as the Army kept the field which being dissolued hee would soone grow to strength againe except the Garrisons were kept strong so as he might not dare to appeare himselfe or to feede his Creaghts vpon the Plaine which could not be performed without hauing great store of victuals to maintaine the Garrisons That for the matter of fortifications whereas their Lordships noted the summes demanded to bee excessiue this demand proceeded from a zeale to secure the Kingdome speedily and by entring into a Royall charge at once to cut off her Maiesties continuing charge which being now aboue three hundred thousand pound yeerely it seemed good husbandry if by bestowing one hundred thousand pound at once especially in the new mixed coyne her Maiesty might both secure the Kingdome against forraigne inuasion and so bridle the Townes and Countrie as halfe the said yeerely charge might be presently saued and yet the Army might be drawne stronger into the field then now it could bee for it would be lesse charge to her Maiestie to keepe twenty men in a Castle costing fiue hundred pound the building then to keepe one hundred men in a Fort built for one hundred pound yet that hee would conforme himselfe to her Maiesties pleasure in that point imploying the money allowed to the best he possibly could That whereas hee the Deputie had moued that the Captaines might prouide clothes for their companies now vpon better consideration hee thought the old course of clothing them by the Merchants was of necessitie to be continued That touching Neale Garue his Lordship found him to bee of nature fierie and violent and with all extremely both proud and couetous and as Sir Henrie Dockwra had very well described him to their Lordships to bee in his desires and demaunds most vnreasonable and almost intollerable so as he that must containe him within any fitting bounds especially whē he shuld be denied any thing that he affects was enioyned to doe any thing that he did not like must be of an infinite patience for at such times he vsed to breake out in a fashion most hardly to bee indured although his Lordship professed that he tooke it rather to bee want of breeding and of knowledge to discerne when he hath good vsage and when hard for through that defect he still thought himselfe wronged and out of that conceit grew to that distemper then any want of good affection to the State For Sir Henry Dockwra did acknowledge that vpon all occasions of seruice that had not appeared euidently to preiudice him in him particular he shewed himselfe forward and very ready to the hazarding of his owne person very often In which respect his Lordship holding him worth the cherishing being besides well followed by all his Country so as her Maiesties seruice receiued very great furtherance both by him and them was therefore resolued according to her Maiesties warrant lately receiued to passe him the grant of his Country His Lordship further wrote that he receiued many aduertisements that the Spaniards were ready to returne into Ireland which though he for his part beleeued not in regard their Lordships thought the contrary yet the people here by many letters from their friends in Spaine were made confident that they would make a new and strong inuasion before Michaelmas day at the furthest That in this regard he made haste to draw the warre to some good end no way so well to bee done as by planting strong Garrisons vpon Tirone and by drawing from him his strongest partakers to which purpose he had sent Sir Henrie Folliot to gouerne the Garrison lately planted at Ballishannon who had instructions to receiue Mac Guyre to mercy vpon condition he would be content to haue his Country diuided betweene O Connor Roe and himselfe and would deliuer to her Maiesties vse the Castle of Eniskillin with the Ordinance therein His L p further signified that when the Garrison of Ballishannon had effected the intended seruice he would leaue it as a Warde this same and all other fortifications being so made as one smal Fort of very good strength was first framed guardable by a few to which was added a greater Fort of lesse strength charge like to a bawne or yard wherein many vpon occasion might be lodged so as if at any time one Company were found sufficient the rest being drawne away the losse of the bigger Fort being commanded by the lesser would be of little moment and yet might
meane to doe we shall in short time put him to his vttermost extremitie and if not light vpon his person yet force him to fhe the Kingdome In the meane time we can assure your Lordships thus much that from O Caues Country where now he liueth which is to the Northward of his owne Countrie of Tyrone we haue left none to giue vs opposition nor of late haue seene any but dead carcases meerely starued for want of meate of which kinde wee found many in diuers places as wee passed The forces which last wee drew out of Mounster being fifteene hundred foote aboue the Mounster Lyst which the Lord President desired to retaine there onely till hee had ended his businesse at Donboy are now vnder the command of Sir Samuel Bagnol presently vpon their arriuall to the borders directed by the Annely to prosecute O Rourke where most fitly he may ioyne with the forces of Connaght and shall bee met withall by those of Ballishannon commanded by Sir Henrie Folliot All those will helpe vs greatly to pen vp the Northerne Rebels on that side when wee next attempt them as by the tenth of August wee meane to doe from Loughfoyle and Carickfergus which Sir Arthur Chithester from thence is now very well enabled for by the meanes of the Garrisons we last planted at Tyrone and vpon Lough Sidney both being on that side of the Lough that lies next vpon Tirene And as those forces on Connaght side lie very fitly to assist vs for the speedie dispatch of the worke so are they very ready to intertaine the Spaniards if they should land in Connaght and not much vnfit for Mounster if they should arriue there Wee haue directed them therefore seuerally to applie and bend their endeauours to answere these sundrie occasions And this in our prouidence is the best course that we can thinke vpon for by the same if Spaniards come not wee shall goe on verie roundly with our businesse and wee hope by the grace of God performe it to your great contentment and if they come which is the worst they will be able to make some good defensiue warre till wee with the rest shall draw vnto them and then we cannot hope to doe any more vntill your Lordships supply vs royally out of England For if the Spaniard come so strong in horse and foote as is reported and as it must needs be thought he will finding the errour that the last time he committed it may not be expected at our hands with all the Forces wee can draw to head leauing some Forts guarded as we must needs doe to bridle and keepe in awe the Countrey and to keep our former labours from being vtterly ouerthrowne that wee shall be able of our selues to put them from any place that they haue a minde to hold but must rather giue them way till we be better furnished Wee are therefore humbly to desire your Lordships if the Spaniards arriue or if you expect them certainely then to thinke vpon vs fauourably and to supply our wants and that speedily especially men munition and victuals for this Kingdome will not be able to affoord vs any thing for such a warre as then wee must make which your Lordships cannot but know farre better then wee can expresse for as wee haue noted heretofore which we beseech you giue vs leaue still to remember you of it will not then be any longer the warre of Ireland but the warre of England in Ireland to the infinite danger and comber of them both though for our parts wee will most cheerefully vndergoe the toyle and hazard thereof as it becommeth vs. To conclude wee must acquaint your Lordships with a very great abuse crept in amongst the Ministers of the victuals which doth maruellously preiudice her Maiesties seruice here Wee can neuer know from any of them when the victuals arriue in any part whether it be part of an old contract or of a new nor indeed whether it be for her Maiesty or for themselues by that meanes we can neuer find how we are prouided for nor what we may further expect and that which worse is the Rebels get of the best victuall that is sent hither and yet wee cannot call the victualer to account thereof for he affirmes stiftely that he is warranted by your Lordships to sell it for his benefit and so as hee sell it to the subiect how ill affected soeuer it is no fault of his if the Rebell afterward get it It is in vaine for vs by our extreame toile to spoile the Rebels corne and wast their Countrey the best way yet found to bring them to obedience if they can get that English victuals for their money which we verily thinke was prouided for those that serue her Maiesty here and the best of it too when the poore souldier hath that which is not worth the eating Thus much wee haue of late discouered which wee leaue to your Lordships consideration not doubting but it will please you to prouide remedy and so c. The Victualers aboue mentioned had obtained of the Lords liberty to sell some victuals vpon pretence as it seemes that the same would grow musty and must either be sold or lost but they abused this liberty so farre as the best victuals were sold to the Irish Subiects and by them to those that were in actuall rebellion while they made bold to vtter their musty prouisions to the Queenes Army The seuenth of August the Lord Deputy wrote to Sir Arthur Chichester as likewise to Sir Henry Dockwrae to make all things in readines against his taking the field which he purposed to doe within three daies and his Lordship proiected with them in case Tyrone should goe into Fermanagh how to turne their faces vpon him that way or otherwise to draw into Cormacke mac Barons Countrey for since her Maiesty would not be induced to shew any mercy to Tyrone himselfe the onely way to end the warre was to force Cormacke either presently by feare of his Countries spoiling or in short time by planting a garrison at the Cloher to submit himselfe Some few daies after his Lordship receiued from her Maiesty this following Letter Elizabeth Regina RIght trusty and wellbeloued We greet you well Although We haue heard nothing from you directly since Our last dispatch yet We impute it to no neglect of yours hauing so great cause to iudge the best of your actions when euery dispatch from other parts of Our Kingdome reports of great honour in the successe of Our Army vnder you a matter specially appearing by those letters which We haue seene directed to our Treasurer at Warres in Ireland containing the discourse of your Marches and abiding in the heart of Tyrone and the recouery of that Iland and that Ordinance of Ours which had beene fouly lost before In which respect Wee value the same so much the more acceptably We haue also thought good at this time to adde this further that We are glad
with-draw her Garrisons onely leauing Wardes in the places and if I bee not much deceiued you shall find that these men will bee the last of all Ireland that will forsake the Queenes party and I presume after this Winter doe the Queene good seruice against the Spaniards if they come but if they come before I cannot tell what I may build on but I perceiue by your last letter they are not likely to bee many and then although it may stoppe yet I hope it shall not ouerthrow our worke If there bee no inuasion here if I doe not too much deceiue my selfe I should doe the Queene in her seruice of this Countrie more aduantage by my comming ouer after Michaelmas then I can doe here This Gentleman Sir Richard Treuer I perceiue will settle himselfe in these parts by the which hee may doe her Maiestie good seruice for it is vnfit such land as hee hath giuen him should lie waste and it will bee much better to bee ordered by men of his worth and qualitie And so Sir I beseech God prosper all the Queenes affaires and make vs able to doe her the seruice that her Maiestie doth expect Yours Sir to doe you seruice Mountioy The next day being the twentieth of August the Lord Deputie tooke the field and incamped in the midde way betweene the Newrie and Armagh and there vnderstanding that Tyrone was fled into Fermannagh and thereupon conceiuing that the warre was then chiefely to bee made that way his Lordship resolued first to spoile all the Countrie of Tyrone and to banish all the inhabitants from thence inioyning such of them as would become subiects to liue on the South-side of Blackwater so that if Tyrone returned hee should finde nothing in the Countrie but the Queenes Garrisons Further to preuent his returne and to make the warre more conueniently vpon him and the remnant of the Rebels his Lordship resolued to plant a Garrison at the Agher being Cormocks chiefe house seated neere Fermanagh and neere Monaghan whither Sir Henrie Dockura might draw the greatest part of his forces and whether in one dayes march as the passages were now made most of the forces in the Northerne Garrisons might be drawne together The nine and twentieth day of August his Lordship passed the bridge at Charle-mount ouer the Blackwater and that night encamped by Dungannon which his Lordship made defensible leauing a Ward to keepe the place to bee a retreat for our men going out vpon seruice and to preserue the Oates growing there abouts for our horses in the winter There his Lordship receiued this following letter from Master Secretarie MY very good Lord your Packets of the nineteenth and nine and twentieth of luly were yesterday deliuered me and withall your priuate letter to her Maiestie dated the tenth of August all which were very well allowed of as hereafter more particularly you shall be aduertised this being rather to aduertise you of their receit then that there is left any extraordinary matter for me to write vnto you which is not contained in the last dispatches from hence whereof at the writing of your owne I know you could not aduertise the receit One great cause of my writing this priuate letter is this that where I see how much it doth distract your minde to thinke of Spaine behind you and of the North before you fearing to bee diuerted from the conclusion of your labours you may perceiue in what estate the preparations of Spaine are now as I am certainely aduertised by one of my owne who is newly arriued from the Ports of Lisbone where he tooke shipping the one and twentieth of Iuly last stilo veteri There are two great ships each of one thousand tuns one called the Saint Andrew and the other which shall be the Vice-admirall the name forgotten besides there are but twelue shippes of two hundred tunnes and downewards in which it was resolued to send some fifteene hundred men to haue relieued the siege at Beere hauen the newes of the taking whereof was first knowne there the tenth of Iuly being written from Watersord to Lisbone and not before Of these fifteene hundred men eight hundred came from the Groyne being part of those that were transsported out of Ireland In the Groyne remaineth Odonnell and there is onely the great Saint Phillip with ten small barkes with which he mightny importuned to be sent into the North. If these had been sent into Beere hauen in Mounster hoping vpon his arriuall with some one thousand or fifteene hundred men to haue raised the siege possessed some parts and made a beginning of a Plantation hereof great benefit must needes haue growne to the Rebels for as those small numbers which should haue been landed in Mounster with the bruite of the rest to follow which is alwaies multiplied would haue made a distraction of the Vlster prosecution so any petty descent with him in Vlster would haue raised the new hopes of all those Northerne Rebels And truly my Lord when it is considered how great a benefit it is to the King of Spaine to consume the Queene with charge in Ireland by his bestowing onely once a yeere some such forlorne Companies besides that hee thereby keepeth vp some kind of reputation in Europe in following on his first designe by sending though a few which being added to that which same spreadeth of great numbers filleth the world with continuall rumour of his vndertaking humour I cannot be secured but that he wil stil feede that fier with fewel although I know it a vanitie to beleeue those other fond reports of such mightie preparations and such Armies as he is no way able to imbrace for your Lordship may bee assured whatsoeuer you heare of gathering of numbers by land to this place or that they haue been onely for defence against such attempts as they did ignorantly suspect from the Queene and the Low-Countries and to continue obedience within his Kingdom in the South parts where the Mores haue bin very apt to take armes And for the Gallies wherof we haue heard so many to be brought out of Holy they were intended for some enterprise vpon Larache so as the bruite that they should haue come for Ireland was idle Only it is true that Sir Ki. Leuison defeated those 8 Gallies which were come as far to the Norward as Lisbone vnder the conduct of Spinola who vndertook to bring them into the Low-countries for Sluse but of those eight two being sunk a third spoiled neuer able togo to sea the other 5 were likewise so torne and the slaues so mangled as wee look not to heare of thē in these quarters this summer so as I assure you though our carick proue nothing so much as we expected hauing been much pillaged and many of the goods taken wet yet hath Sir Richard Lonison in this seruice deserued an extraordinary repetation Thus haue I now deliuered rather out of my priuate affection my priuate opinion that no
fearefull to come to you and therefore desires my license to go for England which I haue now sent him with this purpose to giue him contentment as much as may bee and yet when he comes to mee I meane to schoole him and so I hope to hold him in good termes for so at this time especially it doth behoue vs to bring our great worke to the better conclusion I make no question but that both he and O Connor Sligo and the rest of them doe all somewhat iuggle and play on both hands to serue their owne turnes and therefore truly deserue the lesse fauour for they so doe here for the most part and yet I winke at it But since it behoneth vs so greatly to draw the warre to an end to ease her Maiestie of that exceeding charge and consumption of men and Armes which her Maiestie and the State of England are growne verie wearie of and indeed vnwilling to continue much longer Wee that are here imployed as chiefe instruments to effect what so earnestly is desired must beare more for our Countries good then our owne natures can well endure and therefore let mee aduise you with much earnestnesse to apply your selfe vnto it as the onely and sole meanes to make our doings acceptable in England where we must be censured and by your next let me know certainly I pray you whether you haue done any thing already for the intituling of her Maiesty to any of their lands in that Prouince or whether you haue any way attempted it or giuen them cause to suspect it I shall be well satisfied with your answere presuming that you will doe it sincerely yet if any such thing be I pray you proceed no further in it but labour by all meanes to winne them both because I know it to be her Maiesties pleasure and that the multitude of Subiects is the glory of a Prince and so euery way it is fittest to reclaime rather then destroy them if by any good meanes it might be wrought O Connor Slige as you know was restrained of his liberty by the Rebels and that I thinke vpon a letter I sent vnto him so that hee hath a iust pretence for his standing out so long and for any action into which he shall enter neither shall we be able to disproue his allegations though perhaps himselfe be not innocent neither at the beginning nor now You must therefore be content to thinke that what he doth is by compulsion though indeed you doe not thinke so for some reasons apparant to your selfe Your stone worke at Galloway about the Bulworkes will I feare proue chargable and very long yet can I doe no more then recommend it to your good husbandry and discretion who may best iudge what is fittest Tyrone is not yet gone ouer the Earne but lies betweene that and Ruske where I haue planted a garrison and another at the Agher hard by the Clogher which lie both very fitly to doe seruice vpon him To the former all the Garrisons neere the Blackewater and that at Mountioy and Monaghan may fitly draw vpon all occasions and so I haue lefe order with Sir Arthur Chichester who hath the chiefe care of all And to the latter and to Omy which is but twelue miles from it Sir Henry Dockwra hath promised me to put vp most of the Forces of Loughfoyle and to lie there about himselfe To Eniskillin or there about Sir Henry Follyot hath direction to draw his whole Force leauing a Ward onely at Ballishannon and Beleeke which is already done but hee hath not his boates yet from you which is a great hinderance vnto him and therefore I pray you send them with all speed possible if they be not gone already Touching your motion for Master Atturney I now returne to Dublyn where if he cause it to be moued at the Table I will with the rest yeeld to any thing that is fit In the meane time you may vse the chiefe Iustice in those businesses who hath allowance for his diet and is of great experience and continuance in that Prouinee so as thereby hee may best know euery mans disposition I pray you let me heare stom you againe with as much speed as you can touching the state of that Prouince vnder your gouernement And so hoping for all these late bruites that we shall not this yeere be troubled by the Spaniards or if we be that their number shall be small for so Master Secretary hath confidently written to me out of England I commend me right heartily to you From the Newry this twelfth of September 1602. The Lord Deputy being arriued at Dublyn and this Summers seruice ended since the composing of the Irish troubles was henceforward to bee wrought by the garrisons planted in all parts vpon the Rebels and the setling of the State to be managed by Counsellors Sir Henry Dauers Serieant Maior of the Armie was the rather induced by the necessity of his priuate affaires to discontinue his seruice in Ireland Whereupon his place of Serieant Maior being void was conferred vpon Sir Arthur Chichester And because Sir Richard Moryson had a pretence to the place by former hopes giuen him from the Lord Deputy his Lordship to giue him contentment raised his Company of foote reduced lately in a generall cash to 150 to the former number of two hundred The seuen and twenty of September the Lord Deputy at Dublyn teceiued from the Lords in England this following letter directed to his Lordship and the Counsell of Ireland AFter our hearty commendations to your good Lordship and the rest of the Counsell there Whereas your Lordship in your late letters of the twenty nine of the last Iuly doth aduertise vs of a great abuse crept in amongst the Ministers of the victuals in that Realme namely that you cannot know from any of them when the victuals arriue in any Port nor whether it be of an old contract or a new nor whether it be for her Maiesty or themselues and by that meanes you can neuer find how you are prouided for nor what you may further expect and which is worse that the Rebels doe get of the best victuals that are sent thither and you cannot call the Victualer to acount thereof because he affirmes stifly that he is warranted by vs to sell it for his benefit and so as he sell it to the subiect how ill soeuer affected it is no fault of his if the Rebels afterwards get it Vpon this information from your Lordship we haue not onely called all the Victualers to account how this great abuse is committed but haue perused our former order taken this time 2 yeers when we contracted with them to appoint commissaries there for the keeping issuing of victuals by whose default being their Ministers it should seeme these lewd parts are plaied Therefore for your Lordships satisfaction in the first point the answer of Tolles and Cockain will suffice who doe absolutely affirme that they sent
vpon him shall be abused and peruerted to supply the need of the Rebels and the Souldier the worse serued we thinke this matter worthy of strict examination and as seuere punishment as may be inflicted vpon offenders in so high a degree which we earnestly require may be done and that in all these and like cases your Lordship will consider that we of her Maiesties Counsell here that are absent from thence doe proceed generally in these matters as reason doth direct vs and as we receiue light from you and the Counsell there but your Lordship that doth know the state of the Kingdome and see the particular course and disposition of things there and what is fit and not fit may easily reforme those inconueniences and abuses that happen and are committed and informe vs of those particulars that are not within our knowledge that these matters may be carried with more perfect order and rule for the good of the Souldier whose wellfare is onely intended and sought herein to her Maiesties excessiue charge and our great trouble This is another great abuse and though it be not pertaining to this matter yet by reason of late we haue discouered the same to be very common we haue thought good to informe your Lordship therof and earnestly to pray you and the rest of the Counsell to giue strict order it may be auoided The matter is this wee find by diuers examinations taken that it is a common practice that if any Seruing-man Countrey-fellow or labouring-man happen to be maimed or grieuously hurt by any mischance or disorder if he be in any of the Countries neere to the Sea-side or any Port where shipping doth goe for Ireland hee will find passage there and follow the Army in some Company or other and doe such seruices as he is able and when he hath gotten some knowledge of the Countrey and of the Captaines and chiefe Officers then he procureth a pasport from some Captaine or other or else he getteth his name to be inserted in some generall pasport as a man by reason of hurts receiued vnfit for seruice and so vpon his comming ouer hither againe hee is recommended into the Countrey for a Pension by which meanes the Countries are burthened with this kind of men and the poore Souldier that is indeed maimed in the warres is disapointed and hindered of that pension he ought to haue This is to be reformed by two meanes First that order be taken no maimed men that haue receiued their hurts in seruice be sent away in a generall passe because the Statute doth require a particular certificat from their Generall certifying the hurts and maimes the Souldier hath receiued Next the remedy is that no such pasports be giuen but by subscription of your Lordship the prouinciall Gouernours or chiefe Colonels vnder whom he doth serue expressing the hurts and maimes the Souldier hath receiued and in what seruice and vnder what Captaine and the office and place he held in that Company This by generall direction being obserued will auoid the number of counterfet Souldiers and giue due way to the reliefe of the maimed Souldier who indeed without such particular certificat ought not by the Statute to be releeued and the want thereof hath beene great hinderance to many poore men Therefore nothing doubting but your Lordship will take order herein accordingly we bid your Lordship heartily farewell From the Court at Oatelands the 29 of August 1602. The eighth of October the Lord Deputy wrote to the Lord President of Mounster that howsoeuer by reason of Carmacke escape he could not for the present spare the horse and the foote which were with him aboue the Mounster Lyst vnder the command of Sir Samuel Bagnoll yet hee would not faile to send fiftie horse presently into Connaght whether hee purposed shortly to take his iourney being now busie about preparation for the same And further his Lordship prayed him to send a good proportion of victuals from the store in Limricke by water to Athlone without which the Forces could not be kept together in that Prouince and accordingly his Lordship gaue order that boats should be sent from Athlone to Limrick to fetch the same And wheras his Lordship had written to the Sheriffes in Mounster to leauy certaine beeues for the Army he prayed the Lord President to giue them assistance for taking them vp and sending them into Connaght with all conuenient speede The fifteenth of October the Lord Deputy was aduertised from the Lord President that Carmock Mac Dermott lately escaped had made sute to him to be reconciled to the State and that vpon his answer that if he would iustifie himselfe to be innocent he should haue a iust triall or if he would confesse his faults then he would be a suter to the L. Deputie for his pardon hee the said Carmock had made choise to sue for pardon rather then to stand to his triall And that in the meane time all the Castles in his Country were possessed for her Maiesty his followers disposed vnder other Lords vpon good assurance beside the faction which was nourished against him among his neerest Kinsmen which things made him vnable to doe any hurt so as if his Lordship had any occasion to imploy in Connaght the forces which were in Mounster aboue the List of the Prouince his Lordship might dispose of them at his pleasure Further the Lord President aduertised that he vnderstood by one Iames Blacke lately come out of Spaine that O Donnell was dead there and that this newes was most certaine The twentieth of October the Lord Deputy dispatched Captaine Blany from Dublin with Commission to gouerne the Garrisons of Ruske and Monaghan recalling Sir Christopher S. Laurence and Captaine Esmond from that command to repaire to Lublin that his L p might heare and compose the differences risen betweene them He had further order to leaue Captaine Atherton to gouerne the Fort of Mount Norreys wherof he had formerly the command likewise to put vp good store of victuals from the Newry to those Garrisons and to deliuer letters to Sir Arthur Chichester with whom he was to concur in the intended seruices for those parts He was directed to know from Mac Mahown his resolute answere whether he would submit himselfe vpon the conditions sent vnto him and if he refused them then to giue him no further time of protection but to prosecute him presently by all meanes To giue O Gonnor Roe Mac Gayre his best assistance to establish him in his Countrie and for the other Mac Guyre in rebellion not to accept any submission from him except he vndertake some extraordinarie good seruice because he had lately abused the sauour offered him by Sir Henrie Folliot Gouernour of Ballishannon Lastly whereas some of Tyrones Captaines offered to come from him to serue the Queene he was directed to intertaine those offers and either to draw them from him or to make any vse of those offers and treating with them
the horses of our English troopes and they dying thereupon to bee readie to teare out one anothers throate for a share of them And no spectacle was more frequent in the Ditches of Townes and especiallie in wasted Countries then to see multitudes of these poore people dead with their mouthes all coloured greene by eating nettles docks and all things they could rend vp aboue ground These and very many like lamentable effects followed their rebellion and no doubt the Rebels had been vtterly destroyed by famine had not a generall peace shortly followed Tyrones submission besides mercy formerly extended to many others by which the Rebels had liberty to seeke reliefe among the subiects of Ireland and to be transported into England and France where great multitudes of them liued for some yeeres after the peace made The fourth of March the Lord Deputy receiued letters from Sir Henry Dockwra aduertising many vehement suspitions of Sir Neale Garues disloial purposes namely his vnderhand putting Mac Swyne to goe againe into rebellion and to take an Iland of his which was a fit place to set vp a new rebellion and also his making a storchouse of Armes with extraordinary prouisions of them Further he aduertised that himself vsed all meanes to keepe Tyrone in the Glynnes where hee now was till his Lordship came vp which iourney he aduised to bee in the beginning of the next moneth but vnderstanding that within few daies hee would remoue towards Fermanagh howsoeuer the English there at that time were weake yet he would lye for the Arch-rebel on his way to Omy or Agher not doubting but in the passage of those Plaines hee should haue some opportunity of fighting with him and at the least to take good part of his prey from him Lastly he aduertised that he had razed Hen. Ouingtons Castle and Mac Hugbes Iland which both had been neasts and starting holes for theeues The fifteenth of March the Lord Deputy left Dublin and rode towards the Northerne borders where his Lordship with his rotinue lay to and fro the remaining few dayes of this yeere and part of the beginning of the next till Tyrone was receiued to mercy and the war ended to the end his Lordship being in those parts might giue life to the present seruice as wel of the forces sent to prosecute Ororke as of the Garrisons lying in waite for all aduantages vpon Tyrone himselfe and his broken partakers Touching Mounster affaires in the yeere 1602 the Lord Deputy at his comming frō Corke caused Sir Ric. Percy to be sworne Counsellor for the Prouince of Mounster and in his iournall towards Cillkenny Knighted three Irish men Iohn Fitz Edmonds and two Citizens of Watterford Edward Gough and Richard Aylward The Lord President at Killkenny tooke his leaue of the Lord Deputy and making short Iourneys by reason he was sickly came not to Corke till the third of Aprill 1602. When the Spaniards by composition were to render the Castels in the West O Swilliuan Beare had surprised his Castle of Donboy in Beerehauen from the Spaniards where of some were killed in the surprisall which freed them from suspition to haue yeelded it voluntarily contrary to the composition This strong Castle vpon an excellent hauen O Swilliuan kept for the King of Spaine hauing sixty Warders with him at first and three pieces of Spanish Ordinance The Lord President meaning to take this Castle tooke the field the 23 of Aprill and after many attempts vpon the Rebels in which some of them were killed and some taken and executed and many preyes taken by parties sent out it was resolued the fourteenth of May to passe the forces ouer to an Iland called the great Iland that way to march to Beerehauen the way thither by land being vnpassable for the victuals and carriages besides many places of aduantage in the Mountaines where the Rebels though few in number might distresse a great Army and easily forbid their passage Here by the sea side the Foote staied for the ships carrying the Victuals Munition and Ordinance which were detained by contrary winds till the last of May. The sixth of Iune the forces were ferried ouer to the land neere Castle Dermot where they incamped and though they landed in another part then the Rebels expected who lay there to hinder and impeach their landing yet the Rebels hasted to them to begin the skirmish with them when they were in good order and almost had all passed the Ferry so as the Rebels hauing no aduantage in this fight they left 28 dead in the place and had more then 30 wounded whereof Captaine Tirrel was one being slightly hurt in the belly and some were taken prisoners whereas on our part onely seuen were hurt The tenth of Iune our forces hauing landed their Ordinance incamped within musket shot of the Castle of Donboy but not within the sight of the Castle a rising ground lying betweene the Campe and the Castle so as the great shot from the Castle flew ouer the Campe without doing any hurt The twelfth a Fort within the Hand of Dorses kept by the Rebels was surprized by the English and all the Rebels killed or hanged and therein were taken three Iron Peeces of Spanish Ordinance The 17 of Iune after two daies battery the English assaulted the breach and possessed part of the Castle Dunboy the Rebels keeping and defending the rest all that day and night and great part of the next at which time the English were by force made full Masters of it The Rebels defending it were 134 selected Souldiers and all of them were killed in the Castle or seeking to flie or being prisoners were executed in the campe except twelue men of chiefe accompt and most esteemed by Tyrrell which were kept to be examined vpon torture or to worke some good for the seruice with Tyrrell by the sauing of their liues Of Spanish Ordinance there was taken one Demy Culuerin two Sakers and one Falcon of brasse and two Sakers fiue Minions and one Falcon of Iron The Gunners were Italians and Spaniards who perished with the rest nine barrels of powder taken in the Castle were imploied to blow it vp left any Spaniards or Rebels might after make vse of it This Castle taken the Lord President returned to Corke where Sir Samuell Bagnoll attended his comming with letters from the Lord Deputy and according to his Lordships directions the Lord President sent by him 1500 Foote being aboue the old Mounsterlyst who came with these Forces to the Lord Deputy the 29 of Iuly and brought letters from the Lord President aduertising the aboue mentioned confident expectation of a second Spanish inuasion At the same time Sir Edward Wingfield was landed at Corke bringing to the Lord President 500 foote for supplies of the weake Companies Sir Charles Wilmott Gouernour of Kerry wherein were many prouinciall Rebels besides 1000 strangers to helpe them had before the siege of Dunboy prosecuted Mac Morris cleered Kerry of all Rebels
Roman Religion with the appeasing thereof in the beginning of the yeere 1603. Together with the Lord Deputies recalling into England and the rewards there giuen him for his seruice in the beginning of the yeere 1603 with mention of his vntimely death within few yeeres after and a word of the State of Ireland some ten yeeres after THE fiue and twentieth of March in the beginning of the yeere 1603 the Lord Deputy wrote this following letter from Mellifant Sir Garret Moores house to Master Secretary in England SIR I haue receiued by Captaine Hayes her Maiesties letters of the sixth of February wherein I am directed to send for Tyrone with promise of securitie for his life onely and vpon his arriuall without further assurance to make stay of him till her pleasure should bee further knowne and at the same time I receiued another from her Maiestie of the seuenteenth of February wherein it pleased her to inlarge the authority giuen vnto me to assure him of his life liberty and pardon vpon some conditions remembred therein And withall I receiued a letter from your selfe of the eighteenth of February recommending to me your owne aduice to fulfill as far as I possibly could the meaning of her Maiesties first letter and signifying her pleasure that I should seeke by all the best meanes I can to promise him his pardon by some other name then Earle of Tyrone and rather by the name of Barron of Dungannon or if it needes must bee by the name of some other Earle Secondly to deliuer him his Country in lesse quantity and with lesse power then before he had it And lastly to force him to cleare his paces and passages made difficult by him against any entrie into his Countrie And now since it hath pleased her Maiesty by so great a trust to giue me so comfortable Arguments of her fauour I am incouraged the more freely to presume to declare my selfe in this great matter which I call great because the consequence is great and dangerous to be delt in without the warrant of her gratious interpretation And though my opinion herein should proceede from a long and aduised consideration described with large and many circumstances and confirmed with strong and iudiciall reasons yet because I thinke it fit to hasten away this messenger I will write of these things somewhat though on the sudden and commit the rest to the sufficient iudgement and relation of the Lord President now in his iourney towards you and the rather because I finde him to concurre with mee in the apprehension of this cause and of the state of all other things of this Kingdome And first for her Maiesties first letter I pray you Sir beleeue me that I haue omitted nothing both by power and policy to ruine him and vtterly to cut him off and if by either I may procure his head before I haue engaged her Royall word for his safety I doe protest I will doe it and much more be ready to possesse my selfe of his person if by only promise of life or by any other meanes wherby I shal not directly scandal the maiesty of publike faith I can procure him to put himself into my power But to speak my opinion freely I thinke that he or any man in his case would hardly aduenture his liberty to preserue onely his life which he knoweth how so well to secure by many other waies for if he flie into Spaine that is the least wherof he can be assured and most men but especially he doe make little difference betweene the value of their life and liberty and to deceiue him I thinke it will bee hard for though wiser men then hee may be ouer-reached yet he hath so many eyes of iealousie awake that it will bee vnpossible to charme them and I do vpon assured ground beleeue that it is nothing but feare of his safety that of a long time especially of late hath kept him frō conformity to the State and if any thing do keep him now from accepting the lowest conditions and from setling himself and his hart to a constant seruing of her Maiestie it will be feare of an absolute forgiuenes or the want of such an estate as may in any measure cōtent him The danger of his subsisting as he doth is either if there come no forraine forces to maintaine still a loose head of Rebellion which will be better able to offend any such as are become subiects then we can be if we were a thousand times more to defend them at all times and in all places to stirre vp and to maintaine al humors and to be a wound remaining open vnto which they may haue recourse and vpon all accidents bee readie to swell or to infect the whole bodie of this Kingdome Otherwise if there should be any inuasion to be a powerfull and politick head to draw this Countrie to their assistance If there come no forraigne Forces and that hee should bee cut off yet is it likely some other in the nature of a spoiling outlaw would arise vp in his place as ill as himselfe and if hee bee kept prisoner the like effects will arise as if hee were dead If hee bee cut off or kept prisoner and the Spaniards should arriue most of the Swordmen will flocke vnto them for aduantage of pay and the discontentment of Lords of Countries would be as great or greater then if hee were amongst them and therefore they as likely to fall then as now to the Spanish partie but if it were possible to make him a good subiect the vse her Maiestie may make of him must bee amongst these people since during his life and libertie none will aspire to that place of O Neale which doth carrie with it so great an interest in the North and what interest hee hath hee may bee led to employ to suppresse and settle the mindes of the people to gouernement and hauing once declared himselfe to bee a dutifull subiect it will be first a great discouragement for the Spaniards to come and if they doe come if hee continue honest his presence and interest will sway the North from giuing them assistance or annoying the subiects if we withdraw our Garrisons and make the rest of Ireland more aduised how they declare themselues against the State Sir to conclude because I cannot shortly expresse mine owne minde herein I thinke it best if it please her Maiestie to receiue him to her mercy so that first his submission bee made in as humble sort and as much for her Maiesties Honour as can be deuised and then that she assure him of absolute forgiuenesse and forgetting of his faults and as much honour and profit as he had before prouided that wee take from him as much as possibly wee may those lockes wherein his chiefest strength lyes Otherwise I am perswaded either the Queene shal not serue her owne turne by him if shee keepe him prisoner or he will serue his turne if he liue at
them hauing the Lawes Magistrates People and all passengers together with a good cause on his side but this is peculiar to the English that not onely the officers of Iustice but all priuate men present or meeting him by chance are bound to apprehend a murtherer or any theefe that the next Constables or vnder officers are bound to pursue them by hue and cry from Village to Village and City to City And howsoeuer the English are for a great part discended of the French and so partaking with them nature and manners haue also like customes more specially in quarrels and single fights yet in France they haue not this custome to pursue and apprehend malefactors Onely they haue Marshals in seuerall Prouinces to pursue malefactors with light horses but otherwise onely the officers of Iustice vse to apprehend them in Cities And of late to represse the malice of men after a long ciuill warre breaking out into single fights and murthers they haue made seuere Lawes and imposed great penalties vpon those that quarrell especially if any bloud be shed whereas in England onely man slaiers are called in capitall question and small or no punishment is inflicted vpon one that lightly wounds another For the rest the French and English haue the same aptnesse to quarrels and the same brauerie in these single fights Also the Scots are therein like the English saue that the Scots will take parts and assaile an enemie with disparitie of numbers and armes wherein also the Northerne English are not at this day fully reformed In this kind the Barbarous Irish doe offend in Ireland but the English and Irish-English there haue the customes of the English And in times of peace few or no theeues rob by the high waies of Ireland but the stealths of Cowes Horses and Sheepe are frequent All I haue said of this subiect is onely to this purpose that the Traueller being informed of the condition of Iustice Combats and Roberies in forraigne parts may better learne to apply himselfe to patience and to vse moderation according to the necessitie danger more proper to him then others in diuers places 24 Being to write of simulation I am at a stay and grope for passage as in a darke Labyrinth for the voyce of the Vulgar esteemes the vice of dissimulation proper to a Traueller and highly doth reproch him there with Shall we then say that hee who knowes so to liue with Italians Spaniards and very barbarous Pagans as he can gaine their well-wishing will be at home and among his friends subiect to the odious vice of dissimulation the very plague of true friendship Surely by trauell the good become better in all kinds of vertue and the ill more wicked in all vices But let the indifferent Iudge tell me if the greater part of Clownes vnder their rugged cotes and most Lawyers and Merchants vnder the shadow of faire words and sometimes wicked periuries haue not more skill to dissemble if that be to deceiue then any Traualer whatsoeuer not excepting Plato himselfe No doubt simulation in fit place and time is a vertue He that cannot dissemble cannot liue But hee that so dissembles as he is accounted a dissembler indeed hath not the skill to dissemble but is noted with that infamy so as another shall better bee belieued vpon his word then hee vpon his oath Cicero commends the saying of Epicharmus Remember to distrust and calles it the sinew of wisedome and the Italians haue a Prouerb Da chi mifido miguarda Dio Da chinon mifido miguarderò io From him I trust God helpe me at my neede Of him I trust not my selfe will take heede Antigonus prayes God to defend him from his friends Let me speake of mine owne experience My selfe was neuer deceiued by the Italians whom I suspected but by a German which Nation hath a cleare countenance and generall reputation of honesty I was at Lindaw stripped and cousoned for a time of al the gold I carried about me Therefore it is a point of art for a Traueller to know how to auoide deceit and how to dissemble honesty I meane to saue himselfe not to deceiue others Let him haue a cleare countenance to all men and an open brest to his friend but when there is question of his Countries good of his enemies lying in waite for him of his owne credit or life let him shut his bosome close from his inward friends That Counsell thou wouldest haue another keepe first keepe it thy selfe A Traueller must dissemble his long iourneys yet onely in dangerous places and among suspected persons My selfe haue obserued some too warie in this kinde who in most safe waies vsed grosse caution to hide from their neere friend the purpose of their iourney and sometimes in Cities would conceale where and what hower they dined and supped In like sort a traueller must sometimes hide his money change his habit dissemble his Country and fairely conceale his Religion but this hee must doe onely when necessity forceth Let mee insist vpon some examples which are most proper to manifest the truth in a darke argument My selfe in Italy many times passed for a German and then consorted my selfe with Germans faithfull companions as they bee all in generall haters of drunkennes as some of them be either drinking altogether water or vsing the French diet and of the same Religion with me as those are of the Palatinate of Rheme and in some other Prouinces Then I couenanted with these my consorts that when any man spake Dutch to me though I had some skill in that Language especially for vulgar speeches and most of all if wee were in any long discourse one of them should take the answere out of my mouth as being slow of speech though it were done somewhat vnmannerly Secondly that if I were discouered in any dangerous place not to be a German as I professed they should say that I was vnknowne to them and by the way fell into their company and so withdrawing themselues out of danger by leauing the place should leaue to me the care of my selfe And with these consorts I went to Naples and there confidently though lesse wisely in respect of the warre betweene England and Spaine I entered to view the strong Fort kept by the Spaniards and after went to Milan Another time vnder the name of a Polonian I went to the Duke of Loraine his Court at Nanzi where being curiously sifted by the guard at the City-gate and being asked many questions about the King and Queene and State of Poland I so satisfied them as they admitted me into the City but when at the very entrance they bad me hold vp my hand which ceremony the French vse in taking of othes I was much affraied least they should put me to my oath for my Country but when they had asked me if I came not from any place infected with the plague and I had answered no vpon my oth they let me passe into
and like permanent things All the buildings haue Thrasonicall inscriptions either ingrauen or painted vpon them of the founders praise and almost of his pedegree The houses of Citizens and of the common sort are of vnpolished stone and commonly of little flints lowly built with a roofe almost lying flat without windowes and couered with tiles The Gentlemens Pallaces are most frequent and are built as well in Cities as in the Country of carued freestone and marble and most of them altogether of diuers coloured Marbles For they haue many Quarryes of marble so as the same being not farre fetcht the magnificence of their building is rather in shew then in charge to bee preferred before our buildings of polished free-stone Many of their Pallaces seeme fit to receiue a King with his Court for the stately building but not for the capacity the Italian Families being small and solitary The building of them is in such fashion as the first vpper chamber is large and as long as a gallerie fit to intertaine great companies with feastes and dancing the windowes being great and lying open to admit ayre and couered with Arras to leane vpon and hauing on the inside windowes of wood to close by night The rest of the Chambers are on each side of this Gallerie richly furnished with Hangings Beds imbrodered and sumptuous furniture and Tapestrie spread vnder feete where the chayres stand but the roomes are narrow and haue little windowes couered but not with glasse For the windowes of all Italy are couered with linnen cloth or paper onely the Citie of Venice boasts of the singularitie that the windowes thereof are commonly glazed yet so are also the windowes of some few Pallaces in other parts The Italians more willingly spend their money in building wherein they delight to haue coole chambers with open Tarrasses lying vpon waters and shades on the sides of the house where the Sunne least comes and likewise in adorning Fountaines with shade seates and images in making caues vnder the earth and water-conduits then in any earthly thing their mistresse alwaies excepted And because they cannot indure labour for their diseased ioynts or the heate of the Countrie they striue to make their staires very easie and by much compassing to raise the ground by little and little wherein they vse so great Art as in some places a horseman may with ease and almost vnsensible ascent ride vp to the top of high Towers The floares of their vpper chambers are not boarded but paued with plaster or with a matter made of lime and tiles Some Cities as Bologna Padona and others in the Dukedome of Mantua are built with arches towards the streete like Cloysters of Monasteries and how soeuer the streete is durty yet vnder them is pleasant and dry walking euen in rainy weather For other Cities the streetes whereof lie open at Rome they are paued conueniently with flints at Sienna beautifully with brickes at Florence Pistoia Lucca and Naples stately with Freestone very broad and easie Touching Tarky in the Greeke Ilands in Asia and Affricke commonly the houses are built of vnpolished stones and flint onely one roofe high and many times with arches towards the street alwaies with windowes not glased or couered but open and the floare on the top of houses is beaten plaine with plaster and compassed with a wall indented on the top some yard high And here in the open aire they eate and walke by day and lodge at night so as a man may see all his neighbours in bed about him For they are seldome some once or twice in the yeere about September troubled with raine Particularly at Ierusalem for their locks the keyes be made of wood not of Iron At Constantinople and in the Prouinces adioyning the houses are commonly of impolished stone and flint or of timber and clay plastered or of earth formed like bricke but not hardned by fier and are built some two stories high and with a roofe almost lying flat without windowes and couered with tiles much after the common building of Italy In generall the houses haue large windowes not closed with glasse or other thing but altogether open only by night to be closed with wodden windowes after the Italian manner The streetes of Constantinople are narrow raised on each side for the passage of men and women but there also narrow the middle part of the streetes being so broad as one Asse or like beast loaded may passe for they vse no Coaches or Carts The Sultans or Emperours Pallace vulgarly called Saray and by the Italians Seraglio is of some three square Courtyards built round about of Freestone and pieces of Marble with arches towards the yard like Cloysters which are paued with broad stones this Pallace hath a very spatious Garden round compassed with a stone wall Some few Pallaces of the Visiers or Bashaes in this City are built of polished Freestone two roofes high with the highest roofe almost flat after the manner of the Italian Pallaces And it is worth the obseruation that each Mosche or Turkish Church rising in the top with diuers Globes and they being couered with brasse or Copper they make a beautifull shew especially the Sunne shining and more especially because they are seated vpon hilles The Turkish Bashacs laugh at them who tell how beautifull and stately the Christians Pallaces are builton the out-side as if they onely respected the inward magnificence But Christians doe also desite this inward beauty some more some lesse And that the Turkes neglect outward beauty the desire of inward beauty is not the true reason thereof For as they place all religion in the shew and outward things so no doubt they would in this also greatly respect the outside were it not that they liue vnder such a tyrannical Gouernment which makes all the Empire full of desolation so as they doe not preserue the houses they conquered from Christians in their wonted magnificence much lesse themselues erect such stately building ' yea dare not haue any rich housholdstuffe at least to be vulgarly seene lest their riches should make them a prey to their Magistrates or souldiers finding nothing so safe vnto them as the sordide shew of pouertie And this is the cause that many of them hide and bury their treasure vnder the earth whereof the free vse would proue dangerous to them and as the Poet saith Quò mihi diuitiae Sinon conceditur vti What doe riches profit me Who to vse them am not free But the Turkes and especially the Christians subiect to them being borne and from infancy bred vnder the yoke of perpetuall slauery and hauing neuer tasted the sweetenesse of liberty doe beare with ease this burthen which we thinke vnsupportable In France the houses of Paris are of vnpolished great stones couered ouer with plaster and are built stately three or foure sometimes sixe roofes high with the highest roofe which hath windowes and they are couered with tiles The building of
diet Their sheepe are very little bearing a course wooll and commonly blacke which they export not but make course cloath thereof for the poorer sort the Gentlemen and for the most part the Citizens wearing English cloath The libertie of hunting commonly reserued to Princes and absolute Lords and they haue great store of red Deare feeding in open Woods which the Princes kill by hundreds at a time and send them to their Castlas to be salted vsing them in stead of beefe for the feeding of their families They haue no fallow Deare except some wild kinds vpon the Alpes They haue great store of fresh fish in Lakes Ponds and Riuers among which the Lakes of Sweitzerland are most commended At Hamburg they catch such plentie of Sallmons as it is a common report that the seruants made couenant with their Masters not to bee fed therewith more then two meales in the weeke and from thence great plentie of Sturgeon is exported Either the cold driues away birds or else they labour not to take them for I did seldome see them ferued at the table but onely Sparrowes and some few little birds In all their Riuers I did neuer see any Swannes yet they say that at Lubeck and about priuate Castles of Gentlemen they haue some few They say that they haue some mines of Gold but surely they abound with mines of Siluer aboue all Europe and all mettals where so euer found are by a Law of the Golden Bull appropriated to the Emperour and to the Electors in their seuerall dominions Also they abound with copper and brasse where with they couer many Churches but within forty yeeres past the English haue brought them Leade which they vse to that and other purposes Also they haue great plenty of Iron and they haue Fountaines yeelding most white Salt in Cities farre within the land which Cities are commonly called Halla Austria beyond the Danow yeelds excellent Saffron and at Iudiburg in Styria growes store of Spica Celtica as the Latin Herbalists call it In the season of the yeere yellow Amber is plentifully gathered vpon the Sea coast of Prusfia and Pomerania The Germans export into forraigne parts and there sell many curious and well prised workes of manuall Art And it is worth the consideration that the Citizens of Nurnberg dwelling in a sandy and baeren soile by their industrie and more specially by their skill in these manuall Arts liue plentifully and attaine great riches while on the contrary the inhabitants of Alsatia the most fruitfull Prouince of all Germany neglecting these Arts and content to enioy the fatnesse of their soyle in slothfull rest are the poorest of all other Germans Moreouer the vpper part of Germany abounds with Woods of Firre which tree as the Lawrell is greene all Winter and it hath many Okes also vpon the Alpes and not else where and lower Germany especially towards the Baltick Sea aboundeth with Woods of Oke They conuey great store of wood from the Alpes into the lower parts by the Riuer Rheine cutting downe whole trees and when they are marked casting them one by one into the Riuer to be carried downe with the violent streame thereof or otherwise binding many together to floate downe with men standing vpon them to guide them And at many Cities and Villages they haue seruants which know the trees by the markes and gather them vp in places where they may best be sold. The Cities that are one the Sea-coast on the North side of Germany haue very great ships but more fit for taking in great burthen then for sayling or fighting which the Netherlanders more commonly fraught with their commodities then the Germans themselues neither are the German Marriners much to bee commended The German Sea in good part and the Baltick Sea altogether are free from Pyrats which is the cause that their ships are little or not at all armed onely some few that trade into Spaine carry great Ordinance but are generally made large in the ribs rather fit for burthen then fight at Sea I neuer obserued them to haue any common prayers morning or euening as our English ships haue while they bee at Sea but the Marriners of their owne accord vse continually to sing Psalmes and they are punished by the purse who sweare or so much as once name the diuell from which they abhorre And herein they deserue to be praysed aboue the Holanders in whose ships a man shall heare no mention of God or his worship The said free Cities of Germany lying on the Sea-coast are called Hansen-stetten that is free Cities because they had of old in all neighbour Kingdoms great priuiledges of buying any wares as wel of strangers as Citizens and of selling or exchanging their own wares to either sort at pleasure and to bring in or carry out all commodities by their owne shippes with like immunities equall to Citizens in all the said Dominions and no lesse preiudiciall to them then aduantageous to themselues In England they were wont to dwell together at London in the house called the Stilyard and there to enioy these liberties which long since haue laine dead the Germans seldome bringing ought in their ships into England and the English hauing now long time found it more commodious to vse their owne shipping and iustly complaining that the English had not the like priuiledges in the said free Cities for which cause the priuiledges of the Germans were laid dead in England though not fully taken away Caesar witnesseth that the Schwaben inhabiting Suenia then containing great part of Germany admitted Merchants not to buy any thing themselues but onely to sell the spoyles they got in warre But Munster a German writes that these Sueuians or schwaben are now the onely forestallers of all things sold in faires or Markets and that for this cause they are excluded from buying any thing through Germany except it bee sold in their owne Townes of trafficke In generall the Germans doe applie themselues industriously to all trafficke by land which onely the free Cities on the Sea-coast exercise somewhat coldly by sea At home the Germans among themselues spend and export an vnspeakeable quantity of Beere with great gaine which yeelds great profit to priuate Citizens and to the Princes or publike Senate in free Cities there being no Merchandize of the World that more easily findes a buyer in Germany then this For the Germans trafficke with strangers I will omit small commodities which are often sold though in lesse quantitie yet with more gaine then greater and in this place I will onely speake of the commodities of greater moment aswell those that the Country affords as those that buy in forraigne parts to be transported in their owne ships The Germans export into Italy linnen clothes corne wax fetcht from Dantzk and those parts and coyned filuer of their owne which they also exchange vncoined with some quantity of gold Into England they export boards iron course linnen clothes and of that
time ripe and greene Oranges and buds They haue like plenty of Citron Limon and Cedar trees which in Lombardy grow vpon the bricke wals of Gardens as Vines doe with vs and are kept in earthen vessels but vpon the mountaines and hils of vpper Italy the fields abound with these Trees which both in body and fruit are as bigge as our Apple-trees and they transport great store of these fruites into forraigne parts There be many woods of Chesnuts which they little esteeme onely poore people eating them and with the rest they feed Hogges as with Acornes The Chesnut tree is not vnlike the Oake tree but that it is more small high and straight There be some woods of Pine trees which are high without any boughs or leaues to the very top where they haue a round tuft and they beare at one time the fruit of three veeres one pine Apple round and sharpe at the top hauing some hundreth or more knobs like hasell nuts in which knob the kernell is of little bignesse but of such vertue to prouoke wantonnesse as they serue it at all feasts All the fields are full of figtrees not small as with vs but as big in the body as some Appel-trees and they haue broad leaues The fruite hath the forme of a long 〈◊〉 and a blacke skinne and a red iuyce being to be sucked like sugar in taste Neither doe I thinke any fruite to bee more pleasant then this pulled from the tree I say pulled from the tree because the drie figges exported are not in taste comparable thereunto In the fields of vpper Italy are great plenty of Almond trees so as you would say that a whole Prouince is but one Garden Like plenty haue they of O iue trees which yeeld a sweet oyle vsed by them in stead of butter and in sorraigne parts for wholsomnesse yet I cannot think that it can be whok some when it is heated as the Italians vse it to fry meates They haue some but not to great plenty of Pomegranates which tree is not vnlike that of the white Role but the leaues are little and the flowers and the buds of a red colour The Husbandmen make ditches about the rootes of all these fruite trees and the inhabitants of pleasant taly are notable in all kind of husbandrie The Cypresse Popler and Oake trees grow in many places but are little esteemed as bearing no fruite Italy vpon the Hilles and Mountaines lying towards the Sunne yeelds rich Wines and very nourishing yet some out of experience say they are not wholsome for fat men as causing obstructions and hindring the passage of the vrine and other cuacuations but I am sure they are more pleasant in taste then any other wine whatsoeuer brought into England that euer I tasted But of all the kinds of Wine to be named in my following discourse I haue spoken more at large in the first Part writing my iournall through Italy I haue seene Pease Artichokes cloued Gilly flowers and other flowers of the best kinds sold in the Market-place of Saint Marke in Venice all the moneth of Februarie but they had not the odoriferous smell of Summer-flowers Also at Genoa in the moneth of December I did see the same flowers and fruits sold and many of them for one bolineo yea the flowers were odoriferous in smell and newly gathered which made me thinke that those I did see at Venice were preserued by Art and not newly gathered And they of Genoa acknowledge that they learned the art to make flowers grow in Winter of Cowes by chance nipping-offsome budds in Summer which they obserued to bud and put forth againe in Winter for the Gareners vpon this obseruation did themselues nip offsome buds newly put forth in Summer and forbearing to water that roote all Summer time did vpon approach of Winter digge about the route and sow cloues about it to make the Winter-flowers haue the better 〈◊〉 and then couering the roote with earth began daily to water it and with this Art sooner or later vsed they make the earth yeeld Roses or any flowers in what moneth of the yeere they will to that the ground lye vpon the South Sunne and fenced from cold windes The Gulfe of Venice affoards fishing to serue that City in good plenty the Sea of Rome affoards lesse and that of Genoa none at all But in the Sea of Genoa neare the Ilands Sardinia and Corsica they fish Cora's sold at Genoa for three lyres the ownce In the markets at Venice they haue great ovsters but in no great plenty and diuers kinds of shel-fish as Cockles Scalops and Rasers called in the Italian tongue Cape tonde round Cape Cape Sante holy Cape and Cape longe long Cape and these they haue in more plenty then in most parts of England but the Oysters are very deare some twenty for a lyre and I doe not remember to haue seene shelfish in any other City of Italy but onely in Venite Neither haue the Italians any store of fresh-water fish so as most of their Markets are furnished in very Lent-time with salted and dried fishes or at least newly dead which the Germans cannot indure vsing to see them aliue before they will cate them They haue at certaine times of the yeere reasonable plentie of birds but not great in number or variety of kinds but Hens and especially those of Turkey or the Indies seeme more plentifully serued in the Markets because the common sort feedes onely vpon rootes diuers kinds of pulse hearbs and small meates dried or salted I remember not to haue seene any Storkes in Italy no not in the free Cities and States where fabulous Writers say they most willingly liue as vnder more iust Lords and Gouernours The Italian Gentlemen much delight in the art to catch birds and in Gardens fitted to that purpose with nets bushes and glades sparing no cost or industrie in that kind Not onely the Gentlemen but euen the Princes of Italy openly prosesse to be Merchants which our men with leaue may I say foolishly 〈◊〉 and onely permit the retailing of their goods to men of inferiour sort keeping all trade in grosle or whole sale to themselues or at least by their treasures commonly great and authoritie such as it is drawing the chiefe profit thereof into their owne purses And by this course they keepe the Patrimonies discending from their Ancestors and daily increase them while our Gentlemen prodigall in expence and ashamed to make honest gaine destroy their Families But of all trades they are most inriched by silke and clothes made of it especially they of Florence and Lucca where the Gentlemen for exercise of this trade keepe open shops The Silke-wormes are vulgarly called Farfalli which infold themselues in a piece of silk they weaue of an ouall forme and yellow color and some of them so infolded are let out for preseruation of the kind by clipping that piece of silke they weaued the other pieces are set in
the Mountaine Taurus vpon the furthest bosome of the Mediterranean Sea or Iccian Gulfe where Alexander the Great ouercame Darius and there is Tarsus now called Bias in which Towne Saint Paul was borne 15 Armenia the lesser is thought by some to be the Land Ararat vpon the Mountaines whereof the Arke of Noah rested after the deluge Vnder this Prouince some comhrehend 16 Chomagena being ful of Mountaines and confining vpon Asia the lesser towards the East The Geographers diuide Asia the greater into fiue parts according vnto fiue Empires the first of the Duke of Moscouia the second of great Cham ouer the Tartars the third of the Persian King the fourth of diuers Indian Kings the fifth of Ottomen ouer the Turkes And this last onely belongs to my purpose therefore omitting the rest I will speake of it The great Turke hath these Prouinces in Asia the greater namely Syria Arabia Babylonia Chaldea Assyria and diuers Ilands Siria is vulgarly called Sorya and containes Palestina Phaenitia Caelosyria Damaseena Sirophaenitia and as some account Mesopotamia Palestina of old called Canaan is subdeuided into Idumaea Iudaea Samarta Galilea Idumea of old called Edom is not vnfertil and abounds with Palme-trees but where it confines vpon Arabia is said to bee barren and there are the Mountaines called Sur in Scriptures It had these chiefe Cities of old Maresa Ascalon Asotos Iudea is the second Prouince of Palestina so called of the Tribe of Iudae and Ierusalem the chiefe City thereof is at this day called Chutz The most famous places therof are Bethlehem Bethania Mount Oliuet Ierico Ioppe where S. Peter raised Dorcas from the dead Lydda where he healed the man sicko of the Palsie Arimathia where Ioseph was borne and Hebron where Saray the wife of Abraham and foure Patriarkes lye buried The Hebrewes say that the vally called Sittim by Moses was most 〈◊〉 where now is the Lake Asphaltis and in this valley stood Sodom and Gomora Beyond Iordan is the desart of Betabora where Iohn baptised and the Land Gilliad where the Amonites and Moabites dwelt of old Samaria the third Prouince of Palestine had these Cities Sichim Capernaum seated vpon the Lake Geneseret Nahim where Christ raised the widowes son Betzaida Coratzen beyond the Lake Gadera is Samaria the chiefe City of the ten Tribes that fel from Iuda Galilea the last Prouince of Palestine is deuided into the vpper and the lower The vpper called Gallile of the Gentiles containes the Kingdome Basen and hath these Cities Chana the Greater Cesarea Philippi Seleutia and Gaulon and this Prouince had the title of Tetrarch The lower had the same title and containes the Regions of Decapolis and Traconitis beyond Iordan The chiefe Cities thereof were Betsaida Chana the lesser and Nazaret And here is the Mount Tabor where Christ was transfigured And the Riuer Iordan running through all Palestine hath two heads Iar and Dan vpon the Mount Antilibanus and running thence into the lake Asphaltis by the way makes two Lakes Samachonitis vpon the confines deuiding the two Galilies and Genezaret or Tyberias vpon the confines betweene the lower Galily and Samaria Phenicia the second part of Syria lies vpon the Sea and reacheth to Serophenicia from the City Dora vpon the Sea to the Mount Carmelus where it is confined with the Mount Lybanus The chiefe Cities thereof were Dora Ptolemais Acon Tyrus Sarcpta and Sydon Selosiria the third part of Syria so called as crooked or hollow had of old the title of Tetrarch in which is the City Damascus which giues the name Damascena to the fourth part of Syria and here Allabaster growes of which they make vessels Damascus is thought to be built by the seruants of Abraham and neere the City is a place where Christ appeared to Saint Paul and the Sepulcher of Zachartas is said to be there and they shew a place where Caine is said to haue killed Abell The soile is most fertile so as Writers and the consent of all Men witnesse that grapes grow there all the yeere and that there is plenty of Quinces Figges Almonds and Damasco Prunes Sirophenitia the fifth part of Syria hath these Cities Beritum of old called happy Iulia Biblus Iripolis Landicia Antiochia of old called Reblatha which after it had beene decaied by a great Earthquake was rebuilt by the Emperour Iustinian and called Theopolis a famous City in which the Professours formerly called Disciples first had the name of Christians and Histories testifie that Saint Peter was the first Bishop thereof Mesopotamia the last part of Syria is so called as lying betweene two Riuers swift Tygris so called of the swiftnesse Tygris in the Medes tongue signifying an Arrow and Euphrates And by the yeerely ouerflowing of these Riuers after the Solstice as Egypt by that of Nilus the soyle is made most fertile whereof Writers report wonders namely that one measure sowed yeeldes fifty and in some places sixty measures and that plants perpetually flourish there yet that the inner parts want water so as the Inhabitants finding a spring vse to keepe it secret that it may not be knowne to their enemies At this day the Turkes call this Prouince Diarbecke the Cities whereof are Edessa and Carra which Moses in the twelfth Chapter of Genesis cals Haram where Abraham dwelt when hee came out of Chaldea 2 Arabia is the second part of the Turkish Empire in Asia the greater which is subdeuided into Petrea rocky desert and happy Arabia The Israelites liued forty yeeres in rocky Arabia being full of Mountaines and barren whereof proceeded their murmurings There is famous Mount Sinay vpon which Gods Law was published and ouer against it Mount Horeb. In Sinay is the Region Nabathea and the City thereof Petra after called Arech is in the Scriptures called Petra of the desart and neere it lies the Region Agra or Agara the Inhabitants whereof were called Agarens as comming of Hagar Concubine to Abraham Desert Arabia is barren destitute of waters and couered with deepe sand the Inhabitants whereof doe liue in Tents hauing no certaine abiding but neere Euphrates some dwellings are where is the famous Towne Tapsacum after called Amphipolis Happy Arabia lies almost in the forme of a Chersonesus or necke of Land betweene the two great gulfes of the Sea the Arabian gulfe and the Persian and it yeelds Cinnamon Franckensence Mirh the Gumme Ladanum and other precious Odours and abounds with Hony Waxe and all kinds of Cattell excepting Swine onely It is said that Granes of Gold as bigge as Acorres are found here among the cloddes of the Earth It hath the Bird Phaenix of which kinde there is neuer more then one onely which by striking of stones together kindles a fier and burnes her selfe in her nest of myrh and of the Ashes comes a worme which becomes a Bird and so the Phaenix liues againe They fish pearles in the Arabian gulfe and Iewels are found vpon the Sea shore The Nation of the Sabaeans
stadia distant towards the North lye the three famous Pyramides Three dayes iourney towards the East in a Garden called Matarta being well fortified of old grew and still growes the hearb Balsamum sweating Balsam out of the boughes and being cut with a knife yeelding the more precious Opobalsamum and at this day the same is found euen at Caiero in the Gardens of the richer sort They say also that Corrall is found in the Red Sea I had almost omitted the Citie Arsinoe also called the Citie of the Crocodiles because the Crocodile was there worshipped Nilus falles into the Mediterranean Sea in seuen great Armes which haue the names of the adiacent Townes namely Heracleoticum or canopicum Boluiticum Sebamticum Patinicum Mendesium Caniticum and Pelusiacum the first and the last whereof are one hundred and seuenty miles distant one from the other The Nilus doth yeerely ouerflow and thereby giues incredible fertility to the ground and the snow melting vpon the Mountaines of Luna or the constellation of the Moone and Mercury are thought to bee causes of this ouerflowing And the same happening to bee greater or lesse then vsuall or comming later or sooner then vsuall is a signe of dearth to them whereof Pliny saith that Egypt in twelue cubites height of the floud feeleth famine atthirteene cubites is hungry but that fourteene makes them merry fifteene safe and sixteene brings plenty and dainties It is strange that all other Riuers eating and consuming their bankes Nilus rather increaseth them by bringing with it a mud that couers the sand and doth as it were dung the fields to make them more fertill In sixty dayes after the floud the fields are cleare of water The floud increaseth from the Summer Solstice to the Suns entring into Libra and after the water retires into his owne bed About the twelfth of October they sow their fields and in May following reape their haruest Egypt with the Prouinces belonging to it hath long been subdued by the Turkes 6 Lybia hath diuers Prouinces Biledurgeret that is the Region of Dates is inhabited by the black Getuli From thence towards the Riuer Niger lye the Deserts of Lybia waste and full of Lyons Pardes and other fierce and venemous beasts whereof came the fictions of Medusa and Persues The inhabitants of Atsanaga are of a colour betweene tawny and blacke At the Promontory called the white Cape is the Citie called Argen where the Arabians and Portugalls trade together At the Promontory called the greene Cape the Riuer Niger falles into the Atlantick Ocean and the inhabitants are called Nigrite This tract containes many Kingdomes namely Senige Gambrey Tambot Guangara where the Garamantes dwelt of old two Kingdoms of Nubia and other Kingdomes which I omit as subiect to their Kings or to Pretz Ian and so not belonging to our purpose 7 AEthiopia is diuided by Nilus into inward and outward Inwad AEthiopia is diuided by old Writers into AEthiopia properly so called Trogloditica and Barbaria and in the middes thereof is the Iland Meroe made by Nilus in which was a City called Meroe the seate of the old Kings after called Saba whence was the queene which came to Salomon and the Eunuch of Queene Candaces whom Philip baptized The Troglodites liue in caues of the earth and their kingdom is at this day called Adel. Barbaria extends eight degrees beyond the AEquator from the promontory called Capo di 〈◊〉 to the Gulfe of Barbary and was so called of old The outward AEthiopia is called AEgisimba by Ptolomy and containes the Kingdome of Amatzen and of Vangue seated vnder the AEquinoctiall line All AEthiopia and part of Libia are said to bee subiect to Pretz Ian therefore I say no more of them nor of the Kingdomes vnder the Mountaines of Luna as pertaining not to my purpose 8 Onely of the many Prouinces vnder the Mountaines of Luna beyond the Equinoctiall line I will adde that the inhabitants of Capo dibuona speranza the cape of good hope are exceeding blacke and nothing different from the AEthiopians and Lybians though they haue a greater latitude by thirtie degrees towards the South equall to the latitude of the farthest part of Spaine and liue vnder the temperate Zone 9 The greatest Iland of Affrick called Madagascar by the inhabitants and Saint Laurence by the Spaniards is of the Mahometan Religion and is said to abound with the medicinall wood Santalum with Amber and Elephants The Canary Ilands called of old the fortunate Ilands are sixe or more as some write in number whereof Canaria the greatest gaue the name to the rest which are subiect to the King of Spaine as are likewise the Hesperides little Ilands seated ouer against the greene Cape The Turkish Emperour hath to my knowledge no other I le of Affricke vnder him The Turkish Empire being so vast and containing great part of Europe Asia and Affrick the temper of the aire can not bee otherwise described then by particular parts thereof But out of the description of this Empire in the iournall of the first Part and by comparing the particular Prouinces with others of the same longitude and latitude and by the fruits and exported commodities here to be mentioned the temper of the ayre may bee knowne or at least coniectured more easily To this purpose I will onely adde that I landing in Palestine about the end of May found their wheate haruest almost inned and in the Hauen of Ioppa bought about a thousand Abricots for sixe Aspers And the yeere following when I sailed from Constantinople towards Italy that about the middst of March I did eate pease and other pulse in the Greeke Ilands Lastly in Palestine Cyprus and those parts partly I vnderstood by others partly I found by experience that it seldome raines and that about September and October onely and not often at that time but so violently for the time as if it would beate downe the very houses falling as it were by palefulls at once and that the fields are watred with night dewes at the fall whereof no man stirres out of dores but with his head well couered for danger of sicknesse all men vsing to keepe in the house till the dew be dried while in the meane time by day the heate is so excessiue as a man can hardly indure his apparrell though it be of linnen or silke if it hang not loose but be close about him The fertilitie of the soyle generally through this Empire is exceeding great and the goodnesse and varietie of the fruits equalleth and in some places passeth Italy The wines of Greete of Mount Libanus and especially of Palormo in Natolia are exceeding rich and good Yet haue the Turkes lesse plenty of all things then Europe for they very sparingly and onely to serue necessity either set plant or sow great part of the people being wasted with warres and they that remaine hauing not free fruition of their owne goods in the great tyranny vnder which they liue aswell
laid aside all care of forraigne matters Then the riches of the Emperours daily decreasing and the riches of inferiour Princes no lesse increasing the Emperours in processe of time for great summes of money sold libertie and absolute power to the Princes and Dukes of Italy and Germany yea their very right of inuesting to the Princes of Italy Most of the Cities in Netherland and all the Cantons of the Sweitzers were of old subiect to the German Emperours till by the dissentions betweene them and the Popes they found meanes to gaine their liberties Of old nintie sixe greater Cities thus made free still acknowledged the Emperour in some sort but after many of them leagued with the Sweitzers and Netherlanders quite forsooke the Emperour many of the rest and many lesse Cities either pawned to Princes for money borrowed or giuen to Princes for their good seruice to the Emperors in their warres became subiect to diuers Princes by the Emperours consent so as at this day there bee onely sixty Cities all seated in Germany which are called Free and Imperiall Cities hauing absolute power within themselues and howsoeuer these in a sort acknowledge the Emperour their chiefe Lord yet they little or not at al feare or respect his weake power Hitherto the Roman Bishops not enduring a superiour Lord first cast the Emperours of the East out of Italy and after by al meanes weakened their power till Mahumet the second Emperour of the Turkes about the yeere 1453 swallowed that Empire within his foule iawes Hitherto the said Bishops that they might reigne alone sometimes bewitched the barbarous Kings which had destroyed the Empire of the West and then reigned in Italy for Religions sake to promote the Church of Rome and at other times oppressed them with open treacheries till they had conferred the Kingdome of Lombardy and the Empire of the West vpon Charles the Great King of France Hitherto the same Bishops for the same causes had troubled the Empire of the West with Ciuill dissentions till at last Italy as I said hauing bought liberty of the Emperours and the said German Emperours containing themselues at home for no Emperour after the said Rodulphus of Habsburg but onely Lodwick the Bauarian did euer leade any Army into Italy they now thought good to rage no more against this deiected Empire but rather to cherrish it conuerting themselues wholly to bring all Christian Kings vnder their yoke And now the Turkish Emperours began to threaten ruine to the German Empire and in very Germany the Popes stage where they had plaied their bloudy parts by continuall raising of ciuill warres the reformation of Religion began freshly to spring and to pull the borrowed plumes of the Popes Therefore the Emperours from that time to this our age haue been wholy busied in resisting the Turkes and composing the domesticall differences of Religion And from the same time forward the Court of Rome was continually distracted with the factions of France and Spaine till the Popes skilfull to vse the ambitious discussions of Princes to their owne profit and greatnesse made them all subiect to the Romane yoke And the Kings on the contrary laboured nothing more then to haue the Pope on their party at whose beck all Christendome was gouerned to which end they gaue large bribes to the Cardinals who had now assumed to themselues the election of the Popes To conclude the Popes to make their owne power transcendent kept the power of the Princes in equal ballance by sowing dissentions among them and fauouring now one now the other party till for scare of the reformed Religion now also springing in France they could no longer keepe this equality but were forced to forsake the Kings of France distracted with ciuill warres and to aduance the Kings of Spaine as protectors of the Church whose Clients at last got the power to gouerne all things in Rome at their pleasure And the Spaniard at this time distracted abroad with the French and English warres and besieged at home with the power of the Iesuites and religious men seemed lesse to bee feared by the Romans in that respect as likewise the Kings of Spaine doubted not to maintaine the awfull authority of the Popes which they knew must alwayes be fauourable to their designes as well for the protection which they gaue to the Roman Church against the reformed Religion as for that the massy gold of Spaine bore so great sway in the Colleage of the Cardinals that by strange successe the Popes lesse inclined to the Spanish faction were soone taken away by vntimely death To omit many other I will onely mention Pope Sixtus Quintus who liued happily in that Chaire so long as he fauoured Spaine but assoone as he was thought to decline from that faction and when he saw a white Mule presented him for the tribute of the Neapolitane Kingdome was said to weepe that so little a Mule should be giuen for so great a Kingdome he liued not long after but suddenly vanished away At Rome are two Images called Pasquin and Marphorius vpon which libels vse to be fixed And of late when the Pope by the mediation of the King of France had made peace with the Venetians contrary to the liking of the King of Spaine a white sheete of paper was fixed on Pasquin and another demanding what that paper ment was fixed on Marphorius and a third paper was fixed on Pasquin answering that the cleane paper was for the Pope to make his last Will and Testament as if he could not liue long hauing offended the Spanish faction Yet in our age the Kings of France after the ciuill warres appeased beganne to recouer their former power in the Roman Court but I leaue these things as somewhat straying from my purpose and returne to the affaires of Germany In the said Family of Austria the Westerne Empire hath growne old and weake by little and little from that time to this our age For howsoeuer the Emperor Charles the fifth of the said Family heire to eight and twenty Kingdomes in respect hee was borne at Gant in Netherland and so reputed a German was chosen Emperour in the yeere 1519 by the Electors reiecting the King of France Francis the first as a stranger and at that time the power of this Emperour seemed fearefull to the Italians at the first blush yet the Pope of Rome in the Triumuirall warre of England France Spaine did with such art support the weaker part and by contrary motions in one and the same cause so fauoured now one now the other side and so dispenced with the breaking of oathes on the part they tooke as while the power of these Kings was weakned by mutuall warres Italy in the meane time receiued small or no damage True it is that Charles the fifth by subtile art and open force had almost subdued Germany distracted by dissentions of religion had almost brought the free Empire into the forme of a subdued
Emperour Maximilian the first made with Mathias Huniades as by the right of his wife being sister and heire to the said Lodouicus and he caused his sonne Maximilian the second to bee chosen King in his life time as his sonne Rodolphus at this time Emperour was chosen King ' while his Father liued and vnder them through ciuill dissentions and the fearefull neighbourhood of the great Turke great part of this Kingdome hath beene subdued by that Tyrant and for the rest the Emperor Rodolphus to the great reproch of the Empire was forced to send yeerely tribute to Constantinople till the free Cities of Germany slacking to pay this tribute the Great Turke tooke that wished occasion to make warre against the Christians and finding none weaker to resist him then the Emperour hath in our age horribly wasted Hungary and subdued the greatest part of that Kingdome The said tribute was said to be seuen tunnes of gold each three yeeres as I haue heard by graue and learned men but I know not how conuersant in matters of State Rodolphus the Emperour was of a middle stature somewhat corpulent with a ruddy but sower countenance a short thicke beard and browne coloured haire At that time mourning for his dead sister he wore blacke garments of small price Hee was said to loue solitarinesse and to exercise the Arts of Alchumy and Painting Hee was most easie of accesse and very affable so as euery man spake to him with small reuerence and in the Chamber of Presence the Courtiers and strangers gaue no reuerence to the Chaire of Estate the Sword and the Scepter but stood by with their heads couered yea laid their hands or leaned vpon the cushion without any ceremony of reuerence He was esteemed sparing of speech and liberall in his nature so as he rewarded his Courtiers honourably though slowly for want of money which made him not able to shew any magnificence Nothing was more common in euery mans mouth as well German as Bohemian then that hee was much addicted to the warfare of Venus bearing in his body strange scarres and priuy maimes thereof but abhorred from the warre of Mars At Vienna I did see Ernestus and Mathias brothers to the Emperour eating at one Table together for they admit all subiects and strangers to come into the roome where they eate at the times of dinner and supper Before the Arch-Dukes came in all stood with their heads couered Then the Caruer making himselfe ready to serue at the Table laid his hat vpon the Chaire of Estate contrary to our English manner who giue reuerence to that Chaire though our Princes be absent When the Arch-Dukes sate downe at Table all the standers by bended their knees They both sat on one side with their backes to the wall and each had a Foole to stand by him one at the Tables end another on the opposite side to whom with their owne hands they gaue largely to eate which they greedily deuoured The two Arch-Dukes did both together feede on spoonemeates For other dishes liking either of them each called for them by a becke or dumbe signe and so refused other but if any one dish liked them both it was first set before Ernestus and after before Mathias Both had one taster but each had his Cupbearer They spake not a word one to the other or to any attending and Ernestus did swallow his drinke Mathias did sip it Ernestus was somewhat like the Emperour his brother saue that his haire was blacker and his countenance more warlike Mathias was very slender with a more effeminate face and a thinne or no beard and whitish haire Their apparrell was nothing lesse then sumptuous These brothers of the Emperour had no possessions of inheritance allotted vnto them but were content to haue their expences borne by the Emperour Many Pensioners liued in the Emperours Court but few had diet and lodging therein The Emperour had one hundred Hascheres to whom hee gaue for diet to each twelue Rhenish Guldens by the moneth and for apparrel to each foure twenty Guldens by the yeere Hee had one hundred for his Guard called Trabantoes of which each one had eight Guldens by the moneth for his diet and if any one of them had serued ten yeeres to him the Emperor vsed to giue a pension aboue his wages granted for life and to dispose them in Monasteries when they grew olde and vnfit for seruice Ten Hascheres and twelue Trabantoes attended each day and watched the night in the Court who for that time had at the Emperours charge plenty of bread and wine Many Gentlemen had pensions to keepe Horses to the number of some 1500 and for each Horse they were allowed ten guldens by the moneth but these stipends being paid but once in two yeeres and then not fully they kept not these Horses at all times in full number but only when they heard that the payment was like to be made because they were so paid the officers neuer mustred them but at that time Some few had diet and lodging in the Court as 6 Gentlemen of the Chamber whereof each had a pension of forty Guldens by the moneth and sixe vnder them who had twenty Guldens by the moneth Likewise sixty Truxes who had each a Pension of thirty Guldens and sixty Horsemen called Hofdiener that is Seruants at Court who were allowed for each horse as I formetly said ten Rhenish Guldens by the moneth and no man had allowance for more then three horses Likewise a Master of the Wardrobe had twenty Guldens and a Controler had the like pension Sixteene Boies the sonnes of Gentlemen were Pages to the Emperour to whom he gaue apparrell and diet in the Court The very chiefe Counsellers had yeerely pensions from the Emperour He had three Fauorites a Bohemian Barron of the Popells the Lord of Firstemburg a German and Rumpf a Gentleman of Ausirta who was in chiefe grace with him and was said to haue a pension of fiue hundred Dollors by the moneth and to haue receiued by gift in the space of one yeere eighty thousand gold Guldens The wages and pensions were very vncertainly paid so as the Courtiers vsed diligently to obserue when the reuenew of any Prouince was brought in that by such opportunitie they might get part of the money due to them But when the Emperours cofers were full these paiments were easily obtained so as I haue knowne forty thousand Dollers distributed for wages and Pensions at one time The Emperour had fiue stables and in one sixtie heauie horses of Germany in the second twenty Spanish Genets and in the other three 60 forraigne horses of the best races From Charles the Great the Westerne Emperors were either appointed by the dying Emperours Testament or chosen by the generall consent of the Princes in both which courses the next heyres were commonly preferred till the reigne of Otho 3. in his time his Kinsman Brenno a Saxon was chosen Pope taking the
the Leagues of Burgundy and Milan with the Cantons of the Roman religion to last fiue yeres after his death and this was done in the Church of Milan where the Ambassadours are said to haue hung vp their Shields in memory therof and to haue giuen a thousand gold crownes to the beautifying of the Church at which time the King of Spaine diuided twelue thousand gold crownes betweene the Ambassadours besides the charges passing three thousand crownes But the Ambassadours of Solothurn with-drew themselues from this League because the King of France was indebted to them which debt the King of Spaine refused to pay By this League they are mutually bound to aide each other with one thousand two hundred foote and the King of Spaine promised yeerely Pensions in generall to the Cantons and in particular to diuers chiefe men and Captaines For the Sweitzers vse to make no League without profit since the Neighbour Princes grew of opinion that they could not make warre except their Armies were strengthened with a firme body of Sweitzers Not onely Solothurn renounced the said League but also the Cantons of the reformed religion partly not to do any thing against their League with France partly left they should take part with a King whom they iudged most ambitions and a great enemy to the Reformed Religion howsoeuer he couered that hatred and partly lest they should aduance the House of Austria iustly suspected by them whose victories might turne to their ruine And at the same time the Cantons and Fellowes in League being of the Reformed Religion after the doctrine of Caluine made a League for defence of religion among themselues and with Strasburg a neighbour free city of Germany being of the Reformed Religion after the doctrine of Luther The Duke of Sauoy had his Ambassadour residing at Lucerna where the Popes Ambassadours also reside of whose Leagues for yeeres we formerly spake The old Allobroges now called Sauoyans had old Leagues with the Cantons of Bern Friburg and Solothurn but Charles Duke of Sauoy in the yeere 1512 made a League for twenty fiue yeeres with all the Cantons by which among other things it was couenanted that the Duke should aide the Sweitzers with sixe hundred or more horse at his owne charge so hee were not distracted with warres at home and that the Sweitzers should aide the Duke with sixe thousand foot for any warre in his owne Countrie to whom the Duke should pay each man sixe Frankes by the moneth But hee should not imploy them to fight at sea nor leade them beyond the sea but onely to defend his owne Countrie and the confines thereof And it was couenanted that during this League the Duke should yeerely pay at Bern two hundred gold crownes to each Canton When this League was expired Duke Charles put out of his Dukedome by the French King Francis the first followed the Emperour Charles the fifth and the renewing of this League was intermitted But the King of France restoring Philebert his sonne to the Dukedome this Duke in the yeere 1560 made a new and perpetuall League with sixe Cantons namely Lucerna Suitia Vria Vnderualdia Zug and Solothurne And after the rest of the Cantons vpon like conditions renewed the old league with this Duke onely in this last league no mention is made of mutuall aides couenanted by the former league The French Ambassadour resided at Solothurn who of old vsed to reside at Bazil and the league of the French Kings with the Sweitzers is of farre greater moment then any of the rest The first of the French that made warre with the Sweitzers was Lewis the French Kings sonne after the eleuenth King of that name who leading an Army to assist Pope Eugenius in dissoluing the Councell at Bazill was perswaded by the Emperour Fredericke to assaile the Sweitzers but a small number of them possessing straight passages did so annoy his Army as he soone retired He made peaco with the Sweitzers in the yeere 1450 and hauing tried their strength made league with them for ten yeeres His son Charles the eighth in the yeere 1483 renewed this league and vsed the Sweitzers in his warres with the Duke of Britany and for the Kingdome of Naples Lewis the twelfth after the league for yeers was expired renounced the payment of all publike or priuate pensions wherwith the Sweitzers were so greatly offended as after they refused to renew that league with him and ioined in league with the Pope and the Duke of Milan against him so as by their aide he was in the yeere 1512 cast out of the Dukedome of Milan The French King Francis the first fought with the Sweitzers ioined against him in league with the Emperour Maximilian Pope Leo the tenth and Sfortia Duke of Milan For howsoeuer the Sweitzers suspected the proceeding of their confederates and purposed to returne home yet the Pretorian Sweitzers of the Duke of Milan assailing the French the rest of the Sweitzers though called home yet lest they should seeme to forsake their companions ioined with the Pretorian Sweitzers and so by art and cunning drawne to fight gaue the French a notable ouerthrow at which time the Sweitzers had the greatest Army they euer brought into the field being 31000 foot but the French King Francis the next day fighting again with the Sweitzers ouerthrew them yet so as the retreit as they write was nothing like a flight And so the King casting Sfortia out of the Dukedome of Milan recouered the same After this prosperous successe the French King sought nothing more then to be reconciled and ioined in league with the Sweitzers hee had ouercome which hee did the league consisting of 13 heads 1. They couenanted for taking away all iniuries controuersies 2. For freeing of captiues 3. How the Sweitzers may plead any cause in iudgement against the King 4 That al should enioy the benefit therof being borne within the confines of Sweitzerland speaking the Dutch tongue 5. Priuiledges are confirmed to the Merchants of Sweitzerland 6 For charges in the siege of Dyiune and in Italy the King couenants to pay them a great sum of mony by yeerly portions 7. It is agreed that all controuersies shall be determined by courses there set downe not by warre 8. That neither part shall giue passage to the enemies of the other 9. That Merchants all subiects on both parts shall freely passe not offended with reproches or oppressed with impositions 10. That the King shall yeerly pay to each Canton 2000 Franks and to the Abbot of S. Gallus and his subiects and to those of Toggenburg 600 Frankes and to the City of S. Gallus 400 to the Mulhusians 400 to the Gruerians 600 to the Valisians 2000 and to the Grisons the pensions giuen by Lewis the 12 and moreouer yeerly 2000 Franks but howsoeuer the Rhetians or Grisons by this league serue the King in his warres with the Sweitzers yet Semler witnesseth that they serue seuerally vnder
which they are gouerned vpon the old and long continued vse of them In one particular example I obserued that the younger brother in the diuision of his fathers inheritance first chose his part and had libertie to buy the parts of his brethren if he would and not otherwise But I shall haue occasion to speake of the common lawes more at large in the discourse of the seuerall Common-wealths among them The leagues which the Sweitzers haue with forraine Princes doe manifestly shew that they professe Mercenary Armes no lesse yea much more then the Germans For whereas the Germans are hired for present seruice in time of warre these men besides that pay must haue ample pensions in time of peace as their league with France especially sheweth In this they differ that the Sweitzers onely send aides of foote but the Germans are hired both horse and foote And both these Nations haue one commendable property that after their seruice one or more yeeres in the warres peace being made they returne home nothing corrupted with military licentiousnesse and roundly fall to the Plough or any other their trade of life By the same leagues it appeares that they will not serue in any sea-fights nor in the defence or taking of forts neither will haue their forces diuided as if they reputed the strong bodies of their bands only fit to fight in a pitched field and to defend the great Ordinance and carriage Neither vse they to fortifie their owne Cities excepting few which of old were fortified and after receiued into the number of the Cantons bragging with the Lacedemonians that valiant brests are brazen walles In the time of Iulius Caesar we reade that this Nation being populous and weary of the barren soile wherein they dwelt resolued to seeke a new seate but were soone restrained and kept at home by the Armes of Caesar. From that time wee reade of no great warlike exploit done by them till they laid the first foundation of their Commonwealth by mutuall leagues The first perpetuall league made betweene the three first Cantons was in the yeere 1315 from which time the rest of the Sweitzers hauing long been subiect to the house of Austria began by parts to rebell against that house and to winne their liberty by the sword But all their warre was at home long continued against the said house and at last breaking out against the Duke of Burgundy vpon their confines till the yeer 1477 when in the third battaile the Duke of Burgundy was slaine and so that warre ended At which time only eight Cantons were vnited in perpetuall league the other fiue Cantons being after vnited at seuerall times from the yeere 1481 to the yeere 1513 when the 13 and last Canton was vnited to the rest in perpetuall league Touching their forraigne warres the first league they made for yeeres was in the yeere 1478 and the second in the yeere 1510 with two Popes The first perpetuall forraine league they made was with the Duke of Milan in the yeere 1466 wherin mention is made of former leagues with the Insubres but we reade no effects of warre produced by them And the first perpetuall league they had with France was in the yeere 1483 when Charles the eight made warre in Italy for the kingdome of Naples about which time the Sweitzers Armes began to be knowne in forraine parts Guicciardine the famous writer of those Italian warres among the Actions of the yeere 1500 saith that the Sweitzers hired by Lodwick Sforza Duke of Milan fought wel on his side at the taking of Nouara but after that their Captaines were corrupted to betray him by the Captaines of other Sweitzers seruing the French king whereupen they prouoked the multitude to Mutiny for pay but the Duke appeasing them by louing words by present pay in good part and promise of the rest vpon the coming of mony from Milan dayly expected that the Captaines of the Dukes Sweitzers conspired with the Sweitzers of the French king to make the French presently draw to Nouaria which done the Duke prepared to fight but the Captains of his Sweitzers answered him that without speciall authority from their Magistrates they would not fight against their Kinsmen and Countrimen on the French side and that so the Sweitzers seruing the Duke vpon their Captains instigation mingled themselues with the Switzers on the French side as if they had been both of one Army saying they would depart home And that the Duke could with no praiers nor promises moue their barbarous treachery to stand with him in this distresse nor so much as to conduct him to a safe place onely granting him to march in their bands on foote disguised like a Sweitzer in which disguise taken of force he with some of his chiefe friends were taken by the French mouing compassion of all men towards him and detestation of their treachery And this Author leaues it in doubt whether they were found out in this disguise by the French spies or rather visely betraied Semler a famous writer of the Sweitzers Nation thinks that souldiers in generall might be excused who being in a towne vnfortified and hauing other iust causes as disability to withstand the Enemy should make peace and returne home but granting this fact to be vnexcusable yet whether it were done by the Captaines or by the common souldiers or by both and that on both sides hee thinks it a great wrong to impute the same to the whole nation especially those Soldiers being leuied secretly and without leaue of the Magistrates The foresaid Author Guicciardine in the Actions of the yeere 1511 writes of the Sweitzers to this effect The Sweitzers of old called Heluetians inhabit the high places of the Mountaine Iura men fierce by nature clownes and by reason of the barren soile rather Crasiers then Ploughmen Of old they were subiect to the Princes of Austria but casting off their yoke haue long been free liuing after their owne Lawes and yeelding no signe of obedience to the Emperours or any other Princes diuided into thirteen Cantons wherof each is gouerned by their owne Magistrates Lawes customes The name of this so wilde and vnciuill Nation hath gotten honour by concord and the glory of Armes For being fierce by nature and trained in warlike discipline and keeping their Orders or rankes they haue not only with valour defended their Country but in forraine parts haue exercised Armes with high praise which no doubt had beene greater if they had fought to inlarge their owne Empire not for wages to inlarge the Empire of others if nobly they had propounded to themselues other ends then the gaine of mony by the loue wherof being made abiect they haue lost the occasion to become fearefull to all Italy for since they neuer come out of their confines but as mercenary men they haue had no publike fruit of their victory but by couetousnesse haue become intollerable in exactions where they ouercome and in