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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
B23787	China and France, or, Two treatises the one, of the present state of China as to the government, customs, and manners of the inhabitants thereof ... from the observation of two Jesuites lately returned from that country, written and published by the French Kings cosmographer and now Englished : the other, containing the most remarkable passages of the reign and life of the present French King, Lewis the Fourteenth, and of the valour of our English in his armies.	Magalotti, Lorenzo, conte, 1637-1712. Viaggio del P. Giovanni Grueber tornando per terea da China in Europa. English.; Grueber, Johann, 1623-1680.; Orville, Albert, comte d', 1621-1662.; Thévenot, M. (Melchisédech), 1620?-1692.	1676 (1676)	Wing G2163	63,324	224

Turenne la Ferté and Hocquincourt had orders to hazard all rather then to suffer this great City to fall into their hands When they had called a Council of War they resolved to attack the Lines and Trenches which they did with much resolution in the night the 24 and 25 days of August Hocquincourt entered first into the Enemies Camp through the Troops of the Duke of Lorraine but he was beaten back with a great slaughter of his Men the other Commanders relieved and seconded him So that at last the Spaniard was forced to leave his Trenches with some loss of Men of Ammunition and Baggage For the Governor of the Town sallied out at the same time and received so much assistance that the Enemy despaired of being able to gain the Walls The Spanish General preserved his Army by a seasonable retreat which was managed with that prudence and courage that he hath worthily deserved the admiration of his Enemies The King went to visit his Camp and Army immediately after this Siege was raised to encourage and reward his brave Soldiers In Catalonia also the Prince of Conti had some success in taking Conflans and Cerdagne from the Spaniard About the beginning of the Spring 1655. Landrecy Maubeuge Condé and St. Guilham submitted themselves again to the French Monarchy Thus these small places were often taken and retaken by the Armies of Spain and France At every advantage in the Field these weaker Towns of no resistance were forced for their preservation to prefer their Safety to their Loyalty and to side with the strongest party In this year there was a League Offensive and Defensive made between Cromwel and Mazarin against Spain upon conditions disgraceful to the King and Court of France Monsieur Bourdeaux sollicited his Masters Affairs so notably that he got that Arch-Rebel to send over in the beginning of the Spring 1656. an Army of stout Soldiers commanded by Reynolds For although France abounds in Men it is wont to make use of the valor of its Neighbors in all Wars against strangers For it hath been found by experience that the French are good for the first Onset but cannot abide nor weather so many discouragements as the English Scotch and Switzers can in War besides their Foot are not to be compared to ours Therefore they may ascribe their most difficult Conquests to their Money and to the English Scotch Irish and Switzers valor as we shall see in several late Encounters with the Hollanders and Imperialists The year 1656. was noted for the remarkable Siege of Valanciennes where the French received an overthrow and were forced to quit the place but afterwards they took Cappelle and Valencia in Italy In the beginning of the Campagne 1657. Montmedy was besieged by la Ferté the King himself went thither after that the Succors which were intended for a relief were happily routed Afterwards the City yielded to his Majesty and opened its Gates to receive him on the seventh of August St. Venant Bourbourg and the Fort of Mardike also were taken by Turenne Our English served him in good stead in the recovering of these places especially in storming of Mardike The attempt was not esteemed feasable by the French General who had a design rather to besiege it then to win it by an Assault But our English Commanders undertook this perillous attempt Sir Tho. Morgan now Governor of Jersey lead his Party with so much courage and resolution that they recovered the top of the Walls in an instant passing through showers of shot and fire to the great astonishment of the rest of the Army This Gentleman hath purchased to himself the name and honor of one of the bravest Soldiers of Europe And when the Spaniard ventured in the night to surprise this Fort again the English saved it beat back the Spaniard and obliged them to a speedy retreat to Dunkirk After this Turenne was employed with a Flying Party to raise the Siege of Ardres which he did with so much bravery that the Spaniard received there a considerable loss But all these Conquests were inconsiderable to those of the next year 1658. Turenne and La Ferté were the two Generals of the French and after the death of Reynolds drowned near Goodwin Sands in a small Boat in which he ventured to pass from Mardike into England my Lord Lockart then Ambassador at Paris took the charge of the English Forces The Army was commanded to besiege Dunkirk for it had been agreed between England and France that this place should be put into the English hands It was surrounded the Twenty fifth of May which when the Marquess of Leda had notice of he shut himself in with a strong Garrison resolving to defend it or die there The Siege was carried on very resolutely the English and French Armies made their approaches on a sudden so that the fear of loosing this strong place caused the Archduke to endeavor to raise the Siege by assaulting them in their Trenches Turenne confided in his own strength therefore when he heard of the Enemies approach he marched bravely out of his Camp to meet the Archduke the victory declared for the French In this encounter it was the unhappiness of the English to fight with their own Countrey-men In the Spanish Army the Noble and Couragious Duke of York a Prince of an invincible resolution was entertained by the Spaniard as one of the best Commanders of that Army That wise Nation as well knowing in Men as in Affairs would not suffer so great a Courage idle in time of War If I might have the liberty in this succinct Narration I could give an account of the most heroick actions of his Royal Highness insomuch that Turenne and the other Generals have often confessed him to be the ablest and most skilful Commander of the World His Courage and Wisdom had not that success that could have been expected at this time for the English Regiments under my Lord Lockart especially that of Colonel Alsop beat back the Spaniards and pursued them over the Sandy Hills with a great slaughter This victory was due cheifly to the courage of the English the fifteenth of June 1658. After the Retreat of the Spaniards the French Army returned to the Siege where the Marquess of Leda was killed with a Bullet After his death the Town began to listen to terms of Surrendring which were agreed on the Two and twentieth of June The King entered into the City to take possession of it afterwards he delivered it up to my Lord Lockart for the use of the English whose Blood and Valor had got it from the Enemy Bergues Furnes and Dixmuyde yielded also to the Kings Summons so did Oudenard Ypres staid for a Siege and when the Prince of Ligny had gathered the Relicks of the Dispersed Army beaten before Dunkirk he labored to raise it but was beaten off with loss by Turenne who took afterwards Menein and many other small Castles At that time La Ferté

Office that they fancied proceeded fron● her favoring of them So the Papists assign divers and differing titles to the Virgin Mary who is now become the Goddess of War amongst them and the Giver of Victory to her devout Proselites The Princes wound had cast him into an indisposition which made him follow his Majesty and accompany the Duke of Orleans the Kings Brother to Paris leaving the Conduct of Affairs to Monsieur de Luxembourgh and Turenne The Prince of Orange was then before Voërden with Twelve thousand Men Luxembourgh prepares a strong brigade of Two thousand five hundred Men and by a secret way over the Marshes he gets into the Town undiscovered with his Party with which he made such stout Sallies that the Prince was forced to rise from thence with his Army to leave some of his Baggage and Cannon behind him All this while the Dutch had scarce time to look about the French had been so nimble and furious that they had gained all this Countrey without any considerable loss But before the next Campagne the face of affairs was changed the Dutch had many Armies come to their assistance the Spaniard the German and the Imperialists sent their powerful Succors to aid them So that they have since recovered a great part of what they first lost and will according to all probability recover the rest The Prince of Orange was now restored by Order of the States after the inhumane massacre of de Wit to his Patrimonial Offices of Statholder Admiral and General of the Vnited-Provinces This generous Prince began to appear at the Head of an Army of 24000 Men with these he resolved not to be idle some places he took but did not yet dare to adventure against his insolent Enemy triumphing for so many great Successes Monterey Viceroy of the Netherlands for the King of Spain desired him to attempt something in his Countrey because the French had drained their Garrisons for the Spaniard had not declared yet against them According to this advice he laid siege to Charleroy a Fortress that was likely to annoy the Spaniard their next Neighbors Montal the Governor had notice of the design he Posts thither in haste and taking his time in the night he passed through the Dutch and Spanish Troops and got safe into the Garrison to the great joy of the besieged The next day he adventured to sally out with a strong party which was received and welcomed by the Prince of Orange with loss on both sides When the King heard of this siege he drew near to the Borders of Picardy and gave order to several thousands of his Soldiers to meet him with a design to beat the Dutch off Therefore this intelligence caused the Prince to rise with his Army the Two and twentieth day of December and depart Which was signified to the King by a Post sent from the Governor At this time Luxembourgh attempted to lead his Men over the Ice to Assault Bodengrave Swammerdam and Niverburgh which three places he took without much resistance After this the French went no further till the next Spring 1673. They were all sent into several Garrisons where we shall leave them to take notice of their behavior at Sea On the Water as well as on the Land the War was carried on The Dutch had a gallant Fleet with which they did defie the Fleets of England and France But though De Ruyter their Admiral labored by Policy to fight us and to surprise us at an advantage he was much mistaken to find our English courage in the greatest discouragement not to resist and brave Death it self His Majesty of England had been engaged to joyn his strong Fleet with the French Squadron which was commanded by the Count de Estrées Therefore the Twenty eighth of May 1672. in prosecution of the War that had been declared against the States of Holland our Fleet under the command of the brave Duke of York had a very sharp Engagement with the Dutch upon the English Coast in which the Victory declared for the English with the loss of the Royal James which was unfortunately burned and of the Earl of Sandwich who was drowned and his body found about the tenth of the next Moneth floating on the English shore He was an excellent Captain more fortunate in the Mediterranean and in the Sound then in our Channel England lamented the loss of so excellent a person It seems his courage destroyed him for when his Ship was Boarded and Fired by a Dutchman when it was surrounded by many of the Enemies best Ships His resolution to brave Death and the Enemy in the midst of the greatest disadvantages and dangers made him abide and continue the sight in his Flaming Ship Of our English Twenty four Persons of Note were killed with three of the French Amongst the rest a Gentleman so Courageous Learned Civil and so well accomplished that I cannot but mention him in this place It was Mr. Clement Cotterel Sir Charles Cotterels Son About fifteen Gentlemen were desperately wounded seven hundred Common Soldiers and Seamen killed and as many maimed Monsieur de Rabiniere tres le Bois Rear Admiral of the French was killed and buried at Rochel The Duke of York in this Engagement behaved himself as a discreet and wise Commander with an undaunted Courage It is supposed that if our whole Fleet could have had the conveniency of fighting the Dutch had been for ever undone but the Wind hindered most part of our Ships from coming up to them so that the Blew Squadron was forced to ingage with the Enemy alone The Dutch had great loss of Men and Ships it is thought about five or six of theirs besides the Fire-ships were sunk It is certain that our Fleet pursued them to their own Coast About this time the Twentieth of August 1672. hapned a most barbarous execution of the two De Wits torn in pieces by the rude rabble of the Hague their Privities cut off their Bodies dragged through the Streets and hanged at the Gallows in such a barbarous manner that the Cannibals would have been ashamed to have done the like Groningen had been besieged by the Mercenary Weather-cock of Munster but in the Moneth of August he left the Town after a considerable loss of his Men. The good Bishop was moved with compassion to see his Soldiers slaughtered by the stout-hearted Dutch so that he preferred their safety or it may be his own to the filling of his Purse with Gilders which was the thing this noble Captain aimed at in this attempt upon the Dutch The States of Holland had prevailed with many of their Neighbors especially with the Emperor King of Spain and Duke of Brandenburgh to send their Succors to assist them by Land The Prince Palatine was perswaded notwithstanding his Alliance with France to enter into the party They were all resolved to send into the Field their Armies in the next Spring for they were afraid that the French would

before About eleven years ago I met at Rome with Monsieur Sestel a Dane who told me that some of his Friends had written to him from Coppenhagen that a Dane being returned out of China had shewn the King an artificial Fire that rose up into the Air and burst out into many flames which represented the Kings name The Father replied You may safely believe it but I wonder how this man could come to understand the mystery which he could never have been able to put in practice unless he had tried it before and taken an Oath required in all such occasions I wonder also how he could escape out of the Countrey after such an Oath Monsieur Dati asked Whether they use any Coaches or Chariots He answered That the Chineses are carried in Litters by Mules or by Men they are like ours but somewhat longer for they put in them their Cloaths a Bed a Table and other conveniencies for a Traveller The Tartars have Coaches with two Wheels drawn by one or two Mules or Horses The Ladies of Viceroys or of other eminent Lords are drawn by two of these Beasts and incompassed about with a great many Tartarian Women on Horsback Armed with Bow and Arrows They carry their Bag and Baggage upon Camels backs and upon a kind of carriage that hath but one great Wheel that turns in the midst of two Trunks full of Stuff One man draws this with a Girdle tied to his middle and tied also to two Staves that are fastned to the Trunks with which he governs this Carriage at his pleasure They carry about their Wares and Commodities through the Land in this manner We asked him Whether they delight in Hunting Whether they run Races Whether they be good Horsmen And whether they have any skill to manage Horses He answered That the Tartars are good Huntsmen but the Chineses seldom practice hunting They know not what it is to run a Race they are very careful and curious in harnassing well their Horses but they do not know how to manage them We desired to know Whether they took any Tobacco To this he replied That they take no Tobacco in Powder but in Smoak the Tartars and the Chineses the Men and the Women are great takers of Tobacco For that purpose the Women are commonly provided with a Bag that hangs over their shoulders where their Pipe and their Tobacco is kept but the Men carry their Pipes at their Girdles Monsieur Dati desired to know Whether the word Mandarin be of China He answered That it was a Portugues and that at China they are termed Quoan which signifies a Prince or a Governor We asked him concerning their Courage and Inclinations to Martial exploits and War He assured us That they were Cowards and that in three years time that he lived in China he never could see above two people fight together at cuffs for they have no other way to satisfie their revenge and end their quarrels We inquired of him whether in his return he had not met with one Monsieur Tavernier a French Merchant that was gone from Legorne about two years since into the Indies to carry thither a great deal of riches in Jewels amongst the rest he had a set of great Saphires and of Pearls as big as Pears to make a Rose which he intended for the Great Mogol to imbellish the Plume of his Elephant I told him also that Monsieur Tavernier had said That the Great Mogol did spend every day Fifteen thousand Crowns only to keep the Elephants of the late King his Father Therefore I desired him to tell us whether we were to believe any such thing He assured us That he had met with Monsieur Tavernier in Persia and that I might credit what he had told me and much more concerning the expence of this Prince to keep his Elephants That you may better understand the truth you must know said Father Grueber That India beyond and on this side of the River Ganges is divided into several distinct Regions or Governments which are given by the Great Mogol to the Lords of his Court during life upon condition of paying every year a certain sum of money as a Present or a Tribute Besides that they are also obliged to keep always some a thousand others two thousand men on foot others five thousand which may be ready to march at the Emperors command By this means it happens that the number of their Militia never diminishes and when the Prince comes to take a view of them if the Soldiers be not well chosen and of a good appearance well cloathed and armed their Cheiftains are in danger of Banishment from Court Therefore the Mogol may upon a sudden raise five or six hundred thousand men ready for the encounter without putting himself to any extraordinary expence for every Governor is obliged to have all his Militia ready in all times of the greatest Peace Now you must understand that six or seven Elephants are kept purposely to attend upon the person of the Mogol they are named Panciasari which signifies Lords of Five thousands because the Great Mogol expends as much to keep them as the Lords or Governors do to entertain Five thousand Horse in the Army By this you may judge that what Monsieur Tavernier has told you is very true But you may take notice that the Mogol spends a great deal of this money in keeping fair Horses as well as Elephants They are richly harnassed and adorned with many precious Stones the Mogol delights much to make them run Races He told us that the present Emperor in his young days did seem to affect a retired life spending his time in contemplation But since this crafty Hypocrite hath cast away his Mask and pulled down his Father from his Throne shutting him up in a prison at Agra the old man is about Eighty six years of Age Only the fear of the Rebellion of his people that did intirely love the Father has hindered him from taking away his life His prison is a very large Palace with many Buildings about it and pleasant Gardens He is there guarded by a numerous Company of Muskettiers and attended upon by his Women that are kept in an adjoyning Seraglio in which he spends for the most part his time and passeth the melancholly thoughts of his retirement The Emperor his Son caused a high Tower to be built near to this place in such a manner that it did overlook all the Gardens of his Father Upon it he appointed a Watchman to overlook and spie out all that passed in the Prison but the old man caused him to be shot and killed by a Company of his Women Then he desired the cheif Commander of the Prison to tell his Son from him that he should do well to send such manner of Birds and place them upon the same Tower for they would give a great sport to his Women The present Mogol or Emperor is renowned for many examples of

not be content with the Conquest of Holland but would incroach upon them also afterwards During this Winter nothing hapned worthy of notice but the loss of private persons robberies and small Encounters of Parties that sought for Plunder and Booties In the beginning of the Spring 1673. three Armies appeared for the Hollanders the King of Spains commanded by the Count de Monterey the Emperors by Montecuculi the Duke of Brandenburghs by himself besides the Army of the Prince of Orange who was declared General at Land Admiral at Sea and Statholder by the States The French Army commanded by Turenne marched against the Duke of Brandenburgh who was forced to quit to him all the County of Marck and to leave his Bag and Baggage behind him for fear of a total defeat of his Forces The French took Vrnia Ham Camen Altenau Soest and Hoexter Bilefeld and Ravensperg small places of no strength At this time the Swede and the Dane with other Neuter Princes had desired an accommodation of the differences between the Kings of England and France Cologne was the place of meeting all the Ple●ipotentiaries were sent with Instructions But although the Dutch had so many losses by Land and by Sea they would not yield to any reasonable Propositions at first Their stout hearts were resolved to try the Fortune of War before they would listen to any peaceable conclusion At last after several Debates and Consultations the Peace was concluded between the King of England and the States but the French pretentions were extraordinary high and their Successes great so that there was no possibility that did appear to end their differences at this time But before the Peace was published between England and Holland all this Summer of the year 1673. the War was vigorously carried on by Sea and Land By Sea Prince Rupert commanded a Fleet of English and French One hundred and twenty Sail. With these Ships he attacked the Dutch Frigats under the command of De Ruyter and Van Trump The fight was mannaged with much resolution on both sides The French in the former Engagements had been taught to face their Enemy upon the Water for they behaved themselves now very bravely because they could not well excuse themselves It is certain the Princes conduct and courage in this and all other Engagements have justly deserved the praise of all Men and the thanks of our Nation This noble Spirit hath since his infancy spent his Wit and Blood in the defence and for the honor of our Countrey The Dutch proclaimed Victory at Land whilest their Ships and Shipwracks complained of their ill usage at Sea by the English They lost eight considerable Vessels that of Van Haen was the chief it was blown up by an unfortunate shot Many were so disabled that they could not reach into their Harbors His Majesties Fleet had received some damage in the Rigging and loss of Men but not so as to hinder them the next morning the nineth of May from pursuing their Enemies to their own Coast The Dutch lost many Men some of note and a Ship taken by the English At Land there were frequent encounters between the Dutch and French The City of Mastreicht was the cheif place of action this Summer The Count de Lorge and Monsieur Montall were ordered to invest it the sixth of June The rest of the Army marched thither to post themselves about this strong place Fario was then Governor with a very stout Garrison of six thousand Men the Count de Monterey had sent thither two thousand Italian Horse and Foot to reinforce the place The King himself was in the Army with the bravest and choicest Regiments and the Noble Duke of Monmouth with several thousand English under his command It is certain the French King visited the Trenches and incouraged his Troops with a great contempt of the danger Fario had sent him this civil message That if he knew whereabouts his Majesties Quarters were he would command his Men to forbear shooting to that place The King sent him word again That his Quarters were every where in his Camp The besieged made a stout resistance many Men were killed on both sides It is thought that this Town might have put a stop to the French Conquests if the Burgers had been more faithful to their old Masters and less careless of their lives and riches It is certain that it had never been taken by the French alone had not our English spent their blood and in contempt of all danger passed with their Regiments through showers of small and great shot to the Assault We cannot sufficiently admire the courage of the Duke of Monmouth a young General of an admirable conduct and skill in Martial Affairs He commanded in the Trenches with an intention to assault the Counterscarpe and the Half-Moon before Brussels-Gate He led on his Men with such resolution that though two or three Mines were sprung up and the shot fell thick amongst them they carried the Half-Moon to the great wonder of all men in half an hour As soon as it was taken the Duke with his Party was immediately relieved by the French upon whom the besieged played so briskly with their great and small shot that they beat them out with the assistance of a Mine and a stout Sally When the Duke saw that the French had lost what his Men had got he prepared himself to regain it which he did with the greatest resolution and happiness imaginable This invincible spirit at the Head of his Party leaped over the Trenches first with his Weapon in his hand only twelve stout Voluntiers accompanied him the rest followed so furiously that the Dutch were beaten off again and his Grace became Master of the Half-Moon the second time delivering it into the hands of Monsieur de la Feuillade So that without flattery the French ow the taking of Mastreicht to the courage conduct and brave resolution of the Duke of Monmouth to the Blood and undauntedness of our English Sir Henry Jones was killed in one of these assaults which hapned the twenty fourth of June After some other attempts where our Men were again imployed the Town desired a Parley the twenty nineth and in two hours the Articles were granted That the Governor and Garrison should march out as stout Soldiers their Colours flying Drums beating Match lighted Bullet in Mouth with Bag and Baggage and two Pieces of Cannon and a Mortar Piece That they should be safely convoyed to Boisledue and Breda The French lost 4000 Men and about 1000 of the besieged were killed The King took possession of it the thirtieth of June and commanded the Cardinal de Boüillon to resanctifie the Churches profaned by the Dutches Devotions About this time there hapned another Sea-sight between the English and the Dutch Fleets with loss on both sides but our English beat the boasting Dutch again into their Harbors where they left them to complain of their wounds and dead and to