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land_n and_o render_v it_o doubtful_a where_o to_o expect_v he_o so_o in_o a_o mist_n pass_v by_o allectus_n with_o the_o british_a fleet_n unseen_a that_o lie_v cruise_v near_o the_o isle_n of_o vecta_n now_o wight_n he_o no_o soon_o get_v on_o shore_n but_o he_o fire_v his_o own_o ship_n to_o leave_v his_o man_n no_o hope_n of_o safety_n but_o in_o victory_n then_o forthwith_o the_o poor_a oppress_a britain_n come_n flock_v in_o to_o constantius_n offer_v themselves_o together_o with_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n to_o he_o as_o their_o deliverer_n send_v they_o from_o heaven_n which_o when_o allectus_n hear_v be_v much_o dismay_v at_o this_o news_n he_o pass_v over_o to_o the_o british_a shore_n where_o land_v he_o resolve_v to_o try_v his_o fortune_n in_o a_o battle_n on_o the_o land_n where_o be_v encounter_v by_o asclepiodotus_n captain_n of_o the_o praetorian_a band_n and_o desperate_o rush_v on_o be_v unmindful_a both_o of_o the_o well-ordering_a of_o his_o man_n and_o of_o 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be_v particulary_a show_v in_o its_o proper_a place_n not_o long_o after_o the_o martyrdom_n of_o st._n alban_n suffer_v also_o the_o priest_n who_o convert_v he_o and_o who_o name_n geoffrey_n will_v have_v to_o be_v amphibalus_fw-la tho'_o we_o have_v never_o hear_v of_o it_o at_o all_o but_o from_o this_o author_n that_o word_n signify_v proper_o not_o a_o man_n name_n but_o a_o long_a shag_a cloak_n which_o it_o be_v suppose_v that_o good_a man_n wear_v i_o shall_v also_o pass_v by_o the_o martyrdom_n of_o many_o other_o christian_n say_v to_o be_v at_o lichfield_n and_o winchester_n and_o other_o place_n as_o be_v of_o very_o uncertain_a credit_n have_v no_o other_o author_n but_o geoffrey_n and_o our_o monk_n ccciu_o who_o live_v and_o write_v at_o a_o great_a distance_n from_o those_o time_n but_o the_o emperor_n dioclesian_n and_o maximinian_n have_v both_o on_o the_o same_o day_n tho'_o in_o different_a place_n resign_v the_o empire_n to_o the_o two_o caesar_n abovementioned_a and_o constantinus_n choose_v the_o western_a province_n whereof_o britain_n be_v one_o for_o his_o share_n come_v over_o hither_o to_o settle_v affair_n in_o this_o island_n and_o eutropius_n suppose_v helena_n his_o wife_n to_o have_v be_v a_o britain_n by_o birth_n whereupon_o our_o geoffrey_n presume_v further_a and_o make_v she_o to_o have_v be_v the_o daughter_n of_o one_o king_n coil_n who_o he_o suppose_v to_o have_v succeed_v asclepiodotus_n but_o since_o there_o be_v no_o ground_n for_o this_o fancy_n in_o any_o authentic_a writer_n i_o shall_v whole_o slight_v it_o especial_o since_o nicephorus_n and_o other_o greek_a historian_n relate_v she_o to_o be_v a_o bithynian_a but_o to_o return_v to_o that_o which_o be_v more_o to_o our_o purpose_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o as_o soon_o as_o augustus_n be_v declare_v eccles._n he_o immediate_o put_v a_o stop_n to_o the_o persecution_n against_o the_o christian_n in_o his_o province_n and_o then_o pass_v over_o into_o britain_n constantius_n not_o â—ong_o after_o make_v a_o expedition_n against_o the_o caledonian_n who_o he_o overcome_v and_o not_o long_o after_o die_v at_o york_n have_v be_v all_o his_o life_n time_n a_o great_a favourer_n of_o the_o christian_n though_o no_o profess_v christian_a himself_n to_o who_o succeed_v constantine_n his_o son_n who_o come_v lucky_o post_n from_o rome_n to_o boulogne_n just_a about_o the_o time_n say_v eusebius_n when_o his_o father_n lie_v sick_a upon_o his_o deathbed_n where_o be_v by_o he_o nominate_v for_o his_o successor_n cccvi_o he_o be_v immediate_o after_o his_o father_n funeral_n by_o the_o whole_a army_n salute_v emperor_n tho'_o he_o decline_v it_o all_o he_o can_v concern_v who_o 1._o there_o be_v a_o great_a dispute_n whether_o he_o be_v a_o britain_n or_o not_o our_o british_a historian_n produce_v a_o passage_n out_o eumenius_n oration_n to_o constantine_n wherein_o he_o call_v britain_n the_o most_o bless_a and_o fortunate_a of_o all_o land_n quia_fw-la constantinum_n caesarem_fw-la primum_fw-la vidisti_fw-la which_o word_n may_v yet_o be_v thus_o interpret_v that_o be_v it_o do_v not_o behold_v constantine_n bear_v but_o see_v he_o first_o create_v emperor_n which_o be_v undoubted_o true_a but_o since_o most_o of_o our_o english_a historian_n understand_v it_o in_o the_o former_a sense_n there_o be_v nothing_o of_o conclusive_a certainty_n deliver_v by_o ancient_a author_n concern_v it_o i_o shall_v leave_v it_o as_o i_o find_v it_o tho'_o it_o must_v be_v confess_v that_o the_o learned_a dr._n stillingfleet_n in_o his_o orig._n britannicae_n not_o only_o from_o several_a passage_n in_o eumenius_n panegyric_n but_o also_o by_o other_o argument_n have_v make_v it_o high_o probable_a that_o constantine_n be_v bear_v in_o britain_n but_o this_o be_v more_o certain_a that_o constantine_n before_o his_o departure_n hence_o seem_v to_o have_v have_v some_o bicker_n with_o the_o britain_n in_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o this_o island_n which_o have_v in_o some_o time_n compose_v he_o pass_v again_o into_o gaul_n where_o leave_v a_o great_a army_n many_o of_o who_o be_v before_o raise_v in_o britain_n he_o from_o thence_o go_v into_o italy_n and_o near_o rome_n overthrow_v the_o tyrant_n maxentius_n who_o have_v seize_v that_o city_n together_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o italy_n immediate_o after_o which_o victory_n he_o declare_v himself_o a_o christian_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o his_o whole_a army_n which_o yet_o he_o will_v not_o have_v perhaps_o venture_v to_o have_v do_v have_v he_o not_o be_v sure_o that_o a_o considerable_a party_n of_o his_o soldier_n have_v be_v so_o before_o about_o the_o four_o year_n after_o constantine_n return_v again_o into_o britain_n but_o what_o he_o perform_v here_o be_v not_o leave_v we_o by_o any_o historian_n now_o extant_a cccx_o more_o than_o what_o 25._o eusebius_n tell_v we_o in_o general_a that_o constantine_n pass_v over_o to_o the_o britain_n who_o have_v it_o seem_v then_o revolt_v who_o when_o he_o have_v subdue_v he_o turn_v his_o eye_n to_o those_o other_o part_n of_o the_o world_n that_o he_o may_v relieve_v those_o that_o want_v his_o assistance_n which_o this_o author_n suppose_v to_o be_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o empire_n then_o oppress_v by_o mercurius_n cccx_o tho'_o all_o other_o make_v he_o to_o have_v be_v subdue_v in_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o constantine_n reign_n but_o geoffery_n can_v he_o be_v believe_v give_v we_o a_o very_a plausible_a account_n why_o constantine_n come_v now_o again_o into_o britain_n which_o be_v to_o this_o effect_n that_o octavius_n duke_n of_o the_o gewiss_n take_v advantage_n of_o the_o emperor_n absence_n have_v seize_v upon_o britain_n for_o himself_o the_o circumstance_n of_o which_o i_o omit_v to_o shorten_v the_o story_n as_o also_o how_o one_o trahern_n who_o be_v there_o suppose_a to_o be_v this_o emperor_n uncle_n by_o the_o mother_n obtain_v a_o great_a victory_n over_o this_o octavius_n but_o that_o upon_o traherns_n be_v kill_v at_o verulam_n by_o the_o treachery_n of_o a_o nobleman_n of_o octavius_n party_n he_o again_o return_v into_o britain_n and_o make_v a_o confederacy_n with_o the_o northern_a nation_n renew_v the_o war_n whereupon_o constantine_n come_v upon_o octavius_n on_o the_o sudden_a soon_o overcome_v he_o yet_o suffer_v he_o though_o conquer_a still_o to_o reign_v here_o as_o a_o tributary_n to_o the_o roman_a empire_n but_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a constantine_n will_v have_v give_v so_o great_a a_o encouragement_n to_o rebellion_n nay_o what_o be_v yet_o more_o improbable_a he_o make_v this_o octavius_n to_o have_v govern_v this_o island_n even_o to_o the_o day_n of_o gratian_n and_o valentinian_n which_o must_v needs_o be_v false_a since_o the_o coin_n of_o all_o those_o roman_a emperor_n who_o succeed_v between_o constantine_n and_o valentinian_n be_v find_v in_o this_o island_n whereas_o no_o coin_n or_o monument_n of_o this_o octavius_n be_v ever_o yet_o to_o be_v see_v and_o further_o none_o of_o the_o historian_n of_o this_o age_n do_v mention_v any_o such_o king_n of_o britain_n as_o it_o be_v likely_a they_o will_v have_v do_v have_v they_o know_v of_o such_o a_o person_n but_o this_o be_v more_o likely_a that_o the_o emperor_n constantine_n alter_v the_o ancient_a division_n of_o britain_n by_o add_v to_o the_o former_a province_n viz._n britannica_fw-la prima_fw-la and_o secunda_fw-la rufi_n two_o other_o viz._n flavia_n and_o maxima_fw-la caesariensis_n i_o have_v no_o more_o to_o add_v concern_v civil_a affair_n in_o this_o emperor_n reign_n but_o as_o for_o ecclesiastical_a history_n it_o be_v certain_a the_o british_a church_n be_v now_o grow_v so_o considerable_a that_o 8._o it_o send_v divers_a bishop_n to_o the_o council_n of_o arles_n in_o gallia_n which_o be_v hold_v in_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 114_o as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o first_o tome_n of_o gallic_a council_n where_o eborius_n bishop_n of_o the_o city_n of_o eboracum_n in_o the_o province_n of_o britain_n and_o restitutus_n bishop_n of_o the_o city_n of_o london_n and_o adelphius_n bishop_n of_o the_o city_n of_o colchester_n appear_v as_o deputy_n for_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o britain_n and_o though_o in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o nice_a which_o be_v assemble_v anno_fw-la dom._n 325_o ibid._n there_o be_v no_o express_a mention_n of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o british_a bishop_n which_o appear_v there_o because_o the_o subscription_n to_o that_o council_n be_v lose_v yet_o athanasius_n as_o also_o hillary_n bishop_n of_o poitiers_n do_v sufficient_o confirm_v their_o be_v there_o as_o well_o as_o constantine_n himself_o who_o in_o his_o letter_n to_o the_o alexandrian_n say_v that_o easter_n be_v observe_v according_a to_o the_o manner_n prescribe_v in_o that_o council_n by_o all_o the_o nation_n he_o there_o mention_n among_o who_o the_o britain_n be_v reckon_v for_o one_o constantine_n die_v divide_v the_o
batavi_n herculi_n jovii_n and_o victores_fw-la he_o march_v towards_o london_n that_o ancient_a city_n which_o be_v afterward_o call_v augusta_n and_o divide_v his_o force_n into_o several_a party_n fall_v upon_o these_o rover_n whilst_o they_o march_v scatter_v up_o and_o down_o lade_v with_o booty_n so_o that_o easy_o rout_v they_o the_o plunder_n and_o captive_n he_o quick_o recover_v and_o have_v restore_v all_o to_o their_o respective_a owner_n except_o some_o small_a portion_n bestow_v on_o the_o weary_a soldier_n he_o return_v to_o the_o say_a city_n in_o a_o triumphant_a manner_n and_o tho'_o before_o it_o labour_v under_o many_o difficulty_n he_o hereby_o restore_v it_o to_o its_o former_a splendour_n be_v embolden_v with_o this_o success_n to_o undertake_v great_a matter_n ccclxviii_o enter_v into_o a_o ferious_a consideration_n what_o be_v further_a to_o be_v do_v he_o find_v by_o what_o he_o get_v out_o of_o the_o prisoner_n and_o fugitive_n that_o the_o enemy_n consist_v of_o divers_a nation_n be_v too_o fierce_a and_o numerous_a to_o be_v master_v by_o downright_a force_n but_o rather_o by_o stratagem_n and_o sudden_a attack_n he_o first_o therefore_o by_o promise_n of_o pardon_n bring_v most_o of_o his_o own_o deserter_n and_o straggler_n to_o return_v to_o their_o colour_n but_o be_v himself_o take_v up_o with_o divers_a care_n he_o send_v for_o civilis_n to_o govern_v britain_n as_o vice-praefect_a a_o man_n of_o a_o sharp_a wit_n and_o a_o strict_a observer_n of_o justice_n with_o dulcitius_n a_o commander_n very_o famous_a for_o his_o military_a skill_n of_o which_o expedition_n the_o same_o author_n give_v we_o this_o short_a general_a account_n in_o another_o place_n that_o theodosius_n have_v by_o his_o industry_n get_v together_o a_o army_n of_o well-disciplined_n soldier_n march_v from_o london_n he_o extreme_o relieve_v the_o calamity_n of_o the_o britain_n seize_v upon_o all_o place_n from_o which_o he_o may_v infest_v the_o enemy_n and_o command_v his_o common_a soldier_n nothing_o which_o he_o do_v not_o first_o undertake_v himself_o by_o which_o mean_n he_o perform_v both_o the_o duty_n of_o a_o valiant_a soldier_n and_o a_o famous_a commander_n divers_a nation_n be_v put_v to_o flight_n who_o have_v before_o be_v encourage_v by_o impunity_n to_o assault_v the_o roman_a territory_n and_o repair_v the_o city_n and_o castle_n which_o have_v before_o suffer_v very_o much_o so_o that_o a_o firm_a peace_n be_v hereby_o establish_v for_o a_o long_a time_n but_o the_o year_n follow_v while_o theodosius_n be_v thus_o employ_v ccclxix_o there_o happen_v a_o horrid_a conspiracy_n which_o have_v like_a to_o have_v prove_v of_o dangerous_a consequence_n have_v it_o not_o be_v stifle_v in_o its_o very_a birth_n for_o one_o valentinus_n of_o pannonia_n a_o man_n of_o a_o insolent_a and_o unquiet_a spirit_n ibid._n be_v for_o some_o great_a crime_n banish_v into_o britain_n this_o wretch_n impatient_a of_o rest_n contrive_v a_o plot_n against_o theodosius_n who_o be_v the_o only_a obstacle_n to_o his_o wicked_a design_n so_o that_o consider_v by_o what_o mean_v he_o may_v bring_v they_o to_o pass_v his_o ambitious_a desire_n still_o increase_a he_o excite_v some_o soldier_n and_o outlaw_v person_n by_o promise_v they_o both_o pardon_n and_o preferment_n and_o now_o the_o time_n draw_v near_o for_o effect_v his_o treason_n the_o general_n be_v inform_v thereof_o and_o be_v now_o become_v more_o bold_a to_o take_v revenge_n on_o the_o conspirator_n seize_v they_o and_o deliver_v they_o all_o to_o dulcius_fw-la the_o perfect_a to_o be_v put_v to_o death_n but_o judge_v of_o thing_n future_a by_o that_o long_a military_a experience_n in_o which_o he_o excel_v all_o other_o of_o his_o time_n he_o forbid_v any_o further_a enquiry_n into_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o plotter_n lest_o many_o be_v thereby_o make_v afraid_a those_o trouble_n which_o have_v be_v already_o compose_v shall_v be_v again_o revive_v then_o fall_v to_o the_o reform_v more_o necessary_a thing_n now_o the_o danger_n be_v over_o and_o that_o it_o be_v evident_a good_a fortune_n attend_v all_o his_o undertake_n he_o restore_v the_o city_n and_o garrison_n as_o we_o have_v already_o say_v fortify_v the_o border_n with_o constant_a watch_n and_o guard_n which_o though_o now_o recover_v have_v be_v former_o give_v up_o to_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o the_o northern_a province_n be_v restore_v to_o its_o former_a condition_n appoint_v a_o new_a governor_n over_o it_o he_o order_v that_o it_o shall_v for_o the_o future_a be_v call_v valentia_n in_o honour_n of_o valentinian_n the_o emperor_n he_o also_o remove_v the_o arean_o from_o their_o station_n ibid._n a_o sort_n of_o man_n institute_v in_o former_a time_n to_o good_a purpose_n tho'_o who_o these_o man_n be_v we_o know_v not_o but_o there_o seem_v here_o to_o be_v somewhat_o want_v in_o the_o copy_n but_o our_o author_n tell_v we_o that_o he_o have_v say_v somewhat_o more_o of_o they_o in_o the_o act_n of_o constans_n which_o book_n be_v lose_v but_o these_o sort_n of_o man_n now_o fall_v into_o vice_n be_v open_o convict_v that_o be_v allure_v by_o promise_n and_o reward_n they_o be_v often_o wont_a to_o betray_v to_o the_o barbarian_n whatsoever_o be_v do_v among_o the_o roman_n ccclxix_o though_o it_o ought_v to_o have_v be_v their_o business_n by_o run_v to_o and_o fro_o to_o give_v notice_n to_o the_o roman_a general_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o neighbour_a nation_n so_o that_o all_o these_o action_n be_v so_o well_o execute_v when_o theodosius_n be_v recall_v he_o leave_v this_o province_n in_o peace_n and_o be_v attend_v with_o the_o general_a applause_n of_o all_o man_n to_o the_o seaside_n he_o pass_v over_o to_o wait_v upon_o the_o emperor_n who_o receive_v he_o with_o great_a commendation_n nor_o can_v i_o here_o omit_v insert_v that_o noble_a eulogy_n which_o claudian_n the_o poet_n have_v give_v this_o renown_a general_n theodosius_n in_o his_o panegyric_n to_o his_o grandson_n honorius_n in_o these_o verse_n honorii_n facta_fw-la tui_fw-la numerabit_fw-la avi_fw-la quem_fw-la littus_fw-la adusti_fw-la horrescit_fw-la lybiae_fw-la ratibusque_fw-la impervia_fw-la thule_n ille_fw-la leves_fw-la mauros_fw-la nec_fw-la falso_fw-la nomine_fw-la pictos_fw-la edomuit_fw-la scotumque_fw-la vago_fw-la mucrone_fw-la secutus_fw-la fregit_fw-la hyperboreas_n remis_fw-la audacibus_fw-la undas_fw-la he_o shall_v relate_v thy_o gransier_n act_n who_o name_n burn_v libya_n dread_v and_o thule_n know_v by_o fame_n who_o the_o light_a moor_n and_o paint_a pict_n do_v tame_a and_o with_o his_o sword_n the_o rove_a scot_n pursue_v while_o with_o bold_a oar_n he_o northern_a sea_n subdue_v by_o which_o last_o verse_n he_o seem_v to_o intimate_v that_o as_o he_o tame_v the_o pict_n by_o land_n so_o he_o pursue_v the_o scot_n by_o sea_n but_o what_o be_v mean_v by_o those_o hyperborianae_n water_n whether_o the_o irish_a ocean_n or_o the_o 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almain_n who_o country_n have_v be_v total_o destroy_v by_o a_o late_a incursion_n into_o britain_n though_o with_o no_o high_a a_o command_n than_o that_o of_o a_o tribune_n over_o a_o regiment_n of_o his_o own_o country_n man_n then_o high_o in_o request_n for_o their_o valour_n and_o fidelity_n but_o what_o he_o do_v here_o ammianus_n cease_v to_o tell_v we_o so_o that_o be_v for_o the_o future_a bereave_v of_o the_o help_n of_o good_a historian_n we_o must_v be_v force_v to_o take_v up_o with_o such_o scrap_n as_o we_o can_v pick_v up_o here_o and_o there_o out_o of_o zosimus_n orosius_n and_o with_o other_o epitomator_n of_o better_a author_n now_o lose_v the_o emperor_n now_o valentinian_n die_v his_o son_n flavius_n ccclxxxii_o gratianus_n and_o fl._n valentinianus_n succeed_v he_o in_o the_o western_a empire_n in_o the_o five_o year_n of_o who_o reign_n the_o emperor_n gratian_n create_v theodosius_n son_n to_o the_o former_a his_o partner_n in_o the_o empire_n assign_v he_o the_o east_n for_o his_o
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about_o the_o same_o time_n according_a to_o caradoc_n chronicle_n also_o die_v gwgan_n king_n or_o prince_n of_o cardigan_n who_o as_o some_o british_a chronicle_n relate_v be_v drown_v by_o misfortune_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o dane_n destroy_v the_o town_n of_o alcluid_n in_o scotland_n this_o year_n the_o danish_a army_n leave_v the_o country_n about_o london_n dccclxxiii_o march_v into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o northumber_n and_o there_o winter_a in_o a_o place_n call_v tursige_v now_o torswick_n in_o lindsey_n which_o be_v then_o part_n of_o the_o northumbrian_n kingdom_n so_o that_o the_o neighbour_a nation_n be_v again_o force_v to_o renew_v their_o league_n with_o they_o and_o now_o also_o according_a to_o simeon_n of_o durham_n egbert_n king_n of_o northumberland_n die_v one_o ricsige_n succeed_v he_o and_o archbishop_n wulfher_o be_v now_o restore_v to_o his_o bishopric_n the_o next_o year_n the_o pagan_a army_n leave_v lindisse_fw-la march_v into_o mercia_n 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duke_n william_n be_v return_v without_o any_o satisfactory_a answer_n from_o king_n harold_n the_o duke_n employ_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o year_n in_o prepare_v all_o thing_n necessary_a for_o his_o expedition_n hire_v soldier_n out_o of_o his_o own_o country_n with_o large_a pay_n and_o invite_a stranger_n from_o abroad_o with_o great_a allowance_n so_o that_o upon_o the_o muster_n of_o his_o force_n he_o find_v that_o they_o do_v not_o only_o excel_v in_o strength_n of_o body_n and_o height_n of_o stature_n but_o also_o the_o chief_a commander_n and_o captain_n of_o they_o be_v as_o remarkable_a for_o their_o valour_n as_o for_o their_o experience_n and_o conduct_n also_o his_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n strive_v with_o the_o nobility_n who_o shall_v by_o their_o liberal_a contribution_n most_o advance_v this_o enterprise_n but_o that_o the_o duke_n may_v not_o prejudice_v the_o equity_n of_o his_o cause_n by_o precipitation_n he_o send_v ambassador_n to_o pope_n alexander_n who_o do_v with_o great_a eloquence_n set_v forth_o the_o justice_n of_o the_o war_n which_o their_o prince_n be_v go_v to_o undertake_v and_o that_o harold_n not_o only_o have_v break_v his_o oath_n with_o he_o but_o refuse_v to_o give_v he_o any_o satisfaction_n either_o because_o that_o now_o he_o be_v a_o crown_v head_n or_o else_o that_o he_o disinherit_v his_o cause_n whereupon_o the_o pope_n take_v into_o his_o serious_a consideration_n this_o weighty_a matter_n approve_v of_o the_o enterprise_n and_o send_v the_o duke_n a_o consecrate_a banner_n as_o a_o omen_n of_o victory_n which_o when_o the_o duke_n have_v receive_v he_o call_v a_o great_a council_n of_o his_o nobility_n at_o lillebone_n to_o ask_v all_o their_o opinion_n in_o this_o great_a affair_n and_o when_o they_o have_v all_o encourage_v his_o undertake_n by_o great_a promise_n of_o assistance_n he_o appoint_v a_o assessment_n for_o his_o fleet_n and_o army_n according_a to_o their_o several_a respective_a estate_n and_o so_o 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of_o their_o own_o than_o to_o think_v of_o invade_v the_o territory_n of_o other_o that_o this_o intend_a war_n though_o never_o so_o just_a yet_o do_v not_o seem_v so_o necessary_a at_o that_o time_n as_o it_o be_v apparent_o hazardous_a and_o that_o beside_o the_o norman_n be_v not_o by_o their_o allegiance_n bind_v to_o military_a service_n in_o foreign_a part_n neither_o can_v they_o by_o any_o mean_n be_v bring_v to_o grant_v a_o general_n tax_n although_o william_n fitz-osbern_a a_o man_n in_o high_a favour_n with_o the_o duke_n and_o as_o gracious_a among_o the_o people_n endeavour_v what_o he_o can_v to_o effect_v it_o and_o to_o draw_v in_o other_o by_o his_o own_o example_n promise_v to_o set_v out_o forty_o ship_n at_o his_o own_o proper_a charge_n duke_n william_n then_o perceive_v he_o can_v not_o bring_v this_o about_o in_o a_o public_a meeting_n go_v another_o way_n to_o work_v and_o therefore_o send_v for_o the_o wealthy_a man_n of_o his_o duchy_n several_o one_o by_o one_o to_o come_v to_o he_o then_o he_o speak_v they_o fair_a and_o desire_v they_o to_o contribute_v somewhat_o towards_o this_o war_n whereupon_o as_o if_o they_o have_v strive_v who_o shall_v most_o large_o assist_v their_o prince_n they_o promise_v he_o liberal_o and_o he_o cause_v to_o be_v present_o register_v whatsoever_o they_o have_v promise_v it_o amount_v to_o a_o vast_a sum_n more_o than_o most_o man_n can_v reasonable_o ever_o have_v believe_v this_o affair_n be_v thus_o dispatch_v he_o next_o crave_v aid_n of_o the_o prince_n his_o neighbour_n to_o wit_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o anjou_n poictou_n mlxvi_o maine_n and_o bretaigne_n unto_o these_o he_o promise_v large_a track_n of_o land_n and_o great_a possession_n in_o england_n but_o how_o much_o each_o of_o these_o prince_n contribute_v to_o this_o expedition_n be_v not_o know_v though_o as_o for_o alan_n earl_n of_o bretaigne_n he_o certain_o be_v so_o great_a a_o assistant_n to_o duke_n william_n that_o he_o be_v after_o this_o conquest_n of_o king_n harold_n make_v earl_n of_o richmond_n and_o have_v great_a part_n of_o the_o country_n thereabouts_o give_v he_o by_o william_n when_o he_o come_v to_o be_v king_n to_o be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n and_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o prince_n abovementioned_a it_o be_v certain_a that_o they_o permit_v duke_n william_n to_o raise_v great_a store_n of_o man_n in_o their_o territory_n who_o be_v head_v by_o divers_a noble_a volunteer_n of_o those_o country_n at_o their_o own_o charge_n afterward_o enjoy_v great_a possession_n in_o england_n as_o a_o reward_n of_o their_o service_n duke_n william_n also_o make_v his_o address_n to_o philip_n king_n of_o france_n and_o go_v in_o person_n to_o solicit_v his_o assistance_n in_o this_o intend_a war_n against_o harold_n voluntary_o offer_v that_o king_n that_o in_o case_n he_o will_v assist_v he_o and_o that_o he_o thereby_o become_v victorious_a to_o hold_v england_n of_o he_o as_o his_o vassal_n which_o 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three_o hundred_o norwegian_a ship_n command_v by_o harold_n king_n of_o norway_n to_o who_o when_o he_o have_v join_v those_o he_o have_v with_o they_o they_o all_o sail_v up_o the_o humber_n till_o they_o come_v as_o far_o as_o york_n where_o the_o earl_n brother_n morcar_n and_o eadwin_n meet_v and_o fight_v they_o but_o it_o seem_v the_o king_n of_o norway_n gain_v the_o victory_n ingulph_n be_v more_o express_a in_o this_o affair_n and_o say_v that_o harold_n king_n of_o norway_n sail_v up_o the_o river_n ouse_n as_o far_o as_o york_n where_o the_o fleet_n be_v leave_v under_o a_o strong_a guard_n they_o land_v and_o storm_v york_n and_o soon_o plunder_v it_o and_o slay_v many_o of_o the_o poor_a inhabitant_n but_o the_o two_o earl_n abovemention_v have_v get_v together_o a_o small_a recruit_v of_o ill-armed_a countryman_n be_v easy_o rout_v and_o according_a to_o our_o annal_n when_o king_n harold_n hear_v of_o it_o he_o immediate_o march_v against_o the_o king_n of_o norway_n and_o meet_v he_o at_o staenford-briâ—ge_a in_o yorkshire_n there_o fight_v and_o slay_v that_o king_n with_o earl_n tostige_n his_o own_o brother_n ingulph_n add_v that_o the_o norwegian_n make_v a_o very_a stout_a resistance_n great_a multitude_n of_o they_o be_v slay_v together_o with_o their_o chief_a commander_n so_o that_o king_n harold_n obtain_v a_o entire_a victory_n only_a prince_n olave_n son_n to_o harold_n king_n of_o norway_n and_o paul_n earl_n of_o orcades_n be_v permit_v quiet_o to_o return_v home_o with_o twenty_o ship_n but_o before_o i_o dismiss_v this_o relation_n i_o can_v omit_v a_o remarkable_a example_n of_o one_o single_a norwegian_a who_o stand_v upon_o the_o bridge_n abovementioned_a kill_v more_o than_o forty_o englishman_n with_o his_o battle-axe_n making_z good_a his_o post_n against_o the_o whole_a army_n mlxvi_o till_o three_o a_o clock_n in_o the_o afternoon_n and_o then_o one_o go_v in_o
the_o saxon_n be_v invite_v by_o the_o britain_n over_z hither_o ever_o mention_v their_o be_v send_v by_o any_o of_o their_o king_n but_o only_o by_o the_o saxon_a nation_n in_o general_a and_o if_o it_o continue_v thus_o in_o bede_n time_n it_o ought_v reasonable_o to_o be_v conclude_v that_o it_o be_v likewise_o so_o before_o their_o come_n over_o unless_o any_o man_n can_v show_v i_o some_o better_a authority_n than_o ever_o i_o have_v yet_o meet_v with_o to_o the_o contrary_n and_o that_o this_o likewise_o continue_a so_o not_o only_o in_o bede_n time_n but_o many_o year_n after_o may_v appear_v from_o this_o testimony_n of_o johan_n pomarius_n in_o his_o saxon_a chronicle_n which_o though_o write_v in_o latin_a yet_o not_o be_v able_a as_o yet_o to_o procure_v the_o sight_n of_o it_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o what_o he_o say_v almost_o to_o the_o same_o effect_n out_o of_o verstegan_n restitution_n of_o decay_a intelligence_n 69._o as_o for_o the_o general_n government_n of_o the_o country_n they_o ordain_v twelve_o nobleman_n choose_v from_o among_o other_o for_o their_o worthiness_n and_o sufficiency_n these_o in_o the_o time_n of_o peace_n ride_v their_o several_a circuit_n to_o see_v justice_n and_o good_a custom_n observe_v and_o they_o often_o of_o course_n â—t_a appoint_a time_n meet_v all_o together_o to_o consult_v and_o give_v order_n in_o public_a affair_n but_o ever_o in_o time_n of_o war_n one_o of_o these_o twelve_o be_v choose_v to_o be_v king_n and_o so_o to_o remain_v as_o long_o only_o as_o the_o war_n last_v and_o that_o be_v end_v his_o name_n and_o dignity_n of_o king_n also_o cease_v and_o he_o become_v as_o before_o and_o this_o custom_n continue_v among_o they_o until_o the_o time_n of_o their_o war_n with_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a at_o which_o time_n wittekind_n one_o of_o the_o twelve_o as_o aforesaid_a a_o nobleman_n of_o angria_n in_o westphalia_n bear_v over_o the_o rest_n the_o name_n and_o authority_n of_o king_n and_o he_o be_v afterward_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o say_a emperor_n convert_v to_o the_o faith_n of_o christ_n have_v by_o he_o his_o mutable_a title_n of_o king_n turn_v into_o the_o endure_a title_n and_o honour_n of_o duke_n and_o the_o eleven_o other_o be_v in_o like_a manner_n by_o the_o say_a emperor_n advance_v to_o the_o honourable_a title_n of_o earl_n and_o lord_n with_o establishment_n for_o the_o continual_a remain_v of_o these_o title_n and_o dignity_n unto_o they_o and_o their_o heir_n of_o who_o descent_n be_v since_o issue_v the_o great_a prince_n at_o this_o present_a in_o germany_n from_o what_o now_o i_o have_v give_v you_o i_o think_v nothing_o be_v more_o evident_a than_o that_o the_o government_n of_o the_o ancient_a english_a saxon_n be_v rather_o aristocratical_a than_o monarchical_a and_o admit_v they_o allow_v the_o king_n they_o have_v set_v over_o they_o somewhat_o more_o power_n than_o those_o nobleman_n abovemention_v by_o who_o they_o where_o govern_v in_o their_o own_o country_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n yet_o be_v this_o power_n of_o they_o far_o short_a of_o that_o absolute_a dominion_n which_o dr._n howell_n in_o his_o discourse_n of_o the_o polity_n of_o the_o english-saxons_a suppose_n though_o without_o any_o just_a ground_n 272._o that_o these_o king_n enjoy_v and_o therefore_o he_o will_v have_v it_o that_o the_o government_n be_v monarchical_a and_o that_o not_o only_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o particular_a kingdom_n during_o the_o heptarchy_n which_o have_v their_o peculiar_a king_n but_o even_o of_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o nation_n which_o be_v usual_o command_v by_o one_o of_o the_o seven_o of_o all_o which_o bede_n take_v notice_n in_o his_o time_n but_o if_o every_o one_o of_o these_o king_n be_v no_o more_o a_o monarch_n than_o he_o who_o be_v sometime_o supreme_a or_o chief_a above_o the_o rest_n i_o doubt_v he_o will_v fall_v very_o short_a of_o that_o title_n which_o be_v not_o find_v either_o in_o bede_n or_o in_o the_o saxon_a annal_n or_o yet_o in_o any_o other_o ancient_a writer_n before_o the_o conquest_n until_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edred_n but_o i_o have_v say_v enough_o to_o confute_v this_o notion_n i_o hope_v in_o the_o preface_n the_o doctor_n be_v next_o argument_n be_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o monarchy_n which_o he_o say_v we_o must_v believe_v at_o the_o first_o follow_v the_o condition_n of_o the_o tenure_n absolute_a conquest_n and_o territory_n ibid._n both_o get_v and_o hold_v by_o the_o sword_n alone_o usual_o produce_v absolute_a government_n which_o many_o time_n either_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o infirm_a foundation_n lay_v by_o the_o conqueror_n themselves_o the_o humour_n of_o the_o people_n not_o endure_v such_o subjection_n or_o other_o accident_n change_v into_o more_o moderate_a and_o less_o arbitrary_a that_o heng_a aella_n and_o the_o other_o captain_n where_o they_o first_o erect_v their_o domination_n govern_v their_o soldier_n who_o now_o be_v king_n they_o call_v subject_n with_o as_o great_a authority_n and_o as_o full_a command_n as_o former_o we_o little_a doubt_n in_o answer_n to_o this_o and_o to_o show_v you_o that_o notwithstanding_o what_o this_o author_n have_v allege_v we_o have_v still_o great_a reason_n to_o doubt_v the_o truth_n of_o it_o as_o be_v found_v on_o no_o authority_n but_o rather_o the_o quite_o contrary_a appear_v i_o shall_v therefore_o only_o desire_v the_o reader_n in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o take_v notice_n that_o it_o be_v no_o good_a argument_n at_o all_o to_o say_v that_o because_o the_o saxon_a prince_n be_v conqueror_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o their_o follower_n therefore_o they_o must_v have_v submit_v themselves_o absolute_o to_o their_o dominion_n when_o the_o war_n be_v over_o for_o the_o better_a proof_n of_o which_o i_o will_v far_o entreat_v the_o reader_n to_o observe_v first_o that_o those_o prince_n or_o general_n over_o the_o english-saxons_a tho'_o all_o of_o they_o be_v descend_v from_o woden_n their_o common_a ancestor_n know_v no_o such_o power_n as_o that_o of_o king_n of_o home_n according_a to_o bede_n or_o if_o we_o believe_v pomarius_n the_o title_n of_o king_n last_v at_o the_o most_o no_o long_o than_o the_o war_n nor_o can_v those_o prince_n be_v make_v king_n by_o their_o own_o nation_n before_o they_o come_v over_o since_o be_v only_o mere_a soldier_n of_o fortune_n they_o have_v as_o yet_o conquer_v no_o dominion_n from_o whence_o they_o can_v receive_v that_o denomination_n so_o that_o then_o it_o must_v fall_v out_o that_o they_o can_v only_o be_v so_o by_o the_o election_n of_o their_o soldier_n and_o follower_n that_o come_v over_o along_o with_o they_o which_o may_v be_v also_o prove_v from_o the_o ensue_a annal_n themselves_o for_o first_o they_o call_v heng_a and_o horsa_n the_o two_o brother_n who_o come_v over_o hither_o only_a heretogan_n i.e._n leader_n or_o captain_n of_o the_o jute_n that_o accompany_v they_o as_o you_o may_v see_v an._n 449._o of_o these_o annal_n nor_o second_o do_v they_o begin_v the_o reign_n of_o heng_a till_o the_o death_n of_o horsa_n his_o brother_n anno_fw-la 455._o six_o year_n after_o his_o come_n over_o so_o that_o it_o be_v plain_a he_o can_v have_v no_o other_o right_n to_o his_o kingdom_n of_o kent_n but_o the_o free_a election_n of_o the_o people_n that_o come_v over_o with_o he_o or_o else_o follow_v he_o not_o long_o afterward_o the_o like_a i_o may_v say_v of_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o heptarchy_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n be_v there_o no_o express_a authority_n to_o prove_v it_o which_o yet_o also_o be_v not_o want_v for_o as_o to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n which_o afterward_o swallow_v up_o all_o the_o rest_n our_o annal_n anno_fw-la 495._o tell_v we_o of_o cerdic_n and_o cynric_a his_o son_n their_o land_n in_o britain_n with_o five_o ship_n and_o have_v fight_v with_o the_o britain_n they_o about_o six_o year_n after_o their_o come_n over_o upon_o their_o conquer_a the_o country_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n become_v their_o first_o king_n which_o be_v further_o confirm_v under_o anno_fw-la 519._o where_o it_o be_v express_o relate_v that_o cerdic_n and_o cynric_n then_o begin_v their_o reign_n over_o the_o west-saxon_a kingdom_n so_o likewise_o in_o anno_fw-la 547._o it_o be_v there_o say_v that_o ida_n begin_v first_o to_o reign_v from_o who_o be_v derive_v the_o royal_a stock_n of_o the_o northumbrian_n king_n and_o yet_o we_o find_v from_o nennius_n and_o malmesbury_n and_o all_o our_o other_o historian_n who_o treat_v of_o this_o matter_n that_o octa_n and_o ebusa_n son_n and_o nephew_n to_o heng_a have_v land_v in_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o england_n not_o long_o after_o heng_a himself_n and_o have_v conquer_v those_o country_n they_o and_o their_o descendant_n rule_v there_o
nobility_n wherein_o plegmund_n preside_v here_o he_o think_v he_o have_v a_o strong_a hold_n and_o therefore_o say_v that_o this_o author_n tell_v we_o the_o meaning_n of_o the_o long_a title_n of_o this_o synod_n which_o just_o before_o he_o have_v mention_v viz._n that_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n fideles_fw-la proceres_fw-la &_o populus_n be_v all_o nobiles_fw-la nobleman_n that_o be_v the_o ecclesiastic_n and_o laic_n or_o the_o bishop_n and_o lay-nobility_n and_o not_o the_o vulgus_fw-la commons_o or_o ordinary_a sort_n of_o people_n so_o then_o according_a to_o the_o doctor_n be_v construction_n all_o the_o foregoing_a relation_n of_o the_o member_n of_o this_o council_n be_v a_o jumble_a heap_n of_o tautology_n of_o noble_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la nobleman_n and_o noble_a people_n but_o i_o must_v needs_o acknowledge_v that_o he_o be_v so_o far_o in_o the_o right_n that_o by_o these_o word_n nobilium_fw-la anglorum_fw-la be_v not_o mean_v the_o vulgar_a mean_a or_o ordinary_a sort_n of_o people_n or_o the_o mob_n as_o they_o be_v now_o contemptuous_o term_v for_o certain_o they_o have_v never_o any_o thing_n to_o do_v in_o those_o august_n assembly_n nor_o do_v mr._n petyt_n or_o myself_o maintain_v any_o such_o thing_n and_o yet_o for_o all_o this_o i_o think_v we_o may_v affirm_v that_o all_o the_o member_n that_o appear_v there_o be_v not_o nobleman_n or_o great_a lord_n only_o in_o the_o sense_n they_o be_v now_o take_v for_o to_o begin_v with_o the_o word_n nobilis_fw-la nobilis_fw-la which_o the_o doctor_n so_o much_o insist_o on_o it_o be_v his_o own_o too_o narrow_a conception_n of_o that_o title_n which_o have_v be_v i_o think_v one_o main_a cause_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o quarrel_n between_o mr._n petyt_n and_o he_o for_o in_o all_o the_o county_n of_o europe_n except_o england_n it_o be_v very_o well_o know_v that_o the_o word_n nobilis_fw-la include_v not_o only_a nobleman_n of_o title_n such_o as_o duke_n marquess_n etc._n etc._n but_o also_o all_o gentleman_n of_o family_n who_o be_v well_o bear_v and_o do_v not_o exercise_v mechanic_n trade_n thus_o nobilezza_fw-it in_o italian_a and_o noblesse_n in_o french_a comprehend_v the_o less_o as_o well_o as_o the_o great_a nobility_n so_o likewise_o the_o word_n aedelmen_fw-ge among_o the_o german_n comprehend_v all_o sort_n of_o nobleman_n as_o well_o those_o of_o title_n as_o other_o 10._o which_o be_v own_v by_o sir_n h._n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_n in_o these_o word_n anglorum_fw-la legibus_fw-la adelingo_n dici_fw-la pro_fw-la nobilibus_fw-la in_o genere_fw-la qui_fw-la omnes_fw-la nobiles_fw-la aedelman_n vocant_fw-la à _fw-la saxonico_n aedel_n nobilis_fw-la and_o so_o it_o be_v here_o in_o england_n long_o after_o the_o conquest_n as_o well_o as_o before_o when_o knight_n and_o gentleman_n be_v reckon_v inter_fw-la nobiles_fw-la minores_fw-la before_o the_o title_n of_o nobleman_n begin_v to_o be_v appropriate_v to_o the_o high_a nobility_n or_o peer_n only_o which_o be_v also_o own_a by_o dr._n brady_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o his_o complete_a history_n where_o he_o tell_v we_o of_o land_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n as_o well_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o low_a sort_n of_o noblesse_n as_o of_o the_o great_a nobleman_n and_o this_o be_v so_o i_o shall_v easy_o prove_v that_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o word_n insist_v upon_o by_o the_o doctor_n do_v not_o signify_v only_o great_a lord_n and_o nobleman_n by_o birth_n proceres_fw-la to_o go_v on_o therefore_o to_o the_o next_o word_n proceres_fw-la that_o neither_o this_o do_v signify_v only_a man_n noble_a by_o birth_n isidore_n a_o ancient_a spanish_a author_n in_o his_o origines_fw-la 4._o say_v thus_o proceres_fw-la sunt_fw-la principes_fw-la civium_fw-la that_o be_v the_o chief_a of_o subject_n or_o citizen_n and_o the_o learned_a du-fresne_a also_o tell_v we_o in_o his_o glossary_n 420._o proceres_fw-la appellabantur_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o civitatibus_fw-la praecipuos_fw-la magistratus_fw-la gerebant_fw-la that_o those_o be_v call_v proceres_fw-la who_o be_v the_o chief_a magistrate_n or_o ruler_n in_o city_n and_o certain_o these_o can_v scarce_o ever_o be_v nobleman_n by_o birth_n primate_fw-la and_o as_o for_o the_o word_n primate_fw-la it_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o principal_a or_o chief_a man_n however_o bear_v and_o that_o it_o be_v understand_v no_o otherwise_o among_o our_o english-saxons_a appear_v from_o aelfric_n glossary_a abovementioned_a at_o the_o end_n of_o somner_n saxon_a dictionary_n where_o he_o render_v the_o word_n primate_fw-la vel_fw-la primores_fw-la civitatis_fw-la seu_fw-la burgi_n by_o yld_a burhwara_n i._n e._n the_o chief_a magistrate_n in_o a_o city_n or_o town_n who_o be_v then_o person_n of_o very_a considerable_a note_n in_o the_o nation_n as_o i_o shall_v prove_v further_o by_o and_o by_o optimates_fw-la i_o come_v now_o to_o the_o word_n optimates_fw-la which_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o the_o better_a sort_n of_o 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of_o malmesbury_n for_o call_v a_o saxon_a wittena_n gemote_a generalis_fw-la senatus_n &_o populi_n conventus_fw-la to_o distinguish_v the_o lesser_a nobility_n from_o the_o great_a the_o doctor_n reply_v ibid._n there_o be_v no_o heed_n to_o be_v take_v how_o our_o old_a monk_n and_o historian_n style_v the_o saxon_a wittena_n gemote_n or_o their_o great_a and_o common-council_n for_o the_o same_o author_n express_v they_o sometime_o one_o way_n sometime_o another_o nor_o be_v they_o ever_o exact_a and_o curious_a in_o observe_v and_o note_v the_o title_n or_o the_o constituent_a part_n or_o member_n of_o they_o from_o whence_o i_o can_v but_o observe_v the_o doctor_n be_v great_a partiality_n for_o his_o own_o opinion_n for_o whenever_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n in_o the_o manuscript_n abovecited_a mention_n the_o word_n senatores_fw-la it_o must_v with_o he_o immediate_o signify_v nothing_o less_o than_o great_a nobleman_n or_o what_o we_o now_o call_v peer_n but_o when_o the_o same_o author_n mention_n the_o low_a degree_n of_o man_n who_o we_o now_o call_v commons_o as_o a_o distinct_a order_n from_o the_o
appoint_v a_o successor_n proceed_v thus_o fit_a magnus_fw-la corà m_fw-la rege_fw-la episcoporum_fw-la procerúmque_fw-la conventus_fw-la magnus_fw-la plebis_fw-la vulgìque_fw-la consensus_fw-la wherein_o he_o make_v a_o plain_a distinction_n between_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o great_a noble_a man_n or_o proceres_fw-la from_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o commons_o here_o call_v plebs_fw-la and_o vulgus_fw-la and_o though_o i_o grant_v with_o the_o doctor_n this_o story_n of_o king_n edward_n election_n in_o his_o mother_n womb_n to_o have_v be_v but_o a_o fiction_n yet_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o this_o abbot_n then_o speak_v according_a to_o his_o belief_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o elect_v a_o king_n in_o those_o time_n and_o true_o set_v down_o the_o party_n who_o presence_n and_o vote_n be_v necessary_a for_o the_o complete_n of_o such_o a_o election_n or_o else_o he_o must_v have_v speak_v as_o much_o by_o way_n of_o prophecy_n concern_v this_o matter_n as_o king_n ethelred_n and_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v do_v about_o k._n edward_n be_v elect_v in_o his_o mother_n be_v womb._n and_o the_o reader_n may_v remember_v that_o these_o author_n abovecit_v live_v and_o write_v many_o year_n before_o the_o 49_o the_o of_o henry_n iii_o when_o the_o doctor_n suppose_v the_o commons_o be_v first_o summon_v to_o parliament_n and_o therefore_o can_v not_o be_v corrupt_v with_o the_o notion_n not_o to_o say_v prejudices_fw-la of_o those_o who_o write_v after_o that_o time_n but_o i_o know_v the_o doctor_n have_v a_o subterfuge_n as_o he_o think_v for_o these_o plain_a and_o full_a authoriry_n and_o that_o be_v that_o by_o the_o populus_fw-la plebs_fw-la and_o vulgus_fw-la mention_v as_o you_o have_v hear_v the_o king_n thanes_z or_o less_o baron_n as_o they_o be_v call_v after_o the_o conquest_n who_o be_v all_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v hereby_o only_o to_o be_v understand_v and_o that_o no_o other_o but_o they_o have_v any_o right_a to_o be_v present_a and_o vote_n in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o this_o he_o have_v endeavour_v to_o make_v good_a in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n petyt_n abovesaid_a treatise_n but_o since_o the_o doctor_n be_v authority_n do_v there_o relate_v to_o the_o time_n after_o his_o conquest_n concern_v which_o i_o shall_v not_o now_o say_v any_o thing_n i_o will_v content_v myself_o at_o present_a with_o ask_v he_o only_o these_o two_o question_n first_o how_o he_o will_v prove_v that_o none_o but_o the_o person_n he_o there_o mention_n appear_v in_o those_o council_n since_o we_o can_v trace_v any_o footstep_n in_o our_o most_o ancient_a law_n or_o historian_n of_o his_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v the_o only_a constituent_a part_n of_o the_o saxon_a witenagemotes_a and_o it_o be_v indeed_o very_o unlikely_a they_o shall_v if_o we_o consider_v the_o many_o free-tenant_n who_o before_o the_o conquest_n hold_v in_o allodio_n without_o any_o military_a service_n alodium_n and_o this_o as_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n well_o observe_v be_v oppose_v to_o feud_n or_o fee_n in_o the_o ancient_n version_n of_o king_n canutus_n his_o law_n 75._o where_o it_o be_v call_v in_o saxon_a bockland_n and_o in_o the_o law_n of_o king_n alfred_n terra_fw-la haereditaria_fw-la 36._o and_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o our_o fee-simple_a which_o may_v be_v make_v over_o to_o stranger_n without_o any_o licence_n from_o the_o lord_n of_o who_o such_o land_n be_v hold_v of_o which_o sort_n of_o man_n there_o be_v also_o frequent_a mention_n in_o doomsday_n book_n under_o the_o title_n of_o alloarii_n and_o allodiarii_n and_o of_o who_o it_o be_v there_o also_o often_o say_v potuit_fw-la ire_n cum_fw-la terrâ_fw-la quo_fw-la voluit_fw-la or_o potuit_fw-la se_fw-la vertere_fw-la ad_fw-la alium_fw-la dominum_fw-la of_o these_o there_o be_v certain_o many_o more_o before_o the_o conquest_n than_o afterward_o when_o i_o own_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v in_o a_o few_o year_n parcele_v out_o into_o knight_n fe_n second_o i_o desire_v to_o be_v inform_v how_o our_o great_a council_n can_v consist_v of_o such_o a_o multitude_n of_o person_n as_o i_o find_v in_o ancient_a charter_n and_o historian_n to_o have_v appear_v at_o those_o assembly_n not_o only_o before_o but_o long_o after_o the_o conquest_n but_o of_o the_o period_n before_o that_o time_n and_o which_o i_o treat_v of_o in_o this_o volume_n i_o shall_v give_v these_o remarkable_a instance_n the_o first_o be_v out_o of_o a_o ancient_a manuscript_n in_o the_o cottonian_a library_n concern_v the_o league_n between_o alfred_n and_o godrun_n the_o dane_n 8._o which_o begin_v thus_o circà _fw-la annum_fw-la salvatoris_fw-la nostri_fw-la dccclxxvi_o in_o magno_fw-la concilio_n sive_fw-la mycel-gemot_a aluredus_fw-la rex_fw-la anglorum_fw-la &_o godrunus_fw-la rex_fw-la anglo-danorum_a &_o omnes_fw-la angligenae_fw-la sapientes_fw-la &_o omnis_fw-la populus_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o anglia_fw-it mansit_fw-la pacis_fw-la agenda_fw-la sive_fw-la foedus_fw-la constituerunt_fw-la &_o juramento_fw-la confirmaverunt_fw-la pro_fw-la seipsis_fw-la &_o junioribus_fw-la suis_fw-la ingenitis_n wherein_o this_o be_v worth_a observe_n that_o by_o the_o angligenae_fw-la sapientes_fw-la here_o mention_v the_o great_a wites_z or_o nobleman_n be_v understand_v and_o by_o populus_fw-la the_o representative_n of_o the_o inferior_a people_n or_o commons_o the_o next_o be_v that_o at_o the_o end_n of_o king_n ethelwolf_n charter_n of_o tithe_n anno_fw-la 855._o where_o you_o will_v find_v after_o the_o subscription_n of_o the_o bishop_n earl_n and_o other_o great_a man_n 350._o or_o thanes_z to_o this_o law_n these_o follow_a party_n be_v mention_v aliorúmque_fw-la fidelium_fw-la infinita_fw-la multitudo_fw-la qui_fw-la omnes_fw-la regium_fw-la chirographum_fw-la laudaverunt_fw-la dignitates_fw-la verò_fw-la sua_fw-la nomina_fw-la subscripserunt_fw-la from_o whence_o you_o may_v observe_v that_o though_o only_a the_o dignify_v person_n subscribe_v their_o name_n yet_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o this_o multitude_n have_v a_o right_a to_o approve_v and_o give_v their_o consent_n to_o what_o be_v there_o transact_v but_o it_o can_v be_v imagine_v that_o this_o charter_n will_v ever_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o approbation_n of_o the_o mere_a rabble_n without_o however_o they_o may_v show_v a_o joy_n and_o satisfaction_n at_o what_o be_v there_o do_v by_o their_o hollow_v and_o shout_v and_o this_o i_o conceive_v to_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o these_o council_n often_o meet_v in_o the_o open_a air_n when_o the_o wether_n will_v permit_v because_o no_o one_o room_n can_v easy_o hold_v they_o as_o appear_v by_o the_o conclusion_n of_o king_n edgar_n charter_n to_o ely_n abbey_n bear_v date_n at_o wulsamere_n an._n dom._n 970._o apud_fw-la wlsamere_n say_v the_o record_n non_fw-la clà m_fw-la in_o angulo_fw-la b._n sed_fw-la sub_fw-la dio_fw-mi palà m_fw-la evidentissimè_fw-la scientibus_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la mei_fw-la primatibus_fw-la who_o be_v not_o only_a primate_fw-la rega_n the_o king_n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o primate_fw-la regni_fw-la the_o principal_a or_o most_o considerable_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n i_o can_v give_v several_a more_o instance_n to_o prove_v that_o our_o ancient_a witenagemotes_a consist_v of_o a_o much_o great_a number_n than_o the_o doctor_n be_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la which_o in_o the_o time_n of_o his_o conqueror_n be_v not_o five_o or_o six_o hundred_o person_n and_o may_v not_o be_v half_a that_o number_n in_o the_o time_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n but_o since_o the_o rest_n of_o my_o authority_n fall_v out_o in_o the_o follow_a period_n i_o shall_v reserve_v they_o to_o the_o next_o succeed_a volume_n these_o be_v sufficient_a i_o think_v to_o make_v out_o that_o long_a before_o the_o time_n the_o doctor_n allow_v the_o commons_o have_v their_o representative_n in_o the_o great_a council_n by_o those_o of_o their_o own_o order_n but_o whether_o by_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n as_o now_o at_o this_o day_n i_o do_v not_o affirm_v but_o to_o pass_v from_o charter_n to_o the_o law_n themselves_o that_o prove_v the_o english-saxons_a witena_n gemote_n to_o have_v then_o consist_v of_o a_o great_a multitude_n of_o people_n i_o shall_v only_o instance_n in_o the_o famous_a charter_n of_o athelwolf_n concern_v tithe_n anno_fw-la dom._n 855._o which_o be_v confirm_v into_o a_o law_n at_o the_o common-council_n at_o winchester_n there_o be_v both_o in_o the_o copy_n of_o this_o charter_n in_o ingulph_n as_o also_o in_o that_o in_o sir_n h._n spelman_n first_o volume_n of_o council_n this_o conclusion_n after_o the_o subscription_n of_o archbishop_n bishop_n earldorman_n and_o other_o in_o these_o word_n aliorumque_fw-la fidelium_fw-la infinita_fw-la multitudo_fw-la qui_fw-la omnes_fw-la regis_fw-la chirographum_fw-la laudaverunt_fw-la dignitates_fw-la verò_fw-la sua_fw-la nomina_fw-la subscripserunt_fw-la i._n e._n there_o be_v beside_o a_o great_a multitude_n of_o faithful_a subject_n who_o all_o approve_a of_o the_o royal_a subscription_n but_o the_o dignity_n i._n e._n the_o dignify_a
never_o r._n ever_o p._n 24._o l._n 15._o f._n no_o r._n any_o introduction_n page_n 31._o line_n 17._o for_o long_a read_v long_o ib._n l._n 18._o f._n which_o r._n and_o ib._n r._n enjoy_v it_o p._n 34._o l._n 27._o del_o for_o a_o long_a time_n after_o p._n 86._o l._n 13._o del_o the_o comma_n in_o the_o margin_n begin_v at_o from_o whence_o you_o may_v observe_v and_o end_v at_o well_o observe_v p._n 89._o l._n 15._o f._n word_n r._n word_n ibid._n l._n 32._o f._n upon_o r._n that_o ib._n del_fw-it that_o p._n 96._o l._n 29._o f._n longobardarum_fw-la r._n longobardorum_n p._n 97._o l._n a._n f._n crihtan_n r._n crihtan_n i._n e._n knight_n p._n 105._o l._n 38._o f._n consist_v r._n reside_v addenda_fw-la &_o corrigenda_fw-la since_o this_o volume_n be_v print_v off_o come_v to_o a_o more_o strict_a view_n of_o the_o whole_a work_n than_o i_o can_v make_v when_o it_o be_v in_o loose_a sheet_n i_o think_v fit_a to_o make_v some_o few_o addition_n and_o correction_n as_o in_o these_o 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to_o defend_v the_o passage_n which_o place_n as_o mr._n camden_n conjecture_n have_v still_o from_o he_o the_o name_n of_o caer_n caradoc_n lie_v on_o the_o west_n edge_n of_o shropshire_n caradoc_n be_v in_o the_o british_a tongue_n suppose_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o caractacus_n in_o the_o latin_n ostorius_n have_v draw_v hither_o all_o his_o force_n since_o caractacus_n resolve_v here_o to_o â—ight_n it_o to_o the_o last_o the_o officer_n go_v about_o encourage_v their_o man_n diminish_v their_o fear_n xliv_o and_o enliven_a their_o courage_n by_o all_o the_o rhetoric_n of_o war._n but_o caractacus_n notable_o bestir_v himself_o and_o with_o quick_a motion_n go_v from_o place_n to_o place_n cry_v out_o this_o be_v the_o day_n and_o this_o the_o field_n which_o will_v be_v either_o the_o recovery_n of_o their_o liberty_n or_o the_o begin_n of_o a_o new_a and_o perpetual_a slavery_n and_o then_o invoke_v the_o name_n of_o his_o glorious_a ancestor_n who_o have_v drive_v out_o caesar_n the_o dictator_n and_o by_o who_o valour_n they_o have_v hitherto_o be_v free_v from_o the_o roman_a axe_n and_o tribute_n and_o still_o keep_v their_o wife_n and_o child_n preserve_v from_o dishonour_n at_o these_o or_o such_o like_a speech_n the_o army_n testify_v their_o joy_n by_o loud_a shout_n and_o acclamation_n and_o every_o one_o according_a to_o his_o country_n superstition_n bind_v himself_o by_o oath_n that_o neither_o force_n nor_o wound_n shall_v make_v they_o yield_v this_o courageous_a alacrity_n in_o the_o enemy_n startle_v the_o roman_a general_n especial_o when_o he_o descry_v the_o river_n before_o he_o and_o the_o rampire_n make_v upon_o its_o bank_n both_o of_o great_a difficulty_n to_o be_v pass_v whilst_o the_o steep_a hill_n full_a of_o arm_a man_n hang_v over_o their_o head_n give_v a_o dismal_a prospect_n and_o make_v a_o terrible_a scene_n of_o war_n but_o the_o common_a soldier_n be_v eager_a for_o battle_n require_v the_o signal_n cry_v out_o nothing_o be_v impregnable_a to_o valour_n this_o impatience_n be_v increase_v by_o the_o prefect_n and_o tribune_n who_o be_v of_o the_o same_o opinion_n then_o ostorius_n have_v first_o try_v which_o ford_n be_v passable_a and_o which_o not_o lead_v they_o on_o as_o insensible_a of_o danger_n who_o with_o no_o great_a difficulty_n wade_v through_o the_o river_n when_o they_o be_v come_v near_o to_o the_o rampire_n and_o that_o it_o come_v to_o be_v dispute_v with_o dart_n and_o javelin_n great_a loss_n follow_v on_o the_o roman_a than_o british_a side_n so_o that_o not_o be_v able_a long_o to_o endure_v it_o the_o legionary_a soldier_n join_v close_o together_o make_v a_o testudo_fw-la whereupon_o this_o rude_a fortification_n of_o rough_a stone_n be_v throw_v down_o and_o the_o roman_n meet_v with_o they_o hand_n to_o hand_n the_o barbarian_n soon_o flee_v to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n but_o
army_n she_o speak_v to_o this_o effect_n that_o since_o it_o be_v no_o new_a thing_n for_o the_o britain_n to_o make_v a_o war_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o a_o woman_n therefore_o for_o her_o part_n tho'_o descend_v of_o noble_a ancestor_n she_o seek_v not_o so_o much_o to_o revenge_v the_o loss_n of_o her_o kingdom_n and_o treasure_n but_o rather_o as_o one_o of_o the_o common_a people_n the_o loss_n of_o her_o liberty_n the_o bruise_a her_o body_n with_o stripe_n and_o the_o violate_a chastity_n of_o her_o daughter_n that_o the_o roman_a lust_n be_v such_o that_o they_o do_v not_o leave_v either_o old_a age_n or_o virginity_n undefiled_a that_o the_o god_n have_v hitherto_o favour_v her_o just_a revenge_n one_o legion_n be_v already_o cut_v off_o which_o dare_v to_o fight_v the_o rest_n have_v hide_v themselves_o in_o their_o camp_n seek_v how_o to_o run_v away_o as_o not_o be_v able_a to_o endure_v the_o shout_n and_o clamour_n of_o so_o many_o thousand_o much_o less_o their_o power_n so_o that_o if_o they_o will_v but_o consider_v their_o own_o great_a force_n they_o ought_v either_o to_o overcome_v or_o die_v in_o that_o battle_n 36._o neither_o be_v suetonius_n silent_a in_o so_o great_a a_o danger_n and_o although_o he_o trust_v much_o in_o his_o soldier_n valour_n yet_o think_v good_a to_o give_v they_o some_o encouragement_n to_o this_o effect_n that_o they_o shall_v despise_v the_o empty_a noisy_a threat_n of_o those_o barbarian_n that_o they_o behold_v more_o woman_n than_o fight_v man_n among_o they_o that_o be_v unwarlike_a and_o unarm_v they_o will_v present_o give_v way_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o feel_v the_o sharp_a sword_n and_o valour_n of_o their_o conqueror_n by_o who_o they_o have_v be_v so_o often_o rout_v and_o that_o of_o so_o many_o legion_n lxiii_o a_o few_o will_v serve_v to_o gain_v the_o victory_n and_o that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o addition_n to_o their_o honour_n if_o so_o small_a a_o force_n can_v obtain_v the_o same_o glory_n as_o if_o it_o be_v a_o entire_a army_n his_o advice_n then_o be_v that_o they_o shall_v keep_v close_o together_o and_o have_v cast_v their_o dart_n shall_v afterward_o continue_v the_o slaughter_n with_o their_o pike_n and_o sword_n not_o mind_v the_o spoil_n since_o the_o victory_n once_o obtain_v all_o will_v be_v their_o own_o the_o soldier_n be_v so_o encourage_v with_o this_o speech_n that_o the_o veterane_n soldier_n experience_v by_o many_o battle_n urge_v suetonius_n to_o give_v the_o signal_n 37._o yet_o all_o the_o legion_n stand_v unmoved_a keep_v that_o strait_a entrance_n as_o a_o defence_n before_o they_o but_o when_o the_o enemy_n have_v approach_v near_o and_o have_v spend_v their_o dart_n the_o legion_n sally_v forth_o all_o at_o once_o upon_o they_o in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o wedge_n the_o like_a assault_n be_v also_o make_v by_o the_o auxiliary_n whilst_o the_o horse_n with_o their_o spear_n rout_v all_o that_o stand_v before_o they_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o back_n and_o flee_v but_o can_v hardly_o escape_v because_o their_o own_o wagon_n have_v close_v up_o all_o the_o avenue_n but_o the_o soldier_n give_v no_o quarter_n not_o so_o much_o as_o to_o the_o woman_n and_o the_o very_a draught-cattel_n be_v run_v through_o increase_v the_o heap_n of_o the_o dead_a carcase_n this_o victory_n be_v very_o eminent_a and_o the_o glory_n of_o it_o equal_v those_o of_o ancient_a time_n since_o it_o be_v relate_v that_o not_o less_o than_o 80000_o britain_n be_v then_o slay_v but_o of_o the_o roman_a soldier_n not_o above_o 400_o and_o about_o as_o many_o wound_a boadicia_n end_v her_o life_n by_o poison_n and_o paenius_n posthumus_n the_o commander_n of_o the_o second_o legion_n when_o he_o hear_v the_o good_a success_n of_o those_o of_o the_o fourteen_o and_o twenty_o since_o he_o have_v defraud_v his_o own_o man_n of_o the_o like_a glory_n and_o have_v also_o contrary_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o war_n refuse_v to_o obey_v the_o order_n of_o his_o general_n run_v himself_o through_o with_o his_o own_o sword_n the_o army_n after_o a_o general_a review_n still_o keep_v the_o field_n to_o make_v a_o end_n of_o the_o war_n and_o suetonius_n increase_v his_o force_n with_o 2000_o legionary_a soldier_n and_o 8_o cohort_n of_o auxiliary_n together_o with_o 1000_o horse_n send_v out_o of_o germany_n by_o who_o come_v the_o nine_o legion_n be_v recruit_v whereupon_o all_o those_o cohort_n with_o some_o other_o be_v put_v into_o winter-quarter_n whatsoever_o nation_n continue_v either_o enemy_n or_o neuter_n be_v now_o destroy_v with_o fire_n and_o sword_n but_o nothing_o afflict_v they_o so_o much_o as_o hunger_n have_v be_v careless_a to_o sow_v corn_n because_o they_o reckon_v upon_o the_o roman_a provision_n as_o their_o own_o all_o their_o hand_n be_v employ_v in_o the_o war._n but_o these_o fierce_a nation_n be_v the_o less_o incline_v to_o treat_v of_o peace_n because_o julius_n classicianus_n who_o succeed_v catus_n differ_v with_o suetonius_n their_o private_a animosity_n hinder_v the_o public_a good_a the_o former_a give_v out_o that_o a_o new_a lieutenant_n be_v to_o be_v expect_v without_o the_o rancour_n of_o a_o conqueror_n and_o who_o will_v treat_v those_o that_o submit_v to_o they_o with_o mercy_n and_o clemency_n have_v also_o write_v to_o rome_n that_o there_o be_v no_o end_n to_o be_v expect_v of_o this_o war_n unless_o suetonius_n be_v remove_v attribute_v all_o miscarriage_n to_o his_o ill_a conduct_n and_o any_o happy_a success_n to_o the_o good_a fortune_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n 39_o polycletus_n therefore_o one_o of_o nero_n freedman_n be_v send_v to_o inspect_v the_o state_n of_o britain_n with_o great_a hope_n that_o he_o may_v by_o his_o authority_n not_o only_o procure_v a_o agreement_n between_o the_o lieutenant_n and_o the_o procurator_n but_o also_o work_v the_o mind_n of_o the_o barbarian_n to_o a_o peace_n polycletus_n after_o have_v be_v burdensome_a both_o to_o italy_n and_o gaul_n with_o his_o great_a retinue_n and_o have_v cross_v the_o ocean_n do_v not_o omit_v to_o become_v terrible_a also_o to_o the_o roman_a soldier_n this_o give_v matter_n of_o sport_n to_o the_o enemy_n who_o then_o enjoy_v liberty_n have_v not_o yet_o know_v the_o power_n of_o these_o freedman_n lxiii_o but_o wonder_v that_o so_o great_a a_o general_n and_o a_o army_n who_o have_v fight_v such_o battle_n can_v obey_v slave_n but_o though_o all_o thing_n be_v soften_v and_o fair_o represent_v on_o the_o general_n be_v behalf_n yet_o because_o whilst_o he_o be_v otherwise_o employ_v in_o affair_n he_o have_v lose_v a_o few_o galley_n near_o the_o shore_n he_o be_v command_v though_o the_o war_n yet_o last_v to_o deliver_v up_o the_o army_n to_o petronius_n turpilianus_n who_o be_v then_o just_a out_o of_o his_o consulship_n who_o neither_o provoke_v the_o enemy_n nor_o be_v provoke_v by_o they_o give_v his_o own_o slothfulness_n the_o honourable_a title_n of_o peace_n â—â—_o but_o tacitus_n also_o in_o the_o life_n of_o agricola_n have_v give_v a_o short_a relation_n of_o this_o war_n with_o boadicia_n who_o he_o there_o call_v voadicia_n own_v that_o britain_n have_v be_v lose_v if_o paulinus_n have_v not_o speedy_o come_v to_o its_o assistance_n most_o of_o which_o he_o restore_v by_o one_o battle_n to_o its_o ancient_a subjection_n though_o many_o still_o continue_v in_o arm_n who_o either_o the_o gild_n of_o rebellion_n or_o the_o fear_n of_o the_o lieutenant_n still_o keep_v out_o who_o though_o he_o be_v a_o worthy_a man_n yet_o carry_v himself_o too_o haughty_o towards_o those_o that_o submit_v and_o as_o a_o revenger_n of_o his_o own_o injury_n impose_v too_o hard_a term_n upon_o the_o vanquish_a therefore_o petronius_n turpilianus_n be_v send_v in_o his_o stead_n as_o be_v more_o exorable_a who_o as_o one_o altogether_o ignorant_a of_o the_o enemy_n fail_n will_v be_v more_o easy_a to_o their_o repentance_n but_o all_o former_a difference_n be_v compose_v he_o dare_v do_v nothing_o far_o and_o so_o deliver_v the_o province_n to_o trebellius_n maximus_n who_o be_v a_o man_n of_o a_o unactive_a temper_n and_o no_o experience_n in_o military_a affair_n govern_v the_o province_n by_o a_o softness_n and_o complaisance_n yet_o nevertheless_o he_o continue_v still_o in_o the_o government_n till_o the_o reign_n of_o vitellius_n but_o ibid._n tacitus_n hear_v far_o tell_v we_o lxix_o that_o the_o britain_n have_v now_o learn_v to_o approve_v of_o the_o pleasant_a vice_n of_o the_o roman_n whilst_o the_o intervention_n of_o their_o civil_a war_n give_v they_o a_o just_a excuse_n for_o their_o own_o cowardice_n but_o one_o thing_n be_v by_o no_o mean_n to_o be_v pass_v by_o without_o particular_a notice_n that_o it_o be_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o one_o of_o these_o emperor_n either_o claudius_n or_o nero_n though_o uncertain_a in_o which_o
they_o constrain_v to_o do_v his_o duty_n have_v thus_o escape_v and_o none_o know_v what_o be_v become_v of_o they_o and_o have_v no_o pilate_n they_o be_v carry_v at_o random_n as_o the_o tide_n and_o wind_n drive_v they_o to_o and_o fro_o thus_o compass_v the_o island_n they_o practise_v piracy_n where_o they_o land_v and_o often_o fight_v with_o the_o britain_n who_o defend_v their_o good_n be_v sometime_o victor_n and_o sometime_o worsted_n till_o at_o last_o they_o be_v drive_v to_o that_o great_a extremity_n for_o want_n of_o provision_n that_o first_o they_o devour_v the_o weak_a of_o their_o own_o man_n and_o then_o draw_v lot_n who_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v eat_v afterward_o thus_o have_v float_v round_a britain_n and_o lose_v their_o ship_n for_o want_n of_o skill_n to_o steer_v they_o get_v on_o shore_n they_o be_v take_v and_o sell_v as_o pirate_n first_o by_o the_o suevian_o and_o afterward_o by_o the_o frisian_n till_o at_o last_o they_o be_v sell_v into_o britain_n where_o the_o strangeness_n of_o the_o accident_n render_v this_o discovery_n of_o the_o island_n more_o famous_a 29._o but_o agricola_n have_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o summer_n lose_v a_o young_a son_n lxxxiv_o make_v use_v of_o war_n as_o a_o remedy_n to_o vent_v his_o grief_n therefore_o he_o send_v his_o fleet_n before_o which_o by_o spoil_v many_o place_n on_o the_o coast_n strike_v a_o great_a terror_n into_o the_o enemy_n he_o himself_o with_o a_o fly_a army_n consist_v chief_o of_o britain_n who_o courage_n and_o faith_n he_o have_v long_o experience_v follow_v it_o march_v as_o far_o as_o the_o grampian_n hill_n upon_o which_o the_o enemy_n have_v post_v themselves_o for_o the_o britain_n nothing_o daunt_v with_o the_o ill_a success_n of_o the_o last_o fight_n and_o expect_v nothing_o but_o revenge_n or_o slavery_n from_o their_o new_a league_n and_o confederacy_n be_v get_v together_o thirty_o thousand_o strong_a more_o be_v daily_o expect_v nay_o the_o age_a themselves_o will_v not_o be_v exempt_v from_o this_o day_n service_n but_o as_o they_o have_v be_v brave_a man_n in_o their_o time_n so_o every_o one_o of_o they_o bear_v some_o badge_n or_o mark_n of_o his_o youthful_a achievement_n lxxxiv_o among_o these_o be_v galgacus_n chief_a in_o authority_n and_o birth_n who_o when_o the_o army_n cry_v out_o for_o the_o signal_n of_o battle_n be_v bring_v in_o by_o tacitus_n make_v a_o long_a yet_o noble_a oration_n which_o tho'_o it_o be_v likely_a he_o never_o speak_v and_o that_o it_o be_v contrary_a to_o my_o design_n to_o stuff_v these_o annal_n with_o long_a speech_n yet_o since_o there_o be_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o good_a sense_n and_o sharp_a satyr_n express_v in_o it_o against_o his_o own_o nation_n i_o shall_v contract_v some_o part_n of_o it_o britain_n and_o render_v the_o rest_n word_n for_o word_n in_o the_o first_o place_n have_v set_v forth_o the_o occasion_n of_o make_v war_n upon_o the_o roman_n from_o the_o necessity_n of_o avoid_v slavery_n as_o be_v the_o last_o people_n of_o britain_n that_o be_v yet_o unconquered_a and_o that_o beyond_o they_o there_o be_v no_o more_o earth_n nor_o liberty_n leave_v that_o now_o the_o utmost_a bound_n of_o britain_n be_v discover_v and_o no_o other_o nation_n but_o they_o leave_v to_o employ_v the_o roman_a army_n who_o pride_n they_o may_v seek_v to_o please_v in_o vain_a by_o service_n and_o submission_n those_o robber_n of_o the_o world_n who_o have_v leave_v no_o land_n unplunder_v ransack_v even_o the_o ocean_n itself_o if_o the_o enemy_n be_v rich_a they_o be_v greedy_a of_o his_o wealth_n if_o poor_a they_o covet_v glory_n who_o neither_o the_o east_n nor_o west_n can_v ever_o satisfy_v the_o only_a man_n in_o the_o world_n who_o pursue_v both_o the_o rich_a and_o the_o needy_a with_o equal_a appetite_n to_o kill_v and_o plunder_n they_o call_v govern_v and_o when_o they_o have_v bring_v desolation_n on_o a_o country_n they_o term_v it_o peace_n that_o nature_n by_o near_a tie_n have_v link_v their_o child_n and_o relation_n to_o they_o yet_o even_o these_o be_v take_v away_o and_o press_v into_o their_o service_n that_o their_o wife_n and_o sister_n if_o they_o escape_v their_o violence_n yet_o can_v not_o avoid_v dishonour_n since_o when_o they_o come_v as_o guest_n into_o their_o house_n they_o be_v sure_a to_o debauch_v they_o their_o good_n and_o fortune_n they_o make_v their_o tribute_n their_o corn_n their_o provision_n to_o supply_v their_o granary_n and_o wear_v out_o their_o body_n in_o cut_v down_o wood_n and_o drain_n fen_n and_o pave_v marsh_n nay_o and_o all_o this_o amid_o a_o thousand_o stripe_n and_o indignity_n that_o slave_n who_o be_v bear_v to_o bondage_n be_v sell_v but_o once_o and_o afterward_o keep_v at_o their_o master_n charge_n but_o britain_n daily_o buy_v its_o own_o bondage_n and_o maintain_v it_o too_o he_o than_o proceed_v to_o exhort_v they_o to_o be_v tenacious_a of_o their_o liberty_n lest_o like_o the_o last_o slave_n in_o a_o private_a family_n who_o be_v the_o sport_n and_o scorn_n of_o his_o fellow_n when_o conquer_v they_o shall_v be_v flout_v by_o those_o who_o have_v be_v use_v as_o drudge_n long_o before_o advise_v they_o to_o take_v courage_n and_o example_n from_o the_o brigantes_n who_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o a_o woman_n have_v almost_o quite_o destroy_v the_o roman_n and_o may_v have_v drive_v they_o out_o of_o britain_n have_v they_o not_o fail_v in_o the_o attempt_n by_o their_o too_o great_a security_n and_o success_n then_o magnify_v the_o valour_n and_o strength_n of_o his_o own_o nation_n and_o lessen_v that_o of_o the_o roman_n as_o make_v up_o of_o divers_a nation_n who_o unwilling_o serve_v they_o and_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o dare_v will_v turn_v against_o they_o he_o conclude_v with_o show_v what_o advantage_n they_o have_v above_o the_o roman_n to_o make_v they_o hope_v for_o victory_n and_o the_o miserable_a slavery_n they_o be_v like_a to_o undergo_v if_o they_o be_v vanquish_v and_o therefore_o go_v now_o to_o battle_n advise_v they_o to_o remember_v the_o freedom_n of_o their_o ancestor_n as_o well_o as_o the_o danger_n of_o slavery_n to_o themselves_o and_o their_o posterity_n 34._o the_o britain_n receive_v this_o speech_n with_o great_a testimony_n of_o joy_n such_o as_o song_n and_o confuse_a clamour_n after_o the_o custom_n of_o their_o country_n all_o which_o show_v their_o approbation_n and_o now_o their_o arm_n begin_v to_o glitter_v and_o every_o one_o to_o put_v himself_o in_o array_n when_o agricola_n scarce_o able_a to_o repress_v the_o heat_n of_o his_o soldier_n yet_o think_v it_o convenient_a to_o say_v something_o to_o they_o make_v a_o speech_n to_o this_o effect_n for_o be_v somewhat_o long_o lxxxiv_o i_o shall_v make_v bold_a to_o contract_v it_o first_o he_o tell_v his_o soldier_n that_o this_o be_v the_o eight_o year_n that_o their_o valour_n protect_v by_o the_o fortune_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n have_v subdue_v the_o britain_n in_o so_o many_o battle_n speâ—ch_v and_o that_o as_o he_o have_v exceed_v his_o predecessor_n in_o success_n so_o they_o have_v all_o former_a army_n that_o britain_n be_v now_o no_o long_o know_v only_o by_o fame_n and_o report_n and_o that_o as_o they_o have_v have_v the_o honour_n to_o discover_v so_o likewise_o may_v they_o to_o subdue_v it_o that_o he_o have_v often_o hear_v they_o ask_v when_o they_o shall_v meet_v the_o enemy_n but_o now_o they_o have_v their_o desire_n now_o be_v the_o time_n to_o show_v their_o valour_n and_o that_o as_o every_o thing_n will_v happen_v as_o they_o can_v wish_v if_o they_o conquer_a so_o all_o thing_n make_v against_o they_o if_o they_o be_v overcome_v that_o if_o it_o be_v great_a and_o noble_a to_o have_v march_v so_o much_o ground_n to_o have_v pass_v so_o many_o wood_n and_o both_o the_o frith_n yet_o if_o they_o flee_v the_o very_a same_o thing_n will_v be_v their_o hindrance_n and_o destruction_n that_o as_o for_o his_o part_n he_o have_v be_v long_o since_o satisfy_v that_o to_o run_v away_o be_v neither_o safe_a for_o the_o soldier_n nor_o general_n and_o that_o a_o commendable_a death_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o reproach_n of_o a_o ignominious_a life_n that_o safety_n and_o honour_n be_v now_o inseparable_o conjoin_v and_o let_v the_o worst_a happen_v yet_o how_o glorious_a will_v it_o be_v to_o die_v in_o the_o utmost_a bound_n of_o the_o world_n and_o nature_n then_o put_v they_o in_o mind_n of_o their_o late_a victory_n and_o represent_v these_o britain_n they_o be_v now_o to_o fight_v with_o as_o the_o mean_a and_o most_o rascally_a of_o all_o the_o nation_n they_o have_v conquer_a so_o he_o doubt_v not_o but_o they_o will_v afford_v they_o a_o occasion_n of_o a_o memorable_a victory_n then_o
conclude_v in_o advise_v they_o to_o make_v a_o end_n of_o the_o war_n and_o to_o fifty_o year_n labour_n add_v one_o great_a conclude_a day_n by_o which_o mean_n they_o shall_v approve_v themselves_o to_o their_o country_n and_o that_o it_o shall_v never_o be_v just_o lay_v to_o their_o charge_n that_o they_o have_v protract_v the_o war_n nor_o let_v slip_v any_o opportunity_n of_o complete_n their_o conquest_n whilst_o agricola_n be_v yet_o speak_v the_o soldiers_z express_v great_a sign_n of_o their_o eagerness_n and_o resolution_n but_o the_o conclusion_n of_o his_o speech_n be_v receive_v with_o loud_a and_o joyful_a acclamation_n whilst_o every_o man_n stand_v to_o his_o arm_n and_o show_v his_o impatience_n to_o march_v on_o agricola_n order_v the_o battle_n after_o this_o manner_n his_o main_a body_n be_v make_v up_o of_o eight_o thousand_o auxiliary_a foot_n and_o three_o thousand_o horse_n be_v place_v in_o the_o wing_n the_o legion_n be_v set_v in_o the_o rear_n before_o the_o camp_n for_o the_o great_a glory_n of_o the_o victory_n if_o it_o can_v be_v win_v without_o any_o loss_n of_o roman_a blood_n if_o otherwise_o for_o succour_n and_o assistance_n the_o british_a army_n for_o the_o great_a show_n and_o terror_n be_v draw_v upon_o a_o rise_n gound_z the_o first_o battalion_n stand_v on_o the_o plain_a the_o next_o a_o degree_n high_o as_o the_o hill_n ascend_v the_o field_n ring_v with_o the_o clatter_a noise_n of_o chariot_n and_o horseman_n range_v up_o and_o down_o agricola_n perceive_v the_o enemy_n exceed_v he_o in_o number_n and_o fear_v lest_o they_o may_v attack_v he_o in_o the_o front_n and_o flank_n at_o once_o stretch_v out_o his_o front_n in_o length_n and_o although_o by_o that_o mean_v his_o vanguard_n be_v somewhat_o thin_a and_o that_o many_o counsel_v he_o to_o take_v the_o legion_n into_o it_o yet_o he_o stand_v firm_a to_o his_o first_o resolution_n and_o alight_v from_o his_o horse_n place_v himself_o at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o foot_n before_o the_o ensign_n 36._o the_o fight_n begin_v at_o a_o distance_n with_o missive_n weapon_n wherein_o the_o britain_n show_v wondrous_a skill_n and_o constancy_n for_o with_o their_o broad_a sword_n and_o short_a target_n they_o either_o avoid_v the_o dart_n or_o shake_v they_o off_o and_o in_o return_n liberal_o bestow_v whole_a shower_n of_o their_o own_o agricola_n perceive_v this_o disadvantage_n command_v three_o batavian_n cohort_n and_o two_o of_o the_o tungrian_o lxxxiv_o that_o they_o shall_v bring_v it_o speedy_o to_o dint_n of_o sword_n which_o they_o easy_o perform_v as_o be_v fit_v for_o it_o by_o long_a exercise_n but_o the_o britain_n on_o the_o other_o side_n have_v little_a target_n and_o huge_a unwild_o sword_n without_o point_n lay_v under_o a_o great_a disadvantage_n nor_o can_v endure_v a_o close_a down_o right_o fight_v so_o that_o when_o the_o batavian_o come_v to_o exchange_v blow_n with_o they_o and_o to_o make_v at_o their_o face_n with_o the_o pike_n of_o their_o target_n they_o easy_o bear_v they_o down_o and_o prosecute_a their_o victory_n advance_v to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o hill_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o cohort_n be_v spur_v on_o by_o emulation_n and_o strike_v at_o all_o that_o be_v near_o they_o run_v on_o in_o the_o same_o course_n leave_v for_o haste_n many_o behind_o they_o some_o half_a dead_a other_o untouched_a in_o the_o mean_a while_n as_o the_o horseman_n flee_v the_o chariot_n break_v in_o upon_o the_o foot_n so_o they_o who_o have_v late_o terrify_v other_o be_v now_o distress_v themselves_o be_v pen_v in_o by_o their_o own_o close_a rank_n as_o well_o as_o the_o unevenness_n of_o the_o ground_n but_o the_o manner_n of_o this_o battle_n be_v not_o like_o a_o loose_a skirmish_n of_o horseman_n but_o all_o keep_n their_o rank_n endeavour_v by_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o horse_n to_o bear_v down_o the_o enemy_n and_o now_o may_v be_v see_v chariot_n without_o driver_n and_o the_o affright_a horse_n run_v to_o and_o fro_o without_o rider_n overturning_a all_o that_o meet_v they_o or_o thwart_v their_o way_n but_o when_o those_o britain_n who_o have_v not_o yet_o engage_v but_o on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o hill_n despise_v the_o paucity_n of_o the_o roman_n 38._o begin_v to_o draw_v down_o by_o degree_n and_o take_v a_o compass_n to_o fall_v upon_o they_o in_o the_o rear_n agricola_n have_v foresee_v their_o design_n with_o four_o squadron_n of_o horse_n which_o he_o have_v reserve_v for_o such_o a_o purpose_n oppose_v their_o descent_n and_o drive_v they_o back_o with_o as_o great_a have_v as_o they_o have_v come_v forward_o put_v they_o total_o to_o flight_n so_o that_o now_o this_o project_n of_o the_o britain_n be_v turn_v upon_o themselves_o some_o troop_n of_o horse_n be_v by_o the_o general_n be_v order_n take_v from_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o send_v to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n in_o the_o rear_n then_o may_v have_v be_v see_v in_o the_o open_a plain_n a_o great_a and_o dismal_a scene_n of_o war_n some_o pursue_v wound_a take_v and_o then_o kill_v those_o that_o be_v take_v when_o other_o fresh_a one_o come_v in_o the_o way_n now_o whole_a regiment_n of_o the_o britain_n according_a to_o their_o several_a disposition_n though_o arm_v and_o more_o numerous_a turn_v their_o back_n whilst_z other_o though_o unarm_v run_v desperate_o upon_o the_o sword_n of_o their_o enemy_n the_o whole_a field_n be_v cover_v with_o scatter_a arm_n dead_a body_n with_o mangle_a limb_n and_o blood_n whilst_o many_o wallow_n in_o their_o own_o gore_n cease_v not_o to_o give_v some_o proof_n of_o their_o last_o anger_n and_o revenge_n but_o when_o the_o britain_n by_o run_v away_o have_v get_v near_o the_o wood_n rally_v again_o they_o circumvent_v those_o that_o pursue_v they_o as_o be_v unwary_a and_o ignorant_a of_o those_o place_n agricola_n who_o be_v every_o where_o prevent_v this_o by_o send_v out_o some_o light_a arm_n yet_o strong_a cohort_n and_o as_o also_o by_o command_v some_o of_o his_o horseman_n to_o alight_v and_o scour_v the_o thick_a part_n of_o the_o wood_n these_o may_v have_v suffer_v considerable_o for_o their_o rashness_n but_o when_o the_o britain_n once_a saw_n that_o the_o roman_n follow_v the_o pursuit_n close_o and_o in_o good_a order_n they_o all_o flee_v tho'_o not_o as_o before_o in_o whole_a troop_n and_o company_n but_o disperse_v and_o straggle_a into_o remote_a and_o by-place_n until_o night_n and_o the_o satiety_n of_o slaughter_n put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o chase_n of_o the_o britain_n ten_o thousand_o be_v slay_v of_o the_o roman_n three_o hundred_o and_o forty_o among_o which_o be_v aurelius_n atticus_n commander_n in_o chief_a of_o a_o cohort_n who_o through_o youthful_a heat_n and_o the_o overmuch_o mettle_n of_o his_o horse_n be_v carry_v into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o night_n be_v spend_v with_o joy_n by_o the_o roman_n 38._o be_v now_o flush_v with_o victory_n and_o spoil_n but_o the_o britain_n run_v wander_v up_o and_o down_o man_n and_o woman_n howl_v together_o lxxxiv_o some_o lug_v on_o the_o wound_a whilst_o other_o cry_v for_o help_v to_o those_o that_o be_v not_o hurt_v some_o forsake_v their_o house_n and_o of_o their_o own_o accord_n set_v fire_n on_o they_o search_v out_o hole_n to_o hide_v themselves_o in_o for_o safety_n which_o they_o as_o quick_o leave_v to_o find_v out_o other_o sometime_o in_o consult_v together_o they_o entertain_v some_o glimmering_n of_o hope_n and_o then_o again_o fall_v into_o despair_n be_v sometime_o dispirited_a and_o some_o enrage_v at_o the_o sight_n of_o their_o dear_a relation_n and_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o many_o out_o of_o a_o cruel_a compassion_n lay_v violent_a hand_n on_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n to_o secure_v they_o from_o the_o cruelty_n of_o the_o roman_n but_o day_n appear_v give_v a_o plain_a prospect_n of_o their_o victory_n every_o where_o reign_v desolation_n and_o silence_n the_o hill_n be_v forsake_v and_o the_o cottage_n smoke_v afar_o off_o when_o the_o scout_n bring_v word_n that_o no_o body_n appear_v only_o that_o they_o find_v the_o uncertain_a footstep_n of_o their_o flight_n whereupon_o agricola_n because_o the_o summer_n be_v far_o spend_v and_o that_o no_o fit_a season_n to_o divide_v his_o force_n bring_v they_o in_o a_o entire_a body_n into_o the_o border_n of_o the_o horesti_n suppose_v to_o be_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o eskedale_n in_o scotland_n where_o have_v receive_v hostage_n he_o command_v the_o admiral_n of_o his_o fleet_n to_o sail_v round_o about_o britain_n furnish_v he_o with_o all_o thing_n necessary_a but_o the_o terror_n of_o the_o navy_n be_v go_v before_o whilst_o he_o with_o slow_a and_o easy_a march_n to_o the_o end_n he_o may_v strike_v the_o great_a terror_n into_o the_o new_a conquer_a nation_n
share_n in_o the_o nine_o year_n of_o gratian_n maximus_n a_o spaniard_n by_o birth_n ibid._n or_o education_n at_o least_o tho'_o most_o of_o our_o own_o writer_n suppose_v he_o to_o have_v be_v bear_v in_o britain_n and_o one_o who_o have_v long_o serve_v in_o the_o british_a war_n be_v now_o general_a of_o the_o roman_a army_n assume_v the_o imperial_a purple_n be_v either_o discontent_a that_o theodosius_n the_o young_a who_o have_v serve_v with_o he_o in_o britain_n have_v be_v prefer_v before_o he_o to_o the_o empire_n or_o as_o orosius_n report_v be_v constrain_v thereunto_o by_o the_o soldier_n who_o hate_v and_o despise_v gratian._n the_o first_o essay_n of_o his_o usurp_a power_n be_v indeed_o employ_v to_o the_o good_a and_o preservation_n of_o this_o island_n chron._n for_o the_o scot_n and_o pict_n who_o with_o their_o inroad_n continual_o waste_v the_o roman_a territory_n he_o subdue_v and_o drive_v back_o the_o former_a into_o their_o own_o country_n ireland_n the_o latter_a beyond_o the_o pict_n wall_n and_o indeed_o all_o the_o scotish_n historian_n do_v now_o acknowledge_v that_o the_o scot_n be_v so_o beat_v and_o quell_v by_o maximus_n that_o with_o their_o king_n eugenius_n they_o be_v force_v to_o quit_v britain_n and_o do_v not_o return_v again_o to_o renew_v their_o kingdom_n in_o britain_n till_o above_o twenty_o year_n after_o if_o they_o be_v here_o at_o all_o before_o that_o time_n which_o many_o of_o our_o best_a english_a antiquary_n utter_o deny_v as_o i_o shall_v show_v further_o when_o i_o come_v to_o those_o time_n but_o the_o year_n follow_v when_o gratian_n have_v further_o provoke_v the_o roman_a soldier_n who_o take_v it_o very_o ill_o that_o the_o allan_n be_v list_v for_o soldier_n ccclxxxiii_o maximus_n take_v hold_n of_o this_o occasion_n carry_v over_o his_o army_n than_o much_o increase_v with_o a_o multitude_n of_o british_a youth_n and_o land_v at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o rhine_n be_v there_o joyful_o receive_v by_o the_o roman_a soldier_n in_o belgia_n and_o germany_n where_o he_o make_v trier_n the_o seat_n of_o his_o usurp_v empire_n whence_o he_o be_v by_o call_v gregorius_n turonensis_n trevericus_fw-la imperator_fw-la and_o then_o say_v gildas_n spread_v one_o of_o his_o wing_n as_o far_o as_o spain_n the_o other_o into_o italy_n with_o the_o very_a terror_n of_o his_o name_n he_o bring_v under_o his_o subjection_n the_o yet_o unconquered_a german_n against_o this_o usurper_n gratian_n raise_v what_o force_n he_o can_v of_o mercenary_a allan_n which_o the_o roman_n and_o especial_o the_o moores_n take_v for_o a_o fresh_a affront_n as_o if_o those_o barbarian_n have_v be_v prefer_v before_o they_o in_o courage_n and_o fidelity_n they_o desert_v he_o and_o go_v over_o to_o his_o enemy_n so_o that_o gratian_n be_v quick_o put_v to_o flight_n by_o the_o force_n of_o maximus_n be_v force_v to_o fly_v with_o three_o hundred_o horse_n towards_o the_o alps_n maximus_n tho'_o glad_a of_o this_o advantage_n yet_o think_v it_o not_o safe_a to_o let_v he_o escape_v so_o he_o dispatch_v after_o he_o andragathius_n than_o his_o magister_fw-la equitum_fw-la or_o general_n who_o follow_v he_o with_o all_o speed_n with_o some_o light_a horseman_n overtake_v he_o near_o the_o bridge_n of_o singidunum_n and_o there_o kill_v he_o by_o which_o act_n he_o establish_v maximus_n in_o his_o usurp_v empire_n this_o be_v the_o account_n which_o zosimus_n give_v we_o of_o this_o action_n cccxci_o i_o know_v other_o writer_n make_v a_o long_a relation_n of_o a_o wile_n that_o andragathius_n invent_v to_o make_v the_o emperor_n believe_v that_o the_o empress_n his_o wife_n be_v come_v to_o see_v he_o which_o he_o believe_v and_o come_v to_o the_o litter_n where_o he_o think_v she_o be_v andragathius_n leap_v out_o of_o the_o sudden_a murder_v he_o but_o this_o do_v not_o seem_v so_o likely_a as_o the_o former_a account_n zosimus_n give_v we_o of_o it_o for_o if_o andragathius_n be_v strong_a as_o without_o doubt_n he_o be_v what_o need_n be_v there_o of_o this_o device_n or_o who_o can_v believe_v that_o the_o emperor_n shall_v have_v no_o account_n of_o his_o wife_n motion_n nor_o of_o the_o enemy_n come_v in_o her_o stead_n cccxci_o all_o thing_n thus_o succeed_v according_a to_o his_o wicked_a desire_n have_v settle_v gaul_n and_o cashier_v those_o officer_n who_o have_v side_v with_o gratian_n his_o son_n fl._n victor_n have_v be_v declare_v caesar_n and_o his_o partner_n in_o the_o empire_n to_o which_o he_o require_v or_o rather_o demand_v of_o theodosius_n to_o be_v admit_v which_o be_v for_o the_o present_a consent_v unto_o by_o he_o since_o he_o be_v not_o in_o any_o capacity_n to_o resist_v he_o so_o he_o receive_v from_o he_o the_o title_n of_o emperor_n and_o his_o image_n be_v send_v to_o alexandria_n and_o set_v up_o in_o the_o public_a marketplace_n to_o be_v reverence_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o those_o time_n maximus_n have_v thus_o by_o treason_n and_o murder_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o so_o great_a a_o part_n of_o the_o western_a empire_n he_o now_o pretend_v a_o great_a concern_v for_o the_o catholic_n religion_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n draw_v many_o pious_a bishop_n into_o a_o acknowledgement_n of_o his_o power_n and_o therefore_o to_o show_v his_o zeal_n 11._o he_o sentence_v priscillia_n and_o other_o heretic_n of_o his_o party_n to_o death_n who_o be_v condemn_v in_o the_o council_n of_o bourdeaux_n and_o appeal_n to_o his_o tribunal_n be_v by_o he_o sentence_v to_o be_v behead_v although_o dissuade_v from_o it_o by_o st._n martin_n that_o good_a bishop_n of_o tours_n allege_v it_o be_v sufficient_a that_o they_o be_v excommunicate_v by_o the_o catholic_n church_n to_o which_o in_o matter_n of_o faith_n they_o be_v only_o answerable_a these_o be_v the_o first_o that_o be_v ever_o execute_v by_o any_o christian_a prince_n for_o mere_a matter_n of_o faith_n which_o practice_n as_o it_o be_v only_o fit_a for_o such_o a_o tyrant_n and_o usurper_n to_o have_v begin_v so_o it_o have_v be_v well_o for_o the_o church_n if_o lawful_a prince_n have_v not_o be_v too_o much_o lead_v away_o by_o the_o intemperate_a zeal_n of_o some_o churchman_n to_o imitate_v so_o cruel_a a_o example_n neither_o do_v maximus_n rest_v content_v with_o what_o he_o have_v already_o get_v but_o then_o make_v war_n upon_o the_o emperor_n valentinian_n drive_v he_o out_o of_o italy_n 7._o who_o thereupon_o be_v force_v to_o fly_v constantinople_n where_o he_o earnest_o solicit_v theodosius_n to_o undertake_v his_o quarrel_n who_o at_o last_o tho'_o with_o some_o difficulty_n grant_v his_o request_n with_o all_o his_o force_n march_v against_o the_o tyrant_n who_o then_o lie_v secure_a at_o aquileia_n and_o in_o two_o battle_n overthrow_v he_o and_o not_o long_o after_o be_v besiege_v in_o that_o city_n his_o soldier_n find_v his_o affair_n in_o a_o desperate_a condition_n to_o make_v their_o own_o peace_n deliver_v he_o up_o to_o theodosius_n who_o by_o three_o day_n after_o order_v he_o to_o be_v behead_v whereupon_o andragatius_n his_o lieutenant_n who_o be_v then_o at_o sea_n hear_v this_o ill_a news_n cast_v himself_o head_n long_a out_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o so_o be_v drow_v and_o thereby_o prevent_v that_o public_a execution_n which_o he_o so_o just_o deserve_v for_o thus_o murder_v his_o sovereign_n i_o have_v insist_v the_o long_a upon_o the_o action_n of_o maximus_n not_o only_o because_o he_o first_o begin_v his_o usurpation_n in_o this_o island_n but_o also_o to_o let_v you_o see_v that_o great_a and_o prosperous_a villainy_n do_v often_o meet_v with_o that_o punishment_n they_o deserve_v as_o well_o to_o the_o actor_n as_o contriver_n but_o i_o can_v quit_v the_o reign_n of_o maximus_n without_o take_v notice_n of_o that_o notorious_a invention_n of_o geoffery_n of_o monmouth_n who_o make_v dionotus_n duke_n of_o cornwall_n to_o who_o maximus_n at_o his_o departure_n commit_v the_o government_n of_o britain_n to_o have_v send_v over_o his_o own_o daughter_n ursula_n with_o no_o few_o than_o eleven_o thousand_o noble_a virgin_n for_o her_o attendant_n beside_o sixty_o thousand_o other_o of_o mean_a condition_n to_o conan_n duke_n of_o britain_n on_o who_o he_o with_o like_a truth_n suppose_v maximus_n have_v before_o bestow_v armorica_n ursula_n be_v to_o be_v the_o wife_n of_o conan_n himself_o and_o the_o rest_n to_o be_v bestow_v upon_o the_o britain_n who_o come_v over_o with_o he_o of_o which_o virgin_n a_o great_a part_n perish_v by_o sea_n and_o the_o rest_n be_v take_v by_o guanurs_n king_n of_o the_o huns_n and_o melgas_n king_n of_o the_o pict_n be_v either_o kill_v or_o make_v slave_n yet_o this_o fable_n as_o improbable_a as_o it_o be_v have_v be_v greedy_o swallow_v by_o card_n 21._o baronius_n who_o cite_v no_o better_a a_o author_n than_o our_o
not_o so_o as_o have_v be_v already_o show_v and_o shall_v be_v make_v clear_a by_o and_o by_o for_o bede_n be_v more_o exact_a â—_o and_o take_v notice_n of_o some_o of_o those_o prince_n that_o reign_v in_o britain_n from_o the_o death_n of_o maximus_n to_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o saxon_n which_o gildas_n and_o nennius_n have_v omit_v but_o thus_o much_o be_v agree_v on_o by_o gildas_n nennius_n and_o bede_n cccxciii_o that_o britain_n owe_v its_o first_o ruin_n to_o maximus_n his_o carry_v over_o so_o great_a a_o number_n of_o britain_n and_o roman_n into_o gaul_n from_o which_o time_n britain_n be_v bereave_v of_o all_o its_o military_a force_n and_o choice_a youth_n who_o follow_v that_o tyrant_n and_o never_o return_v again_o be_v either_o slay_v or_o else_o plant_v themselves_o in_o armorica_n so_o that_o as_o gildas_n say_v the_o island_n be_v thenceforth_o leave_v to_o such_o cruel_a ruler_n as_o stay_v behind_o who_o be_v unexperienced_a in_o warlike_a affair_n be_v still_o torment_v by_o two_o transmarine_a nation_n the_o scot_n from_o the_o northwest_o and_o the_o pict_n from_o the_o north._n but_o bede_n express_o tell_v we_o 12._o that_o he_o call_v those_o transmarine_a nation_n not_o because_o they_o then_o dwell_v out_o of_o britain_n but_o because_o they_o be_v divide_v from_o its_o southern_a part_n by_o two_o straits_n or_o bay_n of_o the_o sea_n whereof_o one_o from_o the_o west_n and_o the_o other_o from_o the_o east_n do_v separate_v the_o region_n of_o britain_n so_o that_o they_o do_v not_o join_v to_o each_o other_o these_o be_v the_o two_o straits_n which_o be_v then_o call_v glotta_n and_o bodotria_n now_o the_o frith_n of_o edinburgh_n and_o dunbritton_n from_o which_o passage_n of_o bede_n it_o be_v evident_a that_o he_o suppose_v the_o scot_n to_o beat_v this_o time_n settle_v in_o this_o island_n whereupon_o the_o british_a nation_n be_v unable_a any_o long_o to_o bear_v the_o continual_a incursion_n of_o the_o scot_n and_o pict_n ibid._n send_v ambassador_n to_o rome_n with_o lamentable_a letter_n desire_v some_o military_a force_n to_o be_v again_o send_v to_o defend_v they_o which_o if_o it_o be_v perform_v and_o the_o enemy_n once_o repulse_v they_o vow_v perpetual_a subjection_n to_o the_o roman_a empire_n whereupon_o stilico_n be_v at_o that_o time_n tutor_n to_o the_o emperor_n honorius_n immediate_o dispatch_v to_o their_o assistance_n a_o legion_n sufficient_o furnish_v with_o arm_n and_o all_o thing_n necessary_a which_o arrive_v in_o this_o island_n cccxcv_o and_o fight_v with_o its_o enemy_n kill_v a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o and_o drive_v the_o rest_n out_o of_o the_o british_a border_n and_o so_o deliver_v the_o inhabitant_n both_o from_o spoil_n and_o inevitable_a captivity_n this_o action_n tho'_o confound_v by_o gildas_n with_o the_o second_o succour_n that_o be_v send_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n honorius_n 5._o seem_v most_o likely_a to_o be_v send_v by_o stilico_n in_o his_o first_o consulship_n as_o have_v be_v already_o say_v the_o britain_n be_v thus_o relieve_v the_o roman_a general_n who_o name_n be_v not_o tell_v we_o tho'_o camden_n suppose_v he_o to_o be_v call_v victorinus_n command_v they_o to_o build_v a_o wall_n across_o the_o island_n between_o the_o two_o sea_n which_o may_v be_v a_o terror_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o a_o defence_n to_o the_o native_n â—â—_o but_o the_o britain_n not_o build_n it_o with_o stone_n but_o turf_n as_o not_o have_v artificer_n sufficient_a for_o so_o great_a a_o work_n it_o serve_v to_o no_o purpose_n tho'_o they_o draw_v it_o between_o the_o two_o straits_n or_o bay_n already_o mention_v for_o many_o thousand_o pace_n and_o where_o the_o defence_n of_o water_n be_v want_v there_o they_o defend_v their_o border_n from_o the_o irruption_n of_o the_o enemy_n with_o a_o trench_n of_o which_o work_n bede_n relate_v there_o remain_v most_o evident_a token_n in_o his_o time_n cccxcv_o for_o say_v he_o it_o begin_v near_o the_o space_n of_o two_o mile_n from_o the_o monastery_n of_o abercorne_n towards_o the_o east_n in_o a_o place_n which_o be_v call_v in_o the_o pict_n tongue_n penvahel_n in_o the_o english_a penvellum_n and_o which_o run_v towards_o the_o west_n end_v near_o the_o city_n of_o aldcluith_n so_o far_o bede_n this_o i_o have_v set_v down_o to_o show_v that_o as_o yet_o the_o old_a bound_n be_v continue_v between_o the_o pict_n and_o the_o britain_n cccxcvi_o but_o this_o legion_n return_v home_o with_o great_a joy_n and_o triumph_n the_o same_o enemy_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o see_v the_o roman_a soldier_n depart_v pass_v over_o in_o their_o small_a vessel_n or_o currough_n enter_v the_o border_n destroy_v all_o before_o they_o how_o long_o they_o continue_v so_o to_o do_v be_v hard_o to_o determine_v but_o this_o be_v certain_a ibid._n that_o fresh_a ambassador_n be_v thereupon_o again_o dispatch_v to_o rome_n implore_v new_a aid_n and_o that_o they_o will_v not_o suffer_v this_o miserable_a country_n to_o be_v destroy_v nor_o a_o roman_a province_n which_o have_v be_v long_o so_o famous_a to_o be_v overrun_v by_o barbarous_a and_o foreign_a nation_n whereupon_o another_o legion_n be_v again_o send_v over_o which_o come_v unlooked-for_a in_o the_o time_n of_o autumn_n make_v great_a slaughter_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o drive_v out_o all_o those_o who_o escape_v beyond_o the_o frith_n abovementioned_a over_o which_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o carry_v their_o prey_n without_o any_o resistance_n but_o the_o roman_n be_v now_o resolve_v to_o return_v home_o plain_o tell_v the_o britain_n that_o they_o will_v not_o be_v any_o more_o weary_a out_o in_o such_o laborious_a expedition_n for_o their_o defence_n admonish_v they_o to_o take_v arm_n and_o to_o undergo_v themselves_o the_o toil_n of_o encounter_v their_o enemy_n nor_o shall_v the_o roman_a ensign_n march_v so_o far_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n to_o curb_v a_o few_o unwarlike_a wander_a robber_n but_o that_o for_o the_o future_a they_o shall_v defend_v themselves_o by_o fight_v manful_o for_o their_o country_n in_o defend_v their_o wife_n and_o child_n and_o which_o be_v more_o their_o own_o life_n and_o liberty_n and_o that_o they_o may_v do_v what_o good_a they_o can_v to_o these_o confederate_n who_o they_o be_v now_o force_v to_o desert_n they_o make_v they_o build_v a_o wall_n of_o stone_n from_o sea_n to_o sea_n with_o tower_n near_o the_o shore_n to_o hinder_v the_o land_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o have_v exercise_v they_o in_o arm_n than_o take_v their_o leave_n of_o they_o tell_v they_o they_o must_v expect_v their_o return_n no_o mote_n 12._o this_o be_v the_o substance_n of_o gildas_n his_o relation_n with_o who_o bede_n also_o agree_v yet_o add_v that_o the_o roman_n at_o their_o departure_n do_v not_o only_o give_v this_o sluggish_a people_n fresh_a encouragement_n by_o word_n but_o also_o leave_v they_o pattern_n of_o the_o arm_n and_o weapon_n they_o will_v have_v they_o make_v and_o then_o give_v a_o more_o particular_a description_n of_o this_o last_o wall_n and_o say_v that_o it_o be_v 8_o foot_n in_o breadth_n and_o 12_o in_o height_n and_o that_o it_o stand_v where_o the_o wall_n of_o severus_n be_v before_o be_v make_v all_o of_o stone_n and_o not_o of_o turf_n as_o that_o unserviceable_a wall_n be_v which_o the_o britain_n have_v before_o without_o any_o skill_n build_v by_o themselves_o betwixt_o the_o two_o frith_n glotta_n and_o bodotria_n but_o before_o i_o quit_v this_o subject_a i_o can_v but_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o great_a mistake_n of_o the_o scotish_n historian_n buchanan_n who_o persist_v in_o his_o former_a error_n will_v needs_o have_v this_o last_o wall_n to_o be_v build_v in_o scotland_n in_o the_o same_o place_n where_o he_o tho'_o false_o suppose_v severus_n wall_n to_o have_v be_v and_o where_o bede_n make_v the_o turf_n wall_n already_o mention_v to_o have_v be_v build_v but_o archbishop_n usher_n plain_o prove_v in_o his_o abovecited_a work_v from_o the_o authority_n of_o ancient_a author_n 15._o that_o severus_n wall_n be_v build_v in_o the_o same_o place_n where_o adrian_n be_v before_o viz._n between_o the_o river_n tine_n and_o esk_n so_o that_o if_o â—as_v bede_n say_v this_o last_o wall_n be_v build_v in_o the_o same_o place_n where_o the_o wall_n of_o severus_n stand_v it_o must_v also_o have_v be_v between_o those_o two_o last_o mention_v river_n and_o not_o between_o the_o two_o frith_n as_o buchanan_n will_v have_v it_o cccxcvi_o who_o if_o he_o have_v but_o careful_o peruse_v bede_n will_v have_v find_v that_o he_o sufficient_o distinguish_v between_o the_o place_n where_o this_o last_o wall_n be_v seat_v and_o that_o of_o the_o former_a which_o he_o suppose_v to_o have_v begin_v near_o abercorne_n and_o reach_v to_o alclâ—id_v now_o call_v dunbritton_n for_o in_o several_a other_o
these_o objection_n archbishop_n usher_n in_o his_o ant._n brit._n ecclesiae_fw-la give_v we_o a_o satisfactory_a answer_n viz._n that_o before_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o saxon_n to_o settle_v here_o it_o appear_v ccccxxxv_n that_o they_o make_v several_a incursion_n by_o sea_n as_o have_v be_v already_o prove_v from_o divers_a authority_n and_o further_o paulus_n diaconus_fw-la in_o the_o relation_n of_o this_o story_n express_o say_v that_o while_o these_o bishop_n be_v here_o a_o strong_a army_n of_o scot_n and_o pict_n invade_v britain_n but_o as_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o miracle_n and_o action_n of_o germanus_n and_o lupus_n in_o britain_n since_o they_o be_v only_o relate_v by_o nennius_n and_o some_o of_o our_o english_a monk_n from_o certain_a legend_n of_o little_a or_o no_o credit_n as_o write_v long_o after_o those_o time_n i_o shall_v whole_o omit_v they_o only_o can_v wish_v that_o the_o writer_n of_o this_o story_n will_v have_v give_v we_o as_o exact_v a_o relation_n of_o civil_a affair_n in_o this_o island_n as_o they_o do_v of_o those_o concern_v the_o religion_n of_o this_o age_n that_o we_o may_v have_v know_v what_o king_n or_o governor_n the_o britain_n have_v from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o last_o departure_n of_o the_o roman_n to_o the_o make_n of_o vortigern_n king_n the_o want_n of_o which_o no_o doubt_n be_v a_o great_a encouragement_n to_o geoffery_n of_o monmouth_n to_o forge_v so_o many_o fictitious_a prince_n during_o this_o interval_n but_o for_o the_o other_o objection_n it_o be_v i_o confess_v somewhat_o hard_o to_o be_v answer_v some_o modern_a writer_n suppose_v that_o in_o that_o sad_a confusion_n and_o corruption_n of_o manner_n that_o happen_v after_o the_o departure_n of_o the_o roman_n a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o britain_n turn_v idolater_n or_o else_o which_o be_v most_o likely_a be_v christian_n but_o in_o name_n and_o so_o have_v never_o be_v baptise_a at_o all_o till_o now_o i_o shall_v now_o conclude_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a history_n of_o these_o time_n this_o year_n as_o our_o saxon_a annal_n from_o prosper_n chronicle_n relate_v ccccxxix_n palladius_n the_o bishop_n be_v send_v by_o pope_n celestine_n to_o the_o scot_n to_o confirm_v their_o faith_n or_o as_o bede_n in_o his_o epitome_n lib._n 1._o cap._n as_o well_o as_o in_o his_o epitome_n at_o the_o end_n under_o the_o year_n ccccxxx_n express_v it_o almost_o in_o the_o word_n of_o prosper_n viz._n palladius_n be_v send_v the_o first_o bishop_n by_o the_o say_a pope_n to_o the_o scot_n believe_v in_o christ_n but_o in_o one_o of_o the_o 54._o copy_n of_o the_o saxon_a annal_n now_o in_o the_o cottonian_a library_n it_o be_v thus_o this_o year_n palladius_n be_v send_v by_o pope_n celestine_n to_o preach_v baptism_n i._n e._n christianity_n to_o the_o scot_n in_o which_o it_o agree_v with_o nennius_n who_o speak_v of_o this_o matter_n say_v that_o this_o bishop_n be_v first_o of_o all_o send_v by_o the_o say_a pope_n to_o convert_v the_o scot_n to_o christ_n but_o be_v hinder_v from_o god_n by_o certain_a tempest_n depart_v from_o ireland_n and_o arrive_v in_o britain_n and_o there_o die_v in_o the_o country_n of_o the_o pict_n in_o which_o he_o be_v also_o follow_v by_o probus_n and_o joseline_n in_o their_o life_n of_o s._n patrick_n who_o tho'_o they_o agree_v that_o palladius_n be_v send_v to_o convert_n ireland_n yet_o differ_v from_o he_o in_o the_o account_n how_o he_o come_v to_o fail_v in_o his_o design_n lay_v the_o fault_n upon_o the_o obstinacy_n of_o the_o irish_a who_o will_v not_o receive_v his_o doctrine_n but_o they_o both_o agree_v with_o nennius_n that_o thereupon_o he_o leave_v ireland_n and_o die_v in_o the_o confine_n of_o the_o pict_n this_o difference_n in_o these_o copies_n have_v breed_v a_o great_a dispute_n between_o the_o english_a antiquary_n on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o the_o scotish_n historian_n and_o antiquary_n on_o the_o other_o the_o former_a suppose_n from_o the_o authority_n of_o nennius_n and_o the_o above_o cite_v copy_n of_o the_o saxon_a chronicle_n beside_o that_o of_o the_o irish_a annal_n that_o the_o scot_n be_v not_o convert_v to_o christianity_n till_o the_o year_n above_o mention_v and_o consequent_o be_v not_o make_v christian_n so_o early_o as_o their_o historian_n relate_v which_o opinion_n have_v be_v strenuous_o assert_v by_o archbishop_n Ê‹sher_n in_o his_o britan._n eccles._n antiquitat_fw-la as_o also_o by_o the_o bishop_n of_o st._n asaph_n now_o bishop_n of_o litchfield_n in_o his_o historical_a account_n of_o church_n government_n 41._o and_o be_v also_o further_o improve_v by_o the_o learned_a dr._n stillingfleet_n now_o bishop_n of_o worcester_n in_o his_o antiquity_n of_o the_o british_a church_n ccccxxx_n who_o all_o conclude_v that_o the_o scot_n be_v convert_v to_o christianity_n long_o before_o their_o plant_n in_o britain_n which_o they_o suppose_v not_o to_o have_v happen_v till_o about_o the_o end_n of_o the_o five_o or_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o six_o century_n against_o which_o opinion_n though_o assert_v by_o so_o many_o learned_a man_n sir_n george_n mackenzy_n late_a lord_n advocate_n of_o scotland_n have_v write_v two_o treatise_n which_o he_o call_v a_o defence_n of_o the_o royal-line_n of_o scotland_n in_o the_o former_a of_o which_o write_v against_o the_o say_a bishop_n as_o well_o as_o the_o latter_a against_o dr._n stillingfleet_n he_o alter_v the_o state_n of_o the_o controversy_n from_o a_o ecclesiastical_a to_o a_o civil_a dispute_n make_v it_o a_o crime_n of_o loese_v majesty_n so_o much_o as_o to_o question_v the_o reality_n of_o the_o king_n of_o scotland_n before_o fergus_n the_o second_o but_o omit_v the_o proof_n that_o he_o produce_v for_o the_o antiquity_n of_o the_o scotish_n king_n before_o that_o time_n as_o also_o what_o he_o write_v for_o the_o scot_n conversion_n as_o perform_v in_o scotland_n and_o not_o in_o ireland_n be_v beyond_o the_o bound_n of_o our_o history_n i_o shall_v leave_v the_o reader_n for_o his_o far_a satisfaction_n to_o peruse_v those_o treatise_n if_o he_o think_v fit_a be_v write_v with_o great_a wit_n and_o smartness_n but_o since_o i_o find_v the_o time_n of_o palladius_n be_v send_v by_o the_o pope_n to_o the_o scot_n mention_v not_o only_o in_o bede_n but_o in_o our_o saxon_a chronicle_n i_o can_v not_o well_o omit_v put_v it_o down_o yet_o without_o take_v upon_o i_o positive_o to_o determine_v whither_o the_o scot_n of_o scotland_n or_o those_o of_o ireland_n be_v there_o mean_v since_o i_o confess_v the_o word_n be_v ambiguous_a and_o the_o copy_n differ_v as_o i_o have_v already_o show_v but_o the_o year_n after_o palladius_n be_v send_v to_o the_o scot_n whether_o in_o ireland_n or_o scotland_n the_o saxon_a annal_n tell_v we_o ccccxxx_n that_o patrick_n be_v send_v by_o the_o same_o pope_n celestine_n to_o preach_v baptism_n i._n e_o christianity_n to_o the_o scot_n although_o i_o find_v in_o the_o note_n of_o upon_o nennius_n p._n 129_o a_o chronicle_n note_v anno_fw-la dom._n 475_o venit_fw-la s._n patricius_n ad_fw-la hiberniam_fw-la now_o that_o these_o be_v the_o scot_n of_o ireland_n be_v agree_v on_o by_o all_o yet_o this_o controversy_n be_v make_v more_o intricate_a by_o what_o ranul_v higden_n write_v in_o his_o polychron_n l._n 4._o c._n 33._o celestinus_fw-la papa_n misit_fw-la s._n patricium_n ad_fw-la hiberniam_fw-la convertendam_fw-la &_o palladium_n romanum_fw-la diaconum_fw-la ad_fw-la scotos_fw-gr convertendos_fw-la anno_fw-la scil._n pontificatus_fw-la svi_fw-la ix_o and_o also_o by_o what_o be_v find_v in_o a_o manuscript_n copy_n of_o dicetus_n thus_o celestinus_fw-la papa_n ad_fw-la scotos_o palladium_n primum_fw-la mittit_fw-la episcopum_fw-la postquam_fw-la ad_fw-la eosdem_fw-la ab_fw-la eodem_fw-la celestino_n missus_fw-la est_fw-la s._n patricius_n filius_fw-la conche_n sororis_fw-la s._n martini_n turonensis_n for_o which_o last_o note_n i_o must_v own_v myself_o oblige_v to_o the_o learned_a doctor_n gale_n but_o on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o the_o scot_n to_o who_o palladius_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v send_v be_v not_o the_o same_o with_o those_o in_o ireland_n but_o the_o scot_n than_o live_v in_o scotland_n it_o must_v then_o be_v confess_v that_o the_o promiscuous_a use_n of_o the_o name_n of_o scotia_n sometime_o for_o ireland_n and_o sometime_o for_o scotland_n and_o of_o scoti_n sometime_o use_v by_o bede_n and_o other_o writer_n of_o those_o time_n for_o irish_a man_n and_o sometime_o for_o native_a scot_n have_v so_o confound_v the_o history_n of_o both_o these_o nation_n that_o no_o man_n without_o other_o circumstance_n can_v tell_v when_o they_o mean_v the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o but_o since_o the_o ecclesiastical_a history_n of_o britain_n in_o these_o time_n be_v very_o obscure_a and_o deficient_a there_o be_v so_o little_a to_o be_v find_v concern_v it_o either_o in_o bede_n or_o
by_o the_o saxon_n who_o flee_v thither_o for_o refuge_n but_o that_o the_o britain_n of_o armorica_n be_v settle_v there_o long_o before_o the_o britain_n here_o be_v drive_v out_o by_o the_o saxon_n 55â—_n be_v prove_v by_o the_o abovecited_a doctor_n stillingfleet_n in_o his_o antiquity_n of_o the_o british_a church_n which_o he_o prove_v by_o these_o authority_n first_o from_o sidonius_n appollinaris_n in_o who_o there_o be_v two_o passage_n which_o tend_v to_o the_o clear_v this_o matter_n the_o first_o be_v concern_v arnâ—ndus_n accuse_v at_o rome_n of_o treason_n in_o the_o time_n of_o anthemius_n for_o persuade_v the_o king_n of_o the_o goth_n to_o make_v war_n upon_o the_o greek_a emperor_n i._n e._n anthemius_n who_o then_o come_v out_o of_o greece_n and_o upon_o the_o britain_n on_o the_o loir_n as_o sidonius_n appolinaris_n express_o affirm_v who_o live_v at_o that_o time_n and_o pity_v his_o case_n this_o happen_v about_o anno_fw-la dom._n 467_o before_o anthemius_n be_v the_o second_o time_n consul_n from_o whence_o it_o appear_v not_o only_o that_o there_o be_v britain_n then_o settle_a on_o the_o loir_n but_o that_o their_o strength_n and_o force_n be_v considerable_a which_o can_v be_v suppose_v to_o consist_v of_o such_o miserable_a people_n as_o only_o flee_v from_o hence_o for_o fear_n of_o the_o saxon_n and_o not_o be_v able_a to_o keep_v their_o own_o country_n it_o be_v not_o likely_a they_o can_v that_o of_o other_o and_o it_o be_v far_a observable_a that_o about_o this_o time_n aurelius_n ambrose_n have_v success_n against_o the_o saxon_n and_o either_o by_o vortimer_n mean_n or_o he_o the_o britain_n be_v in_o great_a likelihood_n of_o drive_v they_o quite_o out_o of_o britain_n so_o that_o there_o be_v no_o probability_n that_o the_o warlike_a britain_n shall_v at_o that_o time_n leave_v their_o native_a country_n a_o second_o passage_n be_v concern_v riothamus_n a_o king_n of_o these_o armorian_a britain_n in_o the_o time_n of_o sidonius_n appollinaris_n and_o to_o who_o he_o write_v who_o go_v with_o 12000_o britain_n to_o assist_v the_o roman_n against_o euricus_fw-la king_n of_o the_o goth_n but_o be_v intercept_v by_o he_o as_o jornandes_n relate_v the_o story_n and_o sigibert_n place_n it_o anno_fw-la dom._n 470_o now_o what_o clear_a evidence_n can_v be_v desire_v than_o this_o to_o prove_v that_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o britain_n be_v there_o settle_v and_o in_o a_o condition_n not_o only_o to_o defend_v themselves_o but_o to_o assist_v the_o roman_n which_o can_v be_v imagine_v of_o such_o as_o mere_o flee_v thither_o for_o refuge_n after_o the_o saxon_n come_v into_o britain_n beside_o we_o find_v in_o sirmondus_n gallican_n council_n mansuetus_n a_o bishop_n of_o the_o britain_n subscribe_v to_o the_o first_o council_n at_o tours_n which_o be_v hold_v anno_fw-la dom._n 461_o by_o which_o we_o see_v the_o britain_n have_v so_o full_a a_o settlement_n then_o as_o not_o only_o to_o have_v inhabitant_n but_o a_o king_n and_o bishop_n of_o their_o own_o which_o be_v the_o great_a encouragement_n for_o other_o britain_n to_o go_v over_o when_o they_o find_v themselves_o so_o hard_o press_v by_o the_o saxon_n at_o home_n for_o a_o people_n fright_v from_o hence_o will_v hardly_o have_v venture_v into_o a_o foreign_a country_n unless_o they_o have_v be_v secure_a before_o hand_n of_o a_o kind_a reception_n there_o and_o if_o they_o must_v have_v fight_v for_o a_o dwelling_n have_v they_o not_o far_o better_a have_v do_v it_o in_o their_o own_o country_n from_o whence_o i_o conclude_v that_o there_o be_v a_o large_a colony_n of_o britain_n in_o armorica_n before_o those_o number_n go_v over_o upon_o the_o saxon_a cruelty_n of_o which_o eginhardus_fw-la and_o other_o foreign_a historian_n speak_v though_o how_o it_o shall_v come_v to_o be_v settle_v there_o unless_o some_o colony_n be_v carry_v over_o before_o by_o maximus_n or_o constantine_n the_o last_o usurper_n of_o the_o empire_n i_o know_v not_o but_o as_o for_o this_o it_o be_v very_o obscure_a i_o determine_v nothing_o 38._o k._n vortigern_n nothing_o better_v by_o these_o calamity_n be_v say_v to_o have_v add_v this_o to_o his_o other_o crime_n that_o he_o take_v his_o own_o daughter_n to_o wife_n who_o bring_v forth_o a_o son_n who_o according_a to_o nennius_n be_v call_v faustus_n and_o prove_v a_o religious_a man_n ccccliv_n live_v in_o great_a devotion_n by_o the_o river_n rennis_n in_o glamorganshire_n but_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o story_n concern_v the_o dialogue_n between_o vortigern_n and_o st._n german_n and_o that_o the_o king_n be_v condemn_v for_o this_o incest_n in_o a_o great_a synod_n or_o council_n of_o clergyman_n and_o laic_n in_o which_o st._n german_a preside_v be_v certain_o false_a he_o be_v then_o dead_a as_o appear_v from_o the_o best_a approve_a author_n the_o year_n before_o the_o saxon_n arrive_v in_o britain_n and_o indeed_o this_o whole_a story_n of_o vortigern_n commit_v incest_n with_o his_o own_o daughter_n seem_v altogether_o unlikely_a for_o when_o shall_v he_o do_v it_o not_o before_o he_o marry_v rowena_n for_o nennius_n place_n it_o afterward_o nor_o can_v it_o well_o be_v during_o the_o time_n of_o his_o marriage_n with_o she_o since_o as_o the_o same_o author_n relate_v she_o continue_v his_o wife_n long_o after_o when_o he_o be_v take_v prisoner_n by_o hengist_n and_o it_o be_v very_o strange_a he_o shall_v fall_v in_o love_n with_o his_o own_o daughter_n when_o at_o the_o same_o time_n he_o have_v another_o wife_n who_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v love_v so_o well_o that_o he_o be_v divorce_v from_o his_o first_o wife_n for_o her_o sake_n geoffery_n of_o monmouth_n relate_v that_o the_o noble_n of_o britain_n be_v high_o displease_v at_o king_n vortigern_n for_o the_o great_a partiality_n he_o show_v to_o the_o saxon_n monm_n and_o for_o the_o ill_a success_n that_o follow_v it_o beseech_v the_o king_n whole_o to_o desert_v he_o but_o he_o refuse_v so_o to_o do_v they_o depose_v he_o and_o choose_v his_o son_n vortimer_n king_n 38._o who_o follow_v their_o advice_n begin_v to_o expel_v the_o saxon_n pursue_v they_o as_o far_o as_o the_o river_n diervent_a or_o darent_fw-la in_o kent_n where_o obtain_v the_o victory_n he_o make_v a_o great_a slaughter_n of_o they_o beside_o which_o that_o he_o fight_v also_o another_o battle_n with_o they_o near_o the_o ford_n which_o be_v call_v in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n episford_n and_o in_o the_o british_a tongue_n sathenegabail_n cccclv_n which_o be_v also_o confirm_v by_o the_o saxon_a annal_n which_o say_v that_o hengist_n and_o horsa_n fight_v with_o king_n vortigern_n at_o a_o place_n call_v eglesford_n now_o aylesford_n in_o kent_n and_o that_o horsa_n be_v there_o slay_v nennius_n say_v by_o cartigern_n the_o brother_n of_o king_n vortimer_n name_n and_o that_o afterward_o hengist_n and_o his_o son_n aesk_n obtain_v the_o kingdom_n of_o kent_n and_o matthew_n of_o westminster_n relate_v that_o after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o brother_n horsa_n the_o saxon_n choose_v hengist_n for_o their_o king_n be_v 8_o year_n after_o his_o arrival_n in_o england_n and_o yet_o after_o this_o polychron_n nennius_n suppose_v vortimer_n to_o have_v fight_v a_o three_o battle_n with_o they_o in_o a_o field_n which_o be_v near_o the_o stone_n titulus_fw-la which_o be_v fix_v near_o the_o shore_n of_o the_o gallic_n sea_n which_o place_n archbishop_n usher_n will_v have_v to_o be_v stonar_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o thanet_n but_o mr._n somner_n in_o his_o treatise_n of_o the_o roman_a port_n and_o fort_n in_o kent_n suppose_v it_o shall_v be_v write_v lapis_fw-la populi_n in_o stead_n of_o tituli_fw-la and_o than_o folkstone_n in_o kent_n be_v most_o likely_a to_o be_v the_o place_n where_o this_o battle_n be_v fight_v it_o have_v the_o same_o signification_n as_o lapis_n populi_n in_o the_o latin_n geoffery_n of_o monmouth_n and_o from_o he_o matthew_n westminster_n further_o relate_v that_o hengist_n not_o be_v able_a to_o withstand_v the_o valour_n of_o k._n vortimer_n be_v make_v to_o retire_v into_o the_o isle_n of_o thanet_n whither_o he_o be_v also_o pursue_v by_o the_o sea_n and_o that_o at_o last_o the_o saxon_n be_v force_v on_o board_n their_o ship_n return_v into_o germany_n nennius_n add_v that_o they_o dare_v not_o return_v again_o into_o this_o island_n till_o after_o the_o death_n of_o vortimer_n which_o tho'_o not_o mention_v in_o our_o english_a saxon_n annal_n yet_o be_v very_o likely_a to_o be_v true_a since_o bede_n relate_v that_o about_o this_o time_n the_o saxon_a army_n return_v home_o when_o the_o native_n tho'_o before_o drive_v out_o or_o disperse_v begin_v again_o to_o take_v fresh_a courage_n and_o come_v out_o of_o their_o hiding-place_n and_o retreat_n this_o year_n vortimer_n have_v obtain_v many_o battle_n against_o the_o saxon_n cccclvi_fw-la be_v
city_n and_o have_v call_v the_o disperse_a citizen_n together_o go_v about_o the_o repair_n of_o it_o cccclxv_n all_o his_o design_n be_v the_o restore_v the_o church_n and_o kingdom_n from_o thence_o he_o go_v to_o winchester_n and_o to_o salisbury_n do_v there_o as_o he_o have_v do_v at_o other_o place_n but_o in_o the_o passage_n thither_o geoffrey_n launche_n out_o to_o purpose_n in_o his_o history_n of_o stonehenge_n translate_v say_v he_o by_o merlin_n out_o of_o ireland_n to_o make_v a_o monument_n for_o the_o british_a noble_n slay_v there_o by_o hengists_n treachery_n which_o be_v such_o a_o extravagancy_n that_o it_o be_v to_o be_v wonder_v any_o shall_v follow_v he_o in_o it_o and_o yet_o mat._n westminster_n transcribe_v the_o main_a of_o it_o and_o wigâ—â—_n walter_z of_o coventry_n set_v it_o down_o for_o authentic_a history_n but_o he_o add_v two_o circumstance_n which_o make_v it_o seem_v probable_a that_o stonehenge_n have_v some_o relation_n to_o ambrose_n viz._n that_o here_o ambrose_n be_v crown_v and_o be_v not_o long_o after_o bury_v polydore_v virgil_n make_v it_o the_o monument_n of_o ambrose_n and_o john_n of_o tinmouth_n in_o the_o life_n of_o dubricius_n call_v it_o mons_fw-la ambrosii_n and_o the_o name_n of_o ambresburg_n a_o town_n near_o it_o do_v much_o confirm_v the_o probability_n of_o its_o be_v found_v by_o ambrose_n rather_o than_o either_o by_o the_o roman_n or_o dane_n as_o some_o of_o our_o late_a antiquary_n and_o architect_n have_v suppose_v but_o i_o shall_v not_o insist_v any_o long_o on_o this_o subject_a geoffery_n add_v yet_o further_o concern_v ecclesiastical_a matter_n in_o his_o time_n that_o at_o a_o solemn_a council_n he_o appoint_v two_o metropolitan_n for_o the_o two_o see_v at_o that_o time_n vacant_a viz._n samptson_n one_o of_o eminent_a piety_n for_o york_n and_o dubricius_n for_o caer-leon_n but_o matthew_n westminster_n say_v that_o samptson_n be_v afterward_o drive_v into_o armorica_n and_o there_o be_v make_v archbishop_n of_o dole_n among_o the_o britain_n which_o be_v very_o likely_a to_o be_v true_a be_v confirm_v by_o sigebert_n in_o his_o chronicle_n anno_fw-la dom._n 566._o it_o be_v observe_v by_o h._n of_o huntingdon_n that_o after_o the_o britain_n have_v a_o little_a respite_n from_o their_o enemy_n they_o fall_v into_o civil_a dissension_n among_o themselves_o which_o be_v very_o agreeable_a to_o what_o gildas_n have_v say_v of_o this_o geoffrey_n give_v we_o no_o improbable_a account_n when_o he_o relate_v that_o one_o of_o vortigern_n son_n call_v pascentius_n raise_v a_o rebellion_n in_o the_o north_n against_o ambrose_n among_o the_o britain_n who_o be_v overcome_v by_o he_o and_o put_v to_o flight_n what_o become_v of_o vortigern_n be_v uncertain_a nor_o can_v the_o british_a writer_n themselves_o agree_v â—ither_o about_o the_o time_n or_o the_o manner_n of_o his_o death_n nennius_n have_v two_o several_a story_n about_o it_o the_o one_o certain_o false_a and_o the_o other_o very_o improbable_a the_o first_o be_v that_o st._n german_n follow_v he_o into_o a_o country_n in_o south_n wales_n which_o be_v call_v by_o his_o own_o name_n guorthigernian_n where_o he_o lay_v hide_v with_o his_o woman_n in_o a_o castle_n which_o he_o have_v build_v call_v din_n guortigern_n near_o the_o river_n thebi_n to_o which_o castle_n when_o st._n german_n come_v he_o pray_v and_o fast_v there_o with_o his_o clergy_n three_o whole_a day_n and_o night_n it_o seem_v without_o any_o intermission_n when_o the_o castle_n about_o midnight_n be_v set_v on_o fire_n from_o heaven_n and_o vortigern_n with_o his_o wife_n and_o family_n be_v all_o burn_v and_o this_o nennius_n say_v he_o find_v in_o the_o book_n or_o legend_n of_o st._n german_a yet_o he_o declare_v that_o other_o relate_v how_o that_o vortigern_n become_v hateful_a to_o all_o sort_n and_o degree_n of_o man_n none_o will_v keep_v he_o company_n from_o the_o great_a to_o the_o least_o till_o at_o last_o as_o he_o wander_v from_o place_n to_o place_n his_o heart_n be_v break_v i_o suppose_v for_o grief_n but_o geoffery_n of_o monmouth_n with_o more_o probability_n relate_v that_o vortigern_n be_v again_o depose_v be_v besiege_v and_o burn_v in_o this_o castle_n by_o his_o successor_n aurelius_n ambrose_n who_o set_v it_o on_o fire_n but_o now_o it_o be_v time_n to_o return_v to_o our_o saxon_a chronicle_n cccclxxiii_n where_o after_o eight_o year_n interval_n without_o any_o action_n mention_v we_o now_o find_v hengist_n and_o aesc_n join_v battle_n with_o the_o britain_n and_o take_v many_o spoil_n ann._n and_o the_o welshman_n vanish_v before_o the_o english_a like_o stubble_n before_o the_o fire_n as_o the_o saxon_a chronicle_n word_n it_o after_o this_o there_o be_v no_o more_o say_v of_o any_o victory_n gain_v by_o hengist_n but_o now_o after_o four_o year_n interval_n cccclxxvii_n begin_v the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o south_n saxon_n for_o aella_n with_o his_o three_o son_n cymen_n wlence_v or_o plete_n as_o huntingdon_n call_v he_o and_o cissa_n land_v in_o britain_n at_o a_o place_n call_v cymens_n ora_fw-la which_o signify_v in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n cymens_n shore_n or_o coast_n there_o they_o slay_v a_o great_a many_o britain_n and_o make_v the_o rest_n fly_v into_o the_o wood_n or_o forrest_n call_v andrede_n league_n suppose_v to_o be_v part_n of_o the_o wild_a of_o kent_n and_o the_o woody_n part_n of_o sussex_n where_o now_o be_v or_o be_v late_o aishdowne_o and_o arundel_n forest_n with_o several_a other_o now_o disforre_v henry_n huntingdon_n give_v a_o large_a account_n of_o this_o action_n and_o tell_v we_o that_o upon_o the_o saxon_n first_o land_v a_o great_a many_o britain_n immediate_o draw_v together_o at_o the_o alarm_n and_o straight_a way_n a_o great_a fight_n be_v begin_v but_o the_o saxon_n be_v tall_a and_o strong_a man_n receive_v they_o courageous_o and_o the_o britain_n come_v on_o very_o rash_o in_o small_a straggle_a party_n be_v kill_v by_o the_o saxon_n who_o be_v draw_v up_o in_o close_a order_n and_o so_o the_o britain_n be_v rout_v upon_o the_o first_o encounter_n whereupon_o these_o saxon_n possess_v themselves_o of_o all_o the_o sea_n coast_n of_o sussex_n enlarge_a their_o territory_n more_o and_o more_o until_o the_o eight_o year_n after_o their_o come_n when_o aella_n fight_v against_o the_o britain_n near_a mearcredes_n burnamstede_n or_o mecredesburne_n but_o where_o it_o lie_v be_v uncertain_a now_o it_o seem_v as_o h._n huntingdon_n relate_v all_o the_o king_n and_o prince_n of_o the_o britain_n be_v get_v together_o cccclxxxv_n and_o fight_v with_o aella_n and_o his_o son_n where_o the_o victory_n remain_v doubtful_a for_o both_o army_n return_v home_o very_o much_o weaken_v whereupon_o aella_n send_v unto_o his_o own_o country_n for_o fresh_a supply_n the_o same_o year_n also_o aurelius_n ambrose_n be_v suppose_v by_o the_o welsh_a chronicle_n to_o be_v choose_v king_n have_v be_v before_o only_a general_n of_o the_o britain_n wales_n and_o to_o have_v reign_v nineteen_o year_n nennius_n tell_v we_o that_o he_o be_v king_n of_o all_o britain_n bestow_v buelt_fw-mi and_o another_o country_n in_o south_n wales_n upon_o pascent_fw-la son_n to_o vortigern_n about_o three_o year_n after_o this_o hengist_n king_n of_o kent_n die_v for_o this_o year_n as_o the_o saxon_a annal_n relate_v aesc_n who_o be_v also_o call_v oisc_n and_o by_o our_o historian_n call_v osric_n his_o son_n begin_v his_o reign_n which_o continue_v twenty_o four_o year_n but_o of_o hengist_n his_o father_n will._n of_o malmesbury_n very_o well_o observe_v that_o he_o obtain_v a_o crown_n by_o craft_n as_o much_o as_o valour_n but_o aesc_n his_o son_n who_o succeed_v he_o maintain_v his_o kingdom_n by_o the_o valour_n of_o his_o father_n rather_o than_o his_o own_o merit_n and_o do_v not_o much_o increase_v his_o dominion_n this_o happen_v in_o the_o time_n of_o zeno_n the_o emperor_n nor_o can_v i_o here_o omit_v what_o geoffery_n of_o monmouth_n and_o from_o he_o matheâ—_n of_o westminster_n false_o relate_v concern_v the_o death_n of_o hengist_n that_o fight_v against_o aurelius_n ambrose_n he_o be_v take_v prisoner_n near_o coninsburgh_n in_o yorkshire_n and_o not_o long_o afterward_o behead_v by_o eldol_n a_o feign_a duke_n of_o gloucester_n which_o since_o it_o be_v not_o find_v in_o the_o saxon_a chronicle_n nor_o in_o any_o other_o authentic_a historian_n deserve_v little_a credit_n ccccxc_n aella_n and_o cissa_n have_v now_o receive_v fresh_a recruit_n out_o of_o germany_n wherein_o they_o much_o confide_v do_v this_o year_n besiege_v andredesceaster_n suppose_v to_o be_v that_o we_o now_o call_v newenden_n in_o kent_n and_o take_v it_o by_o force_n put_v all_o the_o britain_n to_o the_o sword_n but_o h_n huntingdon_n be_v very_o particular_a in_o the_o manner_n of_o this_o siege_n and_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o britain_n raise_v a_o great_a
dxlii_o king_n arthur_n die_v this_o year_n as_o all_o the_o british_a writer_n agree_v but_o as_o for_o the_o manner_n of_o his_o death_n it_o be_v uncertain_a the_o british_a chronicle_n suppose_v he_o to_o have_v be_v slay_v in_o a_o fight_n at_o camala_n against_o his_o own_o nephew_n mordred_n who_o have_v usurp_v the_o crown_n in_o his_o absence_n it_o be_v more_o uncertain_a who_o succeed_v he_o geoffery_n of_o monmouth_n make_v arthur_n at_o his_o death_n to_o have_v bequeath_v the_o crown_n to_o one_o constantine_n his_o cousin_n son_n of_o cador_n duke_n of_o cornwall_n who_o he_o make_v to_o have_v fight_v several_a time_n with_o the_o son_n of_o mordred_n that_o he_o slay_v they_o and_o after_o 4_o year_n reign_v die_v but_o divers_a of_o the_o ancient_a british_a chronicle_n we_o have_v see_v make_v no_o mention_n of_o this_o constantine_n but_o leave_v here_o a_o inter-regnum_fw-la of_o near_a 11_o year_n but_o to_o return_v to_o our_o saxon_a annal_n ann._n withgar_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o withgarasbyrig_n which_o place_n be_v call_v after_o his_o own_o name_n be_v certain_o some_o place_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n and_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o caresbrook_n castle_n in_o the_o same_o island_n dxliu_o let_v we_o now_o look_v back_o to_o the_o british_a affair_n dxliu_o king_n constantine_n be_v suppose_v by_o geoffery_n to_o have_v die_v about_o this_o time_n he_o make_v his_o nephew_n aurelius_n conan_n to_o have_v succeed_v he_o who_o reign_v about_o two_o year_n be_v follow_v by_o vortipore_o who_o also_o die_v four_o year_n after_o be_v succeed_v by_o malgo_n call_v by_o gildas_n malgoclunus_n and_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o maelgwn_n guine_v so_o often_o mention_v in_o the_o welsh_a annal_n so_o that_o according_a to_o geoffery_n these_o three_o prince_n reign_v successive_o after_o one_o another_o which_o can_v by_o no_o mean_n to_o reconcile_v with_o gildas_n epistle_n who_o speak_v to_o 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those_o unjust_a or_o civil_a one_o prosecute_n thief_n yet_o have_v the_o great_a near_o they_o even_o at_o their_o own_o table_n sit_v in_o the_o seat_n of_o justice_n yet_o not_o observe_v the_o rule_n of_o right_a judgement_n despise_v the_o innocent_a and_o peaceable_a and_o countenance_v the_o bloody_a and_o adulterous_a keep_v man_n in_o prison_n who_o they_o have_v put_v there_o rather_o out_o of_o malice_n than_o desert_n and_o then_o proceed_v particular_o to_o all_o the_o king_n then_o reign_v begin_v with_o constantine_n who_o he_o call_v the_o tyrannical_a whelp_n of_o a_o impure_a damonian_a lioness_n and_o accuse_v he_o this_o very_a year_n in_o which_o he_o write_v that_o letter_n to_o have_v be_v guilty_a of_o murder_v two_o innocent_a youth_n of_o royal_a blood_n at_o the_o very_a altar_n and_o under_o the_o cope_n of_o the_o holy_a abbot_n these_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v be_v the_o two_o son_n of_o mordred_n he_o likewise_o accuse_v this_o prince_n that_o be_v pollute_v with_o frequent_a adultery_n he_o have_v contrary_a to_o christ_n precept_n put_v away_o his_o own_o wife_n in_o the_o next_o place_n apply_v himself_o to_o aurelius_n conan_n he_o accuse_v he_o of_o the_o like_a if_o not_o worse_a parricide_n beside_o fornication_n and_o adultery_n and_o that_o hate_v the_o peace_n of_o his_o country_n he_o have_v out_o of_o desire_n of_o prey_n foment_v civil_a war_n in_o the_o three_o place_n he_o come_v to_o vortipore_o who_o he_o call_v the_o wicked_a son_n of_o a_o good_a father_n and_o tyrant_n of_o the_o demetae_n that_o be_v south-welshman_n and_o who_o he_o accuse_v of_o the_o like_a fault_n and_o that_o tho'_o his_o head_n be_v then_o grey_a yet_o he_o be_v guilty_a of_o adultery_n his_o wife_n be_v put_v away_o he_o he_o also_o advise_v to_o repentance_n next_o he_o proceed_v to_o cuneglasus_n who_o be_v suppose_v by_o some_o antiquary_n to_o have_v be_v king_n of_o the_o northern_a or_o cambrian_a britain_n but_o this_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o geoffery_n of_o monmouth_n take_v no_o notice_n of_o he_o which_o show_v that_o either_o he_o never_o see_v this_o copy_n of_o gildas_n or_o else_o if_o he_o do_v know_v not_o where_o to_o place_v this_o prince_n have_v already_o make_v as_o many_o king_n to_o succeed_v each_o other_o as_o the_o time_n he_o have_v to_o bestow_v upon_o they_o will_v allow_v but_o whoever_o he_o be_v gildas_n accuse_v he_o for_o fight_v both_o against_o god_n and_o man_n against_o man_n by_o take_v arm_n against_o his_o own_o countryman_n against_o god_n by_o infinite_a wickedness_n and_o beside_o his_o other_o fault_n that_o have_v put_v away_o his_o own_o wife_n dxliu_o he_o have_v marry_v her_o cousin_n who_o have_v vow_v perpetual_a chastity_n then_o he_o conclude_v with_o a_o sharp_a reproof_n of_o maglocunus_fw-la who_o he_o call_v the_o island_n dragon_n and_o the_o expeller_n of_o many_o other_o tyrant_n he_o also_o accuse_v he_o of_o sodomy_n ask_v he_o why_o be_v tall_a in_o stature_n and_o great_a in_o power_n than_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o prince_n in_o britain_n he_o have_v make_v himself_o in_o stead_n of_o be_v better_o far_o worse_o than_o they_o upbraid_v he_o that_o in_o his_o youth_n he_o have_v murder_v the_o king_n his_o uncle_n with_o many_o of_o his_o men._n after_o many_o other_o reproof_n threaten_v he_o with_o speedy_a destruction_n unless_o he_o repent_v this_o be_v the_o substance_n of_o gildas_n reproof_n to_o the_o british_a prince_n from_o which_o all_o that_o we_o can_v gather_v be_v first_o that_o there_o be_v no_o less_o than_o five_o king_n at_o this_o time_n in_o britain_n tho'_o by_o what_o mean_n or_o title_n they_o come_v to_o the_o crown_n be_v uncertain_a more_o than_o that_o it_o seem_v probable_a some_o of_o these_o prince_n here_o mention_v be_v descend_v from_o aurelius_n ambrose_n tho'_o as_o gildas_n observe_v high_o degenerate_v from_o the_o virtue_n of_o their_o ancestor_n but_o what_o great_a action_n these_o king_n do_v during_o their_o reign_n or_o what_o good_a quality_n they_o be_v endue_v with_o be_v not_o know_v so_o that_o there_o be_v but_o a_o slender_a account_n of_o they_o in_o the_o roll_n of_o fame_n which_o may_v make_v we_o suspect_v they_o be_v guilty_a of_o but_o very_o few_o good_a quality_n because_o we_o here_o find_v a_o large_a catalogue_n of_o their_o bad_a one_o who_o succeed_v each_o of_o these_o king_n in_o their_o distinct_a territory_n the_o most_o authentic_a british_a chronicle_n do_v not_o mention_v and_o therefore_o tho'_o geoffery_n make_v one_o careticus_fw-la to_o have_v now_o govern_v that_o part_n of_o britain_n which_o be_v still_o leave_v unconquered_a by_o the_o saxon_n and_o who_o he_o will_v have_v to_o succeed_v malgo_n and_o that_o thereupon_o the_o saxon_n send_v for_o one_o gormund_n a_o african_a king_n with_o a_o great_a army_n of_o his_o countryman_n who_o make_v a_o league_n with_o the_o saxon_n set_v upon_o careticus_fw-la and_o besiege_v he_o in_o the_o city_n of_o circester_n and_o take_v and_o burn_v it_o afterward_o fight_v with_o careticus_fw-la and_o force_v he_o to_o fly_v beyond_o the_o mountain_n of_o wales_n yet_o since_o neither_o in_o our_o saxon_a annal_n nor_o any_o other_o good_a historian_n there_o be_v any_o thing_n to_o be_v find_v concern_v these_o king_n or_o any_o african_n that_o ever_o invade_v britain_n it_o be_v to_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o no_o better_a than_o one_o of_o the_o bold_a invention_n of_o this_o author_n but_o as_o i_o have_v give_v you_o gildas_n character_n of_o their_o king_n so_o i_o shall_v now_o give_v you_o that_o of_o their_o clergy_n who_o he_o thus_o reprove_v britain_n say_v he_o have_v bishop_n but_o without_o discretion_n many_o minister_n but_o those_o impudent_a many_o clerk_n but_o subtle_a prowler_n pastor_n in_o name_n but_o indeed_o wolf_n
intent_n upon_o all_o occasion_n not_o to_o feed_v the_o flock_n but_o to_o pamper_v and_o well_o line_v themselves_o make_v use_n of_o their_o church_n only_o for_o lucre_n sake_n teach_v the_o people_n sound_a doctrine_n but_o they_o themselves_o show_v evil_a example_n rare_o officiate_a at_o the_o altar_n and_o then_o scarce_o ever_o stand_v there_o with_o pure_a heart_n not_o correct_v the_o people_n for_o their_o sin_n as_o guilty_a of_o the_o same_o themselves_o despise_v the_o precept_n of_o christ_n and_o fulfil_v their_o own_o lust_n usurp_v the_o chair_n of_o peter_n but_o through_o the_o blindness_n of_o their_o own_o worldly_a lust_n stumble_v upon_o the_o seat_n of_o judas_n deadly_a hater_n of_o truth_n and_o lover_n of_o lie_n look_v upon_o the_o poor_a christian_n with_o eye_n of_o pride_n and_o contempt_n but_o fawn_v upon_o the_o wicked_a rich_a man_n without_o shame_n great_a promoter_n of_o other_o man_n alm_n with_o set_a exhortation_n but_o themselves_o ever_o 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but_o what_o do_v it_o avail_v eli_n to_o be_v himself_o blameless_a while_o he_o connive_v at_o his_o son_n that_o be_v wicked_a who_o of_o these_o have_v be_v envy_v for_o his_o better_a life_n who_o of_o they_o have_v hate_v to_o consâ—rt_v with_o such_o or_o withstand_v their_o enter_v into_o the_o ministry_n or_o zealous_o endeavour_v their_o cast_v out_o this_o be_v the_o sense_n of_o what_o he_o there_o say_v it_o be_v not_o only_o tedious_a but_o impossible_a to_o translate_v verbatim_o so_o barbarous_a and_o obscure_a a_o writer_n tho'_o otherwise_o he_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v a_o man_n of_o great_a wit_n and_o ardent_a piety_n above_o what_o that_o age_n will_v admit_v of_o but_o hence_o we_o may_v learn_v what_o the_o state_n of_o the_o government_n and_o religion_n among_o the_o britain_n be_v in_o that_o long_a calm_a of_o peace_n which_o the_o victory_n at_o badon_n hill_n have_v produce_v also_o at_o the_o end_n of_o his_o history_n he_o give_v a_o far_a account_n of_o 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they_o in_o all_o the_o order_n and_o degree_n of_o man_n above_o mention_v except_o some_o and_o those_o but_o few_o very_o few_o in_o respect_n of_o those_o who_o go_v to_o hell_n so_o that_o although_o they_o be_v the_o only_a true_a son_n of_o our_o mother_n the_o church_n yet_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o smallness_n of_o their_o number_n she_o can_v scarce_o take_v any_o notice_n of_o they_o albeit_o they_o lie_v in_o her_o very_a bosom_n this_o much_o may_v suffice_v to_o give_v a_o account_n as_o well_o of_o this_o epistle_n of_o gildas_n as_o of_o his_o history_n which_o caradoc_n of_o lancarvon_n in_o his_o legendary_a life_n of_o this_o author_n suppose_v to_o have_v be_v write_v while_o he_o live_v at_o glastenbury_n but_o these_o passage_n i_o think_v good_a to_o transcribe_v from_o he_o as_o not_o unuseful_a to_o be_v insert_v in_o these_o annal_n not_o out_o of_o any_o desire_n to_o rip_v up_o or_o expose_v the_o fault_n of_o the_o ancient_a british_a clergy_n or_o nation_n much_o less_o to_o insult_v over_o their_o calamity_n but_o rather_o to_o serve_v as_o a_o warn_n to_o we_o who_o live_v in_o this_o loose_a and_o corrupt_a age_n that_o we_o may_v avoid_v the_o like_a sin_n lest_o we_o provoke_v god_n to_o send_v the_o like_a judgement_n upon_o we_o but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o saxon_a chronicle_n ann._n this_o year_n begin_v the_o northumbrian_n kingdom_n or_o in_o the_o word_n of_o our_o annal_n ida_n begin_v to_o reign_v from_o who_o be_v derive_v the_o royal_a family_n of_o the_o northumbrian_n king_n dlxvii_o the_o saxon_a annal_n here_o give_v we_o a_o long_a pedigree_n of_o this_o ida_n who_o reign_v twelve_o year_n and_o build_v bebbanburgh_n now_o bamborough_n castle_n in_o northumberland_n which_o be_v at_o first_o encompass_v only_o with_o a_o trench_n and_o afterward_o with_o a_o wall_n h._n huntingdon_n say_v this_o prince_n be_v always_o in_o war_n and_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n and_o mat._n westminster_n make_v he_o to_o have_v have_v twelve_o son_n partly_o by_o wife_n and_o partly_o by_o concubine_n and_o the_o latter_a also_o tell_v we_o that_o he_o together_o with_o his_o son_n come_v into_o britain_n and_o land_v at_o plensburgh_n with_o forty_o ship_n but_o though_o ida_n be_v the_o first_o that_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o title_n of_o king_n yet_o there_o be_v prince_n of_o the_o saxon_n in_o that_o country_n many_o year_n before_o for_o the_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o that_o hengist_n have_v long_o before_o send_v his_o brother_n ottha_n and_o his_o son_n ebusa_n man_n of_o great_a experience_n in_o war_n to_o conquer_v the_o north_n part_v of_o britain_n who_o pursue_v his_o direction_n meet_v with_o a_o success_n answerable_a to_o their_o endeavour_n for_o fight_v often_o time_n with_o the_o native_n of_o the_o country_n and_o conquer_a all_o those_o who_o endeavour_v to_o resist_v they_o they_o receive_v the_o rest_n into_o their_o protection_n and_o so_o enjoy_v the_o fruit_n of_o peace_n but_o though_o they_o have_v by_o their_o own_o industry_n as_o well_o as_o the_o consent_n of_o their_o subject_n gain_v some_o power_n in_o those_o part_n 3._o yet_o do_v they_o never_o till_o now_o take_v upon_o they_o the_o title_n of_o king_n the_o same_o moderation_n descend_v also_o to_o their_o posterity_n so_o that_o for_o near_o a_o hundred_o year_n the_o prince_n earl_n or_o duke_n of_o northumberland_n live_v like_o vassal_n under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o king_n of_o kent_n but_o this_o nation_n be_v natural_o haughty_a in_o the_o year_n above_o recite_v that_o be_v sixty_o year_n after_o the_o death_n of_o hengist_n this_o principality_n be_v change_v into_o a_o kingdom_n ida_n first_o reign_v there_o who_o without_o doubt_n be_v a_o very_a gallant_a man_n be_v then_o in_o the_o prime_n of_o his_o youth_n but_o whether_o he_o
his_o province_n 2._o and_o as_o bede_n tell_v we_o survey_v all_o thing_n and_o ordain_v bishop_n in_o fit_a place_n and_o those_o thing_n which_o he_o find_v less_o perfect_a than_o they_o shall_v be_v he_o by_o their_o assistance_n correct_v among_o which_o when_o he_o find_v fault_n with_o bishop_n ceadda_n as_o not_o have_v be_v right_o consecrate_a he_o humble_o and_o modest_o reply_v if_o you_o believe_v that_o i_o have_v not_o right_o undertake_v the_o episcopal_a charge_n i_o willing_o quit_v it_o since_o as_o i_o never_o think_v myself_o worthy_a so_o i_o never_o consent_v to_o accept_v it_o but_o in_o obedience_n to_o the_o command_v of_o my_o superior_n but_o the_o archbishop_n see_v his_o humility_n answer_v that_o he_o will_v not_o have_v he_o lay_v aside_o his_o episcopacy_n and_o so_o he_o again_o renew_v his_o ordination_n according_a to_o the_o catholic_n rite_n dclxvii_o from_o whence_o it_o appear_v that_o this_o archbishop_n than_o think_v the_o ordination_n of_o the_o english_a and_o scotish_n bishop_n who_o differ_v from_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n as_o to_o the_o time_n of_o keep_v easter_n to_o be_v uncanonical_a and_o for_o this_o reason_n bede_n here_o also_o tell_v we_o that_o bishop_n wilfrid_n be_v send_v into_o france_n to_o be_v ordain_v but_o as_o for_o this_o bishop_n ceadda_n florence_n of_o worcester_n inform_v we_o that_o he_o be_v now_o also_o deprive_v of_o his_o bishopric_n and_o wilfrid_n restore_v to_o it_o as_o have_v be_v undue_o elect_v thereunto_o which_o tho'_o bede_n do_v not_o tell_v we_o in_o express_a word_n yet_o he_o confirm_v it_o in_o the_o very_a next_o chapter_n where_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o jaruman_n bishop_n of_o the_o mercian_n be_v now_o dead_a king_n wulfher_o do_v not_o ask_v archbishop_n theodorus_n to_o ordain_v a_o new_a one_o but_o only_o desire_v of_o king_n oswi_n that_o bishop_n ceadda_fw-mi the_o brother_n of_o cedda_n shall_v be_v send_v to_o he_o to_o take_v that_o charge_n who_o live_v private_o at_o his_o monastery_n of_o lestinghen_n where_o he_o be_v then_o abbot_n wilfrid_n than_o not_o only_o govern_v the_o diocese_n of_o york_n and_o all_o the_o northumber_n but_o also_o pict_n as_o far_o as_o king_n oswi_n dominion_n extend_v but_o to_o return_v again_o to_o the_o saxon_a annal_n dclxix_o this_o year_n king_n ecgbert_n give_v to_o basse_fw-fr the_o priest_n reculf_n where_o he_o build_v a_o monastery_n this_o be_v afterward_o call_v reculver_n in_o kent_n oswi_n king_n of_o northumberland_n die_v xv_o kal._n martij_fw-la and_o be_v bury_v at_o streanshale_v monastery_n dclxx._n and_o ecverth_n or_o egfrid_n his_o son_n reign_v after_o he_o also_o lothaire_n nephew_n of_o bishop_n agelbert_n take_v upon_o he_o the_o episcopal_a charge_n over_o the_o west_n saxon_n and_o hold_v it_o 7_o year_n archbishop_n theodorus_n consecrate_a he_o he_o who_o these_o annal_n call_v lothair_n be_v the_o same_o with_o leutherius_n bishop_n of_o winchester_n 5._o bede_n tell_v we_o further_o of_o king_n oswi_n that_o be_v wear_v out_o with_o a_o long_a infirmity_n he_o be_v so_o much_o in_o love_n with_o the_o roman_a rite_n that_o if_o he_o have_v recover_v of_o the_o sickness_n of_o which_o he_o die_v he_o have_v resolve_v to_o go_v to_o rome_n and_o end_v his_o day_n at_o the_o holy_a place_n have_v engage_v bishop_n wilfrid_n to_o be_v the_o guide_n and_o companion_n of_o his_o journey_n promise_v he_o no_o small_a reward_n for_o his_o pain_n dclxxi_o '_o this_o year_n be_v a_o great_a slaughter_n of_o bird_n h._n huntingdon_n render_v it_o a_o great_a fight_n of_o bird_n which_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v some_o remarkable_a combat_n of_o crow_n or_o jackdaw_n in_o the_o air_n of_o which_o we_o have_v several_a wonderful_a relation_n in_o our_o history_n mat._n westminster_n relate_v that_o the_o strange_a bird_n seem_v to_o fly_v before_o those_o of_o this_o country_n but_o that_o many_o thousand_o be_v kill_v dclxxii_o this_o next_o year_n cenwalch_n king_n of_o the_o west_n saxon_n die_v and_o sexburga_n his_o wife_n hold_v the_o kingdom_n after_o he_o for_o one_o year_n of_o who_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n give_v this_o account_n that_o this_o king_n die_v leave_v the_o kingdom_n to_o sexburga_n his_o wife_n nor_o do_v she_o want_v spirit_n or_o courage_n to_o discharge_v all_o the_o function_n of_o a_o king_n for_o she_o straghtways_o begin_v to_o raise_v new_a force_n as_o also_o to_o keep_v the_o old_a to_o their_o duty_n to_o govern_v her_o subject_n with_o moderation_n and_o to_o keep_v her_o enemy_n in_o awe_n and_o in_o short_a to_o do_v such_o great_a thing_n that_o there_o be_v no_o difference_n but_o the_o sex_n between_o her_o and_o a_o king_n but_o as_o she_o aim_v at_o more_o than_o feminine_a undertake_n so_o she_o leave_v this_o life_n when_o she_o have_v scarce_o reign_v a_o year_n about_o but_o mat._n westminster_n say_v she_o be_v expel_v the_o kingdom_n by_o the_o noble_n who_o despise_v female_a government_n but_o what_o authority_n he_o have_v for_o this_o i_o know_v not_o for_o i_o do_v not_o find_v it_o in_o any_o other_o author_n whereas_o if_o what_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n say_v of_o she_o be_v true_a it_o be_v not_o likely_a they_o shall_v rebel_v against_o so_o good_a a_o governess_n who_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v the_o perfect_a pattern_n of_o a_o excellent_a queen_n after_o the_o death_n of_o king_n cenwalch_n dclxxii_o and_o as_o i_o suppose_v queen_n sexburga_n likewise_o bede_n relate_v that_o the_o great_a man_n or_o petty_a prince_n of_o that_o kingdom_n divide_v it_o among_o they_o and_o so_o hold_v it_o for_o 10_o year_n in_o which_o time_n eleutherius_fw-la 12._o bishop_n of_o the_o west_n saxon_n i_o e._n of_o winchester_n die_v heddi_n be_v consecrate_a by_o archbishop_n theodorus_n in_o his_o stead_n in_o who_o time_n those_o petty_a prince_n be_v all_o subdue_v ceadwalla_n take_v the_o kingdom_n but_o this_o do_v not_o agree_v with_o the_o saxon_a annal_n about_o this_o time_n tho'_o bede_n do_v not_o set_v down_o the_o year_n king_n egfrid_n of_o northumberland_n wage_n war_n with_o wulfher_n king_n of_o mercia_n win_v from_o he_o all_o the_o country_n of_o lindsey_n about_o this_o time_n also_o die_v ceadda_n bishop_n of_o litchfield_n according_a to_o ran._n higden_n polychron_n but_o bede_n do_v not_o tell_v we_o the_o time_n of_o his_o death_n 3._o tho'_o he_o mention_n it_o and_o there_o give_v a_o large_a account_n of_o the_o great_a humility_n and_o piety_n of_o that_o good_a bishop_n and_o of_o the_o pious_a end_n he_o make_v he_o be_v call_v by_o we_o at_o this_o day_n st._n chad._n this_o year_n egberâ—_n king_n of_o kent_n decease_a dclxxiii_o according_a to_o bede_n epitome_n who_o as_o say_v math._n westminster_n give_v part_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o thanet_n to_o build_v a_o monastery_n to_o explate_v the_o murder_n of_o his_o cousin_n who_o he_o have_v cause_v to_o be_v slay_v as_o you_o have_v already_o hear_v the_o same_o 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cuthr_v fight_v against_o the_o britain_n but_o of_o this_o the_o welsh_a chronicle_n be_v silent_a as_o well_o as_o other_o author_n the_o same_o year_n also_o be_v the_o 12_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n king_n cuthr_v fight_v against_o aethelbald_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n at_o beorgford_n now_o burford_n in_o oxfordshire_n and_o there_o put_v he_o to_o flight_n but_o h._n huntingdon_n give_v we_o this_o battle_n more_o at_o large_a that_o king_n cuthr_v be_v not_o any_o long_a able_a to_o bear_v the_o insolence_n and_o imposition_n of_o that_o proud_a king_n ethelbald_n take_v arm_n and_o meet_v he_o with_o a_o army_n in_o the_o field_n prefer_v his_o liberty_n before_o his_o life_n be_v encourage_v by_o earl_n ethelune_n abovementioned_a who_o it_o seem_v be_v now_o cure_v and_o reconcile_v to_o the_o king_n rely_v upon_o who_o courage_n and_o council_n he_o resolve_v to_o undertake_v this_o war_n but_o ethelbald_n as_o a_o king_n of_o king_n have_v bring_v along_o with_o he_o 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example_n we_o have_v in_o our_o english_a history_n of_o the_o solemn_a deposition_n of_o a_o king_n by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n concern_v who_o our_o author_n bid_v we_o remark_n the_o manifold_a justice_n and_o providence_n of_o god_n how_o sometime_o it_o do_v not_o only_o recompense_v king_n according_a to_o their_o merit_n in_o the_o world_n to_o come_v but_o also_o in_o this_o for_o oftentimes_o set_v up_o wicked_a king_n for_o the_o deserve_a punishment_n of_o their_o subject_n he_o let_v some_o of_o they_o tyrannize_v a_o great_a while_n that_o so_o a_o wicked_a people_n may_v be_v punish_v and_o the_o king_n become_v more_o wicked_a may_v be_v torment_v for_o ever_o as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o aethelbald_n king_n of_o mercia_n abovementioned_a whilst_o god_n cut_v other_o short_a by_o a_o speedy_a destruction_n lest_o his_o people_n be_v oppress_v by_o too_o great_a tyranny_n shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o subsist_v under_o it_o so_o that_o the_o immoderate_a wickedness_n of_o a_o prince_n do_v often_o accelerate_v his_o punishment_n the_o same_o year_n according_a to_o caradoc_n chronicle_n publish_v by_o dr._n powel_n conan_n tindaethwy_n son_n of_o rodri_n molwynoc_n begin_v his_o reign_n over_o the_o britain_n in_o wales_n this_o year_n also_o according_a to_o the_o saxon_a annal_n aethelbald_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n be_v slay_v at_o seccandune_n now_o secington_n in_o warwickshire_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v 41_o year_n and_o then_o beornred_n usurp_v the_o kingdom_n and_o hold_v it_o but_o a_o little_a while_n and_o that_o with_o great_a trouble_n for_o the_o same_o year_n king_n offa_n expel_v beornred_n and_o take_v possession_n of_o the_o throne_n hold_v it_o 39_o year_n but_o his_o son_n egberth_n no_o more_o than_o 140_o day_n this_o offa_n be_v the_o son_n of_o thincerth_n and_o he_o the_o son_n of_o eanwulf_n the_o rest_n of_o his_o pedigree_n as_o far_o as_o woden_n i_o omit_v abbot_n bromton_n chronicle_n far_o add_v concern_v the_o death_n of_o king_n ethelbald_n that_o he_o be_v slay_v in_o a_o fight_n at_o the_o place_n abovementioned_a yet_o be_v it_o not_o by_o the_o enemy_n but_o by_o the_o treachery_n of_o this_o beornred_n ingulph_n in_o his_o history_n of_o croyland_n tell_v we_o that_o king_n ethelbald_n have_v found_v the_o abbey_n of_o ripendune_n now_o repton_n in_o derbyshire_n be_v the_o most_o famous_a of_o that_o age_n be_v there_o bury_v and_o also_o of_o this_o beornred_n who_o he_o call_v a_o tyrant_n that_o he_o do_v not_o long_o enjoy_v his_o usurpation_n for_o it_o seem_v he_o be_v not_o of_o the_o blood_n royal_a of_o the_o mercian_n king_n but_o when_o he_o be_v expel_v offa_n succeed_v he_o by_o the_o general_n consent_v of_o the_o noble_n of_o mercia_n but_o mat._n westminster_n who_o put_v the_o succession_n of_o king_n offa_n two_o year_n late_a be_v more_o particular_a in_o this_o transaction_n and_o relate_v that_o this_o beornred_n govern_v very_o tyrannical_o the_o whole_a nation_n of_o the_o mercian_n rise_v up_o against_o he_o so_o that_o both_o the_o nobility_n and_o commons_o join_v together_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o offa_n a_o valiant_a young_a man_n nephew_n to_o the_o late_a king_n aethelbald_n they_o expel_v beornr_v the_o kingdom_n and_o than_o offa_n by_o the_o general_n consent_v of_o the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n of_o that_o kingdom_n be_v crown_v king_n this_o be_v that_o king_n offa_n who_o afterward_o become_v a_o terror_n to_o all_o the_o king_n of_o england_n eadbert_n king_n of_o northumberland_n and_o unu_v king_n of_o the_o pict_n dcclvi_o bring_v a_o army_n against_o the_o city_n alkuith_n which_o the_o britain_n deliver_v upon_o condition_n this_o be_v from_o the_o authority_n of_o simeon_n of_o durham_n and_o let_v we_o see_v that_o this_o city_n now_o in_o scotland_n be_v then_o in_o the_o hand_n
we_o exhort_v all_o man_n that_o they_o pay_v tithe_n of_o whatsoever_o they_o possess_v because_o it_o be_v god_n special_a commandment_n that_o every_o man_n live_v and_o give_v alm_n of_o the_o other_o 9_o part_n whence_o you_o may_v observe_v that_o as_o this_o be_v the_o first_o decree_n of_o any_o council_n in_o england_n concern_v payment_n of_o tithe_n so_o also_o be_v it_o hereby_o declare_v that_o they_o be_v due_a by_o divine_a right_n the_o nineteen_o decree_n be_v against_o man_n observe_v any_o pagan_a rite_n and_o particular_o of_o make_v mark_n and_o scar_n in_o any_o part_n of_o their_o body_n for_o any_o false_a god_n there_o be_v also_o other_o decree_n which_o seem_v very_o trivial_a as_o against_o cut_v off_o horse_n ear_n or_o tail_n and_o slit_v their_o nose_n as_o also_o against_o eat_v horseflesh_n which_o it_o seem_v be_v then_o much_o in_o fashion_n among_o the_o common_a sort_n of_o people_n as_o also_o against_o cast_v of_o lot_n for_o the_o decide_n of_o civil_a controversy_n it_o also_o here_o appear_v by_o the_o address_n of_o the_o pope_n legate_n make_v to_o he_o at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o council_n that_o there_o be_v two_o distinct_a session_n of_o it_o the_o first_o be_v hold_v before_o king_n aelfwald_n and_o arch_a bishop_n eanbald_n and_o all_o the_o bishop_n belong_v to_o the_o northumbrian_n kingdom_n as_o also_o all_o the_o senator_n ealderman_n and_o people_n of_o that_o country_n who_o when_o these_o decree_n be_v propose_v to_o they_o do_v all_o of_o they_o with_o great_a devotion_n promise_v to_o observe_v they_o and_o subscribe_v they_o with_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o cross._n then_o follow_v the_o subscription_n of_o the_o king_n the_o archbishop_n of_o york_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o that_o province_n after_o they_o follow_v also_o the_o subscription_n of_o the_o presbyter_n and_o deacon_n of_o church_n judge_n chief_z and_o noble_a man_n some_o of_o who_o do_v there_o subscribe_v for_o all_o the_o rest_n where_o this_o council_n be_v hold_v for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o northumberland_n be_v uncertain_a but_o the_o second_o session_n of_o it_o be_v hold_v at_o calcuith_n now_o suppose_v to_o be_v in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o mercia_n which_o as_o also_o in_o the_o conclusion_n of_o this_o council_n it_o be_v thus_o recite_v king_n offa_n with_o all_o the_o senator_n of_o his_o kingdom_n with_o janbryht_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n and_o the_o other_o bishop_n of_o that_o province_n the_o same_o decree_n be_v read_v before_o the_o council_n as_o well_o in_o latin_a as_o in_o saxon_a so_o that_o all_o may_v understand_v they_o they_o all_o agree_v with_o one_o accord_n to_o observe_v they_o then_o follow_v the_o subscription_n of_o king_n offa_n and_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n with_o divers_a of_o the_o noble_n there_o present_a who_o subscribe_v in_o the_o name_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n but_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n in_o his_o first_o book_n de_fw-fr pontif_n dccxxxvi_o have_v give_v we_o a_o further_a account_n of_o the_o act_n of_o this_o council_n than_o what_o be_v express_v in_o the_o canon_n themselves_o viz._n that_o in_o this_o council_n archbishop_n janbryht_n be_v force_v to_o resign_v part_n of_o his_o province_n to_o the_o bishop_n of_o litchfield_n who_o thereby_o become_v a_o archbishop_n so_o that_o there_o remain_v no_o more_o bishop_n under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n but_o those_o of_o london_n winchester_n rochester_n and_o shireburne_n but_o tho'_o it_o have_v be_v obtain_v by_o king_n offa_n from_o the_o pope_n by_o great_a importunity_n and_o false_a suggestion_n that_o archbishop_n janbryht_n shall_v be_v thus_o deprive_v of_o his_o primacy_n yet_o be_v it_o not_o count_v of_o any_o force_n till_o it_o be_v confirm_v in_o a_o great_a council_n and_o that_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n himself_o have_v consent_v to_o it_o the_o same_o author_n further_o add_v that_o also_o in_o this_o council_n offa_n the_o most_o potent_a king_n of_o the_o mercian_n do_v then_o cause_v his_o elder_a son_n egfred_n a_o comely_a and_o valiant_a young_a man_n and_o endue_v with_o all_o good_a quality_n to_o be_v solemn_o crown_v king_n who_o obey_v his_o father_n in_o all_o thing_n reign_v together_o with_o he_o so_o long_o as_o he_o live_v but_o it_o be_v very_o observable_a that_o neither_o alrich_n than_o king_n of_o kent_n nor_o any_o of_o his_o deputy_n do_v appear_v at_o this_o council_n for_o which_o i_o can_v give_v no_o other_o reason_n than_o that_o this_o king_n do_v not_o approve_v of_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o chief_a archiepiscopal_n see_v from_o canterbury_n in_o his_o own_o dominion_n to_o litchfield_n in_o another_o prince_n territory_n but_o as_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n observe_v this_o violence_n do_v to_o the_o see_v of_o canterbury_n tho'_o it_o last_v all_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n offa_n and_o also_o during_o the_o life-time_n of_o archbishop_n janbryht_n 1._o who_o spare_v neither_o cost_n nor_o pain_n to_o get_v his_o see_v restore_v to_o its_o ancient_a dignity_n yet_o be_v it_o all_o to_o no_o purpose_n till_o such_o time_n as_o kenwulf_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n restore_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o canterbury_n to_o its_o former_a right_n litchfield_n become_v again_o a_o ordinary_a bishopric_n subject_n to_o the_o see_v of_o canterbury_n to_o this_o day_n have_v continue_v a_o archbishopric_n only_o during_o the_o time_n of_o two_o arch-bishop_n viz._n for_o the_o space_n of_o about_o eleven_o year_n but_o it_o be_v time_n to_o return_v to_o civil_a affair_n the_o same_o year_n as_o h._n huntingdon_n relate_v the_o sign_n of_o the_o cross_n appear_v of_o itself_o upon_o man_n clothes_n which_o if_o true_a be_v wonderful_a to_o future_a age_n king_n brithric_n now_o marry_v eadburghe_n the_o daughter_n of_o king_n offa_n which_o be_v do_v as_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n relate_v to_o strengthen_v his_o interest_n with_o his_o neighbour_a prince_n also_o about_o those_o time_n as_o ethelwerd_n dcclxxxvii_o and_o the_o saxon_a annal_n inform_v we_o arrive_v in_o the_o west_n country_n three_o ship_n of_o dane_n or_o norwegian_n from_o herethaland_n that_o be_v the_o country_n of_o pirate_n these_o land_n the_o king_n be_v geref_o or_o officer_n come_v thither_o on_o horseback_n endeavour_v to_o carry_v they_o to_o the_o king_n town_n of_o dorchester_n because_o he_o know_v not_o from_o whence_o they_o come_v but_o he_o be_v there_o slay_v with_o those_o that_o attend_v on_o he_o after_o which_o great_a multitude_n of_o people_n flock_v in_o the_o dane_n be_v at_o last_o force_v to_o flee_v to_o their_o ship_n and_o leave_v their_o prey_n behind_o they_o these_o be_v the_o first_o danish_n ship_n that_o ever_o infest_a the_o english_a nation_n where_o note_n that_o the_o same_o people_n who_o be_v first_o call_v norman_n in_o the_o saxon_a annal_n be_v there_o also_o name_v danes_n in_o other_o place_n which_o show_v that_o the_o dane_n and_o norman_n be_v then_o look_v upon_o to_o be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o people_n dcclxxxvii_o this_o year_n there_o be_v a_o general_a synod_n assemble_v at_o pyncanhale_n or_o finkenhale_n now_o finkley_n in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o durham_n than_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o northumberland_n where_o eanbald_a archbishop_n of_o york_n preside_v who_o decree_n you_o may_v see_v in_o sir_n h._n spelman_n 1_o vol._n of_o council_n but_o its_o constitution_n be_v whole_o about_o ecclesiastical_a discipline_n and_o the_o right_a observation_n of_o easter_n it_o be_v beside_o my_o purpose_n to_o take_v any_o further_a notice_n of_o they_o this_o year_n also_o according_a to_o the_o annal_n albert_n the_o abbot_n decease_v and_o king_n charles_n pass_v through_o almany_n to_o the_o very_a border_n of_o bavaria_n as_o the_o latin_a text_n of_o the_o laudean_a copy_n relate_v dcclxxxix_o alfwold_n king_n of_o northumberland_n be_v slay_v by_o one_o sicga_n on_o the_o ix_o kal._n octob._n this_o king_n be_v say_v by_o simeon_n of_o durham_n and_o roger_n hoveden_n to_o have_v be_v a_o very_a just_a and_o worthy_a prince_n and_o that_o he_o be_v slay_v by_o the_o treachery_n of_o this_o sicga_n who_o be_v one_o of_o his_o chief_a nobleman_n and_o be_v murder_v at_o cilceaster_n near_o the_o pict_n wall_n there_o be_v frequent_o see_v a_o light_n from_o heaven_n over_o the_o place_n where_o he_o be_v slay_v he_o be_v bury_v in_o the_o cathedral_n church_n of_o hagulstad_n with_o great_a solemnity_n and_o there_o be_v afterward_o a_o church_n build_v in_o the_o place_n where_o he_o be_v kill_v and_o osr_v the_o son_n of_o alchrâ—d_n reign_v after_o he_o who_o be_v the_o nephew_n of_o king_n alfwold_n there_o be_v also_o at_o this_o time_n another_o synod_n hold_v at_o aclea_n the_o same_o year_n likewise_o according_a to_o mat._n westminster_n offa_n
king_n of_o the_o mercian_n fight_v against_o kenwulf_n king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n at_o the_o siege_n of_o bensington_n castle_n but_o kenwulf_n be_v worsted_n be_v force_v to_o flee_v and_o so_o offa_n take_v the_o castle_n now_o janbryht_v the_o archbishop_n decease_v and_o ethelheard_v the_o abbot_n be_v elect_v archbishop_n dccxc_o also_o osr_v king_n of_o the_o northumber_n be_v betray_v and_o drive_v out_o of_o his_o kingdom_n and_o ethelred_n the_o son_n of_o ethelwald_n surname_v mull_n reign_v after_o he_o or_o rather_o be_v again_o restore_v to_o the_o kingdom_n have_v reign_v there_o before_o as_o have_v be_v already_o show_v but_o simeon_n of_o durham_n add_v far_o that_o this_o osred_a the_o late_a king_n of_o this_o kingdom_n have_v be_v also_o shave_v a_o monk_n against_o his_o will_n escape_v again_o out_o of_o the_o monastery_n into_o the_o isle_n of_o man._n but_o the_o next_o year_n as_o simeon_n relate_v oelf_n and_o oelfwin_n son_n of_o alfwold_n former_o king_n of_o northumberland_n dccxci_o be_v draw_v by_o fair_a promise_n from_o the_o principal_a church_n of_o york_n and_o afterward_o at_o the_o command_n of_o king_n ethelred_n cruel_o put_v to_o death_n at_o wonwalderemâ—re_n a_o village_n by_o the_o great_a pool_n in_o lancashire_n now_o call_v winanderemere_n also_o about_o this_o time_n according_a to_o the_o same_o author_n one_o eardulf_n a_o earl_n be_v take_v and_o bring_v to_o ripun_a be_v there_o sentence_v by_o the_o say_a king_n to_o be_v put_v to_o death_n without_o the_o gate_n of_o the_o monastery_n who_o body_n when_o the_o monk_n have_v carry_v to_o the_o church_n with_o solemn_a dirge_n and_o place_v under_o a_o pavilion_n be_v about_o midnight_n find_v alive_a but_o this_o relation_n be_v very_o imperfect_a for_o it_o neither_o tell_v we_o how_o he_o escape_v death_n nor_o how_o he_o be_v convey_v away_o though_o we_o find_v he_o five_o year_n after_o this_o make_a king_n of_o northumberland_n this_o year_n as_o simeon_n of_o durham_n and_o mat._n westminster_n relate_v charles_n king_n of_o france_n send_v certain_a synodal_n decree_v into_o england_n in_o which_o alas_o for_o with_o great_a grief_n our_o author_n speak_v it_o be_v find_v many_o inconvenient_a thing_n and_o altogether_o contrary_a to_o the_o true_a faith_n for_o it_o have_v be_v decree_v in_o a_o council_n at_o constantinople_n by_o more_o than_o three_o hundred_o bishop_n that_o image_n ought_v to_o be_v adore_v ccxci_o which_o the_o church_n of_o god_n do_v say_v they_o whole_o abominate_a then_o albinus_n that_o be_v our_o alcuin_n write_v a_o epistle_n wherein_o he_o prove_v it_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o holy_a scripture_n to_o be_v utter_o unlawful_a and_o this_o he_o offer_v together_o with_o the_o book_n itself_o to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n on_o the_o behalf_n of_o all_o our_o bishop_n and_o great_a man_n 307._o and_o this_o letter_n of_o alcuinus_fw-la be_v think_v to_o have_v wrought_v such_o a_o effect_n on_o the_o synod_n of_o francfort_n assemble_v about_o two_o year_n after_o that_o the_o worship_n of_o image_n be_v therein_o solemn_o condemn_v from_o which_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o image-worship_n as_o now_o practise_v in_o the_o greek_a and_o roman_a church_n be_v not_o then_o receive_v in_o england_n and_o this_o year_n also_o according_a to_o the_o same_o author_n osred_n late_a king_n of_o nortbumberland_n be_v deceive_v by_o the_o oath_n of_o some_o great_a man_n return_v private_o from_o the_o isle_n of_o man_n when_o his_o soldier_n desert_v he_o and_o be_v take_v prisoner_n by_o king_n ethelred_n he_o be_v by_o his_o command_n put_v to_o death_n at_o a_o place_n call_v aynsburg_n but_o his_o body_n be_v bury_v at_o the_o famous_a monastery_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o tine_n and_o the_o same_o year_n king_n ethelred_n betroth_v elfrede_v the_o daughter_n of_o king_n offa._n in_o who_o also_o there_o be_v find_v as_o little_a faith_n as_o mercy_n for_o this_o year_n dccxcii_o according_a to_o our_o annal_n will._n of_o malmesbury_n and_o mat._n westminster_n ethelbert_n the_o son_n of_o ethelred_n king_n of_o the_o east-angle_n notwithstanding_o the_o dissuasion_n of_o his_o mother_n go_v to_o the_o court_n of_o king_n offa_n in_o order_n to_o woo_v his_o daughter_n be_v there_o slay_v by_o the_o wicked_a instigation_n of_o queen_n quendrith_n so_o that_o out_o of_o a_o ambition_n to_o seize_v his_o kingdom_n offa_n be_v persuade_v to_o make_v he_o away_o but_o by_o what_o mean_v it_o be_v not_o agree_v the_o annal_n relate_v he_o to_o have_v be_v behead_v but_o the_o same_o annal_n and_o florence_n of_o worcester_n agree_v that_o his_o body_n be_v bury_v in_o the_o monastery_n at_o tinmouth_n but_o the_o chronicle_n ascribe_v to_o abbot_n bromton_n as_o also_o mat._n westminster_n have_v give_v we_o long_o and_o legendary_a account_n of_o the_o death_n of_o this_o prince_n and_o the_o latter_a of_o these_o as_o well_o as_o other_o monk_n who_o be_v favourer_n of_o this_o king_n offa_n will_v have_v this_o murder_n to_o be_v commit_v without_o this_o king_n knowledge_n and_o mat._n westminster_n have_v a_o long_a story_n about_o it_o but_o not_o all_o probable_a especial_o since_o the_o king_n be_v so_o well_o please_v with_o the_o fact_n when_o it_o be_v do_v that_o he_o present_o seize_v the_o kingdom_n of_o this_o poor_a murder_v prince_n and_o add_v it_o to_o his_o own_o dominion_n this_o year_n as_o mat._n paris_n and_o his_o namesake_n of_o westminster_n relate_v dccxciii_o king_n offa_n be_v warn_v by_o a_o angel_n to_o remove_v the_o relic_n of_o st._n alban_n into_o a_o more_o noble_a shrine_n and_o so_o either_o for_o this_o cause_n or_o else_o which_o be_v more_o likely_a to_o expiate_v the_o several_a murder_n he_o have_v commit_v begin_v to_o build_v a_o new_a church_n and_o monastery_n in_o honour_n of_o st._n alban_n and_o thither_o remove_v his_o bone_n into_o a_o silver_n shrine_n all_o gilt_n and_o adorn_v with_o 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honorius_n do_v by_o a_o bull_n in_o the_o year_n 1118_o not_o only_o ratify_v all_o the_o privilege_n make_v and_o confirm_v by_o former_a pope_n but_o also_o grant_v to_o the_o abbot_n and_o his_o successor_n episcopal_a right_n together_o with_o the_o habit_n and_o that_o he_o and_o his_o monk_n shall_v be_v exempt_a from_o all_o jurisdiction_n to_o the_o bishop_n of_o lincoln_n with_o other_o exemption_n too_o long_o here_o to_o be_v set_v down_o also_o this_o year_n there_o appear_v strange_a prodigy_n in_o the_o country_n of_o northumberland_n which_o mighty_o terrify_v the_o people_n of_o that_o province_n viz._n immoderate_a lightning_n there_o be_v also_o see_v meteor_n like_o fiery_a dragon_n fly_v in_o the_o air_n after_o which_o sign_n follow_v a_o cruel_a famine_n and_o a_o little_a after_o the_o same_o year_n 6_o o_z idus_fw-la jan._n certain_o heathen_n i.e._n danes_n miserable_o destroy_v the_o church_n of_o god_n in_o lindisfarne_n commit_v great_a spoil_n and_o murder_n simeon_n of_o durham_n say_v these_o dane_n not_o only_o pillage_v that_o monastery_n but_o kill_v divers_a of_o the_o friar_n carry_v away_o the_o rest_n captive_a spare_v neither_o priest_n nor_o layman_n this_o year_n also_o sicga_n die_v he_o who_o kill_v the_o good_a king_n alfwold_n who_o now_o as_o roger_n hoveden_n relate_v slay_v himself_o and_o the_o same_o year_n according_a to_o florence_n of_o worcester_n ethelard_n be_v ordain_v archbishop_n of_o york_n and_o as_o simeon_n of_o durham_n relate_v the_o same_o year_n die_v alric_n three_o son_n to_o wither_a king_n of_o kent_n after_o a_o long_a reign_n of_o thirty_o four_o year_n in_o who_o end_v the_o race_n of_o hengist_n thenceforth_o as_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n observe_v whosoever_o wealth_n or_o faction_n advance_v take_v on_o he_o the_o title_n of_o king_n of_o that_o province_n dccxciv_o this_o year_n both_o pope_n adrian_n
as_o his_o own_o ever_o since_o the_o time_n that_o king_n offa_n take_v it_o but_o now_o the_o mercian_n try_v to_o recover_v it_o by_o force_n the_o same_o year_n be_v also_o hold_v another_o synodal_n council_n at_o cloveshoe_n for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o mercia_n under_o k._n beornwulf_n and_o wilfred_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n with_o all_o the_o bishop_n and_o chief_a man_n of_o that_o kingdom_n wherein_o some_o dispute_n about_o land_n between_o heabert_n bishop_n of_o worcester_n and_o a_o certain_a monastery_n call_v westburgh_n be_v determine_v this_o year_n ludican_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n and_o five_o of_o his_o ealderman_n be_v slay_v and_o wiglaf_n begin_v to_o reign_v in_o his_o stead_n dcccxxv_o ingulf_n and_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n tell_v we_o that_o this_o ludican_n be_v kinsman_n to_o the_o last_o mention_v king_n beornwulf_n and_o lead_v a_o army_n against_o the_o east-angle_n to_o revenge_v his_o death_n be_v there_o overcome_v and_o slay_v and_o that_o both_o these_o tyrant_n be_v just_o remove_v who_o have_v not_o only_o make_v king_n without_o any_o right_n but_o have_v also_o by_o their_o imprudence_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o the_o destruction_n of_o the_o military_a force_n of_o that_o kingdom_n which_o have_v till_o then_o prove_v victorious_a and_o that_o thereupon_o one_o withlaf_n be_v before_o ealderman_n of_o mâ—rcia_n be_v by_o the_o consent_n of_o all_o the_o people_n create_v king_n who_o son_n wimond_n have_v marry_v alfleda_n the_o daughter_n of_o ceolwulf_n the_o late_a king_n this_o king_n withlaf_n reign_v thirteen_o year_n dcccxxvii_o as_o tributary_n to_o king_n egbert_n as_o shall_v be_v further_o relate_v anon_o the_o moon_n be_v eclipse_v on_o christmas_n day_n at_o night_n and_o the_o same_o year_n king_n egbryht_v subdue_v the_o kingdom_n of_o mercia_n and_o all_o the_o country_n that_o lie_v south_n of_o humber_n he_o be_v the_o eight_o king_n who_o rule_v over_o all_o britain_n but_o the_o first_o who_o 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long_o before_o yet_o do_v they_o not_o therefore_o take_v upon_o they_o the_o title_n of_o monarch_n any_o more_o than_o egbert_n who_o now_o succeed_v they_o in_o that_o power_n tho'_o most_o of_o our_o historian_n who_o have_v write_v the_o saxon_a history_n in_o english_a have_v but_o without_o any_o just_a reason_n give_v they_o that_o title_n which_o can_v not_o proper_o belong_v to_o king_n who_o have_v divers_a other_o under_o they_o with_o the_o like_a regal_a jurisdiction_n within_o their_o own_o territory_n not_o but_o that_o king_n egbert_n be_v in_o a_o more_o peculiar_a manner_n the_o supreme_a king_n of_o england_n because_o by_o his_o absolute_a conquest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o kent_n and_o of_o the_o south_n and_o east_n saxon_n he_o be_v the_o great_a king_n who_o have_v hitherto_o reign_v in_o england_n all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o king_n that_o remain_v reign_v by_o his_o permission_n and_o pay_v he_o tribute_n a_o power_n which_o never_o have_v be_v exercise_v by_o any_o other_o king_n before_o he_o but_o to_o return_v to_o our_o history_n it_o seem_v that_o king_n egbert_n be_v so_o high_o displease_v with_o the_o mercian_n for_o set_v up_o a_o king_n without_o his_o consent_n that_o ingulf_n and_o florence_n of_o worcester_n tell_v we_o that_o as_o soon_o as_o ever_o withlaf_n be_v make_v king_n before_o he_o can_v raise_v a_o army_n he_o be_v expel_v his_o kingdom_n which_o egbert_n add_v to_o his_o own_o but_o withlaf_n be_v search_v for_o by_o egbert_n commander_n through_o all_o mercia_n he_o be_v by_o the_o industry_n of_o seward_n abbot_n of_o croyland_n conceal_v in_o the_o cell_n of_o the_o holy_a virgin_n etheldrith_n daughter_n of_o king_n offa_n and_o once_o the_o spouse_n of_o ethelbert_n king_n of_o the_o east_n angle_n where_o king_n withlaf_fw-mi find_v a_o safe_a retreat_n for_o the_o space_n of_o four_o month_n until_o such_o time_n as_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o say_a abbot_n seward_n he_o be_v reconcile_v to_o king_n egbert_n and_o upon_o promise_n of_o the_o payment_n of_o a_o yearly_o tribute_n permit_v to_o return_v to_o his_o kingdom_n in_o peace_n which_o be_v by_o he_o acknowledge_v in_o that_o charter_n of_o he_o that_o ingulf_n have_v give_v we_o of_o his_o confirmation_n of_o the_o land_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o abbey_n of_o croyland_n it_o be_v make_v in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o his_o lord_n egbert_n king_n of_o west-saxony_n and_o his_o son_n ethelwulf_n and_o before_o the_o bishop_n and_o great_a man_n of_o all_o england_n assemble_v at_o the_o city_n of_o london_n to_o take_v counsel_n against_o the_o daniâ—h_a pirate_n then_o infest_v the_o english_a coast_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 833_o as_o you_o shall_v see_v when_o we_o come_v to_o that_o year_n this_o restoration_n of_o king_n withlaf_n to_o his_o kingdom_n be_v also_o mention_v in_o the_o saxon_a annal_n of_o the_o next_o year_n where_o it_o be_v say_v dcccxxviii_o that_o withlaf_n again_o obtain_v the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o mercian_n and_o bishop_n ethelwald_n decease_v also_o the_o same_o year_n king_n egbryht_v lead_v a_o army_n against_o the_o northern_a britain_n and_o reduce_v they_o absolute_o to_o his_o obedience_n dcccxxviii_o for_o it_o seem_v they_o have_v again_o rebel_v now_o likewise_o as_o mat._n westminster_n relate_v king_n egbert_n vanquish_v swithr_v king_n of_o the_o east-saxons_a and_o drive_v he_o out_o of_o his_o kingdom_n upon_o who_o expulsion_n the_o west_n saxon_a king_n ever_o after_o possess_v that_o kingdom_n now_o according_a to_o the_o same_o author_n king_n egbert_n have_v subdue_v all_o the_o south_n part_v of_o england_n dcccxxix_o lead_v a_o great_a army_n into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o northumberland_n and_o have_v grievous_o waste_v that_o province_n make_v king_n eandr_v his_o tributary_n which_o be_v also_o confirm_v by_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n who_o relate_v that_o the_o northumber_n who_o stand_v out_o the_o last_o fear_v lest_o this_o king_n anger_n may_v break_v out_o upon_o they_o now_o give_v hostage_n submit_v themselves_o to_o his_o dominion_n but_o they_o continue_v still_o under_o king_n of_o their_o own_o as_o you_o will_v further_o find_v to_o this_o year_n i_o think_v we_o may_v also_o refer_v that_o great_a transaction_n which_o the_o annal_n of_o the_o cathedral_n church_n of_o winchester_n print_v in_o 32._o monast._n angl._n from_o a_o ancient_a manuscript_n in_o the_o 13._o cottonian_a library_n place_n under_o the_o year_n follow_v viz._n that_o king_n egbert_n have_v thus_o subdue_v all_o the_o kingdom_n abovementioned_a and_o force_v they_o to_o submit_v to_o his_o dominion_n call_v a_o great_a council_n at_o winchester_n whereto_o be_v summon_v all_o the_o great_a man_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o there_o by_o the_o general_n consent_v of_o the_o clerus_fw-la &_o populus_fw-la i._n e._n the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n king_n egbert_n be_v crown_v king_n of_o britain_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n he_o enact_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v for_o ever_o after_o call_v england_n and_o that_o those_o who_o before_o be_v call_v jute_n or_o saxon_n shall_v now_o be_v call_v english_a â—en_n and_o this_o i_o can_v not_o omit_v because_o tho'_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o other_o historian_n agree_v of_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n yet_o i_o think_v this_o the_o true_a and_o most_o particular_a account_n of_o the_o time_n and_o manner_n when_o it_o be_v perform_v also_o this_o year_n wilfred_n the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n decease_v and_o feologild_v the_o abbot_n be_v elect_v archbishop_n 7_o kal._n maij._n and_o be_v consecrate_a 5._o id._n junij_fw-la be_v sunday_n and_o die_v the_o 3._o kal._n sept._n after_o but_o here_o be_v certain_o a_o mistake_n in_o this_o copy_n of_o the_o annal_n for_o it_o be_v not_o feologild_n but_o ceolnoth_n who_o be_v then_o choose_v
take_v in_o all_o the_o county_n of_o northumberland_n lie_v between_o tine_n and_o tweed_n to_o the_o utmost_a orcades_n this_o be_v by_o no_o mean_n to_o be_v admit_v since_o as_o the_o lord_n primate_n usher_n learned_o observe_v that_o country_n have_v long_o after_o not_o only_o english_a but_o danish_a king_n 374._o as_o shall_v in_o the_o pursuit_n of_o this_o history_n be_v clear_o make_v out_o and_o after_o those_o be_v extinct_a we_o may_v read_v in_o turgot_n chronicle_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o durham_n the_o earl_n appoint_v by_o the_o king_n of_o england_n under_o they_o govern_v that_o country_n for_o as_o roger_n hoveden_n in_o the_o year_n 953_o express_o relate_v after_o eric_n to_o who_o the_o northumber_n have_v swear_v allegiance_n that_o province_n be_v commit_v by_o k._n edred_n to_o earl_n oswald_n who_o afterward_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n edgar_n have_v one_o olsac_n assign_v he_o as_o a_o partner_n in_o that_o government_n the_o former_a command_v all_o that_o lay_v on_o the_o north_n side_n of_o tyne_n and_o the_o latter_a all_o yorkshire_n there_o also_o follow_v all_o the_o successor_n of_o these_o earl_n as_o low_a as_o the_o time_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n under_o who_o tosti_n govern_v it_o who_o lose_v his_o earldom_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o tyranny_n it_o be_v by_o king_n edward_n commit_v to_o earl_n morchar_n but_o he_o be_v take_v up_o with_o great_a employment_n commit_v the_o government_n of_o that_o part_n of_o it_o beyond_o tyne_n to_o one_o oswulf_n who_o afterward_o by_o the_o gift_n of_o k._n william_n enjoy_v the_o government_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n but_o that_o load_v and_o the_o other_o low-land_n country_n of_o scotland_n as_o far_o as_o edinburgh_n be_v long_o after_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o english_a shall_v be_v show_v when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n edgar_n about_o this_o time_n eanred_n king_n of_o northumberland_n die_v ethelred_n his_o son_n succeed_v he_o 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wanate_v now_o wantige_n in_o berk-shire_n his_o mother_n be_v osberge_n the_o daughter_n of_o aslat_a or_o oslac_n chief_a butler_n to_o king_n aethelwulf_n who_o be_v relate_v to_o stuffe_n and_o whitgar_n first_o prince_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n she_o be_v a_o woman_n as_o remarkable_a for_o her_o piety_n as_o her_o birth_n and_o deserve_v to_o be_v the_o mother_n of_o he_o who_o be_v afterward_o to_o prove_v so_o great_a a_o prince_n the_o same_o year_n also_o from_o the_o same_o author_n berthferth_n the_o son_n of_o bertwulf_n king_n of_o mercia_n wicked_o slay_v his_o cousin_n wulstan_n who_o be_v nephew_n to_o both_o the_o late_a king_n of_o mercia_n but_o his_o body_n be_v bury_v at_o the_o famous_a monastery_n of_o rependun_v now_o repton_n in_o derbyshire_n in_o the_o tomb_n of_o wiglaf_n his_o grandfather_n and_o if_o we_o may_v believe_v our_o historian_n a_o pillar_n of_o light_n reach_v up_o to_o heaven_n stand_v over_o the_o place_n for_o thirty_o day_n which_o 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to_o fight_v with_o they_o after_o which_o the_o dane_n march_v southward_o beyond_o thames_n into_o surry_n and_o there_o k._n aethelwulf_n and_o his_o son_n aethelbald_n with_o the_o force_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n fight_v against_o they_o at_o aclea_n now_o call_v oakley_n in_o surry_n where_o they_o make_v a_o great_a slaughter_n of_o the_o pagan_a army_n than_o have_v be_v hear_v of_o at_o any_o time_n before_o so_o that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o be_v destroy_v the_o same_o year_n also_o according_a to_o sir_n h._n spelman_n 1._o vol._n of_o council_n be_v hold_v the_o council_n of_o kingsbury_n under_o berthwulf_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n ceolnoth_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n with_o the_o other_o bishop_n and_o wise_a man_n of_o the_o province_n be_v present_a wherein_o beside_o the_o public_a business_n of_o the_o kingdom_n several_a grievance_n of_o the_o monk_n be_v redress_v
england_n and_o take_v up_o their_o winter_n quarter_n at_o theodford_n the_o same_o winter_n king_n eadmund_n fight_v with_o they_o but_o the_o dane_n gain_v the_o victory_n and_o slay_v that_o holy_a king_n and_o destroy_v all_o the_o monastery_n that_o lay_v in_o their_o way_n they_o whole_o conquer_v that_o kingdom_n the_o name_n of_o the_o prince_n who_o slay_v he_o be_v higwais_o and_o uâ—ba_n who_o other_o writer_n call_v hinguar_n and_o hubba_n dcâ—clxx_n at_o the_o same_o time_n also_o they_o come_v to_o medeshamstead_n which_o monastery_n they_o burn_v and_o destroy_v kill_v the_o abbot_n and_o monk_n with_o all_o the_o man_n they_o find_v there_o carrying_z away_o all_o the_o rich_a spoil_n of_o that_o place_n but_o since_o the_o saxon_a annal_n be_v very_o short_a in_o this_o relation_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o from_o ingulph_n a_o more_o particular_a account_n of_o what_o they_o do_v this_o year_n in_o their_o march_n into_o east_n england_n who_o further_o add_v that_o 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right_a wing_n because_o they_o be_v the_o strong_a and_o earl_n morchar_n with_o those_o who_o follow_v he_o as_o also_o the_o sheriff_n of_o lincoln_n make_v other_o five_o hundred_o in_o the_o left_a wing_n while_o he_o with_o his_o senescal_n keep_v the_o main_a body_n as_o ready_a to_o help_v either_o wing_n if_o there_o be_v occasion_n but_o the_o dane_n be_v now_o enrage_v at_o the_o slaughter_n of_o their_o man_n have_v bury_v their_o three_o king_n at_o a_o place_n which_o be_v thence_o call_v trekingham_n afterward_o 2_o king_n and_o 8_o count_n march_v out_o whilst_o the_o rest_n guard_v the_o camp_n and_o captive_n but_o the_o christian_n because_o of_o their_o small_a number_n draw_v themselves_o up_o in_o one_o body_n make_v with_o their_o shield_n a_o strong_a testudo_fw-la against_o the_o force_n of_o their_o enemy_n arrow_n and_o keep_v off_o the_o horse_n with_o their_o pike_n dccclxx_o and_o thus_o be_v well_o order_v by_o their_o commander_n they_o keep_v their_o ground_n the_o whole_a day_n but_o tho'_o they_o remain_v unbroken_a till_o night_n and_o have_v still_o withstand_v the_o force_n of_o their_o enemy_n arrow_n but_o their_o horse_n be_v then_o tire_v begin_v to_o flag_n the_o pagan_n feign_v a_o flight_n on_o purpose_n seem_v to_o quit_v the_o field_n which_o the_o christian_n perceive_v althô_o their_o commander_n forbid_v and_o oppose_v it_o yet_o nevertheless_o break_v their_o rank_n be_v all_o disperse_v through_o the_o plain_a without_o any_o order_n or_o command_v but_o the_o pagan_n return_v like_o lion_n upon_o a_o flock_n of_o sheep_n make_v a_o great_a slaughter_n among_o they_o whilst_o the_o stout_a count_n algar_n and_o friar_n toly_a with_o some_o soldier_n get_v upon_o a_o rise_a ground_n and_o be_v draw_v up_o into_o a_o round_a body_n do_v for_o a_o long_a time_n endure_v the_o pagan_n insult_v and_o when_o the_o say_a earl_n and_o other_o captain_n see_v the_o stout_a man_n of_o their_o small_a army_n slay_v they_o get_v upon_o the_o thick_a heap_n of_o the_o christian_a dead_a body_n and_o there_o be_v resolve_v to_o sell_v their_o life_n as_o dear_a as_o they_o can_v they_o fall_v down_o dead_a have_v receive_v many_o wound_n only_o a_o few_o young_a man_n of_o sutton_n and_o gedeney_n fling_v away_o their_o arm_n flee_v into_o a_o neighbour_a wood_n and_o so_o escape_v come_v the_o night_n follow_v to_o the_o monastery_n of_o croyland_n and_o there_o relate_v the_o slaughter_n of_o the_o christian_n and_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o whole_a company_n which_o when_o they_o have_v tell_v at_o the_o church_n door_n with_o great_a lamentation_n the_o abbot_n and_o monk_n be_v extreme_o confound_v at_o this_o ill_a news_n resolve_v to_o keep_v only_o with_o they_o the_o elder_a monk_n and_o some_o few_o child_n to_o provoke_v compassion_n and_o so_o send_v away_o all_o the_o young_a man_n together_o with_o the_o relic_n jewel_n and_o charter_n of_o their_o monastery_n by_o boat_n to_o the_o wood_n of_o ancarig_n adjoin_v to_o their_o island_n where_o they_o stay_v with_o one_o foret_n a_o anchorite_n four_o day_n be_v thirty_o in_o number_n whereof_o ten_o be_v priest_n but_o the_o abbot_n have_v hide_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o plate_n with_o the_o rich_a table_n of_o the_o altar_n and_o put_v on_o his_o sacred_a vestment_n and_o have_v with_o his_o brethren_n say_v mass_n and_o communicate_v they_o have_v scarce_o finish_v all_o this_o when_o the_o pagan_n break_v into_o the_o church_n slay_v abbot_n theodore_n at_o the_o altar_n who_o perish_v by_o the_o hand_n of_o their_o king_n oketule_n all_o the_o rest_n as_o well_o old_a man_n as_o child_n be_v also_o slay_v except_o one_o handsome_a boy_n of_o about_o ten_o year_n old_a who_o be_v intend_v for_o a_o monk_n be_v save_v by_o count_n sidroc_n the_o young_a and_o strip_v he_o of_o his_o habit_n put_v on_o he_o a_o danish_a coat_n order_v he_o to_o follow_v he_o where_o ever_o he_o go_v and_o so_o the_o boy_n stick_v close_o to_o he_o his_o life_n be_v save_v and_o he_o alone_o escape_v give_v a_o relation_n of_o what_o he_o have_v see_v but_o the_o dane_n when_o they_o have_v break_v open_a the_o tomb_n of_o st._n guthleak_a and_o the_o prince_n there_o bury_v and_o find_v no_o more_o plunder_n set_v the_o church_n on_o fire_n and_o burn_v the_o dead_a body_n that_o be_v in_o it_o together_o so_o likewise_o of_o the_o destruction_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o medeshamstead_n this_o author_n have_v give_v we_o a_o large_a account_n than_o what_o we_o find_v in_o this_o copy_n of_o the_o annal_n viz._n that_o four_o day_n after_o the_o destruction_n of_o croyland_n the_o dane_n march_v towards_o that_o monastery_n where_o find_v the_o gate_n lock_v they_o begin_v to_o make_v a_o assault_n upon_o it_o but_o receive_v a_o repulse_v at_o the_o
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four_o day_n after_o king_n aethered_n and_o aelfr_v his_o brother_n join_v their_o force_n together_o march_v to_o read_v and_o when_o they_o come_v to_o the_o castle_n they_o kill_v and_o destroy_v all_o the_o dane_n who_o they_o find_v without_o the_o gaâ—es_n but_o they_o within_o do_v not_o make_v a_o less_o obstinate_a resistance_n for_o fâ—llying_v out_o the_o fight_n become_v very_o sharp_a on_o both_o side_n in_o so_o much_o that_o the_o christian_n be_v at_o last_o force_v to_o turn_v their_o back_n and_o the_o pagan_n gain_v the_o victory_n and_o there_o earl_n aethelwulf_n abovementioned_a be_v slay_v among_o the_o rest_n with_o which_o the_o christian_n be_v much_o provoke_v 4_o day_n after_o they_o fight_v with_o they_o again_o at_o a_o place_n call_v aescesdune_n now_o aston_n in_o berkshire_n when_o the_o pagan_n divide_v themselves_o into_o two_o equal_a body_n for_o they_o have_v then_o two_o king_n beside_o many_o earl_n so_o they_o allot_v one_o part_n of_o the_o army_n to_o the_o two_o king_n and_o the_o other_o to_o the_o earl_n whicâ—_n the_o christian_n perceive_v they_o likewise_o do_v the_o same_o with_o their_o army_n but_o elfred_n come_v soon_o into_o the_o field_n with_o his_o man_n than_o do_v the_o king_n his_o brother_n for_o as_o asser_n tell_v we_o he_o have_v hear_v from_o those_o that_o be_v there_o that_o the_o king_n be_v then_o in_o his_o tent_n hear_v mass_n and_o positive_o affirm_v that_o he_o will_v not_o depart_v thence_o till_o it_o be_v finish_v which_o he_o make_v good_a and_o this_o piety_n of_o the_o king_n be_v be_v think_v to_o prevail_v much_o with_o god_n for_o the_o christian_n have_v resolve_v that_o king_n ether_v with_o his_o force_n shall_v maintain_v the_o fight_n against_o the_o two_o pagan_a king_n whilst_o aelfred_n his_o brother_n with_o his_o detachment_n shall_v oppose_v the_o earl_n and_o now_o both_o army_n be_v draw_v up_o in_o battle_n array_n whilst_o the_o king_n stay_v somewhat_o long_o as_o 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man_n be_v very_o much_o wound_v and_o tire_v in_o the_o fight_n surrender_v themselves_o dâ—cclxxxiii_n the_o dane_n sail_v up_o the_o skeld_v to_o cundoth_n which_o be_v then_o a_o monastery_n and_o be_v now_o suppose_a to_o be_v conde_n upon_o the_o river_n escaut_n where_o they_o stay_v a_o whole_a year_n now_o also_o marinus_n that_o religious_a pope_n send_v some_o of_o the_o wood_n of_o our_o lord_n cross_n to_o alfred_n and_o in_o return_v the_o king_n send_v to_o rome_n the_o alm_n he_o have_v vow_v by_o the_o hand_n of_o sighelm_n and_o ethelstan_n also_o he_o send_v other_o alm_n into_o india_n to_o st._n thomas_n and_o st._n bartholomew_n who_o be_v there_o martyr_v be_v account_v the_o indian_a apostle_n and_o about_o that_o time_n the_o english_a army_n lie_v encamp_v against_o the_o dane_n who_o hold_v london_n where_o yet_o thanks_o be_v to_o god_n all_o thing_n succeed_v prosperous_o also_o this_o year_n according_a to_o the_o chronicle_n of_o mailross_n and_o simeon_n of_o durham_n king_n alfred_n have_v slay_v the_o two_o danish_a captain_n ingwar_n and_o halfdene_n cause_v the_o waste_a part_n of_o northumberland_n to_o be_v again_o inhabit_a then_o edred_n the_o abbot_n be_v so_o command_v by_o cuthbert_n in_o a_o vision_n redeemed_z a_o certain_a youth_n who_o have_v be_v sell_v to_o a_o widow_n at_o withingham_n and_o make_v he_o king_n of_o northumberland_n by_o the_o joint_a consent_n both_o of_o the_o english_a and_o dane_n king_n alfred_n himself_o confirm_v the_o election_n this_o king_n guthr_v in_o gratitude_n to_o st._n cuthbert_n do_v also_o bestow_v all_o the_o land_n between_o the_o river_n of_o weol_n and_o tyne_n and_o say_v upon_o that_o saint_n that_o be_v upon_o the_o bishop_n of_o lindisfarne_n who_o this_o year_n remove_v the_o bishop_n see_v from_o thence_o to_o a_o place_n then_o call_v concacestre_n now_o chester_n and_o thither_o they_o also_o remove_v the_o body_n of_o st._n cuthbert_n but_o as_o for_o the_o miracle_n 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bishop_n usher_n suppose_v this_o asser_n the_o historian_n to_o have_v be_v he_o who_o be_v afterward_o the_o bishop_n of_o st._n david_n and_o be_v the_o second_o of_o that_o name_n who_o sit_v in_o that_o see_v but_o without_o any_o good_a authority_n dccclxxxiv_o this_o year_n the_o dane_n sail_v up_o the_o river_n sun_n i._n e._n some_o as_o far_o as_o embenum_v now_o amiens_n in_o picardy_n where_o they_o remain_v one_o whole_a year_n and_o now_o also_o decease_v the_o worthy_a bishop_n athelwold_n dccclxxxv_o the_o dane_n be_v thus_o employ_v abroad_o do_v nothing_o this_o year_n in_o england_n but_o the_o next_o we_o find_v in_o asser_n that_o the_o pagan_a army_n divide_v itself_o into_o two_o body_n the_o one_o whereof_o sail_v to_o the_o east_n part_v of_o france_n whilst_o the_o other_o make_v up_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n and_o medway_n besiege_v the_o city_n of_o rochester_n and_o have_v build_v a_o strong_a fort_n before_o the_o gate_n from_o thence_o assault_v the_o 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by_o his_o kindred_n as_o be_v before_o say_v the_o ten_o forbid_v any_o commutation_n of_o good_n unless_o in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o king_n be_v reeve_n the_o priest_n of_o the_o town_n or_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o soil_n or_o some_o other_o credible_a person_n under_o the_o penalty_n of_o thirty_o shilling_n and_o the_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o thing_n change_v to_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o soil_n and_o if_o any_o shall_v bear_v false_a witness_n he_o shall_v be_v infamous_a and_o no_o credit_n give_v to_o he_o ever_o after_o and_o also_o shall_v forfeit_v 30_o shilling_n the_o twelve_o confirm_v the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o elder_a decree_a no_o man_n buy_v any_o thing_n out_o of_o a_o town_n which_o exceed_v the_o value_n of_o twenty-pence_n and_o within_o the_o town_n unless_o in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o portreeve_n or_o some_o other_o credible_a person_n or_o else_o in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o king_n sheriff_n or_o justice_n in_o folcmote_a the_o fourteen_o appoint_v through_o all_o the_o king_n dominion_n that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o money_n be_v currant_n and_o that_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v coin_v out_o of_o some_o town_n and_o if_o any_o minter_n or_o coiner_n shall_v embase_v the_o coin_n he_o shall_v lose_v his_o hand_n which_o be_v cut_v off_o shall_v be_v affix_v to_o the_o workhouse_n if_o any_o be_v accuse_v of_o adulterate_v money_n and_o will_v purge_v himself_o he_o shall_v by_o the_o ordeal_o of_o hot_a iron_n cleanse_v his_o hand_n of_o such_o wickedness_n but_o if_o by_o ordeal_o he_o be_v cast_v than_o he_o shall_v be_v punish_v as_o now_o be_v say_v then_o follow_v the_o place_n appoint_v for_o public_a mint_n dccccxli_n viz._n at_o canterbury_n there_o shall_v be_v seven_o minter_n or_o coiner_n whereof_o four_o for_o the_o king_n two_o for_o the_o bishop_n and_o one_o for_o the_o abbot_n at_o rochester_n there_o shall_v be_v three_o whereof_o two_o for_o the_o king_n and_o the_o three_o for_o the_o bishop_n at_o london_n eight_o at_o winchester_n six_o at_o lewes_n two_o at_z hastings_z one_o at_o chichester_n one_o at_o hampton_n two_o at_o werham_n two_o at_o excester_n two_o at_o salisbury_n as_o many_o and_o in_o every_o other_o great_a town_n one_o that_o which_o follow_v command_n that_o for_o every_o plough_v a_o man_n shall_v keep_v two_o well-furnished_a horseman_n which_o show_v that_o this_o law_n for_o the_o militia_n be_v lay_v according_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o estate_n be_v one_o of_o the_o ancient_a of_o this_o kind_n in_o england_n as_o also_o the_o most_o general_a tax_n be_v lay_v upon_o corn_n than_o the_o most_o staple_n commodity_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o eighteen_o forbid_v horse_n to_o be_v transport_v except_o such_o as_o be_v send_v abroad_o as_o free_a gift_n or_o present_n the_o twenty_o law_n enact_v that_o if_o any_o one_o absent_a himself_o from_o folcmote_a thrice_o he_o shall_v be_v punish_v as_o contumacious_a against_o the_o king_n if_o so_o be_v that_o the_o hold_v of_o the_o assembly_n be_v declare_v a_o seven-night_n before_o in_o such_o case_n if_o he_o refuse_v to_o do_v right_o and_o pay_v not_o his_o mulct_n to_o the_o king_n the_o ancient_a man_n of_o the_o country_n be_v to_o go_v and_o seize_v upon_o all_o that_o he_o have_v and_o take_v security_n for_o his_o appearance_n the_o twenty_o second_o in_o confirmation_n of_o a_o former_a law_n require_v that_o no_o person_n receive_v another_o man_n man_n as_o this_o law_n word_n it_o into_o his_o family_n without_o leave_n first_o obtain_v of_o his_o master_n he_o that_o do_v otherwise_o shall_v restore_v the_o man_n and_o pay_v the_o mulct_n of_o contumacy_n against_o the_o king_n and_o no_o man_n be_v to_o put_v away_o his_o
if_o they_o can_v get_v they_o than_o they_o shall_v take_v he_o alive_a or_o dead_a and_o seize_v on_o all_o his_o estate_n whereof_o the_o complain_v party_n have_v receive_v such_o a_o share_n as_o shall_v satisfy_v he_o the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o remainder_n shall_v go_v to_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o soil_n and_o the_o other_o half_a to_o the_o hundred_o and_o if_o any_o of_o that_o court_n be_v either_o akin_a to_o the_o party_n or_o a_o stranger_n to_o his_o blood_n refuse_v to_o go_v to_o put_v this_o in_o execution_n he_o shall_v forfeit_v 120_o shilling_n to_o the_o king_n and_o far_o that_o such_o as_o be_v take_v in_o the_o very_a act_n of_o steal_v or_o betray_v their_o master_n shall_v not_o be_v pardon_v during_o life_n the_o eight_o and_o last_o ordain_v that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o money_n shall_v be_v current_n throughout_o the_o king_n dominion_n which_o no_o man_n must_v refuse_v and_o that_o the_o measure_n of_o winchester_n shall_v be_v the_o standard_n and_o that_o a_o weigh_v of_o wool_n shall_v be_v fold_n for_o half_a a_o pound_n of_o money_n and_o no_o more_o the_o former_a of_o those_o be_v the_o first_o law_n whereby_o the_o private_a mint_n to_o the_o archbishop_n and_o several_a abbot_n be_v forbid_v the_o king_n coin_n be_v only_o to_o pass_v but_o to_o return_v to_o our_o annal_n ten_o day_n before_o the_o death_n of_o king_n edgar_n bishop_n cyneward_o depart_v this_o life_n king_n edward_z surname_v the_o martyr_n king_n edgar_z be_v dead_a dcccclxxu._n as_o you_o have_v now_o hear_v prince_n edward_n succeed_v his_o father_n though_o not_o without_o some_o difficulty_n for_o as_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o r._n hoveden_n relate_v the_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v then_o divide_v archbishop_n dunstan_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n be_v for_o prince_n edward_n the_o elder_a son_n of_o king_n edgar_n whilst_o queen_n aelfreda_n widow_n to_o the_o king_n and_o many_o of_o her_o faction_n be_v for_o set_v up_o her_o son_n ethelred_n be_v then_o about_o seven_o year_n of_o age_n that_o so_o she_o may_v govern_v under_o his_o name_n but_o beside_o the_o pretence_n be_v which_o how_o well_o they_o make_v out_o i_o know_v not_o that_o king_n edgar_n have_v never_o be_v lawful_o marry_v to_o prince_n edward_n mother_n whereupon_o the_o archbishop_n dunstan_n and_o oswald_n with_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o many_o of_o the_o ealdorman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n meet_v together_o in_o a_o great_a council_n and_o choose_v prince_n edward_n king_n as_o his_o father_n before_o his_o death_n have_v ordain_v and_o be_v thus_o elect_v they_o present_o anoint_v he_o be_v then_o but_o a_o youth_n of_o about_o fifteen_o year_n of_o age._n but_o it_o seem_v not_o long_o after_o the_o death_n of_o king_n edgar_n though_o before_o the_o coronation_n of_o king_n edward_n roger_n hoveden_n and_o simeon_n of_o durham_n tell_v we_o that_o elfer_n earl_n of_o the_o mercian_n be_v lusty_o bribe_v by_o large_a present_n drive_v the_o abbot_n and_o monk_n out_o of_o the_o monastery_n in_o which_o they_o have_v be_v settle_v by_o king_n edgar_n and_o in_o their_o place_n bring_v in_o the_o clerk_n i.e._n secular_a canon_n with_o their_o wife_n but_o ethelwin_n ealdorman_n of_o the_o east-angle_n and_o his_o brother_n elfwold_n and_o earl_n brythnoth_n oppose_v it_o and_o be_v in_o the_o common_a council_n or_o synod_n plain_o say_v they_o will_v never_o endure_v that_o the_o monk_n shall_v be_v cast_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n who_o contribute_v so_o much_o to_o the_o maintenance_n of_o religion_n and_o so_o raise_v a_o army_n they_o brave_o defend_v the_o monastery_n of_o the_o east-angle_n so_o it_o seem_v that_o during_o this_o interregnum_fw-la arise_v this_o civil_a war_n about_o the_o monk_n and_o the_o abovementioned_a dissension_n among_o the_o nobility_n concern_v the_o election_n of_o a_o new_a king_n but_o this_o serve_v to_o explain_v that_o passage_n in_o our_o annal_n which_o will_v have_v be_v otherwise_o very_o obscure_a viz._n that_o then_o there_o be_v viz._n upon_o the_o death_n of_o king_n edgar_n great_a grief_n and_o trouble_v in_o mercia_n among_o those_o that_o love_v god_n because_o many_o of_o his_o servant_n that_o be_v the_o monk_n be_v turn_v out_o till_o god_n be_v slight_v show_v miracle_n on_o their_o behalf_n and_o that_o then_o also_o duke_n oslack_n be_v unjust_o banish_v beyond_o the_o sea_n a_o nobleman_n who_o for_o his_o long_a head_n of_o hair_n but_o more_o for_o his_o wisdom_n be_v very_o remarkable_a and_o that_o then_o also_o strange_a prodigy_n be_v see_v in_o the_o heaven_n such_o as_o astrologer_n call_v comet_n and_o as_o a_o punishment_n from_o god_n upon_o this_o nation_n there_o follow_v a_o great_a famine_n which_o show_v this_o copy_n of_o the_o annal_n be_v write_v about_o this_o very_a time_n and_o then_o the_o author_n conclude_v with_o aelfer_n the_o ealdorman_n command_v many_o monastery_n to_o be_v spoil_v which_o king_n edgar_n have_v command_v bishop_n athelwold_n to_o repair_v all_o which_o be_v in_o the_o cottonian_a copy_n serve_v to_o explain_v what_o have_v be_v already_o relate_v but_o the_o next_o year_n dcccclxxvi_fw-la '_o be_v the_o great_a famine_n in_o england_n as_o just_a now_o mention_v about_o the_o same_o time_n according_a to_o caradoc_n chronicle_n aeneon_n the_o son_n of_o owen_n prince_n of_o south-wales_n destroy_v the_o land_n of_o gwyr_n the_o second_o time_n dcccclxxvii_n this_o year_n after_o easter_n be_v that_o great_a synod_n at_o kirtlingtun_n which_o florence_n of_o worcester_n and_o r._n hoveden_n call_v kyrleing_n but_o where_o that_o place_n be_v be_v very_o uncertain_a florence_n place_v it_o in_o east-england_n but_o sir_n h._n spelman_n acknowledge_v that_o he_o do_v not_o know_v any_o place_n in_o those_o part_n that_o ever_o bear_v that_o name_n but_o suppose_v it_o to_o have_v be_v the_o same_o with_o cartlage_n now_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o lord_n north_n but_o have_v not_o florence_n place_v it_o in_o east-england_n that_o town_n who_o name_n come_v near_a to_o it_o be_v kyrtlington_n in_o oxfordshire_n which_o be_v also_o the_o more_o confirm_v by_o that_o which_o follow_v in_o these_o annal_n viz._n that_o sydeman_n the_o bishop_n of_o devonshire_n i_o e._n of_o wells_n die_v here_o sudden_o who_o desire_v his_o body_n may_v be_v bury_v at_o krydeanton_a his_o episcopal_a see_n but_o king_n edward_n and_o archbishop_n dunstan_n order_v it_o to_o be_v carry_v to_o st._n maâ—ies_v in_o abingdon_n be_v he_o be_v honourable_o inter_v in_o the_o north_n isle_n of_o st._n paul_n church_n therefore_o it_o be_v high_o probable_a that_o the_o place_n where_o this_o bishop_n die_v be_v not_o far_o from_o abingdon_n where_o he_o be_v bury_v as_o kirtlington_n indeed_o be_v but_o what_o be_v do_v in_o this_o council_n can_v we_o no_o where_o find_v only_o it_o be_v to_o be_v suppose_v that_o it_o be_v concern_v this_o great_a difference_n between_o the_o monk_n and_o the_o secular_a canon_n as_o the_o former_a council_n be_v the_o same_o year_n also_o be_v great_a commotion_n in_o wales_n for_o howel_n ap_fw-mi jevaf_fw-mi prince_n of_o north-wales_n with_o a_o great_a army_n both_o of_o welsh_a and_o englishman_n make_v war_n upon_o all_o who_o defend_v or_o succour_v his_o uncle_n jago_n and_o spoil_v the_o country_n of_o lhyn_n kelynnoc_n vawr_n so_o that_o jago_n be_v short_o after_o take_v prisoner_n by_o prince_n howel_n man_n who_o after_o that_o enjoy_v his_o part_n of_o the_o country_n in_o peace_n nor_o can_v i_o here_o omit_v what_o some_o of_o our_o monkish_a writer_n and_o particular_o john_n pike_n in_o his_o compendious_a supplement_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n now_o in_o manuscript_n in_o the_o 6._o cottonian_a library_n relate_v that_o there_o be_v this_o year_n a_o great_a council_n hold_v at_o winchester_n again_o to_o debate_v this_o great_a affair_n concern_v the_o turn_n out_o of_o the_o monk_n and_o restore_v the_o secular_a canon_n and_o it_o be_v like_a to_o be_v carry_v in_o their_o favour_n a_o crucifix_n which_o then_o stand_v in_o the_o room_n speak_v thus_o god_n forbid_v it_o shall_v be_v so_o this_o amaze_a they_o they_o resolve_v to_o leave_v the_o monk_n in_o the_o condition_n they_o then_o be_v but_o whether_o these_o word_n be_v ever_o speak_v at_o all_o or_o if_o they_o be_v whether_o it_o may_v not_o be_v by_o some_o person_n that_o stand_v unseen_a behind_o the_o crucifix_n i_o shall_v leave_v to_o the_o reader_n to_o determine_v as_o he_o please_v dcccclxxviii_n next_o year_n all_o the_o grave_a and_o wise_a man_n of_o the_o english_a nation_n be_v meet_v about_o the_o same_o affair_n at_o calne_n in_o wiltshire_n fall_v down_o together_o from_o a_o certain_a upper_a room_n where_o they_o be_v assemble_v
in_o council_n unless_o it_o be_v st._n dunstan_n the_o archbishop_n who_o fix_v his_o foot_n upon_o a_o certain_a beam_n but_o some_o be_v sad_o bruise_v and_o hurt_v whilst_o other_o be_v kill_v outright_o but_o since_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n have_v give_v we_o a_o large_a account_n of_o this_o council_n and_o what_o be_v do_v in_o it_o i_o shall_v give_v it_o you_o in_o his_o word_n but_o man_n mind_n be_v not_o yet_o settle_v dcccclxxviii_n another_o council_n be_v summon_v at_o calne_n in_o wiltshire_n but_o the_o king_n be_v absent_a by_o reason_n of_o his_o youth_n where_o the_o same_o affair_n be_v again_o debate_v with_o great_a heat_n and_o contention_n but_o when_o many_o reproach_n be_v cast_v upon_o archbishop_n dunstan_n that_o bulwark_n of_o the_o church_n who_o can_v by_o no_o mean_n be_v shake_v upon_o a_o sudden_a the_o floor_n of_o the_o chamber_n fall_v down_o all_o there_o present_a be_v very_o much_o bruise_v except_o dunstan_n who_o escape_v upon_o a_o beam_n all_o the_o rest_n be_v either_o hurt_n or_o kill_v this_o miracle_n say_v he_o obtain_v quiet_a for_o the_o archbishop_n and_o all_o the_o monk_n of_o england_n who_o be_v for_o ever_o after_o of_o his_o opinion_n this_o accident_n be_v also_o relate_v by_o mat._n westminster_n and_o copy_v by_o cardinal_n baronius_n into_o his_o annal_n and_o be_v likewise_o mention_v by_o other_o author_n but_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o this_o misfortune_n do_v not_o happen_v without_o the_o foreknowledge_n if_o not_o the_o contrivance_n of_o archbishop_n dunstan_n since_o he_o have_v now_o persuade_v the_o king_n not_o to_o be_v there_o though_o he_o be_v present_a at_o the_o last_o council_n but_o h._n huntingdon_n will_v have_v it_o be_v a_o sign_n from_o heaven_n that_o they_o shall_v fall_v from_o god_n love_n and_o be_v oppress_v by_o foreign_a nation_n as_o follow_v not_o long_o after_o and_o according_a to_o florence_n of_o worcester_n there_o be_v a_o three_o synod_n at_o ambresbury_n but_o what_o be_v do_v there_o he_o do_v not_o tell_v we_o but_o to_o return_v to_o our_o annal_n the_o same_o year_n king_n edward_n be_v kill_v at_o corfesgeate_n now_o corfe-castle_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o purbeck_n on_o the_o 15_o the_o of_o the_o kalend_n of_o april_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o werham_n without_o any_o royal_a pomp._n there_o be_v not_o since_o the_o time_n that_o the_o english_a nation_n come_v into_o britain_n any_o thing_n do_v more_o wicked_o than_o this_o but_o though_o man_n murder_v he_o yet_o god_n exalt_v he_o and_o he_o that_o be_v a_o earthly_a king_n be_v now_o a_o saint_n in_o heaven_n and_o though_o his_o relation_n will_v not_o revenge_v his_o death_n yet_o god_n perform_v it_o severe_o the_o rest_n to_o the_o same_o effect_n in_o these_o annal_n i_o omit_v because_o i_o will_v not_o be_v tedious_a but_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o a_o more_o particular_a account_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o this_o prince_n death_n from_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o the_o chronicle_n call_v bromton_n the_o former_a of_o which_o relate_v it_o thus_o that_o as_o for_o king_n edward_n he_o be_v of_o so_o extraordinary_a religious_a and_o mild_a a_o nature_n that_o for_o quietness_n sake_n he_o let_v his_o mother-in-law_n order_v all_o thing_n as_o she_o please_v give_v she_o all_o respect_n as_o to_o his_o own_o mother_n and_o regard_v his_o young_a brother_n with_o all_o the_o tenderness_n imaginable_a she_o on_o the_o contrary_a from_o his_o kindness_n and_o love_n conceive_v great_a and_o more_o implacable_a malice_n against_o he_o and_o with_o the_o sovereignty_n she_o already_o enjoy_v be_v so_o ill_o satisfy_v that_o she_o must_v needs_o take_v from_o he_o the_o very_a title_n also_o this_o design_n she_o cover_v with_o notable_a dissimulation_n till_o a_o convenient_a opportunity_n present_v itself_o for_o the_o execution_n of_o it_o at_o length_n the_o poor_a innocent_a prince_n be_v one_o day_n weary_v with_o hunt_v and_o 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the_o name_n of_o king_n three_o year_n and_o a_o half_a who_o for_o his_o innocence_n and_o the_o miracle_n supposod_a to_o be_v wrought_v after_o his_o death_n obtain_v the_o surname_n of_o martyr_n which_o opinion_n of_o his_o sanctity_n be_v the_o more_o confirm_v by_o other_o great_a misery_n which_o short_o after_o befall_v the_o land_n which_o the_o people_n do_v very_o believe_v be_v inflict_v on_o they_o for_o his_o murder_n this_o year_n according_a to_o florence_n a_o strange_a cloud_n appear_v about_o midnight_n all_o over_o england_n be_v first_o see_v of_o the_o colour_n of_o blood_n then_o of_o fire_n and_o then_o like_o a_o rainbow_n of_o divers_a colour_n king_n ethelred_n immediate_o after_o the_o unfortunate_a murder_n of_o king_n edward_n dcccclxxviii_n there_o be_v no_o other_o male_a issue_n of_o king_n edgar_n leave_v alive_a ethelred_n his_o brother_n be_v without_o any_o difficulty_n elect_v as_o the_o ancient_a annal_n of_o thorney_n abby_n preserve_v in_o 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at_o the_o monastery_n abovementioned_a where_o his_o sister_n edith_n the_o daughter_n of_o king_n edgar_n by_o wulfritha_n the_o nun_n be_v then_o herself_o profess_v but_o as_o for_o the_o strange_a miracle_n which_o be_v here_o relate_v to_o have_v be_v do_v at_o his_o tomb_n i_o willing_o omit_v they_o but_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n further_o add_v about_o this_o queen_n elfreda_n that_o she_o take_v upon_o she_o the_o habit_n of_o a_o nun_n at_o werewell_n a_o nunnery_n which_o she_o late_o found_v and_o there_o pass_v the_o rest_n of_o her_o day_n in_o great_a austerity_n and_o devotion_n she_o also_o about_o the_o same_o time_n build_v another_o nunnery_n at_o ambresbury_n in_o wiltshire_n this_o be_v the_o usual_a way_n to_o expiate_v the_o most_o horrid_a murder_n in_o those_o dark_a time_n this_o year_n come_v seven_o danish_a ship_n full_a of_o pirate_n and_o destroy_v southampton_n dcccclxxxi_n and_o as_o florence_n add_v though_o under_o the_o year_n before_o plunder_v the_o town_n and_o either_o kill_v or_o carry_v away_o the_o townsman_n prisoner_n william_n of_o malmesbury_n also_o take_v notice_n of_o this_o because_o they_o be_v so_o much_o talk_v of_o as_o be_v the_o first_o that_o have_v invade_v england_n after_o above_o 60_o year_n intermission_n and_o be_v only_o the_o forerunner_n of_o many_o more_o that_o follow_v to_o which_o we_o may_v also_o refer_v that_o which_o be_v add_v by_o simeon_n of_o durham_n under_o the_o year_n before_o but_o shall_v be_v put_v under_o this_o that_o the_o same_o fleet_n also_o waste_v taenetland_n that_o be_v the_o isle_n of_o thanet_n and_o the_o same_o year_n also_o the_o province_n of_o chester_n be_v much_o spoil_v by_o the_o norwegian_a pirate_n the_o same_o year_n the_o danish_a pirate_n land_v in_o cornwall_n and_o burn_v the_o church_n and_o monastery_n of_o st._n petroc_n also_o godfryd_n the_o son_n of_o harold_n the_o dane_n land_v with_o a_o great_a army_n of_o his_o countryman_n in_o west-wales_n where_o spoil_v all_o the_o land_n of_o dyvet_n with_o the_o church_n of_o st._n david_n he_o fight_v the_o battle_n of_o lhanwanoc_n though_o who_o have_v the_o victory_n the_o welshman_n or_o the_o dane_n caradoc_n chronicle_n which_o give_v we_o this_o relation_n do_v not_o tell_v we_o this_o year_n according_a to_o r._n hoveden_n dcccclxxxii_n three_o ship_n of_o these_o pirate_n land_v in_o dorsetshire_n and_o spoil_v the_o isle_n of_o portland_n the_o same_o year_n also_o the_o city_n of_o london_n be_v miserable_o destroy_v by_o fire_n about_o this_o time_n also_o according_a to_o the_o same_o author_n alfred_n and_o ealdorman_n or_o english_a earl_n join_v as_o the_o welsh_a manuscript_n annal_n relate_v with_o howel_n the_o son_n of_o edwal_n destroy_v brecknock_n and_o spoil_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o land_n of_o owen_n prince_n of_o south-wales_n against_o who_o eneon_n the_o son_n of_o the_o say_v owen_n and_o howel_n king_n of_o north-wales_n raise_v a_o army_n meet_v with_o they_o and_o total_o defeat_v they_o so_o that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o earl_n alfred_n army_n be_v slay_v and_o the_o rest_n put_v to_o flight_n also_o about_o this_o time_n the_o church_n of_o wales_n begin_v first_o to_o acknowledge_v the_o superiority_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n gacon_n bishop_n of_o landaffe_n be_v now_o consecrate_v by_o dunstan_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n this_o year_n aelfer_n the_o ealdorman_a decease_v dcccclxxxiii_n and_o aelfric_n his_o son_n take_v his_o government_n some_o of_o the_o monk_n further_o add_v that_o he_o be_v eat_v up_o with_o louse_n the_o reason_n be_v plain_a for_o this_o aelfer_n have_v not_o long_o before_o turn_v the_o monk_n out_o of_o their_o cloister_n as_o you_o have_v hear_v and_o they_o seldom_o fail_v to_o revenge_v such_o a_o affront_n upon_o those_o that_o do_v so_o either_o alive_a or_o dead_a and_o the_o same_o year_n the_o gentleman_n of_o gwentland_n in_o southwales_n rebel_v against_o their_o prince_n and_o cruel_o slay_v eneon_n the_o son_n of_o prince_n owen_n though_o he_o come_v only_o to_o appease_v they_o this_o eneon_n be_v a_o gallant_a young_a prince_n that_o do_v many_o brave_a action_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o his_o country_n in_o his_o father_n life_n time_n he_o leave_v behind_o he_o two_o son_n edwin_n and_o theodore_n from_o who_o descend_v the_o prince_n of_o south-wales_n this_o year_n decease_v athelwald_n that_o good_a bishop_n of_o winchester_n dcccclxxxiv_n who_o be_v the_o father_n of_o the_o monk_n and_o well_o may_v they_o call_v he_o so_o for_o he_o rebuilt_a or_o repair_v above_o a_o dozen_o great_a monastery_n so_o that_o as_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n observe_v it_o be_v a_o great_a wonder_n how_o a_o bishop_n purse_n can_v afford_v to_o do_v that_o in_o those_o day_n which_o a_o king_n can_v scarce_o perform_v when_o he_o
have_v give_v he_o with_o she_o then_o vthr_v marry_v siga_n the_o daughter_n of_o stir_n the_o son_n of_o vlfelme_n m._n the_o king_n march_v into_o cumerland_n i._n e._n cumberland_n and_o lay_v it_o almost_o waste_v but_o neither_o our_o annal_n nor_o any_o other_o author_n tell_v we_o wherefore_o he_o make_v this_o war_n nor_o upon_o who_o it_o be_v make_v but_o john_n fordon_n in_o his_o scotch_a history_n give_v we_o this_o account_n of_o it_o that_o king_n ethelred_n have_v pay_v great_a tribute_n to_o the_o dane_n send_v to_o malcolm_n then_o prince_n of_o cumberland_n under_o gryme_n king_n of_o the_o scot_n command_v he_o that_o he_o shall_v make_v his_o subject_n of_o cumberland_n pay_v part_n of_o this_o tribute_n as_o well_o as_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o people_n of_o england_n which_o he_o deny_v send_v the_o king_n word_n that_o neither_o he_o nor_o his_o subject_n ought_v to_o pay_v any_o tribute_n but_o only_o be_v oblige_v to_o be_v ready_a at_o the_o king_n command_n to_o make_v war_n together_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n whenever_o he_o please_v for_o he_o say_v it_o be_v much_o better_a to_o fight_v manful_o than_o only_o to_o buy_v liberty_n with_o money_n for_o this_o cause_n as_o well_o as_o for_o that_o the_o king_n affirm_v that_o the_o prince_n of_o cumberland_n favour_v the_o dane_n king_n ethelred_n invade_v that_o country_n and_o carry_v away_o great_a spoil_n from_o thence_o but_o present_o after_o the_o two_o prince_n be_v reconcile_v they_o enter_v into_o a_o firm_a peace_n for_o ever_o after_o but_o to_o proceed_v with_o our_o annal_n after_o the_o king_n have_v thus_o waste_v cumberland_n he_o command_v his_o ship_n to_o sail_v round_o by_o legceaster_n i._n e._n chester_n to_o meet_v he_o there_o but_o they_o can_v not_o do_v it_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o contrary_a wind_n so_o they_o waste_v the_o island_n manige_n now_o call_v anglesey_n for_o the_o danish_a fleet_n be_v turn_v this_o summer_n upon_o the_o dukedom_n of_o normandy_n but_o the_o next_o year_n mi._n their_o fleet_n be_v now_o return_v into_o england_n there_o arise_v great_a trouble_n in_o this_o island_n by_o reason_n of_o this_o fleet_n which_o every_o where_o spoil_v the_o country_n and_o burn_v the_o town_n and_o land_v they_o march_v in_o one_o day_n as_o far_o as_o aetheling_n gadene_a which_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v alton_n in_o hampshire_n but_o there_o the_o force_n of_o that_o county_n march_v against_o and_o fight_v with_o they_o and_o there_o aethelweard_n the_o king_n be_v high_a sheriff_n and_o leofric_n gerif_n of_o whitcircan_a i._n e._n whitchurch_n in_o hampshire_n and_o leofwin_n the_o king_n high-sheriff_n and_o wulfer_v the_o bishop_n thane_n and_o godwin_n the_o gerif_n be_v all_o slay_v at_o weorthige_n the_o place_n be_v now_o unknown_a as_o also_o aelfsige_v the_o bishop_n godson_n and_o of_o all_o sort_n of_o man_n eighty_o one_o yet_o many_o more_o of_o the_o dane_n be_v slay_v there_o though_o indeed_o they_o keep_v the_o field_n of_o battle_n but_o from_o thence_o their_o fleet_n sail_v towards_o the_o west_n until_o they_o come_v to_o devonshire_n where_o meet_v he_o pallig_n with_o what_o ship_n he_o can_v gather_v together_o he_o have_v revolt_v from_o king_n ethelred_n divers_a time_n notwithstanding_o his_o faith_n plight_v to_o he_o and_o though_o the_o king_n have_v large_o reward_v he_o both_o with_o land_n and_o money_n then_o they_o burn_v tengton_n i_o e._n taunton_n and_o many_o other_o good_a town_n more_o than_o we_o can_v now_o name_v which_o be_v do_v there_o be_v a_o league_n clap_v up_o with_o they_o after_o this_o they_o go_v to_o exanmuthan_n i_o e._n exmouth_n from_o whence_o they_o march_v in_o one_o day_n to_o peanhoe_n now_o pen_n in_o somersetshire_n where_o colam_z the_o king_n high-sheriff_n and_o eadsig_n the_o king_n gerif_n meet_v they_o with_o what_o force_v they_o can_v but_o they_o be_v put_v to_o flight_n and_o many_o of_o they_o slay_v and_o the_o dane_n keep_v the_o field_n so_o the_o next_o morning_n they_o burn_v the_o town_n of_o peanho_n and_o clistune_n or_o clifton_n and_o several_a other_o good_a to_n then_o the_o dane_n return_v to_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n and_o there_o one_o morning_n burn_v the_o town_n of_o weltham_n with_o divers_a other_o village_n and_o present_o after_o a_o league_n be_v make_v with_o they_o and_o they_o hearken_v to_o term_n of_o peace_n but_o the_o laudean_a and_o cottonian_a copy_n differ_v very_o much_o from_o that_o of_o cambridge_n in_o the_o tell_n of_o this_o story_n mi._n for_o they_o make_v the_o dane_n to_o have_v first_o sail_v up_o the_o river_n exe_n as_o far_o as_o eaxcester_n and_o to_o have_v besiege_v the_o city_n but_o not_o be_v able_a to_o take_v it_o they_o raise_v the_o siege_n and_o then_o march_v all_o over_o the_o country_n kill_v and_o destroy_v whatever_o they_o meet_v with_o and_o that_o then_o a_o strong_a army_n of_o the_o devonshire_n and_o somersetshire_n man_n fight_v with_o they_o at_o peanho_n with_o the_o success_n abovementioned_a the_o rest_n differ_v but_o little_a from_o the_o print_a copy_n but_o this_o last_o relation_n seem_v most_o likely_a to_o be_v true_a the_o year_n follow_v it_o be_v decree_v by_o the_o king_n and_o his_o wise_a man_n that_o a_o tribute_n shall_v be_v pay_v to_o the_o danish_a fleet_n mii_o and_o peace_n shall_v be_v conclude_v with_o they_o upon_o condition_n that_o they_o will_v cease_v from_o do_v mischief_n then_o the_o king_n send_v leofsig_n the_o ealdorman_a to_o the_o fleet_n who_o treat_v with_o they_o on_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o king_n and_o his_o council_n of_o wise_a man_n propose_v that_o they_o will_v be_v content_a with_o provision_n and_o money_n which_o they_o agree_v to_o then_o not_o long_o after_o they_o pay_v they_o four_o and_o twenty_o thousand_o pound_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n leofsig_n the_o ealdorman_a kill_v aelfric_n the_o king_n be_v high_a sheriff_n upon_o which_o the_o king_n banish_v the_o other_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o lent_n afterward_o come_v hither_o aelgiva_n daughter_n of_o richard_n duke_n of_o normandy_n to_o be_v marry_v to_o the_o king_n the_o same_o summer_n eadulf_n archbishop_n of_o york_n decease_v and_o this_o year_n also_o the_o king_n command_v all_o the_o dane_n in_o england_n to_o be_v slay_v at_o the_o feast_n of_o st._n brice_n because_o it_o be_v tell_v the_o king_n that_o they_o endeavour_v to_o deprive_v he_o and_o all_o his_o great_a and_o wise_a man_n of_o their_o life_n and_o to_o seize_v the_o kingdom_n to_o themselves_o without_o any_o opposition_n matthew_n of_o westminster_n cast_v the_o odium_n of_o this_o action_n from_o the_o king_n and_o lay_v it_o upon_o one_o of_o his_o evil_a counsellor_n who_o he_o call_v huena_n general_n of_o the_o king_n force_n â—o_o manage_v the_o chief_a affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n he_o see_v the_o insolence_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o that_o after_o the_o late_a agreement_n they_o be_v grow_v insupportable_a to_o the_o kingdom_n for_o they_o violate_v the_o wife_n and_o daughter_n of_o person_n of_o quality_n and_o commit_v divers_a other_o injury_n not_o to_o be_v endure_v thereupon_o he_o come_v in_o great_a seem_a trouble_n to_o the_o king_n make_v most_o dismal_a complaint_n of_o these_o unspeakable_a outrage_n at_o which_o the_o king_n be_v so_o incense_v that_o by_o the_o counsel_n of_o the_o say_v huena_n he_o send_v private_a letter_n into_o all_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n command_v all_o his_o subject_n without_o exception_n that_o upon_o a_o certain_a day_n they_o shall_v every_v where_o privy_o set_v upon_o the_o dane_n and_o without_o mercy_n cut_v they_o off_o in_o these_o letter_n be_v also_o signify_v that_o the_o dane_n have_v a_o design_n to_o deprive_v he_o of_o his_o life_n and_o kingdom_n and_o to_o destroy_v all_o the_o nobility_n in_o order_n to_o bring_v the_o whole_a island_n under_o their_o subjection_n and_o thus_o the_o dane_n who_o a_o little_a before_o by_o a_o league_n solemn_o swear_v on_o both_o side_n have_v be_v admit_v quiet_o to_o inhabit_v among_o the_o english_a be_v most_o treacherous_o and_o barbarous_o murder_v not_o many_o of_o they_o escape_v even_o the_o very_a woman_n be_v put_v to_o death_n and_o their_o child_n brain_n dash_v out_o against_o the_o wall_n particular_o at_o london_n when_o this_o bloody_a decree_n be_v to_o be_v execute_v many_o of_o the_o dane_n flee_v into_o a_o certain_a church_n of_o that_o city_n but_o for_o all_o that_o it_o prove_v no_o sanctuary_n to_o they_o for_o they_o be_v all_o there_o cruel_o murder_v even_o at_o the_o very_a altar_n h._n huntingdon_n moreover_o add_v that_o he_o himself_o be_v a_o child_n have_v hear_v it_o from_o certain_a old_a man_n that_o by_o the_o king_n command_n
the_o dane_n make_v no_o less_o incursion_n but_o go_v wherever_o they_o please_v and_o this_o expedition_n do_v the_o people_n more_o damage_n than_o any_o army_n can_v do_v winter_n come_v on_o the_o english_a force_n return_v home_o and_o the_o dane_n about_o martinmass_n retire_v to_o their_o old_a sanctuary_n the_o isle_n of_o wight_n whither_o they_o carry_v whatever_o they_o have_v need_n of_o and_o afterward_o about_o christmas_n they_o march_v out_o to_o seek_v for_o fresh_a provision_n in_o hamptunshire_n and_o berrocseire_n as_o far_o as_o read_v and_o havock_v according_a to_o their_o usual_a custom_n burn_v the_o beacon_n wherever_o they_o find_v they_o and_o from_o thence_o they_o march_v to_o wealingaford_n i._n e._n wallingford_n which_o town_n they_o whole_o destroy_v then_o march_v to_o aescesdune_n now_o aston_n near_o wallingford_n they_o come_v to_o cwicchelmeslaw_n now_o cuckamsley-hill_n in_o berkshire_n without_o ever_o touch_v near_o the_o sea_n and_o at_o last_o return_v home_o another_o way_n about_o the_o same_o time_n a_o english_a army_n be_v muster_v at_o cynet_n i._n e._n kennet_n in_o wiltshire_n where_o a_o battle_n be_v fight_v but_o the_o english_a troop_n be_v immediate_o worsted_n after_o which_o the_o dane_n carry_v off_o all_o their_o booty_n to_o the_o seaside_n there_o may_v one_o have_v see_v the_o wiltshire_n man_n like_o a_o cowardly_a sort_n of_o people_n suffer_v the_o dane_n to_o return_v to_o the_o seaside_n even_o just_a by_o their_o door_n with_o their_o provision_n and_o spoil_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o king_n march_v over_o thames_n into_o scrobbesbyrigscire_fw-la i._n e._n shropshire_n and_o there_o keep_v his_o christmas_n at_o that_o time_n the_o dane_n strike_v so_o great_a a_o terror_n into_o the_o english_a nation_n that_o no_o man_n can_v devise_v how_o to_o get_v they_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n nor_o how_o well_o to_o maintain_v it_o against_o they_o because_o they_o have_v destroy_v all_o the_o country_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n with_o burn_n and_o devastation_n then_o the_o king_n often_o consult_v with_o his_o wise_a man_n about_o what_o be_v best_a to_o be_v do_v in_o this_o case_n whereby_o they_o may_v save_v the_o country_n before_o it_o be_v quite_o ruin_v and_o after_o mature_a deliberation_n it_o be_v at_o length_n decree_v by_o they_o all_o for_o the_o common_a good_a of_o the_o nation_n though_o much_o against_o their_o will_n that_o tribute_n shall_v be_v again_o pay_v to_o the_o dane_n then_o the_o king_n send_v to_o their_o army_n to_o let_v they_o know_v that_o he_o be_v content_v to_o enter_v into_o a_o peace_n with_o they_o and_o to_o pay_v they_o tribute_n and_o also_o find_v they_o provision_n during_o their_o stay_n to_o which_o term_n all_o the_o dane_n assent_v so_o it_o seem_v the_o whole_a english_a nation_n be_v force_v to_o maintain_v they_o and_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o year_n follow_v mvii_o this_o tribute_n be_v again_o pay_v to_o they_o to_o wit_n thirty_o thousand_o pound_n also_o the_o same_o year_n aedric_n be_v make_v ealdorman_n over_o all_o the_o kingdom_n of_o mercia_n this_o aedric_n though_o he_o have_v marry_v the_o king_n daughter_n be_v characterise_v by_o all_o our_o historian_n for_o a_o proud_a false_a and_o unconstant_a man_n and_o who_o by_o his_o treachery_n prove_v the_o ruin_n of_o his_o country_n as_o well_o as_o of_o many_o particular_a person_n of_o great_a worth_n for_o not_o long_o before_o as_o florence_n relate_v he_o make_v away_o athelme_v that_o noble_a ealdorman_n at_o shrewsbury_n invite_v he_o to_o a_o feast_n and_o afterward_o carry_v he_o out_o a_o hunt_n where_o he_o hire_v the_o city-hangman_n to_o set_v his_o dog_n upon_o he_o call_v porthund_v which_o tear_v he_o to_o piece_n and_o not_o long_o after_o his_o two_o son_n walfheage_v and_o vflgeat_n have_v their_o eye_n put_v out_o by_o the_o king_n order_n at_o cotham_n where_o he_o then_o reside_v but_o we_o may_v hence_o observe_v mvii_o to_o how_o sad_a a_o state_n the_o nation_n be_v reduce_v under_o a_o voluptuous_a and_o cowardly_a king_n and_o a_o degenerate_a nobility_n and_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o annal_n say_v that_o the_o people_n be_v keep_v in_o arm_n all_o the_o winter_n do_v they_o as_o much_o harm_n as_o the_o enemy_n be_v because_o have_v then_o no_o stand_a force_n the_o country_n militia_n be_v fain_o to_o be_v keep_v upon_o duty_n at_o their_o own_o charge_n whilst_o their_o family_n be_v ready_a to_o starve_v at_o home_n so_o impossible_a a_o thing_n it_o be_v to_o maintain_v any_o long_a war_n either_o at_o home_n or_o abroad_o without_o a_o stand_a army_n but_o now_o the_o king_n have_v too_o late_o perceive_v his_o error_n viz._n that_o the_o great_a cause_n of_o his_o ruin_n proceed_v from_o the_o want_n of_o a_o good_a fleet_n he_o then_o command_v ship_n to_o be_v build_v all_o over_o england_n mviii_o to_o wit_n to_o every_o hundred_o and_o ten_o hide_n of_o land_n one_o ship_n and_o of_o every_o eight_o hide_n a_o helmet_n and_o breastplate_n and_o so_o by_o the_o next_o year_n his_o ship_n be_v all_o finish_v mix_n and_o they_o be_v both_o so_o many_o and_o withal_o so_o good_a that_o as_o our_o history_n affirm_v england_n never_o see_v the_o like_o before_o then_o after_o they_o be_v all_o well_o man_v and_o victual_v they_o be_v bring_v to_o sandwic_n and_o there_o remain_v in_o order_n to_o defend_v the_o kingdom_n against_o the_o invasion_n of_o stranger_n yet_o notwithstanding_o all_o those_o preparative_n the_o english_a nation_n be_v so_o unhappy_a that_o this_o great_a fleet_n meet_v with_o no_o better_a success_n than_o often_o before_o for_o it_o happen_v about_o this_o time_n or_o a_o little_a soon_o that_o brightric_n a_o false_a and_o ambitious_a man_n the_o brother_n of_o aedric_n above_o mention_v accuse_a wulfnoth_n a_o thane_n of_o the_o south_n saxon_n and_o father_n of_o earl_n godwin_n to_o the_o king_n upon_o which_o wulfnoth_n save_v himself_o by_o flight_n get_v together_o twenty_o ship_n and_o with_o they_o turn_v pirate_n take_v prize_n all_o round_a the_o southern_a coast_n and_o do_v a_o world_n of_o mischief_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v tell_v the_o king_n fleet_n that_o they_o may_v easy_o surprise_v he_o if_o they_o will_v but_o cruise_v about_o that_o place_n brightric_a upon_o this_o take_a eighty_o sail_v along_o with_o he_o have_v mighty_a hope_n by_o seize_v of_o he_o either_o alive_a or_o dead_a to_o make_v himself_o signal_o famous_a but_o as_o he_o be_v sail_v thither_o so_o great_a a_o tempest_n arise_v as_o never_o have_v be_v in_o the_o memory_n of_o man_n by_o which_o all_o his_o fleet_n be_v shipwreck_a or_o strand_v on_o the_o shore_n and_o wulfnoth_n come_v thither_o present_o after_o burn_v all_o the_o rest_n that_o be_v leave_v now_o when_o this_o news_n come_v to_o that_o part_n of_o the_o fleet_n where_o the_o king_n be_v in_o person_n the_o whole_a action_n seem_v to_o be_v undertake_v very_o precipitately_a without_o any_o good_a advice_n at_o all_o and_o thereupon_o the_o king_n with_o all_o his_o ealdorman_n and_o great_a man_n return_v home_o leave_v both_o the_o ship_n and_o man_n to_o shift_v for_o themselves_o but_o those_o that_o be_v in_o they_o carry_v they_o up_o to_o london_n and_o thus_o do_v all_o the_o labour_n and_o expense_n of_o the_o whole_a nation_n come_v to_o nothing_o without_o in_o the_o least_o diminish_v the_o power_n of_o their_o enemy_n as_o the_o people_n hope_v they_o will_v have_v do_v when_o all_o these_o naval_a preparation_n be_v thus_o defeat_v there_o arrive_v present_o after_o harvest_n a_o mighty_a fleet_n of_o dane_n at_o sandwic_n and_o after_o they_o be_v land_v they_o immediate_o march_v to_o canterbury_n which_o city_n they_o will_v forthwith_o have_v destroy_v have_v they_o not_o humble_o beseech_v a_o peace_n of_o they_o upon_o which_o all_o the_o east_n kentish_a man_n come_v and_o clap_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o the_o dane_n and_o purchase_v it_o at_o the_o price_n of_o three_o thousand_o pound_n but_o these_o heathen_n present_o afterward_o sail_v round_o again_o till_o they_o come_v to_o wihtland_n i._n e._n the_o isle_n of_o wight_n and_o there_o as_o also_o in_o southseax_n hamtunscire_fw-la and_o bearruscire_fw-la they_o plunder_v and_o burn_v town_n as_o they_o use_v to_o do_v hereupon_o the_o king_n command_v the_o whole_a nation_n to_o be_v summon_v mix_n that_o every_o province_n shall_v defend_v itself_o against_o they_o but_o for_o all_o this_o they_o still_o march_v wherever_o they_o please_v without_o any_o body_n be_v disturb_v they_o but_o one_o time_n when_o the_o king_n have_v hem_v they_o in_o with_o his_o whole_a army_n as_o they_o be_v go_v to_o their_o ship_n and_o all_o his_o force_n be_v just_o ready_a to_o fall_v upon_o they_o aedric_n
the_o meat_n shall_v be_v take_v away_o untouched_a from_o such_o as_o be_v invite_v than_o that_o those_o who_o be_v not_o invite_v shall_v complain_v for_o want_v of_o victual_n whereas_o say_v he_o the_o custom_n of_o our_o time_n be_v either_o out_o of_o covetousness_n or_o as_o they_o pretend_v because_o their_o people_n can_v eat_v for_o great_a man_n to_o allow_v their_o follower_n but_o one_o meal_n a_o day_n which_o show_v that_o the_o custom_n of_o set_a supper_n have_v have_v divers_a vicissitudeâ—_n be_v not_o common_o use_v in_o england_n in_o great_a man_n family_n at_o the_o time_n when_o h._n huntingdon_n write_v and_o therefore_o be_v a_o english_a custom_n prevail_v since_o that_o time_n the_o norman_a fashion_n be_v then_o most_o use_v john_n rouse_v also_o in_o his_o manuscript_n treatise_n de_fw-fr regibus_fw-la ang._n already_o cite_v relate_v that_o the_o day_n of_o king_n hardâ—cnute's_n death_n be_v in_o his_o time_n keep_v by_o the_o english_a as_o a_o 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st._n paul_n church_n at_o london_n also_o pope_n victor_n now_o die_v stephanus_n abbot_n of_o mountcassin_n be_v consecrate_v in_o his_o stead_n mlvii_o but_o the_o cottonian_a copy_n of_o these_o annal_n as_o also_o florence_n of_o worcester_n place_z the_o death_n of_o this_o pope_n under_o the_o year_n precede_v earl_n leofric_n also_o decease_v and_o aelfgar_a his_o son_n receive_v the_o earldom_n which_o his_o father_n enjoy_v this_o be_v that_o leofric_n earl_n of_o mercia_n who_o together_o with_o his_o wife_n godiva_n build_v the_o rich_a and_o stately_a monastery_n of_o coventry_n as_o have_v be_v already_o relate_v in_o which_o church_n he_o be_v bury_v he_o die_v this_o year_n in_o a_o good_a old_a age_n who_o wisdom_n and_o counsel_n be_v often_o profitable_a to_o england_n mlviii_o this_o year_n pope_n stephanus_n decease_v and_o benedict_n be_v consecrate_v in_o his_o stead_n this_o pope_n send_v the_o pall_n to_o archbishop_n stigand_n upon_o who_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n be_v here_o very_o sharp_a say_v that_o stigand_n be_v so_o intolerable_o covetous_a that_o he_o hold_v both_o the_o bishopric_n of_o winchester_n and_o that_o of_o canterbury_n at_o the_o same_o time_n but_o can_v never_o obtain_v the_o pall_n from_o the_o apostolic_a see_v until_o this_o benedict_n a_o intruder_n as_o he_o call_v he_o send_v it_o to_o he_o either_o as_o first_o be_v bribe_v by_o money_n or_o else_o because_o as_o be_v observe_v evil_a man_n love_v to_o favour_v one_o another_o the_o same_o year_n also_o according_a to_o the_o annal_n decease_v heacca_n bishop_n of_o the_o south-saxons_a i._n e._n of_o chichester_n and_o archbishop_n stigand_n consecrate_v aegelric_n a_o monk_n of_o christ-church_n bishop_n of_o that_o see_v as_o also_o syward_a the_o abbot_n bishop_n of_o rochester_n also_o this_o year_n according_a to_o simeon_n of_o durham_n and_o florence_n of_o worcester_n earl_n aelfgar_n be_v the_o second_o time_n banish_v by_o king_n edward_n 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force_v to_o retire_v beyond_o 〈…〉_z she_o brother_n of_o normandy_n for_o safety_n id._n p._n 38._o aelgiva_n a_o hampshire_n lady_n daughter_n of_o aelfhelm_v the_o ealdorman_a one_o of_o cnute_n wife_n bear_v he_o harold_n who_o before_o his_o death_n his_o father_n appoint_v to_o be_v king_n of_o england_n after_o he_o l._n 6._o â—_o 56._o but_o the_o story_n seem_v a_o littlâ—_n improbable_a for_o it_o be_v say_v she_o be_v barren_a and_o therefore_o pretend_v a_o big-bel_o impose_v on_o the_o credulous_a king_n a_o supposititious_a birth_n viz._n the_o son_n of_o a_o shoemaker_n then_o new_o bear_v id._n p._n 61._o in_o the_o english-saxon_a be_v the_o same_o with_o emma_n in_o the_o norman-french_n dialect_n the_o widow_n of_o king_n cnute_n who_o be_v banish_v england_n by_o king_n harold_n id._n p._n 64._o aella_n with_o his_o three_o son_n slay_v a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o britain_n and_o possess_v themselves_o of_o all_o the_o sea-coast_n of_o sussex_n l._n 3._o p._n 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westsaxon_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v the_o next_o of_o the_o royal_a line_n l._n 4._o p._n 194._o son_n of_o cenwulf_n the_o battle_n he_o fight_v and_o with_o who_o his_o death_n id._n 195_o 198._o aescwin_n bishop_n of_o the_o east-saxons_a his_o death_n and_o who_o succeed_v he_o l._n 4._o p._n 196._o aesk_n also_o call_v oisk_n and_o osric_n hengest'_v son_n begin_v his_o reign_n when_o and_o how_o long_o he_o continue_v it_o l._n 3._o p._n 132._o his_o death_n id._n p._n 136._o aestel_n the_o signification_n of_o it_o uncertain_a l._n 5._o p._n 304._o aethelbald_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n hold_v it_o forty_o year_n l._n 4._o p._n 217._o his_o pedigree_n ibid._n take_v somerton_n and_o be_v that_o great_a and_o powerful_a king_n as_o not_o to_o be_v ashamed_a of_o commit_v uncleanness_n even_o with_o consecrate_a nun_n id._n p._n 221_o 222._o make_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o province_n of_o england_n and_o their_o king_n subject_n to_o he_o as_o far_o as_o the_o humber_n l._n 4._o p._n 222._o waste_v the_o country_n of_o northumberland_n and_o carry_v away_o with_o he_o great_a spoil_n id._n p._n 223._o his_o war_n with_o cuthred_a king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n and_o the_o various_a success_n of_o it_o id._n p._n 224_o 226._o slay_a at_o seccandune_n in_o warwickshire_n and_o bury_v in_o ripendune_n abbey_n which_o he_o himself_o have_v found_v id._n p._n 227._o aethelbald_n son_n of_o ethelwulf_n king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n and_o his_o father_n make_v a_o great_a slaughter_n of_o the_o dane_n than_o ever_o be_v do_v before_o l._n 5._o p._n 261._o form_n a_o most_o wicked_a conspiracy_n in_o the_o west_n of_o england_n against_o his_o father_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o his_o new_a wife_n and_o so_o get_v the_o kingdom_n divide_v betwixt_o his_o father_n and_o he_o which_o before_o be_v unite_v l._n 5._o p._n 263_o 264._o vid._n ethelbald_n aethelbryght_a vid._n ethelbert_n aethelburga_n return_v by_o sea_n into_o kent_n with_o paulinus_n the_o archbishop_n and_o be_v receive_v with_o great_a honour_n by_o king_n eadbald_n and_o archbishop_n honorius_n l._n 4._o p._n 176._o destroy_v the_o castle_n of_o taunton-dean_n in_o somersetshire_n and_o for_o what_o reason_n id._n p._n 218._o aethelfleda_n king_n alfred_n elder_a daughter_n marry_v to_o eadred_a or_o ethelred_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n l._n 5._o p._n 311._o vid._n ethelfleda_n aethelgiva_fw-la vid._n algiva_n aethelheard_v the_o bishop_n die_v at_o york_n l._n 4._o p._n 232._o vid._n ethelheard_n aethelred_n vid._n ethelred_n aethelswithe_o queen_n sister_n to_o king_n alfred_n and_o widow_n of_o burhred_a king_n of_o mercia_n die_v in_o her_o journey_n to_o rome_n l._n 5._o p._n 298._o aethelwald_n edward_n the_o elder_n be_v cousin-german_a rebel_n against_o he_o and_o go_v over_o to_o the_o danish_a army_n they_o joyful_o receive_v he_o for_o their_o king_n he_o take_v a_o nun_n out_o of_o the_o monastery_n of_o winburn_n and_o marry_v she_o but_o go_v over_o to_o france_n to_o raise_v new_a recruit_n king_n edward_n seize_v she_o and_o bring_v she_o back_o again_o l._n 5._o p._n 312._o return_v from_o france_n and_o with_o a_o mighty_a army_n come_v into_o kent_n get_v much_o plunder_n there_o and_o then_o ravages_n over_o other_o country_n but_o at_o last_o be_v kill_v in_o fight_n id._n p._n 313._o aethelwald_n abbot_n receive_v the_o bishopric_n of_o winchester_n and_o be_v consecrate_v his_o many_o good_a work_n and_o what_o monastery_n he_o repair_v and_o build_v l._n 6._o p._n 4_o 21._o be_v father_n of_o the_o monk_n his_o decease_n id._n p._n 21._o aethelwulf_n vid._n ethelwulf_n aetius_n somewhat_o recover_v the_o credit_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n in_o gaul_n l._n 2._o p._n 106._o receive_v doleful_a latter_n from_o the_o britain_n implore_v assistance_n l._n 3._o p._n 115._o expect_v a_o war_n with_o attila_n king_n of_o the_o huns_n ibid._n agatha_n the_o queen_n of_o hungary_n sister_n be_v marry_v to_o prince_n edward_n son_n to_z edmund_z ironside_n l._n 6._o p._n 49._o agatho_n the_o pope_n his_o bull_n to_o the_o abbey_n of_o medeshamstead_n suppose_v to_o be_v forge_v long_o after_o by_o the_o monk_n of_o peterburgh_n l._n 4._o p._n 200._o agelbert_n bishop_n of_o kent_n but_o turn_v out_o and_o wherefore_o l._n 4._o p._n 181_o 182._o leave_v king_n cenwalch_n and_o take_v the_o bishopric_n of_o paris_n l._n 4._o p._n 182_o 188._o vid._n aegelbyerth_n agricola_n send_v into_o britain_n in_o vespasian_n the_o emperor_n time_n as_o his_o lieutenant_n almost_o cut_v his_o off_o the_o whole_a nation_n of_o the_o ordovices_n go_v with_o his_o man_n to_o subdue_v mona_n the_o island_n sue_v for_o peace_n and_o deliver_v â—t_a self_n up_o to_o he_o increase_v his_o fame_n by_o his_o success_n and_o moderation_n l._n 2._o p._n 55._o his_o wise_a conduct_n both_o in_o his_o own_o family_n and_o in_o britain_n id._n p._n 56._o bring_v here_o in_o fashion_n the_o roman_a language_n garb_n and_o gown_n no_o castle_n of_o his_o ever_o take_v by_o force_n reward_v with_o triumphal_a ornament_n his_o far_a conquest_n place_n garrison_n in_o that_o part_n of_o britain_n that_o lie_v over-against_o ireland_n id._n p._n 57_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n and_o overcome_v the_o caledonian_n id._n p._n 58_o 59_o which_o be_v confess_v to_o be_v more_o owe_v to_o his_o own_o conduct_n than_o the_o courage_n of_o the_o roman_a soldier_n id._n p._n 59_o his_o speech_n to_o his_o soldier_n and_o after_o what_o manner_n he_o order_v the_o battle_n against_o galgacus_n id._n p._n 61._o overthrow_v and_o put_v the_o britain_n to_o flight_n his_o ruin_n secret_o design_v by_o his_o prince_n id._n p._n 62_o 63._o how_o at_o his_o return_n he_o be_v receive_v at_o rome_n accuse_v to_o domitian_n but_o acquit_v often_o near_o his_o ruin_n as_o well_o by_o his_o own_o virtue_n as_o by_o the_o vice_n of_o other_o the_o proconsulship_n of_o africa_n seem_o offer_v to_o he_o void_a by_o the_o death_n of_o civica_n id._n p._n 64._o his_o death_n whether_o by_o poison_n or_o otherwise_o uncertain_a he_o carry_v the_o roman_a eagle_n to_o the_o utmost_a bound_n of_o britain_n id._n p._n 65._o he_o be_v the_o son_n of_o severian_n a_o pelagian_a bishop_n id._n p._n 107._o agrippina_n preside_v over_o the_o roman_a ensign_n l._n 2._o p._n 44._o aidan_n a_o scotch_a bishop_n desire_v edwin_n to_o remember_v his_o vision_n and_o promise_n and_o become_v a_o christian_n l._n 4._o p._n 173._o be_v send_v to_o oswald_n to_o ground_n his_o subject_n in_o the_o christian_a faith_n from_o the_o monastery_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o high_a id._n 177_o 178._o his_o character_n be_v a_o excellent_a pattern_n for_o succeed_a bishop_n and_o clergyman_n to_o follow_v id._n p._n 178._o his_o death_n id._n p._n 182_o 183._o
bondman_n he_o that_o be_v cast_v by_o the_o ordeal_o to_o be_v brand_v with_o a_o hot_a iron_n for_o the_o first_o offence_n and_o for_o the_o second_o to_o be_v put_v to_o death_n l._n 6._o p._n 42._o bonosus_n a_o matchless_a drinker_n make_v himself_o as_o emperor_n for_o a_o time_n but_o be_v vanquish_v by_o the_o emperor_n probus_n he_o hang_v himself_o he_o be_v by_o descent_n a_o britain_n l._n 2._o p._n 82._o bosa_n bishop_n of_o dunmoc_n now_o dunwich_n in_o suffolk_n deprive_v by_o reason_n of_o his_o great_a infirmity_n l._n 4._o p._n 193._o govern_v the_o province_n of_o deira_n have_v his_o episcopal_a see_n at_o the_o city_n of_o york_n l._n 4._o p._n 197._o bosenham_n that_o be_v bosham_n in_o sussex_n where_o sweyne_v make_v a_o league_n with_o edward_n the_o confessor_n l._n 6._o p._n 74._o boston_n in_o lincolnshire_n suppose_v ancient_o to_o be_v call_v icanho_n l._n 4._o p._n 185._o bottulf_n when_o he_o begin_v to_o build_v a_o monastery_n at_o icanho_n id._n ib._n bound_n the_o old_a one_o continue_v in_o the_o year_n 395._o between_o the_o pict_n and_o the_o britain_n l._n 2._o p._n 100_o bracelet_n the_o oath_n the_o dane_n take_v to_o king_n alfred_n upon_o a_o sacred_a bracelet_n they_o have_v which_o oath_n they_o will_v never_o take_v to_o any_o nation_n before_o immediate_o to_o depart_v the_o kingdom_n l._n 5._o p._n 278._o of_o gold_n if_o hang_v up_o at_o the_o part_n of_o several_a highway_n in_o alfred_n time_n none_o will_v dare_v to_o touch_v they_o justice_z be_v so_o strict_o observe_v id._n p._n 291._o bradanford_n in_o wiltshire_n now_o bradford_n l._n 4._o p._n 183._o brandanrelie_o suppose_v to_o be_v a_o little_a island_n now_o call_v shepholm_n in_o the_o mouth_n of_o severn_n l._n 5._o p._n 319._o breach_n of_o the_o peace_n alfred_n law_n about_o it_o l._n 5._o p._n 292_o 295_o 297._o what_o he_o shall_v forfeit_v that_o set_v upon_o a_o man_n in_o his_o own_o house_n l._n 5._o p._n 347._o the_o punishment_n of_o this_o offence_n in_o several_a instance_n l._n 6._o p._n 43._o brecklesey-island_n whither_o the_o dane_n flee_v when_o they_o be_v beat_v by_o king_n alfred_n l._n 5._o p._n 300._o brecknock-castle_n suppose_v by_o brecenanmere_n which_o aethelfleda_n take_v with_o her_o army_n l._n 5._o p._n 319._o in_o wales_n destroy_v by_o earl_n alfred_n who_o join_v with_o howel_n the_o son_n of_o edwal_n l._n 6._o p._n 21._o bregowin_n consecrate_a archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n but_o enjoy_v that_o see_v not_o long_o for_o his_o death_n happen_v about_o three_o year_n after_o l._n 4._o p._n 228._o brennus_n and_o belinus_n divide_v the_o kingdom_n between_o they_o and_o what_o happen_v afterward_o l._n 1._o p._n 12_o 13._o brigantes_n suppose_v to_o be_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o yorkshire_n lancashire_n and_o the_o other_o northern_a country_n l._n 2._o p._n 42._o their_o state_n attack_v by_o petilius_n caerialis_n most_o of_o which_o he_o conquer_v id._n p._n 54._o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o a_o woman_n have_v almost_o quite_o destroy_v the_o roman_n id._n p._n 60._o break_v in_o upon_o genoani_fw-la or_o north-wales_n be_v drive_v back_o by_o lollius_n urbicus_n id._n p._n 68_o no_o mention_n of_o they_o beyond_o the_o river_n tweed_n id._n p._n 91._o brige_n now_o bruges_n in_o flanders_n where_o earcongota_n the_o daughter_n of_o earcombert_n a_o virgin_n of_o great_a piety_n go_v to_o be_v a_o nun_n in_o a_o monastery_n build_v there_o by_o a_o noble_a abbess_n there_o be_v at_o that_o time_n not_o many_o monastery_n in_o britain_n l._n 4._o p._n 180._o bridgenorth_n in_o shropshire_n ancient_o bricge_a and_o the_o town_n be_v general_o call_v by_o the_o common_a people_n brigge_n at_o this_o day_n l._n 5._o p._n 316._o brightnoth_n a_o monk_n make_v abbot_n of_o elig_n monastery_n where_o there_o have_v be_v nun_n before_o l._n 6._o p._n 4._o brihtric_n when_o he_o begin_v to_o reign_v over_o the_o westsaxon_n when_o he_o die_v and_o where_o he_o be_v bury_v l._n 4._o p._n 233_o 242._o marry_a eadburghe_n the_o daughter_n of_o king_n offa_n and_o for_o what_o reason_n of_o state_n id._n p._n 235_o 243._o a_o full_a account_n of_o his_o death_n and_o character_n id._n p._n 243._o brihtric_n accuse_v wulfnoth_n to_o king_n ethelred_n and_o pursue_v he_o by_o sea_n lose_v all_o his_o part_n of_o the_o fleet_n and_o how_o l._n 6._o p._n 33._o britain_n brief_o describe_v ancient_o call_v albion_n and_o whence_o its_o name_n l._n 1._o p._n 1_o 2._o first_o discover_v by_o the_o phoenician_n know_v to_o the_o greek_n though_o mr._n cambden_n seem_v to_o deny_v it_o who_o the_o first_o inhabitant_n l._n 1._o p._n 2_o 3_o 4_o 6_o 7._o general_o speak_v no_o body_n come_v hither_o beside_o merchant_n l._n 2._o p._n 24._o be_v divide_v into_o many_o petty_a state_n or_o principality_n in_o the_o roman_n time_n and_o subject_a to_o divers_a king_n l._n 1._o p._n 6._o id._n p._n 33_o 39_o invade_v by_o the_o emperor_n claudius_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o togodumnus_n suppose_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o guidar_n or_o guinder_v id._n p._n 38_o 39_o during_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o succeed_a emperor_n to_o domitian_n as_o far_o as_o the_o frith_n of_o dunbritton_n and_o edinburgh_n it_o be_v entire_o redate_v into_o the_o form_n of_o a_o roman_a province_n id._n p._n 65._o hadrian_n though_o he_o restrain_v the_o limit_n yet_o by_o no_o mean_n will_v part_v with_o this_o province_n id._n p._n 67._o be_v divide_v into_o two_o government_n by_o severus_n the_o emperor_n id._n p._n 73._o continue_a a_o roman_a province_n in_o opilius_n macrinus_n his_o time_n and_o have_v its_o propraetor_n id._n p._n 80._o the_o occasion_n of_o porphyrius_n the_o philosopher_n saying_n that_o britain_n be_v a_o soil_n fruitful_a of_o tyrant_n id._n p._n 81_o 91._o the_o province_n whole_o recover_v to_o the_o roman_a empire_n by_o constantius_n and_o asclepiodotus_n after_o it_o have_v be_v ten_o year_n in_o rebellion_n id._n p._n 84._o great_a store_n of_o good_a workman_n and_o excellent_a builder_n in_o those_o time_n of_o public_a disturbance_n id._n p._n 85._o the_o ancient_a division_n of_o it_o alter_v by_o constantine_n id._n p._n 88_o reduce_v to_o the_o last_o extremity_n in_o valentinian_n time_n id._n p._n 92._o the_o northern_a province_n of_o it_o be_v by_o theodosius_n restore_v to_o its_o former_a condition_n he_o order_v it_o for_o the_o future_a to_o be_v call_v valentia_n in_o honour_n of_o valentinian_n the_o emperor_n id._n p._n 93._o it_o be_v history_n very_o obscure_a and_o uncertain_a especial_o as_o to_o the_o time_n when_o thing_n be_v do_v from_o the_o death_n of_o maximus_n to_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o saxon_n id._n p._n 99_o owe_v its_o first_o ruin_n to_o maximus_n his_o carry_v over_o so_o many_o britain_n and_o roman_n into_o gaul_n ibid._n bede_n ascribe_v the_o chief_a cause_n of_o its_o ruin_n to_o god_n vengeance_n on_o the_o inhabitant_n for_o their_o great_a wickedness_n and_o corruption_n of_o manner_n l._n 3._o p._n 137._o by_o what_o mean_v she_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o christ_n l._n 4._o p._n 152._o the_o present_a state_n of_o it_o when_o bede_n write_v his_o history_n l._n 4._o p._n 221._o though_o subdue_v to_o the_o roman_a empire_n yet_o they_o use_v their_o victory_n with_o moderation_n make_v the_o conquer_a partaker_n both_o of_o their_o law_n and_o civility_n l._n 5._o p._n 246._o great_a britain_n edred_n be_v the_o first_o who_o style_v himself_o king_n of_o great_a britain_n in_o a_o charter_n to_o the_o abbey_n of_o croyland_n l._n 6._o p._n 351._o britain_n have_v no_o notion_n of_o the_o unalterable_a right_n of_o succession_n in_o the_o elder_a brother_n over_o all_o the_o rest_n no_o not_o after_o they_o become_v christian_n l._n 1._o p._n 17._o a_o account_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n their_o religion_n custom_n and_o manner_n of_o live_v l._n 2._o p._n 21_o 22_o 23._o will_v not_o suffer_v their_o king_n by_o become_a tyrant_n to_o make_v their_o people_n slave_n l._n 1._o p._n 18_o l._n 2._o p._n 22._o not_o much_o different_a in_o several_a respect_n from_o the_o naked_a indian_n of_o some_o part_n of_o america_n l._n 2._o p._n 23._o hinder_v the_o roman_n from_o land_v though_o with_o much_o difficulty_n but_o be_v afterward_o worsted_n by_o they_o they_o desire_v peace_n which_o be_v grant_v and_o hostage_n send_v but_o they_o soon_o again_o take_v up_o arm_n id._n p._n 26_o 27_o 28._o treat_v of_o peace_n but_o now_o a_o double_a number_n of_o hostage_n be_v require_v only_o two_o estate_n of_o all_o britain_n send_v they_o id._n p._n 29._o their_o engagement_n with_o caesar_n and_o his_o roman_n in_o his_o second_o expedition_n id._n p._n 33._o cassibelan_n be_v force_v to_o make_v peace_n with_o
of_o land_n to_o one_o wulfred_n by_o the_o assistance_n of_o king_n aethelwulf_n make_v north-wales_n subject_n to_o he_o marry_v aethelwulf_n daughter_n with_o great_a solemnity_n l._n 5._o p._n 261_o 262._o be_v force_v by_o the_o dane_n to_o desert_n his_o kingdom_n and_o pass_v the_o sea_n to_o rome_n where_o not_o long_o after_o he_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o the_o english_a college_n in_o the_o church_n of_o st._n mary_n id._n p._n 277._o byrinus_fw-la a_o italian_a come_v hither_o by_o his_o preach_v convert_v the_o westsaxon_n and_o have_v a_o city_n in_o oxfordshire_n confer_v on_o he_o to_o fix_v his_o episcopal_n see_v in_o l._n 4._o p._n 179._o baptise_n cuthr_v at_o dorchester_n be_v a_o prince_n of_o the_o blood-royal_a id._n p._n 180._o byrnstan_n consecrate_a bishop_n of_o winchester_n and_o how_o long_o he_o hold_v it_o l._n 5._o p._n 331._o his_o death_n and_o burial_n at_o winchester_n id._n p._n 332_o 333._o c_o cadelh_n prince_n of_o south-wales_n be_v fall_v upon_o by_o his_o brother_n anarawd_n who_o grievous_o spoil_v his_o country_n l._n 5._o p._n 299._o second_o son_n to_o rodoric_n the_o great_a and_o father_n to_o howel_n dha_n his_o decease_n id._n p._n 315._o cadocus_n abbot_n of_o lancarvan_n in_o glamorganshire_n his_o life_n write_v by_o john_n of_o tinmouth_n l._n 3._o p._n 149._o cadwallader_n his_o suppose_a journey_n to_o rome_n l._n 3._o p._n 145._o the_o last_o king_n of_o the_o britain_n his_o death_n l._n 4._o p._n 190_o 191._o cadwallo_n king_n of_o the_o britain_n a_o account_n of_o his_o be_v rout_v and_o kill_v l._n 4._o p._n 177._o cadwallo_n and_o ceadwalla_n these_o two_o name_n be_v confound_v together_o by_o the_o british_a historian_n id._n p._n 204._o cadwallo_n suppose_v to_o be_v edwal_n surname_v ywrch_n and_o for_o what_o reason_n id._n p._n 205._o cadwallo_n succeed_v his_o father_n cadwan_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o britain_n id._n p._n 171._o be_v overcome_v by_o edwin_n and_o fly_v to_o ireland_n but_o return_v afterward_o he_o beat_v penda_n and_o they_o join_v together_o fight_n edwin_n and_o slay_v he_o and_o rout_n his_o whole_a army_n he_o be_v in_o profession_n a_o christian_n but_o in_o his_o action_n show_v himself_o worse_a than_o a_o pagan_a id._n p._n 176._o cut_v off_o osric_n on_o a_o sudden_a and_o all_o his_o army_n and_o base_o kill_v eanfrid_n id._n p._n 177._o cadwan_n prince_n of_o north-wales_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o all_o the_o britain_n l._n 3._o p._n 149._o caedmon_n the_o english-saxon_a poet_n what_o he_o write_v and_o what_o he_o print_v l._n 4._o p._n 199._o caerialis_n petilius_n send_v hither_o as_o soon_o as_o vespasian_n be_v acknowledge_v in_o britain_n as_o his_o lieutenant_n he_o have_v enure_v agricola_n to_o labour_n and_o danger_n l._n 2._o p._n 54._o caer-leon_n upon_o usk_n in_o south-wales_n a_o archiepiscopal_a see_v l._n 3._o p._n 149._o caesar_n land_v in_o britain_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o cassibelan_n a_o small_a inland_a prince_n l._n 1._o p._n 19_o l._n 2._o p._n 33._o his_o account_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n their_o religion_n and_o manner_n of_o live_v l._n 2._o p._n 21._o the_o pretence_n he_o make_v for_o his_o expedition_n hither_o l._n 2._o p._n 24._o but_o first_o he_o send_v ca._n volusenus_n to_o make_v his_o observation_n of_o the_o country_n and_o then_o upon_o on_o his_o arrival_n ambassador_n come_v to_o he_o from_o divers_a prince_n and_o state_n of_o this_o island_n promise_v obedience_n to_o the_o roman_a empire_n id._n p._n 25._o he_o have_v no_o great_a cause_n to_o boast_v of_o his_o first_o expedition_n and_o why_o l._n 2._o p._n 29._o most_o of_o his_o horse_n be_v cast_v away_o in_o a_o violent_a storm_n therefore_o go_v into_o italy_n resolve_v to_o make_v another_o descent_n upon_o they_o and_o order_n new_a ship_n to_o be_v build_v and_o direct_v after_o what_o model_n whereupon_o six_o hundred_o such_o be_v build_v beside_o eight_o and_o twenty_o galley_n id._n p._n 30._o set_v sail_n again_o for_o britain_n and_o land_v he_o fight_v and_o conquer_v the_o next_o day_n he_o have_v news_n that_o by_o a_o great_a tempest_n rise_v that_o night_n forty_o of_o his_o ship_n have_v fall_v foul_a upon_o one_o another_o and_o be_v lose_v and_o the_o rest_n much_o shatter_v id._n p._n 31_o 32._o his_o care_n about_o the_o remainder_n and_o direction_n for_o other_o to_o be_v build_v his_o engagement_n with_o the_o britain_n and_o their_o various_a success_n id._n p._n 32_o 33_o 34._o his_o description_n of_o a_o british_a town_n id._n p._n 35._o make_v cassibelan_n submit_v and_o give_v hostage_n to_o he_o and_o then_o go_v over_o to_o the_o continent_n and_o at_o his_o return_n to_o rome_n he_o offer_v to_o venus_n a_o breastplate_n cover_v with_o british_a pearl_n id._n ib._n calais_n never_o use_v for_o a_o port_n until_o philip_n earl_n of_o buloigne_n build_v and_o wall_v the_o town_n l._n 2._o p._n 31._o calcuithe_o the_o troublesome_a synod_n there_o where_o archbishop_n janbryht_v lose_v part_n of_o his_o province_n to_o the_o see_v of_o litchfield_n l._n 4._o p._n 233_o 235._o the_o nicene_n creed_n and_o the_o seven_o first_o general_n council_n receive_v and_o confirm_v in_o it_o and_o many_o canon_n make_v concern_v matter_n of_o religion_n and_o ecclesiastical_a discipline_n id._n p._n 233._o there_o be_v two_o distinct_a session_n of_o it_o id._n p._n 234._o it_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o mercia_n ibid._n a_o synod_n hold_v there_o under_o wilfrid_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n and_o kenwulf_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n l._n 5._o p._n 251._o caledonian_n make_v great_a preparation_n for_o war_n in_o show_n more_o than_o in_o reality_n against_o agricola_n l._n 2._o p._n 58._o but_o they_o be_v miserable_o rout_v by_o his_o force_n id._n p._n 59_o rodorick_n king_n of_o the_o pict_n aid_n they_o but_o be_v slay_v by_o marius_n id._n p._n 66._o caligula_n caius_n the_o magnificent_a letter_n he_o send_v to_o rome_n l._n 2._o p._n 37._o march_v his_o army_n to_o the_o belgic_a shore_n and_o his_o foolish_a bravado_n after_o he_o have_v put_v a_o little_a to_o sea_n in_o a_o galley_n and_o then_o return_v to_o land_n carry_v the_o shell_n that_o he_o and_o his_o army_n have_v gather_v on_o the_o shore_n to_o rome_n and_o his_o galley_n and_o demand_v a_o triumph_n but_o the_o senate_n refuse_v it_o and_o at_o last_o he_o be_v murder_v id._n p._n 38._o camalodunum_n now_o maldon_n in_o essex_n where_o andraste_n suppose_v to_o have_v be_v the_o goddess_n of_o victory_n have_v a_o temple_n l._n 2._o p._n 24._o on_o the_o reverse_n of_o kynobelin_n coin_n be_v cam_n signify_v camalodunum_n which_o be_v his_o royal_a seat_n id._n p._n 37_o 40._o take_a by_o claudius_n who_o obtain_v a_o victory_n over_o the_o britain_n leave_v they_o to_o the_o government_n of_o plautius_n id._n p._n 40._o cambden_n history_n in_o latin_a commend_v high_o by_o this_o author_n l._n 2._o p._n 20._o cambria_n vid._n wales_n cambridge_n ancient_o call_v caer-grant_a and_o grant-chester_n l._n 1._o p._n 14._o grantbridge_n l._n 5._o p._n 272_o 322._o l._n 6._o p._n 34._o quatbridge_n l._n 5._o p._n 302._o and_o grantecester_n l._n 5._o p._n 318._o lay_v in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o east_n angle_n and_o have_v no_o university_n or_o school_n there_o in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n alfred_n l._n 4._o p._n 179_o 180._o the_o antiquity_n of_o this_o university_n illustrate_v l._n 5._o p._n 318._o all_o their_o former_a privilege_n confirm_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o elder_n be_v charter_n to_o they_o for_o ever_o to_o endure_v by_o a_o perpetual_a right_n id._n p._n 317_o 318._o improbable_a that_o it_o shall_v have_v continue_v a_o university_n during_o the_o danish_a war_n under_o the_o possession_n of_o three_o danish_a king_n but_o this_o edward_n do_v restore_v the_o university_n id._n p._n 318._o be_v burn_v by_o the_o dane_n with_o oxford_n likewise_o and_o then_o all_o study_v cease_v at_o both_o place_n till_o about_o 1133._o from_o which_o time_n the_o scholar_n have_v continue_v at_o both_o university_n l._n 6._o p._n 34_o 35._o camelford_n in_o cornwall_n ancient_o gafulford_n where_o be_v a_o battle_n fight_v between_o the_o britain_n and_o devonshire-man_n the_o latter_a get_v the_o victory_n l._n 5._o p._n 253._o candida_fw-la casa_n vid._n witerne_a candidus_n a_o presbyter_n who_o the_o pope_n send_v to_o receive_v and_o dispose_v of_o the_o church_n revenue_n in_o france_n l._n 4._o p._n 153._o canterbury_n ancient_o call_v caerkin_n by_o who_o it_o be_v first_o pretend_v to_o be_v build_v l._n 1._o p._n 10._o and_o cantwic_n l._n 5._o p._n 259._o the_o metropolis_n of_o king_n ethelbert_n kingdom_n appoint_v for_o the_o residence_n of_o augustine_n and_o his_o monk_n l._n 4._o p._n 153_o
5._o p._n 326_o 327._o eight_o the_o eight_o a_o island_n so_o call_v in_o the_o river_n severne_n ancient_o know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o olanege_v where_o a_o league_n be_v conclude_v between_o edmund_n surname_v ironside_n and_o king_n cnute_n l._n 6._o p._n 47._o elbodius_n a_o learned_a and_o pious_a bishop_n of_o north-wales_n get_v it_o decree_v in_o a_o general_a synod_n of_o the_o british_a nation_n that_o easter_n shall_v be_v keep_v after_o the_o romish_a custom_n l._n 4._o p._n 229._o archbishop_n of_o north-wales_n that_o be_v of_o st._n asaph_n decease_v but_o when_o uncertain_a l._n 5._o p._n 249._o election_n of_o king_n vid._n king_n eleutherius_fw-la bishop_n of_o rome_n when_o choose_a pope_n the_o story_n of_o lucius_n his_o send_v to_o he_o to_o receive_v christianity_n of_o suspicious_a credit_n l._n 2._o p._n 69._o his_o letter_n to_o king_n lucius_n the_o content_n of_o they_o discover_v their_o imposture_n id._n p._n 70._o elfeage_fw-mi succeed_v byrnstan_n in_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o winchester_n l._n 5._o p._n 333._o decease_n at_o the_o feast_n of_o st._n gregory_n anno_fw-la 951._o id._n p._n 350._o elfeage_fw-mi who_o surname_n be_v goodwin_n succeed_v athelwald_n in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o winchester_n he_o be_v first_o abbot_n of_o bath_n and_o afterward_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n at_o last_o be_v kill_v by_o the_o dane_n l._n 6._o p._n 21._o be_v send_v to_o king_n anlaff_n with_o aethelward_o the_o ealdorman_a and_o upon_o what_o occaslon_n id._n p._n 25._o when_o make_v and_o consecrate_a archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n id._n p._n 31._o be_v take_v prisoner_n by_o the_o dane_n and_o kill_v because_o they_o have_v not_o three_o thousand_o pound_n in_o silver_n for_o his_o ransom_n he_o be_v bury_v in_o st._n paul_n minster_n id._n p._n 36._o his_o relic_n translate_v from_o london_n to_o canterbury_n by_o archbishop_n ethelnoth_n id._n p._n 53._o elfer_n ealdorman_n of_o the_o mercian_n drive_v the_o monk_n out_o of_o the_o monastery_n and_o command_v they_o to_o be_v spoil_v l._n 6._o p._n 15._o his_o death_n be_v report_v by_o the_o monk_n that_o he_o be_v eat_v up_o with_o louse_n id._n p._n 21._o elfgar_o cousin_n to_o king_n edgar_n and_o earl_n of_o devonshire_n his_o death_n l._n 6._o p._n 4._o the_o son_n of_o earl_n leofric_n have_v the_o earldom_n give_v he_o which_o harold_n former_o enjoy_v id._n p._n 78._o be_v outlaw_v in_o a_o great_a council_n and_o convict_v for_o be_v a_o traitor_n to_o the_o king_n and_o whole_a nation_n his_o go_v to_o griffyn_n prince_n of_o north-wales_n and_o their_o burn_a hereford_n city_n id._n p._n 86_o 87._o at_o length_n be_v restore_v to_o the_o peace_n and_o to_o his_o former_a earldom_n id._n p._n 87._o upon_o the_o decease_n of_o his_o father_n leofric_n he_o receive_v the_o earldom_n of_o mercia_n and_o be_v banish_v a_o second_o time_n but_o soon_o restore_v to_o his_o earldom_n and_o by_o what_o force_n id._n p._n 88_o elfin_n bishop_n of_o winchester_n succeed_v odo_n in_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o canterbury_n his_o trample_n on_o the_o tombstone_n of_o that_o pious_a prelate_n etc._n etc._n go_v to_o rome_n for_o his_o pall_n upon_o the_o alps_n be_v find_v freeze_v to_o death_n l._n 6._o p._n 2._o elfleda_n or_o egelfleda_n the_o fair_a daughter_n of_o earl_n eodmar_n or_o ordmar_n by_o who_o king_n edgar_n have_v a_o son_n called_z edward_z the_o martyr_n but_o whether_o this_o lady_n be_v marry_v to_o the_o king_n or_o not_o be_v uncertain_a l._n 6._o p._n 6_o 12._o elfric_n archbishop_n turn_v the_o secular_a canon_n out_o of_o the_o cathedral_n of_o christ-church_n in_o canterbury_n and_o place_n monk_n in_o their_o room_n l._n 4._o p._n 167._o elfwald_n king_n of_o the_o east-angle_n his_o death_n l._n 4._o p._n 225._o vid._n alfwald_n elfwinna_n daughter_n and_o heir_n of_o aethelfleda_n be_v deprive_v of_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o mercian_n by_o king_n edward_n the_o elder_a upon_o contract_n herself_o in_o marriage_n with_o reginald_n king_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o bring_v into_o west-seax_a by_o he_o l._n 3._o p._n 320._o elgiva_n vid._n aelgiva_n elidurus_n the_o pious_a resign_v the_o crown_n which_o the_o kingdom_n have_v give_v he_o to_o reinstate_v his_o brother_n who_o have_v be_v depose_v l._n 1._o p._n 14._o after_o his_o brother_n death_n he_o receive_v the_o crown_n the_o second_o time_n but_o be_v soon_o depose_v by_o the_o ambition_n of_o his_o brethren_n who_o seize_v and_o confine_v his_o person_n to_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n for_o several_a year_n whilst_o they_o divide_v the_o kingdom_n betwixt_o they_o but_o they_o die_v he_o resume_v the_o crown_n the_o three_o time_n and_o govern_v for_o four_o year_n to_o the_o general_a satisfaction_n of_o all_o id._n p._n 15._o ellendune_n suppose_v to_o be_v wilton_n near_o salisbury_n where_o a_o battle_n be_v fight_v between_o egbert_n king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n and_o beornwulf_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n l._n 5._o p._n 253._o ellwye_n in_o north-wales_n a_o bishopric_n now_o know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o st._n asaph_n l._n 3._o p._n 149._o elutherius_n a_o priest_n come_v from_o france_n to_o king_n cenwalc_n and_o be_v ordain_v bishop_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n that_o be_v winchester_z by_o theodore_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n l._n 4._o p._n 182_o 192._o his_o death_n and_o succession_n id._n p._n 193._o ely-monastery_n found_v by_o etheldrethe_o late_a wife_n to_o king_n egfrid_n in_o which_o she_o become_v the_o first_o abbess_n l._n 4._o p._n 193._o be_v destroy_v by_o the_o dane_n and_o when_o and_o afterward_o re-edified_n by_o king_n edgar_n ibid._n emma_n say_v to_o be_v king_n ethelred_n only_a wife_n have_v edward_n and_o alfred_n by_o he_o l._n 6._o p._n 45._o be_v marry_v afterward_o to_o king_n cnute_n and_o how_o she_o be_v censure_v for_o it_o id._n p._n 51._o her_o son_n hardecnute_n his_o father_n before_o his_o death_n appoint_v to_o be_v king_n of_o denmark_n id._n p._n 56._o decree_v in_o a_o great_a council_n that_o she_o shall_v reside_v at_o winchester_n with_o the_o domestic_n of_o the_o late_a king_n her_o husband_n and_o possess_v all_o west-saxony_n she_o be_v also_o call_v elgiva_n id._n p._n 61._o her_o decease_n and_o character_n be_v accuse_v of_o have_v be_v too_o familiar_a with_o bishop_n alwyn_n for_o which_o she_o undergo_v the_o ordeal_o id._n p._n 79._o emperor_n the_o first_o emperor_n that_o be_v not_o roman_n be_v trajan_n and_o hadrian_n who_o be_v both_o spaniard_n l._n 2._o p._n 67._o eneon_n the_o son_n of_o owen_n prince_n of_o south-wales_n subdue_v all_o the_o country_n of_o gwin_n or_o gwyr_n in_o north-wales_n l_o 6._o p._n 6._o destroy_v it_o again_o the_o second_o time_n id._n p._n 16._o the_o great_a part_n of_o earl_n alfred_n army_n be_v slay_v by_o he_o and_o his_o force_n and_o the_o rest_n put_v to_o flight_n but_o the_o year_n after_o the_o gentleman_n of_o guentland_n in_o south-wales_n cruel_o slay_v he_o his_o character_n id._n p._n 21._o england_n old_a england_n seat_v between_o the_o saxon_n and_o the_o jute_n have_v for_o its_o capital_a city_n that_o which_o be_v call_v in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n sleswic_n but_o by_o the_o dane_n heathaby_n l._n 3._o p._n 118._o when_o the_o nation_n come_v under_o this_o general_a name_n l._n 5._o p._n 246_o 247_o 255._o never_o have_v any_o long_a respite_n from_o invasion_n by_o the_o dane_n etc._n etc._n from_o king_n egbert_n time_n to_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o william_n the_o first_o l._n 5._o p._n 247._o waste_v for_o many_o year_n by_o the_o dane_n norwegian_n goth_n sweed_n and_o vandal_n id._n p._n 255._o be_v divide_v first_o into_o county_n and_o those_o inâ—o_v hundred_o and_o tything_n by_o king_n alfred_n id._n p._n 291._o englisherie_n what_o and_o the_o law_n make_v concern_v it_o in_o edward_n the_o confessor_n time_n l._n 6._o p._n 101._o englishman_n by_o the_o general_a consent_n of_o the_o clerus_fw-la and_o populus_fw-la assemble_v in_o the_o great_a council_n it_o be_v enact_v that_o those_o who_o before_o be_v call_v jute_n or_o saxon_n shall_v now_o be_v call_v by_o this_o name_n l._n 5._o p._n 255_o 292._o english-saxons_a their_o character_n vid._n saxon_n in_o one_o year_n have_v fight_v eight_o or_o nine_o battle_n against_o the_o dane_n etc._n etc._n beside_o innumerable_a skirmish_n l._n 5._o p._n 277._o entail_v of_o the_o crown_n mention_v by_o alfred_n in_o his_o last_o will_n to_o have_v be_v make_v former_o in_o a_o general_n council_n of_o the_o west-saxon_a nobility_n at_o swinburne_n l._n 5._o p._n 309._o of_o land_n also_o to_o be_v in_o force_n in_o his_o time_n ibid._n &_o 310._o eoppa_n who_o he_o be_v and_o what_o his_o pedigree_n l._n 4._o p._n 217._o eoric_n a_o danish_a king_n of_o the_o east-angle_n kill_v in_o
or_o incest_n l._n 4._o p._n 233_o 234._o honour_n and_o obedience_n to_o be_v render_v to_o they_o and_o none_o to_o speak_v evil_a of_o they_o the_o punishment_n either_o for_o conspire_v the_o death_n of_o king_n or_o actual_o kill_v of_o they_o id._n p._n 234._o l._n 6._o p._n 59_o chief_a lord_n of_o any_o country_n in_o wales_n when_o call_v king_n l._n 4._o p._n 241._o the_o supreme_a dominion_n of_o one_o english_a king_n over_o all_o the_o rest_n no_o new_a thing_n in_o king_n egbert_n time_n l._n 5._o p._n 254._o at_o the_o great_a council_n they_o use_v to_o appear_v in_o state_n with_o the_o crown_n on_o their_o head_n id._n p._n 261._o a_o weak_a prince_n by_o the_o assistance_n of_o able_a and_o faithful_a councillor_n may_v govern_v his_o kingdom_n prudent_o and_o happy_o id._n p._n 267._o king_n of_o england_n be_v ancient_o call_v king_n of_o london_n id._n p._n 279._o alfred_n law_n concern_v the_o death_n of_o the_o king_n id._n p._n 292._o in_o athelstan_n time_n the_o mercian_n have_v not_o lose_v their_o ancient_n right_o of_o choose_v their_o own_o king_n id._n p._n 329._o the_o king_n house_n no_o shelter_n to_o he_o that_o shed_v blood_n l._n 5._o p._n 347._o how_o dangerous_a it_o be_v for_o king_n to_o provoke_v the_o rule_v part_n of_o the_o priest_n and_o people_n id._n p._n 354._o neither_o in_o edgar_n time_n nor_o long_o after_o the_o conquest_n do_v any_o king_n elect_v take_v the_o title_n of_o king_n till_o after_o his_o coronation_n l._n 6._o p._n 8._o to_o be_v blame_v for_o trust_v those_o who_o have_v before_o betray_v they_o id._n p._n 30._o swear_a to_o observe_v the_o good_a law_n of_o king_n edward_n not_o that_o he_o only_o ordain_v but_o obser-served_n they_o id._n p._n 56._o provision_n for_o his_o household_n how_o to_o be_v make_v not_o to_o oppress_v the_o subject_a id._n p._n 59_o no_o subject_n in_o their_o hunt_n to_o meddle_v with_o the_o king_n game_n id._n p._n 60._o his_o office_n how_o declare_v by_o edward_n the_o confessor_n law_n his_o power_n to_o pardon_v life_n and_o loss_n of_o member_n but_o with_o a_o proviso_n id._n p._n 102._o kingsbury_n a_o council_n hold_v there_o under_o berthwulf_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n l._n 5._o p._n 261._o king's-evil_a edward_n the_o confessor_n the_o first_o that_o cure_a it_o by_o his_o bare_a wash_v the_o sore_n with_o his_o own_o hand_n l._n 6._o p._n 98._o king_n household_n vid._n provision_n kingsige_v king_n edward_n the_o confessor_n chaplain_n succeed_v aelfric_n in_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o york_n l._n 6._o p._n 79._o his_o deatâ—_n id._n p._n 88_o knight's-service_n in_o england_n in_o king_n wightred_n time_n l._n 4._o p._n 211._o knute_n vid._n cnute_n kynan_o vid._n conan_n prince_n of_o south-wales_n kynobelin_n at_o rome_n salute_v by_o the_o emperor_n a_o friend_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n l._n 2._o p._n 36._o be_v king_n he_o cause_v coin_n to_o be_v stamp_v after_o the_o roman_a manner_n ibid._n die_v not_o long_o before_o the_o roman_a invasion_n by_o claudius_n id._n p._n 38._o l_o lancaster_n ancient_o call_v caer-werith_a suppose_v to_o be_v build_v by_o gurguint_n l._n 1._o p._n 13._o landsend_a the_o point_n ancient_o call_v penwithsteort_n l._n 6._o p._n 26_o 82._o langoemagog_n that_o be_v the_o giant_n leap_v from_o a_o person_n take_v up_o the_o mighty_a giant_n gogmagog_n in_o his_o arm_n and_o fling_v he_o off_o from_o a_o cliff_n in_o cornwall_n into_o the_o sea_n l._n 1._o p._n 9_o lantern_n first_o invent_v in_o england_n by_o king_n alfred_n of_o cow's-horn_n cut_v into_o thin_a plate_n l._n 5._o p._n 305._o lashlite_o a_o fine_a or_o mulct_n the_o english_a and_o danes_n be_v to_o pay_v according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o their_o head_n for_o the_o violation_n of_o the_o law_n make_v between_o they_o l._n 5._o p._n 284._o lawrence_z a_o priest_n and_o peter_z a_o monk_n send_v to_o the_o pope_n to_o acquaint_v he_o that_o by_o augustine_n and_o his_o monk_n their_o preach_a the_o english_a have_v receive_v the_o christian_a faith_n and_o to_o have_v his_o opinion_n about_o certain_a question_n l._n 4._o p._n 155_o 165._o consecrate_v the_o old_a church_n rebuilt_a by_o augustine_n at_o canterbury_n and_o succeed_v he_o as_o archbishop_n there_o id._n p._n 157_o 166._o draganus_n refuse_v to_o eat_v with_o he_o and_o why_o id_fw-la p._n 166._o what_o happen_v to_o he_o upon_o his_o go_v to_o desert_n his_o flock_n in_o britain_n id._n p._n 169._o his_o death_n and_o burial_n id._n p._n 171._o law_n call_v mercevenlage_n from_o whence_o say_v to_o be_v derive_v l._n 1._o p._n 13._o what_o those_o be_v in_o king_n ethelbert_n reign_v l._n 4._o p._n 163._o ecclesiastical_a law_n make_v between_o king_n alfred_n and_o guthrune_v the_o dane_n l._n 5._o p._n 284_o 285._o every_o man_n to_o enjoy_v the_o benefit_n of_o the_o law_n and_o to_o have_v equal_a justice_n do_v he_o l._n 6._o p._n 13_o 58._o three_o sort_n of_o law_n in_o use_n in_o brompton_n the_o chronicler_n time_n viz._n merchenlage_n westsaxonlage_a and_o danelage_n id._n p._n 103._o league_n or_o agreement_n make_v between_o king_n alfred_n and_o king_n guthrune_v set_v out_o the_o territory_n of_o each_o of_o those_o prince_n l._n 5._o p._n 283_o 284._o between_o edward_n the_o elder_a and_o the_o dane_n inhabit_v east-england_n and_o northumberland_n l._n 5._o p._n 314._o vide_fw-la peace_n learn_v reduce_v to_o a_o very_a low_a ebb_n in_o king_n alfred_n time_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o danish_a war_n l._n 5._o p._n 304._o lease_n of_o abbey-land_n make_v in_o a_o great_a council_n the_o first_o example_n of_o it_o l._n 4._o p._n 230._o lee_n a_o river_n ancient_o call_v ligan_n which_o divide_v middlesex_n and_o essex_n l._n 5._o p._n 301.316_o leeds_n in_o yorkshire_n ancient_o call_v loyden_n where_o the_o battle_n be_v fight_v between_o oswy_a king_n of_o northumberland_n and_o penda_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n l._n 4._o p._n 185._o legancester_n that_o be_v west-chester_n vide_fw-la chester_n legion_n roman_n be_v send_v over_o to_o britain_n make_v a_o great_a slaughter_n of_o their_o enemy_n drive_v the_o rest_n out_o of_o the_o british_a border_n and_o so_o deliver_v the_o inhabitant_n from_o be_v destroy_v l._n 2._o p._n 99_o 100_o legion_n a_o city_n now_o caerleon_n upon_o uske_n l._n 2._o p._n 85._o westchester_n be_v ancient_o call_v by_o this_o name_n l._n 4._o p._n 164._o leicester_n ancient_o caerleir_n by_o who_o say_v to_o be_v first_o build_v l._n 1._o p._n 11._o tocca_n the_o first_o bishop_n there_o which_o continue_v a_o bishop_n see_v for_o divers_a age_n l._n 4._o p._n 223._o ancient_o call_v ligceaster_n and_o when_o repair_v l._n 5._o p._n 314._o and_o ligraceaster_n id._n p._n 319._o leighton_n in_o bedfordshire_n ancient_o call_v ligtune_n l._n 3._o p._n 145._o l._n 5._o p._n 319._o lent_n by_o the_o authority_n of_o earcombert_n ordain_v to_o be_v observe_v which_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v the_o first_o observe_v in_o england_n by_o a_o law_n l._n 4._o p._n 180._o leo_fw-la the_o pope_n who_o the_o roman_n take_v and_o cut_v out_o his_o tongue_n and_o put_v out_o his_o eye_n depose_v he_o but_o he_o be_v restore_v to_o every_o thing_n he_o have_v lose_v miraculous_o l._n 4._o p._n 241._o when_o he_o die_v l._n 5._o p._n 251._o leo_n bishop_n of_o treve_n send_v by_o pope_n john_n as_o his_o nuntio_n to_o king_n ethelred_n with_o letter_n of_o complaint_n against_o the_o marquis_n of_o normandy_n l._n 6._o p._n 24._o leof_o a_o notorious_a thief_n banish_v by_o king_n edmund_n but_o be_v return_v and_o at_o a_o great_a entertainment_n of_o the_o king_n be_v stab_v he_o so_o that_o he_o instant_o die_v l._n 5._o p._n 345._o leofgar_o ordain_v bishop_n of_o hereford_n in_o the_o room_n of_o bishop_n athelstane_n together_o with_o his_o clerk_n be_v slay_v by_o griffyn_n prince_n of_o wales_n l._n 6._o p._n 87._o leofr_v a_o dane_n his_o ravages_n in_o wales_n but_o at_o last_o be_v behead_v by_o athelstan_n order_n l._n 5._o p._n 321._o leofric_n earl_n of_o mercia_n with_o his_o lady_n godiva_n founder_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o coventry_n and_o the_o repairer_n of_o several_a other_o l._n 6._o p._n 71_o 72._o come_v to_o the_o great_a council_n at_o gloucester_n about_o earl_n godwin_n id._n p._n 77._o his_o death_n and_o burial_n in_o the_o church_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o coventry_n id._n p._n 88_o leofric_n king_n edward_n the_o confessor_n chaplain_n succeed_v live_v bishop_n of_o devonshire_n that_o be_v of_o exeter_z l._n 6._o p._n 73._o be_v enthrone_v there_o be_v walk_v to_o church_n between_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n editha_n his_o wife_n id._n p._n 78._o leofwin_n the_o abbot_n be_v unjust_o expel_v from_o the_o monastery_n of_o elig_n go_v