which he dwelt himself and compass'd the whole Seven with a stately Wall Some say the Walls were never extended further tho' vast Suburbs were afterwards added After this he divided the City into four Parts and instead of three made four Tribes which he call'd by the names of Palatina Suburana Collina and Esquilina As Romulus according to their Seats and Communions in Sacrifices distinguish'd the People into Tribes and Curiae so Tullius according to their Estates and Riches distinguish'd 'em into six Ranks call'd Classes His principal Design was to know how many were fit to bear Arms and what Treasure might be supply'd for Wars and other Uses These Classes were each divided into Centuries the Word here signifying such a particular Division and not 100 Persons which made up 193 in all The first consisted of such as were worth 110000 Asses each answering to obq of our Money and contain'd 98 Centuries the Equites or Knights being reckon'd in The second valu'd at 75000 Asses containing 22 Centuries taking in Artificers the third at 50000 Asses containing likewise 22 Centuries the fourth at 25000 Asses containing 20 Centuries the fifth at 11000 Asses containing 30 Centuries and the sixth consisted of the rest of the poorer Sort and Multitude excepting Servants and Slaves which made up but one Century The constant way of levying Men and Money was for the future according to these Centuries each Century such a quantity so that the middle Rank having fewer Centuries and yet more Persons than the richer went to War by Turns and paid but little Tribute and the poorer Sort scarce bore any Share at all This seem'd very just to him that they who were most concern'd shou'd take most Pains and bear the greatest Charge the Romans at that time maintaining themselves in the Wars without any Pay from the Publick But to the richer Sort who sustain'd most of the Charge and Danger the King made a sufficient Recompence by giving 'em much the larger Authority in the Government which he Politickly brought about this way Formerly the Matters of the greatest Concern namely The Creation of all Magistrates making or repealing of Laws and decreeing of Peace and War were all voted in the Comitia Curiata where every particular and private Person having an equal Vote the Plebeians being most numerous had in a manner the whole Power in their Hands But Tullius upon these and the like occasions assembled the People according to their Centuries which were call'd Comitia Centuriata where the Plebeians must of necessity be out-voted having little more than the Shadow of Authority which they for many Years were sufficiently satisfy'd withal either for that they perceived not the Design or rather because they were thereby freed from the greatest part of the Charges Troubles and Dangers of the Publick After the Census or Tax Tullius first instituted the Lustrum to be Celebrated so call'd à luendo from Paying On a certain day after the Valuation or Census he ordain'd all the Citizens to meet in the Campus Martius all in Armour each Man in his proper Class and Century where by solemn Sacrifices the City was Expiated or Lustrated This great Solemnity was call'd Salitaurilia or rather Suovetaurilia because a Hog a Sheep and an Ox were there Sacrific'd These things perform'd the Lustrum was finish'd which because of the continual Change of Mens Estates he order'd shou'd be reiterated every five Years so that the old and proper Lustrum contain'd five Years compleat which was as often as this Tax or Valuation call'd Census was made tho' afterwards the Iulian Lustrum contain'd but four Tullius held the Lustrum four times in his Reign and at the first were found 84700 free Citizens but to encrease their Number he brought in the Custom of making Slaves Free of the Common-wealth either for their Money or their Deserts who being Manumitted he distributed into the four Tribes of the City Slaves as was hinted before had never any Vote in the Government and these were either made or born so the former sort were taken in War thence properly call'd Mancipia and the latter sort came of Parents who were such or of the Mother only Besides the Division of the City it self this Prince took an extraordinary Care about the Roman Dominions dividing the whole Territory into 26 Parts which he likewise call'd by the name of Tribes and these he again distinguish'd into their several Pagi appointing for 'em their respective Officers and Places of Worship as Numa had done when the Dominions were much smaller In his way of judging of Controversies he gave away much of the Kingly Prerogative for whereas the former Princes call'd before themselves all Controversies and took Cognizance of Crimes committed against private Persons as well as the Publick he separated their Causes making himself Judge only of such as respected the Common-wealth referring the Quarrels of particular Persons to others to whom he prescrib'd Laws and Rules to go by and if any Controversie arose between particular Towns it was to be decided by the Judgment of others After he had thus order'd the Common-wealth he caus'd the Latines to build a Temple to Diana upon the Aventine-Hill at which place they shou'd meet and Feast every Year and so preserve themselves as one Body Politick in Unity and Concord To all these things we may add that he was the first who Coin'd Money in Rome stamping it with the Image of a Sheep whence it had the Name of Pecunia whereas the Romans before this time us'd it in a rude Lump or Mass. III. At the same time that Tullius was settling and ordering the Affairs of the Common-wealth at home he was often employ'd in many and considerable Wars abroad For the Hetrurians looking upon him as an obscure Man and a private Person refus'd to pay him Obedience and renounc'd the League made with his Predecessor Tarquin He had Wars with 'em for 20 Years successively overthrew 'em in many Battels and Triumph'd over 'em three several times the first time in the Year 182 the second in 186 and the third time in 188. And at last he so weakned and harras'd them that they were willing to beg Peace of him which he granted 'em upon the same Terms that Tarquin before had impos'd upon 'em only from three of the twelve Nations namely the Veientes the Caeretanes and the Tarquinii which had been Principals in the Revolt he took part of their Lands and divided 'em among such as were lately made free of Rome At the finishing of these Wars he built two Temples both dedicated to Fortune one to Fortuna Bona and the other to Fortuna Virilis In the latter end of his Reign he design'd to have laid down his Office and restor'd absolute Liberty with the Care of the Common-wealth to the People and was preparing a Model for that purpose but liv'd not to perform it for being old and not far
or die But Caesar thought it not convenient to put 'em to the Tryal till their Minds were setled therefore resolved to make a fair Retreat to Apollonia which he did with that Diligence that Pompey cou'd not overtake him only some of his Cavalry came up with Caesar's Reer but were repuls'd with Loss Caesar caus'd his Baggage to march before and his Advantage of being eight Hours before Pompey oblig d Pompey in four Days to give over his Pursuit and betake himself to other Resolutions Caesar was constrain'd to go to Apollonia to dispose of his sick and wounded Men and to muster his Army but fearing lest Pompey should surprize Domitius one of his Lieutenants now in Macedonia with three Legions he hastned with his utmost Diligence to joyn him Pompey perceiving which way he directed his March was in as great a Fear for Scipio now in Thessaly with the Syrian Legions and immediately set forward So each General march'd with all the Diligence imaginable both to secure their Friends and surprize their Enemies Pompey had the Advantage of the Shortness of the Way and Domitius very narrowly escap'd him who coming to Aeginium upon the Frontiers of Thessaly there happily joyn'd Caesar. Caesar seeing all his Forces together march'd directly to Gomphi the first Town in the Way from Epirus to Thessaly The Inhabitants who before had promis'd Caesar Obedience now chang'd their Minds as many others had done upon the Report of his being beaten being perswaded to it by the Praetors of Thessaly then in the City and after having sent to Scipio and Pompey for Succour caus'd the Gates to be shut against Caesar. Scipio was now at Larissa in Thessaly and Pompey was not arriv'd in this Province which caus'd Caesar to Attack Gomphi he order'd Ladders great Baskets fill'd with Earth and Hurdles to be got ready with all Speed and after having represented to his Soldiers the great Advantages of forcing a Place so very rich and well furnish'd he caus'd an Assault to be made which was carry'd on and supported with such Fury and Bravery that notwithstanding the extraordinary Height of the Walls the Town was taken in few Hours time Caesar lest it to be plunder'd and without stopping march'd his Army to Metropolis which yielded to him upon the sight of the Prisoners of Gomphi This Conduct of his brought over all the Towns in Thessaly to his Subjection except Larissa which Scipio had possess'd himself of Pompey arriv'd at Thessaly within a few Days after the Taking of Gomphi and advanc'd near Pharsalia whither Scipio went and joyn'd him with his Troops He was receiv'd by his Son-in-Law Pompey with great Magnificence making him Partaker both of his Honour and Authority and ordering the Trumpets to sound every Morning at Scipio's Tent as well as his own Caesar was all the time giving Orders for the Subsistence of his Army and with great Skill making Remarks upon the Inclinations of his Soldiers and finding them hearty and vigorous caus'd 'em to advance as far as the Plains of Pharsalia where Pompey was now encamp'd The Approach of these two noble Armies in which were all the chosen Roman Legions whose Valour was to decide the Fate of that great Empire the Hatred and Ambition of the Generals animated by the Prize as well as the Glory of such a Conquest together with the small Appearance of an Accommodation made it out of doubt that nothing but a general Battel cou'd determine this famous Quarrel Pompey being the stronger of the two his Party did not question the Victory and fell into great Controversies who shou'd be successively Consuls who shou'd have Caesar's Priesthood and who shou'd have his Lands Goods and Moneys and likewise how all Dignities and Magistracies shou'd be dispos'd of with a great many Things of the like Nature In short every one set his Thoughts upon sharing the Fruits of the Victory without considering how to gain it But Caesar was far otherwise employ'd using all the Care and Skill imaginable to encourage and perfect his Men He every day sent out Parties and exercis'd the lusty young Men of his Legions to mingle themselves among the Cavalry and contend even with the Horses for Swiftness so tho' Pompey much surpass'd in the Number of Horse yet Caesars being so well and skilfully assisted by these light-arm'd Foot were not at all afraid of 'em and in one Rencounter they defeated a great Number of ' em Caesar now finding his Soldiers vigorous and desirous of Action drew out of his Camp and offer'd Pompey Battel But that General had no such Design at present either suspecting his Troops or dreading the Loss of his Reputation and therefore endeavoured to waste Caesar's Army with Fatigue and want of Provisions He drew indeed sometimes out of his Camp but always kept himself under his Trenches at the Foot of the advanc'd Ground where he was posted Caesar cou'd not attack him in that Place without great Disadvantage so that he resolv'd to decamp the next Day that by frequent Motions he might weary out Pompey's Men who were not so hardned to Toil and Labour as his Upon the taking down of the Tents Advice came that Pompey's Army was in Battalia and far enough from his Trenches whereupon Caesar caus'd all his Troops to halt and with extream Joy told 'em That now was the happy and long-wish'd-for Moment in which they might gain themselves immortal Honour After which he drew up his Troops in order and advanc'd with 'em towards the Place of Battel Pompey on the other side was extreamly troubled with melancholy thoughts and presaging dreams but now was no longer able to hold out against the Importunities and Murmurings of his Officers and therefore at present did what he cou'd to incourage 'em particularly by telling 'em That the Strength of his Cavalry who had promis'd him to Attack the Enemy's Flanks before they cou'd discharge one Dart was alone sufficient to gain the Victory Labienus seconded his Speech adding withal That this was not the Army that Caesar perform'd such Exploits in Gaul and Germany with which were all gone home kill'd with Diseases or destroy'd at the last Battel at Dyrrachium After which Labienus took a solemn Oath not to return into his Camp but with Victory which Oath Pompey himself took and the rest after him not imagining that any thing cou'd be spoken vainly by so skillful a Commander Pompey's Army consisted of 45000 Foot according to Plutarch and 7000 Horse Caesar's but of 22000 Foot and not much above 1000 Horse but Appian with some reason excepts the Auxiliaries which he supposes to have been great on both Sides tho' all agree that Pompey's Forces were double the Number to Caesar's Pompey left seven Cohorts to guard his Camp and drew up all his Men in three Lines every Legion making three Battalions and each Battalion was drawn up in half Cohorts that is 200 Men in Rank and eight in File The Syrian Legions were plac'd in
the middle under the command of Scipio the Spaniards whom Pompey most rely'd upon on the Right under Domitius Aenobarbus and on the Left was Pompey himself with the two Legions Caesar had restor'd at the beginning of the War under Lentulus The rest were in the same Order between Scipio's Legions and the Wings only the Auxiliary Troops at least such as fought in Order compos'd the Body of Reserve for the others they were drawn out without Order upon the Left with the Archers Slingers and all the Cavalry the Right being fortify'd by a River Caesar left two Cohorts to guard his Camp and drew up in three Lines also in the same Order with Pompey the tenth Legion was upon the Right and the ninth upon the Left almost joyn'd to the eighth The rest of the Cohorts being drawn up between these Legions were on the Centre where Domitius Calvinus commanded Sylla having the Right Wing and Anthony the Left Caesar put himself at the Head of the tenth Legion whose Valour he had often experienc'd and with design to be opposite to Pompey who intended to fall suddenly upon the Flanks of Caesar's Troops but he soon perceiv'd it by the Order of his Battel and thereupon he drew six Cohorts out of all his Troops of which he compos'd a Body of Reserve He exactly instructed them in their Duty and above all gave them to understand That all the Hopes of Victory depended upon their Valour and Conduct alone Lastly he plac'd his Cavalry so as to cover the Right of the tenth Legion ordering over and above his third Line not to march till they receiv'd a Signal from him Now it was that the Fate of the vast Empire of Rome was to be decided by the greatest Generals the bravest Officers and the stoutest Soldiers in the World each Man almost being inspir'd with the Desire of conquering Gloriously or dying Honourably As the Armies approach'd the two Generals went from Rank to Rank encouraging their Soldiers Pompey represented to his Men The Iustice and Merit of his Cause the Advantage of their Numbers strengthen'd by the Assistance of so many Illustrious Senators and the Glory lately obtain'd at the Battel of Dyrrachium Caesar was contented only to demonstrate That he had endeavour'd by all possible Means to obtain an honourable Peace and if his Enemies had pleas'd they might have spar'd the Blood of so many brave Men. So seeing the Impatience of his Soldiers to fall on he gave the Signal of Battel the Word on Pompey's side was Hercules the Invincible that on Caesar's Venus the Victorious There was now only so much Space between the two Armies as was just sufficient for the Place of Battel but Pompey order'd his Men to receive the first Shock without moving from their Places Caesar's Soldiers seeing that like Men of Skill of their own accord made a Halt in the midst of their Carrier and after taking a little Breath ran furiously upon the Enemy first discharging their Javelins then drawing their Swords as Caesar had given 'em Orders Pompey's Men receiv'd the Charge without the least Disorder and falling on with their Javelins and Swords a cruel and bloody Battel ensu'd which for some time seem'd equal Then Pompey order'd his Cavalry to charge which with the multitude of Archers and Slingers soon oblig'd Caesar's Men to give ground and got themselves upon the Flank of his Army as they first design'd Whereupon Caesar immediately order'd the six Cohorts to advance which were his Body of Reserve to charge upon the Faces of the Enemy with their Pikes ported This Contrivance disorder'd those nice and esseminate Knights and the fear of spoiling their Faces put 'em into such Confusion that upon the Rallying of Caesar's Cavalry they were all broke in a Moment and the Slingers and Archers being thus abandon'd were all cut to pieces Caesar industriously following that Advantage advanc'd and charg'd Pompey's Troops upon the Flank which Charge they stood with great Resolution and the Allies bravely defended themselves when Caesar gave the Signal for his third Line to advance which fresh Troops pouring in upon Pompey's weary'd out and attack'd on all Sides easily broke ' em The Flight began among the Strangers tho' Pompey's Right Wing still valiantly maintain'd their Ground but Caesar causing his Men to cry out Kill the Strangers but save the Romans the Romans laid down their Arms and receiv'd Quarter but a miserable Slaughter was made among the Strangers who fled with all speed Caesar now finding the Victory certain and Pompey retreated to his Trenches cry'd out to his Men That they ought to pursue the Victory and take the Enemies Camp It was now Noon-day and tho' they were wearied out with the Extremity of the Heat yet upon seeing their General march a-foot at the Head of 'em they follow'd him with great Resolution and falling on with fresh Courage the Enemy all fled to the Mountains not far off Pompey himself was so extreamly dishearten'd and confounded that here he cou'd perform nothing worthy of his great Courage or Reputation but getting on Horse-back he fled to Larissa and from thence to the Sea Caesar found throughout the Camp much rich Furniture in the Tents Tables spread with fine Linen and Cubbords cover'd with Plate which sufficiently shew'd the Luxury and Assurance of the Enemy Caesar earnestly desir'd his Soldiers Not to amuse themselves with Plunder but to compleat this glorious Victory and by means of the great Respect they bore him he prevail'd So a Trench was immediately thrown up about the Mountain where the Enemy was retreated who wanting Water were forc'd to quit it and retire to Larissa Caesar immediately follow'd 'em with four Legions and after six Miles March drew up in Battalia which caus'd the Enemy to betake themselves to a high Hill at the Foot of which ran a River Now Night approaching Caesar's Men were almost spent and ready to faint with the incessant Toil of the whole Day yet still by his obliging Persuasions he prevail'd with 'em to cut off the Conveniency of Water from the Enemy by a Trench This immediately forc'd 'em to a Capitulation only some Senators made their Escape in the Dark The next Morning Caesar order'd all the Enemy to come down into the Plain and lay down their Arms which they obey'd and falling upon their Knees before him in the most suppliant Posture begg'd for Mercy which he granted 'em with all the Clemency and Kindness imaginable and commanded his Soldiers not to offer 'em the least Incivility nor plunder their Baggage Thus Caesar by his wonderful Skill and Courage and by the indefatigable Industry of his Soldiers obtain'd the most compleat tho' not the most bloody Victory that ever General in the World did 15000 of the Enemy being slain in Battel and 24000 surrender'd he himself losing a very inconsiderable Number In the mean time the great Pompey who just before had been the glorious Commander of Kings and all the